AN
AMERICAN MERCHANT
EUROPE, ASIA, AND AUSTRALIA:
A  SERIES OF LETTERS:'
II:5 a
FO.' I
FROM,.
JAVA, SINGAPORIE, CHINA, BI'NGAL, EGYPT, THE HOLY LAND, THE
CRIMEA AND ITS BATTLE GROUNDS, ENGLAND,
MELBOURNE, SYDNEY, ETC., ETC.
BY GEO. FRANCIS TRAIN,
OF BOSTON.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
FREEMAN HUNT, A.M.,
EDITOR OF " MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE," ETO.
NEW YORK:
G. P. PUTNAM & CO., 321 BROADWAY.
1857.
IN
-0 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by
G. P. PUTNAM,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Southern District of New York.
R. ORAIGHEAD, PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER
Caxton 3uilbing,
81, 83,;and 8  Centre Street.
;.1 
TO
ENOCH   TR AIN,  ESQ.
OF BOSTON,
These Inklings from foreign lands are respectfully
INSCRIBED
IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE
OF HIS MANY ACTS OF KINDNESS,
A!~ a eva'uate
OF HIS
COUNTING HOUSE.  
INTRODUCTION.
Commercial Literature is a new term. I have sought
to make it acknowledged. It seems to have been thought
that the only books for a merchant to read or to write,
were those formidable rows of ponderous ledgers, dealing only in the inexorable logic of arithmetic, to which
learning was a stranger, within whose lids a gleam of
fancy or of humor dare not intrude, and which summed
up the subjects and results of commerce, in the uninviting rhetoric of figures. But Commerce no longer lingers around its ancient haunts.  It now pervades the
world.   The merchant lays his hand upon the entire
products of the globe, in all the changing forms, to
which human industry and ingenuity may transmute
them. Agriculture says to him, "Behold the varied
results of my industry in different climes, it is yours to
make them useful to the nations." The Manufacturer
asks him to carry and distribute the products of the
loom. Whatever is valuable to man, calls on the merchant for help. The very gold which the sands and 
INTRODUCTION.
the rocks of California and Australia so profusely yield,
requires the merchant's ships and system of exchange
to make it of the value it really represents. Why then
shall not commerce be installed among the occupations
whose achievements shall be deemed worthy of record,
and possess a literature peculiarly its own.   To give
it this position, to preserve its doings and experiences,
not only its brilliant successes, but its gradual march,
to give permanent record to the whole sweep of mercantile pursuits, to keep alive the bright names that
adorn its progress, has been the main object of nearly
twenty years of my life.
It has seemed to me coincident with the general scope
of these labors, to gather into a more permanent form,
the following letters of a young American merchant.
They contain much information of use to the mercantile
community. They were written on ships and steamers,
and amidst all the inconveniences, hurry and bustle of
travel, and, from the author's continued absence, abroad,
have not the benefit of his revision.   They therefore
appear, as written for the daily journals, with all their
evidences of haste upon their head.  From such deficiencies they are redeemed by the intelligence, difficult of
access, which they embody, by their graphic history of
iv 
INTRODUCTION.
the rise and progress of that new world destined to
wield the sceptre of the Southern Seas, by their statistical knowledge, by the glow and sprightliness of their
descriptions, and the amusing incidents they relate.
The history of the countries through which the traveler
passes is compressed into a few pages, and the commercial details are enlivened by humor and wit. Received
with distinction by the merchant princes of the lands
he visited, his opportunities were rare and enviableopportunities which he has not failed to improve.
The author, Mr. GEORGE FRANCIS TRAIN, went from
Boston to Australia in 1853, and established, at Melbourne, the prosperous house of George F. Train & Co.
with which he is still connected. During his residence
of thirty-two months at Melbourne, he took a prominent
and active part in all measures for the advancement of
the colony, and when he left was honored with a complimentary dinner by the merchants of Melbourne. His
portrayal of the marvelous growth of that city from
its wharfiess condition when he reached there, to its
present commercial position, is a description of events
which, it is probable, can never be repeated in any other
portion of the globe.
For this correspondence the title of " Young America
V 
vi                   INTRODUCTION.
Abroad" was at first adopted-one of our papers having
selected the author, for a biographical sketch, " as a representative of the young American merchant,-of that
Young America which pours its energies through all the
channels of commerce in all quarters of the globe-which,
at home or abroad, upholds the high character of its
country-which is ready to plant itself wherever great
achievements await it, whether amid the furs of the
North West or on the quays of the seaboard; now
ploughing the Arctic ices, or searching for new points
of development under the Equator; now carrying our
flag and institutions to erect them on the golden rocks
of California; or, as if not finding room enough within
our own boundless domain, aiding to establish a new
port, build a new city and create a new commerce on
the golden soil of Australia."
Indeed we must allow Mr. Train to give his own
ideas on this subject by quoting from his speeeclh at
Melbourne, July 4th, in response to a toast to "G. F.
Train and Young America." After tracing the descent
of Young America for a thousand years, he says:  "But if the retrospective view has dazzled us, how
much more astonishing is the present; when our thirteen little States are rolling on towards forty living 
INTRODUCTION.                   vii
Republics, bound together as one nation;  when our
three millions have grown to thirty, and'driven by the
hand of God,' to quote De Tocqueville,'are peopling
the Western wilderness at the average rate of seventeen
miles per annum;' when our Lilliputian commerce has
whitened every sea, and our mother tongue has worked
its way into every land, and when our influence and our
progress-like the ripple in mid-ocean-reaches from
shore to shore.
"Startle not, my friends, at the lightning pace of the
pilgrim's steed. He is sure to win the race,-naught
stops him in his destiny; when danger lurks in his pathway, he turns high his head and snorts a proud defiance
at the precipice that would have ruined him, and plunges
on to victory.  *  *  *  Young America is only another edition of Old England, in a binding peculiar to the
New World. Young John Bull in his shirt sleeves,
working with an energy that commands success. England and America are partners, not rivals. The younger nation is the junior, who manages the western branch
of the old concern. Youth gives activity, and hence
the young man opens his letters before breakfast, on the
steps of the post office, whilst the old gentleman prefers
breaking the seal in dressing gown and slippers after 
INTRODUCTION.
dinner. Young America showed the same feelings of
independence in establishing a house of his own, that
every young man experiences who leaves the old house
to earn an honest livelihood by his own exertions.
"In this instance, however, the connection with the old
concern is of more value than that with the balance of
the world.   The revolution was merely an animated
conversation, where shot and cannon were introduced
to give emphasis to the debate, and when the disputed
'point' was settled, old England rose with renewed
vigor, in Young America. The sources of discord soon
began to dry, and now, as the flower turns to the sun,
the needle to the magnet, the child to its mother, as the
twin brothers of Siam receive each the same emotions,
so are we bound by speaking the same language, and
worshipping the same God, to remember England, the
proud old mother of our race,
'And join the Stars and Stripes and Cross in one fraternal band,
Till Anglo-Saxon faith and laws illumine every land."'
FREON HUNT.
viii 
CONTENTS.
PART I.
PAGL
CHAPTER I.
Review of a Thirty Months' Residence in the Southern E1 Dorado Fever of Australian Speculation in 18534-Its consequences and
Reaction-Government Blunders-The  Mining Troubles-Eco nomical Reforms in the Government of the Colony-The New
Constitution-Its Effect upon Existing Parties-Australian Na tionality-Independence Looming in the Distance-A Yankee
Tour of Pleasure, &c.   -      -  -  -  I        -  - -
CHAPTER  II.
Arrival at Batavia-The American Commercial Marine-The Java
Boatman-Beauty of the Coast Scenery-The Mangosteen-Ap pearance of the Town-Novelty of the Sights that meet the
Traveler's Eye-Trade of Batavia-The Climate, &c., &c.  -
CHAPTER III.
Life of Mercantile Classes-Animated Scene on the Road to the Mer chants' Country Residences-Description of their Villas-The
Native Population-A Dutch Reformer-A Java Hotel-Batavia
Cookerv-The Race Course-Contre Temps of a Stranger-Curi  ous Habits of the Javanese, &c., &c.    -.      -    -       33
CHAPTER IV.
Interior of the Island-Javanese Conveyances-Malay Post Boys
-The Plantations-A Javanese Marriage-Wonderful Sights The Whole Book of Nature Opened in a Three Hours' Ride
6.6
is
26 
CONTENTS.
PAGe.
The Government House-Official Receptions-Population ana
Administration of the Dutch Colonies-Their Revenues, Expeniditures, &c.-The Europeans on the Islands-Effects of the Climate
on their Constitutions-Political History of Java-The Native
Population-Departure, &c., &c.        -.  -  -    -    -      40
CHAPTER V.
The Voyage to Singapore-Our Fellow Passenger-Olla Podrida
of Nationalities-Pilgrims to Mecca-Arab Women-Arrival at
Mirinto-Off Singapore-Dutch Diplomacy in Japan-Commerce
with that Empire-The Hollanders Catching the Bird while other
Nations are Beating the Bush-The American Treaty with Japan
so much Waste Paper-The Javanese Mail System-A Political
Discussion at a Dutch Dinner Table-The Dutch Navy in the
Indian Archipelago, &c., &c. -  635
CHAPTER VI.
A Singapore Hotel-Its Inconveniences and Horrors-Importance
of Singapore as a Commercial Rendezvous-The Opium Privilege
-Scenery of the Island-Environs of the City-The Population,
Native and Foreign The Chinese Millionaire, Wampoa-Trade of
Singapore-The Malay Pirates-American Commerce in the In  dian Archipelago-Siam and its Exclusiveness-Efforts to Open
its Trade-Horrors of the Coolie Traffic, &c., &c.  -   -   66
CHAPTER VII.
More about the Coolie Trade-Numbers of American Vessels En gaged in it-Statistical History of the Commerce of Singapore
Colonial Budget for 1853-'54-The Press of the Island-Commer cial Notes, &c., &c.    -  78
CHAPTER VIII.
Departure from SingaporeSteaming in the Chinese Seas-Pleas ures of Traveling with an Opium Cargo-Distinguished Passen gers-a Man Overboard —Appearance of IHong Kong-Volcanic
Aspect of the Island-Its Political History-Impolicy of the
xii 
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Measures Adopted in San Francisco towards Chinese Emigrants
-The Lions of Hong Kong, &c. -              -. —-.
CHAPTER IX.
First Impressions of Canton-The Boatwomen of the Port-Chinese
Bloomers-New Year's Calls-The Lions-The Clubs-Chinese
Lingo-Political Restraints-Commerce of Canton-The Parsees
of the Factories, &c.    -..
CHAPTER X.
Trip along the Coast-Sea Shore Scenery-Villages, Fortifications,
Mountains and Temples-The Hong Kong and Shanghae Steamn  ers-Their Profits, Specie Lists and Cargo-A Mandarin and his
Suite-Coolie Trade of Swatow-The British Attack on the
Pirates-Desperation of the Gang.       -    -    -   -    -  103
CHAPTER XI.
Arrival at Woosung-Anticipating the Mails-The Opium Trade Adventure in the Chinese Seas-The Missionary Establishments
-The Foreign settlements at Shanghae-Ingenuity of the Chinese
Mechanics-Interior Life of the Hongs-The Streets of a Chinese
City-Model Baths and Washhouses-Opium Dens-A Joss House
-A  Chinese Tribunal-18haritable  Institutions-Club Houses,
&c., &c.  -...
CHAPTER XII
The Merchants of Shanghae-Trade with Japan-The Voyage of a
New London Trader to Simoda —His disappointment and Subse quent Adventures-Value of the Perry Treaty-Shanghae as a
Whalinrg Station-Future Progress of that City-Its Government,
Trade, Population and Climate-Banks and Rate of Exchange Mercantile Routine and Salary of Clerks-A Ball and the Ladies 123
CHAPTER XIII.
Departure firom Shanghae, en route to Hong Kong-Tlhreatening
Weather-Navigation of the Yang-tze-Kang —New Scenes-Ug
xiii
86
97
107 
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
lier natives and Another Language-Boating in the River Min —
Gunning and Tall Game —Foo-chow City-Its Trade-Foreign
Population-Young America  About Town-Narrow  Streets,
Crowds, Bustle and Noise-Meeting a High Official-A Curious
Old Priest in a Cage-Beauties of the Country.    -   -   -  130
CHAPTER XIV.
Navigation In the Chinese Seas-The Horns of a Dilemmna-Macao
Its Former Magnificence and present desolate Aspect-Camoens
-Coolie Store Houses-Chinese Sense of Commercial Honor  The Bogue Forts —Canton —The Foreign Cemetery-Trade at
Hong Kong, &c., &c. -                                          1..
CHAPTER XV.
Books in China-Discordancy of Views in Relation to its Religious
Future-Ilistory of the Opium Trade-Noble Declaration of the
Emperor-Interesting Statistics of the Trade-A Practical Sub ject for English Philanthropy-Precept and Practice, &c.,          153
CHAPTER XVI.
The Philosophy of Chinese History-The Lessons which it Teaches
-Secret Political Societies in the Celestial Empire-Their Ob jects and Influence-The War of Great Britain with China-Its
Benefits to the Commerce of the World-Origin of the Present
Rebellion-Its True Causes Explained-Christianity Not its Main  spring, as is Erroneously Supposed-Comparison between the
Romish and Protestant Missionaries-Resemblance between the
Romish and Bhludhlist Forms of Worship-Extraordinary Spread
of Education amongst the Chinese Population-National Charac  teristics, &c., &c-c.
CHAPTER XVII.
Will American Trade with China Increase?-What the Continen tal Countries have Done-Their Cormmercial Intercourse with
China and their Failures-Russia more Active-Intercourse with
Siam-Novel Yankee  Speculation-Anglo-Saxon  Enterprise
xiv
144
164 
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
How the Americans were Introduced to the Chinese-Trade Statistics of Canton-What the People Pay for Opium-Tea Freights
-How "Young America" can get in-Missionary InfluenceWhat American Steamships may do-What the People Want and
what they can Return.   -      -    - - - - -                178
CHAPTER XVIII.
Trip from HioTg Kong to Calcutta-Scenes Along the Indian Co
-A Submarine Diver Operating in the East-Reminiscences
Japan-Value of the Perry Treaty-Arrival in the Hoogly Riv
-Steam Competition between India and China-Cost of  t
Voyages. --       -...-                 --— 8
CHAPTER XIX.
Trade of Calcutta-Immense Fleet of Vessels-Pilots' Monopoly Approach to the City-Temples, Trees and Bungalows-A City
Hotel and City Crowd-Metropolitan Sights-The Mint, Museum,
Floral Exhibition, and Great Men, &c.       -    -    -    -
CHAPTER XX.
Calcutta Society-Entertainment to Lady Canning-The Ball and
its Beauties-The Supper an,l Celebrities Present-Ladies, War riors and Rulers-LEastedrn Costumes and Iliigh Dignit aries Lord Canning's Rule, &c.    - -. - - -              - -        203
CHIAPTER XXI.
An Evening Drive-Glorious Sunset-Scenes in the Suburbs of Cal cutta-A Glance at the River-Forts on the Banks-Notabilities
out Riding-Lord Dalhousie's Departure.      -    -    -   -
CHAPTER XXII.
Botany and Natural History at and firom Barrackpore-A Visit to
the Gardens —Hindoo Temples, Piety and Worshlippers'-Burnilig
of the Dead-European Tradesmen in Calcutta-Nat;ve Gam bling-The Ochterlong Monument-A Look at the City fiom the
Top, &c... —.... —--                                         1
xv
- 187
194
211
219 
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXIII.
PAGE
Native Merchants of Calcutta-How They do Business-The Ba boos at Home-Cashmere Goats-More Amusement-Theatricals
-The American Ice House.        - -          -      -..
CHAPTER XXIV.
Run from Calcutta to Suez-A Retrospect of Indian History-The
First Overland Journey-The Company and its Commanders The Black Hole of Calcutta.     -   -   -   -   -   -  235
CHAPTER XXV.
Indian History Continued-Shifting of English Politicians with
Respect to Her-The Annexed Territory-Telegraphs and Rail ways-Effects of Conquest. -. -  -        -     -         -     246
CHAPTER XXVI.
A Crowded Steamer —Monopoly of the Eastern Company-Their
Ships, Receipts and Expenses-Arrival in Madras-What Strang ers See.     -    -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -
CHAPTER XXVII.'
Run from Madras to Aden-Ashore at Point de Galle-The Hotels
-How Aden was Taken from the Arabs-Its Population and
Situation.  -. —.... ——.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Landing Place of the Israelites-Europeans going Home-Manners
of some Indian Residents-Etiquette of Eastern Officials-What
they Think of the United States-Hints to Travelers.   -    -   266
CHAPTER XXIX.
City of Suez-Its Population Hotels and Trade-What it Was
and What it Is-Travel to Cairo-Camels, Caravans'and Pil grims-A Glimpse of the Pyramids.    -. —--                  271
CHAPTER XXX.
A Cairo Hotel and its Charges-A Ramble through the City-Royal
xvi
229
255
261 
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Tragedies-How to Look at Alexandria-Europeans in the City
-Entry to the Seraglio.     -    -..      -               -      276
CHAPTER XXXI.
Said Pasha's Improvements-Railway Progress in Egypt-Donkey
Boys at the Pyramids-A Look at the Great Wonders. -   -  286
CHAPTER XXXII.
Sensations after a Journal to Jerusalem-Comforts in Syria-The
City of Jaffa-People Met by the Way-The American Univer sity-Reptiles at the Holy Tombs-Mount of Olives and the Jor dan-The Arabs and Missionaries-An Excitement and Incidents. 292
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Tour in the Levant-Alexandria, Jaffa and Constantinople-Cost
of the Journey and Hire of a Dragoman-How a Dragoman can
Bully, Pray and Cheat-Civilization of the Turks towards their
Conquered-Caiffa, the Hill of Carmel, its Convent, and Elijah,
and Napoleon-Acre and its Generals-A Run and Ride in the
Country-A Ball at a Pasha's Palace-Glimpse of a Lady of the
Harem-Zeno's Birth place. -  -.. - -         - - -           302
CHAPTER XXXIV.
The Passage from Constantinople to Kamiesch, and its Cost-How
the French manage the Post Office-Crowds of Soldiers, Sailors,
Ships-of-War, Gunboats and Traders-cenery on the Bospho  rus-The Allied Dead and how they went to the Grave-How
you enter the Kamiesch Bay-American Ships in Port, and how
they were Admired.  -.       -  -     - - - -              311
CHAPTER XXXV.
The Miles,Horses, Roads and General Travel to Balaklava-Ext
of the Allied Lines —A First look at Sebastopol in Ruins-]
Eastern Fortresses and Sand Bags-Thoughts on the Battle Fie
-Energy and Good Breeding of the Russian Officers-How
Allied Troops Agreed.      -  -  -  -        ---
xvii
- 318 
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
PAGE
Hol;e ~a,li,tava Port could have been Defended-What it is and
what it was-Our Trade with England and the East-What the
English and French Leave to the Russians-The Glories of Sar  dinia.  -   -.-.-          -    - -       -.    -      -   326
CHAPTER XXXVII.
The Battle Ground on the Tchernaya-General Liprandi's Last
Effort-Dangerous  Sport-Military  Drunkenness and Boston
Runm-How the North Side of Sebastopol Looks-Todtleben's
Energy-The Diplomats of Russia-English Growlers Abroad  Russian Feeling Towards France-Policy of Austria and England
-What the French say to Americans of the British-Republi  canism of the French Army-The Losses of the Russian War, &c. 333
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Retrospective glances; Arrival in London-Reflections-Australian
remembrances-Melbourne, Sydney and Tasmania-The Spice
Islands-China-India and Voyage to Egypt —The Desert —The
Delta and the Pyramids-Alexandria and its Old Associations Joppa to Jerusalem-Bethlehem-Biblical Memories-Port of
Asia Minor-Islands of the Levant —Stamboul and the Bospho rus-The Euxine and the Crimea-Modern War —Sebastopol Kameisch and Balaklava-Return via the Ionian Islands-Land ing at Trieste-Austrian Bayonets and Austrian Espionage-Con  tinental tour-No time lost in passing through the Hemisphere. 342
xviii 
CONTENTS.
PART II.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
Out at Sea-A Storm-lhe Ship in the Storm-Appearance of
Room-Appearance of Myself...     -     ---
CHAPTER II.
Sunset at Sea-Entertaining Books-Equipments for Sea-Amuse ments-A variety of Amusements-Our best bit of Fun-" Cross ing of the Line "-Our Sport at Night. -    -   -   -   -   362
CHAPTER III.
Landing at Melbourne-Thoughts of the New Comer-The Resc
tion to Work.    -   -   -   -         ----
CHAPTER IV.
The Situation of Melbourne —Want of Timber in the Colony Enormous Capital, but no Business.     -.. -           373
CHAPTER V.
Hunting for the News-room-We Start an Exchange-We Consult
the Governor about it-Buildings-Enormous High Rents-Seek ing for Board-Newspapers-A Thought of Wilkins Micawber. 377
CHAPTER VI.
Feeling against the Miner's License-Fee-The Governor and Legis lative Council-Rival Editors.       -    -    -    -    -    -   884
CHAPTER VII.
Mitchel attempts Escape-Throws up his Parole-Mitchel in i
guise-Ireland.    -    -   -   -   -       ---
CHAPTER  VIII.
Poor Accommodations-The Governor-Church of England-Lack
of School Houses-License Forms-Digger's Hardships-Strange
Dialect. -   -   -.-   -   -   -   -  -   -
ix
- 357
- 369
- 388
393 
xx                          CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
PAGE.
Refuse of England's Jails-Lawless Vengeance-Wholesale Assas sins-Humorous Executions.; - -              -      - -    401
CHAPTER X.
Lack of Fire Engines-Fancy Ball.                        -       406
CHAPTER XI.
Fictitious Reports-Youthful Speculations-Wild Data.   -   -   409
CHAPTER XII.
Americans starting Fire Comipanies-Dust Kept Down-American
Beverages. - -....                                         413
CHAPTER XIII.
The Parliament-House of Assemrnblyv-Sad Funeral-Dying Abroad. 417
CHAPTER XIV.
Beauty of Natural Scenery-Sydney-Elegant Liveries.  -   -   422
CHAPTER XV.
Beasts and Birds-View from the Heads-Forces at Sydney.   -   426
CHAPTER XVI.
Squadron of Old Whalers-Social Genorosity-Dinner at the Gov  ernment House-Australian Legislators-Hospitality of the Gov  ernor.        --— 430
CHAPTER XVII.
Surplus Imports-Gold Crop. - - --                              436
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Exiles-Irish Patriots-The new Governor-The Procession  Rapid Improvements. —-...                                    4839 
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIX
PAGE.
Extensive Robberies-Australian Peculiarities-Curiosities-Kate
Hays. —--    -....         -.-.-   445
CHAPTER XX.
Gold Field, versus Employment-Products-Profits of Digging Gold Statistics-Financial Troubles-Insolvency-Cash Business
Banks-Freights —Prospects-Railroad Collision. -    -   -  450
CHAPTER XXI.
Telegraph-Clippers.
CHAPTER XXII.
The Derwent-The Army-Tasmanian Legislation-Adieu to ]
bart Town. -   -      -   -   -   -   -  -    -
CHAPTER XXIII.
City Nomenclature-Convict Tread Mill-Clearance Permit.   -   470
CHAPTER XXIV.
Steam Mail Lines-Overland Route-Panama Route-Estimated
o Passage-Cost of Trip-Advantage of Isthmus Route-Postal
Communication-Emigration-Trade with Africa-Uniting Col  onies with Great Britain'-General Opinion in Favor of Isthmus
-Mail Service-Melbourne the Grand Centre-Telegraphs-Pub  lic Enterprises-Contemplated Mail Line.  -   -   -
CHAPTER XXV.
Introductory Remarks-Population of Australia-Production and
Location of the Gold Fields-Price of Gold-Banking Companies
in Victoria-Commercial Affairs-Summary of American Ship ping-Imports and Exports-Flour Trade - Insurance-Rail roads-Custom House and Exchange-Postal Communications Distances of Routes, etc..-                  -. —-- 4
xxi
- 462
- 465
475
492  
YOUNG AMERICA ABROAD.
PORT PHILIP HEADS, Australia, November, 8 1855, 
ON BOARD SHIP DASIHNG WAVE, FOR BATAVIA. )
Review of a Thirty Months' Residence in the Southern El Dorado Fever of Australian Speculation in 1853-4-Its Consequences and
Reaction-Government Blunders-The Mining Troubles-Economi cal Reforms in the Government of the Colony-The New Constitution
-Its Effect upon Existing Parties-Australian Nationality-Inde pendence Looming in the Distance-A Yankee Tour of Pleasure, &c.
Up with the anchor and loose the canvass, for the ship is in
trim, the pilot is on board, the wind bids fair, the tide is with
us, and I at last am homeward bound.  So, cheerily, my hearties, and we'll soon be on the road. How pleasant the prospect! how delightful the sound I  For three years is a long
time to be absent from the stirring scenes of the great republic,
and I assure you I cheerish no small desire once more to be in
my native land. But before I give the last parting look at the
country that has treated me so well-before Poirnt Nepean is
hid in the distance, and Otway looms up on our starboard bow
-I will once again resume my long neglected correspondence,
and give you a glance at Australia as she is. 
AUSTRALIAN SPECULATIONS.
Thirty months have elapsed since I paid my subscription to
the HERALD-a lifetime almost in this startling age-and said
adios to the friends I left behind me, as the Bavaria spread her
sails for the Southern El Dorado. Can it be possible that I am
so old a colonist? I cannot credit it, yet such is the fact, for time
flies like a railroad to the resident in a gold country. When I
left the East river the excitement was at its height, and Australia was the only topic in the streets, on'Change, at the club, or
in the counting house.  Drays and trucks were early and late,
carting down the merchandise, and piers and wharves were full
of packages, while the columns of the New York papers told
the merits of some thirty or forty ships, all for Melbourne, filled
with every description of merchandise; and the fever was also
raging in almost every commercial port.  Flour from the Cape,
flour from the West coast, flour from England, and 100,000
barrels from America, gave the ships good freights, but
caused disaster and loss of the shippers.   Our ship alone had
some 8,000 barrels. Speculation was wild with the expected
profits, and when three months' good sailing brought us to9our
anchorage in Hobson's bay, we began to realize how extensive
had been the panic and how reckless the shipping world; for
even then, May, 1853, the markets for cash were already out
of sight for everything but lumber. The bay was full of ship
ping, from Williamstown to Sandridge, nothing but, one complete forest of masts. But now how different. The thrilling
changes that have swept over the the political horizon of
Europe are not more wonderful, than the appearance of Hobson's bay now and when I landed. This morning I could not
count twenty ships in the roadstead; then between six  hnd
seven hundred were crowding each other for more room.   All
parts of the world were represented and every production in
14 
ITS CONSEQUENCES AND REACTION.
Christendom could be found among the cargoes. None but
those who will take the trouble to look over the statistics at the
customs will understand the extent of Australian speculation in
1853 and 1854.
One hundred and fifty millions of dollars worth of imports in
two years time, for a population of scarcely 300,000 souls! I
was one of the first Americans on the spot, and living through
what the colonist call the good and bad times, and having had
some forty thousand tons of shipping to my own address, I have
been in a good position to see something of the extent to which
our wants were overestimated, and the consequent embarrassment of such misjudged calculations. We have gone through
the commercial revolution which every young and old country
experiences at some time in its history; and when the accounts
of the three hundred and fifty firms who have taken some twenty-five or thirty millions of dollars through the Insolvent Court
are squared, a few of the Australian houses will do a large and
profitable business. The bird will rise from its ashes, and the
country and colony will start ahead afresh, stimulated by the
new blood which slowly and surely is uprooting the prejudices
of the old settlers, who looked upon reform or enterprise as a
crime of which only Americans were guilty.
When we see the number of individual firms that were
swamped when the tables turned, and remember the number
of joint stock companies that were fast in the mud, we cannot
wonder that the government got into the same mess. The im mense sums paid by the miners for a while in license fees over flowed the treasury, and then followed the most reckless expen diture the world ever saw, and such an inebriated state of ac counts no mortal even balanced. No wonder Mr. Latrobe
wished to resign the gubernatorial honors; for, poor man, the
15 
GOVERNMENT BLUNDERS.
attacks of the Argus, and the rapid change of the times, almost
drove him mad; and not being equal to the cry of reform, he
tried the Panama route on the Golden Age, in May, 1854, and
cut himself adrift from the confusion into which the gold discoveries, under an irresponsible government, had thrown the
affairs of the State. The Governor had lived, moved, and had
his being so long among the squatters, as Superintendent of a
sheep country numbering some 50,000 souls, it was impossible
for him to enlarge his views of administration so as to comprise
the 250,000 immigrants which the diggings had brought into
the country. The times had changed; other metal was wanted. A good overseer for the old regime, he was a poor head
for the new. The times had changed, but he had not changed
with them. Hence the disgust of the new merchants who were
pouring in from every part of the compass, at the apparent imbecility of the administration, in not furnishing harbor facilities,
wharf accommodation, or anything worthy of such a country,
with such a revenue. The land question was rotten, and a garden or a farm could not be had for love or money.  Hence the
inflation in all kinds of real estate, which has gradually fallen,
till it rules about seventy per cent less than its estimated value
then.  The government said, and with some degree of reason,
everybody was too much occupied with his own affairs to legislate; but the fact is, all new comers were too disgusted to
move, for what could be done when the whole colony was in
the hands of a class? You might as well have asked a Southern
planter to part with his estate as an Australian squatter at
that time to give up a small portion of his agricultural station.
Well, matters were in this state when the home government,
with their usual penetration, instead of sending out a sound,
practical man of business, like Sir William Dennison, picked us
16 
THE MINING TROUBLES.                    17
out a captain in the Navy, who had been knighted for some
diplomacy, in South America, (which he acknowledged was successfully managed through the assistance of the American officials in the place) to lead us forward among the nations. Disgusted with the past, the new representative was received
with an ovation worthy a Caesar or a Napoleon-which demonstration from a people who had prayed so long for a'change,
did so inflate his Royal Highness, that he set about making
speeches to the diggers, telling them "all power proceeded
from the people," and promising all kinds of reform. This was
a brilliant debult-but it was too good to last.  The promises
were not kept-the diggers became enraged at the brutal manners of the officials who collected license fees, and then came
the derisive cry of "JOE!" and the upsetting of the American
wagon, injuring poor Captain Young, of Newburyport. The
rebel stockade on the Eureka-the reform league-the surprise
by the troopers-the death of some forty or fifty on both sides
-the two months' trial of the thirty prisoners arrested, without
succeeding in convicting a single man-the hue and cry against
the government by stump orators on the public square or in
front of the Court Hiouse-and the consequent resignation of
the Colonial Secretary, Mr. Foster, who lost his pension by the
sudden exit from power-all of which, together with the continued hammering of the press, made Sir Charles Hotham appear
anything but a nosegay in the nostrils of the people. Never
did man have so great a fall in so short a time-received, as it
were-one month with a triumph, the next left without a friend!
His Saturday dinners to sixteen, and his state suppers and
Toorak balls, without champagne, were not sufficient to regain
the popularity which he had lost; hence at the present time
there is hardly an individual, whether he be an official under 
ECONOMICAL REFORMS.
government, digger on the Balarat, merchant at his office, or
squatter on his station, that will say a kind word for our Governor when his name is mentioned.
To give every one his due, there is one thing that must be
admitted. The expense of the government has been materially
reduced, and the finance department begins to look more cheering, and some of the long winded accounts have been overlooked and the Augean stables of the official chambers have been
cleared of their accumulated confusion. Income and expendiditure are now more nearly balanced, and the former increases
with the yield of gold. The export duty of half a crown an
ounce (sixty-two cents) has been a godsend, and works admirably. A million and a half of dollars will be realized from this
source alone during the present year.   Three-fourths, if not
seven-eights, of all the gold is purchased by the banks for shipment, who send some 50,000 ounces by every packet; and
hence the duty is easily collected, and vigilance prevents smuggling. The tax is equal to about four per cent ad valorem on
all imports, and falls equally and fairly on those who get the
gold.  This duty has helped the ministers immensely in paying
off their extravagance; and this sum, together with the import
tax (specific) on sugar, coffee, tea, wines, spirits and tobacco,
and the miners' license, the sale of lands and the tonnage duty
of twenty-four cents per ton on all shipping (a most outrageous
charge), will give the government a clear field, and possibly a
surplus in the treasury. But in no place more than in a new
country, and especially this, made up and composed as it is of
such a mixed and wandering population, are practical men
more required at the head of affairs; and all well wishers of
the colony and responsible government are looking ahead with
no small degree of interest to the action of the new constitution,
18 
THE NEW CONSTITUTION.
which has just reached us from England.  The present Legislative Council has the power to mark out the electoral districts,
and the greatest activity has taken place among the squatters
to get in their friends, bnt thus far without success in the city
districts. Cruickshank, late Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, and prince of the squatters, has just been shockingly
defeated in one of the most violent contests the place has ever
recorded. Ray, a merchant and anti-squatter, was the successful candidate. Dr. Embling also has defeated Tennent, squatter, and from present appearances their cause looks slim. They
have never yet had a bona fide lease of their stations, only a
letter, saying that the documents should be forthcoming; and
thus they have gone on for years without getting any title. The
leases, however, have most all run out. Under the new constitution the Governor is stripped of his power, having no privilege of nominees; and is obliged to select his cabinet from the
representatives of the people. The veto power has been reserved to him, but bold will be the man who moves in opposition to
the majority of the members. Most of the new concillors are
violent radicals, and will prove more than a match for the conservatives. The land question will at once be settled, and then
we commence our glorious career.
Improvement will be seen everywhere. Government works
on a grand scale will shoot ahead, and money will be raised by
debentures on the public lands, so as to let posterity pay a
portion of the debt. We possess every element of posterityyoung in years, but old enough, in my opinion, to slip the
painter, cut adrift from the Old Country, which hangs over us
like an incubus, and become a nation of ourselves? But the
population are slow to move-with that peculiar love of country
characteristic of the English people, they are apathetic in rais
19 
ITS EFFECT UPON
ing a flag of their own. But sooner or later it must come, and
now it seems to me is the time to move. Every merchant and
every man should strive to.build up a nationality, for united
action is essential. The new blood in the Legislative Assembly
will gradually work out our destiny, for most of the members,
while, they still cherish a love for Old England, feel their affection strengthening for young Australia. There are now about
eight hundred and fifty thousand souls in all the colonies, amply sufficient to make a commencement; but local jealousies, for
a time, prevent unity of purpose; that will soon work away;
and once connect them by the magnetic wire, they will soon know
each other better. This talking across the mountains and plains
by the telegraph produces the right kind of friendship. Then
the railroad, I trust, will follow shortly after, and then a unity
of sentiment will be secured which will bring about the right feeling to build up a nation of our own. Heretofore everybody
here has been too busy in trying to accumulate money-gold
being the pivot on which the population turned-but now a
new era is commencing. The panic, the reaction in financial
matters, the terrible depreciation in rents, land and all kinds of
property-the lessening cost of living, and the steady and increasing yield of gold, has given people a fancy for contemplation and reflection.
One hundred tons weight per annum is our average yield40,000 to 50,000 ounces of gold per week; and what is there
to prevent its reaching twice this amount, for the country far
and wide is filled with treasure?   Already the press assumes a
more national tone. Merchants look on with encouragement,
and the diggers are ever ready to give their vote and support
to a change of administration.   We must think, and then act,
if the other colonies hesitate. Victoria must take the lead, and
20 
EXISTING PARTIS.
she is prepared to set the example. More than two thirds of
her population are "new chums," of the liberal school, and arrived here to better their position since the gold fields opened
their glittering dust.  Few of them have any particular attachment for Great Britain, and are fully convinced that our prosperity will consist in nationality. Tasmania, New South Wales
and South Australia are more loyal; but even they are rolling
the ball.  The Sydney -I3orning Herald has had some splendid
editorials pointing that way, and the Hobart Town journals are
full of Sir Henry Young's coup d'etat in so unceremoniously
using his prerogative-in proroguing the Council, because they
wished to examine some of the convict papers, over which, the
Executive say, they have no control.
Dr. Evans, the able editor of the Melbourne Morning Herald
-who was for many years connected with the London pressand Drs. Blair and Syme, of the Age, are all using their pen
most vigorously in shaping the minds of the people, and their
articles have been copied all over Australia. I want to see the
change brought about by purely constitutional means.   I want
no more bloodshed; we have had enough.  I do not believe
that the musket and the sword need be used again, for I
feel confident Great Britain will grant us all we ask, for she
must plainly see that a dissolution of the bond that unites us
would materially increase the commerce of both nations. Look
at the United States and her increasing traffic. So would it be
with us the moment we act on our own account. No longer a
penal colony, and England receiving no revenue, while she herself at her own expense provides troops, what possible benefit
can it be to her simply to bear the name? By and by, I think,
all we shall have to do is to ask and we shall receive. The
moment our flag is at the mast head we shall run the race of
21 
AUSTRALIAN NATIONALITY.
nations. Immigrants will flow in from Europe, from Great
Britain and from the United States, the moment our lands are
advertised, to occupy them and dig our mineral treasure, and
our prolific soil will then begin to show its producing powers.
Instead of sixty thousand per year, we may expect one hundred
and fifty thousand people, and the country will grow in magnitude with a rapidity that will astonish even an old Californian.
We have all the elements of greatness. Our wool interest, already an export of ten millions of dollars a year, can be increased; and with the encouragement that I trust the wool growers
will receive from the legislators, and a buoyant market, I hope
to see it doubled. There are large portions of the country out of
the 62,000,000 of acres in Victoria which are only suitable for
grazing, after giving the tiller of the land all the soil he may
require. South Australia has copper in abundance, and can
grow wheat in any quantity.
New South Wales can supply any amount of coal, while I'll
back Victoria against the world for gold; Tasmania is the
granary of the whole, and all are more or less full of metals
and minerals to be discovered. Millions of acres of land in the
interior of New Holland have never seen the foot-prints of the
white man, and discoveries may yet be made which will throw
all others into the shade. Some Australian Fremont may soon
astonish the world by his explorations in the interior of this vast
continent I Commencing in our infancy as shepherds in a pastoral country, we soon branched off into mining; and now we
must try our hands at agriculture and manufacturing.   We
must grow our breadstuffs. We are great eaters, but lazy producers. This year we have paid Chili alone some two millions
and a half of dollars for her 16,000 tons of flour. The fact of
our having no great inland rivers must be no impediment to our
22 
INDEPENDENCE LOOMING
progress; the railway whistle will prove as powerful a friend.
With such wonderful facilities and boundless wealth, what may
we not accomplish?  The Old World is bursting with wild and
fierce revolution, and the dismal howl of war is ringing through
the entire range of the Eastern hemisphere.  Crazed with the
continual boom of cannon and flash of musketry, and sick with
hearing the dismal shriek of the dying, thousands will look
longingly over the seas towards this wonderful island, which has
been washed for so long a period by the waters of the Pacific
and Indian oceans. Australia seems to have been created as a
resting place for persecnted and tax-ridden man. All we have
to do is to throw wide open the door, and admit the poor emigrant who flies from misery and want-from his unhappy coun
try to the land where old men are never seen. Ponce de Leon
should have steered his bark towards this point of the compass
to find that fabled Fountain of Youth, for which he so long
sought. The future is big with changes; but our greatness
will be retarded if the mother country hesitates to give us a
nationality in the world. Fifty years hence, the same ratio of
increase as that since gold was found, would give us half the
present population of the United States. The study is interesting to the lover of history. Our proximity to the Dutch
Islands of the Indian seas, to Bengal, China and Japan will
render us formidabJ0 neighbors, for the Anglo-Saxon change is
on the world. Look at Australia now and when Sydney Smith
used his satirical pen half a century ago. I got hold of an old
Edinburg Review of 1803 some weeks since, where the witty
clergyman as usual gave a peep at the future. Says he, in alluding to what will be done with the penal colonies when they
come to years of discretion:
"Are we to spend another hundred millions in discovering
their strength and to humble ourselves again before a fresh set
23 
IN THE DISTANCE.
of Washingtons and Franklins?  The moment after we have
suffered such serious mischief from the escape of the old tiger,
we are breeding up a young cub whom  we cannot render less
ferocious or more secure!"
Again, he says, while speaking of the 5,000 colonists then at
Sydney, in a tone of levity:  "The time may come when some Botany Bay Tacitus shall
record the crimes of an Emperor lineally descended from a London pickpocket, or paint the valor with which he has led his
New Hollanders into the heart of China-at that period when
the Grand Lama is sending to supplicate alliance; when the
Spice Islands are purchasing peace with nutmegs; when enormous tributes of green tea and nankin are wafted into Port
Jackson and landed on the quays of Sidney."
Already a portion of the prophecy is fulfilled, for the commerce of a nation has long been with us. Victoria represents
all nations, and her resources are boundless; and if Australia
was independent, how much stronger would be our position?
Now, we are a fair mark for every nation at war with England;
for in case of invasion months would pass before the mother
country could give us the least assistance, for, as it is, we have
no means of protecting ourselves. The little "Electra" and the
"Phantome" mount a few guns-about enough for the protection of a place like Hull, ill Massachusetts-and as for fortifications, we have done nothing but talk. Three decent-sized war
steamships, with the Lancaster gun and shell, could burn every
seaport on the island, and dictate their own terms; while, if we
were by ourselves, our very helplessness would be sufficient protection.
The foregoing will give you an insight into the present position
of the country, and will show the boundless nature of our
resources. I believe there are some 10,000 Americans in
24 
A YANKEE TOUR OF PLEASURE.
Australia, all of whom are becoming more or less identified with
the colony. Our markets are capable of bearing up under any
reasonable amount of merchandise, and most recently cargoes
from the United States have satisfied the shippers.
We want a steam mail once in two weeks, but nothing but
peace will settle the matter. Clipper ships do very well, but
eighty or ninety days is long to wait for news in this nineteenth century. The Black Ball and White Star lines bring and
take the mail to England semi-monthly, but the time is too long,
I am now bound to Batavia, and after taking a look at the
Island of Java, shall proceed to Singapore, en route for China
and Manilla; and I shall try and give you a page or two from
HIong Kong, Canton, Shanghai, and, if possible, from Japan;
after which I shall visit Penang, Madras, Calcutta, and, if time
permit, pass through the interior of Bengal to Bombay; then
down to Ceylon, and on to Aden, up the Red Sea to Suez, over
the desert to Cairo and Alexandria-thence to Constantinople,
Sebastopol, and the Black Sea ports, returning by the way of
the North of Europe, France and England, to New York,
which, with the ground I have already been over, ought to
make me something of a fraveler. I am taking the tour purely
for information, and to get a little practical knowledge of my
theoretical reading.
I have been shut up a long while in an Australian counting
house, and this pleasure tour is recreation that strengthens the
body and improves the mind; and if, in going from place to
place, over ground not usually trodden by the American tourist,
I can gather anything which will prove of interest to your valuable journal, and my many friends of the North, I will so
manage my time as to suit the inclination, and jot down such
thoughts as cross my experience while taking a flying visit over
several oceans and into many lands.
25 
CHAPTER II.
BATAVIA, Dec. 8, 1855.
Arrival at Batavia-The American Commercial Marine-The Java
Boatman-Beauty of the Coast Scenery-The Mangostine-Appear ance of the Town —Novelty of the Sights that meet the Traveler's
Eye-Trade of Batavia-The Climate, &c., &c.
TWENTY-SIX days is a rapid passage for a sailing ship, and
does honor to the Dashing Wave and her gallant commanderwho, by the way is a credit to his profession. Forty years
a sailor, he knows the ropes, and long experience in these seas
has quickened his judgment, and his hard practical common
sense and keen eye for observation, show the signet mark of the
American ship-master; a class of men of whom our country may
well feel proud; self-educated, the builders of their own fortunes,
they walk quickly through the forecastle to the command, and
become at once the responsible pilots of that wonderful commerce which adds so much lustre to our flag, and penetrates
into every port that boasts an anchorage, or where a commodity
can be exchanged. Captain Fisk has chartered his ship, to load
with sugar, rice, and spices, for Bremen, at ~4 10s. lie was
the pioneer of the Australian trade, taking out the Nightingale
from Boston to Sydney, in 1852. This was the ship that run
against the English clipper, Challenge, and got beat by taking
the wrong passage down the China Sea. As we made Java
Head, ship after ship hove in sight, homeward bound, probablv 
AMERICAN COMMERCIAL MIARINE.
firom China. The high land can be seen at a great distance, both
on the point at Prince Edward's Island, and at Crockatoa; and
the foliage, the heat of the "sun's perpendicular rays," and the
very air breathe the spicy fragrance of the tropics. We passed
Anjer early in the morning, and here the light-house, the little
township, the fort, and the monster banyan tree, could be plainly
seen with the glass, and the wind freshening up, we sailed
proudly along the straits of Sunda at too rapid a pace for the
Javanese boatmen, who shoot out from the land all along the
shore to supply you with fruit and provisions. It was a novel
sight to see so many half naked objects yelling at the top of
their lung(s, " Stop-he-Cap, stop-he-Cap," but it was of no use;
their yelling and screeching, tugging and working, were nlot
equal to a race with the Dashing Wave.  I regretted this, for
the captain had said so much about the sweet potatoes, the Java
chickens, the mangostine and other tropical luxuries, that my
mouth was watering for a change of diet. Anjer is the grand
tollgate of the Straits of Sunda, and the tribute from the immense fleet of ships on their way home from China supports
quite a population of native boatmen. There are but a dozen
Dutchmen at the place. Almost every ship, on her way down,
avails herself of this celebrated resting place for water and refreshments; and all vessels that pass in the day time are reported at Batavia by mail twice a week. The boatman always
brings the captain his book of recommendations, and it is most
amusing to look over the different marks of shipmasters.  On
every page you will find some clipper captain  "This fellow, Tom, cheats, don't employ him," and on another,
"This boy has supplied my ship, and appears a decent fellow,
but vou must watch him.  Pay only half of what he asks; they
are all damn rascals."  Another, " Kick the nigger overboard
27 
THE MANGOSTINE.
when he boards you; his eggs were all rotten," and so on,
through the list.  Poor devils! They get sadly sold in asking
a Yankee tar to endorse tjeir character.  Iu the day time
there is no difficulty in finding your way to the roadstead; but
there are altogether too many islands and shoals to attempt it
in the night without a pilot, and that is a useful member of
society you seldom find in the Indian settlements of the Dutch.
There are none at Batavia; but Sourabaya, I believe, is obliged
to have them. We dropped our anchor about eight P. M.,
having worked our way along from Anjer during the day. Tile
coast scenery makes a beautiful picture-the towering foliage
and patches of cultivation, clear to the mountain top, and the
half thousand prahus or fishing smacks, with their bamboo
masts and latteen sails, dotting the water in the distance, as we
passed island after island, and buoy after buoy, keep the fancy
constantly awake. In the morning the guard boat got the particulars of the ship, and the Malays came flocking off to sell us
their fruit and poultry; and here, for the first time, I got a
taste of the celebrated fruit so bepraised by travelers-the
mangostine-and must candidly acknowledge that, although the
juicy pulp was a luxury, after eating ship grub all the way from
Australia, I was disappointed, and came to the conclusion that
the world-wide reputation of the fruit has been obtained from
those who, after being a long time at sea, got a taste of it at
Anjer. A Bartlett pear or rare ripe peach, to my taste, is far
superior. We have nothing in the States to liken it to. You
shell it as you would a walnut, but must be careful and not get
the red bark cover in your mouth. This the natives use for
dyeing purposes.
There were about thirty sail of freighting ships at anchor,
(mostly flying the flag of the Dutch,) and three or four men-of
28 
NOVELTY OF THE SIGHTS
war.  The sun's heat was perfectly dissolving as we laid off in
the "dingy," under our cotton cloth covering, while the native
boatmen gave the Javanese stroke td their puny looking oars,
as they rowed me up the dirty looking canal, (to a tune more
like filing a saw than a human voice,) which seemed about as
wide as the Bowery, and is two miles long to the Boom, which,
I suppose, in a civilized country they would call a Custom
House.  My baggage (only one trunk when you take the overland route) the official passed, without overhauling everything,
as they do in Europe; and now commenced a succession of
sight seeing novelties. Everything one meets, or feels, or hears,
or sees, is so entirely different from other latitudes, my senses
have been kept on the qui vive; and with my eyes wide open,
my ears akimbo, my taste in good working order, I jumped into
a Javanese buggy-a four wheel concern with a hood like an
English phaeton —and started off with the little wretched horses,
only thirteen hands high, and all entire horses, (for no mares
are allowed in the mercantile part of the town,) and found on
both sides of the canal a long row of two-storied warehouses, all
white, and covered with tiles, on account of being so much cooler
than slate, and beautifully shaded, like the Boulevards, with
trees.
I was glad enough to find a seat in the large and comfortable
looking counting house of my fellow countryman, Mr. Read,
who represents the States as Consular Agent, and will treat
you with every possible courtesy and attention. Eighteen years
of Java climate do not seem to have taken away his youth or
good looks. The offices are as large as the reception rooms of
a hotel, and the warehouses are so connected that the merchants
can walk from one to the other along the verandah, on the second story, without the trouble of going below; this passage is
29 
THAT MEET THE TRAVELER'S EYE.
only a private one, a sort of mutual convenience for the several
nerchlanlts.  Tie  floors are covered  with  matting, and  the
windows and doors are throvwn wide open for the current of air
to circulate on all sides, and at mid-day the desks of the principals are fanned with a machine, the motive powrer of which is a
little Malay urchin behind the door-the same style of arrangement as we use in the South, which I saw for the first time at
the hotel in Frankfort Kentucky. At the several desks you
see few Europeans; but all the natives of the East are represented. A long tailed Chlinaman, with a very white moustache,
officiates as cashier; a Malay book-keeper, an Arab salesman,
a half-cast writer, and a dozen and a half subs, of all nations,
cooped about in every direction, with as little clothing as possible about their bronze looking limbs. The warehouses run
from street to street, the floors of which are brick, and, for
such a climate, the building is quite cool. Tobacco, in huge
casks: arrack, in pipes; sugar, in bags and matted casks; coffee
and rice, spices, indigo, rattan and dyewoods, and imports consisting of every article that can be sold or bartered.   The arrack is a much better article than the poisoned liquor of British
India.  Shipmasters should be very careful in making  their
charters to stipulate for a fair proportion of weight, and provide
against being "blown up" with such articles as tobacco, cask
sugar, sapan wood and rattan. I speak of this, as some ships
have recently arrived from Australia, where they were taken up
at ~5 10, but there was no stipulation, after mentioning a small
amount of dead weight guaranteed, about the balance of the
cargo. Hence, the captain is entirely in the hands of the charterer, and, should freights fall, he has the privilege of filling up
with such articles as I have named, as was the case with the
"Ocean Steed" taking tobacco, while the "Leodes" preferred to
30 
CLIMATE, THE MERCHANTS, &C.
recharter at a lesser rate for a fair freight. Most business is
done through agents or brokers, many of them natives, and the
stranger would think the merchant led. a most indolent life, surrounded as he is with such a troupe of retainers to bring him
his hat, brush off a fly, fan him in mid-day, and in short, do
almost everything but talk and write. Every transaction is done
by sending from one office to the other notes, and as you notice
what is going on, you cannot but be amused to see "chit" after
"chit" brought in and sent off, touching charters, sales, purchases, &c.  Every merchant must learn the Malay language, for
it is the liigia Franca of the Indian seas; and he must also be
well up in the English, French and Dutch.  Every Dutchman
you meet speaks all these languages; but the English are not
so well posted. I believe that no Dutchman can command a
ship unless he can speak English and French.  These continental merchants are far ahead of the Anglo-S-,xon in this respect.
In fact, we have no occasion to follow Elihu Burritt's example,
although his wonderful knowledge of ancient and modern languages would be very useful in the countries of the East. You
go through one warehouse-you see the whole-and so it is
with the private residences. The merchants all dress in white,
and sometimes change two or three times a day. You seldom
see one that does not look as though he had just come out of a
bandbox or an upper drawer of a wardrobe. Two and a half
per cent. for purchasing, and one for endorsing, and five per
cent. for selling, give them a very handsome fortune in a few
years; but they certainly deserve all they can get; for positively, I would not live in such an atmosphere and such a climate
fo- all thie revenue of the island. The canal opposite the business part of the place is lined with sheds, like the Liverpool
docks, and natives are busily engaged in packing up sugar and
31 
TRADE OF BATAVIA.
other staples for export; women and men, some opening the
mat-made casks, two or three of them standing with their dirty
looking feet in the sugar, while others are filling, weighing, sewing, and piling up the bags-all sizes. Those that I noticed
were for the California market, which has been quite an outlet
for Java produce, while little has gone to Australia. The
Mauritius are nearer, and can supply us with sugar at a less
rate; but rice occasionally is sent down, although the Chinamen
in the gold fields won't buy Java when Patna can be had from
Bengal. This sugar for San Francisco is being packed in 25
lbs. mats.  It takes some time to get hold of the weight; the
Dutch pickul of 125 lbs. is 136 lbs. English; and in buying and
selling, all is done in rupees. The Dutch guilder or florin is the
Malay rupee-twelve to the pound sterling.  There are several
divisions of the silver coin, such as 4, a, and 2-2 guilder
pieces; and the copper coin consists of doits and half doits, 100
to a rupee. The paper money of government as well as that of
the private bank here-where they charge you for depositingis miserable trashy stuff, and resembles in size our continental
currency. I am told that coin is entirely to supersede paper
shortly. As a general thing, few bad debts are made in selling
to the Europeans, but those who trust the Arabs and Chinamen
have been heavy losers-the miserable wretches will fail whenever anything can be made by it; and when one suspends they
all go. A little while since there was a perfect panic among
the Arabs; and not long ago the Chinese followed their example; now, no European will give them credit. The merchants
contract with the planter or government in advance for their
crop, at a fixed price, and then they supply their foreign orders
at the current rates; and it would seem to us that more money
is made in this by speculation than by their commissions.
