TO
J
of  tl)t  Uttnitei  -tateo,
H'HBY
H Wl0<rEIGHTMAN,
SENATOR ELECT,
STATE OF NEW MiEXICO.
REQUESTING THE PASSAGE OF A BILL DECLARING NEW MEXICO
ONE'OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON
CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
WASHINGTON.
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PRINTED BY GIDEON AND CO.
1851.
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TO THE
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Congress of tet untted Otat~o,
BY
RX' H?'WEIGHTMAN,
SENATOR ELECT,
STATE OF NEW MEXICO.
REQUESTING THE PASSAGE OF A BILL DECLARING NEW MEXICO
ONE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON
CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
WASHINGTON:
PRINTED BY GIDEON AND CO.
1851.
lit, =    "s IJ~   I   "r 
I 
To the Senators and Representatives in Congress assembled, by the
undersigned, Senator elect of the State of New Mexico:
By message of the President of the United States, the constitution
adopted by the inhabitants of New Mexico was transmitted to the
Senate, September 9th, 1850, on which day it was "read and ordered
to lie on the table," and onl the following day, September 10th, "order ed to be printed." September 12th, a communication of the under signed, and the acconmpanying memorial of the Legislature of New
Mexico, the inaugural address and first message of Governor Manuel
Alvarez, the memorial of the convention which framed the constitution,
and the credentials of the undersigned, were ordered to "lie on the
table," and, September 17th, 1850, "ordered to be printed."
This is all the action which has been had on this subject; and it thus
appears, that no answer has as yet been given to the respectful appeal
of a large and important community to be admitted into the Union of
the States, and to the enjoymentt of all the blessings of liberty.
Arguments having been presented, in Congress, based on erroneous
assumption.,, the undersigned will first address himself to the correction of such errors as have fallen under his observation.
It has been asserted that the people of New Mexico were interfered
with, and that the plan of bringing New Mexico into the Union as a
State originated on the floor of the Senate.
That the people of New Mexico were regardless of Presidential messages, or speeches in either branch of Congress, or letters from distinguished members of either branch of Congress, it is not meant to assert.
All these were esteemed good sources of information. And that one
set of argutnents should prevail, and another be rejected, does not, it is
conceived, establish any constitutional objection to the claim of New
Mexico to representation in the National legislature.  To make valid
the objection that the Executive or other branch of government interfered in the State movement, it must be shewn that such interference
prevented the expression of the popular will, and that the same is not
presented iii the constitution now before Congress for its consideration.
Mere interference, if proven, makes no valid objection.
Accordingly, in the speech of July 17th, 1850, of a distinguished representative of Virginia, (Mr. Bayly,) the object of which was to "'establisih" that the admission of New Mexico, when  "consummated,"
"would be one of the grossest outrages, and most flagrant violations of
the Constitution, which have ever been perpetrated," the charge is distinctly made, that the constitution now before Congress, was made in
Washington city, sent to New Mexico, and there adopted by the dictation of the military commander. 
2
Here is the charge in the language of the distinguished gentleman
himself  " But before I proceed to establish this, 1 desire to say a word or two in relation to the
course which the party in power has pursued with respect to our Territories. I shall say
no more of it in California than is necessary to illustrate my argument concerning New
Mexico.      **      *                      **  **                  *      m        *
"They (the Executive,) saw no other escape than the plan they proposed.  They supposed, by the exercise of executive patronage, by the outcry they could raise about the
dereliction of duty on the part of Congress in not providing governments for the Territories, and the necessity for them, and, above all, by the sympathy of the north elicited
for the provision excluding slavery, that they could carry their scheme through, and thus
evade the issue of the Wilmot Proviso   It was well understood in California, and an
effort was made to resist it; but the administration proved too strong.
*       *      *       *       *       *       *       *      *       *       *
"But, sir, as flagitious as these proceedings have been in respect to California, they are
propriety itself in comparison with what has been done and proposed in respect to New
Mexico.  Not only has a military government been continued there without authority of
law, but the Executive has recommended to Congress to abstain from organizing a territorial government, and leave the country under military rule until it is ready to apply for
admission into the Union as a State.      *       *       *       *               *
"If these military governments had been continued as governments defticto, and merely
for the purpose of preserving good order, and under instructions not to interfere with
civil affairs, so as to change the status of them, I should have been the last to complain.
The necessity of the case would have excused it. But they have greatly gone beyond
this. Those military officers have actively participated in civil affairs, and exercised sovereign functions. They have undertaken to convene conventions of the people to frame
constitutions, to district the territories, and to fix the qualification of voters.'While we,
the representatives of the people, are engaged upon the very subject of the government of
our Territories, it is snatched from our hands by an officer of the army, acting under the
instructions of the Executive! The gordian knot, which we are exhausing our ingenuity
to untie, is suddenly cut by the sword of a lieutenant-colonel of the army! In the better
days of the Republic, what, sir, would have been said of such transactions as these.
Under such auspices a constitution has been formed in New Mexico, and is at this moment in this city. It would be a useless consumption of time to undertake to describe its
character.  The influenices which stamped the character of the constitution of California
have operated in New Mexico; and we are told that, during this Congress, New Mexico
is to be admitted as a State into this Union.  Such a proceeding is so violative of every
principle of propriety, and of the constitution of the United States, that I desire to expose
it at once in all of its deformity."    *                                   *       *
"After quoting from a speech of Mr. Webster, delivered in the Senate in March, 1848,
as follows:
"AND I CAN TELL YOU, SIR, THAT WHEN WE HAVE MADE IT A TERRITORY, AND WISH TO
MAKE IT A STATE, SUCH A CONSTITUTION AS THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THIS GOVERNMENT
THINKS FIT TO SEND TO THEM WILL BE SENT AND ADOPTED. THE CONSTITUTION OF OUR
FELLOW-CITIZENS OF NEW MEXICO WILL BE FRAMED IN THE CITY OF WASHINGTON."
Mr. Bayly proceeds:
How prophetic these remarks!  How precisely has the result fulfilled the prediction!
Such a people have no notion of free government. As Mr. Webster predicted, their constitution has been framed in the city of Washington; and they have adopted just such a
constitution as the Executive saw fit to send them.
New Mexico will not be in a condition to come into this Union in twenty years, if she
ever will be."
To the charge here presented  I join issue.   I deny in whole and in
detail.   In regard to so miuch of the charge as asserts that the constitution of New  Mexico now before Congress, or  that any constitution for
New Mexico, was made in Washlingtonr city, it is respectfully suggested
to the distinguished representative of Virginia, that a call on the Executive to furnish  the document  would  put  the point at rest forever.    I
demand of him the proofs; upon  him is the onus  probandi; and until 
3
Mr. Bayly shall produce some testimony more satisfactory than what
he is pleased to call a prophecy of any gentleman, however distinguished and honored, coupled with his own exclamation, "How prophetic
these remarks!" I solemnly protest against any importance being attached to his charge, particularly when that charge is in direct contra
diction of the message of the illustrious and lamented Taylor, of Jan'y
21,1850, in answer to an elaborate call, by a branch of Congress, for
information on this very subject of executive interference in the political
affairs of California and New Mexico.
Without waiting, however, for proofs which Mr. Bayly will be unable
to produce, I proceed to give a short history of the origin, progress, and
consummation of the State movement in New Mexico.
With the first number of the "New Mexican," issued November
28th, 1849, began the pvblic discussion of the advantages of a State
government.  Through the columns of the same paper, December 8t-h,
1849, sixteen civiliats-somtne of Mexican, and others of American
blood; some whigs, and others democrats; some southern, and others
northern born-issued an "Address to the people of New Mexico,"
urging the formation of a State governmeneit.  In this address it was
argued that a State government was best per se; that, as a State, we
could best resist the encroachments of Texas; and that a territorial government, appearing impossible of attainment, a State government must
be sought to rid ourselves of the anti-reptiblican and badly administered
military despotism, under which we suffered.
In the fourth number of the "' New Mexican" appeared the counteraddress, contesting all these positions, urging that a State government
was more expensive than a Territorial one, and the taxation necessary
to support it greater than the people could bear; that the compact with
Texas, and the treaty stipulations with Mexico, and the riglht of appeal
to the Supremne Cotrt of the United States, amply protected us against
Texan encroachments, and that a territorial government could be obtained. Tile State niovement was denounced as afactious inovement,
and the signers of the first address denominated the Alvarezfaction. To
this counter-address were appended the names of sixty-twq persons,
among which were those of all, or nearly all, the prominent office holders under the militaly government.  The secretary of the Terri tory, the judges of the circuit courts, the prefectos, the alcaldes, the
sheriffs, clerks of courts, the governor's interpreter, &c.; all of whom
held their offices at the tbsolute will and pleasure of the military com mnander.  Besides the names of these were appended those of the sut lers for the troops, and employees of the quartermiaster, and contractors
with Govertinment for thl-e supply of beef, mules, flour, &c.