32 
CIIAPTER III.
JAVA HOTEL, BATAVIA, Dec. 9, 1855.
Life of Mercantile Classes-Animated Scene on the Road to the Mer chants' Country Residences-Description of their Villas-The Native
Population-A Dutch Reformer-A Java Hotel-Batavia Cookery The Race Course-Contre Temps of a Stranger-Curious Habits of
the Javanese, &c., &c.
SINCE yesterday, I have been continually on the wing-my
senses all alive with continual change. Our ride to our hotel
in the country-where all the Europeans live-about four or
five miles out of town was most delightful, because most novel.
Passing the low, dirty residences of the multitude of Chinese,
we followed, along a level, macademised red colored road, the
course of the canal, and must have passed a hundred carriagesin one continuous line-some with the little Timor ponies, some
with the gray Java horses, and some with an imported animal
from Sydney —all driven by a swarthy, naked looking native,
with only a handkerchief round his loins, with a boy behind the
carriage. The vehicles are of every Eastern description, but few
European carriages. These were the merchants coming in to
business, about 9 o'clock. Every European rides-the merchant,
the tradesman, the salaried clerk, the ship captain and the sailor,
are all provided with a phaeton and a pair of runty looking
ponies, a driver and a footman, for two dollars per day; but I
pity the stranger who rides without some friend who understands 
SCENES ON THE ROAD.
the infernal jargon of the country. For instance, my first experience in telling them where to drive me, was in being left at
Boom instead of the Exchange. They usually rise early, take
a bath before breakfast, go into town and leave for home at
four o'clock and dine at six-six or seven hours at the counting
house, and the rest in eating, drinking, smoking, riding and
sleeping; but little intellectual culture, for the climate only
caters to the passions of the body, while it prostrates the healthy
action of the brain; and although physically the climate undermines the constitution, the heat, the air and the habits of the
place must eventually pluck many of the choicest flowers from
out the garden of the mind.
On the road hundreds of natives occupied the place of beasts
of burden in European countries, carrying immense loads with
their bamboo pole across their shoulders, and the weight
equally balanced. Should it not, they sometimes get a stone for
the other end, thus taking twice the weight. You see them
with all the productions of the Island. One man with buckets
of coal; another with fruits of different kinds; now coming
with a load of grass, and then again with marketing, which
some gentleman has ordered for his dinner. Some are trotting
away with a lot of goods for sale, yelling to an accompaniment
on a wooden rattle; while others have a half dozen live turkies
on one end of the pole and as many geese on the other, tied up
most carefully with cocoa nut or some other kind of leaves, the
body being entirely enclosed in a regular network, while they
have the privilege of observing what is going on about them.
These birds seem to enjoy their exercise, as you never hear them
make the least complaint. I can imagine nothing more ludicrous; perhaps because it is a sight so unexpected.
Beautiful trees line the roadside, and all about you may be
34 
THE MERCHANTS' COUNTRY RESIDENCES.
seen the classic foliage of the tropical climate. The residences
of the merchants are most tastefully built-space everywhere
the great feature, and situated about 100 feet from the roadthe garden completely filled with the richest garb of nature.
The houses are all white, of two stories, and cover, with the
outbuildings, from one-eighth to an acre of ground. Land in
plenty, and the residents have made the most of it. The canals,
as in the old town branch off from the little river in all directions, and are the receptacle of all the filth and sewerage of the
town. The natives can be seen at all times boating up and
down; the washerwomen and men dashing the clothes down on
a wooden form as if made of sheepskin; your wardrobe soon
requires replenishing, for few articles of wearing apparel are
equal to such hard usage. The native girls were plunging in
and out of the water in a costume remarkable for its simplicity
-perfectly innocent of the presence of the European stranger,
who gazes with such familiarity and curious interest upon the
peculiar habits of the people, whose simple customs he notices
for the first time.
The new town is situated on the heights of Weltevreden, the
site selected by Governor Daendels when he was prevented from
removing the seat of government to Sourabaya, on account of
the fatal miasmas of the place. So generally was the rush to
get out of the old port by everybody but the Celestials, the
place would have been a ruin, had not a new administration
come into power, with Baron Capellen at its head, who, witha
sprinkling of Yankee enterprise metamorphosed the entire city;
and the filling up and repairing of the canals-the widening of
the streets-the tearing down of old buildings to make room
for new, and removal of accumulated filth, will be the means of
keeping his name gratefully alive in the memory of those who
35 
JAVA HOTELS.
saw how great a change a little management could accomplish
even in the climate of a city.
Here we are at the Java Hotel again, a perfect palace in
size. Some of the rooms are as long as the dining saloon of
the Astor House. There are four first class hotels in Batavia,
all of which are kept in capital order, set a good table, and do
credit to the island. There is the one in which I am writing,
the Java, the Rotterdam, the Marine, and the Netherlands, built
pretty much alike, and conducted in the same way. Like the
warehouses and private residences, two stories in front, with
wings one story high extending a long ways back, in the rear
of which are the stables for about one hundred horses, and out
buildings for the servants-about seventy to one hundred to
each hotel; large shade trees, a species of banyan and cocoa
nut, under which are wooden seats, spread their shadow over
the grounds in front, while the rear enclosure is filled with flowers and different kinds of fruit. The grounds extend from one
street to another, and form squares of some acres. The horses
owned at the hotel are inferior animals-costing about $15 to
$20 each, and the carriage made here, about $150. The stable
boys gets $4 per month, and the house boys $5. The head man,
or manager, receives $12; girls get $3. The race course is
just in the rear of our hotel, and is a large, level grass plot.
A grand stand has been erected, and every six months the lovers
of the sport try the metal of their imported Arab and Sydney
horses, but the greatest amusements is derived from the scrub
race with ponies, among the natives.
Our table is excellent, and everything well cooked-but it is
impossible to give you any idea of the number of courses or the
names of the dishes-everything is peculiarly Dutch or Malay.
We seem to do nothing but eat and drink the live-long day
36 
CURIOUS HABITS OF THE JAVANESE.
somehow or other a cup of tea, a piece of toast, or coffee and
tiffin, are always brought to you, at the very time your appetite
is ready to welcome it. Your coffee is brought you in bed, and
tiffin or tea will be sent to your room-to the verandah-the
billiard room, or wherever you may desire it. Fruits load the
tables, and a servant is always near to help you.  Thie mangos tine, the mango-about the size and shape of a goose egg, and
tasting like our cantelope melon-the banana, the pineapple,
the shaddock, and several other kinds, the names of which, when
learned, I could not remember-but each was different from
what I had ever seen or tasted before. As the Europeans all
speak Malay, few natives talk Dutch or English, and hence I
found it most difficult to make myself understood.  When asking for an egg my boy's countenance would lighten up as much
as to say, all right-I understand-and off he would go and
bring a sweet potato I For a cup of coffee, I got a plate of
pickles! and for a glass of water, a slice of ham!'Tis most
annoying-but what can you do, but grin and bear it? But
the worst of it is, every one else is grinning too. At night and
morning the Europeans dress with the most perfect abandona loose gown like a pair of trousers, and a robe that looks something like a lady's night dress, (as I have seen them hanging on
the clothes line). The women also at these hours dress in the
same careless manner. It looks very odd to me; and this, together with the bathing dress of the Malay girl, would shock some
of my fastidious countrywomen, who cannot bear even to look
at the bare legs of their piano or to have the naked truth told
them. Custom, however, will soon bring over the new comer,
and the third day I was able to sit at my door on the verandah
with nothing on but pants and slippers. The bathing room is
made of marble, and you turn a faucet, which pours a stream
37 
BILL OF FARE AT THE HOTEL.
over you as big as your leg. But the funniest thing I have yet
seen is that confounded bottle. What a custom! Good gracious I is it possible that-but never mind-I will explain some
other time. Ha! ha! ha I I don't wonder that poor Jack
thought it was Seltzer water. How could he have thought it
anything else?
The theatre was not open, and I did not go to the Harmonic,
bu     t    amused myself by asking questions during the evening of
all that passed near my door. I cannot better give you an idea
of eating houses or prices than by getting down a copy of the
tariff that hangs in my room:
THE JA VA HOTEL.
Regulations.
From 4-1 till 8 o'clock in the morning, tea and coffee.
At 8 o'clock in the morning, breakfast.
At 12 M., rice, kerry, &c.
At 3 P. M., tea.
At 62 P. M., dinner.
At 8 P. M., tea.
At 9 P. M., grog.
On Sundays and holidays, at 11 o'clock, breakfast.
On theatre days, at 6 o'clock P. M., dinner.
Only in cases of illness, may dinner be afforded in the apartments.
The hotel is closed for the night at 1 1  o'clock.
List of Prices.
One day's lodging for one person,      -    f5.00-$1  25
One boy, under 5 years old, with his parents, 1.00 —   40
One  do. from 5 to 12 years old, per day,    2.00-       80
One day's lodging, with mneals in room,       6.00 — 2 40
One bottle Champagne,          -       -      5.00-  2  00
"   Burgundy,    -        -       -  5.00 — 2 00
Port wine,            -       -      5.00 — 2 00
38 
BILL OF FARE.
One bottle Sauterne,      -       -       -
Hock,         -       -       -
I"     Maderia,      -       -       -
"      Sherry,   -        -..
"      Claret,       -       -       -
"  Dutch beer,         -       -
''     English beer, -        -       -
"  Cognac,   -         -       -
"  Seltzer water,         -       -
One half do. do.   do.        -       -
One  glass Absinthe,    -        -       -
"  Madeira,  -        -       -
Siroop,               -       - 
"  Cognac,   -        -        -
"  Geneva, with bitters, -        -
One great lamp in room for stranger per
month..0
You will now understand how often our appetite is waited
upon, and how cheap you can live in a crack hotel in Batavia.
When traveling this way the Java is your place.
39
f4.00- 1
4.00- 1
4.00- 1
4.00- 1
2.00
1.00
1.50
4.00- 1
1.00
50
50
50
25
50
60
60
60
.60
80
40
60
60
40
20
20
20
10
20
12.00- 4 80 
CHAPTER IV.
BELLEVUE HOTEL,  BUITENZORG, JAVA, 
TIIIRTY MILES INLAND FROM BATAVIA, Dec. 10, 1855.
Interior of the Island-Javanese Conveyances-Malay Post Boys-The
Plantations-A Javanese Malrriage-Wonderful Sights-The Whole
Book of Nature Opened in a Three Hours' Ride-The Government
House-Official Receptions-Population and Administration of the
Dutch Colonies-Their Revenues, Expenditures, &c.-The Europeans
on the Islands-Effects of the Climate on their Constitutions-Politi  cal History of Java-The Native Population-Departure, &c., &c.
I HAVE already thrown you off two letters on impressions of
Batavia for this mail, and now I propose to give you my experience in posting a short way into the interior of this remarkable island. At one o'clock P. M., yesterday, I left the Java
Hotel to visit his Excellency at his palace and grounds at Buitenzorg,, and for the purpose of inspecting the culture of some
of the products of the island. Here again the whole distance
I was entranced with the wonderful look of cultivated nature.
But to commence. I paid eighty rupees (thirty-two dollars)
for a post carriage up and back-a distance of thirty-eight miles
each way. Our carriage was a square, hearse-looking box on
little wheels, drawn by four Javanese ponies, and driven by a
MIalay coachman with an immense hat, resembling a gigantic
inverted punchbowl; the reins and traces made of rope, and
the harness very primitive looking; and two post boys, with 
MALAY POST BOYS.
similar  som?breros, perched up on the back of the carriage.
This composed the establishment, and a more extraordinary
turnout this deponent never witnessed.. We started, and such
an excitement as we made and noise as we created is beyond
my power of description. The driver cracked his long whip,
the horses sprung away at a wild gallop, the post boys jumped
off their perch and took the leaders by the head as they passed
the bridges, and yelled with fiend-like fury to make them increase their speed; while both sides of the streets were lined
with Malays, Arabs and Chinese, seemingly interested in our
wild career.  " Hi, hi! he-eh!"  say the post boys; crack goes
the driver's whip, round fly the wheels, and up again the boys
mount their perch. In a few minutes you see them off running
alongside the horses, with only a handkerchief tied round their
midships, cracking their whips louder than ever, and screeching
like Pawnee Indians.   "I Har! har!-(crack)-Hi!-(crack)
Hie eh! he eh! (Crack-crack!) on both sides, and crack
from the driver; IHi! hi I from the boys; Hoy-rem! ho! from
the driver; Ilar I har!-(Crack! crack!) —Hi! "-(Crack 1)
This novel posting was cntinued all the way, and six changes
of horses and of post boys-but kept the same coachmanplaced us at the B3ellevue House at five o'clock, having been
four hours on the way. No time was lost at the stopping places
-the change of horses were all prepared by the new post boys,
each boy getting ten doits (four cents) each. We passed through
a very level country, over one of the best roads that can be
made, and which extends directly through Java, due east to
Sourabaya-the work of government. All about us we recognized many of the shade trees and all the fruits we saw at Bata
via-and the rice plantations in their several stages from tihe
ploughing of the land to the sowing of the rice in the little
41
I
,. I ". 
A JAVANESE MARRIAGE.
space allotted, from which it is transplanted to the irrigated
patches, of about an acre each, prepared to receive it.  Many
of the plantations were of immense size, and further along inland
cover square miles in space.  Vast numbers of natives were
traveling on the road, staggering under their heavy loads; and
carts drawn by ponies without a bridle, and buffaloes with a
bamboo yoke, were bringing in the produce-while the distance
was ornamented by native villages-towering mountains seen Lit
a distance of a hundred miles, covered with the teak wood forest
-long plains, the water passing from field to field with the utmost regularity-and rivers and cocoa nut groves, deep ravines
and irregular fields. At the several stoppages I amused myself
by throwing a little copper coin out of the carriage to see the
children scramble for it. At one place there were about thirty,
between the ages of two and ten years, of both sexes, most of
whom were entirely naked. These natives marry at twelve.
At Buitenzorg, I was so fortunate as to have the opportunity
of witnessing the ceremony of a Javanese marriage. Attracted
by a most singular concord of sounds, I pushed my way throulgh
the groves of trees to the house or shled, where were collected
a large number of natives-the grown people on one side, and
about one hundred children, in a state of nature, onl the other.
The musicians were seated round an old box, and kept time by
striking different metals and skins-while a child of six years,
dressed as an old woman, with long hair and a horrid mask, was
walking with a tragical air, and gesticulating in a mnost grave
manner, up and down the platform, to the great delight of the
children, whose black eyes and bronze figures, as they lay grouped along the shed, was a picture for an artist.
At six o'clock this morning, the Aid-de-camp, F.  Bering
Leisberg, Esq., attendant on the Governor-General, was at the
42
I 
WONDERFUL SIGHTS.
Hotel by appointment, with a beautiful pony, and accompanied
mle about twenty miles over groves and through rice plantations
-all of which were divided by a green.horse path, into native
villag,es, and by rivulets which feed the rice canals.  No  pen
can express, no tongue can utter, no pencil can paint the sublimity of nature in the interior of Java. All I see or hear,
about and around me, enchants my senses. It is the land of
poetry and of song; and when you gaze upon the burial place
of a native prince, or a Hindoo Chief; when you contemplate
the massive ruins of past ages; when you walk over and around
the immense native temples-built God knows when-admiring
their architecture and revering their venerable age; when you
pass through monster estates of rice, of sugar and of coffee-all
cultivated with the simple implements of the natives-and see
no modern tools of culture; when you smell the odour of the
spices, and admire the beauty of the nutmeg and the pepper;
the singing of Java birds, and chirping of insects and lizards,
as you ride through forests, curiously absorbed in the wonderful beauties of the earth; the cocoa groves, the cotton and the
bread fruit tree; the banyan, with its numberless branches, all
taking root again to strengthen the old trunk-an affectionate
emblem of parent and child supporting each other thlrough
earthquakes, storms and tempests; the mangostine groves; the
rattan winding itself about the teak-wood forest; the bamboo
shooting up through all the rest; the cultivation of European
fruits and native vegetables; the simplicity of the native girls
as they bathe so innocently before you as you stand upon the
river's bank, noting them plunging, singing, laughing and swimming about-now below the water and now above; the frightful look of some of the older men and women, who'e shockiig
custom of chewing the beetle nut, mixed with pepper plant and
43 
GOVERNMENT HOUSE.
tobacco, gives their lips an unnatural red, and blackens their
teeth'till they resemble charcoal; the monkey resembling appearance of the babes and children, and the monkeys themselves
in the Governor's park; the immense herd of native deer; the
wild hog; the tiger and the rhinoceros; the cassowary, a huge
black bird, not unlike, except in color, the emu of Australiawhen you have seen all these wonders of this wonderful country,
in a three hour's ride, you will come to the conclusion that persolal observation will teach a man more in one day than he can
learn from books in an age.
The dreams of my youth are all revived again, and the pictures of my school books give me the form, but not the life of
nature.  When the foregoing changes have been rung before ten
o'clock in the morning, and you have drank deeply of such grand
and picturesque scenery as the view presents far and near about
the Government House, you cannot but imagine and feel that
you are in a fairy land, and all that is required to complete the
illusion, and make a Garden of Eden of the grounds is to see
but one Adam and Eve, instead of such a swarm of semi-clad
beings.
Mr. Leisberg invited us to the Palace, and after refreshments
we passed again through the Park to the botanical garden,
where his Excellency has collected a large and beautiful quantity of European plants and flowers. The situation of the
Government House is on high land, and commands a view of
the entire range of mountain scenery for a hundred miles. The
tops of one or two of the old volcanoes could be seen far above
the clouds-a most imposing sight.
Five years is the time allotted to the Governor-General, and
shortly he will return. iHe is a man, I should say, of fifty years,
I am told that he is a very talented man, of a religious turn;
44 
OFFICIAL RECEPTIONS.
but he does not appear to be popular.  Iis levees are given at
Batavia generally, and my departure to-morrow prevents me
from seeing the beauty and fashion of tlke Dutch, and some of
their parti-colored offspring, at the soiree that her ladyship, his
wife, gives at Batavia to-morrow night. These entertainments
are very formal, and the respect which is due to the representative of the King is still humiliating, but not as cringing and
abject as under some of the early Governors. The only English
work on Java at the Palace was that published in 1817, by the
then English Governor of the place, Sir T. S. Raffles, a well
written work, dedicated to the Prince Regent. His private
journal which came out at the same time, contains much in relation to Java. This good man was much beloved by the
natives, and introduced many comforts and reforms among them.
A large white monument in the park tells the stranger that his
wife, Lady Raffles, was only another victim of the then fatal
climate of Java.  It is a little singular that so few able works
are among the booksellers on the Indian Archipelago.   With
the exception of Raffles, and J. J. Stockdale, who put out a
book in 1811, and in the preface speaks of "that enemy of the
human race, Napoleon Bonaparte," and George Winsor Earle's
cruise about these seas, about twenty years ago, you will find
little regarding  Java  out of the Dutch  language.   Even
McCullock is not posted up and gives no statistics later than
1834; and as I find it very difficult to get hold of these things
from the merchants, I shall be unable to give my mercantile
friends what I had intended.
Mr. Leisberg showed me every attention, and when taking
my departure, presented me with a beautiful lance which some
Rajah had given to him. Hie also is going to send me an assortmenlt of that ugly looking weapon so peculiar to tihese
45 
46        ADMINISTRATION OF THE DUTCH COLONIES.
islands, the kris; it is a horrid looking instrument, in the sword
or sabre line, and must make a frightful wound when poisoned
from the upas, or whatever the deadly tree is called. The prick
or touch of the kris is deadly. I bought at the town a pair of
antlers, from a native buck, and also was so fortunate as to get
a complete model, beautifully made by a Malay, of a Japanese
village; also models of all their strange agricultural implements,
their kitchen utensils, war weapons and musical pieces.  These,
are beautifully executed, and give those who cannot get so far
away to see the originals a most admirable idea of the primitive
habits and customs of these poor natives, who have had to bow
their heads to the iron rule of coniquest and military power;
and yet, although there are eleven millions in Java alone, there
are but eight thousaad European and twelve thousand native
troops to subject and keep down the swarming population of the
Dutch East India Company-I believe about twenty-five millions in all, made up of Asiatics, Africans and Islanders. Some
of the dependencies are regulated and managed by the native
Princes or Rajahs, but all must cringe and bow to his most potent, grave and reverend excellency, Mr. Yan Twist, the Governor General, who is paid $60,000 per year, and is furnished
with a palace whose rooms and massive structure throw entirely
into the shade the dimensions of the capitol at Washington. In
his administration he is assisted by a Vice President and three
Counsellors, a Finance Minister, a Director of the Interior, a
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and a Manager of Public Works;
while the naval authority is vested in Rear Admiral Bouricius,
and the head of the army in Lieut. General Starns. The Dutch
have a large fleet of men-of-war among their colonies, althoiiug,Li
their army  is comparatively small.  I will try and get its
strength and add in a postcript.
i
i
i
11
I
i
I
I 
REVENUE, EXPENDITURES, &C.
The revenue of the islands may be stated at $34,000,000,
while the expense of government and interest on  loans will
reduce it some $20,000,000-thus leaving the handsome sum of
$14,000,000 for the mother country.
The Portuguese discoverers of 1510, who were exploring these
waters, just after Columbus had found the Western world, little
dreamed of such results, and sailed away in search of other
lands. But the more persevering Dutchmen of 1595 got a foothold in Shakspere's time, and just before Queen Elizabeth's
ente,rprising merchants sent their four ships to British India.
About four months after the pilgrims landed at Plymouth,
Batavia received its name, and then followed the subjugation
and brutal conquest of an ancient and industrious people, whose
only crime was the possession of rich and extensive lauds.
Prince after prince laid down his kris, and the rebellious Chinamen of 1740 lost all their spirit in that horrible massacre, so
vividly described by the Dutch writer, Ary Ruyers-more frightful than the outrages of the American Indian on the frontier,
the bombardment of Copenhagen, or the slaughter of St. Bartholomew.  For a long time the settlers fought hard against the
fatality of the climate, and the troops died like rats. Twelve
months in the island, and half of the regiments would fertilize
the city of the dead. Even in 1812 so apathetic were the merchants when the bell tolled a funeral knell, the one would say to
the other (as was once the case in New Orleans when the fatal
fever left me an orphan, and has lately been in Virginia) "Who
is it to day?" But it must have been painful to hear them add,
"Well, he owed me nothing" From the first the greatest enemy
of the European settler here was the climate; and even now
the cheeks of the men as well as the women are as white as the
color of their houses, telling the observer too plainly the insinu
47 
AMERICAN MERCHANTS AT JAVA.
ating inroads upon the constitution; and the little children, so
pale and thin-as frail as the frailest flower that ever bloomed
-must wither in their youth, and, like hot house plants, will
live in beauty a little while, and then their freshness has gone
for ever.
Among the twelve thousand Europeans in the islands, ten
thousand probably are natives of Holland, and the rest represent
England and the nations of the Continent; but I believe there
are only two American merchants in Java, Mr. Reed and his
brother of the highly respectable mercantile house of Paine,
Stricker & Co., established more than a quarter of a century
ago, who, in addition to a large foreign trade, are the fortunate
possessors of the lion's share of the American trade.-Mr. Darling, so long connected with the firm, who bought out the Boston steamship Raja Wallah,  and, after trying her in these
waters, sold her to the Australians when in the height of their
lunatic speculations, for $125,000, is now in the States; and
Mr. Eaton, of Boston, of the wealthy and long established
English house of McLean, Watson & Co., Batavia, whose
branches are McNiel & Co., Samarang, and Frazer, Eaton
& Co., Sourabaya, is also now at Boston.
The import duty on foreign cotton and woollen goods is 25
per cent ad valorem.  From Holland, by Dutch ships or those
on the same footing, if accompanied by a cetificate of Netherlands origin, the half. Import duty on metals, 24 per cent.
Iron and steel, 12 per cent, with 30 per cent augmented on
invoice. From Holland, accompanied with a certificate of
Netherlands origin, the half. On all import and export duties,
an impost of 5 per cent pierage is added.
The monopoly of the government, in purchasing direct from
the planter, and restrictive policy regarding other nations, par
48 
POLITICAL HISTORY OF JAVA.
alyzes all private enterprise, and prevents all improvement, and
Java at the present day, so far as modern culture, the steam
engine, the railroad, the magnetic wise and the numberless
inventions of this wonderful age are concerned, is almost as far
behind the times as Japan, with whom alone they have been
permitted to have a limited trade for one or two centuries, ever
since the Jesuits were driven out of Niphon. Mlr. Leisberg
informed me that one step has been made to meet the times,
and in a year or two a telegraphic wire will announce the arrival of ships passing Anjer, at Batavia, Samarang and Sourabaya
but I doubt if the time comes during the next century when the
European traveler will hear the whistle of the locomotive in the
cocoa nut groves of the inland provinces, or the Javanese
ploughman in his rice field, or the fierce beasts of the majestic
forests, be disturbed by the whirling rattle of a railway train.
Like China there are too many people to employ to introduce
labor saving machines.
When the putative father of the present Emperor of the
French was on the throne of Holland, at Napoleon's bidding,
Java became a part of France, and in 1811, up went the
French flag, which the battle of Waterloo surrendered to England in 1814, who, frightened by the climate, and ignorant of
its richness, restored it to the Dutch, preferring to keep Ceylon
and the Cape, which mistake Allison and every Englishman has
been mourning over for almost half a century. But it was not
till 1816, when its conqueror, like Parrhasus' captive, was chained to the rock of St. Helena, did the Dutch flag again float
over the gardens of the East.
But there was one place during all those startling changes
which convulsed Europe during Bonaparte's career, where Hiolland was still supreme, and that was in the little island opposite
49 
NATIVE POPULATION.
Nangasaki, the residence of the Dutch Ambassador, where the
colors have never ceased to fly.
The natives are a warlike people, and are ready to rise
when their Mahomedan priests give the signal, as has been the
case two or three times since the Restoration. Some thirty
years ago a most bloody warfare again put them down; and
only a few years ago the Bally Princes were trodden under foot.
Bearing in mind the fact that nations, as a general thing, are
not governed entirely by motives of benevolence or philanthropy,
and that self, as with the individual, is the ruling passion, and
remembering that a force of only eight thousand European soldiers are in the country, who, with the other European residents
of Java, might at any time be massacred by millions of men who
obey, with servile fear, the command of their prince or priest,
no wonder that Holland is averse to liberalizing the minds of
the people by throwing open her ports to the shipping and citizens
of all the world-no wonder that foreign consuls have never
been recognized, (until, I believe, very recently, for purely commercial purposes) -that a system of espionage and police traverses the land, and that the poor trembling natives are cowed
down with craven fear by military rule; for, to my mind, the
introduction of European liberalism would immediately be the
signal at which these prolific Islands would be lost to the nation.
When I see any moral improvement in the condition of the
natives of the Sandwich Islands and the tribes of the Pacificwhen I see anything done to relieve the sufferings of the aboriginals of America, who, obeying the Pequot lesson, (says Holmes,)
runs from the white man when he finds "he siells of Holland
gin "-when I notice enlightened England throwing over darkened India the light of intellectual culture-then, and not till
then, will I amuse myself by abusing so industrious and commer
50 
MORALS OF THE EUROPEANS.
cial a people as the Dutch, whose intelligence in languages, in
modern and ancient history, and in general information, have
been the characteristics of those it has been my good fortune to
meet.
The merchants here live like princes, and ten to fifteen thous and dollars per year is no unusual amount to spend. Mr. Reed
has a beautiful residence, built by himself, on ground where art
and nature have battled hard to gain superiority.   Among the
ten or fifteen ponies and horses of different breeds in his stables, I
saw a beautiful Arab which he had just imported. I could but
observe how elegantly the dinner tables are adorned in this
place-the meals and dessert all go at once-and as you sit
down the fruits are entirely hidden from sight by flowers of
many kinds, which give a most graceful appearance to the toat
ense7lble.
The least said about the morals of many of the Europeans
in these latitudes, perhaps, will give the best idea of them. The
Lip-Laps, as the half cast are called of ten-times marry, and
some native women are wedded to the white man, but not may;
but when the native girl discovers the infidelity of her compatinion, her revenge is sometimes terrible, and is hard to satiate.
Although I have seen so much during my few days stay, I
did not get into the prison to see an execution by that most
awful manner, impalement, (where the kris enters the back
of the neck, and runs down past the heart, while the poor wretch
is left to torture in a Java sun till the instrument gangrenes
and corrodes, and is then torn out again till life at last is gone,)
and I hope I shall never witness such a spectacle.  This  was
the mode years ago.  Neither did I see the humming bird pick
the teeth of the alligators, as described by Herodotus; nor succeed in seeing a genuine bantam fowl on the orig,inal soil-the
51 
real bird which the natives train for fighting is more the shape
of a goose, however, than the little wretched fowl that bears
the name with us.
Tomorrow I embark on board the Konigni des Nethalander
mail steamer under contract with government to take the
mails from Sourabaya, Samarang and Batavia, on the eleventh
of every month, at about twenty-five hundred dollars —to Singapore so as to catch the China and overland steamer. I am
too late for a state-room, and have got to sleep on deck (pleasanit to be sure). I don't remember ever paying, before, eighty
dollars for five hundred miles steaming, and sleeping on deck at
that!  As in Van Dieman's Land, to get out of the country, I
had to get a paper called a "consent," and also a passport for
the guard ship. As the clipper ship Flying Arrow that sailed
two days before us has not arrived, I fear that the gale we
experienced off Cape Otnay must have crippled her.
52
DEPARTURE, &C. 
CHAPTER V.
ON BOARD STEAMER QUEEN OF THE NETHERLANDS, 
STRAITS OF BANCA, Dec. 13.1855.
The Voyage to Singapore-Our Fellow Passengers-Olla Podrida of
Nationalities-Pilgrims to Mecca-Arab Women-Arrival at Minto  Off Singapore-Dutch Diplomacy in Japan-Commerce with that
Empir-The Hollanders Catching the Bird while other Nations are
Beating the Bush-The American Treaty with Japan so much Waste
Paper-The Japanese Mail System-A Political Discussion at a Dutch
Dinner Table-The Dutch Navy in the Indian Archipelago, &c., &e.
PROMPT to her time the steamer left Batavia at 8 A. M. yes
terday, and works admirably, pushing us along at the rate of
nine and ten knots. She is a Batavian built boat, seventeen
years old, made of teak and very roughly finished.  The cabin
accommodations are very poor, but the table makes up for all
deficiencies; and with our tea and coffee at 6, our breakfast at
12, dinner at 5, and refreshments in the evening, all of good
quality, well cooked, we have no complaints to make.   Schnapps
and liquors are always on a side table-a most attractive part
of the boat to the Dutch passengers, among whom are some of
the most agreeable gentleman I ever met. There was a large
sugar planter, I forget his name —and Mr. Loudon, who takes
charge of the tin mines at Billiton, Island of Banea, leased for
forty years to Prince Henry, brother of the King of Holland,
and Captain Fabius, commander of the Dutch steamer Gedeh, 
OUR FELLOW PASSENGERS.
just arrived from Nangasaki, who is en route for Holland with
the new Dutch treaty just executed by the Emperor of Japan
and the Dutch Commissioner, from whom I have obtained much
valuable information.
We have also on board the Lord Bishop of Victoria-a
pleasant quiet man, who wishes to have slavery abolished in the
United States; hopes that Cuba will never be a part of that
extensive country, and beats me shockingly at chess. Captain
Prince,' our commander, has been some sixteen years in the
waters, and I find him a most intelligent man. While doing
the honors of the table, he conversed with the Belgian Consul
in French, the Bishop in English, spoke Dutch to his countrymen, and ordered the servants in Malay. Our steamer is crowded with all kinds of men, manners and customs.   A party of
Arab merchants have attracted the most attention. They are
very wealthy, and paid $600 for a small portion of the cabin.
Although cabin passengers they keep aloof from Europeans, all
huddling round their trunks and merchandise, on which they
sleep, eat, and pray, under an awning on deck, disdaining to mix
with the infidels at our end of the boat. These singular costumed men-of white robe, huge turban, sandal footed, mustached
and whiskered sons of Mahomet-are bound on a pilgrimage
to Mecca, and at certain hours they go off and wash themselves and then come back to pray. It is an unusual spectacle.
All arranged in a row, with the chief one step advanced in
front, they mutter their prayers kneeling, standing, sitting, now
touching their foreheads to the deck, now kissing the hand of
the chief, now gesticulating in the most unintelligible manner;
again bowing their swarthy forms, again rising; now turning
their faces upward and then changing their position, always
bending-like the forest trees under the westerly winds in the
54 
ARAB WOMEN.
North of England-towards the East, or, as they supposed
towards Mecca, and, finally, kissing each other's hands at the
benediction. All this ceremony is being performed among all
the different tribes who acknowledge Shem as their paternal
ancestor, for it was
"Shem's proud children reared the Assyrian piles,
While, Ham's were scattered through the Sandwich Isles."
We have on board a lot of Malay convicts, several Chinese
merchants, some shipwrecked English sailors, a company of
native soldiers who proudly wear the uniform, and many of the
islanders, all speaking and muttering their several languages.
No wonder the Tower of Babel was rather suddenly impeded
in its progress by the change in the workmen's style of conversation. Rattling beans in a tin tube, shaking shot on a pasteboard, or talking with about four men at one time that stammer,
will give you an idea of the sound.
Our Malay crew of seventy are under the serang, who works
them with his boatswain's whistle. I pity the captain who, not
understanding the language without a serang, takes a Malay
crew. When giving some important order to the men aloft, in
the midst of a violent squall, the irritability of the captain
reaches its height to see them all pouring down the shrouds to
ask him what he said I
I could not get a sight of the Arab women. They came on
board closely veiled, and were immediately locked up in their
state rooms. The Arab children are beautifully formed, with
their large black eyes and regular features, the rings made of
brass about their feet, and the little covering for the chest,
which stops just where the native covering usually commences!
We arrived at Minto (named I suppose after the British
55 
SINGAPORE.
Governor General) at night, and early in the morning steamed
for Rhio, and then we have no more stopping places till we arrive at Singapore. Banca is noticeable only for its tin mines;
about 4,000 tons are annually shipped from Minto, and if
modern machinery was introduced large quantities could be procured. The ore is found near the surface, and is said to be the
finest known. There are only twenty-five European residents.
The mines are worked by Chinese coolies, who are brought
down for sale, a damnable species of slave trade peculiar to
these nations! The straits of Banca are about one hundred
miles long, and in one place only seven wide, which gives us a
fine view of the long coast of Sumatra. In some places the
land is very low, and you cannot even find Horsburg's tree;
and then you have a volcanic range of mountain scenery, with
foliage from base to summit a beautiful green. Remember your
excursion from Kingston to Montreal, and you will find a faint
resemblance of the scenery, for even here we have our thousand
islands.
OFF SINGAPORE, DeC. 14.
Our passage against wind and tide, part of the way, has been
a quick one, for we shall anchor at six o'clock to-night; leaving
Batavia at eight o'clock on the 11th, arrived at Minto at ten
o'clock P. M. the next day; left there at six o'clock A. M., and
touched Rhio, (a small settlement with a dozen Europeans) at
eight o'clock A. M. on the 14th, and here we are at Singapore
in a passage of eighty-two hours, having stopped ten on the way,
which is very fair for a distance of five hundred miles. I have
seen little of note since leaving Batavia, and do not think that I
can fill up my page in a manner more interesting to your readers than by giving you the latest dates from Japan. Captain
56 
DUTCH DIPLOMACY IN JAPAN.
Fabius left Nangasaki on the 15th ult., where he has been for
about four months waiting to bring negotiations to a close. Of
course the King of Holland must see the paper before the rest of
the world, but from what I can gather, the Dutch have added
another important link to their chain.  iHolland's policy has
always been diplomacy instead of cannon, and from their first foothold in the trade in 1611, obtained through their assistance in
driving out the Jesuitical Portuguese —which timely aid the Japanese have never forgotten-and no doubt, had not the Dutch resorted to all kinds of chicanery at that early period in trying to
overreach the natives of Niphon, they would not have had to debase
and lower themselves in such a disgraceful umannier as is vividly described by their own writers, Baron Van Imhoff and Valantyn,
in their endeavors to continue a commerce which early writers
have told us amounted, during a period of sixty years to 1671,
to between two and three hundred millions of dollars, the profits
of which must have been enormous. This may well be called
their golden age. Bribery and corruption on the part of the
Dutch factory, erected at Nangasaki, in 1641, no doubt, caused
the sudden change of policy of the Emperor, for first stopping
the silver, he afterwards shut up the gold mines, and then the
Dutch were gradually reduced every few years to a most restricted intercourse, and had to submit to insults which a Christian
nation should have resented. From gold to silver, from silver
to copper, their trade at this time, 1750 was their age of bronze.
No doubt the loss of the Island of Formosa, in 1661 also lessened the respect which the Japanese so long held for the Dutch.
The Chinese also were cut down from eighty junks to twenty.
This nation used to get two-thirds of the trade, leaving one-third.
for the Dutch. The English, who tried to open a commerce
from 1616 to 1623, and ag~'n from 1673 to 1682, could accom
51 
COMMERCE WITH JAPAN.
plish nothing, and the East India Company's select committee
reported, in 1q92, that the result of one small venture showed
a loss of $150,000. ilaviug squeezed the Dutch down to a
mere peddling trade, the commerce varied little during the latter half of the past century, and it is most interesting to look
over the account sales of the inward and outward annual cargo
at the company's records at Batavia. In 1804-5 an invoice,
amounting to $212,000, from Java, consisting of sugar, rice, tin,
sapan wood, nutmegs, spices, pig lead and prints and cloths,
after adding all expenses, outfit, &C cost, laid down at Nangasaki, 380,000, the loss on which was perfectly ruinous, the
entire outward cargo only netting $92,000. But it was the
return cargo of copper and camphor which ebanged the result of
the voyage; this realized $886,000, giving the company a clear
profit of over half a million of dollars. In 1806, however, the
Dutch ship did not do so well; the cargo costing $394,000,
produced only $569,000, thus netting but $l6,000. But even
this average the English did not keep up, when the Dutch po
sessions in the East fell into their hands from the French by
treaty, for the accounts of their voyage in 1813, made up with
the same assorted produce of Java, which cost them laid down,
$298,000, and sold at a loss of 60 per cent, and on the proceeds
Japan copper, lbs.  -    -    -    -  902,452        $223,727
Camphor, lbs.       -    -    -    -   60,437          45,785
Pitch, lbs.         -    -    -    -       1,208           600
Total  -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   $670,112
They only had a balance in their favor of $44,000. And I
think this latter venture up to the present time, under the
Dutch, has not been more than double; at any rate, I don't
believe they have lately realized $200,000 a year from the
58 
HOLLANDERS CATCHING THE BIRD.
trade, to get which they have submitted to indignities unworthy
of so commercial and intelligent a people.
A reduction in their copper importation from 30,000 piculs,
in the seventeenth century, to 6,000 now, will show the falling
off in Dutch commerce in Japan. From eight or ten ships in
1650-they have now been reduced to two —-up to the time of
Nov. 15, 1855, when a new treaty was made, the bearer of
which will leave for Holland by the overland mail which takes
this letter. You shall have, however, all I have been able to
gather regarding the stay of the Gedeh war steamship at Nangasaki from the conversation of Captain Fabius. Last year
this gentleman carried out, as a present to the Emperor of Japan,
a steamship of 1  0 horse power, and left in her a crew of twenty-two men, as sailors, engineers and mechanics, to learn the
Japanese how to manage her.  These men are to remain in
Japan two years under the pay of the Government of Holland.
This is the way the Dutch put in their wedge. From the first
it has been their habit to send the Emperor and chief officials
elegant presents; and every year they carry a large assortment
of scientific books on all practical subjects, printed in the Dutch
language, and presented to the government. Dutch teachers
are instructing, under Japanese pay, several schools in Japan,
and Japanese teachers are also teaching Dutch scholars at
Nangasaki. Thus the Dutch, in every possible manner, have
been quietly working the oracle, and, in my mind, they have so
managed their cards as to catch the bird while Commodore
Perry, Admiral Stirling, and the Russian commander have all
been beating the bush.  The treaties of the United States in
1853, England in October, 1854, and Russia, about the same
time, in my opinion, amount to just so much waste paper; and
I don't know which government will first acknowledge the sell
59 
AMERICAN TREATY WITH JAPAN.
I have just read the correspondence of Reed & Co., in the San
Francisco Herald, of Sept. 19, who fitted out from San Fran cisco a schooner for Simoda, and who had returned to Cali fornia disgusted with the Japanese for not allowing a landing
at Hakodadi. They ought to have known that the treaty did
not allow them to trade.  The three nations are all on the same
footing, being simply permitted to put into Nangasaki and
Simoda (Commodore Perry preferred Hakodadi,) for water,
fuel and provisions. So far as provisions are concerned, that
clause will prove abortive, for the Japanese refuse to sell you
bullocks, because they are beasts of burden for ploughing the
soil; sheep cannot be purchased, as their wool and skin is required for clothing; and hens and other domestic fowls are not
to be had, as they furnish eggs for the food of man; nor cows,
as their milk is much sought after. Thus these people, either
because it interferes with their religion, or on account of some
local requirement or superstition, furnish an excuse for most of
the necessaries of life. In diplomacy I'd put the Japanese
against the world, Commodore Perry got what he asked for,
and left for the United States with all the eclat of a benefactor
of commerce. Out of sight, out of mind. It seems the clauses
of the treaty in the Saxon and in the Island tongue are somewhat
differently interpreted.   "Temporary" residence at Hakodadi
and Simoda, means, in Japanese, ten minutes, or ten days, as
may suit the Emperor; and "citizens," in his language, does
not mean women I and it is utterly impossible for Commander
Rogers, of our navy, no matter how ably he may write to the
Governor of the port, to make him understand that supplies
mean the necessities of man, or that Commodore Perry made
any arrangements whatever for trading. I understand that a
Mr. Townsend Hlarris is expected in the mail steamer due to
60 
JAPANESE MAIL SYSTEM.'
morrow, and that he has been empowered and appointed Am bassador to Siam, and Consul General at J apan. Of the former
place I will speak hereafter; but of the latter appointment I
think it will do about as much good and prove about as essential
to the commerce of the United States as blowing up a feather in
the air for the purpose of catching it on your nose. What can
he do? Who is he to see, and where will he go? and where,
oh! where, I ask, is he to stop, and at what hotel? Even the
Dutch Commissioner, who resides at Decima is only allowed to
visit Jeddo once in four years, and then, as Sir John Davis went
to Pekin, he is obliged to go in a close chair, and see nothing
of this hermit style of people. Will Mr. Harris go by a steam ship to Jeddo? If so, the chances are he will be requested to
negotiate by the way of Hiakodadi or Simoda, and Simoda, you
are aware, after throwing the Russian frigate Dwina in the air
two or three times —the water rising with a terrific swell thirty
feet, says Captain Fabius —has been almost entirely destroyed
as a seaport.
The journey inland by the Dutch Commissioners' road, in a
sedan chair, will take about sixty days, although the regular
mail goes through from Nangasaki in fifteen days. This mail is
carried in a small mail bag, by a runner, who, with bell in hand
to notify the next courier, measures off his one mile, throws the
bag on the man who is waiting, and off the new postman shoots,
with a long stride and fleet foot, to the next, and so on to the
next, and in this way the Japanese mail is passed from one runner to another along the government road till the letters are
delivered at the imperial office of his high and mighty majesty,
the Emperor.
Important government express demands a wider step and
quicker speed, and goes through in eleven days.  Mr. Silas E.
61 
POLITICAL DISCUSSION AT A
Burroughs must have been disgusted with his adventure in the
Lady Pierce.  I have seen no account of it-having been shut
up so long in Australia-but I have been told that after they
had drank up all his champagne, and returned to him with many
thanks for his generosity the gold dollars which he had presented to the several officials, they intimated to him, in a very pleasant quiet way, peculiar to this singular nation, that unless he
had some important business to detain him in Japan, that they
should not make the least objection to his evacuating the premises at his earliest possible convenience.
The ratification of the English treaty has just gone to England, and Admiral Stirling has immortalized himself in taking
the Russian officers shipwrecked in the Dwina out of a neutral
merchantman, and in putting the final seal to such a milk and
water paper, like that signed by Commodore Perry, while the
Russian fleet slipped by him in the fog fromn Petropolowski to
the Amoor, and from the Amoor into the air-for nobody has
yet been able to discover where they have gone to.  Hie had
better resign. I was much amused to day at the dinner table
to hear Captain Fabius-who so quietly and ably managed the
business for his King, and the Right HIon. Mr. Stuart, Post
Captain in the extensive fleet of twelve men of war, (who, after
laying a month at Nangasaki for the sealing of the all important
document, are heading towards India and home)-discuss the
question of Japan. England and HIolland got quite warm in
the discussion, and England warmly intimated that had he had
charge of the affair he would have blown Nangasaki and the
Dutch ports into the air before he would submit to such indignities as to which the Japanese wished to subject the war fleet.
Our treaty, said he, is all gammon, and I would not give a
banana for yours.  Holland, however, replied why so —has not
62 
DUTCH DINNER TABLE.
the Admiral received all he asked for?  If you want my segar
box and I give it to you, are you to knock me down for not
presenting you with my hat? —Very good, said England, you
have me there, and my epaulettes prevent a reply-for the
tongue must be silent when State questions are discussed in
which you do not happen to be the principal-but it seemed to
him that the time had passed for any nation to act the oyster,
and live a miser's life in this enlightened age; and more especially as the people are desirous of trading and opening their
ports, while the iron rule of the government forbids them to
express an opinion lest some spy (for espionage in Japan is even
superior to that of France or Russia) report the expression, and
then follows that remarkable execution where the culprit with
his own hand, at the command of the official, rips open his
bowels and dies by his own action.
"You must remember," said Captain Fabius, "that the entire control of the nation is at the will of the Emperor, and that
he monopolizes all the commerce of the country. He is the
head manager and principal merchant in the Island for all mercantile affairs, and that every one of his subjects must give him
so much wheat every crop' for the State granary, which is put
aside to meet the requirements of a short crop, when it is all
distributed to the people, and that the religion and customs of
centuries cannot be easily thrown aside. The Japanese interfere with no one. You make laws in England; and what is
more, you enforce them.  So do we in Holland, and so do the
Japanese; and when they give you all that you have asked for,
you say you will break their laws, and bombard their cities,
and destroy their coastwise trade-for what? Because they
are what you suppose to be weak; you are strong.  They have
boundless wealth in the hidden vaults of their treasury, and you
63 
JAPAN A SEALED BOOK.
are powerful enough to make them disgorge.  The old story of
Alexander the Great and the gentleman who puts his hand in
your pocket."
As I before remarked, from the conversations of the merchants here, and the naval gentleman above named, who sat
opposite to me, the Japanese ports will not be opened to England and America for many years, unless by invasion, or some
sudden turn in the policy of a country that has managed to find
resources within itself to cater to its wants for over two centu
ries.
Humboldt somewhere has said that when the oceans embraced at the Darien Isthmus, the fact of its bringing the celestial productions some two thousand leagues nearer the civilized
world, might bring about a change, for he considered this little
neck of land which obliges ships to go round the Horn as the
bulwark that prevents the independence of China and Japan.
The Panama Railroad has united the oceans, and the old
man eloquent, as nature's nobleman, is on his way to his long
home, but Japan is still a sealed book to the commerce of the
world. Captain Fabius takes home samples of hemp and wheat,
but they cost high. Even though a trade is commenced by introducing many things, as in China, from the Western nations,
not before used, what are we to get in return? for in several
instances it has been difficult even to find sufficient copper to complete the annual cargoes of the Dutch.   They have camphor
and Japan ware, and bijouterie; raw silk, ambergris, rice and
timber, wheat and hemp; but all these articles are too high for
proitable investment.  What, then, are they to pay us with,
unless we once more manage to unlock their precious metals?
In a former letter I intimated that if possible I would get a
statement of the strength of the Dutch navy in the Indian Ar
64 
DUTCH NAVY.
chipelago; and, through the courtesy of Captain Fabius, whose
pleasant manners and good common sense make him most attractive, I am able to jot down the following:  Steamships Amsterdam, 8 guns, for Japan when Captain Fabius gets back; Gedeh, 8; Etna, 6; Vesuvius, 6; Samarang,
10; Celebes, 4; Borneo, 4; Surinam, 6;  Onrust, 2; Admiral King's bark, 2; Batavia, 4-and several schooners.
Under canvass, Prince Frederick, 44 guns, (frigate); Palem
Bang, 44 do.; Boreas, 28; Van  Speyk, 28; De Pliades, 12
De Hague, 18.
Also, daily expected, Prince Alexander, 44 guns; Fregat
de Ruiter, 60; Medusa, 22; Monteado, 12; Scudora, 4
Phenix, 6-all manned by 3,800 sailors.
65 
CHAPTER VI.
LONDON HOTEL, SINGAPORE, D)ec. 20, 1855.
A Singapore Hotel-Its Inconveniences and Horrors-Importance of
Singapore as a Commercial Rendezvous-The  Opium Privilege Scenery of the Island-Environs of the City-The Population, Native
and Foreign-The Chinese Millionaire, Wampoa-Trade of Singapore
-The Malay Pirates-American Commerce in the Indian Archipelago
-Siam and its Exclusiveness —Efforts to Open its Trade-HIorrors of
the Coolie Traffic, &c., &c.
THEi mail steamer from Europe for China has just been telegraphed; and, as I am bound to the celestial regions by this
boat, and, as she stops but a few hours to drop the mail, my
glance at Singapore, I fear, will have to be postponed till time
and observation will allow me to do it justice.  However, I
will write on till the bell rings, and crowd as much together as
space will admit. After luxuriating in the fairy grotto scenery
of Java, and grown fat on the good living and courteous treatment one may receive there, (notwithstanding Holland acts the
miser and dog in the manger in her commerce,) the traveler
(not an Englishman) who looks at Singapore as he lands in a
fog, with a dozen Kling boatmen, as savage in appearance as
fancy can picture, taking away your baggage, and talking and
gesticulating like maniacs, an unintelligible jargon-while you
jump into a gurry, with a stout runt of a horse, and see the
syce (driver) rush off at a long, wolf-like trot, holding his gal 
A SINGAPORE HOTEL.
loping animal by a small rope, instead of mounting a coachman's
seat, like a civilized being-when you get fairly settled down in
that huge pile of ugly looking buildings, covering a good sized
farm, and known as the London Hotel, and kept in a manner
that would disgrace a landlord in the backwoods of Kansas,
where your food looks uninviting, and is brought to you at the
long, well ventilated and puncah cooling dining hall, by Asiatics
and Islanders who always seem to me to have their hands upon
their half-clad body, when you want a piece of bread, some
Malay curry, or a pineapple; and when, perhaps, your sensitiveness makes you dainty-where your boots and books get mildewed, and your brown leather trunk resembles the skin of a
Maltese cat, it has become so mouldy-where your cocoa nut
oil lamp, manufactured out of a tumbler of water, on the surface
of which a little piece of pith kept floating on the oil, by means
of bits of cork, answers for wicking, burns dimly, and you cannot get a candle-where the bowling alley and billiard room are
surrounded by the sons of the sun, and the natives, who laugh
at costume-where the labyrinth of passages, show cases and
rooms, require a man to have a compass, if he does not wish to
lose his reckoning, and get out of his proper track-I say,
when you think of your comforts and enjoyments at the Java
Hotel, in Batavia, and then experience the annoyance and confusion at the London, you will come to the conclusion that in
some things Java and Singapore are widely different.   The
Adelphi is no better, and I believe is now turned into a boarding
house; and I cannot see what it was young Marryat noticed that
was worth recommending when he published, a few years since,
that very stupid book, "Borneo and the Indian Archipelago,"
the plates in which are its only redeeming characters.
But enough of this-for why lose my temper on what I cannot
67 
OPIUM PRIVILEGE.
remedy, unless it is to recommend some enterprising American
to come out and establish a hotel worthy of so fine a city as Singapore. There is money in the trial, depend upon it, for this is
the grand central station of the entire commerce of the Eastthe half-way house between Calcutta and China, and the rendezvous of all the Dutch bound home-for I doubt much
whether they get on a mail line direct from Holland to Java for
many years.
Sir Stamford Raffles showed his good judgment and good
sense when he so energetically, and on his own responsibility,
established the colony in 1819, (which the British Government
would not acknowledge for some three years, on account of the
remonstrances of the Dutch, who saw a powerful rival in commerce springing up near their own door, as a sentinel of England
to watch the movements of the Dutch East India Company,) in
making Singapore a free port; for here you have free trade in
reality; no taxes on shipping, no pilotage, no import and export tariff, nothing but a trifling charge as light dues. I was
at a loss to see where the revenue came from; but when I remember that the celebrated opium farmer pays $15,000 a month,
or $180,000 a year, for the privilege of retailing this intoxicating drug to the natives, we see whence a part of it is derived.