Into the discussion was brought Executive messages, Congressional
speeches, editorials of leading newspapers, letters of distinguished mem bers of either branch of Congress, or friom private sources. Information
from every quarter was sought for and discussed —nothing was discarded
as unworthy of eratinnation.  By the advocates of a Territorial govern ment a letter of Senator Foote, to a private individual, was much relied 
4
on.  Senator Foote, in his letter, advised a territorial government, and
silence on the slavery question as the most easy mode to obtain a government; but that if a State government was sought, in that case also,
to be silent concerning slavery.
A letter of Mr. Bedinger, of Virginia, recommending opposition to the
State movement, because the movement, if consummated, wculd relieve
the administration of General Taylor of a difficulty in the slavery question, was also commented on.
The State movement, despite the official influence which had been
brought to bear against it, and despite the taunts of its opponents,steadily
advanced in public estimation, until the office-holders themselves, yielding with what of grace they might, to the belief that a Territorial governminent could not be obtained, came into the movement, and attempted
to place themselves at the head of it.
It was at this period when the entire population of New Mexico was
in favor of the State movement, that Colonel Munioe issued his proclamation for the reasons thIerein set forth:
Proclamation.
Whereas, the people of New Mexico have, by public meetings, held
in the several counties of this territory, expressed a desire to hold a convention for the formation of a State constitution, and to lirg'e u1pon Congress the admission of this territory into the Union aits a State: T'herefore,
I, John Munroe, civil and military governor of said territory,dclo hereby
direct; that the qualified electors of the territory of New Mexico shall
assemble at the precincts of their respective counties, on Monday, the
6th day of May next, between the rising and the setting of the sun, to
vote by ballot for delegates to a convention to be held at Santa Fe6, on
Wednesday, the 15th of May next, as follows:
For the county of Taos, three delegates.
Do.           Rio Arriba, three delegates.
Do.           Santa Fe6, three delegates.
Do.           San Miguel, three delegates.
Do.           Santa Ana, two delegates.
Do.           Bernalillo, two delegates.
Do.           Valencia, five delegates.
The plefects shall designate convenient precincts in their respective
counties, and shall appoint three discreet persons as judges of election
in the several precincts; otherwise said elections shall be conducted in
manner and formn as prescribed in the laws of the Territory, under the
title of " Elections," except that the prefect's clerk of each county
shall, with the assistance of the prefect, examine and cast up the votes
given to each candidate; shall give a certificate of election to the person having the highest number of votes, and shall transmit to the secretary of the Territory a fair abstract of all the votes given, within four
days after the day of election. 
5.
Given under my hand, at the Government house, in the city of
Santa Fe, this 23d day of April, A. D. 1850.
JOHIN MUNROE,
M-ilitary and Civil Goverior Territory N.  MU.
The object for- which this proclamation was issued, met with the unqualifie(l approbation of the entire population.
The short notice given of the day of election; the throwing the entire
control of the election, including the designation of precincts, appointmenrt of judges, counting the votes, and making returns into the hands
of the prefects and their clerks, who, in the election held under that
proclamiation, were themselves, one or the other, candidates in every
county, did Hot ineet the approbation of the State party.  It however went
into the election, but owing to the advantages we have mentioned, the
office holders elected a majority of the convention.   This convention
framed the constitution now before Congress. Section 10 of the schedule
to which is in these words:
"10. The military and civil governor of the T'erritory shall be tequested, immediately after the adjournment of this convention, to issue
writs of election to the prefects of the several counties, requiring them
to cause an election to be held oni the twentieth day of June, 1850; tile
electors to vote for or against this constitution; for a governor and lieutenant governor, a representative in the (Congress of the United States,
senators and representatives to the legislature; anrid the returns of such
election shall be made to the prefects, who, together with the prefects'
clerks, shall count the votes given, and certificate- of election shall be
given by tthe — to such persons as shall have received the hiighest numlber of votes for members of thie legislature.  The prefects of the several
counties shall make correct returns, under their hands, of all the votes
given in their respective counties for governor and lieutenant governor,
and represeintative to Congress, and votes for and against this constittution, to the present secretary of the Territory, at Santa Fe, who, when
the legislature shall convene, shall lay such returns before themi on the
first clay of their session, so soon as both houses shall be organized, and
the speaker of the house of representatives, and the president pro ternpore of the Senate shall, in the presence of both houses, examine the
returns. and declare who are elected to fill those offices, and the votes
for and against this constitution.  If any two  or more persons shall
have an equal and weigher number of votes than any other pelson or
persons, the legislature shall determine the election in the manlner hereinbefore provided.:"'
May 2Sth, Colonel Munroe issued his proclamation, as follows:
PROCLAMRATION.
Whereas, the peopr)le of New Mexico, by their delegates in convention assembled, did,
on the 25th day of May, frame a State constitution for the Territory of New Mexico, and
request the present civil and military governor of this Territory to issue a proclamation
for elections, for the purpose of submitting the same to the people, and for the purpose of
electing such officers as are provided to be so elected in said constitution: 
6
Therefore, I, John Munroe, civil and military governor of the Territory of New Mexico,
do hereby direct that the qualified electors shall assemble at the precincts of their respective
counties on Thursday the 20th day of June next, between the rising and setting of the
sun, to vote on a separate ballot for or against the constitution as framed by the convention,
the same to be deposited in a separate box; and on another separate ballot, to be deposited
in a separate box, for governor, lieutenant governor, representatives to Congress, and for
senators and representatives to a State legislature to convene at the capital on Monday the
first day of July next. It being provided and understood that the election of all officers in
this election can only be valid by the adoption of the constitution by the people, and otherwise null and void; and that all action of the governor, lieutenant governor, and of the
legislature shall remain inoperative until New Mexico be admitted as a State under said
constitution, except such acts as may be necessary for the primary steps of organization,
and the presentation of said constitution properly before the Congress of the United States.
The present government shall remain in full force until by the action of Congress another
shall be substituted.
The election shall be conducted in manner and form as prescribed in the statute laws
now in force in this Territory, except that the prefects are hereby directed forthwith upon
the receipt of this proclamation to divide their respective counties into convenient election
precincts, and to appoint three discreet persons in each precinct as judges of election, who
shall appoint two clerks of their respective precincts.
The prefects, with the assistance of the prefects' clerks, shall, within six days after the
election, count up all the votes in the returns of the several precincts of their counties,
and shall immediately issue certificates of election under their hands to the persons having
the highest number of votes for representatives to the State legislature.
They shall also make a fair abstract of the returns from the several precincts of their
respective counties of all the votes for and against the constitution, for governor, lieutenant
governor, representatives to Congress, and State senators, and despatch the same immediately, certified under their hands, to the secretary of the Territory, who shall issue certificates of election to the persons having the highest number of votes for members of the
State senate, and shall lay-such returns before the two houses of the legislature upon the
first day of their session and immediately upon their being organized.
The number of representatives and senators for the respective counties and districts for
the State legislature shall be the same as prescribed for the Territorial legislature in the
statute laws of this Territory now in force.
WVhen any county officer, whose duty it may be to sum up or make returns of votes or
certificates of election, shall be a candidate for any office, the senor alcalde of such county
shall be required to aid in counting up said votes, and shall, in place of such officer being
a candidate, sign all certificates of elections as hereinbefore prescribed.
Given under my hand, at the government house, city of Santa Fe, this 28thl day of
May, A.D. 1850.
JOHN MUNROE,
Civil and JMilitary Governor Territory of New JIexico.
It will be perceived that in issuing this last proclamation Colonel
Munroe, though in terms basing its making on the action of the convention, exceeded the authority conferred upon him by that body. His
proviso, that the State government, except for certauin purposes, should
remain inactive until New Mexico should be admitted by Congress as
a State, was a clear exercise of authority not conferred, and indeed
directly repugnant to section 7 of the schedule to thie constitution,
which limits the tenure of the Territorial officers " until they shall be
superseded undier this constitution of the state of New Mexico."
Tile proviso not having been based on authority conferred by the
delegates of the people in convention, except by the office-holders and
their adherents, who were loud in their commendations, was not respected by the people.
The tendency of this proviso was to intimidate thle people by holding
over them officers who, supported by the military commander, had
invaded their dearest rights. 
7
We quote from the memorial of the legislature of New Mexico:
"The inhabitants of New Mexico, since February 2, 1848, have groaned under a harsh
law forced upon them in tiine of war, when they were thought unworthy of confidence.
"The military is independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
"The inhabitants have no voice or influence in making the laws by which they are
governed.
"Some power other than the Congress of the United States has made judges dependant
on its will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their
salaries.