This privilege is sold annually, at auction, to the highest bidder,
but Joon Tick for many years has overbid his competitors; and
notwithstanding the enormous government tax, he has made an
hnimmense fortune out of it, so extensively is opium used by all
the natives who can get a few cents to purchase it. He also
pays some $5,000 per year for selling spirits, which gives him
the monopoly of both these articles.
The government also get some $10,000 per annum quit rent,
as it is called, and derive something from the planters. The
68 
SCENERY OF THE ISLAND.
island, about sixty miles in circumference, possesses a large territory capable of cultivation; and Singapore is well placed to
command a splendid coasting and foreign trade. Our view from
the verandah of the Hotel, or from the Government House,
perched upon the mountain in the rear of the town, is most picturesque. From the latter, more especially, you have the horse
shoe resembling harbor, where the ships of all nations and every
flag, from the symmetrical model of McKay to that combination of the ark, the Mississippi flat, the old fashioned cotton tub,
and the Venetian barge-a Chinese junk, whieh Captain Kelly
showed the now traveling citizens of New York for the first
time; and occasioned that shrewd remark of the Widow Partington, "That more money would be made by taking over all
China at once than bringing it in'Juniks."   You also have the
city and the distant mountain range, and cultivated hills and
plains-the one interspersed with irregular buildings-winding
rivers made into canals that run alongside the go-downs to receive the produce into the flat boats, while the other is green
with nutmeg and spice trees, and the richest beauties of the
tropics.
The rides about the city are most delightful, and the bamboo
and rattan fence fill the eye with beauty. My excursion to
Captain Marshall's beautiful residence-near the magnificent
buildings erected by the steam company, which he has so long
been connected with-and the inspection of the grounds over
which fly the flag of the Peninsular and Oriental Company, will
not hastily be forgotten. Our syces drove us directly through
and about the several streets of the town, across the several
bridges, around the esplanade, where the native band entertain
the elite every Saturday afternoon with martial music; by the
several go-downs, over to the Chinese burial ground, so singular
69 
POPULATION, NATIVE AND FOREIGN.
ly different from other nations, where the shape of the graves
resembled the Saxon letter U, or the Omega  2, of the Greek
alphabet-passed the Malay washing ground, where these dark
beggars tear your clothes to pieces, under the plea of getting
them cleansed-we are arrived at the steam wharf, which five
years ago was a marsh, but is now covered with the most capa cious accommodations which this company possesses this side of
England. The coal sheds have at present about 20,000 tons
ready for use, and the store houses, the machine shop, the sail
loft, the cooking rooms, the several piers and the large amount
of ground do not appear to have cost so little as $80,000.
These extensive buildings were needed before the Company gave
up the Australian contract-but there is no necessity for such
an expensive establishment for the monthly mail to China-and
it is a question of doubt if they ever get another chance at
Australia.
There are but few mercantile houses in the place, and thosesome twenty-five or thirty in all-have been established for
many years, and most of which are doing an extensive business.
But, for a wonder, I find no American commission house managed
by Americans! Messrs. Bousted & Co., have a large American trade, and manage their business well. An outsider, however, would find it, for a while, up-hill work in establishing a
house where all the old firms would find it for their interest to
work against him.
I believe that the European population will not exceed three
hundred in all, but there are quite a number of half-and-half,
whose color plainly shows the offspring of the native mother and
the European father. At Malacca, the Portuguese and Dutch
have married and intermarried so long that the European blood
in that district is so degenerated as almost to be entirely lost.
70 
A CHINESE MILLIONARE.
I presume the native population will amount to about 80,000,
more than half of which are Chinamen, while all Eastern nations
have supplied the balance. Bhudists, Javanese, Arabs and
Caffres, Parsees, Bengalese and Malays, Klings and natives of
Madras, all mixed up together-all pursuing their own business
-all dressed according to the customs of their country. I believe that seventeen ancient languages and ten modern tongues
may be daily heard in the swarming streets of Singapore, to say
nothing of innumerable dialects branching out of the whole.
Dr. Yvan, a French physician, who has just published a
rambling, uninstructive work on his "Travels among the
Malays," says the Chinese portion of the town is noticed by its
"strong appearance."  I think he should have said by its strong
smell, for certainly the odor is most offensive to those not accustomed to it. Many of the Chinese merchants are immensely
wealthy. Wampoa is the millionaire of the place, and has a
most elegant residence out of town.  With h,m'tis the old story
-came into the place a beggar, and has walked steadily up the
ladder of wealth till his riches make him noted. The Malays
bring in their produce and sell to the Chinamen, and the Chinamen sells to the merchants, who fills the orders which the mail
has brought him-a continual sale and barter; no brokers can
be employed. The prahus of all the islands round about are
pouring in at all seasons, but the Chinese traders come annually
about Christmas time, and then such an excitement!   The
junks are surrounded by hundreds of boats, all anxious to trade
and meet their friends; but the new comers decline to sell or
talk business, till, with a praiseworthy trait of character, observed for ages, they have visited and repaired the graves of
their ancestors, and spent a few hours at the Joss house in
prayer. Singapore, Penang and Malacca are the dependen
71 
MALAY PIRATES.
cies over which Governor Blundel (who last year succeeded
Governor Butterworth, who was eleven years in office,) presides.
lle,however, takes his orders from the Governor-General of India, and the East India Company, who, I am told, are tired of
these possessions, as they are only an expense, and would gladly
have the British Government take them off their hands.
Ten years after the settlement, the export and import trade
amounted to $22,000,000; but seven years later, (in 1836) it
fell off to $14,000,000. Now, it is some $50,000,000, but the
State statistics are two years in the background, and I can't be
positive.
For along time in early years, the Americans had tne cream
of the native trade among the several islands. When pirates
infested the coast, and shot out from every point upon the
unsuspicious vessel, no nation was safe. It must be now some
thirty years since the Friendship, of Salem, was taken by the
robbers, and even as late as 1840 they got the Eclipse. The
American men-of-war sent out at that time to blow the towns
about the heads of the robbers may have done some good, because the British were so apathetic in those days.   But, as a
general thqng, little can be done by destroying the poor fishermen, when the princes and rajahs, and their wealthy friends indirectly are the real pirates, who fly into the mountains the
moment they are visited by a salute. How long is it since a
Rajah on the Sumatra coast took a fancy to the wife of an
English captain, who foolishly took her ashore, and carried her
away to his  larem, and refused to give her up, but notified the
war ship and her husband that the first shot fired upon the village, would be the signal to put the kris through the body of
his wife. He kept his word. The village was destroyed, but
72 
AMERICAN COMMERCE IN
the  first shot fired drew  the life from the heart of his wife.
lRomantic and true.
Spanish dollars in the hands of the enterprising merchants of
Salem-who entrusted their ventures to their still more longheaded Captains, whose natural habits of observation and tact
for so long a time, has been the means of giving America so
large a portion of this trade-these shipmasters are perfectly
familiar with their business, know foreign markets, understand
supply and demand, and the art of treating with the natives,
and carry in their head the whole history of these islands, and
the ports where you can exchange, or buy or sell.
Most of the American business in the Indian Islands is done
with "documentary bills," under letters of credit from Brown,
Shipley & Co. and Baring Brothers & Co. The captain or
agent draws at six months' sight as soon as his cargo has been
collected, packed up, stowed on board, and bills of lading signed,
and then the drafts go forward, the acceptors secured by bill
of lading, on the back of which the invoices are endorsed. As
the mail going through to England is some two months, the
owners of the cargo have the benefit of an eight months' credit,
or four months leeway, after the arrival of the property, on an
average passage of one hundred and twenty days-thus giving
them ample time to dispose of it and realize to meet the bills.
The shrewd financier, in this way-provided he possesses the
credit to get a fair start-can do any amount of business, and
make or lose a fortune by bold speculations, under good or
bad judgment.
The cargo of one of these voyages comprise, when the
articles can be had, all the products of the East. The productions most adapted to the American trade let me briefly enumerate, with such comments as strike me: —
73 
THE  INDIAN  ARCHI1PELAGO.
COFFEE. —Bags of 70 to 80 pounds net, garbled and picked
over. Bags should be clean and strong, and care must be
taken about sweating. The coffee, when collecting, is placed inll
the-go-downs to dry.   Teas that come down froml China  at
Christmas, should be free from dust, and clean leaf, and does
well often when neatly put up in papers.  Wild cinnnamon,
thin quill, well cleared from the extra bark, in bales of 100 lbs..
covered neatly with gunny bags-such packages are better than
boxes. Dragon's blood sometimes goes, but is not much used
with us. Buffalo horns, and buffalo and cow hides are frequently
shipped-the former, however, are going out of sale-as gutta
percha and India rubber are now extensively used for combs.
Heavy horns are the best, but in any case these things are too
bulky, except for dunnage; sometimes the loss in weight is from
fifteen to twenty per cent. The latter article mnust be bought
low to pay. The light horn is most liked. Cassia, nutmegs
and cloves are usually ordered. Nutmegs should be well assorted and carefully picked over, as is the case with coffee, these
sometimes loose three per cent in weight. Zanzibar can beat
these islands in the price and supply of cloves. Pepper, in strong
bags of good quality. Pearl sago and flour sago, the latter
used for sizing.  Cubebs, gum benjamin, gum danmar, tumerie
and stick lacks, are also among the drugs and dyestuffs-but
will not pay from here at present prices. I saw yesterday the
way they pack up gambier, another article largely in demand
for printing and tanning purposes with us.  Instead of the old
fashioned way of mats, where there was much waste, it is now
passed through a hydraulic press, which screws twenty hundred
weight within the compass of forty cubic foot. It is packed in
gunny bags of about a picul each.
Cutell also goes forward in limited quantities for coloring and
4 
SIAMI AND ITS EXCLUSIVENESS.
printing purposes, and India rubber has paid well, but it should
be well selected and clean. South America, however, comes in
competition.  Tortoise shell would do if the West Indies don't
feed the market; it is sometimes re-shipped. Tin is produced
in quantity, and has sold well for years; but Holland is always
ready to supply us when our prices are very high. Gambouge
is in limited demand in the American trade, and cochineal must
be very cheap to compete with Mexico or Honduras. Rattans
and deer skins, sugar and rice are among other articles; but the
latter can be beat in Carolina. I believe I have run through
most of the staples or productions which are sold in the Singapore and Penang market for the American trade.  The American business is all in the hands of a few-mostly Eastern men —
but a few ships come out on New York account.
Singapore must eventually be the greatest commercial emporium of the East-for the products of all its neighbors are poured into its lap; and here ships, as at Anjer, after passing round
both capes, continually meet. When we note the present commerce of the port, we can hardly realise that about the close
of President Monroe's administration, Singapore was only the
resort of a few Malay fisherman.
One word on Siam, ere the mail bag closes, but more of Singapore hereafter.
Like Japan, Siam has locked her outer door from the first, and
in diplomacy I should think them brothers. They have many
things we want, and we have something for them to buy in
return; but thus far, with the exception of their connection with
the East India Company, what has been done? Even the company treaties have been a burlesque. But now it is said Sir John
Bowring, in the twelve article treaty which he negotiated during
the early part of the present year, has done the hatldsome thin,g
75 
EFFORTS TO OPEN ITS TRADE.
for England. Perhaps he has; but when I remember Mr Roberts'
celebrated negotiation for the United States, (I think in 1833,
which was the means of completely shutting the trade, for no
American ship has ever loaded there since,) was a total failure.
I am not inclined to believe that the British governor will come
out any better.
Balestier, as American Envoy, tried to bring them over in
1850, but was defeated; and Sir J. Brook did no better for
England when he was sent out a few months later. The British
treaty just made will go into effect in April forthcoming-which
is the 1,218th year of the Siamese era-and we shall then see
how it works. I should like to go up with the new ambassador,
Mr. Harris, to see what he can do with the old rajahs for the
United States, but as he has not arrived, as expected, by this
boat, I must give it up.
J. R. Logan, in his elaborate journal on these countries compiled from authorities, I believe, says something about it, but
Earl's work gives little information.
The Westward Hio, Boston clipper, has just passed Anjer with
800 Coolies from Swatow to Callao, and others have and are
contimnually passing with their living freights. The days of the
African slave trade are with the past, save what the Brazilian,
and Cuban traders may be engaged in, but the traffic in human
life is not wholly abolished when we see English coal ships, Peruvian convict hulks, and American clippers, all heading towards
the west coast of South America, every square foot of space occupied by a poor devil of a Chinaman, who thinks, when he receives
a dollar in hand, to be spent in clothing, and makes a contract
to work five years at $8 per month-by paying $50 for a passage,
with all the rice they want guarantied-that he is leaving purgatory for paradise.  But when his owner puts him to work on the
76 
HIORRORS OF THE COOLIE TRAFFIC.
guano deposits, under the burning suni of the Chinchas, he will
find out how sadly he has been deceived. Read that horrible
affair of the Waverly, Boston ship, at Manilla-which you got
by the last mail. It makes me shudder to think of it, and
chills my very blood when fancy pictures the blackened, swollen
forms of two hundred and fifty human beings, the one piled on
the other; worse even than the frozen soldiers of Napoleon on
the Niemen and at Smolenski, or the startling horrors of the
Blackhole of Calcutta.
Our minister to China, Dr. Parker, and his attache, are fellow
passengers with me to Hong Kong. I wonder if he will be more
fortunate than his illustrious predecessors?
77 
CHAPTER VII.
LONDON HOTEL, SINGAPORE, Dee. 21, 1855.
More About the Coolie Trade-Numbers of American Vessels Engaged
il it-Statistical History of the Commerce of Singapore-Colonial
Budget for 1853-'54-The Press of the Island-Commercial Notes,
&C., &C.
I HAVE just mailed four packages of HERALD correspodence,
but could not pay the postage in Singapore; since which an
American captain has just arrived here, with passengers from
Swatow.  The Otranto of San Francisco, left that port on the
12th instant, having made a fine run down, with a favorable
monsoon, in eight days. He was chartered to bring down sugar
and two hundred and forty Chinamein (not Coolies,) and Capt.
Hays has given me a glance at this most unchristian trade, and
I can but be surprised, in these modern times, to notice the extent
of a traffic worse than the slave trade, because those engaged in
it give it another name. American clippers are daily leaving.
The Westward Ho, Hussy, and Bald Eagle, Capt. Treadwell, of
Boston, with about 700 each, have left; the former to Callao,
the latter to Havana. The Australia and Bona Ventura, (Chatham), with 400 each, have gone to Havana; and the Amelia, of
Boston, has sailed with 600 for Callao, while the War Hawk, a
2,000 ton clipper, with 900, was loading for the same port; and
the Winged Racer. of Boston, Capt. Gorham, was about to sail
I 
MORE ABOUT THE COOLIE TRADE.
with 700 for Havana; and several more ships were on the way
under charter. This will show you the extent of this modern
freighting business.  Messrs. Tait & Co. of Swatow, and a young
American by the name of Bradley, who is connected with that
house, are very active in getting off the ships, under Canton and
Hong Kong instructions-the Peruvian Consul managing a portion of the contract papers. The British Government forbid that
traffic from a consular port-but Swatow is out of their jurisdiction. This port offers a good anchorage inside the island to shipping, and is situate on the river Han. Captain Hays says the
examination of the passengers oil board the junks that take them
off to the ship is too revolting for description-all men over
thirty-five years old, or after they have been stripped stark
naked show the least sign of disease upon their persons are rejected, and these poor creatures, brought a long way from the
interior by ".crimps" of their own nation-who get $10 for
bringing down all of what they term healthy cattle-are turned
ashore to perish of starvation or die a lingering death by exposure. Great numbers, says Captain Hays, are seen along the
beach in this horrible state. Perhaps, he added, they are far
better off than those poor wretches who have been led to suppose they are bound to the golden regions of California or Australia, or some pleasant island in the China or Indian seas.
The moment they are passed and get on board the ship, they
have the sulks and want to go back; but no, they had crossed
the Rubicon, and must remain in the iron bondage of Cuba or
South America. Captain Gorham, of the Winged Racer, was
very much alarmed at the mutinous state of his cargo, and
flogged some sixty passengers one morning. When mutiny is
among them, the Captain credits only the interpreter, or the
one who makes the fact known. This man, therefore, has the
79 
STATISTICAL HISTORY OF
power to so misrepresent the feeling on board as to occasion
strict and harsh measures, against which they rise. The most
danger arises before they pass the land; afterwards, the boundless look of ocean and their respect for navigation, under kind
treatment, will usually keep them in their place. But since the
affair of the Waverly, and one or two other mutinous ships, the
American shipmaster can but enter upon his voyage with the
liveliest sense of danger.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Woods, the enterprising editor
of the Straits Times, I am able to add a statistical page to my
Singapore correspondence, which your East Indian Mercantile
readers will find interesting, as it contains the entire commercial
transactions of the colony from its foundation; also, a statement
bearing on the currency question. You are aware that the
East India Company are desirous of introducing the rupee and
fraction of a rupee, instead of the dollar and fraction of a dollar.
This movement meets with the warmest opposition of the merchants of Singapore, and the statistics which I now add were
compiled by order of the public meeting held at the Singapore
news-room on the 11th of August last past;
STATEMENT OF TIHE GROSS VALUE OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT SINGA
PORE AT STATED INTERVALS DURING THE LAST THIRTY-ONE OFFICIAL YEArS.
Years.                          Imports.    Exports.      Grran(d total.
1825-26.........~1,407,465   1,202,975             2,610,440
1830-31...................... 2,000,373   1,948,406       3,948,784
1835-36........         1,654,089   1,562,864      3,216,953
1840-41........          3,178,543   2,673,381     5,851,924
1845-46........         2,895,227   2,356,872      5,252,099
1850-51........         3,085,587   2,551,700      5,637,287
1854-55........         3,976,280   3,409,934      7,386,214
AMOUNT OF THE TRADE BETWEEN SINGAPORE AND COUNTRIES WHERE  THE
DOLLAR AND-.'HE RUPEE ARE RESPECTIVELY CURRENT.
The dollar is current in the following, viz: —Borneo, Celebes, China,
80 
THE COMMERCE OF SINGAPORE.
Cochin-China, Java, Rhio, and islands to the southward, Kongpoot,
Malay Peninsula, Manilla, Siam, Sumatra.
The rupee is current in the following, viz.:-Nicobars, Pegu, Rangoon,
Arracan, Calcutta, and coasts of Coromandel.and Malabar.
The trade between Singapore and dollar countries, during the last
three years was as follows:
1851-52          1852-53           1853-54
$6,838,540        7,458,875          9,649,060
7,677,688        8,036,382        11,074,622
$14,516,228        15,495,257        20,723,682
tries, during the same period, it has been thus:
1851-52           1852-53           1853-54
$3,395,525        3,540,992          4,927,382
1,991,623        1,951,016          2,297,215
$5,387,148        5,489 008          7,224,597
The treasure imports and exports, during the same period has been
as follows:
From the dollar countries,
1851-52
Imports,...,... $1,449,197
Exports,,.....   1,311,698
1852- 53
1,293,263
3,857,622
5,150,885
Total.......    $2,760,89'
From the rupee countries,
1851-52
Imports.......$32,485
Exports.......     982,871       1
Total,...........  $1,015,356
1852-53
16,558
1,047,819
1,064,377
The foregoing table was drawn up to show the amount of trade carried on between countries where the dollar and rupee were respectively
current and the port of Singapore, in order that those interested in the
question might see at a glance the preponderance of the dollar, as a
coin, over the rupee, in the dealings with the natives frequenting that
emporium, and to prove the injudicious policy of interfering with the
currency at present established.
81
Imports,...
Exports,...
Imports,....
Exports,....
1853-54
1,112,862
4,628,308
6,341,170
1853-54
883,092
189,401
1,62,499 
COLONIAL BUDGET FOR 1853-4.
The excess of trade represented by the dollar countries as compared
with the rupee provinces are as follows:1851 —52...................$..9,129,080
1852-53........................10,003,249
185354..........................13,499,085
The transactions in treasure are also in favor of the dollar, and show
a surplus, as follows:1851-52...................                $1,745,539
1852-53..................               4,086,508
185354..........................4,668,671
I also enclosed tables prepared by the same authority, giving
fractional parts of a rupee, and of the new copper currency at
the legal rate fixed by the Company, which contains too many
figures for copying.
The budget of the fiscal year!853-'4 shows ~47,697 income, and an expenditure of ~55,242, which gives a large per
centage deficit. I certainly cannot see why the Bengal government, for such a trifling amount, should wish to exchange
the currency of a colony that for thirty-six years has worked
admirably, and has become so familiarized to the 225,000 persons, comprising the native population of the provinces, the
head of which, under the East India Company, is Mr. Blundel,
the Governor.
You may wish a note of the newspaper press; let me write
off the notes which I have made: *
* The Singapore Free Press.-Editor, Abraham Logan.  Established
1833. Weekly. Subscription, $16 per annum.
Singapore Straits Times.-Weekly.  Subscription, $16 per  annum.
Editor, Robert Carr Woods, who established it in 1845, and still owns
and conducts it. Has one of Adams' (of Boston) power presses, also one
of Orcutt's. One of Hoe's power presses on its way.
The Straits Times Express for Australia is got up at the Times press.
Price, one shilling per copy.
82 
PRESS OF THE ISLAND.
From the returns made to the Department of State in January and August of the present year, I have taken a few memoranda, by permission of Charles William.Bradley, the Americaln
Consul at Singapore, whose habits of study and literary pursuits
are known to those who visit this part of the world. I may
mention that the young gentleman mentioned in the former po'tion of my letter as being engaged with others in despatching
Coolie ships from Swatow, is a son of the Consul; but so opposed is our representative to this abominable traffic he has refused to correspond with him for over a year.
The Straits Guardian.-Editor, A. Simionides.  Weekly.   Subscription, $12 per annum.
The Free Press and Guardian are printed with common hand presses.
The Straits Timnes press establishmnient comprise letter press, copperplate, and lithographic work; bookbinding in all its branches; and has
a very extensive job printing business.
The workmen consist of HIindoos, Portuguese, Chinese, Malays, Javanese and Klings (natives of the Coromandel coast) and it is most remarkable to see how well they do their work, in a language they do not
understand.
The Singapore News Room, as it is called, is the newspaper file room
of the editor of the Straits Tlimes. The room is a large one, 60 feet by
40, and contains 120 files of papers from all parts of the globe, most of
them exchanges, where I luxuriated on a complete file of the New York
Herald.  The room is well supplied with prices current, maps, &c., and
is in the centre of the commercial part of the town. Officers of ships
of war, commanders of merchant vessels and strangers (passengers) free
of charge, who arrive by the many steamers and sailing vessels constantly passing through the harbor. Here will be found files of the
Indian, China and Australian journals; also, the New York Shipping
List and Price Current, Hunt's Merchant's Magazine, which, by the
way, may be found in the commercial library of all nations, and several
San Francisco papers.
83 
COMMERCIAL NOTES.
Memoranda of notes from the State papers, some of which
points I have before touched on:-*
* 1. Singapore is a free port;'there are no other charges than the
Straits Light Dues, which are one anna, or 28 cents per registered ton
on merchant vessels. All national ships are free of this charge also.
2. Merchants' accounts are kept only in dollars and cents; but the
government offices keep their books only in rupees, annas and pice.
3. Table of Moneys.-4 pice make 1 cent; 2, cents 1 anna; 16 annas
1 rupee, (R); 100,000 rupees 1 lac; 100 lacs 1 crore.
4. Table of Weights.-Measures of capacity are rarely used, and then
only with certain articles, such as tobacco, &c., 16 taels make 1 catty,
equal to 1 lb., 5 oz., 52 grs., or 131 lb. avoirdupois; 100 catties make 1
(Chinese) picul; equal to 133~ lbs. avoirdupois; 40 (Chinese) piculs, 1
royan; 2 (Malay) piculs 1 char. The Malay catty weighs $24 Spanish,
and the Chinese catty weighs $22- Spanish. The native merchants
buys all imported produce from the islands by the Malay picul, but sell
it by the Chinese picul.
Rice is sold by the royan of 40 piculs.
Salt by the same, but weighs about 52 piculs.
Gold and silver thread by a particular catty of $36 weight.
Gold dust by the bunkal, which weighs $2, equal to 832 grs. troy.
Java tobacco is sold by the corge of 40 baskets.
Indian piece goods by the corge of 20 pieces.
Wheat and grain by the bag, containing 2 Bengal maunds-the
maund is 61' catties, equal to 82 lbs. avoirdupois.
5. Freights.hips of moderate size, say from 300 to 500 tons are
most in demand for charters. The rates at which foreign bottoms are
freighted or chartered, depend on the demand for and supply of tonnage, the sailing qualities of the vessel, and the kind of cargo to be
transported. These vary so greatly that it is impossible to give them
even approximately.
6. Commissions.-The ships of all nations, except those of the United
States, pay a uniform commission of 10 per cent, which covers all
expenses for purchasing or selling.  For "the American trade," (U. S.)
the usages are different, and are as follows -
Per cent.
Commissions on sales of goods or purchase of produce, free of
risk, either in sales or on advances on produce....
84
21 
COMMERCIAL NOTES.
My passage ticket from Singapore to Shanghai, in the Madras, is $234, including wines and spirits, which, by the way, in
this case are expensive, as I have to pay, for what I never take.
My board bill at the London is $3 per day, and such accommodations!
I hope the statistics which I have given you-which have
cost me some trouble to obtain —will make this postscript to my
Singapore correspondence interesting.
(Both these are guarantied for an extra 2i per cent, or 5 per cent.
in all.)
Negotiating bills of exchange;...............,            1
Interest on moneys advanced, at, per annum......12
Ships disbursements...............    2-2L
Added to these expenses are boat and Coolie hire, and warehousingthe charges for which, being governed by circumstances, differ widely.
7. Sales and purchases.-Sales of imports are effected in the usual
mannel', by private arrangement with the buyer.  Few articles of
import are cleared by public auction.
Purchase of cargo outward.-This is done by private contract, (never
at public sales,) by the house to which the master of the vessel is consigned; the said house buying the goods from the natives, or, more
generally, from the Chinese dealers, who are the "first hands."
Terms of purchase.-These are, first, cash; or second, confirmed
credits from well known houses, either in London or Liverpool.
8. Exchagyes.-The true par of exchange between the United States
anid this port cannot be determined. The most just approximation is
to add to the Singapore rate of exchange on London the current premium of New York drafts on London, plus 2 a 4 per cent.
9. Wages. —With regard to the rate of wages in the various branches
and occupations of labor, and of personal service in the business of
commerce and trade, only a few instances can be specified:  Bookkeepers, mercantile assistants or clerks, from $500 to $3,000 per
annum.
85 
CHAPTER VIII.
HONG KONG, Dec., 31, 1855.
Departure from Singapore-Steaming in the Chinse Seas-Pleasures
of Traveling with an Opium Cargo-Distinguished Passengers-a Man
Overboard-Appearance of Hong Kong-Volcanic Aspect of the Isl  and-Its Political History-.Impolicy of the Measures Adopted in San
Francisco towards Chinese Emigrants-The Lions of Hong Kong, &c.
MY last batch of letters was mailed at Singapore, giving
notes on that island of the English, Siam, Java and Japan, and
nlow I propose to take you with me to and about iong Kong.
The Madras steamed out on the afternoon of the 21st of December, giving us a fine view of thie picturesque harbor of Singapore, completely locked in by beautiful highlands, covered with
Indian foliage; and in ten days time we brought our boat to her
anchorage in the land locked harbor of Hong Kong.   If our passage up is a fair specimen, these head monsoons are not half
as formidable as I have always supposed-any one who has encountered the fierce northwesters in the North Atlantic, in a
packet ship laden with iron below and passengers between decks,
in mid-winter, will not be apt to complain of the head winds of
the China seas —barring, of course, that much dreaded monster,
a typhoon, whose acquaintance I hope I shall not form while
cruising in these waters.  I believe the passage has been made
at this season of the year in seven days.  I was disquieted to 
STEAMING IN TIHE CHINESE SEAS.
find that the agent at Bombay had filled several of the cabin
state-rooms with opium, which accounted for the passengers all
being huddled together three or four in a state-room.   Mly
room I shared with two others, and the rest were no better off.
But what is the use of complaining?  This company will do as
they please, so long as they hold the monopoly. Fifteen dollars
a chest for opium counts up when you can get a full manifest.
By the by, the Hong Kong paper in anouncing the arrival of
our Steamer, satirically observes —among the Passengers were
the Lord Bishop of Victoria and the Rev. Dr. Parker-also
Twenty-five hundred chests, of opium.
I would not have said a word about the room had it not been
for the sickening smell of the drug. Go where you would you
could not escape its stupefying influence, down below or on deck,
in your state-room or at the dinner table, the continual nauseating smell of opium gave you the headache and the blues, to say
nothing of keeping your eyes half closed when you did not care
to sleep. Every boat, from the first, has brought more or less,
and having the trade mostly in their own hands they care little
whether passengers are pleased or not. We must however, admit
we are much indebted to this enterprising company for connecting the European with the Indian and China seas with such a
splendid list of steamers. They have succeeded admirably, and
deserve all they have gained, well managed in every respect but
filling up the cabin with cargo, an objection which passengers are
apt to growl at. Our table was most creditable, and the officers
and crew did their work in man-of-war style. Lascars and Manilla men, but few Europeans are found in the steamers on this
side the line. These boats do not carry bands, as is the case with
the Australian clippers under mail contract, but an Indian drum
and fife gave the hour for meals, instead of the booming of a gong.
87 
A MAN OVERBOARD.
On Sunday the Bishop of Victoria, our fellow passenger had
services on board, attended by most of us. In 1847 he published
a work on China, which was well prepared for the mission department, and from what I have read it is a work of merit.
Save the falling overboard of one of our Indian crew, our passage was void of incident; but such an occurence you will readily
suppose occasioned much  excitement.   I heard a splash in the
water-a most unearthly yell-and the black head of the sailor
was floating some rods astern, for our boat was moving ten knots
through the water; to throw overboard a life buoy, a settee and
the log line reel, was the work of an instant, and then came, stop
her, and the lowering of the ship's boat; all was in the most
perfect order, yet the screeching of the Lascars was wild in the
extreme. Before the boat got under way the man's head could
be only seen with the spyglass, and men were stationed in the
rigging so as not to lose sight of him. After an hour's delay and
all on the alert to save the live of a fellow creature, although
his nation and his skin were not our own every one of us on the
tiptoe of excitement, the boat returned to the ship with the
welcome news that life was still left, and the poor fellow jumped
upon the deck with an alacrity that spoke of gratitude and thankfiulness. Such events create no little stir and noise on shipboard,
and are always journalized as one of the changes of the traveler.
Approaching the islands near Hiong Kong, the fishing boats begun to heave in sight, and before we got in we saw great inuinber, always two in company, with a drag-net between them.  I
am surprised that these boats are not oftener run down at sea,
for like mosquitoes, they cannot be numbered.
After leaving the garden land of Java, where all nature keeps
an everlasting holiday, of never ceasing foliage and flowers, the
high mountainous scenery of the islands chills one with its contin
88 
APPEARANCE OF HONG KONG.
ual sameness. The season of the year may give it its present sombre look, but certainly the barren hills and uncultivated, uninteresting appearance of the approaches to Hong Kong do not by
any means prepare the stranger for the agreeable surprise that
awaits him as he passes Green Island and finds himself directly
before the town, made most interesting by its strikingly original
and novel appearence. Resembling a half-circle the buildings
stretch out some four or five miles on either side of the bay, going
back from the water's edge as far as the mountains will admit,
one building above the other; but those at the base of the mounltains have a most commanding view of the entire bay, covering
quite a fleet of shipping, including at the present time several
men-ofwar, and entirely overlook the several European buildings,
and the thousand and more Chinese tenements of the town, while
the long range of hills, extending far away on both sides, though
rock and sand abound, add interest to the picture. The place
is easily sketched, and the Chinamen have made several good
pictures of it.
Some of the hills do not look unlike the auriferous lands on the
Balarat, and evidently have more or less gold beneath their surface. Looking out from the palace residence of mine host who
although young in years ranks among the leaders of the China
trade which stands on the highest building land in the place, the
bay seems entirely land-locked, and in going out and coming in
the town springs up before you directly behind the island which
you pass, while the mountains back of the house show up with
fearful height, although the highest peak is but 1,825 feet.
The whole appearance of the country thus far has a volcanic
appearance, and if more foliage was scattered along its sur.face, some of the Australian coast scenery strongly would resemble it. Hong Kong unmistakably bears the mark of progress,
89 
ITS POLITICAL IIISTORY.
and the traveler ill overlhauling its history is surprised to find that
sixteen years only ago it was nothing but a miserable fishing vil lagec, where a few poor nativos, with their nets, and tillage of the
soil, found scanty sustenance. These seas, on every side, are full of
such islands, most of which are studded with little smoky uniii viting dwellings, many of which are the resort of pirates, who are
ready to pounce down on any unfortunate craft that may get dis abled near their rendezvous.  The island was ceded to the Eng lish in 1841, Kichlan acting for the Emperor, and Elliot for the
Queen; but through the wirelpuLlling of Kichan's rival at the im perial court Commissioner Lin, the negotiations were thrown up,
and Kichan was disgraced. This high officer was a man of great
talent, and although he never recovered the good will of his master and his cabinet, his abilities were found of utility, and he
was sent to the capital of Thibet Lhassa where MAoorcroft, the
celebrated English traveler, lived for so many years, and to
whose talent and industry we are indebted for the very able
charts of the country thereabout.
Kitchan, Hue says was a fine looking man, about 60 years of
age, and in the interviews with him at the court, before he was
banished from Tartary, he seemed to feel much soured about his
treatment regarding the treaty, and showed much interest in
talking of the Western nations. Fear of the white man, and
recollection of his past disgrace, no doubt, was the cause of his
treatment to the Catholic missionary who has given us such a
romantic and highly interesting account of his return directly
through the empire. The war it will be remembered, which had
been smoldering since the violent proceedings of 1834, which hastened Lord Napier's death, broke out with energy in 1829, when
the seizure of opium belonged to British merchants, some 23,283
chests, which Lin destroyed with quick lime, and the insulting
90 
DESCRIPTION OF HONG KONG.
way with which he treated the merchants, caused the great destruction of human life, the knocking down of all their coast forts
and the final treaty of Nankin, which opened up the Cinque Ports,
and again gave the English Hiong Kong; and once getting a
foot-hold, in spite of all obstacles of position and climate, with
that indomitable perseverance which characterizes the Anglo
Saxon race.  The English have changed the Lilliputian fishing
town to another Singapore; for there are about the same number
of Chinaamen and orientals at each port.  The fifteen hundred
poverty stricken men of 1840 have grown to sixty or seventy
thousand; and now many of the better class of Chinamen are
beginning to invest their capital, and have a branch establishment at this port, although Canton is still the favorite place,
owing to long established custom, for the Chinese merchant. In
1845 there were but 25,000, and ten years hence I should not
be surprised to find a population of 250,000 Chinamen.
The island is twenty-six miles in circumference, nine miles long
and eight broad; and Victoria, the colony township, branches
off to the right and left about three miles each way; and as the
buildings increase it must still continue to add to its present Boomerang shape, for there is no back ground to build upon, for the
mountains overhang the city in such frightful proximity that one
is inclined to mistrust Newton's theory of gravitation. The shock
of an earthquake, excessive heat or cold, a heavy freshet, or
some natural convulsion or other, would be apt to occasion a land
slide that would somewhat astonish the residents below, whose
only chance would be in the summit of the mountain, on the falling rocks leaping over their heads on to the shipping of the bay.
Notwithstanding my friends laughed at me for the suggestion,
in such an event as I have mentioned I had just as live be anywhere else just at that particular time. Robert Elmes, who pub
91 
IMPOLICY OF THE MEASURES
lished a work of foreign travel, in 1853, says very truly, that
Hong Kong is no more China than Gibraltar is Spain, but, like
the European rock., is a sort of oasis of English houses and customs in the midst of semi-barbarism. I would sooner see a resemblance in Singapore, and call it the Liverpool of China, where
ships and steamers are continally anchoring, placing a large floating population in the place, and the grand centre of all the ports
of this part of the world, visited by many whalemen and men-ofwar, of all nations, and the resort of most ships seeking freights,
and in still stranger likeness on account of its being the centre
of emigration, and must so continue-all the passenger ships to
Australia and California headed from this port, and as soon as
those countries remove the hasty and injudicious tax which the
astute legislators of the gold regions placed upon the Celestials,
-an error which they will soon be taught to see before many
months pass round, Hong Kong, (the island of fragrant streams,
as the natives term it in their beautiful descriptive language,)
will once again shoot ahead with a velocity that may naturally surprise some of her Northern neighbors.
I can imagine nothing more unwise, just at this particular
time, when both England and America are desirous of getting
a firmer foot-hold with this wonderful people, whose industry
puts to shame many of the Western countries, than the thoughtless hurrying through of the restrictive, or rather say the prohibitory bills relating to the Chinese, which went into operation
both in Melbourne and San Erancisco last year. From what I
can observe, the only way to make a favorable impression is by
simply doing what we force them to do —namely, open our doors
to their industry and give them a chance to note our mode of
life upon our own soil, as we do theirs. I cannot understand
with what degree of reason we urge them to more liberal com
y Y, 
ADOPTED IN SAN FRANCISCO.
mercial regulations, when our example shows a dog in the man ger surliness worthy of a more barbarous age.   Under  the
belief that the law is unconstitutional, several ships are heading
towards San Francisco to test the law —and some ten or
twelve vessels are now up for Adelaide, the passengers of which
are all bound overland, and across the border to the gold fields
of Victoria; one colony receiving an extensive trade in ships'
disbursements and passenger outfits; what the other in a moment of short-sighted legislation has lost. The only way now
for both Eldorados is to repeal the restrictive act-open wide
the door to the hard working Chinaman, and pass some healthy
regulations for their guidance when they arrive in great num —
bers, which would not only keep them from interfering with the
white man's labor, but would be also protection for them.
There are thousands upon thousands ready to embark, but hesitate on hearing of the way in which their countrymen have been
treated in California. Ship after ship has lately come in from
Australia, with those who have become suddenly rich —for even
a few ounces is a gold mine with a people who use a coin containing some sixteen hundred pieces to a dollar.  Such  an arrival
creates great excitement in a Chinese town, and as it was with
us in the inland cities, when a successful Californian returneda half thousand were sure to take his place. I cannot see any
harm in allowing them full range, for it is well known that a
few white men will keep down any number of Chinese.  Look at
Java and Singapore, and even at Hong Kong. Why, the merchants here would scout the very idea of danger if there were a
thousand times the population. I wish you would take up the
question with a few of your bold editorial remarks, and deal
with it upon its merits. It is a most important subject, and
deserves more attention than it has received —-and if the fHerald
93 
PROMI-NENT BUILI,DINGS.
will take it by the hand and look over the facts in the case, a
change will be brought round that will do more for the Chinese
and the shipping world, than. all the treaties and commissioners
which could be stowed away in a man-of-war.
The government of iong Kong is not very complicated, consisting only of the Governor, Sir John Bowring, the Lieutenant
Governor, Chief Justice, and Council of five. The Governor, I
believe, is also head of the entire official staff in China, being
Superintendent of the British trade at the Cinque Ports-thus
having full control over British subjects and British ships in
the China seas. The present Governor and Dr. Parker seem
to be inclined to pull together in opening up, if possible, a more
enlarged commerce with this conservative people.
The city has a most uneven look-sone house above the other,
and some of the streets running up the mountain are very steep,
and make the Coolies tug and pull till they are glad to put down
their chair when at their journey's end. Some of the buildings
are well made and elegantly furnished, the merchants living at
their ease, a11 apparently enjoying this world's goods. Many of
the Canton houses have lately established a branch here, on
account of the rebellion throwing a damper over that province,
and also to take their chance at the Chinese exodus, some of the
charters having paid splendidly. The most prominent buildings
which I noted were the Government House, the Bishop's College,
where his lordship has a Chinese school, a Chinese chapel and
a Chinese printing office, and as I passed through he showed me
a noble little Chinese boy-his namesake and godson. Many of
the children were most intelligent in their features, and when the
Bishop came into the room all rose with marked respect from
their lessons.
The buildings of the several school and mission societies, the
94 
THE CLUB HOUSES.
hospital, the church and the club, together with many of the
merchants' princely establishments, are the most prominent ob jects as you look from the bay. All China among foreigners,
are looking forward to the races on the 19th, and the Arab and
Australian horses are being trained to win the cup. Happy
Valley, I believe, the Chinese have named the ground. East
Point is a most beautiful place, and I was much pleased with
the urbanity of the princely merchants there, who seem to be
entirely by themselves, all the other buildings being a long way
this side. Even Spring Gardens is quite a walk, but well repays you for going down on that side of the bay; small patent
slips and projecting piers-some of stone, others of bamboo; a
good government road for some way round the island; well
cleaned streets, two of which run horizontally through the town.
On the Western Point you will find the military establishments,
the barracks and storehouses, all showing comfort and convenience and military superintendence.   Quite a large population
live in their boats in the bay —men, women and children —an
entire family crowded together in a pile at the end of the boat.
These boats are always ready to take you off from the ship for
a litle cash, but a quarter of a dollar is a good day's work for a
famnily that can live on a bowl of rice.
The club house is most creditable to the place, and the stranger
not caring for the hotel is most comforably off if introduced by
any of his friends who may be members.   A good library and
all the English periodicals are on the tables and in the book case;
and good chow chow, good beds and good attendance can be
purchased for about $3 per day; but in China most gentlemen
are irmmediately taken possession of by those who may be known
to them, and then, of course, you make their house your home.
Not to have a spare bed or two for the new comer would be
95 
HONG  IKONG CRIES.
considered contrary to the establiished usage of the land. You
cannot but feel the greatest possible interest to witness the untiring industry of this race so little known among Western nations.  Women and men, and sometimes even little children, are
hard at work making combs, trunks or shoes, some chopping up
meat, others arranging their vegetables; now a party of masons
erecting a bamboo stage, and then a chain gang grading the
hill under the point of the Hlindostanee soldier's bayonet; coolies carrying water, an enormous load; sedan chairs borne by
two or four; boys hawking about candies and sweetmeats; boatmen and house servants coming and going, all dressed in that
pecular national blue, wide trowsers and Blucher jacket, and
their long tail either wound about -their head or trailing down
behind.  The streets of iHong Kong offer a thousand reflections
to those who have never been thrown in contact with the Celestial race.
96 
CHIAPTER IX
CANTON, Jan. 4, 1856.
First Impressions of Canton-The Boatwomen of the Port-Chinese Bloo mers-New Year's CallsThe Lions-The Clubs-Chinese Lingo Political Restraints-Commerce of Canton-The Parsees of the Fac tories, &c.
ANOTHER port has been struck off my visiting list, for I have
sent you my impressions of Hong Kong, and for the last few days
have been roaming about this highly interesting place, the ne plus
ultra of my early ideas of the East. Leaving Hong Kong in
one of the several steamers that daily ply up and down the river,
ten hours good work carried us by the Bogue forts, whose formidable front looked grim death to the intruder, but which, notwithstanding, were knocked about the guards' heads and ears
when the English turned their shot towards them; by the several pagodas, reaching high in air; by the legion of boats, and
barren mountains and hills, but cultivated valleys, on the river's
banks; by the rice fields, the lichee groves and the banyan forest;
by the Wampoa reach, the shipping, the well arranged docks,
and the few foreign houses there; by the countless junks and
lorchas, and vessels of every possible shape and rig-odd and
strangely picturesque-till the factories burst upon us from behind the garden forest trees, where the English, the French and 
CANTON BOAT-WOMEN.
the American flags were floating side by side in the most friendly
and neighborly manner, as they should always do.
At last I am in sight of Carton, the grand capital of China
trade, where heads of houses most do congregate-where money
is obtained from wealthy Chinamen, middle-men, brokers, &c.,
who get it from bankers in the interior-where orders are given
to the houses and agents up and down the coast where wires are
pulled-ecret expeditions fitted out-teas and silks and imports
are talked on an extensive scale-where so many merchants have
made in a few years of active labor fortunes in the trade, and
where hospitality abounds and kind attentions are showered
upon the stranger. Yes, this far-famed Canton, known to every
school-boy, and every young merchant who ever learned to talk
ship-Canton, the centre of all Eastern exchange, the grand
bourse of Chinese Asia.
The cabmen of Albany-the hack drivers of Montreal-the
kling boatmen of Singapore, must retire in favor of the boatwomen that came near smothering our boat in order to get a fare
to the pier; such an infernal yelling and jabbering, pulling and
hauling, rowing and sculling, screeching and gesticulating, can be
found no where else. Why, it is enough to drive one into a lunatic asylum. It ought not to be tolerated, for sometimes it is positively dangerous when the tide is running a perfect sluice. Some
of the women are very comely, and in their peculiar Bloomer
costume and strikingly original style of head dress, you can but
be attracted. As in Hong Kong, twenty-five cents is all they
expect for rowing ashore a boat load. After paying in some
cases from $10 to $15 in Melbourne, I really felt ashamed to give
the girls here so little; but I was cautioned against introducing
bad habits by giving them more. These poor creatures live entirely upon the river, and how I cannot tell, for in the vicinity
98 
THE CLUBS OF CANTON.
of Canton there must be at least from 50,000 to 60,000. A
tvphoon or a fire, I should think, would completely sweep them
away, for they lie huddled together like so much firewood.
Arriving on New Year's morning I was most fortunate; for,
in accordance with our time-honored custom, calls were being
exchanged, and I was just in time to pay my respects and wish
the pleasent returns of the year to the eighteen European, English and American ladies then in Canton, whose cordial welcome is most pleasant to remember. Beautiful houses, large
and commodious, all joined together, or only separated by a small
alley-way splendidly furnished, and none without engravings or
pictures; fancy Chinese ornaments, and specimens of every kind
of Chinese ingenuity met your gaze, and every thing seemed fresh
and new to me-all different from the Western world. The new
comer delivers his letters, and calls upon those whose acquaintance he wishes to make; and then, if properly introduced,
come attentions on every side. My home is delightful and my
kind entertainer makes me feel that during my stay in Canton
his house is mine. He has done a large business in his day and
I think him one of the most industrious men I ever saw. Breakfasting, tiffing, dining, excursion parties to the White hills, to
the ionan temple, the Parsee gardens, the curiosity shops, music in the evening, or bowls, or billiards, or books, or papersyou may take your choice; but your time will soon fly away
among a people who only try to anticipate your wants and pleasure. The billiard room and bowling alley are private clubs,
well managed and well attended; good tools to work with and
Chinese markers. At the reading room you may find books and
papers, and all the printed gossip of the day, as at the Hong
Kong Club.  You can soon do up the lions of the place, after,
you have gone round the walls of Canton and run the risk of.
:,t  
99 
CHINESE PAGODA.
getting your nose punched by a bamboo for your boldness in
looking in the gate. After you have looked into the shops in old
and new China streets, walked round the factory garden, where
foreigners are allowed the entire space of about 800 feet in
length by 120 deep, for trees and plants, a church, a lodge and
benches, and paths, for public promenade and nothing more, and
you have been once all round to see whom you may know, and
in one weeks' time most likely you know them all, for knowing
one it secures the entree to the rest. After you have been through
the hongs, and go-downs seen the tea prepared for shipment, and
the way it is got up, and talked with some of the Chinese mer     bchants who insist upon your taking with them a cup of tea with     out milk or sugar, the grounds in. the cups, each made expressly
for each person; after you have chin-chinned several of theso
Hiong merchants and heard them expound commercial affairs;
after you have been over the Dutch Folly, the pavilion of the fire
genii, the Lyre pagoda at Whampoa; the wonderful gardens     wonderful because so singular and novel; after you have seen
the duck-hatching up the river, where the young ducks are tra     ced in all their stages; after you have been to the White hills
on your Chinese pony, or carried up by your Chinese coolie, in
your Chinese chair, and looked down upon the city of Canton,
with its 124 temples and halls, pavilions and pagodas; after
you have perfectly satisfied your curiosity by looking at the
flower boats and gazing at the beautiful specimen of Chinese
frailty so fantastically dressed; after you have seen all these,
you will have a right to say that you have killed all the lions of
Canton.  It takes but a short time to run through the list, and
when once seen it is time to go over  the ground a second
time.
' The city of Canton is about one thousand years old, but no
* ee
100 
CHINESE LINGO.
foreigners have ever had the entree to its enterior.  Notwithstanding the treaty provides for going into Canton, by diplomacy and intrigue, the Chinese officials have managed'o break
faith, and keep out all outsiders.   How much longer this will
last remains to be seen.  The foreign population of the Hongs
occupy about fifteen acres of land, none of which can be owned
by the residents. Some of the Hongs rent for $4,000, and so on
down to $1,200 per annum. In 1822 most of these buildings
were destroyed by fire. The residents are called factors; hence
the name factories. On every side of you, Pigeon English-that
horrible jargon of multilated baby talk which custom has made
law-meets you.   From boatwomen to shopmen-house boy to
compradore-you hear nothing else. I endeavored to get a
copy of Hamlet's soliloquy, which was translated into Pigeon
English, but I have failed to do it. I can only remember its
commencement.
"To be or not to be" reads: "Can-no can." Send for your
hat,and this would be the style: "Go top side-sabe-that hat
-pay my." A noise is heard in an adjoining street; the cause,
says the servant, is "Chiney woman have catchy one piece bull
chilo." In other words, it would read: "Mrs. Pigtail of a boy."
I called upon some ladies; boy returns: "No man can see," intimating probably that they were not at home. For "yes," read
"can do." "]How many to dinner this evening?" My boy promptly replies: "Four piece man-two piece missie." Of course I
have laid in a good stock of Chinese presents; I should be considered the veriest barbarian did I not. I have been through all
the shops buying sandal-wood fans and card cases, ivory chess
men and whist counters, purses and boxes, studs and Jade stone,
bronze ornaments, bamboo work, carved necklaces and walnuts,
and bracelets and rings, silver and copper ornaments, and a thou
101 
COMMERCE OF CANTON.
sand other little notions which will soon reduce your loose cash,
especially where your sovereign or pound sterling is worth but
$4. It makes a wide difference in ones finances.
Since the rebellion, Canton has been very inactive, and its sister
ports-younger in experience, younger in commerce, younger in
years-are gradually taking away her prestige. Foo Chow is
getting the black teas, while Shanghae takes the silks in large
quantities, and the green teas, but Canton, nevertheless, has the
wealth, the capital, the headwork, the experience and the exchanges; she is still hard to beat, and may yet be able to hold
her head as high as her northern branches. We must wait. I
was much surprised to find such battalions of Parsees promenading in the factory gardens, all speaking understandable
English. These high turbaned merchants are taking off the
best share of the opium trade; and now a clipper steamer, the
Lightning, plies between Calcutta and Cumsing-moon-opium
and advices her only "pigeon." Some of the names of these men
seemed to have been given them purely for the amusement of the
Western merchant, for they have a strange sound, mixing up
common and uncommon names, scriptural and sectional. My
few days' visit has gone, I can hardly tell where, but to-morrow
I am bound to the north, and my next chit-chat you may expect
from Shanghae or Foo-Chow-Foo.
102 
CHAPTER X.
ON BOARD PACIFIC AND ORIENTAL STEAMER ERIN,
Off the Yang tze Kang, Shanghae, China,
January 11, 1856.
Trip along the Coast-ea  Shore  Scenery-Villages, Fortifications,
Mountains and Temples-The Hong Kong and Shanghae Steamers
-Their Profits, Specie Lists and Cargo-A Mandarin and his Suite  Coolie Trade of Swatow -The British Attack on the Pirates-Des peration of the gang.
MY trip along the coast is comparatively bare of incident.
For hundreds of miles the sterility and barrenness of the huge
mountains of yellow sand and surf beaten rock chilled the eye by
its very bleakness, and its monotony increased the cheerless and
inhospitable look of Chinese nature, as seen along the shore.
Occasionally a fishing village, black as the hills about it, a fortification more like a sand ridge than a defense; a pagoda towering high in the air, representing the ancient faith of Bhudah
romantic because so old, and interesting as it is romantic, and
strange as it is interesting; a convoy of trading junks at anchor
in a rock-bound bay-perhaps a mountain more fertile than its
neighbors, as we neared Shanghae, cultivated to its very summit
-perhaps some of these changes would timidly show themselves
to relieve an excursion otherwise tame for lack of incident and
cold with continual sameness; a noble steamer, a quick passage
against the N. E. monsoon, a jovial, good natured captain, agree 
HONG KONG AND SAHNGHAE STEAMERS.
able officers, a well spread table, and a most companionable list
of passengers-representing the young of modern nations, and a
crew whose dress, so very odd, each unlike the other, and whose
language differing from the rest, told plainly of ancient manners
and ancient tongues-all these things and many others are in
my mind, and will serve to keep the good ship, Erin, her noble
commander, Captain Jameson, and the pleasant acquaintances
formed on board, a long time in the memory, for such recollections, when far away from home, are hard to be forgotten. I
was in hopes that our steamer would make a morning call at
the several commnercial ports along the coast, but it seems that
it is not now. the custom, for the Erin and Lady Mary Wood
make no stoppages, as they run their time from HIong Kong to
Shanghae with the monthly overland mail, in from five to nine
days, according to the monsoon.  These are paddle wheel boats,
of about 280 horse power each, the former 532 tons register,
the latter but 296 exclusive of engine room. Judging from our
freight list of $17,000, for six days duty, the company must be
coining money on this track, now that coal can be bought laid
down in Hiong Kong, for 30s. per ton. We are full of passengers fore and aft, and the smell of opium tells at once the nature
of our cargo Boats.
The large Bombay and Ganges, formerly here, are now on
the India route, and they, too, I am told, are clearing handsome
dividends. Verily, this Eastern company have it all their own
way, and laugh atcompetition. For who can oppose enterprise
backed by capital? Nothing surprised me more than to find that
the European passengers were obliged to sleep three in a room,
or wait for the next boat, on account of most of the best staterooms being occupied by a Chinese Mandarin of some note, judging from his extensive suite.  One of his attach6s spoke French
104 
BRITISH ATTACK ON THE PIRATES.
with a Parisian accent, but his English —disgraceful to those
who taught him-was of the broken China, school.  These men
are bound to Shanghae on some government duty, and speak
good breeding in their quiet, unassuming and respectful manners. They are far diffierent from the Coolies who have dropped down among us in Australia-as different as the Irish
porter and his lordly master.   This trade, Captain Jameson
tells me, is fast upon the increase, and such intercourse combined
with a more liberal policy on the part of the Australian and
Californian legislatures, in permitting emigration, will do more
to open China to the world's commerce than the poisonous Indian
drug, the hoarse booming of British cannon, or the persevering,
never tiring, but unsatisfactory labors of the foreign missionary.
Yes, I much regret that the other N,ankin treaty ports are not
in our way; but as it is, I must give them up, and content myself
by looking at the entrance of the bays and rivers and over the
hills that overlook the towns of Amoy, Foo-Chow and Ningpo,
unless I can call on my return. Swatow is not a consular port,
but nevertheless a place become notorious for the extent of its
most extraordinary, because so strangely peculiar passenger
trade to Havana and Callao, about 180 miles from Hong Kong,
was just in our track, and the towering masts of some dozen sail
told us of the safe anchorage for which tat place is known. The
Chinese are still carrying on their extensive junk trade of taking
sugar to Shanghae and Ningpo; but since the rebellion, causeing such extensive piracy along the coast, freight ships are now
more or less profitably employed in the trade, notwithstanding
the severe lesson which Captain Vansitthard in her Majesty's
brig Bittern, on the 18th of Sept, last, so gallantly taught the
pirate fleet by boldly beating his war ship through a dangerous
and never before surveyed channel among the islands, directly into
105 
DESPERATION OF THE GANG.
the pirates' stronghold, who, with no ordinary skill, had brought
the range of their entire fleet upon the narrow pass, but not with
sufficient knowledge to withstand the impetuous broadside which
sent their war junks to the bottom or flying in the air-a brave
deed, which was so appreciated by the Chinese merchants of
Shaughae, that a subscription of some $40,000 was raised as a
token of esteem for the man and crew who were so bold as to
conquer so desperate a band, and which should bring promotion
from the British government.   Notwithstanding this victory,
and others not so noted, and a large war fleet continually in
these waters, piracy is feared by the steamboat and the sailing
ship, and every precaution is taken by the one at anchor or the
other when becalmed.
Night before last, not considering it prudent to run out into
the stiff head sea and current, our captain brought the steamer
to anchor, close in to some islands near the shore, but muskets
and cutlasses were paraded on deck, and revolvers loaded, to
prevent the night attack of desperate pirates, who, believing
that dead men tell no tales, leave none to tell the story. These
men never allow themselves to be taken if possible, and at the
time that the steamer Canton was cruising with the Columbia
among the islands in- search of the American bark Coquette,
some six years since, after boldly defending their ground inch
by inch, the pirate chief, with joss light, rushed into the magazine, and, with his own hand, launched himself and robber
gang upon the dark waters of eternity, for the fragments of
the wreck were all the captors could secure. With such
damnable citizens of pandemonium continually hovering around
the tempest tossed mariner, I can only congratulate myself
that my fortune has not been cast among the cold, uncomfortable navigation of the Chinese coast.
106 
CHAPTER XI.
SHANGHAE, Jan. 18, 1856.
Arrival at Woosung-Anticipating the Mails-The Opium Trade Adventure in the Chinese Seas-The Missionary Establishments
The Foreign settlements at Shanghae-Ingenuity of the Chinese
Mechanics-Interior Life of the Hongs-The Streets of a Chinese
City-Model Baths and Washhouses-Opium Dens-A Joss House  A Chinese Tribunal-Charitable Institutions-Club Houses, &c., &e.
HAD I listened for a moment to the observations made by
many of my friends at Hong Kong and Canton, I should have
lost the opportunity of visiting this important port of Chinese
trade, for invariably, more especially by those who had never
been to the northward, I.heard the remark among Southern
merchants, "You will see nothing worth noting at Shanghae;"
but my reply was, it was on my tourist list, and I was bound
to go there and judge for myself. Need I say that I have been
amply repaid for the trip, by what I have seen, gives me a
better idea of the traits and customs of this highly interesting
people in a single day than I could have learned in months at
Canton. Arriving here a week ago, my time has gone instructively in ranging through every hole and corner in and about
Shanghae-over rice fields in the neighborhood, and through
many of the boats and junks-lorchas and native craft in the
river. Although the Chinese here speak another dialect, and 
ANTICIPATING THE MAILS.
the men are much more athletic, they are, to all intents and
purposes, the same, only another phase of this prolific peopleless piratical, less enterprising, less inclined to sneer at foreigners, but nevertheless ready to benefit themselves by improving
their condition in working for them. But before I run ahead
of my time, let me keep up the connecting link of my correspondence, for I dropped it at the mouth of the Kang-tze-Kang,
when making a note of my trip up the coast.
About ten o'clock on the morning of the 12th, the Erin
came to anchor at Woosung, a small village about eleven miles
from the port where the shipping generally anchor and wait for
orders; but in this case our steamer only stopped to land her
cargo of opium into one of the several receiving ships in the
river, where the captains dispose of it by selling to the Chinamen who come off:to purchase, or deliver it on orders from the
merchant in town, who has generally received his pay in advance. The moment our boat stopped her paddle wheels, the
captains of the opium ships came on board to get the letters for
their respective firms, all of which had been assorted by the
purser and were spread out upon the table. These, of course,
are the loose letters dropped in the late mail bag, and those
brought up in the hands of passengers. The regular mail goes
up in the captain's gig, while these letters are taken ashore and
sent post haste to town by pony speed, thus getting two or
three hours in advance of the others; and when news of great
importance is at hand, a carrier pigeon whistles over the distance, and a few minutes, instead of a few hours, announces the
change of markets.
I find at Woosung that there are six opium ships, all full
rigged, well manned, and heavily armed-all British, and all
well stocked with the intoxicating Indian poison-whose suffo
108 
ADVENTURE IN THE CHINESE SEAS.
eating, sickening smell, as I went on board one of them, gave
me a head sea nausea, and an aching of temples which did not
leave me during the day. Long usage may accustom those on
board to endure the disagreeable sensation, but the novice is
glad enough to get away.
Captain de Bushee, of the Ann Welch, takes charge of the
letters for the American firms, and the masters of the Emily
Jane, the Folkstone, Nimrod, Swallow and Sea Horse, came
for their respective houses and friends.  These men all seem to
enjoy this semi-piratical mode of life-defrauding the Chinese
revenue-and some of them have been here for many years, and
are much respected by the community. Depriving themselves
of none of this world's goods, and always keeping open house,
the captains of the opium ships are too generous not to be jolly
— too independent not to be good-natured.  If not at Woosung, at some of the other ports, these men can entertain you
for hours in relating some of the most thrilling adventures that
owe their origin to the haphazard life of the China seas.  For
more than a century, the coast has been active with a pirate
horde, and whenever an opium ship or a treasure boat can be
surprised, these horrible ruffians of Asia pounce down upon you,
and if successful, leave no marks to tell of their bloody work.
If you want the reality of hair breadth escape and fearful
danger, hold the master of an opium ship by the button for an
evening, and you will be more entertained than by reading
Ainsworth or Lafitte, a longer time. Do you not remember
when Dent's and Jardine's opium ships Caroline and Omega
were captured, and the crews murdered?
With the tide in our favor and a light breeze, assisted by a
crew of Chinese boatmen-nine of whom were at the rudder,
sculling our puny looking, bamboo masted, latteen sailed, square
109 
MISSIONARY ESTABLISHMENTS.
at both ends and high in the middle constructed craft (or house
boat) carried us past the wild geese and ducks in the distancepast the damp, swampy, miasmatic, unhealthy appearing lowlands-past the mountains far beyond the river's bank, till the
missionary village first breaks the monotony, with its trim church,
surrounded by the bishop's mansion, and a dozen more well built,
neatly arranged stone and mortar houses, the result of persevering deacons in taking round the mission box for the extra
quarters of the good natured congregations of our New England
churches, whose pastor still resides in the little flower surrounded, one and a half storied, modestly made cottage under the
hill-well satisfied with his three hundred dollars income, because, perhaps, so little aware of the comfortable and roomy
dwellings which his own scanty earnings have helped to build
for his more enterprising brother who roams away to distant
seas and heathen shores, on an errand worthy of better success
and happier results. But more of this later on; but even here
you must not censure me for saying that already I have made
up my mind not to give any more quarters for the purpose of
evangelizing the Chinese.   In the little Methodist church in
Waltham, years and years ago, I oftentimes expressed a wish
to trace the history of the contents of the missionary box; and
now, as our boat is whirling past these staunch and handsome
buildings, I see where a portion of my money was invested. We
have got by these pleasant little group of houses, where the
stars and stripes are flying from the flag pole of our missionary
consul, and the foreign shipping looms up before you, and the
large square mansions of the merchant residents line the Bund
for a long walk and extend back, one beyond the other, through
street after street, covering a space of ground that may well
surprise the fifteen acre lot of the Canton factory community.
110 
TEA AND SILK WAREHOUSES.
A fair map of the township of Shanghae, published in London last year, in May, tells me that the land occupied by the
foreign residents is 1,621 mow which, I believe, is equal to 270
acres, or about twenty times the ground allotted to the Cantonese. The foreign settlement extends from the Yang-KingPang canal to Loo-Chow channel, and is situated, not as I had
always supposed before I came here, on the Yang-tze-Kangnot, as I was informed by some after being a day or two in the
place, on the Woosung-but simply on neither the one or the
other, but on a branch river, called by the native name of
Hwang-pu. The buildings (or hongs) are all of immense size,
compared with our American or Australian dwellings, well built,
pleasantly located, two stories high, with upper and lower verandahs, and all surrounded with a respectable plot of ground for
trees, flowers and gardening. In the rear of which are the tea
and silk warehouses, or, as they are called, go-downs, some of
which are about one hundred and thirty feet in length by forty
in width, several connecting with each other. All this I discovered during my morning's ramble after landing and lunching
with mine host-whose princely palace faces the river-and
alongside of which he is erecting a magnificent hong, constructed of Ningpo granite, the coasting junks bringing it nearly opposite the door. This building, I believe is the first stone structure of the size in Shanghae. The dimensions being 120 deep
by 74 feet frontage, with stables, go-downs and compradores,
residence, &c., in the rear. Some twenty months have already
been consumed in its structure, and some years more must elapse
before it will be entirely completed and finished for occupation
-notwithstanding, I find the workmen do not stop to rest in
China on the Sabbath.   I found much amusement in going
over and through this mass of connected labor, the entire in
ill 
INGENUITY OF THE CHINESE MECHANICS.
genuity and industry of a race of people so little understood in
the West. Commencing with its foundation of piles and large
blocks of stone passing from floor to roof, granite pillars and
brick chimneys, door mouldings and window frames, fire places,
mantel pieces, bamboo stages, matt mortar hods, and strange
primitive implements of labor.  All were of untiring interest.
And this palace of a residence, which cannot cost less than Mr.
Cushing's at Waterton, (some $60,000,) is the entire handiwork
of Chinamen-the hard working, never ceasing, industrial Celestials, who have been so shamefully and ungraciously treated in
the great Anglo-Saxon gold fields. Chop Dollar, the architect
and master mason and carpenter, a most intelligent Chinaman,
who derives his somewhat singular cognomen from the fact of
his being badly pock-marked, took me through the workshops
of the carpenters, and most instructive was his Pigeon English comments   He seemed the ruling spirit among the work.
men, and well he may, for his rule of governing is that of all
superiors to those beneath them, a word and a blow, but sometimes the blow comes first.  I have dwelt more at length on
my going over this splendid exhibition of an American's enterprise in order to show what mechanics and builders there are
in the land, for the style of building before the foreigners came
here they had never seen, their small tenements being of a most
inferior class. Even that of the Viceroy is not worthy of what
you would expect from the high-sounding name.
As you walk over and around the place you will see many
newly erected houses that entirely eclipse the humble residences
of our commission merchants of the West. Comfort is the first
thought of the China merchant, and comfort is the second, and,
I may safely add, comfort is the third.  Money is only an auxiliary in catering to his wish.  If he wants a palace for a resi
112 
CHINESE MERCHANT.
dence, he orders it, and it is there-and elegant furniture, choice
engravings, splendid fancy ornaments of bronze or stone, if from
Asia, or sevres or Bohemian, if from Europe; and all the little
bijouterie of the parlor table and the drawing room mantelfrom wheresoever they may come, come at his bidding. Does he
take a fancy for an Arab or an Australian horse, his correspondent gets a letter, and his stable, already filled with Manilla,,
Java and China ponies, is opened to receive the foreign stranger,
who is groomed morning, noon and night, and fed on carrots
and cut feed by some half a dozen lazy looking pigtail grooms,
who delight in having nothing more to do. I, perhaps, had
better note that the horses of the country mostly used are the
-Chinamen themselves, the sedan chair, covered or open, made
of lancewood or bamboo, according to taste or purse of the owner,
fitted up with looking glasses and pockets or without, seems to
be the popular mode of travel from door to door. Two coolies
(all porters bear the name) usually do the needful for a moderate sized man, like correspondent, but Daniel Lambert would
have required twenty, while Tom Thumb could have managed
with half a one. I have never yet been dumped by the surefooted beggars, but it is not unusual to see chairs on all possible
angles, one coolie fiat on his back, the other on tiptoe, and the
unfortunate occupant of the chair in the most uncomfortable
position.  If there is any dirty work to do employ a Chinaman
they will do anything for money.  Be careful as you walk along
the Bund, or you will get the most fragrant deposites on your
clothes, for every few yards you scent these offal and filth trading carriers, who are bearing the nosegay continually past you
to the gardens of the suburbs or the rice fields beyond; and
yet some of the gentlemen here pretend to tell me that the
Chinese are a most independent race.
113 
STREETS OF A CHINESE CITY.
Yesterday, in company with Dr. Lockart, I made my first
tour through the Chinese city, and what little I didn't see during
the journey is hardly worth recording. How wonderful the appearance of all I saw! How deeply interesting-how singularly
different from any of my past experience! As I went from street
to street I could only articulate, what a place is China! If one
city of medium size can show you things so novel, what will you
see inland, where millions are congregated within a single wall;
Read IIuc's romantic tour through the interior part of this vast
empire, and then reflect and spend a few more hours in contemplating a country and a people so able to support themselves
without a thing from the Western nations. I say, as I wander
through this populous city, my senses are severely taxed at being
brought into contact with so many novelties in so limited a time;
and I can only express astonishment at every change to find
things so different on the spot than pictured in books. We must
have walked some two or three miles through a most thickly
peopled district, before we reached the gate, passing countless
men, women and children, all hurrying on with loads of vegetables, baskets of fowls, bundles of joss paper, and every possible
kind of saleable article. The wall is very thick, very high, and
bears the semblance of strength; but what was my disgust, to see
hung up over the entrance of the heavily hung gate, two bamboo
cages, each containing a human head. The sight was most sickeining, and I hastened on, as the Doctor told me that two years
ago you would have seen two hundred instead of two, which
was the imperial way of intimidating the insubordinate, by exposing on the wall of the city and other conspicuous places, the
heads and bodies of the executed rebels.
How narrow the streets are. I can hardly get along; and
yet it is the same with most of the Eastern cities. What can
114 
STREETS OF A CHINESE CITY.
have been the object, for it is almost impossible to crowd along;
and if you stop to examine anything that attracts your attention, the chances are decidedly favorable to your getting. the end
of a coolie carrier's bamboo in your face, for they are continually
hallooing for you to clear the path, which is sometimes difficult
to do when several of them are gradually closing on you from
different points, and you have only a few feet to turn in.
In one street we went into coffin maker's and joss paper
manufactories; in another rice and corn mills; and then you
would fall in with a whole row of blacksmiths, carpenters, umbrella makers, comb manufactories, boots, shoes, tailors, book-binders-now and then a barber, shaving with his-two inch chisel
of a razor over a pastry cook's-cakes frizzling in the pan.
Farther on we came to a beautiful street, wider than the restsay ten to twelve feet-gaily caparisoned with gaudy swinging
signs, of boards or pasteboard, colored cotton or metallic signs,
the several characters noting the name and style of the firm
standing out conspicuously, like turkey tracks on a snow bank,
completely lined on both sides with wholesale and retail salesmen,
cloth goods, or ready made clothing, beans, peas and rice in one
shop, and caps and silks and cloths in the next; pictures and
paints, cook shops and eating houses, curiosity mongers, pawnbrokers, banks, books and barbers; some polishing stone ornaments, some grinding corn and rice, some kneading dough with
the pot sizzling ready to receive it, while others were engaged
in counting cash at some exchange house, smoking opium in a
hotel, or drinking samshu in a pot house, and an occasional beggar got up in the best possible style with rags and vermin, sores
and filth, person exposed and mud balls stuck on his forehead,
yelling at the top of his voice round some aristocratic tradesman's
place for money, and the poor shopman dare not drive him
115 
BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES.
away, for the professional beggar is the particular protege ol
government, and you can only get rid of them by giving the poor
devils cash, they then go on to the next and before night collect
enough to buy their rice, drink a cup of samshu and then get
drunk over their opium pipe.
Passing along this thickly shopped street, the Doctor suddenly
dived down a small lane, and in another minute I was in a
bathing house, where the poor come at all hours of the day
and take a bath or steaming for half a cent.  Had I liked the
smell I would have stopped longer, but the stench of the stean
room was rather too much for me; but I remained long enougL
to see how systematic everything was laid out.  Each bathei
has a little box for his clothes, and an obsequious servant tc
help him dress; and if they choose, a cup of tea was near al
hand.  Some, only half dressed, were bein)g operated upon by 
corn doctor, and they are at home in such science; others wer
arguing, I presume, some knotty point in Confucius, and som
were singing with wild and passionate emphasis.  Dickens woul
have died with laughter, and Thackeray would have explode
out of sheer merriment, to see some of them come out of th
steam closet-one especially, weighing some 250 pounds, cam
rushing out, his long tail dragging the ground, like a huge rat
His eyes blind with steam, his legs and neck like three pieces ol
bamboo, all of the same size, only the latter not quite so long
These three and his head might have made up the 50 pounds
but the 200 pounds was the rest of his body.  Take him all i
all, he resembled some of their Bhudah gods-say Bacchus, jus
after he had swallowed a couple of goats.  The moment thi
strange sight appeared I burst into uproarious laughter; th
doctor laughed, and his own countrymen, the Chinese servants
jumped off their feet in pure delight. It was a sight to be re
116 
OPIUM DENS.
membered. The gentlemanly manager of the establishment asked
me if I would,like to be steamed.  I told him nothing would
give me more pleasure, but that just now my time wouldn't admuit, and with my fingers acting as a temporary vice upon my
nose, I gave him a chin-chin and bolted out of the place. The
next place we visited was one of the many opium dens you find
in every street. There were about a dozen poor besotted devils
in different stages of intoxication, and some lifelessly drunk upon
the floor. Go into one of these hells, if you want to see what
effect opium has upon those who indulge in it to excess. About
the room were coarse benches and one or two beds, where, laying down, resting upon their elbows, with a little rush light
before them, they would with a long needle insert one of the
little balls into the end of their pipes and smoke away, letting
the smoke disappear, usually, through the nostrils. The opium
s handed to them in little cups about the size of a thimble, and
they are  allowed to make  themselves  drunk for one cent.
Like the bathing room, the stench was too powerful for me, and
[left; but I have a word more to say on this question before I
)id good bye to China. A little further on we found an English
nissionary's church, built of stone, and also saw an American
ecture room in the midst of the most populous part of the city.
A loud voice attracted me towards the former, and I entered
.lie house of God to hear a fellow Anglo-Saxon hold forth to a
iundred ugly looking vagabonds in their own language.   They
vere coming in and going out continually-curiosity being the
nost prominent feature on their countenance; few seemed to
emain for any length of time. Praise worthy and persevering
nust be the man who can spend his breath and time expounding
;ome dry doctrinal scriptural question to these poor creatures,
vho live on from day to day all objectless.
117 
From the missionaries' temple, we went to the Chinamen's
house of Joss. Here we found a large hall, entered by a spacious court, in the midst of.which was a huge bronze cup, with
the names of those who had subscribed to place it there engraved
upon its side; a penny subscription monument, a curious relic
of two hundred years ago. The outside of the temple was singularly ornamented with quaint designs of birds and animals,
vegetables and trees; and in the interior were immense statues,
all gilt, of Bhudah-the past, the present, and the future. Beside these were other forms, larger than life-youth and age,
happiness and misery, peace and war, the pregnant mother and
the new born babe, laughter and scorn, and several other emblems which I do not remember. These figures all represented
their several characters to the letter, and must have cost much
money. Opposite the No. 1 god were little sticks to burn homage and Joss paper to set on fire; and that is their idea of worship.
Again we are off for the court of justice, and this was a memorable half hour in my tour. A clean, dignified room, with a
mandarin, whose whole mein bore unmistakable marks of authority, sitting on the seat of the judge, with policemen and assistants, officials and clerks, on every side; but the prisoners, with
chains about their legs, and arms hid behind them, were waiting
their trial and the decision of the judge. One man was up in
the criminal box, but the system of examination was too cruel
for me to continue long in the room. First the guard struck
him fiercely over the mouth with a bamboo official staff, the poor
wretch shrieking with pain; the other prisoners all the while
stolid and indifferent spectators, not knowing who came next.
Afterwards another kind of torture was resorted to, the guard
making the criminal kneel down with his hands above his head
118
CHINESE TRIBUNAL. 
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
in a position which extorted yells of agony-the judge and the
officials all wearing the utmost indifference. A little further on
there were two criminals with huge bolts about their ancles,
and the kang, (a large square piece of plank) hung round their
neck. The whole trial seemed a farce, a mixture of brutal cruelty with refined barbarism. From the court we went to the
bastinado or jail, and saw scores of prisoners above and below;
all the cells were crowded, and the clanking of chains, and
hoarse growls of the prisoners spoke another feature of Chinese
life.
The benevolent institutions was our next resort, and here you
see the charity of the government in providing for the lame, the
halt and the blind, attendants, nurses, doctors, all arrayed in
the style of our own hospitals, everything furnished by the imperial magnate. The patients were very numerous, and seemed
well cared for. This was a public hospital. We also went into
the city charity house, and one private house for the distressed
poor, all of which institutions gave me impressions of the kindheartedness of a people who, when in the time of their prosperity,
put by a little for those who have not been so fortunate. But
ilothling struck me with more respect and surprise than upon
being taken through a foundling hospital.  For a moment  I
could not credit it; I had never read of such a place among
the Chinese, and of course was much surprised to find an institution of such a charitable nature conducted upon the same principles as those of France, England or America. There was a
little drawer in the side of the house, directly facing one of the
public streets, where the forsaken babe was deposited, the opening of which caused a ringing of bells, when a nurse was ap pointed, and the little stranger was wrapt up in a blanket and
duly nourished and cared for. As we entered, the nurses, each
119 
RUINS OF THE BURNT DISTRICT.
with a child in her arms, started off in all directions, apparently
frightened at the appearance of thefau-quais, (foreign devils).
It was some time before they would come out of their rooms,
and then they stared at us with unfeigned surprise.   I should
have taken up one of the lilliputian Celestials, but I was cautioned against it-for, if no contagious disease is caught, you
are sure to get vermin on your dress. We wandered about
the large apartments from room to room, all of which had one
or two occupants, and some were filled with older children, in
baby-jumpers of strikingly original make, the nurses all appearing, after a moment of fright, to gaze upon the strange sight
of features, manner and dress. Is it possible, said I, that all
the charitable institutions of the European and Anglo-Saxon
race are all observed in such detail in Asiatic China? I have seen
enough for one day.  I must have time for reflection.  I was
unprepared for many of the customs-many of the wonders that
were in our path; I was tired, for the Dr.'s walk was fatiguing
to a novice, in a strange city, where streets, lanes, and paths
are over flag-stones and bricks made slippery with a never-ceasing tread of human life. I saw several more temples-went into
more bath houses-more opium dens, and several other shops;
but, describing one, you see all. The ruins of the burnt district
covered many acres, and it is only a subject of surprise that the
imperial troops did not entirely destroy the city, for the fire, as
at Moscow, was started at several points. Like Californians,
however, they are fast at work-the same owners re-building
their tenements-and hard at it trying to recover what they
have lost.   I saw the walls where the French wasted their
cannon balls, and tried to knock down the city; but it was like
firing through a piece of mortar.    One temple  was pierced
through and through-completely riddled with shot, but like
120 
THE CHINAMEN'S MARKET.
Banquo's ghost, the walls would not down. I also saw where
the company of marines were mowed down by shot they could
not trace.   It seems the Chinese rebels had stationed them selves in buildings facing the place where the wall was weak ened by the French cannon, behind holes cut in the side and
pasted over with paper, and bullets were continually flying about
them, but no one could tell from whence they came.  Near
this place was a new kind of grave yard, where the poor were
buried above ground, in coarse wooden coffins of great size,
merely deposited on the ground; and as the bodies decompose
the air becomes fearful and suffocating.
I am surprised that it was not more sickly than it is. The
seventy-two stenches which Coleridge encountered at Cologne,
were a cologne bottle, compared with the seven hundred and
twenty in a Chinese city. In several places pieces of red paper
were pasted on the house, telling the passer by that the smallpox was raging in the tenement within. In going home I went
through the Chinamen's market-an immense speculation of an
American, a member of the extensive Smith family. If he succeeds in finishing the mammoth building and its approaches, it
will make his fortune. Tired as I was, I got back in time to
meet my appointment at the game of tenpins, at a private club,
well arranged, well conducted; but the alleys are spoilt by
being about twenty inches wider than they should be. You may
see a proof of that in finding 17 6 chalked up as being the highest roll.
The billiard tables are mostly in the Hongs, all private  The
trip to the pagoda I gave up to go down to Woosung, where I
was amply paid for the excursion. I also Wanted to go to Foochow and Nankin, but I was cautioned against the trip, for the
pirate rebels were continually on the water. I had not given
121 
BOUND TO SIMODA via SHANGHAE.
up all hopes of going to Japan, and did my best to get up a
party of gentlemen to charter the Erin or Confucius steamer,
but all to no use; some excuse or other was sure to throw me
off the track. I then made up my mind to go alone, and engaged my passage in the Greta, bound to Simoda via Shanghae
from HIong Kong, to take the Dutch cargo which was laying
there in charge of the supercargo, in a Japanese temple.
122 
CHAPTER XII.
SHIIANGHAE, Jan. 20, 1856.
The Merchants of Shanghae-Trade with Japan-The Voyage of a New
London Trader to Simoda-H-Iis Disappointment and Subsequent
Adventures-Value of the Perry TreatySlhanghae as a Whaling
Station-Future Progress of that City-Its Government,  Trade,
Population and Climate-Banks and Rate of Exchange-Mercantil
Routine and Salary of Clerks-A Ball and the Ladies.
As the Greta's arrival was most uncertain, I was obliged
to throw up my Japan visit till some more favorable time. I find,
however, that I knew more about the island before I left Australia than I have been enabled to gather from the merchants of
China.  They do not seem to have given the matter the least
thought. I was glad to fall in with Capt. Brown, of New London, whose unfortunate expedition under the Commodore Perry
treaty, has already gone home to the American press.
He left that port on the 23d of January, 1855, in the schooner Wilmington (136 tons, fitted out by one of the most enterprising of the New Loindon merchants) with an assorted cargo,
consisting, however, mostly of liquors; arrived at HIong Kong,
after a long passage, on the 7th of August, and ran up to Simoda in nine days.  IHe came to anchor without a pilot, and found
the moment he landed that no goods could be sold, none bought,
and that the voyage was already a failure. He found Luhdorf, 
124          SHIANGHAE AS A WHALING STATION.
the Greta's supercargo, living an easy life in a temple, but
his goods were without a market. IHe was only waiting for a
vessel to come and take his ventures away. The captain wrote
to the Governor of Simoda regarding his ship and cargo, and
in due time his letter was returned unanswered. I have the
envelope, with English and Japanese address.   Wood  they
agreed to supply at $5 per cord and water at 50c. per toll. The
captain was allowed to walk seven miles inland but no further;
he was also shown some of the sights of the town. He spoke
of the bathing houses, where both sexes, in a state of nature,
were indulging in their morning ablutions. Some of the women
were very beautiful-small hands and feet, and a complexion as
fair as the ladies of the States.
Finding nothing could be accomplished at Simoda he set sail
for ilakodadi, and ran up in ten days.   Here some of the officials crowded about him, one or two of them speaking a little
English.  No meat nor provisions could be bought.   All they
seemed to have were beets, scullions and turnips, and they were
given away.
At the time Captain Brown left, (lst September) there were
no whalers nor merchantmen in port. HIe, an old whaler himself and a man of good observation, considers neither of the treaty ports as at all adapted for whaling ports; Chusan, and even
Shanghae, were far preferable.   Japan, he says, is not easy of
access, and at times most unsafe to make; and even if provisions
could be purchased, the high prices, which are multiplied with
Commodore Perry's stupid arrangement about exchange,* whereby the dollar is only worth thirty-four cents, would not make
the port desirable for whalers. Captain Brown has entered his
* It appears that this arrangement was not to be permanent but
intended only to answer immediate purposes. 
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF SHANGHAE.
protest for the recovery of $36,000, which he estimates to be
his claim against the United States government for the non-ful  fillment of the treaty.  The protest has gone to Washington
there, I think, it will be thrown under the table.
I don't entirely agree with Captain Brown that Shanghae is
the most desirable port for whalers, although the newly moored
lightship in the Yang-tze-Kang, good pilots, geographical posi tion and cheap supplies, well placed buoys and proper sailing
directions, are strong inducements; but the chances are that the
homeward bound clippers would be apt to take away their sail ors, a law that Japan ports would not inflict. The merchants,
seeing no benefit to any but the ship chandlers, and fearing the
continual meeting of drunken crews on the Bund, discourage
attempts to make it a whaling port.
My time at Shanghae is winding up, for to-morrow I am bound
to the coast, in the John Wade, to take a look at the new commercial giant that just now is attracting so much attention, Foochow-foo.  I have been here long enough to satisfy myself that
Shanghae, in spite of the serious check given to its progress by
the rebellion, is bound to go ahead. Its geographical position
towards the great northern seaports, the Yellow river a near
neighbor, and Shangtung sending down thousands of trading
junks every year-its proximity to the green tea country and its
immense silk exports, some sixty thousand bales per year-the
fact of its situation at the mouth of that enormous river, almost
another Mississippi, continually pouring down its immense trade,
junks upon junks-its proximity to Japan, Formosa  and the
Southern treaty ports-the large amount of foreign capital invested in land and building property-the increasing import
trade and natural position of the place-all tend to show its future, and can but mark its character.  The China bankers seem
125 
CLIMATE OF SHANGHAE.
to have plenty of money, and the China compradore-that mysterious attachke to all mercantile establishments —understands how
to make use of it in feathering his own nest, while he appears
to devote his entire time and brains to the merchant that employs him.
The government of Shanghae is vested in a Council of Three,
elected by the landholders-156 title deeds having been registered at the Consui's.
Receipts last year, warfages, taxes, &c., were $24,903.
And the expenditure..........     20,520.
-which shows a balance on the right side.
Young G. Griswold Gray, who lost his leg in the attack
on the Imperialist camp, is at present Mayor of the settlement,
in connexion with two English gentlemen. Foreigners cannot
own land in China, but pay a nominal rent of a few hundred
cash, in perpetuity —property transferable.
I found the weather very cold —a regular Boston northeaster,
and I am told that the rapid changes in the autumn and spring
occasion pulmonary and rheumatic complaints; whether true or
not, I can testify to there being four or five medical gentlemen
in a community numbering about 280 souls.
Dr. Lockhart says the temperature varies during the year
from 100 to 24 degrees.
In running my eye over the Shaughae almanac of 1856 I find
the population consists, as the editor classifies it, of 75 Typans or
heads of houses, 94 mercantile assistants, while the balance are
put down as officials, missionaries, professional men, &c. There
are three banking establishments in the place —Commercial Bank
of India, Mercantile Bank of India, and the Oriental Bank;
all, judging from the imports and exports, must be a doing a paying business, with exchanges ruling between 6s. and 7s. 9d., in
126
I 
MERCHANTILE ROUTINE.
one instance, to the dollar.  At the present time the New York
merchant purchasing silk or tea in this market pays $1 70 for $1.
Novices in exchange will be upset in their calculations.  Even
between Canton and this port exchange differs some thirty per
cent. The par of exchange in the North Atlantic is $4 80,
but sad experience has taught me that there is a wide difference
between this and your part of the world, for here I take notice
that my sovereign or pound sterling was past to my credit as
$2 92, which makes a vast difference in a man's financial arrangeiients.  In Hong Kong and Canton they gave me $4; but the
Ciinaman's fancy for the Carolus dollar occasions all the misciief. Now as these dollars are gradually being melted down,
and the whole world has been raked and scraped to furnish them,
the question naturally arises, how much longer is this thing goimg to last? As the difference in the exchange usually comes off
the price of the goods, it makes precious little difference to the
Chinamen. They have a right to their fancies-let them pay
for it.
The late duty question is still in embryo. Murphy, the Consul, has gone, and the lac of dollars pending between the Chinese
government and the merchants, I believe, is locked up in the
bank safes.
During my stay I have had a good chance to see the style of
doing business here. The merchants seem to have little to do
besides getting off their mail, and talking with the Chinamen;
every thing else is done by assistants. Every house employs a
tea taster, who makes the purchases on his individual judgment,
and a silk inspector, who attends to that pigeon; each of which
is a regular profession of itself, and requires years of study.
Some of these gentlemen have made their fortunes in this way.
The salaries of the clerks vary from $800 to $2,500, the latter
121 
A BALL AND THE LADIES
price for bookkeepers of long experience.  These sums  are
entirely exclusive of their household expenses, which are paid by
the firm.  I believe that $60 a month is allowed, which gives
them good lodgings, a good table, a coolie chair and boy. I
think, however, many of the young gentlemen exceed that sum,
for they are not apt to practice economy in these countries.
Most of them are perfectly contented, and talk of the number
of years they have been and intend to remain here, with praiseworthy nonchalance.
Aside from sight seeing.   Ranging over  the gardens and
watching the Chinamen for hours together prepare the silk for
inspection, and rattan, mat, mark and arrange the tea for shipment-a most interesting sight, done so rapidly and ingeniously,
at a trifling expense, never making a mistake in delivering, for
the delivery is a succession of checks-first at the door, then at
the gate, again at the cargo boat, and once more at the shipa small stick left at each place for every package-I say, aside
from catching a passing knowledge of these several things, my
time has mysteriously disappeared in the pleasures of social life.
The evening I arrived I attended a large ball, given by one of
the leading merchants, when I had an opportunity of seeing
most of the gentlemen and the seventeen foreign ladies of Shanghae; among which were two of my fair countrywomen, whose
merry laughter and pleasant conversation are still ringing in
mine ear. Should these lines ever happen to reach so far, they
will see that they are not forgotten.  The Hongs are well arranged for parties, for there is no poverty of room. Some of our
party table caterers would have gone wild with pleasure to wit.
ness the graceful elegance and tasteful profusion at the supper
of our host. At the door of the ballroom were several China
merchants and natives who seemed particularly delighted at the
128 
SHANGHAE HOSPITALITY.
habits and customs of ye foreign devils in their hours of pleasure.
Four o'clock was a late hour for a stranger to go home, but
your correspondent could not make any better arrangement.
This was the first day, and until now, every morning, every
noon and in the evening, dining and tifflitnig, breakfasting and
excursion going, I have seen one round of hospitality. Such are
the customs here, and not to accept would offend, and in accepting time flies-information obtained-amusement  affordedpleasant acquaintances formed-favorable impressions made,
and memories strengthened with never ending kindness and
attention.
129 
CHAPTER XIII.
ON BOARD CLIrPER SHIPn JOHN WADE, FOR 
IHONG KONG, VIA Foo-cHow, JANUARY 23, 1856.
Departure from Shanghae, en route to Hong Kong-Threatening Weath  er-Navigation of the Yang-tze-Kang-New Scenes-Uglier Natives
and Another Language-Boating in the River Min-Gunning and
Tall Game-Foo-chow City-Its Trade-Foreign Population-Young
America About Town-Narrow Streets, Crowds, Bustle and Noise Meeting a High Official-A Curious Old Priest in a Cage-Beauties
of the Country.
WE are off. I am glad of it, and yet I am not, for I could
have spent more days most pleasantly with the jovial natured,
generous dispositioned, princely, hospitable merchants of that
soon to be Melbourne of the China waters; but I have talked
Shanghae in my last, and this is to tell of departure and sail
down the coast. I am off but I leave with regret, for I may
never again see the same familiar faces, and my late traveling
companion stops behind. Young Collie of Aberdeen a genuine
specimen of young Scotland, combining business with pleasure,
he, like myself, is taking his first draught of China life. He has
just formed a party to visit some of the cities up the Yang-tzeKang, but I prefer to see close on the river Min-his classical
mind drinks in the scenes of this novel life-while the practical
knowledge gained and business connexion formed, are of great
advantage to his flourishing house in Manchester. IIow fortu 
EN ROUTE TO HONG KONG.
nate was I to get a chance to visit Foo-chow, more especially
when the non-arrival of the Greta took the life out of my Japan
expedition, where I had fully made up my mind to see the Emperor, or make myself a martyr to the cause of opening Sesame. So seldom are there opportunities of visiting Foo-chow,
I consider myself in luck to get on board so fine a ship as the
John Wade in company with such pleasant companions as the
young and enterprising owner, Augustine Head Jr., (at whose
invitation I am here) and Young Gray of New York-who are
bound to Canton, only stopping to look at a port that so suddendenly has been shown to the tea drinking world. On the 21st,
a fair wind made the beautiful little Boston yacht fly over the
water to join our ship below Woosung, which, as is the custom,
went down the day before. What is there more gladdening to
the native born, when thousands of miles away from his pilgrim
home, in a far distant port, than a sail in a clipper yacht like
the Halcyon, which says so much for the taste and enterprise of
its owner, more especially when another model of nautical beauty,
on a larger scale, is passing up as you are going down? I know
the boat; it is the clipper launched for the World's Fair-the
Nightingale-just in from Canton, bound up to her anchorage.
Next to a beautiful woman, give me an American clipper. I
like them both; but as I have not yet seen the former in the
Indian and Asiatic seas, I am the more delighted to find a fellow-countryman in the latter-for the one sits as proudly on
the water as a Western nightingale at her piano.
I am glad to get away, for I do not like the appearance of
the weather, and the Yang-tze-Kang is not the most agreeable
navigation in a dark night, on a turning tide-for it is forty
miles wide at its mouth, and choked up with mud banks and
ugly shoals. Our ship works well. I wish I could say as much
131 
NAVIGATION OF THIE YANG-TZE-KANG.
for the infernal Manilla crew, who manage to understand their
broken China, broken Portuguese, quarter Spanish and a little
English orders.   But in a regular gale I should feel myself
about as safe with a lot of Bedouin Arabs in the Dead Sea.
We got out safely, thank God; but when the main topsail went
to threads under the fierce nor'wester, the tide running a perfect
sluice, and the strong current sweeping us on to the North Saddle, it certainly looked far from pleasant, for the chances most
decidedly were against us; for when you split your best topsail,
the wind all the while increasing, and a black crew hardly able
to obey orders, even did they understand them, a ship jammed,
in a shoally channel calnnot be handled much more handily than
a runaway horse in a crowded city. I hope our Boston pilot
reached Woosung without accident.  But piloting on board of
such a hearse-resembling craft as that in which Mr. Ayres got
on board, is no envious life to lead. I cannot see how five dollars a foot will satisfy a "down Easter" in pursuing such a cold
and cheerless occupation as piloting in the Yang-tze-Kang in
midwinter.
When once fairly clear of the lightship we made good time,
got up a new topsail, loaded our six cannion and all our muskets
to receive the pirates, but did not have occasion to make use
of them.  In fact, we did not even have the excitement of running down one of the fishing junks, that were never out of our
track; and in three days we passed Sharp Peak and anchored
inside of the Kin-pai pass, ahead of the IHenry Ilarbeck, that
sailed a day or two before us.
Here I discovered still another feature of Chinese scenery and
Chinese natives, all different from what I noted in other places
in this vast empire, which I have seen. The natives even speak
a different language; for our black-turbaned, big-breeched ugly
132 
BOATING ON THE RIVER MIN.
looking devil of a pilot, although he wore the tail, and apparently spoke the same jargon, could only make himself understood
by motions; and when Chop Dollar who came down with usa most intelligent Canton man, well up in the Shanghae dialect
-was called down to interpret, it was most amusing to see him,
after failing in his Chinese dialect, trying to make himself understood in Pigeon English. How absurd to hear two Chinamenl
of different districts using the broken China jargon as a court
language!
This morning for the first time I discovered that I was sailing under the diamond signal, (a white diamond in a red field,)
the flag under which I have been taught what little I know of
shipping life, and which I had always supposed was as much a
part and parcel of Boston as the line of packets which has flown
it for so long a time. For more than thirty years the diamond
signal has been the private flag of one of the most enterprising
and successful of the Boston merchants, and for thirty years it
has floated from the mast head of some of the most beautiful
ships (the later models especially, such as the Flying Cloud and
Staffordshire,) that the world ever saw. But it seems that it
has got into the China oceans, for it has been waving for many
years under the patronage of Mr. Head.
We were glad to find the boat waiting for us, for it is still
some twenty-five miles to Foo-chow. At half-past four we got
into our craft, and then another turn in the traveler's life was
at hand-Chinese boating on the Min. It is indescribable. It
was so peculiar, odd and strange. Imagine a gondola style of
craft, thirty feet long by six broad, with two sails, if the wind
blows fair, and ten oarsmen, if that fails, carrying out the opposites as usual; they push instead of pull the oar, to the accompaniment of a most singularly inharmonious chant, which
133
0 
GUNNING, AND TALL GAME.
Tom Moore would have found far more difficult to place to rythm
and music than the far famed night song of the Canadian boatmen. The tide was against us, the night darkened, it began to
rain, the changing scenery'was hid from the gaze, and negro
songs were hushed until the revolvers, rifles and muskets were
loaded, and cutlasses placed ready for use; for the beggarly
pirates who haunt these rivers want nothing better than to
meet a single boat, with two or three white men to plunder and
then destroy; but first the murder, I believe, and then the
robbery.
I liked the change-there was excitement in it-and with
plenty of arms and ammunition we were bold in our shooting
home, but save the shooting of a long necked, wide winged,
long legged heron resembling bird, which your humble servant
brought down at a single shot, and for which I did not receive
that credit as a marksman from my fellow passengers that I
really deserved, for, judging from the size of the game, it was
equal to about seven ducks, three teal and a wild goose-save
this chance exploit, we had no opportunity of distinguishing
ourselves. Although each to the other had confidently pledged
himself, when we saw several dim lights and what seemed
muffled oars, manned by smothered voices, apparently approaching nearer and  nearer on their bloody  mission,  for eleven
pirates each. But all went on as usual. The dim, mysterious
lights must have been from a distant village, and the muffled
oars and smothered voices came from other boatmen, bound
on as peaceful an errand as ourselves, or else the noise that
startled us was the rippling of the tide, which rises and falls
some eighteen feet.
That was a long and tedious pull, yet we all sung merrily,
and covering ourselves in shawls and firs, talked ourselves to
134 
CITY OF FOO-CHOW.
sleep, only to wake up again at the chant of the boatmen, and
see the dark tops of the mountains, an occasional village light,
and hear the hoarse gurgling of the murky waters as the tide
rushed past our frail habitation.   At  last we  reached the
Pagoda anchorage, where the opium ships were riding at anchor,
and several sail loading teas for the white man's world. One
or two small clippers were here with the intoxicating India
plant, which they had brought to exchange for the stimulating
herb, which the Mohawks in early years once rejected and
threw into the bay, near the shade of Faneuil HIall. Onward
we rowed past the low land paddy plantations, near the wheat
field shore, through the floating city of junks, under the wonderful bridge that has braved the storms of China for a thousand years, until we touch our landing place, at two o'clock in
the morning, when a sepulchral stillness reigned around in the
suburbs of the Viceroy's palace.
Again I am away inland, near another monster city, at hours
too late for Chinamen out of the walls, and know not where
to go; at least, after the boatmen had taken us through lanes
dismal in the lantern's shade, up dirty, ragged, stone fenced
seets, down  in deeper arches than before, only to go  up
again stone steps, one above the other, an immense height,
when, to our hearts content, at last we find familiar facesfamiliar because New England men; for, show me  a decent
fellow anywhere abroad that hails from home, and he will find
it very difficult to make me a stranger. Foo-chow at last. Tomorrow, and the next day, and the next, I must work hard to
write up my personal observation; but no more to-day.
I am astonished to find Foo-chow such a wonderful place, for
it was only in 1853 that it was introduced to us. The troubles
at Canton, the rebellion at Shanghae, opened up the question
135 
COMMERCE OF FOO-CHOW.
of the third treaty port; and we are indebted to the enterprise
of the American merchants for being first upon the spot.
Scarcely three years have gone, and yet look at its increasing
commerce. Already this year 26,000,000 lbs. of tea have been
shipped, and the merchants here anticipate that the end of the
season will show a total export of 35,000,000 lbs. Statistics
should not be thrown aside on account of being dry, for mercautile men are fond of what tourists reject, so you must pardon
me for adding a page of Foo-chow commerce, which will give
you a better idea of the importance of the port than anything
else that I may write.
A few statistics on the exports of Foo-chow-foo:
EXPORTS FROM FOO-CHOW.
To Gtreat Britaiii.
Season 1853-4, 10 vessels, lbs.................... 5,959,000
Season 1854-5, 35 vessels, lbs...................20,493,000
Season 1855-6, 20 vessels, (July to Jan.,) lbs......15,601,500
To United States.
Season 1853-4,  2 vessels, lbs.....................1,355,000
Season 1854-5, 13 vessels, lbs....................5,500,000
Season 1855-6, ]4 vessels, (July to Jan.,) lbs...... 8,848,500
Note Season 1853-4, about 300,000 pounds of tea were
exported coastwise.
Season 1854-5, two vessels were despatched to Australia,
taking 509,000 pounds of tea, and three vessels out of the
thirty-five to England went to the Continent, taking 1,140,000
pounds of tea.
Season 1855-6, three vesslIs have been despatched to Australia. Estimated cargoes, 700,000 pounds. To the Continent
two vessels have been despatched, taking about 400,000, and
coastwise, nearly 1,000,000 has been sent during the season.
The lHamburg ship Alma Olga was the first ship that left
136 
FOREIGN POPULATION OF FOO-CHOW.
Foo-chow with teas for a foreign part. She left 19th of
August, 1853.  The American ship Tsar followed her on the
27th of August, both bound for London.  The last namued
arrived first.
The ship Hiouqua was the first ship to the United States.
She left January 16, 1854, and was followed by the ship Oriental, on the 22nd of February, and was lost in Kin-pai pass,
25th of same month. Black teas are the principal exports
from here.
There are some fifty foreign residents here, merchants, officials
and missionaries. Only three or four ladies, however, ornament
this small community, I am sorry to say, and hence the utter
isolation of a traveler when he has done up the sigh's; commerce and commissions may keep a man here for some time,
and officials may be kept alive by the cares of government,
while the messengers of the sacred mission in duty bound find
contentment in remaining; but as for me, who have no such
cares on the China border, give me any place on the world's
face to reside in but Foo-chow. Pleasant and most agreeable,
hospitable and ever kind were, those whose acquaintance I am
glad to make, yet I would rather live elsewhere.  I cannot be
a hermit-more active life -I must see something of the world
-books and pictures will do for a while-love in a cottage
may amuse for a season, but give me the intellectual society of
hundreds of fellow countrymen, instead of units. I like Foochow for its energetic youth, but could not live there. I have
always had a holy horror of being buried alive, and certainly I
know of no other place that seems so far away, for there is no
steam mail, and you get your letters only by chance. But
I am again too fast; I have not told what I have seen, and
should reserve my comments for the latest sheet.
137 
YOUNG AMERICA ABOUT TOWN.
My first expedition was through the city, and it was one that
will not soon leave the note books of the memory. Chairs
were ordered, guides furnished, lunch prepared, and at ten four
representatives of Young America started on the tour. And
what strange scenes we saw. The changes more rapid than
the minutes, but each new feature instructive and giving room
for contemplation; narrow streets obliged the Indian style of
single file, and even then it was difficult to get along. The
shouts of your coolies to clear the road commence at the point
of departure and cease only when you return, and you are fortunate if the sound does not haunt you for a week. It is continuous, monotonous, tiresome. We must have been carried
several miles in this way before we reached the outer gate of
the city; the most intricate part of our journey was over that
wonderful piece of Chinese masonry, the mammoth bridge of
Waw-show.
The first part of the bridge, from the south side to the
island of Chang-chow, consists of nine stone arches, and is only
some 330 feet long, by 12 wide. Here we came to the populous island mentioned, which is perfectly macadamized with
low, black roofed Chinese buildings, and is about 800 feet wide,
I should judge, as we were passed through the principal streets.
Here, again, we continued our way across another portion of
this heavy piece of granite work, to the suburbs of the city,
called Nau-tae, a distance of some 1,300 feet more. But I believe the upper bridge on the western side is 11,000 feet.
It was almost impossible to crowd through the masses of
people pushing their way along, for the natives have so encroached on the pathway, little by little-first a pancake stand,
and then a bamboo cover-till they finally get a decent sized
shop, where they trade, sleep and have their being; and thus
138 
CROWDS, BUSTLE AND NOISE.
3ducing a bridge, narrow and inconvenient in the first place,
) about eight feet in width. In this small space we had to
d a path through a mass of travelers more dense than Bos)n Common on the evening of the Fourth. Twice my chair
ime near going over the bridge, and once I was held bodily
ver the tumbling waters below, for over a minute, so as to let
U immense cortege, with a Chinese mandarin, go by.  The
ridge is old with age, but strong as petrified rock; and how
ie archlitect raised the immense stones to their resting place,
ith the simple machinery of China, I am at a loss to under-and. Like the Drudical altars at Anglesea, and the masterfork of England's great engineer over the Menae, the Fooiow bridges will astonish all who witness them.   Nothing
nrikes the stranger's mind more forcibly than the energetic,
ever tiring industry of the Chinese. All seem to be hard at
rork-even the beggars perspire with their continued calls for
ash. Each profession by itself, and every man in his place, so
)usy at work, many of the operatives do not raise their heads
o see the chair of the "Western devil." Go through a thickly
ettled street, among the mechanics at Paris, London or New
cork, and everything you see done there you will find being
xecuted in China, only with simpler utensils, and in a slower
nanner, but withi great perfection.  The pawnbrokers are most
systematic in their dealings, and squeeze their customers with
bhe avaricious perseverance of a Jew, while the private banking establishments are conducted on the European principle.
Although coolies are passing to and from the banks with cash,
hle currency most in use for small amounts is paper, signed and
!ountersigned with remarkable perfection and ingenuity. I
don't think much is lost by forgery. You see about as much
139 
MEETING A HICH OFFICIAL.
out of the city as in-the same shops, tradesmen, and acti!
stir of every day life.
The walls of the city are some thirty feet in height, and e:
pensively ornamented over the several gateways, all of whi
are composed of granite foundations, finished. off with brici
These walls are some eight miles in circumference and there a
seven gates for entrance.
The most prominent public buildings are the Treasury D
partment, and the houses (or samuns) of the various officials
the Confucian temple-destroyed some time since by fire; tl
temples of the "God of War," the " Goddess of Mercy," t[
residence of the Viceroy, and the college, jail, &c. The Vic(
roy's palace hardly deserves the name; but like all their publi
residences, they seem built more for tinsel and show than sul
stantiality and comfort.
While passing along one of the widest streets we suddenl
saw a great commotion among the citizens, and a most abrur
dumping of my chair immediately after; then came bands c
Chinese music, officers of State, on little, long haired, dirt
white ponies,,with pikes and shields, followed by a company c
infantry, one upon another, in splendid confusion; and just a
this moment my coolie got another crack over the head with
bamboo for being too anxious to view the pompous mandarin
others came pouring on-musicians and guards-and soon som
well dressed chair bearers; and then it was that I discovere(
the cause of this immense assemblage, and why I had been s
grossly insulted by having my chair thrown into the mud-fo
I was just then in the presence of his most royal and nobl
Excellency the Tartar General of the Province and countr
round about.
More of his attaches followed, and everything was again quiet
140 
SPECIMENS OF RARE WORKMANSHIP.