" Some power other than the Congress of the United States has subjected us to a jurisdiction foreign to the Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws.
"We are taxed without our consent, and the taxes, when collected, are not appropriated
for the public benefit, but embezzled by officers irresponsible to the people.
"1No officer in New Mexico is responsible to the people. Judges unlearned in the law
decide upon life, liberty, and property. Prefectos and alcaldes impose fines and incarcerate
without the intervention of a jury.
"Alcaldes assail the right of the people freely to exercise their religion without restriction, and dictate to congregations what priest shall administer the sacraments of the
Church."
The control of the elections was again in the hands of the officeholders; but, despite all adverse circumstances, the people triumphed,
defeating the office-holders in every county but one, and this without
taking into consideration majorities in favor of the former, known to
exceed in the aggregate one thousand, which had been suppressed by
the prefectos and their clerks.
Mr. Manuel Alvarez, having been elected by the people lieutenant
governor, was installed July 4, 1850, and, in the absence of the governor elect, he on that day entered on the duties of governor; the chief
of the faction, as it had been denominated by tile office-holders under
the military commander, thus becoming the chief of the State.   To
the able correspondence of this gentleman, with Colonel Munroe, I respectfully make reference, as indicative of the attitude of antagonism.
between the choice of the people and thie military commander.
The whole number of votes against the constitution was thirty-nine,
included in which number is any per se proslavery party which tray
exist in New Mexico.   I say per se pro-slavery party, for there was a
fraction of the State party in favor of the insertion of a pro-slavery
clause in the constitution, SOLELY as a measure of policy, to facilitate the admission of New ie.vico into the Union WITH  California.
Another fraction of the same party was in favor of the policy of Senator
Foote-silence-and tthis, too, as a measure of policy only.
If there were any individuals in New Mexico who supposed that any
constitutional provision on the subject of slavery would bring about the
introduction of slave labor there, they must be included among those
who voted against the constitution. That there was any party that
advocated, or hoped for, the introduction of slave labor in New Mexico,
I utterly deny.  Of this, however, there can be no manner of doubt,
that the constitution now before Congress was ratified by a popular vote
of six thousand seven hundred und seventy-one, thirty-Jiinte individuals
only voting against it; and this was the vote by a people who, by their 
8
[
course in th recent eletion, have  emonstrated  hat they ar the revers
of tame submissionists to the dictation of power.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Servility has never been a vice of the people of New Mexico; in-~~~~~~~~~~
deed, when a State of the Mexican confederacy, sl~~~~~~~e exhibited a ten-~~
dency to that too-wide liberty of nullification; and now, while having~~~~~~~~~
,kc.
Page 303.  " The town" (St. Louis) " was full of returned volunteers from the wars.
The twelvemonth's campaign they had been engaged in, and the brilliant victories achiev      * See B, in the appendix. 
9
ed by them, which, according to the American newspapers, are unparalleled in the annals
of the world's history, have converted these rowdy and vermin covered veterans into per fect heroes; and every batch, on arriving, is feasted by the public, addresses are offered to
them, the officers presented with swords and snuff-boxes, and honors of all kinds lavished
upon them in every direction. The intense glorifications at St. Louis, and in every other
part of the United States, on the recent successes of their troops over the miserable Mexi cans, which were so absurd as to cause a broad grin on the face of an unexcited neutral,
make me recur to the subject of this war, which hitherto I have avoided mentioning in the
body of this little narrative."
"It is scarcely necessary to trace the causes of the war at present raging between the
two Republics of North America. The fable of the wolf and the lamb drinking at the same
stream may be quoted, to explain to the world the reason why the soi-disant champion of
liberty has quarrelled with its sister State for " muddying the water, which the model
Republic uses to quench its thirst." (See A, of appendix.)
Siege of Vera Cruz, by Ruxton, page 25.  "The town still presents numerous  souve nirs of the bombardment by the warlike De Joinville, in 1839. The church towers are
riddled with shot, and the destructive effects of shells are still visible in the heaps of ruins
which have been left untouched. Since my visit it has also felt the force of American ire,
and withstood a fierce bombardment for several days, with what object it is impossible to
divine, since a couple of thousand men might have at any time taken it by assault.  The
castle was not attacked, and was concluded in the capitulation without being asked for cosa de Mexico   The town was attacked by the American troops, tinder General Scott,
within ten months after my visit. It suffered a bombardment, as is well known, of several
days, an unnecessary act of cruelty in my opinion, since, to my knowledge, there were no
defences around the city which could not have been carried, including the city itself, by a
couple of battalions of Missouri volunteers.   I certainly left Vera Cruz under the impres sion that it was not a fortified place, with the exception of the paltry wall I have mention ed, which, if my memory serves me, was not even loop-holed for musketry. However,
temporary defences might have been thrown up in the interval between my visit and the
Americans' attack; still I can but think that the bombardment was cruel and unnecessary.
The castle could have have been carried by a frigate's boarders, having but seven hundred
naked Indians to defend it."
What a mortification to the people of the U. S. to discover that their
General-in-chief, whom they in their ignorance had supposed the greatest military genius of  the  age,  is a HUMBUG; for this must be the
copclusion if Mr. Ruxtoni is to be the  historian.
Pages 178-9.  "The American can never be made a soldier; his constitution will not
bear the restraint of discipline, neither will his very mistaken notions about liberty allow
him to subject himself to its necessary control.       *     *      *           *     * *    *
No  people know better the advantages of discipline than do the officers of the regular
service; and it is greatly to their credit that they can keep the standing army in the state
it is. As it is mostly composed of foreigners-Germans, English, and Irish, and deserters
from the British army-they might be brought to as perfect a state of discipline as any of
the armies of Europe; but, &c., &c."
What a fortunate circumstance that our army in Mexico was -" mostly composed of foreigners-Germans, English, Irish, and deserters from
the British army"!!!
Before proceeding farther to show to what wretched shifts even
acute minds must resort, when  engaged in making the worse appear  the
better cause, I quote entire one of the arguments of Mir. Bayly.
"There are other provisions of the Constitution which must be violated before New
Mexico can be brought into this Union as a State."
"The Constitution declares that no person shall be a representative who shall not have
attained the age of twenty-five, nor senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty,
and been.in case of a representative, seven years, and in case of a senator nine years, a
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State
in which he shall be chosen. Now, sir, how is this requisition of the Constitution to be
complied with? How many persons are there in New Mexico qualified for representatives and senators? I see my friend from New York, (Mr. Duer) smiles. He doubtless
I I — I
-,  1, I -, 
10
recollects that this objection was urged in the case of the admission of Texas, and probably that I answered it on this floor."
"But I will show him they are not analogous.  There were in Texas, at the time of
her admission, at least one hundred thousand native American citizens. It was true they
had expatriated themselves, and were at that time citizens of Texas. I showed, howev;er,
by the law of nations, as recognised by our courts, that the moment they were brought
again under our jurisdiction, they became restored to their original rights and privileges.
They became at once, in the language of our jurists, redintegrate citizens.  But there are
not one thousand American citizens in New Mexico. The mos. authentic accounts do not
make the number greater than five hundred, and no account makes them more than twelve
hundred. For the argument, let us suppose that there are that number; nearly one half
of them are females; more than half the remainder are under the ages of twenty-five and
thirty, so that the range within which to select a representative and two senators, would be
confined, (supposing there are twelve hundred Americans there,) to about three hundred
persons. The truth is, it would be confined within narrower limits.
"Of the sort of people of whom this number is composed, this House is pretty well informed It is certain they are not such as would be likely to be elected senators and representatives in the old States, or they would not be in New Mexico.
"Will any body seriously contend that to give a representative and two senators to such
a number of persons would not be an outrace on the spirit of our institutions? Will any
body say that such a people should have in the Senate an equal vote with New York,
Virginia, and the other States, in deciding upon the great interests of this nation?"
Mr. Duer smiled!-of course he did.   What  does  Mr.  Bayly mean?
It is evident that his objection is not that New Mexico cannot send senators and representatives legally qualified by citizenship of nine and
seven years, for he admits there are in New Mexico three hundred  Native Americans over the ages of twenty-five and thirty from whom to
choose. If he means they are of that "sort" which will fall below
the Congressionalintellectual standard, this I must admit is lamentable, but I respectfully submit, not utconstitutional; and if his argument
is to be received as the tneasure of the standard, Mr.  Bayly may  safely
lay aside his uneasiness that New Mexico will not be able to come up
to it.
Does Mr. Bayly mean that only Native ATnericans are entitled to
representation? But there is his argument, and any body tuay make
of it what he can.
'I'o a portion of the audience I am addressing, no argument need be
directed.   Their votes conforming to their theory, they surely will not
force upon an unwilling people a Territorial government.    I allude to
those who believe that upon Congress has not been  conferred the  constitutional power to erect temporary governments for the Territories in
any case whatsoever; and that, heretofore, in  erecting  stich temporary
governments, Congress has acted without the least color of constitutional
authority. The speech of the distinguished Senator from Michigan,
(Mr. Cass) delivered January 21 and 22, 1850, is fresh in the recollection of Congress, and I therefore make no extracts from it.
If in erecting territorial governments, with  the  intent of affording
protection to a community, desiring this aid, Congress overleaps constitutional restraints, and assumes powers not conferred, surely, to force
upon an unwilling people a government not of their choice, is an exercise of power not conferred, which can neither bejustified, nor excused.
New Mexico,since 1848, has repeatedlyappealed to Congress to give
her a territorial government  and, until within  a few  months, her re 
11
peated appeals have been met by repeated neglect. By the presenta tion of her constitution she has withdrawn her application for a territo rial government, and expressed a desire to govern herself; to be admit ted into the Union with all her political rights perfected; to take her sta tion as a sovereign State.  Her right to be admitted as a State of the
Union, I believe to be clear, and in accordance with established prece denrts, and this I will proceed to show.
I hold that while Congress should exercise no power not conferred
by the Constitution, it is bound to exercise those conferred, whenever
such exercise is necessary to give effect to existing rights.
When the treaty-making power has concluded a treaty with a foreign
State, and thereby brought into existence rights, it is the bounden duty
of Congress, by proper legislation, to make effective those rights.
The treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo furnishes an illustration of this
principle. By that treaty the faith of the United States was pledged to
prevent the incursions of Indians, resident within our limits, into the
republic of Mexico; and already is Mexico, through her minister, demanding of our Government that it carry out this provision of the treaty;
and the demand of the minister has been transmitted by the President to Congress, that the necessary law may be passed to make effective this right of Mexico.
The passage of the laws of 1793 and S1850, commonly known as the
fugitive slave laws, may be considered Congressional adjudications, indicative of acquiescence in the principle stated; that it is the bounden
duty of Congress to exercise powers conferred, whenever such exercise is
necessary to give effect to existing right.
The right of representation, "the inestimable right of representation," acknowledged on all hands, and from the beginning of our independent existence, it is the bounden duty of Congress to make effective
by such legislation as is permnitted by the Constitution; and it has been
the invariable practice of Congress, whenever the number of souls
composing a community, not a State, approaches the ratio of representation, to make  effective the right of representation, by admitting
such community as a State of the Union with a republican constitution.
By the omission of Congress to legislate so as to give effect to existing rights, as flagrant violations of the Constitution, may be consummated, as by the exercise of powers not conferred; and this position I do
not deem it necessary farther to illustrate.
I hold that the admission of a new State is a compact between the
General Government and the new State; and in the absence of any general law prescribing the mode of proceeding, it is unimportant which
takes the initiative, whether Congress first by law authorizes the commuirlity to frame a constitution, and thus holds out to it an invitation to
become a State; or the community, without such preliminary law,
frames a constitution, and by transmitting it to Congress makes the
proposition to be admitted.
States have been admitted either way. Tennessee, Arkansas, Michigan, and California, all took the initiative and without preliminary 
12
laws, framed constitutions and transmitted them to Congress; and they
are all now States of the Union.
In no one instance, where the new State has taken the initiative, has
Congress required it to undo this work, and begin de oiovo, with its permission.
The admission of the States of Tennessee, Arkansas, Michigan and
California, taken in connexion with the admission of those States which
framed constitutions, after preliminary laws of Congress authorizing the
same, may be considered the congressional adjudication of the principle last above stated.
The attitude in which Michigan came before Congress for admission
is almost identical with the present one of New Mexico. I place in
parallel columnns the different points:
1. The people of New Mexico, without
preliminary law of Congress authorizing it,
met, by their delegates in convention, and
framed a State constitution, which was subsequently ratified by popular vote.
1. The people of Michigan, without preliminary law of Congress authorizing it,
met by their delegates in convention, and
framed a State constitution, which was subsequently ratified by popular vote.
2. After the ratification of the constitution
by the people, and before the same had been
accepted  by Congress,  the State government of New Mexico was partially get in
motion.   Its action was  impeded  by the
military commander, Col. Monroe.   The
State government there, postponing its action from an unwillingness, even in appearance, to seem hostile to the Government
and people of the United States, asserting;
however, the right of the people, in the absence of Congressional legislation, to make for
themselves such provisional government, not
inconsistent with the laws and Constitution
of the United States, as to them seemed best,
and denying the right of any officer of the
army to interfere in the matter. (See correspondence of Gov. Alvarez with Col. Monroe.)
2. After the ratification of the constitution by the people, and before the same had
been accepted by Congress, the State government of Michigan was set in motion, displacing the Territorial government authorized by Congress.
3. Within the boundaries ofNew Mexico,
set forth in her constitution, was included
territory claimed by the State of Texas.
3. Within the boundaries of Michigan,
set forth in her constitution, was included
territory claimed by the State of Ohio.
4. Congress having settled the disputed
boundary between Texas and New Mexico
*    *    *    *    *    *    *4    * 
4. Congress having settled the disputed
boundary between Ohio and Michigan, declared the latter a State of the Union, on condition that the people of that State, by a convention held for that purpose, should acquiesce in theboundaries indicated by Congress.
Here the parallel ceases.
Up to the point of admission as a State, the difference which exists in
the attitudes of Michigan and New Mexico, is clearly in favor of the
latter.
The State government of Michigan, after ratification, and before acceptance of the constitution, was put in motion, displacing the territorial government authorized by Congress, a kind of government which, 
13
until the speech of the distinguished Senator from Michigan, was very
generally conceded to be dejure.
In their memorial to Congress the legislature of New Mexico thus
shows the attitude of New Mexico:
"The Congress, because of disturbing causes, having failed to make needful rules and
regulations for the territory of New Mexico, its inhabitants, encouraged by the President
of the United States, and driven by necessity, have formed and ratified a constitution,
elected a governor, vice governor, and members of the legislature.
"The legislature is now engaged, in the absence of Congressional legislation, in making
laws suited to the wants of the people, and consistent with the Constitution of the United
States.
"In putting in operation the form of government set forth in the constitution, they believe they have done no act inconsistent with a proper respect to the Government of the
United States. The form of government adopted by the people of New Mexico is set up
in opposition to no government recognised by Congress, or known to the Constitution and
laws, but simply takes the place, under circumstances of urgent necessity, of an unacknowledged government, which has utterly failed to protect the inhabitants of New Mexico
in their dearest rights, or to preserve the plighted faith of the Government of the United
States.'"
Respecting this difference, who can doubt that the course of New
Mexico was the more moderate, the more conservative, thie more lawabiding?
Admitting that Congress has the power to erect temporary governments for the territories, surely the act of Michigan, in ousting the government authorized by Congress, was an usurpation; yet Michigan was
admitted as a State.
Will not Congress, by refusing to admit New Mexico as a State,
legislate for the encouragement of usurpation and  the punishment of
moderation?
The spirit of moderation, forbearance, and conservatism, exhibited
by the people of New Mexico, since the treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo,
is deserving the commendation of every good citizen of this Republic,
and might be imitated with advantage by other portions of the country
but little blessed with those virtues.
Though harassed by officials, under a military despotism, as set
forth in the memorial of the legislature, and threatened with the bayonets of the United States if they attempted to disturb that unauthorized
government, though filled with indignation, they have preferred yet
a little longer to suffer, rather than appear in the eyes of undiscrimninating persons to be unfriendly to the institutions or people of the United
States.
Upon the arrival in New Mexico of the commissioner of Texas, in
public meetings gotten up by the judges, attorneys, contractors, and
the like, the spirit of mnob-violence was invoked by those functionaries,
who attempted to organize a system of insult and violence against the
person of the Texan commissioner.
The object of the mission of this gentleman was utterly repugnant to
the people of New Mexico; yet they becomingly rebuked the violent
course.whichl the authorities were disposed to pursue; and this gentleman, during his stay in New Mexico, met with no insult or want of 
14
hospitality, though the object of his mission was altogether odious to
the people.
Had the violent views of the authorities not been restrained by the
sound public opinion of the people of New Mexico, collision and bloodshed would doubtless have taken place between Texas and New Mexico; and, we believe, it is no rash assumption, that in the then excited
state of the public mind in the United States, the most direful consequences would have resulted.
From the debates and proceedings on the admission of Michigan and
Arkansas, we make the following extracts:
Senate, December 10th, 1835. The message of President Jackson, in reference to the
admission of Michigan, was received.
January 26th, 1836. The memorial of the legislature of Michigan, on the subject of her
admission into the Union, having been presented, Mr. Hendricks moved that it be laid on
the table.