)n mentioning this circumstance on lmy return to the British
-onsul, he said it was most unusual to meet the great officer
way from his palace, but that his want of courtesy only tends
o show the still hostile feeling which the Mandarins, not immeliately interested, have against foreigners. I also have been
old that the prefect has sent two or three most insulting notes
o her Majesty's representative. Save that unceremonious recepion, we met with no hard treatment from the dense crowd that
allowed us through the palace yard, where we were obliged to
,ave our chairs, through Curiosity street, one of the widest in
he city. The Tartar general was completely wrapt ill furs,
nd as he was paraded past looked down upon us with the greatst possible contempt.
We examined in Curiosity street the whole assortment of
ironze and stone ornaments, and saw many beautiful specimens
f ivory carving, wood work and tortoise shell; all of which
how patience, plodding and ingenuity remarkable, for each
pecimen is made with the simplest machinery.  My companion
aade some purchases of bronze, but I was more amused with
onme lacquered ware that was on exhibition in one of the shops,
,id purchased eighty dollars worth of little boxes (exquisitely
ornamented, entirely made of lacquer,) and a beautiful lady's
Iressing case, with more compartments than cells in a honeyomb. These presents for home are most valuable because so
are  only one individual in the empire possesses the secret, and
.oo-chow is the only place where it can be bought, hence the
normous prices which are charged; for all that he  manuf-cures that is not sold to foreigners, is taken at the imperial
)alace at Pekin, which accounts for the independence of the
Lrtist-no rival in his Japanese skill, and an Emperor and Em)ress for patrons! Save in that wonderful ware, I think that
141 
AN OLD PRIEST IN A CAGE.
the much celebrated Curiosity street of Foo-chow is overrated.
One day soon disappeared in searching about that old city
which number some 600,000 souls, and if the suburbs are als,
included, possibly a million. But in giving a description of wha
I saw in Shanghae, you may judge of my experience to-dan
My time did not admit of my going over the grounds of the ol
British consulate, formerly an old monastery of much antiquit
and consequent interest.  From this site the view of the city
most beautiful.  Neither did I omit the far famed monastery
Cow-shan, situated about 1,400 feet above the city, commandin
a most imposing view for miles around. The quaint bell an
immense gong which are struck by the priests-the ancient reld
of Bhudah-a whale's tooth —an old priest, said to be five hut
dred years of age, who lives in a cage, with finger nails for
inches long, and who looks in splendid condition for a man wh
eats nothing, and has been starving himself for centuries. T~
pond of tame fish which the good fathers feed from the han(
and the singular semi-Catholic semi-barbarous style of costuir
and mainners would have amply repaid me for my time; bK
my time would not admit of it, and the day was raining, else
might have accepted Mr. Hale's mountain chair, so generousl
proffered by the British Consul.
The peak overhanging the monastery is 2,700 feet above tIsea, and, with a good glass, mountains, rivers and villages ca
be seen at great distances. On the extreme point, Europear
who have ascended the mountain have left their mark in a stoipile, called a casin, each adding one piece to the remembrance
An excursion to the Pih-ling Hills is attractive to the tourist.
The Ningpo Temple was well worth the hour spent in goin
over its wonderfifl  rooms and galleries, and in studying  tt
142 
THE NINGPO TEMPLE.
strange designs on the two wonderful columns of granite, built
by subscription, and costing them two almas-$10,000-which,
when you bear in mind the cheapness of Chinese labor, will give
you the best idea of this remarkable instance of Chinese sculpture.
1 4 oi 
CHAPTER XIX.
MACAO, Feb. 5, 1856.
Navigation in the Chinese Seas-The Horns of a Dilemma-Macao-Its
Former Magnificence and Present Desolate Aspect-Camoens-Coolie
Store Houses-Chinese Sense of Commercial Honor-The Bogue Forts
-Canton-The Foreign Cemetery-Trade at Hong Kong, &c., &c
WE duly arrived at Hong Kong in two and a half days from
Foo-chow-foo, in time to see the Siamese tribute ship, call upon
several of the merchants, write a chapter on Hong Kong, which
I mailed by the Madras-and take our passage in the Spark
for this port. We started, but it was only a start-the miserable little screw boat reminded me of the time that I made
myself a martyr to humanity and the underwriters, when taking
off the shipwrecked crew of the Boston clipper Whistler, on
King's Island, last June-for she was bad enough in smooth
weather, and being out of order was bound over to repair her
rotten machinery. We had not been out an hour and a half
before it began to blow a small typhoon, and the motion of our
boat was neither horizontal nor perpendicular, but when the
two were given to find the base and hypothenuse-if I may
use a geometrical comparison-it soon became evident that we
must anchor, and at twelve o'clock, midnight, we made fast
under the shade of the piratical island of Lantoa.  Here was
a predicament —a lee shore, a pirate village, an approaching. 
THE HORNS OF A DILEMMA.
typhoon and a boat leaking-I don't know how many hundred
strokes the hour. At this unsatisfactory point the steward at
one door informed us that our grub locker was empty, just as
the engineer entered at the other to say that the coal was
nearly out; while the captain discovered that we had lost our
tiller. Pleasant, wasn't it?
Our position was by no means safe-for the wind was blowing wild eats and the anchorage none too good-shortly after
two o'clock it was calmer, which justified the captain in making
another start, but only to return again in two hours time, the
pumps all the time going at full speed, and the steamer in the
the greatest possible danger. One of our party, not one of the
reformed, asked for a glass of water, there was none; are there
any blankets? for the cabin was very cold.  No-we must
make the most of the night as we best could. At last I got to
sleep and there came such a succession of strange unaccountable noises, I positively think the infernal boat was haunted,
for no one could find from whence they came. Could any one
have told me whether the boat would go up or down, it would
have been more satisfactory, but the glorious uncertainty was
particularly unpleasant. In the morning two suspicious looking
junks anchored just off the island-shortly another, and before
noon two more, all apparently waiting for the boat to go
ashore, for the news of a disabled craft goes like a prairie fire
over the robber haunts. In the afternoon the weather moderated, and by the blessing of Providence we managed to get
the crippled boat back to Hiong Kong. This is the well known
boat that has made, during the past year or two, a lac of dollars for the owner, whose bon homme, hail-fellow style of doing
things has made him many friends. But now, as the steamer
has done so well, I think the "spark" should be extinguished.
145 
DESOLATE ASPECT OF MACAO.
The next morning, with a calm sea, we were more successful,
and at three o'clock P. M., reached our landing place on the
Praya Grande, the celebrated promenade to the quaint old settlement of the early Portuguese kings-Macao.
Once the most important maritime port in Eastern Asia, one
hundred and fifty-two years ago, the richest settlement in this
part of the world, even during the English war-Macao was
the chief port of trade for the merchants of all nations. Its
present population will not exceed 30,000, about a sixth of
which only are Portuguese; the others are half castes and natives of China. At present there are a few English and other
officials in the town-Dr. Parker among the rest-but, save
these few, the place to me was more cheerless than an Egyptian
desert.
In company with our party I wandered about this ancient
relic of gaiety and splendor now a disjointed collection of deserted palaces-haggard boat-women, whose beauty disappeared
with their youth-ugly dames, of Portuguese descent, their faces
hid in that most unbecoming garment (not a mantilla, but I forget its proper name,) a calico handkerchief pinned under the
chin, giving them a monkish sulkiness. None had any pretensions to beauty.  Long, narrow alleys, dark and gloomy; decaying cathedrals and public buildings dropping away; but
one old church, the front of which only was standing, was
very beautiful-a noble relic of the architecture of earlier days.
Forts, with bristling cannon on every side, that one war steamer could blow in the air; walks, parades, gardens, all defaced
under the corroding hand of time. I saw all these and more,
that told of what had been, but not what is. The exiled poet's
last home was my next resort-the banished scholar, who made
himself immortal in his banishment-for who can read that beau
146 
COOLIE STORE HOUSES.
tiful composition, the "Luciad," without being reminded of the
romantic history of Cameons.
To me the old palace garden, covering so many acres of still
blooming flowers and foliage, with paths winding through quaint
arbors and huge stone caves-more solid than the artificial ruins
of Bolton Abbey, at Chatsworthl-was the most interesting part
of my tour.  Why dont the merchants of Canton buy it for a
clubhouse? I was never tired of roaming over the grounds, but
did not remain soliloquizing long over the iron-walled monument
of the poet, who lived and died before Shakspere's time. I did
not expect to find such old magnificence; but ruins of ages past
do not, at such distance from Christian lands, increase my love
of decay. From the top of one of the mammoth stone arbors we
have a fine view of the old town, the inner and the outer harbor
-the former stocked with junks and lorchas belonging to the
place; the early income of the latter, in freights alone, is said
to be $150,000. We saw the islands round about-our steamer
coaling from the quay-and were glad to witness scenery as
romantic as it was novel. Looking down upon the Chinese part
of the town, I saw a large castellated building, the court-yard
of which was crowded with human beings, dressed in white.
MIy curiosity was excited. Was it a hospital? No. A lunatic
asylum? No.  What could it be-a jail, a charity school, or
what? No one could tell. We searched and searched, but could
not make the people understand our wants; first on one side,
then the other, and finally we got a boat, and rowed round to
the portcullis, but even there was no admittance. Inquiry only
made us more curious, but not more succesful, till at last a
friend in need relieved us of suspense, and told us that of course
no one was permitted to enter-it was a private institutionbeing nothing more than the place where a princely merchant
141 
148       CHINESE SENSE OF COMMERCIAL HONOR.
here stows away his coolies, when they are caught in the country, and kept there till they are ready for shipment. When I
saw them from the garden highlands it was probably feeding
time. At Whampoa they use a hulk for the purpose, I understand.  Poor devils-how little they know what is to be their
fate I
We came back through the Chinese town, where with restless activity mechanics were working at their respective trades,
shopmen were doing a thriving business, while barbers never
were busier-music and dancing, with the sing song artists,
never more enthusiastic-and the pawnbrokers were crowded
to suffocation-for to-morrow is the Chinaman's new year, and
hence the unusual bustle and excitement in the town for
before midnight all accounts must be squared, all books balanced, all bills paid, and debter and creditor must meet as friends
for it is the custom of China to close up the papers and make
a clean breast of finance matters at the commencement of every
new year. On every turn I see anxious faces, and men rushing
with some little trinket to the Shylock's den, in order to raise a
little more cash. - There are many who know not what to do,
for their pockets are empty, and their debts unpaid, and something must be done before the clock strikes twelve, or else they
are disgraced in the eyes of their countrymen.  Some bear the
features of desperation on their faces-and hence robbery or
murder, perhaps suicide, ere the bell tolls the fatal hour. For
'tis no unusual thing to resort to violent measures if all else fails
and bills unpaid. What a strange custom; and yet it is universally followed from the sea coast to the limits of Tartary.
If Western nations balanced accounts as often, there would be
less rottenness in finance and more honesty in commerce. Here, 
THE FOREIGNER'S GRAVEYARD.
at least, the idol worshipper teaches a lesson it were well if we
would learn.
I have seen Macao, but do not like it. It may be pleasant
as a summer retreat, for there is a fine bathing beach near the
Parsee burial ground, which looks towards the East. Save the
native trade commerce has forsaken Macao, and Hong Kong
once so sickly, is now the favorite settlement; and restless progress marks the one, when old age in its slippery pantaloon,
sans wealth and life, almost, tells you of the other. In the
warm months all foreign China flock to Macao. As a summer
retreat, many of the merchants have houses here, one of which,
if in Wall or State street, would make a millionaire of the fortunate possessor; but here they are hollow, sepulchral, cheerless, they are so large and cold; rooms wider than a dancing
hall, with a solitary chair in the centre, and walls so thin that
the least whisper at one end rings throughout the house. I went
to the foreigner's grave-yard, hut my stay was brief, for it made
me sad, it looked so dreary and so cold. Fellow countrymen,
old and young, were lying side by side, the moss-grown marble
telling of age, and death, and merit. Governors and subjects,
the rich and the poor, all were there, crowding each other for
more room, for the burial ground is full. I saw the grave of
young Joseph H. Adams, the descendant of a line of President's-a Lieutenant of the Powhattan, who died in 1853, and
many more from the same expedition buried by their comrades.
Gray would never have written an elegy here-his eloquence
would have chilled in the ink-the atmosphere is so damp.
I was glad to get away, and the next morning we again
passed the Bogue fort, where the old Admiral of the Chinese
fleet boldly met his death, as the British shot rang through the
war junks in 1841. Lin first, and Kishen afterwards gave the
149 
150               THE  CHINAMAN'S NEW YEAR.
orders of the Emperor; but it did no good, for China was
not a match for Victoria's navy. Once more steaming up
the Bocca tigris, where more forts pointed cannon at us, and
leaving Whampoa behind, we are again on the naval battle
field, opposite the factory gardens.   A  few days in Canton,
looking over that huge pile of fanatical worship and Bouze
priests, the Honan temple, with its half a hundred statues,
emblematic of virtue and of vice-its sacred josses and its
sacred pigs-I don't know which appeared the fattest —a few
days more in Canton hospitality, and excursions to the celebrated private gardens of the Hong merchants, Houqua, Puntinqua, Sequa and several others. But it was the Chinaman's
new year, and all was still; every shop closed, and all dressed
in holiday garb to call upon his neighbor, and be called upon in
return. Fire crackers, cannon, gongs, bells and tom-toms,
driving one crazy at all hours of the day and night-a never
ceasing Bedlam, it was so noisy. Purchasing quite a collection
of amnoy bracelets, beautiful sandal-wood fans and card cases,
writing desks and ornaments of ivory, and Chinese presents
innumerable for friends at home, again I bid good bye to Canton, the seat of foreign commerce for over a century.
But I have written of Canton before, and you don't want to
hear the story again. I got out at Whampoa to take the
steamer Thistle into Hong Kong as she came down in the evening, but unfortunately for us there was no "down" on the thistle,
and we had to go back to Canton in a sampan, to take the
early morning boat. HIowever, I saw the harbors of Canton
and Whampoa, and was satisfied.  Here all the clippers load,
and if repairs are wanted, Messrs. Cooper's dock will accotmmodate the largest clipper afloat.  Other docks are also being
finished, and two or three steamboats are on the stocks, but the 
ANOTHER FOREIGN CEMETERY.
machinery comes from home or England. I am pleased to see
so much go-ahead-ativeness, for the docks are really deserving
of every credit.  Another grave-yard-good God, what a place
-worse than Macao I Why, Macao is a Mount Auburn in
comparison. A little square patch of stingy soil on a bleak
and dismal hill that owns but a single tree-flat tombs, no en closures, not even a fence round the burial place. One solitary
monument points to the final home of our Minister, Alexander
Everett, who, in 1847, was buried by those who loved him
while living, and honor his memory. Young Walker, of New
York, a graduate of the University and classmate of my companion Gray, captains of American ships, and missionaries
from both England and the States, masters and mates, cooks
and sailors, and in one deep grave a solitary row of six graves,
whose marble tops gives the names of six young Englishmen,
who were killed in 1847, at Wong-chu-kee, by the Chinamen;
their bodies were found mutilated, but none knew the why and
wherefore of their death; all side by side in an unenclosed,
uninviting, inhospitable pasture, surrounded by the paddy
fields, that crowd fairly on to the white man's grave. The
descendants of Alfred and tie sons of Confucius are sleeping
their long sleep on the barren side of the French Island, that
does not even boast of a landing place to the cemetery. The
marble stones are black with rust already, and no old mortality
to re-letter the names. A few more years the buffalo and the
primitive plough will make a small addition to the rice field
paddock. Shame on the foreigners of Canton for such nleglect!
Can no better place be provided?-for it is a dismal abode for
the last resting place of man. Should I die on this foreigni
shore, throw me overboard-do anything but bury me at
Whampoa.
151 
TRADE AT HONG KONG.
Late at night we reached Hong Kong, where your correspondent found a pamphlet, published by the Melbourne pilots,
which has just come up from Australia, and which calls Young
America anything but a gentlemen, for endeavoring through the
Chamber of Commerce, to reduce the exorbitant port charges
of Port Philip. All right-nothing like opposition to help a
man along the rough paths of life. Ye poor benighted men I
accept your apology.
Small pox at Manilla, and no ship going over, so I must wait
a more opportune time to see the splendid capital of the East.
I am disappointed, for I wanted to go there and see something
of Spanish manners and Spanish life, and look at the sugar and
rice plantations, and the Spanish girls as they make the cheroots,
and the rope walk-the enterprise of a fellow countrymen, a
friend of mine, from Salem; but I must give it up, and lose
the companionship even of my late traveling companion, a partner in the leading American house there-a jolly good fellow.
My regrets go with him. But Manilla, I expect, will keep for
a few years longer, and then we'll become acquainted.
Hong Kong is as busy as ever, ships arriving and ships departing, and I have been so fortunate as to get a passage to
Calcutta in the clipper steamer Fiery Cross-Jardine's opium
despatch boatwhich goes through to Calcutta, stopping at
Singapore, in less than a fortnight, and all for $264. On the
30th of December I landed in China, and now, on the 14th of
February, I leave it again behind me, having spent six weeks
of restless activity at Shanghae, Fouchow, Canton, Macao and
Hong Kong, from all of which ports I have sent you the impressions of a fresh man in China. On my passage down you
must pardon me for taxing you with a concluding chapter on
China and its people, which I shall mail at Calcutta.
152 
CHAPTER XV.
ON BOARD STEAM SHIP FIERY CROSS.   t
Bound from Singapore to Calcutta. f
February 22, 1856.
Books in China-Discordancy of Views in Relation to its Religious Fu ture-History of the Opium Trade-Noble Declaration of the Em peror-Interesting Statistics of the Trade-A Practical Subject for
English Philanthropy-Precept and Practice, &c.
I HAVE not the pleasure of knowing Mr. Thomas Taylor
Meadows, but his 250 paged book on China, published in 1847,
was one of the first works that fell in my way while reading
upon the Celestials, and a more unsatisfactory volume, after
such a flourish of trumpets in the preface, I have not found
among the numerous writers on the country. One of the positions which he takes is, that no man has a right to print his
views of a country unless he thoroughly understands its language. And hence he gives us a dry dissertation on the pronunciation of words as uninteresting to the body of readers as
it is egotistical.  Now, I must admit that I have never given
that.attention to the study of the Chiiiese language that I have
to my commission account, and having been only six weeks
among the people will of course be pardoned for losing myself
in the confusion of dialects; yet I have, nevertheless, exercised
the privilege of a tourist who prefers a railway carriage to a 
BOOKS IN CHINA.
stage coach, and who, while he does not hesitate to give his
opinions regarding other's writings, asks no favor for his own.
Were I to stop in China as many years as I have days, I
doubt whether I should distract my mind by placing these uncouth characters in my memory; and yet, for the purposes of
commerce and literature, it is a praiseworthy study for those
who have the taste and time to devote to it. I only speak of
my own fancy; and being desirious to sum up, in a concluding
note, the substance of what l have said to you from every port
I have visited-a retrospective look, as well as to touch on
passing events, and what may happen before three-quarters of
the century has gone, Mr. Meadow's admonition would have
stopped me, did I not feel in relation to my views as the old
lady did of her children, that they were very homely, to be
sure, but they are mine.
Roaming about from port to port and place to place, as I
have been, since my departure from the golden lands of Australia, trying to add another chapter to my little stock of
knowledge, I make a practice of reading the several publications regarding the country I may be in, so that I may fix
more forcibly in my memory many things that one's eye sight
fails to discover. iHence, everything written on China that was
in my reach I have hastily run over, and form my opinion on
what I read as well as what I see; but it so happens that the
more I read the more I get confused, and the more I converse
on the subject in question, the less I seem to know; for the
clashing of opinions and statements in the books are almost as
confusing as the contradictory assertions of a dinner table inquiry. On minor things, most of the able writers agree, but
on many important points they widely differ.  Take the missionary cause-one man argues of the good that has been ac
154 
DISCORDANCY OF VIEWS.
complished; another opposes the argument, and asks for facts
instead of assertion.   One  writer will enter into a lengthy
essay to prove that Tai-ping-wang, the rebel chief, is a Christian, while his friend labors equally hard to show why he calls
him the pirate leader of the age. The Bishop of Victoria, in
an able article in the Calcutta Review, discoursed most enthusiastically, in 1853, regarding the nature of the present rebellions-traces their origin, tracks their progress, and jumps at
the result-while he points out as inevitable the overthrow of
the Mantehou Tartar dynasty, and the consequent universal introduction of the Christian religion throughout the empire of
the Celestials. Dr. Parker, our Commissioner, and most of the
missionary talent of the several ports endorsed these views;
while the merchants, the editors of the China journals, the
officials (save Sir John Bowring and a few more) crossed
swords in the argument, pointing out the difference between
robbers and the Divine influence.
The samle contrast may be seen in discussing the opium trade.
The missionary writers see the certain destruction of the Asiatic
races in the increasing consumption of this Indian poison-and
that their Christain labors are fruitless-their exertions fall to
the ground, so long as the drug is smuggled into the country.
Oftentimes say they, and certainly with some degree of logic,
we are asked by the more intelligent of the Chinese, "why do
you not use your influence with your own countrymen to observe our laws, instead of daily breaking them, and first stop
your people from bringing that which ruins us to our shores, before you come among us to change our hereditary institutions
for your strange doctrines?"  Certainly a most unanswerable
fact.  The merchants, on the other hand, most of whom directly
or indirectly are engaged in the profits of the drug, shield
155 
HISTORY OF THE OPIUM TRADE.
themselves by the gin palace argument, if we do not carry on
the trade, the Chinamen and Americans will. Even now, say
they, the best part of it has gone into the hands of the Parsees,
who living economically, and doing business for nothing, are
taking our bread from our mouths. And, again, if we did not
bring it from India, the Chinamen having once got a taste of
it, will produce it, as they are now doing, in their own country.
Once more, the evil, they are afraid, is greatly exaggeratedeven the missionaries themselves are at loggerheads. Look at
the seven letters on the opium trade, published in the British
Banner, last May, under the signature of a "Friend of China,"
where they assert that there are now some fifteen millions of
opium smokers, and at least a million souls annually added to
the fearful list, while Medhurst, an able writer, in an elaborate
treatise on the subject, in the Shanghae almanac of last year,
says, that two to three millions, at the most, indulge in opium
and he supports his position by figures. The latter writer has
the support of the merchants, and they consider his views a fair
exposition of the question. Dr. Medhurst is one of the oldest
of the London Mission Society, and being a man of unmistakable talent, I can but think that his statement is the correct one, more especially as it is worked out with such collateral
proof.
While on this question, there can be no harm in briefly tracing
the history of the opium trade, from the notes which I have
made from the several authors. The first opium which the Chinese got a taste of was introduced by Col. Watson and Vice
President Wheeler, from Bengal, about the year 1700. These
gentlemen, then, may be considered the fathers of the immense
trade which forms nearly one-half of the entire foreign commerce
of China. During the next half century the import did not
156 
OPIUM PROHIBITED AS AN ARTICLE OF SALE.
exceed 200 chests of a picul each, but in the year 1767-in
Lord Chatham's day-it reached 1,000 chests, the Portuguese
having the trade entirely to themselves, at the then flourishing
port of Macao. Six years later, that indefatigable body of
merchants, the East India Company started their first venture,
and owned the first receiving ship near Cumsingmoon. The
treasury of the company was at Canton, and the proceeds of
the armed ship sent out from Bengal in 1781, entirely laden
with opium, was passed to the credit of that governmeut. The
first receiving ship at Whampoa was about the period of Lord
McCartney's embassy to Pekin, 1794, and then the Chinamen
began to enact prohibitory laws, for previous to the commencement of the present century it was admitted at the China Custom House as a medical drug, under a duty equal to six cents
per pound. The import increased gradually, and at that time
(1800) amounted to 2,000 chests; which so alarmed the Imperial government, a stopper was at once put on in the shape of
its entire prohibition as an article of sale or import, and no
man under penalty of death was allowed to cultivate the poppy
in his Majesty's dominion. These laws have not been repealed,
but the government has never been able to execute them.
In 1809 the Hong merchants gave security that no opium
should be brought; but notwithstanding these precautions some
5,000 chests found their way through Macao and Whampoa,
in 1820; and the next year the Governor of Canton was discharged in disgrace for remissness of duty; more stringent acts
obliged the merchants to resort to all the dodges of the smuggler, bribery, arms and secresy. Money was paid the merchant
at his counting house, and the Chinese purchaser, with boats
armed to the teeth, got the needful from out of the storeships
in the night time. Then came the age of opium clippers and
157 
PUNISHMENT FOR DEALING IN THE DRUG.
romantic adventures-the time of great risks for great profits.
About the time of Louis Phillip's debut on the French throne,
other edicts were proclaimed year after year, stronger and
stronger, 1831, 1832, and again in 1834 the Imperial Cabinet
then drew forth their proclamations against foreigners for bringing it, and Chinese for using that which was undermining all
their happiness; and yet in the face of all this the import had
so multiplied, that in 1836, 35,000 chests were sold in China.
We have now reached the period of one of the most remarkable events of its history. The exciting discussion among the
chief governors and ministers of the Empire, comprising the
most talented statesmen of the land, for and against its being
a legalized trade; but its opponents were too strong for those
who recommended it, and the former came off victorious, while
many of the latter were disgraced by the Emneror for expressing such opinions.
At once measures were taken more decided than anything
before, even to the execution of those who were engaged in
smuggling.  Foreign  merchants engaged in the traffic were
notified from government to leave the country. In 1848 a
Chinaman was beheaded at Macao, and another towards the
end of the year near the foreign residences at Canton, and
shortly after another Chinaman was executed in the factory
gardens-all for dealing in the drug. Some others inland had
their lips cut off, and other cruelties were resorted to in order
to stop the use of it in the kingdom, and yet all the while the
opium merchants were still rolling in the drug. We are all of
us more familiar with its history since then. Extraordinary
powers were given to the celebrated Commissioner, Lin, who
arrived in Canton in March, 1839. It is a short story; Lin's
energy-letters to foreign residents-bond from them in return,
158 
NOBLE DECLARATION OF THE EMPEROR.
swearing they would never again engage in it, which was never
kept, the seizure of 23,283 chests and their destruction in twenty
days, by lime and salt, nearly $10,000,000 in value. The protests
of the merchants, the activity of the East India Company, the
arrival of the British fleet-the prowess of the British army in
the far famed opium war, where millions of Chinese were sent
to meet their ancestors, and China opened up to foreign commerce by the treaty of Nankin, in 1842. This war to a certain extent settled the question, and the trade has gone on from
200 chests, in 1156, to 70,000 or 80,000 in 1856 —from one
million dollars then to forty million dollars now. But now
there is little said about it in the Pekin Gazette, and the traffic
still moves on. The late Emperor, when again asked to legalise the trade in 1844, made use of strong language in his remarkable reply-" Yes, I cannot prevent the introduction of
the growing poison; gain seeking and corrupt men will, for
profit and sensuality, defeat my wishes; but nothing will induce me to derive a revenue from the vice and misery of my
people.
Among the several writers who have taken up the subject,
none seem to defend it; all unite in decrying it; for, morally,
what can be said in its favor? When speaking of its evil
effects, some of the literary Chinamen became most eloquent
against it. None are more able to argue and strike the reason
than the Chinese scholar. Read that wonderful letter of that
Jacobin Robespierre-the statesman Lin-when writing to the
Queen, in which he says: "To seek one's own advantages by
others injury is abhorrent to man's nature, and opposed to the
ways of Heaven," and using many arguments, the language of
which Webster or Burke would not have blushed at. It would
be amusing, were it not so sad, to read the opinions of some of
159 
FATAL EFFECTS OF OPIUM SMOKERS.
the Goughs and Hawkins who lecture on the effects of the drug.
Let me copy a pithy paragraph from a letter of February
1854, from statements made by King-Shan, a distinguished
scholar of Nankin, in 1836':  At first, the smokers of opium merely wish to follow the fashion of the day, but in the sequel the poison takes effect, the
habit becomes fixed, the sleeping smokers are all like corpseslean and haggard as demons. Such are the injuries it does to
life. It throws whole families into ruin, dissipates every kind
of property and destroys man himself.   There cannot be a
greater evil than this. In comparison with arsenic I pronounce it tenfold the greater poison, for those who smoke the
drug are injured in many ways. It exhausts the animal spirits,
hence the youth who smoke shorten their days; and those i
middle age will hasten the termination of their years. It im
pedes the regular performance of business-it wastes the fleslh
and blood-flesh is gradually worn away and consumed from th
robust who smoke, and their skin hangs down like bags. Th
faces of the weak who smoke are black and cadaverous, and thei
bones are naked as billets of wood.   It renders the person il
favored, mucus flows from their nostrils and tears from thei
eyes-their very bodies are putrid and rotten.   It promote
obscenity, it discovers secrets, it violates laws, it attacks th
vitals, it destroys life-when he has pawned all else for opium
he will pawn his wife and sell his daughter.
Powerful language. He even beats Pollok when describing
pleasure. This position, I imagine, only describes the delirium
tremens of the day.  Where man sells his bones to the docto
and his soul to the devil; another of their learned men says,
that the first effect is not felt, but after a little  The constitution gives way, the interior gradually decays,
160 
INTERESTING STATISTICS OF THE TRADE.
thousands of worms and maggots gnaw the intestines; their
faces become discolored, their teeth black, their appearance like
charcoal, their shoulders rise to their ears; their necks slink in,
their throats protrude, and their whole frame is hateful as that
of a ghost or devil; and, in fine, they continue to buy their
bane until death overtakes them in the act of taking one more
puff.
I have introduced these two paragraphs to show the style of
composition, and what arguments were laid before the Emperor,
when the discussion was at its height. No wonder the old man
stood unnerved at the appeal, for he had lost a son-a favorite
boy-who smoked himself to death. If he could not keep it
out of the Imperial palace, it certainly would be difficult to
shut it out of the gates of the empire.
The drain of silver from the nation during the last thirty
years, had there been no teas, or silk in return, would have been
some six hundred millions of dollars!
In a memorial to the Emperor, the Chinese show the annual
drain from the Imperial treasury, to have been from
1829 to 1831........................................ $24,000,000
1831 to 1834......................................... 28,000,000
1834 to 1838........................................ 40,000,000
and even if the former was exaggerated, statistics show that the
latter average is about the annual outlay at the present time.
The question of whether China could have taken more cottons
and imports from England or ourselves had they not expended
so much for opium, is problematical.
From what I can see you might as well keep back the
waves of the sea (which Sydney Smith, when he first introduced that amiable lady, Dame Partington, to the world, failed
to do,) as to stop the use of opium. When segars are abolished
161 
SUBJECT FOR ENGLISH PHILANTHROPY.
and tobacco in any form is not used as a stimulant-when intoxicating beverages are swept from the races of the earthwhen slavery is no more and the world as pure as when created,
the opium trade, foreign and domestic, may prove abortive;
but until then I doubt if all the books which are published, arguments which are advanced, and laws which are enacted, will
be the means of keeping opium out of China. The natives
have got a taste for it; and if they cannot get it from India,
they can cultivate it in any quantity in their own empire. Some
confidently assert that even now they produce some 40,000
chests per year; and as the love of it increases, in spite of the
government, they will continue to raise it or import it from
those who do. The East India Company have the credit of all
the iniquity, but so long as they continue to derive $18,000,000
revenue per annum, what do they care for newspaper squibs
and Buncom  editorials?  But  China does  not take it fast
enough, for even now they have and are establishing retail
shops over the Singapore part of the Indian Empire, and the
beautiful rice fields and fertile lands of Hindostan must give
way for the growth of the poppy, after sufficient have been left
for the food of the nation.  As a question of broad and liberal
philanthropy England once expended some $100,000,000 in
abolishing West Indian slavery. I wonder if her benevolence
will ever reach the East Indian Continent? Parliament may
consider it. We will wait a little longer.
In a letter from Singapore I think I alluded to the rather
startling fact that almost the whole revenue of that island of
the company's was derived from the sale of the license to the
opium farmers-some $200,000. Take the traffic away from
the commerce of China, and some of those beautiful palaces
where the merchant so hospitably entertains the stranger, would
162 
PIECEPT AND PRACTICE.
have to close their doors. Even now the trade is not what it
was; fortunes are not made in one successful operation, as
years ago. Then, most every roll was a strike; but of late
ears it is difficult to get a spare. There's no use of abusing
hose who deal in it; you may as well black-ball the rumseller.
there's not so much difference as one may imagine. Holland
Din, on the North American Indian, or Patna or Malwa on the
Asiatic-each carries destruction with excess.  If you blame
nie, blame all-and don't save your correspondent, for his first
Foreign venture was a shipment of four tins of the precious stuff
in the old ship Eliza Warwick to China, in 1846, an invoice of
sixty dollars squeezed out of a clerkship salary in a Boston
Arm, and if those who now trade in it are not more successful
than I was, they will never make their fortunes, for it almost
made me bankrupt, besides getting a severe rebuke from my
:ommander-in-chief for indulging at my early time of life in the
)pium trade!  I think it only justice to state that the shipment would have been more successful had not the drug ent,irely evaporated before it reached Canton.
163 
CHAPTER XVI.
ON BOARD STEAMSHIP FIERY CROSS, 
FROM SINGAPORE TO CALCUTTA, FEB. 24, 1856. 
The Philosophy of Chinese History-The Lessons which it Teaches  Secret Political Societies in the Celestial Empire-Their Objects ax
Influence-The War of Great Britain with China-Its Benefits to t]
Commerce of the World-Origin of the Present Rebellion-Its Tr
Causes Explained-Christianity Not its Mainspring, as is Erroneous
Supposed-Comparison between the Romish and Protestant Mission
ries-Resemblance between the Romish and Bhudhist Forms of Wc
ship-Extraordinary Spread of Education amongst the Chinese Pop
lation-National Characteristics, &c., &c.
FOUR hundred millions of human beings, whose ancestral hi
tory shows civilization before the Western world-whose won
erful country reaches some three thousand miles from north
south, and two thousand miles from east to west, covering tl
broad expanse of some five or six millions of square miles,
mountain ranges, and fertile valleys, lakes and rivers-t]
immensity of which is a source of astonishment to all who mal
the inquiry; whose religion is older than the Pope or t]
Protestant's Bible, coming down from ages before Bhudah, (t]
traditionary prince who knew every language, whose virgin wi
possessed thirty-two virtues, and lived a thousand years befo:
our Saviour's time) though Confucius, that wonderful schola
moralist and divine, whose light commenced to shine some s
r
I
I
i
I
1.
t
I
I
t
I
i 
CHAPTER XVI.
ON BOARD STEAMSHIP FIERY CROSS, 
FROM SINGAPORE TO CALCUTTA, FEB. 24, 1856. 
The Philosophy of Chinese History-The Lessons which it Teaches
Secret Political Societies in the Celestial Empire-Their Objects a
Influence-The War of Great Britain with China-Its Benefits to t
Commerce of the World-Origin of the Present Rebellion-Its Tr
Causes Explained-Christianity Not its Mainspring, as is Erroneous
Supposed-Comparison between the Romish and Protestant Mission
ries-Resemblance between the Romish and Bhudhist Forms of Wc
ship-Extraordinary Spread of Education amongst the Chinese Pop
lation-National Characteristics, &c., &c.
FOUR hundred millions of human beings, whose ancestral h
tory shows civilization before the Western world-whose won
erful country reaches some three thousand miles from north
south, and two thousand miles from east to west, covering tl
broad expanse of some five or six millions of square miles,
mountain ranges, and fertile valleys, lakes and rivers-tl
immensity of which is a source of astonishment to all who mal
the inquiry; whose religion is older than the Pope or t]
Protestant's Bible, coming down from ages before Bhudah, (t]
traditionary prince who knew every language, whose virgin wi
possessed thirty-two virtues, and lived a thousand years befor
our Saviour's time) though Confucius, that wonderful schola
moralist and divine, whose light commenced to shine some si
I
II
c
I
1.
t
I
I
I
i 
PHILOSOPHY OF CHINESE HISTORY.
-enturies before the Christian's era, and whose doctrines have
ound their way into more temples, households and hearts than
iny other sage or imposter that ever wrote.a composition, not
orgetting Mahomet, through Mencius a young man when Confuins was getting gray, whose strange habits and manners are
aught the rising generation of the West, in their earliest les;on at school-whose enormous productions of teas and silks, of
)orcelain and of ivory, of cotton, of rice, and of articles of ornanent and luxury, more than sufficient for their own wants, have
tone so much of late years-the former two particularly-for
knglo-Saxon and European commerce-I say that such a
vonderful race, equal to nearly one-half the population of the
vorld, governed by one head, and governed far better than some
nodern nations, scattered over a country whose magnificent
)ublic works startle the beholder into admiration for their very
nagnitude, may well prove the subject of the deepest contem)lation.
Any one who has been even at the outer gate of such an
mmense Empire-termed, in the flowery language of the peo)le, that of the "Ten Thousand Kingdoms, and of the Four
'eas under the Hieavens" and lived and moved, even for a short
ime, with them and among them, and visited some of their
hief sea coast cities, will have food for much reflection. The
eographical picture book of the primary school makes one
amiliar with the mammoth border wall, now twenty centuries
rld-which, however, was no more credit to the Chinese contueror of the border races than the grand canal-that cele)rated work made by millions of men, and costing millions of
[ollars-the great national highway of the Middle Kingdom,
vas creditable to its originator and the Mongol monarch who
ompleted it.  Each astonish, both captivate the mind, for their
165 
SECRET POLITICAL SOCIETIES.
political storm, during the period above mentioned, that occasionally swept through the country; but in 1644 the boldness
and skill of the nomadic tribes-although' the odds were so
much against them-gave the Tartars China, for they crossed
the walls, conquered the celestial army, with the help, most
likely, of some of its own officers, took the country, and made
Pekin one of the chief cities of the place-after Nankin, the
capital of the Empire. This was an age of commerce and of
change. England was hard at work in India; Holland was
overrunning the native princes of the Indian Archipelago; the
Portuguese were getting a foothold in Macao; the Spanish
were introducing their iron rule to the islanders on the Philippine; and the Pilgrims, were slowly driving the aboriginal
American further inland; while Tartary was conquering China.
They succeeded, and the long tail and shaven head, which the
modern Chinamen is so fond of, is only a badge of servitudethe emblem of the Mantchow monarch to show a conquered
race.
In 1644, the Tartars overthrew the existing monarch, and in
spite of all opposition Emperors have died, and their successors
have filled their places; cabinets have faded away and been replaced again; revolutions have been made, and rebel leaders
executed, and yet the Mantchows still hold the reins of government.  Even the late king, Taou-Kwang, in 1850, was laid in
his grave, and the present boy emperor was placed in the Imperial palace without the least political movement. But, nevertheless, secret societies increase in magnitude, and the most
sacred oaths are taken to overthrow, when the opportunity occurs, the reigning dynasty; and the cry of the political Chinaman, which is uppermost in his mind, but which he dare not
express, is death to the Tartar.  The Dragon, the Triad, and
167 
WAR OF GREAT BRITAIN WITH CHINA.
other party societies are ever active for their respective leaders.
Even at Singapore, they had to fight it out some eighteen
months ago-a political squabble that ended in great loss of
life-and had not the Europeans interfered, like the bloody
fight between the Scottish clans in the "Fair Maid of Perth,"
they would have conquered each other or died.
Tracing, as I have done, a running history of the nation's
politics, I should not have omitted the period of the English
war, or, as the Chinese term it, that of the Southern Barbarians, or the Red Headed Devils of the West. I have, however, introduced it into the opium chapter of yesterday's letter,
and only allude to it now to bring the connecting link down to
the day of the rebel chief, who, with his half million of men
and women, now occupies the very city where Sir iHenry Pettinger so ably and satisfactorily concluded the treaty of 1842,
which opened up the five ports to British commerce, and paved
the way for Guizot, on the part of the French King, and
Cushing for the American nation, in 1844, to negotiate similar
treaties on behalf of their respective governments.
The opium question-the treatment of the British merchants
by Lin, and the exclusive measures of the Chinese government,
occasioned remonstrances first, and then action; and the boldness of the assault was only outdone by its success. The rapidity of the battles might well astonish so slow a people as the
Chinese; and when one foothold after another surrendered, the
imperial monarch began to grow pale, and think of his personal
safety-one following the other in rapid succession-Amoy and
Chusan towards the close of'41, and Ningpo and Ching-hae in
March, Chapoo, Woosung, Shanghaeand Chin Kiangfoo, shortly
after in 1842-all fell before the British forces, startling the
whole Chinese nation from its opiatic slumbers, and weakening
168 
SIGNING OF THE TREATY OF NANKIN.
at every victory the Tartar's power-no wonder the Mantchow
King gave hasty instructions to his trusty statesmen, Keying
and Peipo, to stop the ravages of the unconquerable barbarians,
and make a treaty, no matter what the terms; language widely
different from the haughty despatches which the same monarch
gave to Kishan and Lin a few years only before. No wonder
that he mistrusted his power and trembled for his throne-no
wonder that he had made arrangements to flee into his tributary
deserts in MAanchowia, for to all appearances the war strife of
the British would shortly knock down all the cities in the kingdom. I believe at this time so frightened was the government
that the English nation could have made any regulations they
chose-Ministers at Pekin, all ports opened, foreigners naturalized, and free trade and free access throughout the territory.
But as it was, England was satisfied. She copied from Napoleon, and made the conquered nation pay the expenses for getting whipped-$21,000,000 from the imperial cash box-the
full opening of the cinque ports, and England was satisfied; and
America may thank her stars that she has had the chance of
enjoying the same advantages without doing any of the hard
and dirty work.  The signing of the treaty of Nankin relieved
the Tartar monarch of his fears, but greatly reduced the respect
with which the Chinese had always held him. In every possible way the extent of the conquest was kept from the body of
the people, as can be seen by a reference to the file of the
Pekin Gazette-a daily publication-to see how grossly facts
were misrepresented. Huc says he frequently met with those
who would ask for the Southern barbarians that the Emnperor
had so soundly beaten. Such a thing as reform is hardly
known in Chinese history-unless I may mention the movement
of that highly accomplished lady who some fifteen or twenty
169 
170          ORIGIN OF THE PRESENT' REBELLION.
years ago rose, on account of her personal attractions and
talented mind, to the head of the kingdom as the consort of
the Emperor.   But her life was as brief as it was good; envy
at her rising fame brought snares around her path, and slander
and-neglect broke her heart, and a whole nation mourned her
great loss. Many supposed that the death of the late Emperor
would occasion revolution and bloodshed regarding the successession-but it seems that the Mantchou child of the Tartar
concubine wears the regal honors in the presence-of the Cabinet
who govern the nation, while the young Emperor is undermining
his constitution in the fatal dissipation of the opium pipe and
the harem-a short but a merry life-and then another change.
It is next to impossible to say what effect the late rebellions
have had upon the government, for the articles in the Gazette
only lead the reader astray.
Tai-ping-wang still holds the Southern capital, and no Imperial army has yet been able to dislodge him. He rules with
military discipline-no opium  allowed-no  tobacco  can be
smoked, and, what is most remarkable, and I should suppose
would be most unpopular and somewhat doubtful, no intercourse
is allowed between the sexes. A Chinese Hong merchant who
has just come down from Nankin says the imperial troops, in
most disorderly masses are encamped about the city, but like
the allies before Sebastopol, the siege already has lasted some
two years, and no surrender from the rebel chief. The Chinaman above referred to says that the rebels can grow all the
rice they may require for support, and as for starving them out,
it is out of the question. At one time the rapid movements of
the several leaders led thinking men to suppose a change of dynasty.  Amoy first turned to the revolutionists, May 18, 1853,
but the government troops retook it again ini November, since 
CHRISTIANITY NOT ITS MAINSPRING.
which all has been quiet. Again, September 7, 1853, Shanghae was captured, and held for eighteen months, but then it
had to give way to the Imperial army in February, 1855. At
Canton, June 1854, the insurrectionists did not succeed; but
Nankin fell the previous year, in March, and is still held by the
rebel army. Those few cities enumerate the most prominent
points of action, but several small inland towns and cities have
been taken, ransomed, and given up again, only to be retaken
once more. Every mail from China during the past two years
was expected to carry the downfall of the Tartars, but they
are still in power; and although they have not been able to
take Nankin, their forces are continually increasing, and one or
the other must soon give way.
It is most amusing to note the clashing opinions of the merchants and missionaries of China and the journalists and reviewers of the West, since the commencement of the revolution.
The missionaries saw the handiwork of God, and their arduous
labors fairly crowned with the approaching success.  Religion
was the motive power, and many of the clever writers traced
the origin of the rebellion from Tai-ping-wang, who was a
student of the missionary Roberts, in 1833. Some of the merchants agreed, but more of them had no faith in the Christianity of the troubles. It was no general insurrection, and they
-each chief at each place-acted on his own responsibility,
and was actuated only by the hope of plunder, or rising fame
:n the waves of revolution. One of the leading chieftains was
kniown to have been a horse boy of bad character, of one of
the merchants of Shanghae, and the other's history could not
e traced to any good. The movement at Shanghae was enirely distinct from that one hundred and fifty miles up the
Yang-tze Kang, at Nankin, while that at Amoy was not the
171 
CHIN ESE DIPLOMACY.
same as that at Canton. Robbery and piracy were fast creat
ing new men, and the government could not concentrate forces
fast enough to put down the disturbers of the peace. The
attack of the foreigners at Shangliae, where Gray was wounded
and Captain Pearson killed, was, it will be remembered, on the
imperial, not the rebel camp, showing the belief that the latter
was the stronger. Then none knew how the battles would turn,
and the foreigners, influenced only by trade and personal safety,
were desirous of taking the popular side. Now they see their
error, although many still hold that all was for the best; for
had they not stopped the advances of the Tartar troops, no one
would have been safe in the settlement. I have said that most
of the missionaries believed that it was only the ripening of
the missionary fruit; and even now there are few of them that
will endorse the position which I have taken, that naught but
the love of piracy and the excitement of the mob influenced
the insurrectionists. It is true that one or two of their leaders
gave out religion as the cause; but is there anything in that
but Chinese diplomacy? They thought that such a banner
would help the>, and with the cunning of the race they hoisted
it. But Tai-ping-wang, it is known, is hostile to all foreigners,
and the actions of the rebels, now show that Christianity was
only called in as an ally.  God forbid that I should in any way
detract one jot or tittle from the hard labors of the mission;
many of its followers are good and honest men, depriving themselves of home comforts, and living in a foreign country, for
conscience sake-somle with fortunes before they went there;
Aliss Aldersy, at Ningpo, for instance, whose Christian labors
MAartin has so gracefully alluded to, and others not so wealthy,
but who are influenced by the same motives of doing good to
their fellow man. But, thus far, what has been done? The
172 
ROMISH AND PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES.
seed may have been planted, but is it not time to see some of
the fruit? Our habits, our manners, our belief, our actions
confuse them. One sells opium, another says it must not be
used-one talks dollars, while the other holds the Bible- although so far so little encouragement has been given them in
making converts, it does not follow that many of the missionaries are not influenced by the most noble motives-but I cannot feel that the wedge has even been inserted. Christianize
the higher classes-the mandarins and the government firstand then you may have hopes for the people; as it is, none
but the poorest classes have been willing to listen, and there
are few of them that will not be a Christian for fifty cents,
baptized in any creed, and a member of any sect. Money has
more effect with them than tracts; and if such is the case, the
evangelization of the Chinese will depend upon the contribution
boxes at home. The moment you think you have made a convert, the man may be robbing your cash box.
I believe there are some eighty or ninety foreign ministers
scattered along the eight hundred miles of coast-but none
inland-belonging to the  Prptestant  faith.  The  Church of
Pome displays the most industry, and in early years made rapid
progress; and at one time they counted a million converts.
The Catholic missionary conmpletely shuts himself from the outer
world, and in his dress, mode of living, mainners and language
becomes a Chinaman. I saw one with the tail and costume.
Huc and Gebeth both dressed in the same style-the former
spokle Chinese and Mongol court language, and some of the
Tarter dialect.   Most of the Catholics are men of classical
education, and of distinguished families, live on small salaries,
and are noted for their quiet, unassuming lives. It is said that
their comparative success was in the strong resemblance of the
173 
1 74      ROMISH AND BHUDHIST FORMS OF WORSHIP.
Bhudhist and Romish forms of worship. I noticed this resemblance in some of the temples.   Christianity, I believe, was
introduced to the Celestials somewhere about the sixth, seventh
and eight centuries, by the Catholics and the Nestorians; but
it was a few hundred years later-some five hundred years since
-the age of the Crusades-that Scott has impressed upon the
memory in the Talisman-which brought Asia and Europe
nearer together, and Pope Innocent the Fourth, in the thirteenth,
and Pope Clement the Fifth, in the fourteenth century, sent
their ministers to China. This was the time that Clement
established in the Ming dynasty an archbishoprick at Pekin, and
the Chinese were rolling in luxury and in ease. Each century
saw other changes-more priests left under succeeding Popesand in the sixteenth century how surprised the Catholic minis
ters must have been to leave Bedlam for Paradise! for certainly
the civilization of China, when at its acme of fame, was a vast
change from feudal Europe, broken to pieces by convulsion and
revolution.  Father Ricci at this period was preaching the faith
in the north of China, while Xavier was expounding his doctrines
to the astonished natives in the interior of Japan, and towards
the end of this century the Jesuits from France were at the
height of their fame at Pekin.  Hue, in his first work-Travels
in Thibet, Tartary and China, in'44,'45 and'46-has spoken
at length of the Mongol and Tartar religion, and says that the
Jesuits lost their power in 1799, the year of Washington's death
-when Kia-King, the fifth monarch of the Mantchow dynasty,
drove them from the capital, and cut down their power. The
Emperor saw them going ahead too fast, and when they made
the sad mistake, at Rome, of making the Pope a higher sovereign than the King, the Jesuits' progress was on the wane.
This trifling point given up, all would have been well. France 
DIFFERIENT VIEWS OF THE REBEI,LION.
has always devoted some of her time to Chinese literature; and
I suppose more can be found regarding the early history of China
in the French libraries than in any other place.  But the writers
then differed almost as much as now. Voltaire and Montesquiec
were at swords' points; one called it a paradise, while the latter
saw only a prison. But I am wandering from my text; from
speaking of the rebellion I have gone to the missionary; but as
they have been both associated latterly, I may be pardoned for
dwelling a few moments on the one while sketching the progress
of the other.
I have given my reasons for believing that the late insurrection
was entirely foreign from the Christain's labors; but, as I have
said, few of the members of the mission will agree with me.
However my opinion, goes for what it is worth. Read MacDowal's and Meadows' correspondence in the Times, last year,
if you wish to see different views.   The one argues directly
against the other; but neither conclusively. Depend upon it,
the Tsing dynasty came much nearer being overthrown with the
English war than by the late movement; for the one had power,
the other only told of weakness.
It is utterly impossible to say what a day may bring forth.
Here, as in Europe, a change may come in the night time.
China may remain stationary for a year or two, or longer, and
then, mtrabile dictu, all is in commotion again. As Europe
was in the middle ages, so is China now-just upon the eve
of some wonderful moral and political change.   Feudal Europe held back for a long time from civilization, from the arts,
literature and commerce. So it is now with China. Foreign
influence must work out the country's destiny. What is wanted
is the united action of several nations-an allied fleet to wake
them from their lethargic slumbers.
175 
1,76    EDUCATION AMONG THE CHINESE POPULATION.
I have shown in running my eye through the page of history
that the revolution of 1853 is nothing at all unusual-periodical storms of insurrections have and will continue to spread the
Jacobin system throughout the empire; the same restless democratic spirit that is working at the vitals of European monarchism in a different form, is eating at the roots of the Tartar's
throne. I can imagine nothing more terrible than the breaking
up into petty governments of such a mighty people. Better be
as they are than in the hands of native princes, each striving
for the other's life.  Moral corruption corroding a civilized nation is sad to contemplate. A Chinese Mahomet and Pretender's
doctrine blinds a nation's mind. They are a strange people.
Filial piety and family ties are the root of their education.
Like all races, they have rich and poor, vice and virtue, comfort
and misery.  Centralization, in a word, is their government,
like that once executed by Rosas-in some respects absolute,
not despotic. Take into consideration its extent of empire and
population, no nation is better governed. It is true that bribery,
from the Imperial Palace down to the lowest mandarin, is acknowledged; and often poverty and destitution usurp the place
of morality and arts.  The doctrine of Confucius, that ceremony
is the symbol of virtue, is strictly observed, which may account
for their classic politeness.  Strip them of the official dress and
you find them free and easy. Urbanity is a national traitChinese writers to the contrary notwithstanding.  They are great
readers. Every Chinaman, almost, no matter how poor, can
read and write, even those who live in the millions of floating
dwellings on the lakes and rivers. The walls and fences and public places I found stuck over with proclamations, with eager readers crowding round. Instruction is diffused in every city, a teacher
in every town, a school in every village. Literary honors, length
of days, and male offspring is the Chinaman's wishful prayer. 
NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The five sacred and four classic books are the bases of all
science and arts and literature among them. The maxims and
proverbs of Confucius are, many of them,. beautiful. He has a
monument in every city-a name as immortal as his code of
morals. Martin gives many of his sayings, and has written, I
think, the best work ever published on China. Next to it, I
give preference to the Middle Kingdom, by Williams. AMencius
was also a noted man. M. Abel Remusat eulogizes both sages.