Mr. King, of Alabama, suggested giving the memorial the same direction that had been
given to a memorial, having reference to the admission of Michigan, in the other House.
*'        *         *         *        *          *         4         *
Mr. Hendricks withdrew his motion to lay on the table, and submitted a motion, as
follows:
"Ordered, That the memorial, purporting to be from the senate and house of representatives of the State of Michigan, be referred to the select committee, appointed Dec. 22,
in relation to the admission of Michigan into the Union, and that the Senate regard the
same in no other light than as the voluntary act of individuals."    *        v           *
Mr. Niles said that, aside from matters of form, he was disposed to regard the petition
as coming from the people of Michigan, claiming political rights of the highest magnitude,
and he could not refuse to hear them; and, last of all, a memorial coming from a whole
people claiming admission into the Federal Union. Have they not a right to select their
own mode of application? They comne here not asking a matter offavor, but a mnatter of right.
Had they not a right to select their own committee to represent those rights? For his part,
he was disposed to hear them, If there ever was a people who claimed rights of a high
character, it was those who had political rights and were not represented.    *    *    *
March 30th-Mr. Buchanan.  The first ol'jection he should consider was the one suggested rather than insisted on by the Senator from Delaware; and that was, that no act
had been passed by Congress for the purpose of enabling the people of Michigan to form
a State constitution, in obedience to what had been supposed to be the custom in regard to
other States that had been admitted into the Union. Now, was there, he would ask, any
reason for passing such an act? Was it required by principle, or was it required by practice? He utterly denied that it was required either by the one or the other, before a new
State may be admitted into the Union; and whether it was, given previously or subsequently to the application of a State for admission into the Union, was of no earthly importance. He admitted that the passage of such an act, previously to the admission of a
new State was the best course to adopt; but if a people had formed a republican constitution, and if Congress should think they had assumed proper boundaries, was there any
objection to their admission, whether the preliminary law had been passed or otherwise?
But in the history of this Government there had been precedents to sanction this bill, and
they had one which applied expressly to this very case; it being utterly impossible to
distinguish between the two, unless in favor of Michigan. He referred to the, case of
Tennessee, found in 2d volume Laws of the United States. The preamble * * * 
Yet without the previous assent of Congress, Tennessee formed her constitution, knocked
at the door of Congress for admission, and, being a welcome stranger, was cordially admitted. He would then ask gentlemen to mete out the same measure of justice and liberality to Michigan which was meted out to Tennessee.  Ought they to be offendedwith the
eagerness of new Statesfor admission into all the rights, privileges, and benefits of the Union, at
a time, too, when some of the old States were threatening to leave it?
April 1st-Mr. Benton.  *  *  *  Mr. B. then entered into au ample vindication of the
right of the people of Michigan and Arkansas to meet in convention, without a preliminary
law of Congress, adopt constitutions, and send them here for examination.   *   * *
He said that Congress could not reject a constitution, except in the single case of which it was the
guaranty-that of its republican character. 
15
April 2d. The bill was passed in the following form:
"A bill to establish the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, and to provide for
the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, upon the conditions therein expressed."
"Be it enacted, &c., That the northern boundary of the State of Ohio shall be established at, &c., &c.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the constitution and State government, which
the people of Michigan have formed for themselves, be, and the same is hereby, accepted,
ratified, and confirmed; and that the said State of Mlichigan shall be, and is hereby declared
to be, one of the United States of America, and is hereby admitted into the Union on an
equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatsoever: Provided always, and this
admission is upon the express condition that the said State shall consist of, and have
jurisdiction over, all territory included within the following boundaries, and over none
other, to wit: beginning, &c., &c.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That as a compliance with the fundamental condition
of admission, contained in the last preceding section of this act, the boundaries of the said
St,ate of Michigan, as in that section described, declared and established, shall receive the
assent of a convention of delegates, elected by the people of the said State for the sole purpose of giving the assent herein required; and as soon as the assent herein required shall
be given, the President of the United States shall announce the same by proclamation, and
thereupon, and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of
the said State into the Union, as one of the United States of America, on an equal footing
with the original States in all respects whatsoever, shall be considered as comrplete, and
the Senators and Representatives who have been elected by the said State as its representatives in the Congress of the United States, shall be entitled to take their seats in the Senate
and House of Representatives respectively, without further delay.
Sec. 4. (Refers to the public lands.)
DEBATE ON THE ADMISSION OF ARKANSAS.
April 4th, 1836. Mr. Buchanan asked for the yeas and nays on the passage of the bill
for admission of Jirkansas, and they were accordingly ordered.
Mr. JMlorris, of Ohio, said, before I record my vote in favor of the passage of the bill
under consideration, I must asik the indulgence of the Senlate for a moment, while I offer a
few of the reasons which govern me in the vote I shall give.  Being one of the Representatives of afree State, and believing slavery to be wrong in principle and mischievous in practice, I
wish to be clearly uriderstoo(l on the subject, both here and by those I have the honor to
represent.  I have objections to the constitution of Arkansas, on the ground that slavery
is recognised in that constitution, and settled and established as a fundamental principle in
her government.  I object to the existence of this prineciple forming a part of the organic law in
any State; and I would vote against the admission of drkansas as a member of this Union, if I
believed Ihad the power to do so. The wrong, in a moral sense, with which 1 view slavery,
would be sufficient for me to do this, did I not consider my political obligations, and the
duty as a member of this body I owe to the Constitution under which I now act, clearly
require of me the vote I shall give. I hold that any portion of American citizens, who
may reside on a portion of the territory of the United States, whenever their'numbers shall
amount to that which would entitle them to a representation in the House of Representatives in Congress, have the right to provide for themselves a constitution and State government, and to be admitted into the Union whenever they shall so apply; and they are not
bound to wait the action of Congress in the first instance, except there is some compact or
agreement requiring them to do so.  I place this rilght on the broad, and, I consider, indispotable ground, that all persons living within the jurisdiction of the United States are
entitled to equal privileges, and it ought to be matter of high gratification to us here, that in
every portion, even the most remote of our country, our people are anxious to obtain this high
privilege at as early a day as possible.  It furnishes clear proof that the Union is highly esteemed,
and has its bfoundations deep in the hearts of ourfellow-citizens.
By the Constitution of the United States power is given to Congress to admit new States
into the Union.  It is in the character as a State that any portion of our citizens, inhabiting any part of the territory of the United States, must apply to be admitted into the
Union; a State government and constitittion must first be formed.  It is not necessary for
the power of Congress, and I doubt whether Congress has such power, to prescribe the
mode by which the pe, ple shall form a State constitution; and for this plain reason, that
Congress would be entirely incompetent to the exercise of any coercive power to carry
into effect the mode they might prescribe. I cannot, therefore, vote against the admission
of Arkansas into the Union, on the ground that there was no previous act of Congress to 
16
authorize the holding of her convention. As a member of Congress, I will not look be yond the constitution that has been presented. I have no right to presume it was formed
by incompetent persons, or that it does not fully express the opinion and wishes of the
people of that country.
It is true that the United States shall guaranty to every State a republican form of gov ernment; meaning, in my judgment, that Congress shall not permit any power to establish
in any State a government without the assent of the people of such State; and it will not
be amiss, if we remember, that the guaranty is to the State, and not as to the formation of
the government by the people of the State; but should it be admitted that Congress can
look into the constitution of a State, in order to ascertain its character, before such State is
admitted into the Union, yet 1 contend that Congress cannot object to it for want of republican form, if it contains the great principle that all power is inherent in the people, and
that the Government draws all its just powers from the governed.
The people of the Territory of Arkansas having formed for themselves a State government, having presented their constitution for admission into the Union, and that constitution being republican in its form, and believing that the people who prepared and sent this
constitution are sufficiently numerous to entitle them to a representation in Congress; and
believing, also, that Congress has no right or power to regulate the system of police these
people have established for themselves, and the ordinance of 1787 n,t op)erating on them,
nor have they entered into any agreement with the United States that slavery should not
be admitted in their State, have the right to choose this lot for themselves-though I regret
they have made this choice; yet believing that this Government has no right to interfere with
the question of slavery in any of the States, or prescribe what shall or shall not be considered
property in the different States, or by what tenure property of any kind shall be holden, but that
all these are questions of State policy, I cannot, as a member of this body, refuse my vote to admit
this State into the Union, because her constitution recognises the right and existence of
slavery.
This, to my mind, is conclusive on this subject. and I did believe there was not any just
ground for the objections urged against the adnmission of Michigan, nor can 1 now believe
that those against the admission of Arkansas ought to prevail, either because there has
been no previous act of Congress to authorize her people to form a constitution, as has
been urged by one Senator; or because her constitution admits slavery, as has been urged
by another.