The works of these men are traced in all their writings. Their
book is a digest of all knowledge. The twin pillars of Chinese
society is strong attachment for ancient customs, and profound
respect for authority.   Money getting is a ruling passion, and
gaming is carried to excess. They are a nation of merchants,
of traders, of fishermen, and of farmers. Their language is
ideas, not words. Their women are degraded, from the cradle
to the grave, like the Indian squaw.   The ovation at her wedding is a transitory pleasure. Sterility and infidelity are causes
of divorce, while the birth of a female child oftimes brings the
murder of the infant, and the self destruction of the mother.  A
nation of actors as well as cooks-like gipsies, they move in
gangs.  Time is their fulcrum, patience their lever.  China is an
immense library; that at Pekin has 20,000 volumes. Their
Mandarins cringe to superiors but grind those below themthieves and tyrants. The Chinese are not exclusive; it is the
Tartars that shut the Empire's gate. Lynch law is not peculiar to America. The Chinamen has little genius, but can
imitate anything; they never despond, but always try. Nothing original, and little taste, but the most indefatigable industry.
Take them all in all they are a most wonderful race; and to
end my chapter where I commenced it, China and its future offer
food for deep contemplation. If my time allows, I shall say a
word on commerce.
177 
CHAPTER XVII.
OFF CHINIA COAST, ON BOARD STEAMSHIP
FIERY CRoss, bound to Calcutta,
February. 27, 1856
Will American Trade with China Increase.-What the Continental
Countries have Done-Their Commercial Intercourse with China and
their Failures-Russia more Active-Intercourse with Siam-Novel
Yankee Speculation-Anglo-Saxon Enterprise —How the Americans
were Introduced to the Chinese-Trade Statistics of Canton-What
the People Pay for Opium-Tea Freights-How "Young America"
can get in-Missionary Influence-What American Steamships may
do-What the People Want and what they can Return.
WILL our commerce with China increase during the next ten
years in the same ratio as it has during the past? I believe it
will. Why should it not? What will prevent it? So far
comparatively. nothing has  been accomplished.   France  has
done little in China but to copy the English treaty.  Her foreign trade in the East is not commensurate with her territory,
her population or her energy. When the European agitation
has subsided by conquest or ignoble peace on one side or the
other-for I can hardly look for half-way measures-will not
the head of the French throne turn his attention to the Imperial kingdom, where the fruit is all ready to be plucked? Louis
Napoleon is restless and France wants foreign commerce-now
is his time to open China. 
COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE WITH CHINA.
Germany and the independent States have been more active
in the two great staples, but the whole Continental commerce
with the East is but a drop in the bucket. Holland threw up
her cards centuries ago. Who can forget that singular embassy
in 1856 to the Imperial city, where the Dutch Minister was
announced with the crack of a long whip, ushered into the presence of Majesty and kicked out again in less than eight
minutes. As a neutral power, her enterprising merchants may
grasp some of the carrying trade, but aside from this little
Holland is contented with her greater possessions in the Indian
Archipelago.
Portugal has nothing but the Lorchas of Macao-Fernand
D. Anderdu made the first treaty with the Viceroy of Canton,
a few years after Columbus found a Western continent. This
merchant captain in 1517, got his fleet of eight ships under
way for China, and the Portuguese capture of some pirate
junks so pleased the Emperor, that he gave them the sterile
peninsula of Macao, which for three hundred years was the sole
mart of European commerce. Portugal is commercially dead.
Russia is more active. Before Peter's time she sent embassies
to Pekin, and since the day of the Emperor shipbuilder she has
kept up the connexion, made several treaties and grasped considerable territory. The treaty of 1728 still gives the Russians power, and with the secret policy of the two nations to
stop inquiry, few can tell the extent of that inland traffic. The
Russian supply of linens, cloths, velvets, soap, salt, hardware
and many other articles must be immense; for it is a barter
trade, they taking in return rice, silks and brick tea-a coarse,
cheap article, made into the shape of a brick. Where population is so immense commerce must be of no little magnitude.
Who can tell but what many of the manufactured goods that
179 
YANKEE SPECULATION.
Russia took from England in payment for her hemp, feathers,
leather, &c., found their way overland to Mongol, Tartary and
China? Even now the Russians have a college at the Chinese
Capital, where ten scholars from St. Petersburg and Moscow
are taught the court language of the Chinese, so as to act as
interpreters and ambassadors. For a long time the Emperor's
knowledge of what was passing in the European world was obtained from the Russians, who now possess the Amoor and
much of its border lands. Although she may, however, obtain
an increased inland traffic, her maritime commerce must be
small until her policy is changed.
The native islanders in the China and Indian seas, tributary
and otherwise, will continue to despatch their huge native craft
between the several ports as heretofore, and the absence of statistics shuts out all knowledge of its extent, but it is known to
be immense.  Foreign ships are now being owned by Chinamen
and Siamese, sailed by European captains. I have learned indirectly, but cannot indorse the report, that an arrangement
has been made by an American merchant of Shanghae-who is
now and has been some months the guest of his Majesty the
King of Siam-to take that distinguished potentate into the
aforesaid merchant's firm as a junior partner. If so, Mr. Consul General Harris will have to negotiate through a fellow
countrymen. Mr. II., is now at Penang, wafting for the San
Jacinto to usher him into the presence of the black king.
Spain is in her dotage, and will have all she wants to do to
take care of Cuba and Philippines.
England and America,, then, are left to revolutionize, commercialize and naturalize the Celestials.  English  pluck and
American enterprise united, and what can stop the AngloSaxons' progress? Thus far comparatively nothing has been
180 
ANGLO-SAXON ENTERPRISE.
accomplished in China. Fourteen years have passed since the
war, and clipper ships have had their day of profitable freights.
One hundred millions of dollars is a small sum for Western
merchants to invest in so extensive a country, and only five or
six hundred Anglo Saxons, at the most, are scattered along the
Chinese coast as commercial men. Queen Elizabeth first tried
to introduce England to China about the time that Wm.
Shakspere was writing himself immortal. In 1596 the virgin
sovereign wrote her first diplomatic letter to the Emperor of
China,, in favor of her most enterprising subjects —Richard
Allot and Thomas Bloomfield, merchants of London —but a
storm turned the ship out of the track, and the letter never
was delivered. In 1613 the East India Company first got a
taste for China trade, and little by little increased their power
and got the entire monopoly, which they held till 1834, when
the trade was thrown open to all. Lord Napier's treatment,
the destruction of opium, the war and peace, I have already
spoken of. So much for England's progress in the trade.
America in 1786 sent her first ship-a 350 ton vessel-and her
neutrality during the twenty years' war turned the introduction
to good account. That and the freighting of teas to Holland
in Yankee vessels, during Napoleon's success, increased the extent of our commerce; but in 1821 it was suddenly stopped
by the accidental death of a China woman, by an American
sailor dropping a pot on her head.  Houqua, the well known
Hong merchant, did his best to adjust the matter, but not till
the man was given up and strangled outside the walls by the
Chinese authorities was the trade resumed. The captains acting as supercargoes, bought teas directly from the Chinese sellers, and they and a few of the old merchants-Russell and
others —had the cream of the trade, especially during the war.
181 
AMERICANS INTRODUCED TO THE CHINESE.
Another misunderstanding occurred in 1844, by the American
Consul erecting a vane on the top of his flag pole, which caused
great excitement among the Chinese, and had to be taken
down at once.  This was the year in which the United States
government sent the expensive embassy to China, and our present Attorney General, Mr. Cushing prepared the paper with
judgment and care. The Chinese had previously promised
Commodore Kearney, before the Nankin treaty was signed,
that America should have the same concessions. England deserves credit for her liberality on this occasion. Other ministers have since been sent to China-Everett, McLane, Marshall and Rev. Dr. Parker-but little has been done to increase
our trade or extend our commerce. Pekin has not been reached
by any Americaii.  Lord McCartney, after submitting to insults unheard of, saw Pekin in 1794, and Davis tells of his
afflictions in 1816. The embassy declined to knock their heads
nine times against a stone post, and hence the Emperor declined
to receive them, and in his letter to the King of England, says
that he permitted them to leave without the severe punishment
they deserved for their gross behavior. Some writer observes
that "the British embassy at that time entered Pekin like beggars, remained there like prisoners, and were driven out like
thieves."
The statistics on the Canton Chamber of Commerce show
that in 1837 the commerce was entirely in favor of China.
Great Britain imported some $16,000,000 more than she sent
to China, and the United States had to pay China the same
year some $4,300,000 over and above what she exported.  Here,
then, was some $20,000,000 a year balance of trade in China's
favor, and so far as legitimate commerce was concerned, it
continued in the same ratio for some fifteen years, until 1852;
182 
rHE CHINA TRADE.
but it must be remembered the important item of opium had
been omitted, and hence instead of receiving $20,000,000, China
had to pay about that amount into the always ready to receive
coffers of the East India Company, for the privilege of poisoning
her people.
During the last three years our clipper ships in spite of the
revolution, have generally found here freight, for there is one
thing I have long noticed, that no matter what the circulars
say about the scarcity of teas, &c., there is usually just one cargo
left. The China trade, instead of being concentrated in Canton
as formerly, is scattered up and down the coast in the hands of
many houses-so much for the past. The revolution you may
almost say has come and gone, and the business of the country
still rolls on-so much for the present.  Now, what shall we
say for the future? How is the trade to be enlarged? There is
only one way, and that is by England and America pulling
together when they talk over the renewal and alteration of the
treaty, close at hand.  Diplomacy by notes will do no good unless you have a frigate at your back-firmness and  decision
are wanted; and the question-arises, are Sir John Bowring and
Dr. Parker the men for the time? Are they the right ministers
for the right places? There are many in China who think not.
The missionary influence is not a popular one, and such men,
they say, are apt to be led astray by Chinese diplomacy, and
in discussing the treaty, too much. philanthropy and humanity
will spoil everything. Say to them, open your ports or take
the consequences.'Tis the only way to touch the subject.
Work in unison, each endorse the other: call their attention
to the late war, galling as it may be, and say to them that the
day has arrived in the world's history when nations are in duty
bound to open their gates and receive a minister at their capital.
183 
ENTERPRISE OF THE AGE.
Ask, I believe, and ye shall receive; but you must put the matter
in a way not to be misunderstood; and rather than fight again
the Tartar monarch will throw open the empire, as he did the
outer gates in 1842. There is no other way. Try it, ye statesmen of the West.
The fact is, the Western nations think but precious little of
China, any way. They drink the tea and use the silks, and
sometimes read the newspaper intelligence, but aside from those
interested in the personal welfare and in the business of the few
foreigners out here, England and the United States care but
little whether the country is opened up or not. Such being the
case, enterprise, of course, is perfectly paralyzed; not a yard
of electric wire, not a foot of railway, not even a common
marine telegraph at Hong Kong or any of the consular ports
to tell you of the arrival of a ship; most of the firms have a
large spy glass, and the moment a sail heaves in sight, such is
competition and the desire for something new, that a dozen
telescopes are at once pointed at the new arrival, and clipper
boats rest on their oars to receive the papers. Beautiful hongs
or houses have been built, but on Chinese land, and some of the
places have a race course, a bowling alley or billiard room, but,
save a dry-dock or two at Whampoa or Shanghae, foreigners
can boast few specimens of the enterprise of the age. Can this
thing last? Most certainly not. If the government don't act,
individuals are sure to try a hand at it. One or two steamers
are now on the stocks, and the owners are bound to see something of the inland rivers.  Let us once get into the country
and we are all right.   Chinamen like our money,  and those
that are brought in contact with us make no objections. It is
those in the interior, who have never seen us, who are the most
hostile.
184 
AMERICAN STEAMSHIPS.
If nothing is done immediately the time is not far off when
American steamers will be running up and down the canals and
rivers, paying for themselves, to the delighlt of the Chinamren.
When I notice the P. and O. steamers from Hong Kong to
Shanghae crowded with Chinese passengers, when I see the boats
on Canton river full of living freight, all Celestials, I can but
think that a taste for such travel will increase; and once get
our boats in the interior, and what a field for enterprise!
Imagine the steamboat traffic between such cities as Liverpool and London, New York and Boston, or perhaps better
still in comparison, New Orleans and St. Louis, and then contemplate the populous towns of China, and the extent at which
our machinery, our engineers, our enterprise would be employed I
It is utterly impossible to reflect upon the complete change this
would bring about. Why, all the machinists, all the steamboat
men, all the Vanderbilts and the George Laws of the day could
not supply the ravenous demand; and the same remark applies
to many other notions. Let us once settle on some of the rivers
and canals in the country, and look out for what follows. I
have been informed by some of the leading merchants that raw
silk can be taken to England, manufactured by British workmen, and brought back to China, underselling the Chinamen onl
their own ground, the same as England has done with our cottons, notwithstanding all our go-ahead-ativeness, cheap labor
anid capital, now too much for us; and if too much for us, China,
has little chance.  The same thing has been done in India; native staples have been made up in England, and after making
the two long voyages, are resold again to the natives, showing
the superiority of steam and genius over the simple workmanship
of native races. China can give us silk in any quantity, and
185 
WHAT THE PEOPLE WANT.
when the world consumes more teas, those can be supplied ad
libitem. Cotton comes in largely from Bombay. Cannot America one of these days find a market for the raw material, besides England and the Continent.
If so many cotton goods have been forced upon the Chinese
on the seaboard in payment for teas and silks, what will be the
trade by and by? The Chinese are emphatically a commercial
people, and when they see an improvement they are not apt to
let it go past them. Some of the merchants own European
vessels-perhaps one of these years junks will be entirely superseded another important branch of trade. Cotton manufactures, and silk works also, must be introduced, and many other
improvements.  New fire arms, (this will not meet the views of
the peace Congress) one of these days, will be wanted in any
quantity.  I can already see some of my friends laughing at
me for my wild notions, and for writing upon a country after
six weeks sojourn on the fence, looking, as it were, to the property beyond. But laughing or not, those who read these lines
in China for your far reaching journal, is the only paper I ever
see abroad will give me credit for asking as many questions in
a given time as any other counting house tourist who has been
among them.  I can safely assure them that I have not lacked
the means of gaining information from those more conveirsant
with the country than myself, and must be pardoned for any
egotism I may have displayed; but depend upon it, if the
changes, political and commercial, which I have referred to
here, are carried out-which they must in the course of human
events inevitably be-then the vast and illimitable wealth of
this wonderful country will be thrown open to the Western
world.
186 
CHAPTER XVIII.
CALCUTTA, March 1, 1856.
Trip from Hong Kong to Calcutta-Scenes Along the Indian Coast-A
Submarine Diver Operating in the East-Reminiscences of Japan Value of the Perry Treaty-Arrival in the Hoogly River-team
Competition Between India and China-Cost of the V oyages.
THE several envelopes mailed at Hong Kong and Singapore
will have given you, some weeks since, the notes and observations which I made in passing through the China sea ports.
The last letter was written coming down the China seas, and
contained a resume of the financial, political, social and commercial position of the Celestial kingdom, based upon what I
had seen, heard and read during my few weeks sojourn there.
On the 14th of February Jardine's opium clipper, the Fiery
Cross, steamed out of Hong Kong harbor for Calcutta, stopping at Singapore on the way to coal, and everything is fair for
a prosperous voyage. Only six passengers, and two of them
New Yorkers, sight seeing, like myself, in the Eastern hemisphere; six passengers only, and a large cabin most comfortably
arranged, and officers as obliging as they were competent in
managing so beautiful a boat. At the start I looked for a
pleasant voyage; but I must say, for once, I was fairly behind
hand in my anticipations; for, although an old stager for a
young man in the steam packets and sailing clippers of the 
A SUBMARINE DIVER.
Western waters, I never remember of passing a more agreeable
fortnight or of making a pleasanter trip.
In less than five days we were alongside the coal wharf at
Singapore, and when again under way, two days later, we left
the Straits of Singapore in the back ground, took a turn
through the river harbor and passed out of the inner channel
into the Straits of Malacca, where beautiful islands were dotted over the water, like emerald jewels in a casket, making
everything look picturesque in nature.
The highlands of Penang overlooked the Indian sea for
miles-we were some thirty distant-and the peaks were distinctly seen. I am sorry that our steamer goes on without a
call, for all agree in the romantic scenery of this garden island.
Taylor considers it the most beautiful gem of tropical beauty in
the world, and he has traveled long and should be good authority. In the evening we saw a schooner with a light at the
mast head, which, the captain told us, belonged to the great
diver of England, who has been out here several months endeavoring to recover the large amount of treasure that sunk
with the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamer on her
China voyage.  He was at Sebastopol last, but now he is looking for higher game. It took him a long while to find the spot
where the boat went down, and when found, his buoys and
cable were lost in the fierce monsoon, and then he had to commence again. The company agree to give him half, but if he
succeeds in raising the treasure, I fancy he will consider that it
all belongs to him. Night and day the divers are at their work,
and have now progressed so far as to find the door of the treasure vault, but the great impediment is the collection of oysters
about the place, the sharp shells of which greatly endanger the
life of the diver by cutting through his India rubber dress. He
188 
REMINISCENCES OF JAPAN.
is most sanguine of success, and there are many that would be
glad to pay all bills of schooner, buoys, cables, and provisions,
to have a share of the adventure. Should he get into the
vault, he will make his fortune in a short time, for the amount
is some hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Our Japanese Consul and Siam Ambassador, I mentioned in
my last, I think, is at Penang, waiting patiently for the San
Jacinto to take him to Bankok. By the bye, the morning I
left Hong Kong the supercargo of the Greta called upon me,
and jotted down in my notebook a few lines telling his experience among the Japanese, the substance of which was that he
left Hong Kong in April, 1855, in the Greta, with stores for
sale to the United States squadron on that coast, as well as an
assorted cargo for the new markets of Simoda and Hakodadi.
In March, arrived at the latter port, but found that nothing
could be purchased, nothing sold. He then started for Simoda,
arriving there in July, where he found the shipwrecked Russians of the flag ship Diana, and agreed to take them to Agan
-getting permission to land the cargo in a temple on the
shore. The Dutchman remained on shore at a village about
a mile inland, waiting for his vessel to return; but it will be
remembered that Captain Fortescue, who will be recognized
by his excessive egotism, of the Baraconta, gallantly bore down
upon the little inoffensive craft, and made himself famous by
taking out the Russians from the neutral vessel, and bearing
her away a prize to Hong Kong-the only feat performed by
the allied fleet during the three years' cruise about this part of
the world. The poor supercargo was thus left alone among this
singular people, and in consequence of the loss of his vessel,
was allowed to barter some of his cargo, and finally purchased
a small American schooner that came there to trade, and em
189 
VALUE OF THE PERRY TREATY.
barked in her for Hong Kong, with the rich assortment of
Japanese notions which he had collected during his nine months'
stay on the island. A portion of these goods were sold at
Hong Kong, at very high prices. The balance must have
reached New York by this time, having been shipped direct for
that city in the Indiaman and Fleetwing clippers, to be sold at
public auction. You will thus have an opportunity of seeing
for yourselves the latest importations from Japan, and, save the
small cargo at California, the only one ever made on an extensive scale outside of the treaty with the Dutch. During his
stay at Japan, the supercargo has kept a diary, noting down
his impressions of this strange country, his experience, and sale,
and barter, and his extended correspondence with the government. This journal he intends to publish under the title of
"Japan After the Treaty of Kanagana, by F. Aug. Liihdorf."
IHe told me that the Caroline Foot people left Japan owing for
a part of their cargo. If so it will not tend to increase their
affection for us, or to help Mr. Harris in his negotiations.
Commodore Perry's arrangements regarding exchange, he said,
would put a stopper on commerce, even if a foothold could be
obtained; for, as you are aware, he stipulated that they should
give 1,600 cash for a dollar.  Now, as a Japanese dollar is
only 33 cents, or one-third of an American dollar. Commodore Perry should have got three times 1,600, or 4,800 cash to
the American dollar, for as it is it makes the exchange sixtysix per cent against us. Who says the Japanese are not well
:) in exchange?-at any rate better posted than the gallant
Commodore? As it is, suppose you wish to buy $50 worth of
Japanese goods; these goods would only cost fifty Japanese
dollars; but according to the treaty, says Luihdorf, I had to
pay fifty American dollars, or one hundred and fifty Japanese
.190 
ARRIVALI, IN THE HOOGLY RIVER.
dollars, fifty of which the government hands over to the Japanese seller of the goods and pockets the remaining one hundred
dollars-a rather startling tax upon the infant commerce.
Therefore, nothing whatever can be accomplished until a new
treaty is made-and that a treaty of commerce-which Consul
Harris may be able to accomplish when backed by a few substantial men of war, but not without. During the nine months
spent in the country Liihdorf was not able to obtain an interview with the government. 
Everything had to be done by correspondence; and these
letters, I suppose, will be published in the work, which, if well
written-and he seems an intelligent man-will give a better
nsight into the habits and customs of the Japanese than any;hing we have ever had.
Leaving the flower fields of the straits, we hurried along our
ourse, generally steaming, and sailing twelve knots by the log,
md passing the Great and Little Andamans, the cocoa islands,
6nd the land where the honorable company tried to form a
)enal settlement for Indian criminals; but the first lot-poor
vretches! only outlived their jailers a few weeks, for the climate
)roved deadly to both the white man and the Indian —more
leadly than Java, when Lord Minto first anchored at Batavia,
,r Hong Kong, when the English first planted the British flag.
Iu six days from Singapore we reached the Hoogly, and anch,red opposite the tiger jungle Sauger.   Soon after our pilot
ame on board, in order to send up the priate despatches of
he firm, so that they may get them hours, and if needs be, days
n advance of the other merchants; for a rise or fall in the
)pium market makes or breaks in the end. Messrs. Jardine,
Matheson & Co. have two of their beautiful steamers running
nonthly between hlong Kong and Calcutta, taking what freight
191 
STEAM COMPETITION
offers, but only occasionally passengers.   The object of the
firm was to get advices in advance of others. This of course
creates jealousy, and hence no one will ship opium in these
boats when other eligible chances offer; and the last time the
Fiery Cross came with only a thousand chests-a losing business-where the expenses can't be much less than $20,000 a
voyage, or, say $240,000 a year; and eight dollars is about the
freight per chest for opium; but should the owners fill the ship
when the China market is advancing, then they care little
whether freight offers or not. Opium like the operations of the
dock Exchange moves up and down with every mind, and the
speculation may lose or gain a fortune by the arrival of a single
mail.
These boats, the Fiery Cross and Landsfelt, were built in
Glascow, by Napier, some twelve or eighteen months ago, at a
cost of some ~45,000 each constructed of iron, even to the
shrouds, and, I think, the masts.
Their tonnage, outside the machinery, is only some 420 tons,
and, nominally, they are of three hundred horse power, which the
engineer says can be worked up to fifteen hundred. They make
the passages from Hong Kong to Calcutta, stopping at the hall
way port, in twelve days-about the Cunard and Collins time
between England and America. This, of course, is with the
fair monsoon. From Hong Kong to Singapore the distance is
about 1,430 miles, if what is termed the inside track is taken
and 1,480 if the outside. The entire distance to Calcutta is
put down at 3,150 miles, and it takes a thousand tons of coal
both ways. On her trial trip the Fiery Cross made 1421 knots:
and Capt. White her gentlemanly commander, brought her oun
from Glasgow round the Cape in sixty days. The quickest pas
sage down to Singapore from Hong Kong was 4 days 22 hours
192 
BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA.
After having to put up with the niggardly stateroom accommodations of the P. & O. steamers, it was most refreshing to
come booming down the China seas in a' gentleman's private
yacht, where courtesy and comfort, space and good fare were in
marked contrast to the great contract steamships. The Parsees,
who have gradually relieved the European merchants of the
profit of the opium trade, seeing that Jardine had the latest
dates all to themselves, have shown their enterprise by putting
on an opposition steamer to bring their own advices; and in
one or two instances the Lightning has taken away the laurels
of the other steamships.   The boat usually leaves Calcutta
immediately after the monthly auction sale. These steamships
have been powerful competitors to the Company's line between
Calcutta and China, and a similiar opposition would have a
good effect on the other side of India.
193 
CHAPTER XIX.
CALCUTTA, March 3,1856.
Trade of Calcutta-Immense Fleet of Vessels-Pilots' Monopoly-Ap proachli to the City-Temples, Trees and Bungalows-A City Hotel
and City Crowd-Metropolitan Sights-The Mint, Museum, Floral
Exhibition, and Great Men, &c.
HOWEVER conversant one may be with the history and statistics, imports and exports of Calcutta-obtained through the
channel of books, papers and conversation-he is hardly prepared to find the Hoogly so completely blocked up, as it were,
with shipping.  Before our anchor found the bottom-before
our gilt edged pilot, with his company, uniformed leadsmen,
came alongside in their twelve oared tub of a row boat, the
rowers looking more like a cross between an Orang outang and
a bootjack than a part of the great human family, uncouth,
ungainly, unintellectual and uncovered-before the pilot brig, a
marked contrast to the clipper yachts of the New York and
Boston pilot service, had bore away for another vessel-long
before we passed the main telegraph station, and delivered our
mail bag at Kedjeree (which don't arrive in Calcutta till the day
after we are safely moored), I began to realize that the commerce of Calcutta was so extensive that a hundred pilots was
not considered too many to escort the world's shipping up and
down the crooks and turns, over the mud points and sand shoals, 
PILOTS' MONOPOLY.
and through the winding channels of that bugbear of the foreign
shipowner-the Hoogly. Steamtug after steamtug-some with
one, some with two or three deeply laden merchantmen-were
hourly passing out to sea; and London Indiamen and American
clippers were continually heaving in sight, most of them in bal last, bound in to get a cargo, and waiting for some steamer to
come to their assistance. I counted no less than eleven steamtug boats towing out during the morning we passed up, and
several ships were trying to get out without a steamer-a dangerous and doubtful economy, when they can be obtained, for
the time lost would fully pay the tonnage. Almost all the way
the leadsmen seemed busy with the lead, and the-" steady,"
"port," and "starboard" of the gold laced pilot-all done by
hand motion from the paddlebridge-reminded Lus continually of
the most difficult navigation of the river; but from the few ships
that are lost here, I am led to suppose that either the pilots are
the best in the world, or that the navigation is not so intricate as
is the general belief. The question of opening another mouth of
the Gauges-the Matlah-has lately been mooted, and nautical
men, and the commercial community, are strong in recommending it, while the pilots wage a war of words in repeating the
dangers and difficulties of the undertaking. One side asserts
that all that is required is the action of the Honorable Company-only say the word, say they, and ships of the largest
tonnage, and greatest depth of water, can find their way along
the wide channel, even without a pilot; and if the monsoon is
fair, without a steamtug, to within thirty miles of Calcutta,
where a railway can be constructed, or a canal made, at trifling expense, to take the goods to and fro, thus doing away
with the never ending complication of the holy river, and very
much lessening the port charges on shipping, which are now
195 
APPROACH TO THE CITY.
about five dollars to the ton, no matter how large or how small
the vessel. The subject looks so well that the pilots begin to
feel alarmed; they have held the monopoly so long, as civil
servants, that they do not consider it necessary to be over civil
to those that employ them.   For almost two centuries they
have ruled the channel, for I think the establishment was formed
as early as 1669. But the tariff of charges would seem to be
a dead letter, where you have to pay the pilot that takes you
out a bonus, or gratuity, of from fifty to one hundred and fifty
dollars per ship over the established rates.   No wonder the
East India Company are accused by those who do not understand the workings of their system of chicanery, bribery and
extortion. At the moment you make the lighthouse, and get
your pilot, you are painfully made aware that unless the present or bonus is given to the honorable pilot, your ship, when
she is bound to sea, may be delayed a week, and perhaps may
touch the shore, simply to remind the economical and remonstrative captain how necessary it is to put his hand deep in his
pockets, if he wishes to safely reach an anchorage or to get fairly
out to sea. If the custom demands it, and the rate is too low
to support nine brigs and an efficient staff, why not pass an act
increasing the tariff, rather than have the addition come in the
Dresent humiliating manner, both to the giver and the receiver?
Although only 110 miles from Sauger to Calcutta, yet we were
nearly the entire day in steaming that distance. I saw little
striking to the fancy during the most of the way. The river
narrows and widens every little while, and the scenery on the
banks is low, fiat and uninteresting, only broken by an occasional group of natives at their ablutions, or by the paddy fields, a
few trees now and then shading a quaint old Hlindoo temple, a
village of thatched uncomfortable looking native huts, or the
196 
TEMPLES, BUNGALOWS, ORIENTAL RESIDENCES.
European bungalow of the custom officer, who boards you a
long way down, so that nothing can be landed without the tax.
Ships and steamers in the river and ancient temples and Indian
towns on the banks broke the day's monotony until we reached
the foliage covered banks of the approaches to Calcutta. Bungalows and beautiful trees, of great size, reminded us of our
proximity to the city, and when we passed the bend in the
river, and garden reach, and the beautiful Oriental residences
occupied by pensioned Rajahs and salaried officials, the merchant and the professional agent, all of which buildings were
almost hidden from sight by trees and shrubbery; when we
saw the castellated pile of buildings, known as the Bishop's
College; when we counted some six or seven large steamers
laying alongside the P. and 0. pier, and coal sheds a quarter
of a mile long; when the magnificent fleet of shipping, arranged in long lines by the Harbor Master, reaching as far as you
can trace them, the masts towering high in air, as thick as
pines in the Western forest, and the city burst open to our view,
with its amalgamated mass of European and native dwellings,
shops and go-downs, church steeples, monuments and public
buildings, higher than the rest, or least conspicuous among the
others-when we began to blow off steam, and heard the words,
"half speed" and "stop her," given from the bridge, we began
to realize that our passage was drawing to a close, and that the
far famed City of Palaces was at last before us, and I was
anxious to get ashore, for there seemed to be some half a thousand carriages driving up and down the banks of the river-a
perfect holiday of gaiety.
Boatmen are as importunate here as in China, and create the
same confusion-each one clamors for a tare; and if you are
not careful, your luggage will get into as many hands as it
197. 
SPENCE'S HOTEL-ACCOMMODATIONS.
would among the cab men at Buffalo. A quarter of a dollar,
I was told, was too much to pay the captain of his six oared
boat for taking three of us ashore; but really I had not the
conscience to give the poor naked devil less. Once on shore,
we headed for Spence's Hotel, but had to walk, as no carriages
were at hand. After a hot, dusty promenade, escorted by about
twenty individuals, who, as near as I could distinguish, were
perfectly willing to offer us their services for a small consideration, we found Spence's-an hotel of immense dimensions, and
as little comfort as could be expected.
The house was crowded. Lord Dalhousie's immediate departure and Lord Canning's expected arrival had completely filled
every private and public house in the city, and I was obliged
to put up with a coal hole of a room, in an outside wing on the
ground floor, without window, or even a sash in the door-sans
wash bowl, chair or furniture, and a musquito curtained bed,
that would have given a well bred dog the hydrophobia, it was
so unclean. My friend Fizwilliams who came down with me
from China to take the management of the Commercial Bank
of India, was so fortunate as to get the only decent suite of
rooms there was left, before I got from the boat. You may
imagine that my debut ashore that night would, to some extent,
remove the favorable impressions of the day; and they did, for
I was already disgusted. The next day, however, I was better
natured, for after I had delivered my letters I found a pleasant
home, and a most comfortable suite of apartments were placed
at my disposal by one of the old merchants of Calcutta, whose
respected firm has stood the blasts of Calcutta panic for a quarter of a century. In a few days I was also made an honorary
member of the celebrated Bengal Club, which gives the entree
to the bon vivants of the place; but the formality of introduc
198 
THE ROYAL MINT AT CALCUTTA.
ing, seconding and voting consumed almost all the time I had
to spare before the sailing of the steamer, I therefore contented myself with looking at the turtles in the tank, looking over
the papers in the reading room, or glancing at the books and
periodicals upon the table. Even the usual Saturday evening
dinner-the grand affair of the week, I had to forego, for other
cagag,ements claimed the promises which I had made, and to
tell the truth my kind entertainer was always planning some
new excursion-I hope some time I may have the pleasure of
acknowledging in Australia or in my own native land the many
kind attentions that have been showered upon me.
The Nubia is to leave on Sunday morning, the 9th, and I
have paid four hundred and fifty dollars for my passage to Suez,
and I must, therefore not lose a moment of my time in roaming through the sight seeing places in Calcutta. First, to the
Royal Mint, and ladies are to accompany us, for Mr. Ashburner has got the required permit, and will go over the building
to show us the operation of the coining. Nothing but' space
and size marks the building-and the rusty looking sides show
the necessity of a coat of paint. From room to room-commencing with the gold and silver ingots as they are taken from
the strong boxes in which they had been sent from England and
the Continent by sailing clippers, or most generally by overland mail —and ending with the beautiful coin, all shining from
the die. I saw the Mint at Philadelphia, but did not have the
time to go through it. Here I have had the chance of seeing
everything-and it is a remarkable picture for everything is
done by natives, whose bodies perspire under the heat of the
fiery furnace, which makes them look like fiends incarnate. In
one apartment I saw them heating the silver ingots to a red hot
heat, which were immediately carried to the anvil to be cut in
199 
THE MUSEUM AT CALCUTTA.
two and tested, to detect any fraud, they are then taken to
another room  and weighed; then they must be flattened and
cut apart, made into strips and hammered out just the width of
a rupee; this was after they had been melted with the copper.
Each apartment for each duty. Then came the cutting of
the pieces; about fifty stamps, one man at each; then they had
to be rounded off and weighed, and afterwards have to go
through the process of cleaning, polishing, assorting, to see if
all are perfect, then comes the finishing touch of the die, when
the device of the East India Company, the value of the coin,
the date of the die, and the profile of her most gracious Majesty
are impressed upon the silver, gold or copper, and the operation of minting and coining is completed.   Seldom, said the
overseer, are any of the coins stolen by the coolies or laborers,
but sometimes the sircars or writers and accountants have been
found dishonest; but as the metal is weighed out to each department, the overseer of that room is held responsible for any
losses, so that the absence of a single coin is missed. When detected the purloiners have been known to swallow the piece,
and resort to the most revolting practices to hide the theft.
Few instances of fraud have been found in rearranging the
raw material, and lacs upon lacs of rupees are turned out every
month. The poor operatives must be shortlived, for the intense
heat of the furnaces turns the black men white.
From the Mint we drove to the Museum or Asiatic rooms,
where everything Indian and many things foreign are scattered
about in the ill-assorted confusion of a badly regulated collection
of curiosities. Of course everything here can be seen in that
most wonderful collection in the world, the British Museum;
and after exploring the eastern passages in that roomy mass of
buildings there is little to be said about the collection of Cal
200 
FLORAL EXHIBI3TION.
cutta. The ancient idols and tombstones, the antiquated Hindoo carriages and emblems of their strange religion were of the
most interest to me, for the birds, insects, animals, fossils,
stones, &c., &c., or at least many that were of the same family,
I had seen before. Yes, there was one other thing most attractive, and that was a most ingeniously executed ivory model, made
by a native of that famous temple, that palace tomb, which the
great king Shah Jehan erected to the memory of his beautiful
and accomplished consort-a perfect model of what I most
wished to see, but cannot undergo the task of the inland journey-that wonderful piece of ancient architecture, which the
poet.tourist of New York calls "a poem, the tablets of which
are marble and the letters jewels "-that chaste erection, built
of the purest marble, more elaborate than the tomb of Akbar,
or anything recorded in the romantic history of Oriental splendor-costing a dozen Indian fortunes, and would have emptied
even Mr. Astor's coffers-for $15,000,000, says the ancient historian, was the sum expended in rearing the temple, which from
base to dome is 262 feet in height. Read once again "Lallah
Rookh," and remember that this is the resting place of Moore's
light of the Harem, the Nourmahal of the poem. I am fortunate in even seeing a model of the enchanting tomb-the elegant
Taj-Mahal at Agra. The workmanship of the model was like
mosaic or the work boxes of Bombay.
This morning the annual flower exhibition came off, and the
entertainment was most refreshing, for here you have in all their
native beauty the many colored, sweetly scented flowers of India,
the brightest of Oriental plants.
The public buildings did not especially offer attraction. The
mission rooms, Metcalf Hall; the Hindoo college, where English is so quickly learned by the apt natives; the $150,000
201 
GREAT MEN, ETC
English cathedral, were among the most prominent, after the
Government House.
I have been most fortunate in my arrival here, first, because
the excessive heat of summer had not commenced; and second,
on account of being here at that most interesting period in Indian history, when two Governor Generals are opening the
doors of Government House to hospitality and the enlivenment
of balls and parties.
My invitation says, "To meet Lady Canning," and I am told
that the entertainment will be on an extensive scale, as the city
is full of civil and military servants from all parts of India.
More to-morrow, or next day.
202 
CIIAPTER XX.
CALCUTTA, March, 4, 1856.
Calcutta Society-Entertainment to Lady Canning-The Ball and its
Beauties-The Supper and Celebrities Present-Ladies, Warriors and
Rulers-Eastern Costumes and High Dignitaries-Lord Canning's
Rule, &c.
MY card of invitation said nine o'clock, and at ten my carriage
was at the door; and although I thought I was too early, I
I found myself late; for, in one respect, we may follow instructively the East Indians' example, and that is in keeping good
hours. The entrance, in fact the several entrances, through the
several gateways to the Palace, had a most imposing appearance,
both sides of the well made road being lined with lamps with
cocoanut oil, blazing from every post in the grounds-a sight as
novel to me as the Chinese lanterns which so tastefully illuminate
the gardens of the Shanghae merchants, when they wish to give
an entertainment on an extensive scale. Entering at the main
doorway, there were some two hundred servants squatting in
rows in the large entrance hall, dressed in more than all the
colors of the dolphin or the rainbow-whether private servants
or those belonging to the house, I did not learn, but could but
notice their peculiar sitting posture, like so many pelicans on a
beach. Walking through the lower hall, passing at every time
the Sepoy guard, we were shown up a long staircase, and ush 
THE BALL AND ITS BEAUTIES.
ered into the reception room, without having our names iinnounced, a contrast to such entertainments in London, where
your name is passed from mouth to mouth, more especially when
your "carriage stops the way." On inquiry I found that it
was not the custom, and hastened through the outer hall to see
the dancers, whose numbers fairly crowded one of the largest
halls I ever witnessed. Before joining in the dance I wished to
have the "lions" of the evening pointed out, and I was particularly fortunate in having for a companion the accomplished
Miss, whose name I find against No. 11 for a polka.
Lord Canning, in a stiff black state dress, stood at the head of
the room, in front of the chair of state-a native officer standing
on either side, with what I supposed was the mace of office.
The new Governor seemed fairly lost amid the blaze of chandeliers, whose dazzling brightness reflected from the prismatic
glare made my eyes ache with pain, so much so that I lost half
the enjoyment of the evening.   Lady Susan Ramsey, the daughter of Lord Dalhousie, was on the right, leading off, with all the
gaiety of youth, the first quadrille-her partner some gallant
officer of the Indian army, who wore upon his breast the medals
of many battles. The daughter of the Commander-in Chief was
in the same set, and received particular attention from the eleganit aid-de-camp by her side.  Neither of these young ladies
need look for their portraits in the "Book of Beauty."   Lady
Canning did not dance while I was present, but reclining in
courtly style upon the regal chair, received the court from her
honored lord and the several distinguished civilians and military
officers present. The formality of her reception was freezing,
for that aristocratic bow was worse than an electric shock.
Her dress was of white tulle, over a white satin skirt, looped up
with red roses, with a head-dress of red velvet and pearls-not,
204 
THE SUPPER ROOM.0
in my opinion, elegant; but the blaze of diamonds compensated
for what was wanting in taste. She still possesses the marks of
early beauty, but time and the dissipations of her exalted position in London have taken from the attractions of youth. I
found more amusement in promenading through the wide passage
ways, and in noticing the cliqueish movements of the guests,
than in dancing. In the outer room, Lord Dalhousie was receiving his friends, but seldom rose from the couch without
showing that too much exertion gave him pain, for physically,
his constitution is shattered by hereditary and other insinuating diseases; but his mind, strengthened with the weakness of
the body. Administrative ability and decision of character are
stamped upon his countenance, and judging from his features he
must be capable of bearing great mental labor.  Poor man,
what is all his greatness, with ill health incurable, always staring
him in the face.  Notwithstanding the exertion of the Punkehs,
the rooms were oppressively warm, and the dancers found more
color in their usual pale cheeks than they had noticed for many
a day; but as a general rule their complexion was not improved
by the addition. The music of the well organized bands at the
extreme end of the dancing saloon, was most exhilarating, and
served to give the only animation the formality of the ball allowed. Later I saw a significant movement of the great leaders
towards the stairs, all pairing off with punctilious ceremony, and
following on I found myself in the supper room, a room even
larger than the saloon, the tables arranged after the shape of
three-fourths of a square, and a long one in the entrance aisle
adjoining, and seats and plates for at least fifteen hundred
guests; and yet there were many who remained without a place,
myself among the rest, for I was too busy in noticing the movements of those around me to look out for number one. Ameri
205 
CELEBRITIES PRESENT.
can apples, American biscuits and American ices were, in reality,
the luxuries of the table, especially to me; but everything
that money can purchase in the East helped to ornament the
banquet and administer to the palate; but the most conspic uous dish of an Indian table is curry, in as many forms as there
are castes in Bengal, but that dish is never seen upon the supper table. The banquet hall was too large to be adorned, and
the guests too numerous to enjoy themselves, and the supper
passed off with only the motions of the eaters and the rattling
of the plates and knives, for there was not a sentiment given
from the noble guest at the head of the hall, not even the health
of the Queen. As silently as they entered they left the table
and again the dancers are on the floor; but I am not among
them, for I find peculiar interest in watching the motions of the
State prisoners, and distinguished natives, who, dressed in the
picturesque costume of their country, had been invited to partake in the festivities of those who had brought them to their
present humiliating position.   Kings, Princes and Rajahs, or
their descendants, were there bowing and cringing under the
iron rule of military power. There was the grandson of the
great warrior chief who so long kept the English at bay in his
almost impenetrable fastnesses that nature had made for him,
and also in that stronghold of which European architects must
have drawn the plan —Seringapatam-Tippoo Sultan, the son
of the great Hyder Ali, Ghoolam Mahomet, and his son Feeroz
Shah, were the descendants of those great men who, three
generations ago, were the terror of the Deccan; and had
his great ancestor lived to hold his power, Ghoolam would have
been the most powerful and the wealthiest of all the Indian
princes. These two have just returned from England, where
they were courted and feted by crowned heads and noble peers
206 
WARRIORS AND RULERS.
the most distinguished lions of the day-but at Government
Hlouse they pass unnoticed, and are taught to remember that
they are beggars only, dependent upon an English pension.
There, too, were the brave Seikhs of the mountain passes,
those bold chieftains who fought like tigers in their densSheer Singh and Chutter Singh-who held their country during
that memorable campaign of'48 and'49, and finally, overpowered by the superior force brought against them-after going
through the celebrated battles of Chillian Wallah and  Goojerab, were finally brought to bay at Rawul Pindee, where, after
the most obstinate war, they surrendered their sabres to Sir
Walter Gilbert, the able General who was made a G. C. B.
and a Baronet for his bravery and judgment on that occasion.
It was pitiful to see brave warriors so painfully humiliated, for
they moved about the room in their stocking feet like so many
automatons, shrinking and cringing before their conquerers,
evincing the greatest pleasure in receiving the least attention
from the civilians in the room. Their appearance without shoes
is by order of the Governor General, to remind them of their
disgrace, and to show proper respect to those that hold the
sway-this I am told is the custom of the land. This last tax
upon their pride might at least have been passed over, for why
strike them while they are down? These Princes, it will be
remembered, were the chieftains of the Punjaub, and their surrender was the signal of annexing that great kingdom to the
British empire. The Ameers of Scind, I believe, are also
among the dark faces opposite. Other warriors as brave as
they have been unfortunate-the captives, or rather the victims
of Sir Charles Napier, who, following the model of Perry on
the lakes, and the great Romanr General, and of Bosquet at
the Malakoff, marlked his despatch by its brevity. The pun was
207 
THE SUPPER AND CELEBRITIES PRESENT.
too good to be lost, and the simple Latin word "Peccavi,"
went forward to the Governor General —I have sinned. No
more were shown me, but I believe there were several other distinguished chieftains, who were now but pensioners. There
were also specimens of native scholars, men of great abilities
as lawyers and advocates, present-men whose intellect would
measure argument with Western minds, and whose high position in the company's courts stamp them with the unmistakable
mark of genius. I suppose that Hur-Chunder Ghose, the native Judge of the small cause court, may be considered one of
the most accomplished men of the time. His manners bespeak
the gentleman, and he seems as familiar with the world's history as those who make it their especial study; and the native
counsel to the government, Rama Purshad Roy, is another
ornament of the Bengal bar, and possesses the confidence of all
who are brought in contact with him; and native bankers and
native merchants are noticeable among the Oriental costumes
here-for there is Pursunnee Roomar Tajore, assistant clerk of
the Legislative Council, cousin of the famous Dwarkanath, who
made such a f.rore when he arrived in London-even petted
by peeresses, and especially noticed by the Queen, who presented him with her miniature; and yet this man, I am told,
was a greater scamp in his way than Tippoo Saib-for while
he was giving one lac of rupees to some charitable institution,
he was grinding two lacs out of his half starved Ryots, and
there, also, is Rum-Gopal Ghose, a merchant of kingly wealth,
but not loaded down with jewels like some of the rest. Many
of these princes, and natives not of royal family, were walking
jeweller's shops. Pearls, emeralds and diamonds, and precious
stones of priceless value dazzled in the light of the candelabras,
and were reflected back from the mirrors; and silks and satins,
208 
EASTERN COSTUME —HIGH DIGNITARIES.
too expensive to be purchased, marked some of the more
princely of the native guests.  Some of the State prisoners
were seen to walk directly before Lord Dalhousie-perhaps to
show his countrymen present that their rank was higher than
his, or that they were as bold as he was proud-hesitating, at
first, as if making up their minds and then advancing.
The ball is not a fancy ball, and yet it would almost seem so
to a stranger, for the dresses of the native dignitaries at once
attract the observer; and these, together with the gay uniforms
of the Indian officers, sprinkled about the room, in marked
contrast to the plain black dress of the well paid civilian, give
a Newport look to the entertainment; for, with the heads of
the army and navy, intermingled with a regiment of deposed
princes, and ladies dressed in the present many colored fashions,
you have a tableau not often seen in the West.
About one the guests began to leave, and passing through
the reception room, gave a parting shake of the hand, or, where
not so well acquainted, a farewell bow to the distinguished man
who, for eight years past (say his friends) has so ably ruled the
destinies of British India.
I need not say that I was disappointed with the Government
House.   Without, the green  uncovered  lawn  is peculiarly
English, and I'll admit I liked the emerald look; but not a
tree gives shade to the grounds for they breed musquitoes and
barricade the air, said my informant; but really I cannot endorse the excuse; for what is more beautiful than the umbrageous coolness of their shadow? There is one break to the
monotonous and bare appearance of the grounds, and that was
the miniature garden plot, where flowers and shrubbery grow in
tropical beauty. The four huge brick and mortar ends of the
house, topped off with the iron dome in the centre, present no
209 
LORD CANNING'S RULE.
attractive style of architecture, and there is nothing more commanding within. You will notice nothing more marked, while
promenading from room to room, than the luxurious wealth of
space and the parsimonious poverty of furniture.
Lord Canning has launched his bark on the wave of Indian
public opinion; but he has done it clumsily enough-for I saw
him land with flags streaming over and about him, and the
cannon roaring from the fort; the state carriage waited for him,
and the noble bearing horsemen of the native cavalry showed
their pride in being the body guard of the Governor General.
Slowly he moved along the Sepoy lines, which were ranged
along either side of the roadway, from the Chandpaul Ghaut
to Goverment House, where the great dignitaries of the land
were waiting to give him welcome.   He  gazed vacantly upon
the novel sight! but even when passing European officers who
salute him, and fair ladies who wave their handkerchiefs, there
is no recognition from his lordship, while Lady Canning acknowledges, and most gracefully too, the courtesy. How odd
that he should be so very austere I When he arrives at Government House his manners are formal, even to meeting his acquaintance Lord Dalhousie.  Public opinion is dead in India,
else most certainly there would be more animation and less
coldness in a state reception.  How different all this looks from
the Anglo-Saxon customs! A few months, and if he shares
the fate of those who have gone before him, Lord Canning will
be the best abused man in India, for the young Bengalists are
radicals.
210 
CHAPTER XXI.
CALCUTTA, March 6, 1856.
An Evening Drive-Glorious Sunset-Scenes in the Suburbs of Calcut ta-A Glance at the River-Forts on the Banks-Notabilities Out
Riding-Lord Dalhousie's Departure.
THE esplanade, more than all else thus far in the Bengal capital, has left the most lasting impression on my mind-when the
sun shuts off his burning brightness-just before twilight has let
her curtain down, and pinned it with a star —when the Indian
day has departed, and the Indian evening is born.  About the
hour of five o'clock the stranger is introduced to a scene of
gaiety and gladness, a picture of Oriental and Anglo-Saxon
life that it would be difficult to cross from off the memory's
tablet. I am no enthusiast, nor can I paint, my youth has
been buried among the dry leaves of commerce-the cobweb
realities of the counting house-the invoice, the ledger, and
the ship —and now, on the restless drifting of never-ceasing
change, I am purchasing dearly enough by absence from my
family, my first draught of Oriental customs and Indian habits.
The evening drive, however, as delightful as it is strange, would
make me forget my commission account, were not the familiar
names of clipper ships always before me as they range along
the anchorage. All there is of European and Western life in
Calcutta is reflected every evening on the course; and as I lay 
SCENES IN THE SUBURBS OF CALCUTTA.
off so lazily in my barouche, I can but contemplate the scene
so singularly beautiful. Ik. Marvel should have driven on the
Course after he had been brooding over his sea coal fire. There
was the holy river coursing far up above the city, far away be yond the suburbs-past the hunting fields of the fierce Mahrat tas-winding its many coils through the palace gardens on its
sacred banks, past the umbrageous banyan, the palm, the
sycamore and cocoa trees, past heathen temples, rusting under
the corroding influence of climate and ot time; and as it loses
itself in the distance far beyond Barrackpore, and your imagi nation traces it beyond your visional reach, torturing its bends
through the vast possessions of the honorable company and the
paddy fields that give so many millions nourishment-past the
wheat and the corn and the indigo plantations-near where the
poppy blossoms bloom under government stimulants, to raise a
few more lacs to pay the army, no matter how great the misery
that every chest of opium may occasion in the seaport families
of the Celestial Empire-past the Zemindars, whose tyrant
power grinds the life blood out of the poor ryot at the rate of
twelve dollars per annum, without rations, or house, or home
(the lion's share of which finds its way into the Bengal treasury)
-worse in some instances than the Legrees of "Uncle Tom's
Cabin," that raised such a storm of virtuous indignation and
false philanthropy at the Sutherland House —past the Saracenic
ruins of Hindoo temples, endearing because so gray with age,
by the Sepoy camp, where English officers are the lords of native regiments-till it finally loses itself among the valleys that
base the mountain ranges, and in company with some of its
branches waters the roots of the towering Himalayas-lost as
you may be in reverie, your fancy is now arrested by the soul
stirring music of the regimental bands (made perfectly harmo
212 
A GLANCE AT THE RIVER.
nious by constant years of practice) in the garden enclosure,
where nurses and children most do congregate, and where, in
the little arbor, you may find an American.apple or an American ice-fellow countrymen one is so glad to meet with. Thle
thrill of martial airs ringing through the trees, and the voluptuous breeze of the Indian evening fanning off the burthensome
cares of day, would put you asleep in your easy moving carriage were your senses not kept always active by the passing
and repassing of "fair ladies and brave men." All that is attractive in Calcutta may be seen at the daily reunion of the
drive. The scene is most unlike anything I ever witnessed.
The Praya Grande of Macao faces the water and so does the
grass plot at Singapore-the Bund at Shanghae-the Botanical
Gardens at Sydney-the Governor's road to his new residence,
on the banks of the Derwent, in Tasmania; but not as the
esplanade looks upon the Iloogly —for here you combine so many
attractions.  Some seventy American banners have been streaming during the day, from the beautiful clippers of my own fair
land-and the flags of England and of France, and Continental States have been furled for the night, again to open their
gaudy colors in the morning.
Tile ships of all nations are crowding each other in long rows
-three and four abreast —for miles along the pleasure ground,
some deeply laden and waiting impatiently to commence their
voyage, and be towed to sea-(for few shipmasters care to trust
themselves without a steamtug, even did the haughty pilot consent to take them down with canvass)-others have just arrived,
and in ballast trim, you at once detect the symmetrical lines of
the New  England clipper model-some bring their charters
with them, some find them at their agents', the overland mail
anticipating the ship's arrival —others load on owner's account,
213 
SCENES ON THE BANKS OF THE RIVER.
while not a few are seeking for employment; but just now the
uncertainty in the affairs of Europe makes the freighting business tremble, and the rate is daily dropping from thirty dollars,
and possibly may go ten, and high sounding names who  have
chartered ships in England and America at the advanced rates
will be fortunate if they are able to fulfill the charters. The
chartering of Americanl clippers through London brokers, for
houses in Calcutta, is merely a matter of speculation, as Jacob
Little would purchase stocks in Wall street. If freights advance all goes well, if they fall, thereby hangs a tale; but to
me the times look as blue as an indigo box.  Alongside  the
Boston clipper, the staunch East Indiaman, belonging to the
Greens, the Wigrams and the Lindsays of England; the teak
built full modeled craft of the Honorable Company, still
staunch and strong, though half a century old; the long, graceful propellers of the P. and 0. seeming to say, in their purseproud insolence, oppose me if you dare —all these are to be
seen during your evening drive and while your object is pleasure. The merchant, unknowingly, wanders from silks and
satins to freights and charters, and hence my discursive note
for when taking my pen I did not intend to speak of linseed
and saltpetre, of naval architecture and East Indian monopolies, but to describe the sensations that are sure to possess the
traveler as he moves along the picturesque banks of the Hoogly.
The first evening I was early on the Course, which gave  me
ample time to visit that splendid work of military tactics, Fort
William, whose formidable ramparts at once show the Vauban
school, with all the improvements of the present day; and
riding through the winding avenues I was struck with the well
arranged barracks, the neat architectural chapel, the quarters
of the officers, the green sward parade ground, prisons, &c.,
21,4 
FORTS ON THE BANKS-ELEGANT EQUIPAGES.
which told of the skill and knowledge of the constructor and
the present garrison engineer. The grounds cover a large area,
and to properly fortify the fort ten thousand men are required.
It would be difficult for any Indian army to take it, at least in
thirty days, however strong. It answers two purposes —first,
in protecting the ioogly, for no enemy would dare to pass its
frowning guns; and second, in case of invasion, thirty thousand
troops can find protection within its walls and embankments.
No Surajah Dowlah would have the courage for another invasion, and the fierce bands of Mahratta horsemen that formerly swept through Bengal are only known in history.
On returning through one of the military roads, I found the
esplanade crowded with elegant equipages, and evening after
evening I was driven along the drive, watching the interesting
spectacle —now walking in long rows, and now hurrying on in
delightful confusion, carriage behind carriage, their occupants
dressed as for a ball. You saw all that was gay in the capital;
and many are the romantic stories of love and of gossip which
are told you, if your companion be a lady, and of thrilling adventure and hairbreadth escapes, if of the other sex. Where
a community have held an evening levee at the same hour, and
at the same place, day after day, Sundays not excepted, for
generations, in an Indian country, there must be many incidents
on record of the romance and misery of Indian life. Some of
the establishments would not blush to be seen in Hyde Park,
and many of the Arab horses on the green would attract attention in Rotten row. The distinguished potentates of the
company spare no expense in endeavoring to eclipse their neighbors, and salaries, surprising to the officials of other lands, are
squandered as quickly as- they are received. The Governor
General's carriage is lost sight of the moment some of the na
215 
NOTABILITIES OUT RIDING.
tive princes make their appearance, and the Commander-inChief of the army, the members of the Council, who receive
forty thousand dollars per.annum, and other high salaried
officers of the civil service, are not able to cope with the luxurianlt extravagance of Baboos who count their wealth by lacs
of pounds.
Count D'Orsay, as he is dubbed, for having been horsewhipped for twice throwing a bouquet into a lady's carriage,
seems to be the native Beau Brummel of the Course in everything but wealth, for his estates are princely. There must be
white blood in his veins, for his complexion is fair and his features are noticeable for their regularity.  The Baboo Mullicks
are also out in their splendid teams, and I note another native
"b'hoy"  in a  New  York buggy;  and  there is  Ghoolam
Mahomet on a beautiful Arab, prancing, and near by is the
belle of Calcutta, the beautiful Miss, but the Indian
climate has driven the roses from her cheek, and the lilies that
have displaced them tell of ill health and a longing for her
English home. Hindoos of high rank, dressed in their attractive garb of many colors, and Mussulmen whose fanaticism has
often made them brave in war; Rajahs with a princely pension,
and Princes whose wealth cannot be counted; military leaders
who have won position and honors by bravery, and those who
have never seen action, although gray in the service. These
and more are passing, and merchants are here, and tradesmen
and a little way on you see a row of buggies, the turn out of
the American captain, (the charge for which I did not fully
understand when examining the disbursement account of Boston
packets that had been to Calcutta) whose clipper is the theme
of comment-she is kept so neat and. tidy; and when riding on
the course with his own team, he looks as proud as the best of
216 
HOUSEHOLD TROOPS, OR BODY GUARD.
them. I enjoyed the Course; it was so cheerful to meet again
with those whom we had met, to gaze again upon the shipping,
to note again the massive strength of Fort William, to feel the
refreshing coolness of the sea air as it came up the river with
the tide, to fall perhaps into a doze as the distant music trembles
on the air, and awaking to notice some barouche with livery
more gay than the rest, or some lady who knows that she is
the object of attraction. The Calcuttaites have become so
habituated to the evening drive, that they would as soon forego
their meals or their ablutions as to omit the daily reunion, which
combines the pleasure of society with the luxury of recreation.
Lord Dalhousie's departure was early announced, and arrangements during the past few days have been consummated
to usher him out with the same pomp and circumstance as Lord
Canning was ushered in. As early as four o'clock the regiments began to gather, and by half past four the companies
had lined the road from the palace to the steamer. And here
again I had the opportunity of admiring the drill and tactics
of the Sepoy troops. Many of them are noble looking fellows,
and some of the native officers compare favorably in form and
movement with the white man. The household troops, or body
guard, are all picked men, and you would not wish to see a
finer body of cavalry. At five o'clock the gunls from the fort
began to roar, and we at once knew that his Lordship had
started from Government House. An hour later the Governor
was in his yacht, the regiments were marching to their barracks; the friends of the Governor, under Prinsep's mronumental tablet, had waved their last handkerchief and resumed their
carriages and their gossip; the pleasure seekers were again
upon the Course, to comment upon the occurrences of his de
217 
LORD DALHOUSIE'S DEPARTURE.
parture; the coolies began  to disperse; the cannon were
hushed, the bells ceased to vibrate, and Lord Dalhousie was on
his way to England, to be censured and be praised, while Lord
Canning was left to govern India.
218 
CHAPTER XXII.
CALCUTTA, March 8, 1856.
Botany and Natural History at and from Barrackpore-A Visit to the
Gardens-Hindoo Temples, Piety and Worshippers-Burning of the
Dead-European Tradesmen in Calcutta-Native Gambling-The
Ochterlong Monument-A Look at the City from the Top, &c.
MY trip to Barrackpore-some twelve miles by the river-I
was much pleased with, for our party was a jovial one, composed
of Americans and Englishmen, and the day was cool for the season. A native boat and a native crew, a fair tide and a flowing
sheet, took us to our landing place in two hours time, and, with
umbrellas over our heads, we passed the day in walking through
the extensive grounds of the Governor's country park and residence, and could but admire the art that made the grounds so
much resemble nature. The forest trees are dotted over the
green lawn, which rises and falls, through plains and hills, with
irregular tastefulness. You can hardly believe that all has been
done by man. Many of the trees were of great size, and the
bamboo clusters covered large spaces of land. The menagerie
was the magnet that brought us here, and that, of course claimed the most of our attention. Van Amburgh's collection paled
before the Governor General's, notwithstanding that many of
the cages are empty. Most of the animals here I have seen in
the Jardin des Plants, at Paris, and the Zoological Gardens in 
VISIT TO THE GARDENS.
London; but the chief attraction was to see the native animals
on their own ground. Tigers, bears, leopards, jackals, &c., and
other Indian animals, were growling under the excessive heat of
their cages, while the monkeys kept up the most incessant chattering, and the parrots and beautiful Indian birds were striving
to make their voices heard amid the noise. There were two
rhinoceroses, of most ungainly dimensions, and their ugliness
was only exceeded by their ferocity. I don't know which animal
is the most ungainly, when you start them on the run-the
rhinoceros or the giraffe-either are as awkward as can be imagined. There were some twenty elephants, for war and other
purposes, some of which were of gigantic size; they were not
piling timber by the river in town as they often do, I am sorry
to say, for I should like to see such huge monsters show their
sagacity. Just opposite to the park is the Danish settlement,
which recently has changed hands. On a grass plot, under a
palm tree, we found our pie nic spread; and as our appetites
were sharpened by the excercise and a long fast, we did justice
to the repast, while huge carrion birds were sweeping over our
heads and near our food with unpleasant familiarity. The wind
was against us, returning, and it was dark before we got to Calcutta, but I was in time for the dinner party.
Yesterday I visited the Botanical G-ardens, where for many
years large sums of money have been expended to make it
worthy of the Bengal public. Here I saw the great banyan
tree, which I at once recognized, for I had seen it in my primi
tive school book, in miniature when I went to a woman's school.
It would be worth a half a million in Wall-street, and Barnum
is just the man to import it and make another fortune. It is ar
imposing spectacle, with its one hundred and ten trunks, cov.
ering more than an acre of ground, and is one of the great oh.
220 
THE BANYAN TREE —HINDOO TEMPLES.
jects of interest in Bengal. It is a noble work of God, standing
proudly by itself giving shade to a hecatomb of cattle or a regi ment of soldiers-the proud monarch of the Indian forest, who
lives to grow old, a type of man, with sons and daughters, grand
children and great-great grand children growing up around and
about the parent trunk with an effection and solicitude more
than human, for the marriages and intermarriages never break
up the household, but only strengthen the links that bind them
together; wherever there is a weak point in the extended arm
of the parent tree, out shoots a sprout forthwith and fastening in
the ground afresh, another support and new life is thrown into
the mammoth trunk; and no storm, however terrible, no convulsion save an earthquake, can shake its center or injure a single
member of the family when each gives strength and support to
the other. All the Indian trees and flowers, and many from
abroad, are growing with all the luxury of cultivation. I saw
the Palm a species of the sycamore-the peepul, the tamarind,
the amherstianoblis from Burmah in flower, named for Lord
Amherst, and other umbrageous fruit trees, and specimens of
fruit innumerable. But there. was nothing more to my fancy
than the great banyan. But Taylor has seen them larger in
the valley of the Nerbudda but he you know is poetical-I write
nothing but prose.
The same day I went through several Hindoo temples, seeing
all that I was permitted to see, and that was enough to disgust
one with their unseemly worship. Before I reached the temple,
I saw in several sheds long rows of kids, connected by a line
-a comical sight. The poor little wretches, so innocent of the
fate that awaited them, looked as meek and contented as possible. It was some religious festival, and a large concourse blocked the avenues; but we were permitted to push our way along
221 
PIETY AND WORSHIPPING.
where we soon saw where the kids were disposed of. About
fifty were lying with their heads off, all sizes and all colors, a bell
ringing from the temple at the dropping of every head.  One
man more religious than those about him, brought in a young
buffalo, and great was the rejoicing; the bell rung several times,
and the singing, shouting and gesticulations created the greatest
confusion; some of the priests were desirous that I should offer
up a goat, but I declined joining in the ceremony, for the whole
performance was most revolting. It was, however, not half so
disgusting, nor was it so strangely peculiar as the ceremony
which I saw going on in several of the smaller temples. I must
read again-for if I ever knew it, it had gone out of my memory,
but once seen it will not so easily be forgotten. Veiled females
are continually passing in and out; but the singularity of the
worship there first made me laugh and then contemplate. The
temple has within, a Hindoo god that represents the creative
power of man, and the ceremony of the Linquam is supposed to
be the cure of barrenness and sterility. There are certain days
of the year that Hindoo wives who have been so unfortunate as
never to bring any addition to the household of their honored
lord, resort to this temple of the land; but although it has been
the custom of ages, I am not aware whether it has in any one
case brought the desired effect.  There are different idols in
different parts of India, but I believe that none have proved so
effectual as the Brahmins. I believe it is generally known that
in some parts of the Himalaya ranges, Polyandry has existed
since far back in the country's history. There the wife lives in
common with her several husbands, as westward of the Mississippi, where polygamy is acknowledged by the deluded followers
of Joe Smith and Brigham Young, the husband lives in common
with his several wives. But in one respect they do not follow
222 
BURNING OF THE DEAD.
out the Mormon custom, for the idea of hospitality that influences these poor natives of the mountain passes is that the
stranger should share the nuptial couch, and to refuse would be
the worst of insults, say those who have observed their manners.
I also rode down to the Burning Ghaut and witnessed, till it
almost made me sick with nausea, the disgusting sight of burning their dead. The smoke was rising from the dying embers of
several bodies, and in three instances the funeral pile was just
lighted. After having been brought on the banks of the river,
where they are left to die, if their friends have the means of purchasing the wood and paying for the ceremony, they are at once
-placed upon the coals and covered up with the burning timber,
till their bodies have been entirely consumed. The picture was
painful, nauseating, most unpleasant to the senses; and you only
care to see it once, and then a few moments will satisfy you.
You can but feel stupified at the sight. Some poor skull, not
wholly destroyed, you may be treading on, and pieces of bones,
where the relatives were too poor to pay for more fuel, you see
buried in the ashes. A most foul stench fills the air. At all
hours of the day corpses are brought down, and the unseemly
levity of the naked wretches who stir up the fuel, and more
especially when they show you the body by running a pole into
its side, would hasten your departure, did you not arrest your
steps to gaze upon the hungry flock of ravens and crows and
carrion kites who approach the corpses before the fire has ceased to burn, within a close proximity, to seize upon the least
atom saved from the flame. Hundreds of them were within a
few feet, intently peering into the ashes, while the more dignified adjutants were perched upon the house tops and on the
walls, waiting for their share of the entertainment. No one
molests them for the birds are sacred, and eat up the filth
223 
BRAHMA, VISHNA, SHIVA.
about the city.  When too poor to buy the privilege of burning
their relatives they let the tide wash them off the beach, some
of them, perhaps, before the life has left the body, and they are
floated off to sea. I have often heard the captains of ships tell
of the bodies fouling the anchors, and the sickening stench that
arose in cleaning them when some half a dozen had lodged
there; and whenever I drank the water of the Hoogly, or partook curry, or fish at breakfast, I could but be reminded of the
human shrimp traps and "fish bait" of which I had so many
times heard.  The engineer on board the Fiery Cross, on alluding to the subject, was suddenly taken ill, for his imagination
was stronger than his stomach. I have seen little, but all I wish
to see, of Indian worship. It is an intricate ceremony. Brahma
is the paternal ancestor, the head deity; and he has three sons,
who officiate in their respective spheres.   Brahma creates,
Yishna preserves, and Shiva destroys, each acting for  himself,
and each worshipped for his particular power. Each represents
one grand head, and from these three are born the millions of
gods that are worshipped  through the  empire-animal and
vegetable, animate and inanimate, alive and dead, in the
water and on the land.   In India every thing that is born,
everything that lives, everything that dies, represents some emblem of their religion; and when and wherever that religion
has been interfered with it has given rise to much bitter feeling
and involved no little danger. Sir William Bentinck abolished
suttee, or the self-immolation of widows on the funeral pile of
their husbands, and his bronze monument stands out in bold relief, to tell you of the act. But it would be difficult to ascertain
if in some instances this practice is not still followed. Although
they consider, I believe, a cow more sacred than a woman, yet
I saw a small heifer give up her helpless life to the sacrifice.
224 
EUROPEAN TRADESMEN IN CALCUTTA.
No Governor General has abolished the torturing customs where
devotees go through the most painful operations, to show their
love of their religion, and how devout is their worship; with
irons through the body, they swing round and round, sit down
on steel instruments, torture their limbs into the most excrutiatingly painful positions, and go through all the horrors of the
inquisition.
Next month, in April, some of those days when the torture
is the worship, will give the stranger the opportunity of witnessing that which I do not care to behold, for already I have seen
enough to disgust me with the common people, their habits,
their customs, their dress, their treachery, their duplicity and
their religion. One able bodied Chinaman, in appearance to say
the least, is worth half a dozen natives of Bengal; for as a race,
the former are far ahead of the latter.
Notwithstanding the troops of native shopkeepers and tradesmen always hovering about you, there are plenty of Europeans
ready to take your money. English tailors, English barbers,
English hatters and Englishjewelers, English hotels and English
druggists, all exercise their ingenuity in properly representing
their respective callings. The exchange mart, as they term it,
contains a little of everything-a perfect salmagundi.
You can purchase anything you please, from an India rubber
coat to a penny whistle from a lady's work box to a gentleman's dressing case; and the prices are moderate.  I bought
several beautiful silver ornaments made by the artisans of Cuttack-bracelets, bouquet holders, breast pins and sundry nicknacks, many of which were of exquisite workmanship. Just at
the present time the exchange is being cleared preparatory to
the opium sale, which comes off the 11th of every month, a
sight I am sorry I shall not witness, for it is one of the noted
225 
NATIVE GAMBLING-OCHTERLONY MONUMENT.
exhibitions of Calcutta. The Opium from Benares and Patna
is sold here at public auction, by the Honorable Company,
through a salaried auctioneer; twelve times during the year, to
the highest bidder. Catalogues are early circulated, and the
purchasers from the country are early in town. As a chest of
Patna passes like a bank note, no sampling or examination
takes place. Looking from an elevation in the room you see a
most extraordinary spectacle-all nations-all European races
are represented. In the Stock Exchange and the Bourse you
may see the latter, but at the opium sales room only can you
see the grand mixture of races.
Gambling is a natural vice among the Indians, and they enjoy beyond anything else the peculiar excitement of the opium
mart; and it is the motely appearance of the bidders, combined
with the confusion of tongues, and the strong odors that arise
from the perspiring crowd that marks the place. Jews and
Gentiles are wild in their manner; and Greeks, Armenians,
Persians, mingled in with native Indians of many dialects; and
Engilishmen, and all the representatives of the continent of Europe, of Asia and of Africa, are wrought up to the greatest possible excitement by the sharp bidding and the quick auctioneer,
who seems to be ubiquitous. The hells of London and of Paris
are not thronged with more reckless men, for the amounts are
heavy, and one bid will make or lose a fortune. Much of the
gambling takes place in the bazaar before the sale. But I cannot wait till Monday, and must content myself with hearsay.
In the afternoon I made myself a martyr to curiosity, and
ascended to the top of the Ochterlony Monument, up some two
hundred stone steps. I must say I much prefer the simple contrivance at Bunker Hill, for this treadmill, always mounting
upwards motion, completely paralyses one's legs —mine fairly
226 
LOOK AT THE CITY FROM THE MONUMENT.
ached. Once on the summit, you are repaid for the task; for
here you have the entire city of Calcutta-the old and the new
-and the suburbs, for miles and miles, spread out before you.
With a good glass you may range over a large space of territory; all the public buildings stand boldly out, and the flat
roofed houses of the Europeans offer little to grow poetical
upon. I would not form an opinion of Calcutta from simply
riding through its streets; but after you have viewed it from
an elevated position, you can but form the conclusion that it is
very much overrated. There are many beautiful residences, to
be sure; but as a whole Calcutta has no more right to possess
the high sounding name of "City of Palaces" than Singapore
has to be called the "City of Churches," or Melbourne the
"City of Warehouses."  Shanghae possesses equally extensive
mansions, and Batavia many that are superior. After you have
enjoyed the look of nature and of art, as your steamer steams
to the mooring at Garden Reach-after you have been to Barrackpore, and seen some of the country seats at Ballygungeafter you have visited the most attractive places in the suburbs,
you should ride round the circular road, where the ancient wall
and moat were constructed to bar out the robber horsemen of
the Mahratta; you should spend a few hours in wandering
through the native town; you should look carefully at the
dirty, stained, mildewed appearance of the city buildings, where
rain and climate have made the painting profession lucrative;
you should notice some of the less active of the thoroughfares,
where dirt and filth give food to flocks of carrion kites and
regiments of adjutants; you should let the hot red sand look
of ground and building fully stamp its influence on your fancy
-you should see all these, and then tell me if the simple fact
of residences being isolated and walled in, is sufficient to give
227 
WONDERFUL COMMERCE OF CALCUTTA.
Calcutta the name of the Palace City. More properly it might
be called a city of " mud and plaster," where the squareness of
the architecture and the unclean, untidy look of the paint or
whitewash is the most noticeable. One thing, however, none
can dispute, and that is the greatness of its commerce, increas ing with every moon. The march of empire has changed the
village of Indian huts into a city. The little band of traders
have grown to a powerful company. In Surajah Dowlah's day
the site of the miscalled Palatial City was the natural resort of
water fowl, and aligators, and carrion birds; huge reptiles
crawled over the morass and the jungle, and beasts of prey
were only surpassed in fierceness by the robber hordes; now
the banks of the river are covered with merchandise, which the
primitive teams of the land, unchanged for centuries, bring
down from the interior, where the finest ships in the world open
their hatches to receive the produce of a land that is capable
of producing as much of its renowned staples as the rest of the
world is capable of consuming. And yet with all this wonderful commerce, who grows rich in the Indian trade?   How
many merchants annually retire with lacs of rupees?   As
many as make their fortunes in the respective gold fields of the
great Anglo Saxon empires, after they have past through a
panic-no more; for competition crowds the new comer, and
every ten years the old merchants tremble under an established
custom, if not a natural law.
The numbers of Parsees that brush past you and repeat their
prayers in the morning, in the Canton gardens, plainly shows
who has the best of the opium trade, and the extensive imports
and exports of the Rhalleys and the Schilizzers of Calcutta
would indicate that the Greek merchants possess capital, enterprise, and a large share of the commerce of Bengal.
228 
CHAPTER XXIII.
CALCUTTA, Narch, 8, 1856.
Native Merchants of Calcutta-How They do Business-The Baboos at
Home-Cashmere Goats-More Amusement-Theatricals-The Amer ican Ice House.
THE native merchants are men of intellect, well up in all the
moves on the mercantile chess board. You are surprised to
find them so familiar with commerce and commercial usages.
Naturally sharp and quick to learn, by being brought in contact with business men from every coast, after graduating from
the English school, they became familiar with all the tricks of
trade. If they wish to purchase, they appear before you as a
seller; if they have indigo to dispose of, they will inquire for
seeds, and if freight is to be engaged, they will offer you a ship.
Intuitively they understand all the clap trap of the Stock Exchange; with astonishing cleverness they put the market up
and down with as much ease as the most experienced bulls and
bears of the West, and before or after the arrival of a mail,
you meet them where you least expect it —always a little in advance.   No  Europeans  were  equal to cope with them  in
managing prices, in regulating exchanges, or in dodging round
sharp corners, till the Greeks dropped down among them; but
since so many of them have appeared in Calcutta the natives
have had to keep their eyes wide open. In many of the European houses the Banyans work the machinery, furnishing Sircars, 
HOW THEY DO BUSINESS IN CALCUTTA.
or native clerks, managing the details of office, and of government, and in the American trade, furnishing capital, or rather,
buying cargoes, cashing acceptances, and keeping the wheels
on the turn till the credit can be realized after the cargo is
on board. These men accumulate fortunes, while their employers work on without meeting with the same success. Baboo
Ashootas Day, and Baboo Rajendur and Kaledos Dutt are the
great American Banyans, and manage the business of most of
the American houses. The former, almost since the commencement of the century, has done an extensive business direct with
the Boston merchants, and was among the first I called upon,
when I received the intelligence of his death; but the business
still goes on as before, by his nephew and successors, while the extensive property of the late Baboo, has brought out rival claimants, and report says that the court clerks are fattening on expectation. Ashootas Day and Baboo Ram Gopol Ghose, I
believe, are the only two native merchants who receive to any
extent direct orders from abroad; the former for American,
the latter on English account. The business of Calcutta seems
to be done through the medium of chits and brokers-the merchants seldom meeting, for you never find any one at the exchange. This reserve creates jealousy, and Calcutta is ahead
of China in that respect, for in China you meet over the dinner
table, in the gardens, or at the reading rooms.   Even the
Banyans and native merchants employ brokers, and seldom go
to the bazaars; but the Greeks are always on the alert. Produce passes through many hands before it reaches the ship, and
each party levies and collects his toll. The custom that prevailed in England in Cromwell's time, of return commissions,
drawbacks, &c., is understood in India; and the Banyan, the
broker, the mabajun, all depend upon their durstooree in all
230 
THE BABOOS AT HOME.
heavy transactions, as your bearer, or khidmuz-gar, expects his
return commission when you send him for a candle, or bunch
of matches.
The Bengal Banyan is not the China comprador, and yet
they are not so much unlike; each manages the merchandise,
and each handles the treasure, and each appears to be commercially on intimate relations with the foreign merchants.   I visited the residence of the Dutt family, where all the opulence
and luxuries that wealth commands is scattered about the
rooms. Paintings and engravings, mosaic from Rome and
porcelain from Sevres, English and French furniture, and every-thing Indian and European that they can get hold of, is purchased to adorn their residences. The large rooms of valuable
merchandise resembled more an ill-assorted pawnbroker's shop
in London than anything else I could think of. I found the
Baboo almost naked, in his bedroom, on the floor, a punkah
over him, and in his hand an English history of the Russian
war. The room was beautifully furnished, but the pictures that
adorned the walls showed the licentious taste of the Bengalee.
He was most familiar with the geography, the commerce, the
politics of other nations-wanted to know the effect of the late
wonderful production of gold, and how it would operate on the
silver coinage-asked if the losses still continued as heavy in
the Australian trade as at first, and if our cotton crop in the
States would exceed three millions of bales, and if in case of
peace clipper ships would depreciate. His religion, he said,
would not allow him to go abroad, but nothing would be more
pleasant to him than to visit Mount Vernon. Ashootas Day
had a beautiful place, and before his death gave a most expensive nautch, combining the immoralities of the European with
the luxuriant and voluptuous habits of the natives. He denied
231 
CASHMERE GOATS —MORE AMUSEMENT.
himself nothing that money would give him. The careless way
in speaking of him-that he had been burnt up makes one still
more repugnant to their idol worship. I was also entertained
by Baboo Rajendur Mullick, whose princely estates and great
wealth are noticeable over many others. Dutt's Place is far less
extensive, for Baboo Mullick lives the gentlemen, and devotes
his time to ornamenting his house, by purchasing everything
that comes from other parts. The more expensive the article
the better is he pleased. Animals and birds filled the garden,
and his aviary contained the feathered tribes of every land,
from the ostrich to the emu-the mandarin duck of China to
the bird of paradise. The late Earl of Derby contributed
something to the collection.
I saw several goats from Cashmere, the kind from whose
wool the celebrated shawls are made. The goats thrive poorly
out of the mountains, and there were only five left out of some
two hundred that the Baboo owned. The Baboo is most gentlemanly in his manners, and well informed in ancient and modern history, speaking  English with remarkable fluency.  He
has several lacs invested in the company's paper. A few weeks
since he gave a most magnificent nautc].  The large area in
the centre was covered, and lights and lanterns shone over the
expensive fountain and the ornamented stage. These nautches
are peculiar to India, and, when given by a king, a prince, or a
millionaire, distinguished foreigners are often invited. I had
the chance of being present at one on a small scale, got up for
the amusement of a young Bostonian from Canton and myself,
by some of our American friends. The music at times is harsh,
and then dies off with soothing harmony. The musicians were
all seated, and the guests, native and foreign, were provided
with lounges, sofa chairs, &c. The entertainment was given at a
232 
DANCING GIRLS-THEATRICALS.
native's house, a few miles out of town, and the dancing girls
were engaged a day or two before. Gesticulation, action and
the elastic movements of the body mark the peculiarity of the
dance-commencing with a slow, graceful motion, scarcely
moving their feet, but working their hands and arms, then
becoming more animated, with a livelier chant, their whole
form keeping time to the tune, till they appear much excited,
and their movements at first chaste, become voluptuous, and
the music inspirits to still more powerful excitement, till the
dance is terminated with louder strains and more lascivious
motions. Other dancers then take their place, but the dance
is unchanged. Two of the girls only appeared at the same
time. All of them were covered with jewels. I counted as
many as fifteen gold and silver bracelets on one arm, and necklaces and chains-bells on their ancles and rings on their fingers,
jewelry in their ears, and hanging in rings from their noses,
gave them a most original appearance, and simply shows how
fond these natives are of ornament. All they can make-all
they can get and save over and above their maintenance, goes
for ornaments; and many of those who seem the poorest have
valuable jewelry on their persons. Coolies, even, who can save
a few rupees invest in buying jeweled ornaments for their children; and hence robbery and murder occur where the inducement is so conspicuously advertised.
Outside of their own residences and off the esplanade, foreigners have little to amuse themselves with, for theatricals and
concerts, lectures and exhibitions do not thrive on Indian soil.
Kate Hayes, however, for awhile dispersed the general apathy,
but a few nights of the Italian music at the prices were amply
sufficient. There are many amateur singers in the city, and
their occasional reunions are said to be attractive. A star actor
233 
AN AMERICAN ICE HOUSE.
or prima donna need never expect to realize a rapid fortune by
visiting Calcutta; for the population is not equal to a small
town in a Western State. ~ Seven thousand, they tell me, is
about the mark. Madame Pleiffer, who does the chapter and
verse diction, said two; but she may be as much mistaken as
in describing the site of the Black Hole.
The American ice house was presented to the proprietor by
the government, and the monopoly of the Calcutta market must
be lucrative. For this luxury the civil servants and citizens of
the Presidency are indebted to the successful enterprize of a
Boston merchant. No competition could live a month, for there
is not enough for two. Ice is the greatest of all luxuries in
the capital of Bengal. The stranger enjoys it as much as the
resident.
234 
CHAPTER XXIV.
VOYAGE TO EGYPT FROM INDIA.
ON BOARD THE PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL
STEAMSHIP NUBIA, from Calcutta to Suez,
March 9, 1856.
Run from Calcutta to Suez-A Retrospect of Indian History-The First
Overland Journey-The Company and its Commanders-The Black
Hole of Calcutta.
I FEAR that I shall find little time for HERALD correspondence
in the desert, at Jerusalem, the Crimea, or in Europe, but at
any rate, passing events shall be recorded. Now I have some
two or three weeks on my hands, and I shall find amusement in
taking a retrospective view of India, although the motion of a
sea steamer may prevent me from turning all my periods well.
Will it too severely tax your good nature if I run back to
Elizabeth's time, when merchants planted the seed of empire,
and with steeple chasing speed run over the course that marks
the history of a nation which for more than two centuries, has
been the theatre of some of the most thrilling scenes that ever
rave birth to romance or to misery. If permitted, I promise to
make the chapter short. A year of constant reading would
iardly finish the works on India, for the volumes would crowd
L library-memoirs, journals, sketches of the multitude of civil
iervants of the Honorable Company-histories and reports of
Governor Generals from Lord Clive to Lord Canning-annals, 
HINDOO MAIDENS.
records and accounts of the Board of Directors-biographies,
historical reminiscences, despatches, and pretty volumes of clever
military officers who, during years of service, had little to do
but write, draw bills, smoke, play cards and shoot tigers from
off an Elephant's back; and others, who were in action, fought,
gave their own account of the battle, and won medals and eulo gies for their bravery.
The printing press has been always active in introducing dis tinguished civil and military officers to the literary public, and
books on "our Eastern Empire" are to be found everywhere but
where you most want them. Some of the writers have become
rich, others poor, and some won a name; others sunk into ob scurity with the first edition; but most of them lost their hair,
their lungs, and, in one or two solitary instances, their conscience,
in the honorable service of the Honorable Company. Tourists,
too, poetical and prosaic-some falling into hysterical composition when standing on the summits of high mountains, or resting
in their palaquins on the banks of grand rivers, watching the
innocent gambols of Hindoo maidens, whose ablutions attracted
them, while other writers tell of brave hunts, where they have
luxuriated in the exciting embraces of a wounded female tiger;
and missionaries who have grown inspired in describing the horrors of the opium trade-the thrilling scenes of the jungle, the
revolting customs of heathen worship, and the prayers which
they have made in the evangelization of the native races, prayers
somewhat doubted by many of the company's servants, who,
living in the same localities, have seen few instances of a fruit
the seed of which was planted long ago, but somehow or other
refuses to ripen under an Indian sun, missionaries whose life of
exile commands admiration, and far be it from me to speak
lightly of their labors, for their motives are the best, although
236 
RETROSPECT OF INDIAN HISTORY.
success seldom crowns their life of toil and absence. Others
have written, and many who never saw the Indian shore have
written, and many of their works show astonishing research and
careful compilation. Moore's knowledge of the Orient is sprinlkled along the great three thousand guinea poem like pearls in
a diamond necklace, and yet he never saw the country. Lalla
Rookh is full of Eastern painting. Burke and Fox and Sheridan enchanted Parliament with their startling pictures of Indian
life when the American nation was in its cradle, and yet they
were not in India.
From such a mass of composition one is fairly disheartened in
reading upon such a country. No digest like Goldsmith's History of England has yet been thrown together. Yes-I am
wrong-MacFarlane, who wrote on Japan, has published a
valuable summary, which gives one taste for more. Yet h's
travels never extended to the East.  Bishop Hieber's "Indian
Journal,"  "Wellington's Despatches," P. Auber's "Rise and
Progress of British Power in India," James' "Military Transactions of the British Nation in Hindostan"-a work of more
than ordinary merit; Mill's   History of British India," which
I think, passed under Macaulay's favorable criticism in the Edinlburgh Review; Scott's "History of Bengal," Gleig's "Warrea
Hastings," are among some of the more prominent writings;
bat only in proportion as the letter A is to the alphabet.  In
volume four-the last of the brilliant series that has been issued
from the press from the pen of England's great historian-you
will find an occasional page of Englanld's progress in the East,
and as you read the eloquent description of the birth and infancy of the empire you long for another chapter, and wait with
impatient anticipation to see something of its youth and manhood. He tells you that the Honorable Company was incorpo
237 
THE FIRST OVERLAND JOURNEY.
rated by England's great Queen on the last day of the sixteenth
century, just when the Mogul monarchy was at the acme of its
fame-when Akbar, the illustrious decendant of the House of
Tamerlane, had inherited lands and wealth surpassing anything
in Western grandeur. But Macaulay goes no further back. Yet
India had a glorious past. Alexander who conquered his Bucephalus before he wept that there were no more worlds to conquer, first told Europe of the splendor of India, for his armies
were the first to enter the Punjaub. Political changes have
always been taking place in the East. In the eleventh century
Constantinople held the trade and worked the oracle of finance;
then Italians crowded out the Turks, and Marco Polo was as
active as he had been in China; and years after Columbus found
a continent-a new track to India-changed the commerce of
the Orient, and Vasco De Gama claimed the discovery of the
Cape of Good Hope race course, and the Portuguese displaced
the Italians and the Arabs in the trade; and in jealousy of
Portugal's progress, the Dutch, the French and the English entered the field, and expeditions were despatched to India via the
Good Hope track, but Thomas Cavendish and Capt. Raymond
only opened the door to the joint stock company, who subscribed
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and placed the direction
under a committee of fifteen.
John Mildenhall was the first to make the overland journey
to the new commercial arena. A year later, a charter for fifteen years received the royal assent, and on the 2d of May,
1601, the little trading fleet sailed from Torbay under the command of James Lancaster, who first dropped anchor at Sumatra,
and left an agent at Bantam, in Java. In this modest manner
the acorn was planted, and taking root on a fertile soil, from the
young sapling has grown to the mighty oak, whose wide spread
238 
THE COMPANY AND ITS COMMANDERS.
ing branches, extend some 1,900 miles from (Cabhmir to Cape
Comorin, from the Indus' mouth to the mountain ranges, east ward of the Baramputa, some 1,500 miles-covering an area of
some 1,300,000 square miles-populated by one hundred and
,forty-one millions of Indians of mixed blood and mixed religion.
From the Straits we find the traders at Surat, in 1612, protected by the Protestant James. A half of a century later, in
1668, Bombay was ceded to the company by the dissipated
Charles the Second. In 1707 Calcutta became a Presidency,
but it was in 1698 that the rival companies buried the hatchet,
joining capital and interest under the name of the United East
India Company. The first foothold with a native king was
brought about through the skill of the merchantmen's doctor,
in saving the life of a beautiful native princess.  A century had
died away since the formation of the company, and kingly fortunes were made so quickly as to astonish all not interested,
and create bitter jealousy in those merchants who did not share
the monopoly.
Sir Josiah Child fought boldly for the company's rights, which
Cromwell had restored after the civil war had broken out, and
bought members of Parliament and members of the Cabinet
with his Indian gold. Private merchants were not equal to
combat an already powerful corporation, whose maxim then
was, that money would overcome virtue, and the working of the
maxim was seen in the continued renewals of the charter. The
wonderful progress of the colony began to alarm the Indian
kings, and the Dutch and French adventurers were always
stimulating them on against the English.   The  fierce feuds
between the Hindoos and the Mussulmen weroe never more active.
Since Alfred's time terrible internal wars had convulsed the
land, and Mahomedan conquerors. Hindoo rajahs, fierce Affghans
239 
240             ROBERT CLIVE-NATIVE RAJAHS.
and Rahpootes were marauding over the empire, till Tamerlane,
in the fourteenth century, took the reins. Baber succeeded the
great Emperor, and later Akbar inherited all; but before the
English were in Surat he was in the tomb of his fathers.  The
early hatred of rival princes was handed down from generation
to generation, and in the early part of the seventeenth century
burned with fiercer energy, for Dupleix, the Frenchman, began
to discover that the ruins of the Mongol monarchy might give
birth to European empire. At one time his power saw no barrier, and his dreams of conquest made him covetous and quarrel with Labourdonnais. This was the time that the Napoleon
of India was introduced, for the irritable clerk, who, while a
writer, had twice attempted to end his life when smarting under
some reproof for his stupidity without success, gave up the
courtier's duty for the soldier, and Robert Clive, who gave no
promise of greatness in his youth, became the founder of the
British empire in India. It has been said that Indian history
has had no Cortez and no Pizarro; but more likely it is because there has been no Prescott to record their glory and their
shame. When further advanced in his " History of England,",
we may expect it in Macauley.
Olive, when he commenced his brilliant career as a commander, was about the age of Napoleon when chief of the Grand
Army of Italy, but he did not possess the same military experience, although his victories surprised his enemies into admiration. He was emphatically the man of the time. Native
Rajahs, tired of the Englishman's arrogance, and fearing the
exercise of his power, again flew to horse. The Nabob of
Arcot-was the first to fight. This was the Rajah to whom
Burke, in the British Parliament, gave an endless fame. Clive
was at that memorable siege which lasted fifty days-the Arcot 
BLACK HOLE OF CALCUTTA.
fort. Halliburton had just begun to form and drill the sepoys
into soldiers, and their constancy and skill was flattering to the
officer. From that little band of native troops sprung the entire Indian army, now numbering some 275,000 native soldiers.
Full of honors and wealth, Clive, the humble writer, went to
England, where slander and envy awaited him, and being defeated in getting into Parliament, in 1755, sailed under the
King's command, again for India, the Honorable Company appointing him to the Governorship of Fort St. David. But the
very day he stepped into the gubernatorial chair, at Madras,
the Bengal Nabob took Calcutta. Then came that chapter of
unheard of cruelty, familiar to every child who has learned to
read his story books. The tragedy of the Black Hole oc
curred just a hundred years ago.
The dungeon was but twenty feet square. Midsummer heat
was parching India. The little garrison thought it all a joke,
when they were ordered to go in; but to refuse was to die, for
Surajah-ul-Dowlah's orders must be obeyed; prolonged suffering
was better than instant death; they entered, one hundred and
forty-six in all. The door was closed, the small aperture admitted
neither light nor air. When they began to exchange breaths
the startling truth burst upon them. The air already was almost putrid; they shrieked, they yelled in mortal agony; they
screamed for water and then killed each other over the cup
which was passed through the grating, while the poor prisoners
were biting and squeezing each other's life away-gasping for
air, for water, for anything to relieve them of their agony. The
jailers laughed and danced in pure delight. Holmell, the highest in rank, offered the jailor heavy bribes; but no, the Nabob
was sleeping, and no one dared to wake him. In the morning,
when the debauch was slept away, he ordered the dungeon door
241 
ASSASSINATION OF SURAJAH DOWLAH.
to be opened, and out staggered twenty-three swollen distorted
living corpses! One hundred and twenity-three were piled up
-a putrefying mass of meq-all shapes and forms were represented in the death struggle. The English woman who survived, was sent to the harem of the Prince of Moorshedabad.
Holwell was saved and tells the tale. The dead were buried on
the spot, but the harrowing picture did not move in the least
the granite disposition of the human tiger. The horrible deed
reached Clive, and the celebrated battle of Plassey showed the
inhuman Nabob that it was a fool hardy thing to trifle with
the feelings of Englishmen. The soldiers fought like bulldogs;
revenge stimulated them on, and the Nabob's army of 60,000
strong was broken like a reed. Clive lost but twenty-two men.
The gallant 39th still wears the proud motto. Primus in Indus.
Clive was now at the zenith of his fame, but his enemies were
at work at home. His successes against the Dutch invasion
from Java, his victorious battles against Indian armies large
enough to swallow him, his civil and administrative abilities
could not save him. He had forged a solemn treaty; he was
cognizant of the assassination of Suraj-Dowlah by the son of
the Nabob of his own creation, Meer Jaffier; he had done
deeds blackening to the character of an honest man. He went
back to England, leaving everything quiet behind him, and in
1765 returned again, for the third and last time. Once more
he became the company's benefactor rooted out corruption and
bribery among the civil servants; introduced the salt monopoly,
still in existence, instead of increasing the pay of the military.
But when he went back to England his libellers had made him
out a villain, a fiend incarnate, who had violated public faith,
reduced provinces to beggary, deposed princes, and such men
as Mackenzie, Foote and Cooper assisted in driving the great
242 
ADMINISTRATION OF LORD CLIVE.
man mad, and goaded on past all endurance, he carried out
the idiosyncracy of his youth, for it is supposed that the slandered Peer, tired of it, ended his own life.
When Clive left India all went wrong. In 1770, the crops
failed-the famine was terrible-millions perished-some say
one-third of the Bengal population were swept away.  In 1 772,
the company were obliged to borrow from the Bank of England, to keep themselves above water. We are now under the
administration of another Governor General, and another instance of rising from the ranks of humble life. Warren Hlastings arrived in Bengal in 1750, and made illicit but successful
love to the Baroness Imhoff, on his passage out-her husband
blind to the infidelity. Commencing like Clive, as a writer,
his energy and his ability carried him steadily up the ladder of
fame.
His forte was administration, not military tactics; a great
man was wanted, and he proved equal to the emergency, and he
used the all-selfish and all-powerful freemasonry of the company
to carry out his bold and sometimes heartless plans. In reviewing Gleig's three volumod work on Warren Hastings, in
the Edinburgh Review, of 1841, Macaulay does not spare him,
for his damnable loaning of an English Army to Suraj-Dowlah
for forty lacs, or $2,000,000 to put down the border princes.
For his unscrupulous measures regarding the Begums of Oude
for the execution of Nuncomar-read the impeachment paper
before the House of lords. When Sheridan made the ludicrous
mistake in speaking of the "ferocious Dhooliess, who savagely
rushed in and carried the wounded from the field," he would
have laughed, could he have known that he had wrought himself up to such excitement and virtuous indignation in describing
an open palanquin, or simple contrivance for taking the poor
243 
LORD CORNWALLIS-WARREN HASTINGS.
creatures off to the hospital shed, instead of to the slaughter.
Sheridan's speech, for which Burke and Fox had furnished the
material, does not make the Qovernor General an angel by any
means, and Macaulay, in the review alluded to, is bitter when
touching on that inhuman war, where their villages were burnt,
their children butchered, and their women violated. Hastings
was a wonderful man, whether sending despatches in quills
made into earrings, to escape detection, when at Benares (after
Cheyte Sing ran away), when his life was in danger-or ruling
the destinies of India, with an impoverished treasury-or defending himself in nine years' persecution-when his fortune was
spent in useless law-he showed the signet of a great mind.
These two, Clive and Hastings, were the earliest and the greatest of the Governor Generals of India, and I have, therefore,
dwelt longer when speaking of them.
While Lord Cornwallis was losing the empire of the West,
Hastings preserved the empire of the East. The one gave up
America, the other saved the Carnatic.
When England and America were signing the peace papers,
Fox lost his India bill, and with it the Premiership; but his
powerful enemy, Pitt, with the entire wealth of the East India
Company to support him, the next year was more successful,
and fixed himself firmly on the government benches. This was
the bill which instituted the Board of Control, the President
being  the head of the Indian government.   The  Governor
General and Council of three one of which was the military
commander-in-chief-the King holding the power of nominating
this officer, also of approving or recalling the Governor General.
In 1786 Lord Cornwallis was sent out by the company; and
although the banner fell before the little army of our first President, he rose again in India. and showed himself an able gen
244 
LORD TEIGNMOUTH —-LORD MORNINGTON.
eral and governor.  In 1793 he returned home after six years'
hard fighting with Tippoo Saib. Sir John Shore succeeded, and,
after a short stay, was made an Irish peer. Lord Teignmouth
don't appear to have distinguished himself, and the Honorable
Company made a better appointment when they gave the seal
to Lord Mornington, Marquis of Wellesley, the Iron Duke's
elder brother-a man who possessed something of the Clive and
Hastings styles of action, and, like them, fell into the jaws of
faction when he returned to England. About this time Napoleon and Tippoo were in correspondence, but all his projects
failed, and Wellington came within an ace of meeting Napoleon,
with Sepoy troops, in the Egyptian desert; but a superior officer was appointed to the command, and Wellington was obliged
to wait for Waterloo. After Lord Mornington, there was another appointment of the Shore school-Sir George Barlow
but a more appropriate and clever man succeeded in Lord Minto, whom I will speak of in another page.
245 
CHAPTER XXV.
ON BOARD THE STEAMSHIP NUBIA, 
FROM CALCUTTA TO SUEZ, 
March, 1856.
Indian History Continued-Shifting of English Politicians with Respect
to HIer-The Annexed Territory-Telegraphs and Railways-Effects
of Conquest,
LORD MINTO'S administration was noted for his naval exploits.
This was the Governor who, with his ninety sail, took Java
from the French, but lost many of his troops by the fatal climate.  He was also successful at the Isle of France; but the
Bocca Tigris and Macao expeditions were signal failures.
In 1813 the Marquis of Hastings, whom Americans have
reason to remember, was the next Governor General of India;
and following in the footsteps of his illustrious namesake, he
squeezed the treasury of Oude to get the means of paying the
Company's debt. It was during his reign that the old Begum,
which the Pitt opposition immortalized, died, and in the goodness of her heart bequeathed $2,500,000 to the Honorable Company-thus saving them the trouble of seizing it, as is their
custom.   Hastings distinguished himself in breaking up and
dispersing the immense bandit hordes of Pindarees, who for
years had plundered and robbed, spreading devastation wherever their horsemen charged.
Brougham's formidable rival in debate-the great Canningreceived the next appointment  but he was wanted at home, 
THE BENGAL SEPOYS-SIEGE OF BHUAL-KOOR.    247
and, remaining to work his way to the Premiership, Earl Amherst was chosen to fill the vacancy, and with much ability,
shown by his success, carried on the Burmah war. The actions
were bold, daring and successful. Burmah was conquered for
the time, and the treasurer of the Company had to disgorge
$40,000,000 to pay the expenses of the war.
Dr. Price, an American missionary, signed the treaty on behalf of the King of Ava; and Dr. Judson, Fanny Forrester's
husband, has also told us something of the fierce battles that
convulsed the country. One of the most alarming mutinies of
the many mentioned, among the native troops, occurred at this
time (1824). The Bengal sepoys, who, fearful of losing caste
by going to sea, disobeyed orders; but the decision of the official, in shooting down the leaders, saved the mutiny from spreading, and the prompt disbanding of the Forty-seventh native infantry had the desired effect of quelling an insubordination that
gave the government much cause for alarm.
The celebrated siege of Bhual-koor, near Agra, was in 1827.
In Calcutta I saw the monument of Lord William Bentinck,
(who in 1828, was sent up from Madras to relieve Earl Amherst,) for abolishing Suttee or the self-immolation of widows
on the funeral fagots of her deceased consort. It was a bold
measure, for it interfered with their religion, but it was successful. But he did not fare as well in doing away with flogging
in the army, for he had to bear the whole brunt of every trifling act of indiscipline; every sign of insubordination was heaped
upon his shoulders. In 1833 the opposition in Parliament succeeded in breaking up the monopoly of the China trade, which
for so long a period had thrown a wet sheet over all private
enterprise.  With this measure, the Court of Directors ceased
to be merchant princes. At this time the Duke of Wellington, 
HORRORS OF INDIAN WARFARe.
in speaking of what the company owed, said their entire debt
was only $200,000,000, or about equal to two years revenue.
Lord Auckland, in 1835, took the helm, and held it till 1841
-after having been led by the nose by the unfortunate Captain
Burnes into that fatal Affghan campaign, where disgrace foled disgrace with a rapidity that even astonished the nativesall the horrors of Indian warfare were experienced during that
short campaign; 26,000 human beings perished in the cowardly
affair of the Passes-an everlasting disgrace to those who failed
to show themselves worthy of their official position. On the 3d
November, 1841, occurred the ambush, the surprise, the retreat;
where, says the English historian MacFarland with deserving
severity, "Our commanding officers continued in their imbecility
until our troops were infected with downright cowardice. Not
merely the shivering, half-starved sepoys, but our British born
soldiers, cowered before a barbarous and stupid enemy, whom
they had so often beaten. * * * * * Where our officers behaved like fools, and our men like cowards, the retreat
of the 14th December," says the same writer, "was as appalling
as it was disastrous-even worse than that of the French from
Moscow. In both instances, hail, snow and ice, nakedness and
famine, slew more than the sword."
A change in the British ministry brought Peel a second time
to the head of affairs in the British Cabinet, and Lord Ellenborough was sent in 1842 to India, and his able management during
the Affghan campaign won him laurels from the army as well as
from high officials. Even the Iron Duke complimented him in
eulogistic language among the peers of the realm; but his haughty and dictatorial language offended the dignity of the Court
of Directors, who showed their unlimited power in recalling the
Governor General, in direct opposition to the wishes of govern
248
I 
THIE ANNEXED TERRITORY.
ment. The next step in the empire's history was the arrival of
Sir Henry Hardinge, the present  Commander-in-Chief of the
Queen's army, whose activity and energy made enemies as well
as friends. He modified the duty on salt, he abolished Lord
Bentinck's order of flogging, and, with such leaders as Sir Hugh
Gough, Sir Charles Napier and Sir Harry Smith, he conquered
the Punjaub, making the Sikhs surrender their swords, and bow
to the British yoke.  He accomplished much, and, leaving a
good name behind him, he made way for Lord Dalhousie, in
1848, who plunged into war as soon as he arrived at Government House, and the battle field of Chillian Wallah is still red
with the blood of the sons of England. During his reign four
kingdoms have been annexed-the Punjaub, in 1849; Burmah, in'52; Nagpore, in'54, and last, though not by any means
the least, Oude a few days before his departure for England.
For these bold measures, when he has only carried out the
instructions of the directors, and through them of the British
government, the Parlimentary opposition are ready to open
their batteries against him and he will be fortunate if he escapes
the storm that awaits the arrival of every Governor of India
who has displayed extraordinary energy.
The extensive tract of empire that has been annexed, and
the millions of people added to the British community, will produce warm compliment from one party, but like hostility from
the other; but there are few in India who, although they may
not admire the man, are unwilling to testify to what he has
accomplished. His administration will always be memorable
for the introduction of the two great inventions of the present
century-the telegraph and the railroad. Whatever may be
the political questions he may be censured for, these will prove
counter arguments with his friends. You will be surprised to
249 
250        TELEGRAPH FROM CALCUTTA TO BOMBAY.
learn that India, during the last two years, bids fair to keep
pace with the United States in the magnetic wire. Dr. O'
Shaughnessy is the Professor Morse of India; with the powerful
machinery at his command as a servant of the company, he has
distinguished himself by his energy and his works. I am glad
to find him a fellow passenger en route for home, with a view of
running the wire from England to India-an undertaking which,
no doubt, will shortly be accomplished, judging from what has
been done. The first wire, he tells me, was extended Nov. 1,
1853 Twenty parties of workmen (soldiers) left Calcutta and
Bombay, under English leaders, and in March, 1854, the offices
were opened at the half-way station of Agra and by the middle
of Juie the first message went through to Bombay, a distance
of 1,600 miles, since which, lines have been established from
Bombay to Madras, 800 miles; from Agra to Peshawur, on
the borders of Affghanistan, forming the populous cities of Delhi,
Lahore, and Attoch on the Indus, some 800 miles; besides a
line 200 miles from Rangoon to Prome and Meaday, connecting
the seaport with the frontier of Ava, and other smaller lines,
making a total of some 4,000 miles in two years time. In less
than five years ten thousand miles of electric wire will connect
the chief points of the Indian empire, says the Doctor. No. 1
galvanized wire, about half a mile to the ton, would give an
aggregate of 2,000 tons. The original posts were made of cheap
wood, but subsequently iron wood from Burmah, solid granite
posts, brick and mortar doors and iron screw posts are those
used; the cost is about $250 per mile.
The wires are about sixteen feet from the ground, sufficiently
high to allow a loaded elephant to pass under. About thirty
miles of submarine wires, costing $1,000 per mile, have been
laid down across the rivers. About three hundred manipulators 
R. M. STEPHENSON, THE RAILWAY KING.
are employed, and two hundred more servants, making a staff
of five hundred men. There are seventy offices already erected,
in charge of Europeans and half castes, the great difficulty has
been in procuring proper workmen, and Dr. O'Shaughnessy purposes visiting the States before returning to India, in order to
procure a staff of American managers. There are no double
lines laid down, nor will there be. The annual cost of the establishment is $150,000.