ITnder every view which I have been able to take on these important questions, the application of both Michigan and Arkansas for admission into the Union is not prohibited by
any provision of the Constitution of the United States, and that Congress has not the power
to enter into any compromnise, bargain, or agreement, with the people of these States, in order to
procure a change, amendment, or alteration of their.constitutions; nor has Congress the power
to make any such requirement, or to effect such change; but that each State has the right
to present herself for admission, in her owvn time and manner, and that justice and sound
policy require the admission of both the States that now seek it. "
On  the finail passage of the bill admitting Arkansas, the vote stood as
follows:
Yeas-Messrs. Benton, Brown,  Buchanan, Calhoun,  Clayton, Cuthbert,  Ewing of
Illinois, Ewing of Ohio, Grundy, Hendricks, Hill, Hubbard, Kinig ofAlabama, King of
Georgia, Linn, McKean, Mangum, Moore, Morris, Nicholas, Niles, Preston, Rives, Robinson, Ruggles, Shepley, Tallmadge, Tipton, Walker, White, Wright-31.
.Nays-Messrs. Clay, Knight, Porter, Prentiss, Robbins, Swift-6.
J\lichigan, December 29, 1836. Mr. BENTON: The subject has been already 4 or 5
years before Congress; it is a mere question of right-a right which had existed 4 years
ago, but which, &c.
January 2d, 1837. Mr. GRUNDY: Of one point he was fully satisfied; that Michigan
had a right to be received into the Union; on this he presumed there would be but little
difference of opinion; the chief differenice having respect to the mode in which it was to be
done, &c.
Mr. CALHOUN: Some time previous to the last session of Congress, the Territory of
Michigan, through its legislature, authorized the people to meet in convention for the purpose of forming a State government. They met accordingly, and agreed upon a constitiOnl which they forthwith transmitted to Congress; it was fully discussed in this chamber, and objectionable as the instrument was, an act was finally passed which accepted the
Constitution and declared Michigan to be a State, and admitted into the Union on the
single condition that she should, by a convention of the people, assent to the boundaries
prescribed by the act. Soon after the adjournment the legislature of the State of Michi 
17
gan, (for she had been raised by our own act to the dignity of a State,) called a convention
of the people of the State, in conformity to the act, which met at Ann Harbor. After
full discussion the convention withheld its assent, and formally transmitted the result to
the President of the United States. This is the first part of the story. I will now give
the sequel. Since then, during the last month, a self-constituted assembly met, professedly
as a convention of the people of the State, but without the authority of the State. This
unauthorized and lawless assemblage assume the high function of giving the assent of the
State of Michigan to the condition of admission as prescribed in the act of Congress, &c. *
It will be asked-what shall be done? Will you refuse to admit Michigan into the
Union? I answer to-I desire to admit her; and if the Senators from Indiana and Ohio
will agree, I am now ready to admit her, as she stood at the beginning of last session, without
giving sanction to the unauthorized assemblage of December, &c.
Mr. DANA: A long and severe contest had existed between Michigan and Ohio in re gard to their boundary line, each claiming the same territory, and each ready to defend it
with their lives. Michigan claimed admission into the Union, but Congress could not ad mit her, standing as she did in a hostile attitude with one of the States of the Union, until
the existing question of boundary was settled.    *    *    *    *           *   A single
thought more and I have done.  It is not denied that Michigan embraces  a population
which entitles her to a rank among her sister States; that she has formed a republican
constitution, and organized her government under it, and that Congress have approved it.
She has also given her assent to the terms prescribed, and now presents herself for admis sion into the Union, and for her legitimate rank as an independent sovereign State. Her
claim is not without precedent, but has frequently been conceded to others. Now, let me
ask what is the duty of Congress?  Have we a right to deny her this privilege; should we
continue to debar her from year to year of rights and privileges to which she is entitled,
and which she demands at our hands? Sir, a solemn duty devolves upon us, and I trust we
shall best discharge it by immediately admitting this State into the Union.
Mr. Walker concluded by observing that in his opinion to delay longer the admission
of Michigan would be an act of the clearest injustice, and a violation of the spirit of the
Constitution and of the ordinance of 1787.
January 3, 1837.  Mr. BUcHANAN:  It has been the practice heretofore to treat our infant Territories with paternal care, to nurse them with kindNess, and when they have
attained the age of manhood to admit them into the faimily without requiring of them a
rigid adherence to forms. The great questions to be decided are, do they contain a sufficient population? Have they adopted a republican Constitution? And are they willing to
enter the Union on the terms which we propose? If so, all the preliminary proceedings
have been considered but mereforms, which we have waived in repeated instances. They are
but the scaffolding of the building which is of no farther use after the building, is erected.
We have pursued this course in regard to Tennessee, to Arkansas, and even to Michigan.
On the final passage of the bill for the admission of Michigan, the
vote stood as follows:                                                -:
Yeas-Benton, Brown, Buchanan, Dana, Fulton, Grundy, Hendricks, Hubbard, King
of Alabama, King of Georgia, Linn, Nicholas, Niles, Page, Parker, Rives, Robinson,
Sevier, Strange, Tallmadge, Tipton, Walker, Wall, White, Wright-25.
Xays —Bayard, Calhoun, Clay, Crittenden, Davis, Kent, Moore, Prentiss, Southard,
Swift-10.
Messrs. Calhoun, Crittenden, Moore, and Southard voting nay because of the preamble;
Messrs. Bayard and Davis, because such had been the action of Congress, that the queation should be referred to the people of Michigan for their acquiescence.
From these debates I deduce as follows:
1.   That a people having sufficient population, properly presenting
themselves to Congress, have  the right  to be admitted as a State, and
the corresponding obligation or duty rests upon Congress to make effective the right; and that to withhold it is a violation of the spirit of the
Constitution of the United States.
2.   That there being no law of Congress regulating the mode of proceeding in the admission of new States, it is unimportant if a preliminary
law of Congress authorizing the formation of a State constitution has not
or has been passed.
3 
18
3. That the practice and object of Congress heretofore has been, as
soon as practicable, to admit new States, disregarding matters offorn,
and looking only at the number of souls and the constitution presented,
in order to determine its republican character.
4.  That the fact appearing in the constitution presented, that the
government draws all its just powers from the governed, establishes
its republican character.
5. That this government has no right to interfere with the question
of slavery in the States, or determine what shall or shall not be considered property, or by what tenure property of any kind shall be holden:
but that all these are solely questions of State policy, in which Congress
has no right to intervene.
6. That Congress has not the power to enter into any compromise,
bargain, or agreement with the people of the States,in order to procure
a change, anmendment, or alteration of their constitutions; nor has Congress the power to make any such requirement, or to effect such change;
but that each State has the right to present herself for admission in her
own time and manner.
All these questions are discussed in the debates from which I have
quoted; and by the passage of the bills of admission, Congress adjudicated them. Notwithstanding this, are we yet adrift; and are all these
questions to be re-determined?  Does adjudication, after full discussion,
settle nothing? And is each question, whether adjudicated or not, an
open question?
On this subject we direct attention to the views of Mr. Senator
Badger, whose " well balanced mind" has been a subject of comment
in the Senate.
In the debate in the Senate, April, 1848; on the subject of authorizing
John Charles Fremont, and others namred, to act as conmmissioners in
California for certain purposes, this distinguished Senator, after commenting on the difference between  c, offices" and  " employments,"
spoke as follows:
"And inasmuch as the establishment of a contrary doctrine would involve great difficulties on the Government, I should feel content, even if the past history and practice of the Government did not furnish precedents to give to this term the signification which I have now
stated in its connexion with the bill before us. But this point has been already decided; and
sensible, for my part, of the great importance of regarding the Constttution as the same in all
times and places, I believe that in all cases in twhich questions have been decided they should be regarded as settled at once andfor ever.   Gentlemen may differ, however, in this view of the
subject, though it seems to me that in a question of this kind it is absolutely indispensible,
unless we would fetter ourselves at every step of our progress, that we should yield to
what has been the clear and undoubted authority of all the departments of this Governmentlegislative, executive, and judicial. Let me now refer to a few cases, &c. [Congress,
Globe, 1st session 30th Congress, page 628.]"
This ought, I think, to be conclusive on this point; but should it
not be, I make no doubt that the Senator fromn North Carolina can further enforce and illustrate his position.
If the adherence to forms, not established by precedent, existing not
in any constitutional or legislative enactment, but solely in the imtnaginations of individuals, is obligatory on Congress, how can it be accounted 
19
for that Tennessee, Arkansas, Michigan, and California are now States
of the Union, notwithstanding no preliminary law of Congress was passed authorizing them to form constitutions? If it is indispensably necessary that, before becoming a State, a community  must first pass
through the territorial form,as has been contended by some, how is it
that Texas and California are now States of the Union?
The grand precedent established by Congress is, that as soon as a
community, residing on land gathered under the protecting wings  of
the Constitution, has of population a near approximation to the ratio of
representation, it is matter of high gratification to Congress, matter of
obligation or duty for Congress, to make effective the right of representation by admitting the community as a State of the Union, whenever it
desires to be so admitted, and presents a, republican constitution; and
that to withhold the passage of a bill of admission, these conditions being complied with, is violative of the spirit of the Constitution.
The principle of non-intervention, and others advanced in the debates
on the admissiont of Arkansas and Michigan, has since been  thus set
forth by Mr. Calhoun in his celebrated resolutions of 18S47, laying down
what has been termed the southern platform:
"That it is a fundamental principle in our political creed that a people, in forming a constitution, have the unconditional right to form and adopt the government which they may
think best calculated to secure their liberty, prosperity, and happiness; and that, in conformity thereto, no other condition is imposed by the Federal Constitution on a State, in
order to be admitted into this Union, except that its constitution shall be republican; and
that the imposition of any other by Congress would not only be in violation ofthe Constitution, but in direct conflict with the principle on which our political system rests."
In his speech supporting his resolutions, Mr. Calhoun used this language:
"Sir, I hold it to be a fundamental principle in our political system, that the people have
the right to establish what government they may think proper for themselves; that every
State, about to become a member of this Union, has a right to form its own government as
it pleases; and in order to be admitted there is but one qualification, and that is, that the
government shall be republican."
It haspleased New Mexico to engraft in her constitution an antislavery clause. Is it the object of those who oppose her admission now,
by so doing. to effect a change in her constitution in this respect? Is
this opposition intended "to procure a change, amendment, or alteration" in the constitution of New Mexico? Such hope 1 believe to be
vain; and could it be effected would be valueless.  In my humble judgment no constitutional provision will bring about the introduction of
slave labor in New Mexico, for the simrple reason that it till notpay.
The principle, that while Congress should exercise no powers not
conferred, it is bound to exercise those conferred whenever such exercise
is necessary to give effect to existing rights; and that of non-intervention in the local legislation of the States, both affirmed in the resolusions Mr. Calhoun, were also included in the PEACE  MEASURES
of the last session; to sustain which, distinguished men of either
party or section, abandoning all other considerations, hastened to the
rescue of the Union, and standing together, shoulder to shoulder,
drove back the threatening waves, which rising on the confines of the Re 
20
public, and gathering violence as they approached the Capitol,
threatened to engulf the Union.
The profound calmn now pervading the public mind indicates the
acquiescence of the PEOPLE of the United States in the measures of
the last session, and in the principles involved in them.
Who will now oppose the principles to which I have alluded? Will
the South, which has heretofore sustained them, in some cases, with
frantic vehemence? Will the South, by voting against the admission
of New Mexico, furnish such an illustration of human inconsistency?
Will the South, by voting against the admission of New Mexico,
themselves repeal principles they have heretofore deemed essential to
their very safety?
New Mexico seeks admission into the Union asa whole. She conies
here appealing to no section. She desires admission by a national and
not a sectional vote, and she appeals to the nation.
New Mexico in time, and that too a short time, must be admitted as
a State.  She must be admitted;  but God forbid that it must be by a
sectional vote.
Eloquent lips have declared that the strongest bonds of the Union are
in the affections of the people.  To this I cordially subscribe.  To preserve the affections of the people there must be maintained the principle of non-intervention, and all national legislation must be with scrupulous regard to the rights of all.  Every act of unjust legislation tends to
alienate the affections of the people. Every withholding of constitutional right tends to alienate the affections of the people.
The right of New Mexico to representation in some  mode was perfect on the conclusion of the treaty with Mexico, and by the settlement
of the disputed boundary question with Texas, her right to representation, as a separate and independent people, became clear and undisputed.
Clear and undisputed as is this "inestimable right," its exercise is
withheld. It can only be made operative by the passage of a bill admitting New Mexico as one of the United States of America.
Application to be admitted into the Union, in the language of Mr.
Morris, "furnishes clear proofs that the Union is highly esteemed and
has itsfoundation deep in the hearts of our fellow citizens."  Such is
the attitude of New Mexico.
The appeal of Mr. Buchanan to Senators, "ought they to be offended with the eagerness of new States for admission into all the rights,
privileges, and benefits of the Union, at a time too when some of the old
States are threatening to leave it. 9" is not without applicability now,
when there are misguided persons lying in wait for an unguarded  moment to sunder the bonds of the Union.
I have already declared, that one of the arguments used by the State
party in New Mexico was, that a territorial government could not be
obtained; and I would be wanting in frankness did I fail to mention
that this argument was much insisted on.
A doubt, therefore, exists whether, now that Congress has provided 
21
a territorial government, the people of New Mexico still desire admission as a State.
Under these circumstances, and with a view of leaving the decision
of this question, where it properly belongs, with the people of New
Mexico, the undersigned respectfully requests of Congress the passage
of a bill admitting New Mexico as a State of the Union, provided the
people of that community, by a convention elected by them for that
sole purpose, acquiesce in the boundaries Congress nMust now necessarily alter, and express their desire now to be admitted as a State.
This proposition, based upon the precedent established in the case of
Mic[higan, if carried out, will clear up any doubts which may still exist, that the constitution now before Congress does not express, in all
its parts, the wishes of the people of New Mexico; it will also be a condernnation of the new theories that Native Americans only are entitled
to rights and privileges, and that the colonial system of England can
legally be engrafted on our free institutions; it will furnish to the people of New Mexico the evidence that Congress does not look upon them
as aliens, but as citizens of the United States, whose rights and privileges will be eliminated by thle application of the same rules and principles used in determining the rights and privileges of other communities protected by the Constitution; and that their rights, being thus deterrnined, will be unhesitatingly acknowledged.
In the determination of what are the rights of New Mexico, as a
citizen of the United States, and as a citizen of New Mexico, I deprecate the application of new and invidious rules unknown to the theory
of our Government.   I protest against it.  I deprecate and protest,
because such a course must, by its injustice, excite among the people
of New Mexico well-grounded apprehension and distrust.
Against the introduction into the investigation of what are the rights
of New Mexico, of the new theory of the balance ofpower between the
pro-slavery and anti-slavery States, or between  the cis-montane and
trans-montane States, or any other check or balance unknown to the
Constitution, and not of republican origin, I most solemnly protest.
By the Constitution and its system of checks and balances, and by
none other, should we be tried.
There is a large portion of patriotic citizens of the United States, who
are in favor of the farther extension of the lirnits of this Republic by
peaceful and legal means, looking upon our country as the ark into
which the wearied of despotism may securely take refuge, whether they
come as individual emigrants or independent nations.
Is this great object to be advanced, if our first act towards a community not native American  is, by the application of new theories, to deprive it of rights and privileges heretofore, under similar circumstances,
invariably acknowledged, where native American communities were concerned? WVill such a course, for instance, advance the peaceful acquisition of the Canadas or of Cuba?
Proclaiming that communities, not native American, must not expect to be considered sovereign, or to be represented in the national le 
22
gislature, but that their position will be that of colonial dependencies,
and the acknowledgment of their rights dependent upon the absolute
pleasure and discretion of Congress, unrestrained by consideratiolns of
justice or law-that in their cases, rights and privileges are not inherent
in the people, but concessions or boons of the government.-How can
we hope to advance the cause of human liberty?-Or how can we say
that it is co-extensive with the area overshadowed by our own Constitution?
To force the blessings of liberty upon an unwilling people is almost
in terms an absurdity.  If the area of liberty is to be extended, it must
be by presenting the spectacle of a just government making effective
the rights of all, and scrupulously abstaining frotn all interference in
the local legislation of its parts.
As boldly and as freely as the rightful claims of New Mexico have
been denounced, I denounce the withholding the acknowledgment of
those claims, as a flagrant outrage on my section, as an endorsement of
the principles of the Native American party, as a first step in engrafting
on our free institutions the colonial systeni of England, and  as a sarcasm on the national sympathy for struggling Hungary.
In presenting the claims of New Mexico to the consideration of Congress, it has been my object to present them in a manner consistent with
the respect which it must be the earnest desire of every American to
accord to that distinguished body; I trust, also, I have done so with the
frankness becoming a citizen of the United States, and the representative of a community, which, of right, ought to be, a free and sovereign
State.
R. H. WEIGHTMAN,
Senator elect, State of New AJexico. 
APPENDIX.
A.
"The intense glorifications at St. Louis, and in every part of the United States, on the
recent successes of their troops over the miserable Mexicans, which were so absurd as
to cause a broad grin on the face of an unexcited neutral, make me recur to the subject of
this war, which hitherto I have avoided mentioning in the body of this little narrative.
"It is scarcely necessary to trace the causes of the war at present raging between the
two Republics of North America. The fable of the wolf and the lamb drinking at the
same spring may be quoted, to explain to the world the reason why the soi-disant champion of liberty has quarrelled with its sister State for'muddying the water' which the
model Republic uses to quench its thirst.
" A lesson has been read to the citizens of the United States which ought to open their
eyes to the palpable dishonesty of their Government, their unblushing selfishness, and total
disregard to the interests of their country, when those of themselves or of their party are
at stake; and although, in the present instance, President Polk has overreached himself,
and raised a storm which he would be only too glad to lay at any cost, yet, in the whole
history of the Mexican war, the violence of party and political feeling is evident, from the
9th of May, 1846, when the first shot was fired at Palo Alto, to the date of the last halfscore despatches which inform the world that General Scott' still remained at Puebla,'
waiting re.inforcements.
" It is enough to observe that the immediate cause of hostilities was the unjustifiable invasion of Mexican territory by the army of the United States, to take possession of a
tract of country of which the boundary line had been disputed between the Mexican Government and one of its revolted States, and which had been annexed to the American
Union before its recognition as an independent State by the country from which it had
seceded.
"There can be no question but that the United States had deep cause of complaint
against Mexico, in the total disregard evinced by the latter to the spirit of international
treaties, and the injuries inflicted upon the persons and property of American citizens;
all redress of which grievances was either totally refused, or procrastinated until the parties
gave up every hope of ultimate compensation. The acquisition of Texas, however, was
in any case a balancing injustice, and should have wiped out all old grievances, at least
those of a pecuniary nature; while, if a proper spirit of conciliation had been evinced on
the part of the Americans, at the period when the question of annexation was being
mooted, all danger of a rupture would have been removed; and Mexico would have yielded her claims to Texas with a better grace, if taken as a receipt in full for all obligations,
than in suffering a large portion of her territory to be torn from her, against all laws held
sacred by civilized nations.
", It is certain that such consequences, as have resulted from the advance of the American troops from the Nueces to the Rio Grande, were never anticipated by the President
of the United States, whose policy in bringing on a quasi crisis of the State affairs on the
Mexican frontier, and provoking the Mexicans to overt acts which could at any moment
be converted into a casus belli, was not for the sake of territorial aggrandizement, but for
a purpose which, it is known to those in the secret of his policy, had an object more remote, and infinitely more important, than a rupture with the Mexican Government.
"At that time the position taken up by Mr. Polk and his party with regard to the
Oregon question involved, as a natural consequence, the probability of a war with England;
nay, more, if such position were persisted in, the certainty of a war with that power.
That a majority of the people, and all the right thinking and influential classes, were opposed to such measures as would hazard or produce such a rupture, was so palpable, that
the Government was conscious that any proposal for making preparations for a war with
England, which they knew a perseverance in their policy would assuredly bring about,
would not be favorably received, or even tolerated, and therefore they looked about them
for means of attaining their object, by blinding the eyes of the people as to their ulterior
designs. Mexico was made the scape-goat. A war with that weak and powerless State
would be popular, since its duration, it was supposed, could be but for a very brief period, 
24
the Government having no resources whatever, and being sadly deficient in any of the
sinews of war; and, moreover, such a war would be likely to flatter the national pride and
conceit of the American people.
"To bring, therefore, affairs to such a critical position on the Texan frontier, that a
'state of war' could at any moment be assumed, and its imminence be actually very apparent, was the stroke of policy by which Polk and his party hoped to blind the people,
and, profiting by it, make such preparations as would enable them to carry out their plans
in connexion with the Oregon question and the probable war with England. They
thought that, even if hostilities broke out with Mexico, that power would at once succumb; and, in the mean time, that the war fever in the United States would spread, and
that the people would sanction an increase in the army and navy in such a case, which
would at any time be made available for another purpose.
"The first shot fired on the Rio Grande changed their views.  Until then the Americans
were in utter ignorance of the state of Mexico and the Mexicans. They never anticipated
such resistance as they have met with; but, judging, from the moral and physical inferiority of the people, at once concluded that all they had to do was venire, videre, et vincere.
Children in the art of war, they imagined that personal bravery and physical strength
were the only requisites for a military people; and that, possessing these qualities in as
great a degree as the Mexicans were deficient in them, the operations in Mexico would
amount to nothing more arduous than a promenade through the table lands of Anahuacthe'Halls of Montezuma,' in which it was the popular belief that they were destined,
to revel, being the goal of their military paseo of six weeks.
"As soon, however, as the list of killed and wounded on the fields of Palo Alto and
Resaca de la Palma reached Washington, President Polk saw at once the error into
which he had fallen. It became evident to him that all the resources of the country would
be required to carry on the war with one of the most feeble powers in the world, and
that the sooner he pulled his foot out of the hot water, which at the temperature of 54~ 40'
was likely to scald him, the better for him and his country; for it naturally occurred to
him that, if such a scrimmage as the Mexican war gave him considerable trouble, an affair
with such a respectable enemy as England was likely to prove any thing but an agreeable
pastime: and hence the very speedy acceptance ofLord Aberdeen's ultimatum, and the
sudden settlement of the Oregon question."
B.
By an "extract from the records in the State Department at Santa Fe," recorded page
61 of Senate doc. No 23, of 1st sess. of 30th Cong., being a "report of the Secretary of
War, communicating in answer to a resolution of the Senate, a report and map of the
examination of New Mexico, made by Lieutenant J. W. Abert, of the Topographical
Corps," it appears that the population of New Mexico, "according to the statistics
presented for this purpose, is 100,064."
This includes the Pueblo Indians, who number all told, as appears by records in Department of Interior, 11,180, leaving a population'exclusive of Indians, taxed and untaxed,
88,884.
The subjoined correspondence will explain itself.
C.
WASHINGTON, Jan. 23, 1851.
SiR: Enclosed you will find a paper which 1 have prepared, urging upon Congress the
passage of a bill declaring New Mexico one of the United States of America on certain conditions.
The conditions are, "provided that, by a convention elected by the people of New Mexico for that express purpose, they (the people) acquiesced in the boundaries Congress
must now necessarily alter, and express, at the same time, their desire to be now admitted
as a State.
The boundaries set forth in the constitution of New Mexico include territory which
Congress has declared shall belong to Texas; in order, therefore, to avoid conflict of jurisdiction between New Mexico and Texas, it will be necessary for Congress so to arrange
the boundaries of New Mexico as to effect this object; and following the precedent established in the case of Michigan, it will be regular to refer the matter, after Congress shall
have arranged the boundaries, to the people of New Mexico for their acquiescence.
If, then, the people of New Mexico acquiesce in the boundaries Congress may prescribe, and also,'throuigh the same convention, express their desire to be admitted as a State,
the two conditions will be complied with, and, the bill being passed, New Mexico will become a State by the act of her people. 
25
If, however, they, (the people,) prefer a territorial government, they have only to withhold their acquiescence in these conditions, and the territorial organization is retained.
This leaves the matter entirely in the hands of the people of New Mexico.
I beg you to examine the enclosed paper to Congress, and should you agree with me
in the arguments advanced, the statement of facts, and in the object sought to be obtained, I earnestly desire your concurrence in the proposed measure.
Very respectfully, your friend,
And obedient servant,
R. HI. WEIGHTMAN.
Mr. WM. S. MESSERVY,
Representative elect, State of New  Mexico.
WASHINGTON CITY, January 25, 1851.
SIR: I have received your letter dated Jan. 23, with enclosure, urging upon Congress
action at this time, in reference to making New Mexico a State on certain conditions.
I have examined your paper with care, and have to say that in the main object which
you propose, to wit, reference of the decision of the question of State or territorial government to the people of New Mexico, I entirely agree with you, we only differ as to the
mode in which this should be done.
In my opinion, it is more advisable that the subject be referred to the people of New
Mexico, previous to any action of Congress; as I believe the "bill providing a territorial
government for the people of New Mexico," is better calculated to promote their welfare
and happiness, and is better suited to their wants and condition, and would  be more acceptable than the "State organization" which was entered into by them when they abandoned the hope of obtaining a territorial government.
The people should, undoubtedly, be permitted to control this whole matter for themselves, and they will equally have this control in their hands in the mode I propose as in
yours.
Your history of the formation of the State government in New Mexico is correct in
all its details, though falling short of giving a just idea of the gross outrages inflicted upon
the people by the authorities of that country; what you have detailed, moreover, is correct, and perhaps sufficient to illustrate the point in view.
The arguments used in showing the right of the people of New Mexico to be admitted
as a State whenever they apply for admission, and present a republican constitution, based
as they are upon national as opposed to sectional grounds, and upon the opinions of distinguished statesmen from different portions of our country, command my entire concurrence
and approbation.
1 have the honor to be,
Most respectfully, yours,
WILLIAM S. MESSERVY.
Hon. RICHARD H. WEIGHTMA1.