The only paying line will be that between Bombay and Calcutta, where one-third of the despatches are sent by natives.,
The object of the government in establishing such an agency
throughout their wide extent of empire is, of course to increase
their political and military power, for the enterprise as an investment would prove disastrous.   An instance of its advantage
was noticed at the recent annexation of Oude. A few hours
after the despatch arrived from the home government, giving
consent, the Council met-troops were on the way-orders were
given, and Oude was a part of the British empire-all done by
the lightning's flash.  In times of war it must be of vast importance, until the native enemies learn to cut the wire, as speculators did when the Cunard steamers touched at Halifax. Railways do not progress as rapidly, yet something has been done in
that way-a guarantee of five per cent interest on the outlay
for such enterprise is made by the honorable company; but who
is to make up the loss between the annual expenditure and the
annual receipts, for profit and loss will be charged for many years
with a serious balance?
R. M. Stephenson, Esq. the railway king of India, is also a
fellow passenger, for England. His perseverance, his untired
industry in accomplishing so arduous an enterprise, and his amiable qualities as a man, have earned him a most complimentary
251 
DIFFERENT RAILWAYS-PROFIT AND IT,OSS.
address from his many friends. In his reply he shows how sanguine he is of the progress of his pet projects, for he expects that
in less than ten years England may be reached in twelve days
time, and the magnetic wire will communicate with the mother
country in as many hours.   I shall not be surprised at the
latter result, but must say the former looks formidable-for
Asiatic, African and European soil does not cultivate and nourish activity and enterprise as does the American.
The railway from Calcutta to Raneegunge, or to the Burdwan
coal mines, is 121 miles; a single rail, costing about $50,000
per mile. A company has been formed to connect Madras with
the opposite coast, a distance of 300 miles, passing through
Wellington's and Brand's battlefields, via Arcot and Seringapatam (branching out to Bangalore,) on to Trichinoopoly to
Coimbatoor on the Malabar coast, thus connecting the great
cities of Southern India. Some fifty miles have been completed
from Madras. On the other side, the Bombay, Barado and
Central Indian Railway, and the great Indian Peninsular Railway, extend their branches a long way along the shore and
inland. About fifty miles only is in operation from Bombay.
Another line is iritended to join Bombay with the Madras frontier, via Belgaum, Saltara, Toona, &c.-from Kurrochee to the
Indus about 120 miles, and a section from Bombay, 200 miles
to Surat. This is the grand trunk line of the Northwest, and
is to extend to Lahore, a distance from Calcutta of 1,350 miles.
Contracts already have been made as far as Agra, Railway
enterprise in India commands much praise for its projectors, for
many are the impediments to be overcome. As in England and
America, those in the front rank will sink their money, making
room for those who follow later on, to profit by other's losses.
But, nevertheless, the steam whistle must work a moral change
in India.
252 
HINDOO TALENT, QUICK OBSERVATION.
I have now ran over the history of India since commerce
opened the country, from Capt. Lawrence to Josiah Child;
from Child to Clive, and from Clive to Hastings and Mornington, past Dalhousie to Canning, who is hext in turn-'tis a
strange and interesting history, the formation of the East India
Company. Merchants wish to trade, and call in political power
to assist them; then jealousy arises, ambition, conquest and a
standing army, now numbering 300,000 men in round numbers,
only 30,000 of which are Queen's troops-all paid by the Company.   For two centuries the natives have been brought in
contact with the Christian race-and what is there to show for
it? Ancient and modern writers assure us that the products of
the soil, the peculiar mode of irrigation, the strange fancy for
copper utensils, the simple cotton cloth about the loins, the
brilliancy of their colors and dyes, their extravagant love of jewelry-wearing them in ears, nose, on their toes, their ancles,
their fingers, their necks, and their arms-the custom of eating
alone, the religious seclusion of their women, the cutting off of
goats' heads for the sacrifice, the training of elephants, and the
extraordinary divisions of caste remaining unchanged; habits
and customs of a thousand years ago are the habits and customs
now. The Hindoo talent, then, of quick observation, perseverance, dexterity, tact, against the vices of greediness, servility
and treachery, have gone through trifling changes for centuries.
The European vices have been carefully studied; but the European's virtues don't flourish in the Hindoo's mind. Of course,
there are some exceptions; but I have yet to learn that the
merchant, the missionary or the soldier have been able to break
up prejudices which have for so long been handed down from
generation to generation.
India is a land of conquest, and requires an immense standing
253 
EFFECTS OF CONQUEST.
army to hold it. As a conquered country, the East India
Company may make as good masters as any other company or
any other government. It is difficult to understand where the
company's power ceases and' where England's commenceswhich is Blucher, and which the Duke of Wellington?-the
Hon. Court of Directors and the President of the Board of Control act in concert; and the Company and the government are
so closely connected that they must soon amalgamate.
So long as pensions, wages, salaries are paid to the Sepoy
troops, under able and popular English officers-so long as their
caste or their religion remains  unmolested-so  long as the
natives continue to prove so faithless and possess so little confidence in each other, England will hold her Indian empire; for
the Sepoy soldier is proverbially true to his salt. There is one
thing morally certain; fortunes are not realized by civil and
military officials, by merchants, by professional men, by individuals and corporations, as in days of yore, for there are very few
who return to England with the means of supporting Indian
extravagance or the means of enjoying the luxuries of Indian
life. A quarter of a century's service under the Indian sky
purchases an Indian pension dearly bought-too often by the
loss of health, of spirits and of friends. The Indian army and
the Indian civil service still continue to offer employment,
through influence, to the younger sons of Britain, who grow
prematurely old in serving their country, with the hopes of bettering their own position. An Indian fortune is like the mirage
which Napoleon saw on the plains of Egypt.
254 
CHAPTER XXVI.
ON BOARD THE STEAMSHIP'NUBIA, 
FROM CALCUTTA TO MADRAS, 
March 9 to 11, 1856.
A Crowded Steamer-Monopoly of the Eastern Company-Their Ships,
Receipts and Expenses-Arrival in Madras-What Strangers See.
ABOUT 10 o'clock on Sunday morning our steamer swung off
from the moorings, and an hour later about a hundred passengers gave a parting look at the Indian city and its suburban
mansions on the river's banks, and the Nubia was heading towards her destined port. That night we anchored, and the next
-for our ship draws twenty-one feet-and not until 4 o'clock
P. M. on the 11th did we get clear of the windings of the Hoogly and the shoals at Sand Heads. Then our pilot received his
$100 present, over and above his regular pilotage, for simply
doing his duty, in not running us on shore; and boarding his
brig, he left us to find our way alone. The decks are crowded
-men, women and children —I dare not say how many —but
all of them strangers to me. I never before felt so little inclined
to make the acquaintance of my fellow passengers. Five years
of moving about the world has taken away that irresistible desire
I experienced when making my maiden tour over my own country, that I might not be an ignoramus when I went abroad, to
know everybody about me. Now I am perfectly satisfied to
wait for the advances, instead of making them all myself. 
MONOPOLY OF THE EASTERN COMPANY.
Our steamer is one of the newest, the largest and finest in the
extensive fleet of this extensive company-now the largest in
the world. It was up-hill work at first, but government encouraged, subscribers came forward, receipts looked favorable, good
fortune accompanied the enterprise, and the Cattle Carrying
Steam Company between Ireland and England, of some fifteen
or twenty years ago, has steadily grown into a powerful monopoly that individual enterprise cannot profitably compete with.
A royal charter was obtained at the commencement of 1841,
just after Cunard opened up the Boston line. In 1845 and in
1854 they received further powers and grants from Parliament,
with a capital of seven and a half millions of dollars, with the
liberty of increasing it to twelve and a half millions, with forty
powerful steamships, registering about 52,000 tons and 14,000
horse power; with an organized force of forty experienced captains, and the same number of mates and engineers of each rank,
and duplicates hoping for a chance; with all the minor departments efficiently filled, from stoker to steward; with coal hulks,
and stations and agencies all along the route from Southampton
to Shanghae, rendering facilities that required years of experience to obtain; with all the working  apparatus  thoroughly
systematized, from the Court of Directors in London to the
Serangs and Burra Tindels in the Indian seas; with the confidence and powerful patronage of the British government, and
the support of the East India Company; in a word, with their
great wealth and means, and their unlimited credit, the Peninsular and Oriental Company may go on increasing their steamers, enlarging their operations by extending their lines to other
parts of the world, declaring their dividends, grow more and
more independent, and finally laugh at competition, no matter
from whence it may appear. Now, coaling freights and lucra
256 
ARRIVAL IN MADRAS.
tive employment in the Black sea, with half the fleet composed
of screw steamers, and an increasing passenger and cargo trade,
their dividends will increase the value of the. shares. The Nubia
is 2,200 tons, but only 450 horse power. The Simla is 2,600.
The other large steamer, the Himalaya, the company were fortunate in selling to the government for $650,000. The Pera,
2,650; the Bengal, 2,300, and the Alma, 2,200, are among the
largest in the line.
The annual receipts of the company are about equal to their
starting capital-a million and half sterling.
We have steamed about eleven knots an hour, and at 3 o'clock
in the afternoon of the 14th we anchored in Madras Roads;
five days from Calcutta, nearly three of which were passed in
getting by the Hoogly, 770 miles.  Twenty-four hours at Madras is amply sufficient for the most enthusiastic traveler, unless
he is desirous of making excursions to the interior or the other
coast. At any rate, the time on shore was all that I required
to disgust me with the port. The explorer, the surveyor, or
nautical man, or whoever selected the harbor, should have his
name painted on a shingle. IS it possible that no better anchorage-no better landing place-no better port could be found
along the coast; and if so, why was this place chosen?  A
hundred years and more have passed away since then, and still
you have the same facilities. An open roadstead, without the
least point of land, or rock, or hill to shelter; no breakwaterno wharf-no pier-no floating frame-not  even a landing
stage. Huge native surf boats, thirty feet long and eight feet
deep, by as many broad, the timbers bound together with rope
and string, without a nail, or bolt, or spike, and manned by
eleven naked savages, came alongside to take us ashore-no, I
must not say naked, for there is an attempt at costume. You
257 
FIRST FORT BUILT IN INDIA.
may, perhaps, better understand the difference between the Calcutta and the Madras boatmen in that respect, when I mention
that the former appears with.a small white pocket handkerchief
round about him; the latter contents himself with a twine
string. The day was perfectly calm, yet the surf washed over
our boat once or twice; and when finally through, the black,
beggarly natives-I hate the sight of them-take you on their
shoulders to dry land. This is the only contrivance yet introduced for landing or embarking passengers. Our sex can
manage it very well, but I pity the women who have to be carted round like so many bags of clothing.
To order a supper at the Clarendon, and a carriage at the
stable-to read the latest dates from England, and eat an ice
cream, occupied our time for an hour, and then we started off
for a cruise, up one street and down another-through dirty
alleys and clean thoroughfares-visiting the jail, the parade
ground, the place of burning the dead, the railway station, and
the Bentinck monument-stopping a moment to witness the
exercises of a Hindoo school, and hurrying on to the depots,
the market place and the cathedral-driving some four miles
into the country, and returning in time to meet the carriages
on their way to the fort, for it is Friday evening, and the band
holds forth.
The fort was one of the first built in India. In 1622 the
ground was bought of a native prince, and Mr. F. Day claims
the honor of erecting the fortress, then named and now known
as Fort Saint George.  Here is where the French and the English crossed swords so often-both nations alternate masters.
Labourdonnais, the gallant sailor, Governor of the Isle of
France, raised the French flag over the ramparts in 1744, but
at the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle it was given back to England.
258 
WHAT STRANGERS SEE.
Dupleix's star shone with almost an unnatural brilliancy on
this ground for a short time, only to be buried in darker gloom.
The daring Frenchman saw visions of empire long before his
compeers, and, at one time, he ruled a kingdom. Here, too,
Clive first drove the quill; and failing to destroy himself on
two occasions, realized that he was born for something great.
Hastings, I believe, was also first at this Presidency, and it was
here that Halliburton originated the Bengal army, and Sepoys
first learned the art of war-where one part of the native
community was armed and drilled to shoot down the other.
Some of the early native officers highly distinguished themselves.
Orme speaks particularly of Mahomed Isof as a subahdar of
great skill as an engineer and brave soldier in battle. The fort
is strongly fortified and ably garrisoned. The band was nothing remarkable, and the array of beauty and epaulettes, the
assembly of carriages, paled before the remembrance of Calutta. Late in the evening we returned to the steamer, as
much disgusted with  Madras as everybody  must be whose
.nterests are not in the place. The row of buildings on the
reach, that so delighted the lady tourist who had journeyed
around the world, have hardly a redeeming feature, for the climate spoils their appearance and gives them a shaky, red, sand
stained look that fairly chills you with desolation. An infant
typhoon or the preliminaries of a New Zealand earthquake
would be apt to open to a dangerous degree some of the many
cracks. There may be beautiful residences, in the midst of
extensive parks, in the country, but the country is not Madras.
I am only giving my impressions of the city. Two American
ships were in port, the John M. Majo and the Sabine, with cargoes of ice from Boston for the Company. I called upon the
leading merchant of the place, whose house was established
259 
LEAVE MADRAS.
before I was born. The rebellion in China, he remarked, had
seriously injured the cotton export trade to the Celestials, but
indigo still held its own. The annual export is about 10,000
chests, and 33,000 from Calcutta; and this year the planters
are realizing splendid returns.
On looking out of my sideport in the morning, there lay th
Bengal, having arrived in the night from Suez, with news pa
cific-but who credits it? Russia is noted for diplomacy. A
12 o'clock we fired our gun and turned our backs upon Madra
-a place too barren and cheerless for even a penal settlement
not to mention it as the residence of a voluntarly exile. I would
rather be a clerk in England than the head of a department il
Madras. Without their semi-monthly mail, life would be insiup
portable.
260 
CHAPTER XXVII.
ON BOARD THE STEAMSHIP NUBrA, 
FROM MADRAS TO ADEN,
March 11 to 17, 1856.
Bun from Madras to Aden-Ashore at Point de Galle-The Hotels How Aden was Taken from the Arabs-Its Population and Situa tion.
DURING the day of our departure we kept the coast in view,
ut saw nothing but the highlands and sandy plains at their
,ase. Thus far nothing but a smooth sea, all goes well. Amer,an ice cools the water and hardens the butter, and a better
able is spread than was expected. The officers seem obliging;
ut the passengers-good gracious, how frightfully stiff l-for
iost of them are servants of the Company, from the highest to
he lowest, each vain of his position, but all forgetting that a
oyage at sea generally brings them to a level. Nothing but
ignity thus far, however. When will they unbend, unless they
rish to be eccentric? I'll content myself by exchanging a friendly
rord with those who, from crying, have began to talk, and in
eading Macauley's last volume till I get to Aden.   Up to this
[me not even a moonlight song. How different from the cour,sy on board of the North Atlantic steamships I There all is
heerfulness and good nature. Here you are frozen with the
ignity of office. Of course there are exceptions.
On the 17th, at 5 P. M., after luxuriating in the beautiful 
scenery of Ceylon, which had attracted our notice since the
morning-scenery of the tropical kind, and celebrated for its
resplendent beauty-we got a pilot, and made fast our anchor
off the stone fort of Point de Galle. Another style of native is
alongside-the men wearing long hair rolled up behind, with a
circular tortoise shell comb, like women, so that you find it a
difficult thing to distinguish them from the other gender. Another style of boat waits to take you off, for a shilling-a boat
more peculiar than any I have seen since leaving Port Philip,
remarkable for its singular construction-more singular than the
catamaran at Madras, where two logs tied together make a good
surf boat. This one consists of one log, hollowed out and boxed
up, the top part about twelve inches wide; and you sit upon 
platform overhanging the water. To keep the thing from capsiz
ing, they have an outrigger, some tell feet long, running paralle
with the boat, made of heavy wood.  I asked the boatman if
they ever turned over, and he promptly replied "Frequently.'
There were several hotels on shore, but the New Mansior
House seems to be the favorite. I had no fault to find with m)
board, and the only objection touching the bed was on accoun
of the partitions of the several bedrooms extending only half wan
to the ceiling, giving your neighbour the opportunity of hearinf
every movement in the room. There is but one two horse car
riage in the place, and that was private, so our party wer
obliged to put up with a "gurry;" and having no time to los
we were driven out to the cinnamon grove. The only things yo
see there, however, are a few stunted cinnamon trees; but th
ride along the shore was the best, the whole distance shaded b
groves of cocoa and beetle nut trees; and the little thatche
cottages or huts of the Singalese give an interesting picture t
those unaccustomed to the island.  We went beyond the grov
262
THE HOTELS. 
POINT DE GALLE.
to "see the elephant" draw stone to where a new bridge is being
built across one of the little rivers. Returning, we visited one
or two of the Bhudhist temples, none of which bore any cornmparison to those in China; gaudy pictures on the walls, without any idea of perspective, representing all the characteristics
of their creed, were the only things noticeable.
We also visited the English and the Dutch burial places,
where the number of tombs tell that the fate of man is the same
in every land, but that some climates shorten life.
John Black a Scotchman, who has been a resident here for
many years, is the representative of the United States, and the
time will be long distant when he has any one to oppose him at
Washington, for I fancy that there are few Americans desirous
of locating in Galle; for the arrival and departures of the Company's boats, and the occasional appearance of a freight-seeking
ship is all you have to break the monotony of living there, or
adding commissions to your account. Point De Galle is a walled city, and though built so long ago, the fort ramparts and
embankments are still strong, and show little decay.  The Dutch
and the Portuguese have given. their features to many of those
you meet within the walls, but the number of Europeans in the
,ity are under twenty.
The United States steamship San Jacinto has just coaled
here and gone on to Penang, where the Japanese Consul has
seen awaiting her. As a coal station the port is important,
)ut for little else; were it not for the steamers it would be unknown as a shipping place. It is a flower garden in comparison
vith the sunburnt desert of Madras.  I find letters and papers
iere from Melbourne to the 23d January.
On the 18th, at 3 P. M., we sailed for Aden, and arrived at
loon on the 26th, one of the most rapid passages recorded
263 
ADEN, ITS POPULATION.
between the ports. I found the place of more interest than I
expected, but there is a dreariness about it that gives man the
blues.
It must be now some twenty years since this rock-bound port
was taken from the Arabs by the East India Company. After
getting possession they had some trouble with the natives, who
several times tried to regain what they had lost. To compromise, the Company, I am informed, agreed to pay five lacs of
rupees to the Sultan of Lahads, but I don't remember of his
ever getting a penny. Aden is an ancient port. Its brightest
history is in the past. —Roman generals, Turkish merchants,
and bold navigators of "ye days of ye great king Solyman,"
were familiar with the harbor and the rock, which rises up some
two thousand feet in the air. Centuries ago Aden must have
been a port of some consideration. Its importance now is considerable.  England wants it-the East India Company requires
it, for it is just the place for a coal station-but nothing more.
It is the Gibraltar of Arabia, but its fortifications are not commanding.   The  harbor forts would shake  to pieces by the
discharge of their own guns, but the Turkish wall is more respectable.
I was surprised to find some 20,000 natives here, but Europeans are not numerous. One wing of a European regimenta regiment of Sepoys, from India, say about two thousand troops
-the Honorable Company are obliged to keep here to hold th
place against the repeated attacks of the hordes of ruffians oD
the other coast, who, following out the motto of the Honorabl
Company, that "might makes right," are desirous of retakin
the domain.
The rock, the plain, and the whole shore, look  barret
enough; nor bird, nor beast, nor plant, nor creeping thing
264 
SITUATION OF ADEN.
you might almost say, without misrepresenting, nothing of note
-can be seen from our anchorage or from the fort and village
on the beach. You must have a donkey or an Arab horse the
moment you get ashore, and take a ride along the beach, through
the thatched village, past the mass of granite rock, over the
long military road, down under the bridge, through the deep
dark passage-way cut out of the solid rock, to the cantonments,
or barracks, in the valley beneath, where you will find the
native town, the Sepoy barracks, the European settlements,
the chapel on the hill for the Episcopalians, and the cathedral
below, for the Roman Catholics, the drill ground, and all that
there is to note at Aden. On every side of you nothing but
rock, rock, rock. It would be banishment to live here. The
Company have spent plenty of money in fortifying, but the
money has not been well invested, say some of our military passengers. A party of fellows passed a few hours at the hotel
most pleasantly, with supper, with sentiment,  and with song.
The place was christened, and will keep till we see it again. I
am astonished to see how poorly fortified are many of the ports
of England's colonies.
I am not well up in such tactics, and never studied Vauban,
but it would appear to me, that had the Russian China fleet
been willing to run the risk of British cruisers, they might
have bombarded Singapore, Penang, Madras, and Aden, but
the destruction of property would have been the only inducement,
for they could not have held the places for any length of time,
for the Oriental steamers can transport troops post haste to protect the flag of England. But there is one thing pretty certain;
India can spare no troops for the Crimea. She wants them all
within her empire, for the natives are always plotting.
265 
CHAPTER XXVIII.
STEAMING IN THE RED SEA, OFF SUEZ, |
ON BOARD THE STEAMSHIP NUBIA. 5
Monday April 1, 1856.
Landing Place of the Israelites-Europeans going Home-Manners of
some Indian Residents-Etiquette of Eastern Officials-What they
Think of the United StatesHints to Travelers.
WE steamed out of Aden on the 27th inst., and two hours
later we shall anchor a little below where the Israelites crossed
the Red Sea (probably at low tide). Our voyage from India
has been most pleasant, as well as rapid-only twenty-two days
from Calcutta to Suez, a distance of 4,757 miles. The Nubia
is one of the most magnificent of the splendid fleet belonging to
the Oriental Company; is some 330 feet in length, and 2,200
tons register, and accommodates about one hundred and thirty
passengers. Starting from the ioogly with a goodly number,
we have added to it at Madras, Galle and Aden till we have a
full complement, among which are thirty-four children under
ten years of age, which number includes eight babes. The season is nearly over, and those who have the means and can get
permission from the Honorable Company are flocking home;
but the next steamers, from May to August, will be less crowded, for the hot season is not the time for crossing the Desert
or the Indian ocean. It has afforded me no little amusement
to note the cliqueish manners of the East Indians. Although 
EUROPEANS GOING HOME.
now some three weeks tgether, the dignity of office and the
responsibility of position have not entirely melted the ice. Hiospitality and good nature die for want of nourishment, and
sociality is stifled by affectation. The hereditary castes that
are so religiously observed by the Hindoo natives are not more
marked than the pointed exclusiveness of our Calcutta passengers-each looks upon the other with feelings far from friendly.
Education or refinement seems to have little to do with the barriers of society-money-salaries-pay-is what is most thought
of.  " How long has he been out-and what does he receive
per month? Is he a collector or a' sudder judge?' Does he
belong to the civil or the military service and has he influence
at court?" are among the queries when the new comer makes
his appearance.
All classes are represented on board our ship, from a collector, to the consort of a member of the Council; from a lieutenant in the Indian army to a commander-in-chief.   Some  are
going home on sick leave, others on a three years' vacation,
while one or two have been a quarter of a century in the service, and retire with a life pension of $5,000, half of which they
have paid from year to year, to make up the fund. There are
others who have been out as long, but are not as fortunate
their names do not head the list, and they must wait for their
time to come. Some of our passengers are gentlemen, others
snobs; many of them invite our acquaintance, others are fearful that their dignity will be ruffled by being courteous to those
whose pay is less. The member of Council, who gets $40,000
per annum, is not in the same set as the commissioner, who
receives but $18,000; and the Bengal civilian considers his
position a peg or two higher than the Madras-while the Calcutta potentate speaks patronizingly of his counterpart in the
267 
WHAT THEY THINK OF THE UNITED STATES.
Mofussal. All the divisions of Indian society stand boldly out
on shipboard, and intrepid is the man who can remove the chill
that freezes the little courtesies of life. Restraint hangs over
the breakfast table, and formality barricades the jovial laugh
and the pleasant conversation at dinner; gossip, intrigue and
ill natured remarks follow you through the cabin to the deck.
If you wish to be quiet, you are thought eccentric; if you sing
too loud or converse above a whisper, you are considered a fit
candidate for a lunatic asylum; a hearty laugh is unpardonable,
and as for a dance, a tableau, a charade, it would be out of the
question. All the Company's servants believe in the infallibility
of the Company; an excuse is found for everything the Honorable Company may do. American slavery is horrible, but the
Indian ryot system is a blessing to the native. Annexation in
America is robbery; in India, friendship and protection. The
Court of Directors may do what they please; the Governor
General proclaims it, and the servants, far and wide, say amen.
Many are the arguments which I have had with my fellow passengers on the recent annexation of Oude. A king whose
immoralities were not more marked among the Indians than
were Charles the Second's or George the Fourth's among the
English, is somewhat surprised one fine morning by finding several armed regiments in his palace garden. HIe asks for an
explanation of such an outrage, and is told in reply that he
spends too much of his time in his harem-that the revenue has
fallen off-that women hold the seals of office, and that his
ministers are bad men-that he maltreats and grinds down his
subjects-and that in consequence of all these disreputable acts,
the Honorable Company, alias the British government, actuated
by purely philanthropic motives, have decided to govern his
empire and annex his kingdom to the British possessions. Re
268 
THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA.
sistance makes the Rajah a State prisoner, submission secures him
a pension, and the stroke of a pen, the arrival of a despatch,
the flash of the telegraph, and the simple "stand and deliver"
of the army, intimidates the king, and millions of acres of fertile
land, millions of population, and millions of pounds sterling are
added to the wealth of the British empire. Oude was a diamond of the first water, and the company not deriving the sum
they expected from the increase of the opium culture, coveted
it and seized it, and Lord Dalhousie (who, by the way, landed
at Suez day before yesterday), is homeward bound, to give an
account of his stewardship. The directors will give him a dinner and a service of plate, the Queen will entertain him, and he
will receive the personal thanks of the British Cabinet; but
Parliamentary opposition will ask him, through the treasury
benches, a few questions which will open a debate, and that
debate may prove an unfortunate one for the late Governor
General. Three quarters of a century have disappeared since
Warren Hlastings' day, and the British politicians are irritated
because disappointed about the war.  England may march an
army into the parks and domains of an Indian king, and take
them, but Russia has no right to follow her example in sending
a few regiments into the provinces of the Sultan, and America
has no right to add Cuba to the States. Oude is only another
chapter in the history of India, and my fellow passengers consider
it the most brilliant in the book.
Formerly the Indian servants made the voyage out round the
Cape, where they left their conscience; but, strange to tell, says
the old saying, they forgot to take it up again on their return.
Now the overland route has changed the custom, and you must
take passage in the P. and O. to get a taste of official life in
Calcutta. You can but meet many very pleasant people; but
269 
HINTS TO TRAVELERS.
you also are brought in contact with those who assume what
they do not possess, and you feel disgusted with the envy and
jealousy of civil servants, who sneer at the officials in the army,
whose  remuneration  is less-moustached  collectors-dubbed
curchary huzzars, by Lord E]lenborough, whose sarcastic remarks
and independent despatches were the reasons of his recallsnobs whose manners are their advertisement. But I have said
enough of my compagnions de voyage, and now will unsay all
that may seem harsh, for I remember many of the Nubia's party
whom I hope to meet again. Our officers were most obliging;
our captain a good sailor, without a cabin polish; our table
from the first respectable, and our cabins rather small for four.
If you take the India mail, buy a chair, or else you go without —'tis the custom. Each passenger at Calcutta brought on
board his private seat for the deck.   In China the traveler
takes beds, linen, and washbowls, but chairs are furnished by
the ship. Five companies, of five vans each, compose our party.
Each carriage takes six. Every five or six hours a company
starts, in order to give the leading horses a resting spell. Yesterday lots were drawn for choice of numbers, and I am among
the fortunates who go in number one. Those who get the last
batch will be detained almost a day, and will have no time at
Cairo. I don't like the navigation of the Red Sea for sailing
ships, but it answers for steamers.
-270 
CHAPTER XXIX.
LANDED IN EGYPT.
CAIRO, EGYPT, April 2, 1856, 
AT SHEPHERD'S HOTEL.
City of Suez-Its Population-Hotels  and Trade-What it Was and
What it Is-Travel to Cairo-Camels, Caravans and Pilgrims-A
Glimpse of the Pyramids.
WERE it not for the Indian mails the name of Suez would never
be mentioned, except by the Oriental tourist, who, in his enthusiasm, journeys across the desert to Palestine, so that he may see
where tradition has traced the track of Israel-where Pharaoh
lost his army. Even with the immense traffic introduced by the
Peninsular and Oriental Company, Suez is still dead to modern
life-a miserable hotel, a branch of this, a chapel, a dilapidated
ruin for a town numbering some 5,000 in its population of the
lower class of Arabs, and a few ancient and modern recollections,
are all that give it notice. The slave trade is abolished, and
the monopoly of trade with Jeddo, formerly in the hands of the
Levantine merchants, is also broken up. There are some fifty
foreigners resident, nine of which are English, the others being
French and Maltese. The port boasts an English Consul. I
pity him.
The overland route was opened in 1840, by Lieut. Waghorn,
after which Hill & Co. took it up; then the Eastern Transit
Company, in 1843. But two years later the Pasha went into 
WHAT IT WAS AND WHAT IT IS.
the carrying trade, and the Egyptian government has since con descended, for a handsome consideration, to act as servants to
the English Steam Company, in taking their passengers and
freight across the desert.
This, of course, has given Suez what little notice it enjoys.
Some sixty years ago Napoleon encamped here, and his head quarters show how poor were his Egyptian accommodations. It
will be remembered that Suez was the town that became very
nearly being the grave of Mehemet Ali. The Mamelukes had
planned his assassination well, but the secret leaked out, and in
the night time the great general escaped on a swift dromedary,
and lived to return the Mamelukes' treachery in the citadel, but
more successfully. The Transit Company have some fifty vans,
as they are called-two wheeled carriages-a kind of Black
Maria-intended for six inside passengers-uncomfortable and
inconvenient-each drawn by four horses. The vans are made
in Egypt: no English manufacturer would own such traps. The
company also have some 600 Arab and Syrian horses, and two
hundred mules; but the 500 or 600 camels required to transmit the inland and outward freight and luggage belong to the
Sheiks.
The distance from Suez to Cairo is eighty-four miles, composed of sixteen stages, of five miles each. We changed fifteen
times, and four meals were furnished for the trip, but such meals
as would disgrace a Five Points restaurant —camel stew, and a
desert chicken, and coffee that gives you the nausea before you
taste it. The Pasha, I am confident, has ordered the best, and
most likely the fault is with the subs. I observe that most of
the vans have mules in the shafts and horses on the lead; that
both mules and horses are shod with a round shoe, leaving
only an open air hole in the centre; that they are tied by the
272 
TRAVEL TO CAIRO.                       273
feet to a long rope in front of the stables, which are comforta ble buildings; that the wheels of the vehicles are far apart, and
that a semophoric telegraph post is at each station. But along
the whole range of desert is naught but a dry yellow sand and
gravel, as far as the eye can reach. Part of the road is macadamized, but most of it is open and exposed. If the overland
journey is so tedious and void of comfort in carriages, what must
it have been when you had to cross on camels? It is a dreary,
desolate journey.   Not a single tree-yes, there was one, a
miserable scrub, and now and then a bush or a thistle; but
nothing green —nothing instinct with life —not even rocks, to
vary the scene —naught but an everlasting sea of sand-sand
on every side-mountains of it in the distance; but plains near
at hand, for our track-it can't be called road-lies directly
through the valley.  The artistic painting of the "Dying Camel"
who was it by? frequently came up before me as I saw the
decaying carcasses of the faithful quadrupeds scattered along the
desert, in all stages of decay; but the hoarse voiced desert birds
are ever shrieking near, keeping discordant time with the jackall's quick, sharp, yell, and when life has departed, they commence their solitary meal, gluttonizing in their greediness till
satiety makes them disgorge, only to gluttonize again.   The
shrill wail of those carrion birds and the fierce, whistling, ghostlike noise of the desert wind is the morning and evening music
of the Arab, seemingly-an eternal requiem. To him, it cheers
his lonely journey, to me it sounded as from a sepulchre.
I have spoken disparagingly of the mode of transit and our
hotel accomodations; but, to reflect, what must they have been
only thirty years ago? Before the English government and
English money and English enterprise taught the Pasha some of
the comforts of civilized life, hotels in an inhospitable desert, 
CARAVANS AND PILGRIMS.
oases planted by the Western Company in the heart of desolation. Before, no water, no resting place, no shelter, no nourishment save what you carried, no human being, save the accidental meeting of the camel driver or the muleteer, to relieve
you in distress, and no prospect of reaching your journey's end
for days and weeks, instead of hours,  as now.   Verily the
change is worthy of contemplation.  The Cape route was a long
journey, the camel's motion was too slow when the shorter one
across the desert was first established. England saw her Indian
empire; Indian servants wanted more comfort and despatch,
and England said to Egypt, "Let there be better arrangements
made," and they were made. But the wedge only was introduced; a telegraphic wire has been ordered, a railroad is under
way, and shortly the whistling of a Western locomotive will
startle the Bedouin from his sleep on his sandy pillow, and the
rattling of a railway train across the bleached skeletons of the
ass, the mule and the camel will prove the sweetest of all sounds
to those poor beasts of burden, whose labors have been so
greatly lessened by the genius and the ingenuity of civilized
man.
Towards the close of our journey several caravans of Arabs
and natives passed us, their camels loaded with every possible
kind of package. At Aden I saw a ship loaded down like a
North Atlantic emigrant packet, with pilgrims bound to Mecca,
but there were none at Suez. The caravans in our track were
mostly for the purposes of commerce.   For miles before we
reached the last station we saw what we supposed a lake of dark
blue water, shaded by trees, which were reflected from below,
but the distance did not lessen-the deception was perfect. No
wonder that Napoleon's army began to show signs of mutiny
and insubordination, for hopes raised to be thwarted maketh
274 
GLIMPSE OF THE PYRAMIDS.
the heart sick. It is a remarkable sight to witness the action
of the sun's rays upon a sea of sand; the panoramic magic of
the lantern falls into pitiful insignificance when compared to the
mirage of the Egyptian desert.
Thirteen stages had ended, when a shout from the leading
carriage announced the appearance of Cairo in the distance, and
another shout as we turned the bend discovered to us at the
left of the city the wonder of the world-the pyramids of Egypt.
275 
CHAPTER XXX.
CAIRO, EGYPT, April 3, 1856, i
AT SHEPHERD'S HOTEL.   f
A Cairo Hotel and its Charges-A Ramble through the City-Royal
Tragedies-How to Look at Alexandria-Europeans in the City Entry to the Seraglio.
SHEPHERD'S Hotel. I believe, is the only decent one in Cairo
-where you have to pay New York prices for Oregon comforts.
The proprietor has been catering for the traveling public some
fifteen years, but his ideas of living do not seem to profit by the
experience.
The house was crowded-many of our Indian passengers who
were in the last carriage have been shut out, and had to make
the most of the Qriental, where they sleep, and pay for foodwhich they come over and take with us. After getting once
over the desert they object to being starved in a populous city.
Lord Dalhousie and Lady Susan Ramsay got in before us; and
as the Governor General is the guest of Said Pasha while passing through Egypt, his Excellency engaged eight rooms for him
at Shepherd's, and the state carriage, with pompous escort,
awaits the orders of the late head of the Indian empire.
On reference to the register, I find the flags of the respective
boats up the Nile this season. Americans, German, English
and French have made up their parties, and have noted down
their tours-either to the first or second cataract. The boat's 
A RAMBLE THROUGH THE CITY.
flag, as well as the national one, is usually painted in the book
over the names of the party, for the benefit of their friends.   I
am told that there are more Americans up the Nile this season
than any other nation. Yesterday I tramped through the city,
our dragoman taking us into cathedrals and mosques, through
narrow paths, for there are no streets in the East, into dirty
bazaars, and down deep into the wretchedness of Oriental life.
Several times we passed funerals and marriages, both of which
are clownish, laughable, absurd, music that hath no sweetness,
wedding garments as unclean as those who wear them, long
processions, all mean and meaningless. Really, an Egyptian
marriage appears the very acme of all shams, and the funeral is
no better; while the circumcising the children seems the most
ridiculous of alL I saw one boy perched upon an Arab horse,
done up in tinselled robes, with crown and bells, followed by
a train of about fifty of his circumcised and circumcising friends
and family.   No romances would ever be  written in Egypt
after the writers had lived a short time in its capital.   The
Orient sounds magnificently, it is a mellifluous word, done up in
imaginative grandeur, but one day will answer for Cairo.
Some of the mosques must have cost millions of money; that
known as the Citadel, or the tomb of Mehemet Ali, is considered the grandest in the East; it is in reality a wonderful structure, built of marble, granite, and freestone, and much of its
ornamental marble work has been imported from France. Before entering we had to take off our boots, and encase our feet
in slippers, in accordance with Eastern etiquette.   The same
egotism that stimulated the early Egyptians, thousands of years
ago, to mark the burial places of their kings by tombstones
more wonderful that anything in history, has been handed down
through so many generations to the sons of the founder of the
271 
MASSACRE OF THE MAMELUKES.
present dynasty, as may be evinced by the tomb of Mehemet
Ali. Just in the rear of this costly temple you are shown the
tomb of the Mamelukes, to whom this same monarch proved
himself the king of modern assassins. The story is an old one.
The king and the Mamelukes were deadly enemies, each trying to
extinguish the other. At last an armistice and a treaty were
concluded. Mehemet's son was about to leave the capital, and
a splendid banquet was given by the father on the 1st March,
1811, as a token of good will to the Mamelukes. The flower
of their order were present. The banquet over, they mounted
their beautiful horses, the best Arabs in the land, to take their
departure, having pledged their last pipe of friendship, but the
gates were closed, and quietly and mysteriously their entertainers had left the banquet. Treachery flashed across their mind,
and yet they could hardly credit it; then came a burst of musketry, thinning out their ranks; at once they saw the deep laid
trap: the Egyptian chief had stooped to become an assassin,
his excuse that of the modern Napoleon for the coup d' etat" HIad I not been first, they would have murdered me." What
could the Mamelukes do? Their bravery was of no account;
their enemy was behind stone walls, pouring down a continual
shower of bullets. Out of some five hundred of the bravest of
the brave-soldiers who won the admiration of Napoleon, only
one escaped.   Ibrahim Bey, the chief, and his faithful band,
lay weltering in a pond of blood. The same slaughter was going
on outside, wherever a Mameluke could be found.  Some twelve
hundred or more were slain, which broke the power of that
brave order forever. One only was saved of those who attended the banquet. Emin Bey, seeing death awaited him in the
citadel, plunged off the precipice, a fearful leap. Putnam's death
ride down the church steps was wonderful, but the Mameluke's
278 
HOW TO LOOK AT ALEXANDRIA.
bound stands first among bold deeds.  His horse was killed,
but the soldier escaped without injury. In the afternoon I visited some of the Pasha's palaces, some of which are chastely
furnished; but you must cross the threshold before you can admire, for outwardly they are shabby enough, like a beautiful
inmate of the harem clothed in the tattered, filthy garments of
Egypt. I shall hurry over Alexandria, and hasten out of Egypt,
for I am sick of the nauseating filth that meets you at every
turn. Slaves of hereditary customs and ancient prejudices, marrying the moment they arrive at the age of puberty, acknowledging polygamy and possessing such unprecedented facilities
for divorce, knowing no such word as independence, bowing and
prostrating themselves under the bastinado, the women hiding
their sore-eyed ugliness under the same kind of veil as that
worn by Rebecca,  and  the  men still wearing the garments
of many colors, like that which Joseph wore; without the extraordinary industry of the Chinese, the bravery of the Malay
the grace, the beauty and ingenuity of the native of Hindostan
void of all manliness or nobility of purpose, wallowing in their
sloth and their debasing sensuality, under the decimating scourge
of the conscription, ground down by relentless, agonizing tyranny, the Egyptians of to-day, unworthy of their ancestral honors,
live on, regardless of others fate or of their own-without the
vital spark of active labor, of religious freedom or of civil liberty. Plague, pestilence and famine may consume them, war
and revolution destroy their habitations, without stimulating
them to more energetic or more ambitious measures. Standing
on a precipice, stooping to the bowstring, with death staring
them in the face, the everlasting Allah kerin  (God great)   of
the Arab is all the consolation he requires.
279 
POMPEY'S PILI,AR-CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE.
To-day and to-morrow I shall hasten over Alexandria, for
afterwards I am booked for Jerusalem.
Murray appears to be the Bradshaw of Egypt, as well as of
Europe and Asia Minor.  Take Murray with you, and your
dragoman, and if you are industrious, and not too sentimental,
you may do up Alexandria in a day. Pompey's pillar, Cleopatra's needle-there is but one remaining, and the catacombs;
these three are the living links that bind one with the dead.
Their immensity, their grandeur, their proud antiquity make
them the signal stations between the era of the pyramids and our
own time. The two thousand years have again come roundthe age that has twice given birth to the mastodonic beacons
that distinguished the two great eras that have lived and died;
but what is there now to mark the third? Two thousand years
hence the children of Egypt will expect some towering monument to mark the third great epoch of their country's history.
What shall be the memory that binds the present period with
the Pillar and the Needle, to the Pyramids and the Sphinx? Shall
it not be the railway, the steamboat, the telegraph, bringing
about the moral and the physical change that everywhere follows the footsteps of the Anglo-Saxon race? No better fame
can rest upon the Pasha's reign; no fitter mantle can fall
upon the tombstone of the present dynasty than the introduction of the arts and sciences of civilized man. But I fear
that Said Pasha has not the ability nor the nerve to make the
moral change, unless spurred on by the energy of the American,
the capital of England, or the sword of France. Inheriting all
the tyranny and despotism of his father, without any of his military genius; wishing to be thought a great military tactician,
but possessing neither brains nor bravery for the science of war;
spreading gloom and misery, and discontent throughout every
280 
EUROPEANS IN THE CITY.
mud cabin in his kingdom, even carrying the harassing torture
of the conscription into the Soudan, where his possessions are
six times the size of France, that he may raise the army from
8,000 to 40,000 men; speaking English and French, and keeping throughly posted in the political chainges of Europe; jealous
of the Consuls who rule him with a rod of iron; cunningly
trying to strengthen his position by pitting France against the
encroaching power of England, and America against them both;
professing peace to all mankind and friendship for the Sultan of
Stamboul, yet all the while increasing, drilling and equipping a
powerful army, Said Pacha continues to baffle those about him
with an ingenuity and success worthy of a better reputation than
he enjoys, managing always to bury his future plans in an impenetrable mystery-remembering how insinuatingly Nicholas
flung Egypt at the head of Aberdeen, and how disgusted
Mehemet Ali was with the interference of England, France, and
Russia in 1827, when those three Powers in the battle of Navarino stopped the former king from riding over Greece and walking into Constanltinople-who knows that the present sovereign
may not loose his empire by foolishly following his father's fruitLess schemes.
Who would have thought of finding twenty thousand Europeans, one-fifth of the population, in this fine old "Macedonian
locked shaped Alexandria," while at Cairo, with a population
)f 350,000, there are but five thousand foreigners? I am
igreeably surprised to find this ancient school of arts and sciences,
the great entrepot of Eastern commerce-flooded with Grecian
merchants before it became Egyptianized, so animated with
modern life. Alexandria with its wonderful manuscript library
:) a million volumes, any one of which, had it been saved from
bhe burning pile, or the ruthless destruction of the plundering
281 
282      ALEXANDRIA-ITS INTERESTING ASSOCIATIONS.
Arabs, might have told us the whole history of the pyramids,
and saved distinguished antiquaries and savans much useless
labor in floundering over hieroglyphics that have baffled them,
and will continue so to do for centuries, no matter how learned
some of their decipherings may appear-with its famous Ptolemic museum and its remarkable structures, one of which is bent
with age and ill usage, while the other is still apparently as fresh
as when erected, the delicate playthings of the voluptuous Cleopatra, the wondrous piece of spiral granite, how raised no man
can tell-giving Pompey the credit which belongs to Diocletian;
Alexandria with its gigantic tombs, where kings and emperors,
conquered and conquering, slept their long sleep, while the
storm and tempest of war throughout their wide possessions,
sweeping like a whirlwind over the land, met the storm and
tempest of the great Levantine Sea, that washed the grave
stones of the princely dead, composing an eternal requiem amidst
the breakers and the winds, leaving an echo that shall last th(
life of history!  Alexandria, with its interesting associations
was among the ancient cities whose history most impressed mt
when at school.  With  the fall of the Roman empire her com
merce drooped as the choked canal, and the reduced population
are willing to attest. One branch after another was lopped off
till Gama's discovery made the Southern Cape the toll gate o
the Indian race. When the proud relic of the great Alexander
who conquered Bucephalus, before he conquered worlds, an
shed tears when there were no more worlds to play with, Alex
andria, the seat of Christianity, the great outlet of Indian an(
Egyptian trade was only known for its ancient renown. Althoug.
the canal to Suez would shorten the route from the Levant to Ir
dia some 8,000 miles, and would bring New York 3,000 mile
nearer to China; and, notwithstanding the recent discussion 
HARBOR OF ALEXANDRIA.
,he enterprise in England, I doubt if the undertaking will ever be
Accomplished. The excavating and the grading would not be
lifficult, and as the Red Sea is some thirty fpet higher than the
-editerranean, the surplus water of the Nile would be useful in
rrigating the Desert. Yet the project would never succeed
vithout Western capital, and'tis not likely that England will
urnish the means to open a highway for all nations to her Indian
)ossessions. Besides, from what I saw of the navigation of the
.ed Sea in steaming through the Nubia I should think it very
langerous to sailing vessels, and a canal exclusively for steamrs would be expensive.  Another thing:  Two years hence a
'ailroad will be completed between Cairo and Suez, and before
he canal could be finished, Stephenson, if he lives, will have the
'world's highway," as he terms it, opened from England to Inlia in twelve days, while O'Shaughnessy is negotiating for a
elegraphic station among the ruins of Nineveh.
Alexandria, with its harbor where Nelson so skillfully worked
Lis fleet in spite of pilots or of buoys, before the battle of the
file, as soon as a first class railway is in operation across the
)esert, will commence a new era in her history.  Commerce
ill again flow into her warehouses, and she will prove herself
worthy of her past glory. Already you see the stimulant which
he Indian traffic has given to her trade. Buildings are shootng up, streets are being widened, real estate is advancing.
egyptian exports will be brought to the seaport market; the
.otton and the indigo which Mehemet Ali introduced will increase
f his egotistical successor does not impress all the husbandmen,
n his short sighted policy to enlarge his army. Imports and
xports will enliven exchanges, and Alexandria, like the fabled
)ird, will rise again into a flourishing commercial city.
The hotels are overflowing with the outgoing and the incom
283 
THE GREEK CATHEDRAL.
ing passengers. Four steamers arrived yesterday. The Nubia'
passengers will have to wait some days, for the Bombay nma
has not arrived at Suez, and the Marseilles and the Southamt
ton boats can't move their paddles till the Indian and Chin
passengers all concentrate at Alexandria. I am at the Hot(
d'Europe.   When you come this way I recommend it; they wi
treat you well.  The Peninsular and Oriental, and the Victori
are also well patronized; in fact, just now everything is ful
There are no American houses, and no Americans, save De Leo
of Carolina, our Consul General here, in Cairo. He is popi
lar at the Palace, and makes friends among the European settler
I wish all our foreign representatives were as well appointed.
The consecration of the Greek Cathedral to-day was a ma
nificent exhibition.  The beautiful Palace Church was crowde
the hall, with Greek Christians and many strangers, while t
galleries were ornamented with Grecian ladies, whose fair forn
and graceful figures attracted from the foreigners much mo
notice than the cumbersome service of consecration. The troo
of flower girls, choirs of singing boys, dozens of gaily garment
priests, a church possessing much architectural beauty, the fro
of which, near the cross, being covered with paintings of Chri
and the Apostles, were among the chief attractions of the ente
tainment.  But what was of most interest were several of t
spiral columns being pointed to me as belonging to the old Ale
andrian library. In the rear of the church, I saw where th
had been excavating. Already many ancient relics have be
discovered. I saw two or three more pillars just breaking in
the light of day after a sleep of twenty centuries, still as perfe
as when they first felt the chisel.
The battle field of Aboukir is too far from the city for me 
see the stone that marks the grave of Abercromby, but ou
I
I
I
284 
ENTRY TO THE SERAGLIO.
steamer will, to morrow, pass within range of Nelson's victory
t the battle of the Wile, where young Casibianca perished in
he flames of the flag ship rather than leave his post before the
)rder of the Admiral, who lay faint in death below.   Mrs.
-oward, has immortalized the noble action of the youthful offli
er.
The city seraglio of the Pasha is as dirty and uninviting outide is the Custom House at Dublin; but you are obliged to
ake off your shoes before you can cross the inlaid palace floor.
2hese palaces are emblematic of an Egyptian dynasty-they
1st a monarch's reign. There is nothing substantial about them.
'he ornaments are chaste and costly; the inlaid floor of pearl
nd ebony and rosewood and cedar are very beautiful; the
olish dazzles you; the silver frame bed attracts you; the marle, so beautifully veined and variegated, both please you; the
riental appearance of all, however, gives it the chief attraction.
a accordance with Egyptian custom, Said Pasha, will take an
Ktra cup of coffee some fine morning, and Egypt will have anther sovereign. Mehemet Ali, however, who rose from farmer
) merchant, from merchant to soldier, from soldier to genal, and from general to king, born the same year that gave
irth to his illustrious compeers, Wellington and Napoleon like
ie former lived to a ripe old age. Hlis eldest son, Ibrahim
asha, did not survive him, and Abas Pasha, who made himlf notorious by keeping a harem of boys, was assassinated by
vo of them, who had become jealous of his favors. But Said
asha still lives, but his people hate him more than ever; for
is love for a standing army makes his name a demon in every
mily injured by his press gangs.
285 
CHAPTER XXXI.
ALEXANDRIA, April 6, 1856.
Said Pasha's Improvements-Railway Progress in Egypt-Donkey Boy
at the Pyramids-A Look at the Great Wonders.
SAID Pasha deserved much credit for building so good a rail
way, and for introducing carriages more comfortable than yoi
generally find; but his transit arrangements are disgraceful
There seems to be no head nor tail to anything. At Cairo, i
the able hands of the Superintendent, Mr. Butts, an Englishman
the baggage of the overland is received and despatched wit'
more system; but even there my trunks all went wrong, a'
though the labels were distinctly printed. Each camel acroS
the desert brings about six or seven trunks, and with a carava
of three or four hundred camels, there needs must be more c
less confusion.  The baggage train came  through  yesterda:
and I am glad enough to find my packages, which should hav
been at Cairo. We make but one change between the tw
cities, and that is where we cross the Nile in an English steamer
which came very near sinking by overloading her. The chan1
ing of the freight into the boat, and from the boat into the cal
on the opposite side, would make a hermit groan with laughte
Every movement shoves the cart before the horse. Four or fir
strapping full grown Arabs are to be seen urging and whippir
on a dozen little ragged boys, who tug away at the cotton ball
with all their strength, the men taking no share of the labo 
SAID PASHA'S IMPROVEMENTS.
While this farce was being enacted, the head Shiek came out,
Lnd one of the largest of the men was seized by the other four
mLnd thrown down on his face, while the Shiek gave him a trenendous beating with his cane across his back. When the man
,ot up he assisted in bastinadoing the rest of his companions,
vho had just been whipping him. Afterwards they all went
azily to work till the old man got out of sight, when they went
o beating the boys as before. I nlever saw a more dirty, shiftless
et of able bodied men. We were detained nearly two hours
o allow Said Pasha to get away in his despatch carriage. Banters were flying, guns roaring and regiments marching all the
vhlile, to the martial airs of Arab musicians. During this gay
ageanit there were about one hundred and thirty of our Indian
,arty shivering on the banks of the Nile, consigning in our misry the Pasha and his satellites to any place but Alexandria.
Ve count distance in this country by hours; before the railway,
,ith camel or donkey, it was three miles to the hour. Now, if
ou ask how far it is to Cairo, you are told eight hours.
The rail is laid down through the alluvial soil that borders
n the Delta, and the road required but little grading. The
rhole enterprise is the private property of the Pasha. In fact,
ver since that startling edict of Mehemet Ali, that all Egypian property belonged to  the  government-ergo,  himselfvery enterprise, every undertaking, every improvement in the
ingdom belongs exclusively to the reigning dynasty. The
,range doctrine of the peasant Prince aroused even the sleepy
ature of the Arabs, but only to feel more severely the grinding
eel of the despot.   The camels and the donkeys on our route
ave become accustomed to the locomotive; but occasionally
lose from far inland sheer off at a tearing pace over ditches
nd through grain fields, much to the disgust of their driver,
287 
WRETCHEDNESS OF CAIRO.
who has lost all control over his frightened brutes. After oui
departure from the chief Oriental city, our ride was diversified
with Oriental fruit trees and Oriental grain plantations and cotton plants, growing luxuriantly in the black loamy soil. The
sparrows were as thick as locusts, and the road was filled with
caravans of country Arabs, going from and to the fair, which
takes place once a year. This season there were about 300,00!
present. We passed the grounds, covered with tents and cam,
els and horses, where the Cairo dancing girls delight the youths
of the country by the disgusting exposure of their forms, and
the revolting movements of the Almeh, where the Bedouin finds
a market for his horse, the Arab bargains with the Levantint
merchant for his grain, the planter barters his cotton and his
indigo with the Greek, who so well understands the tricks ot
trade, for when Greek meets Greek, the Arab then gets squeezed
where, in spite of firmans from Stamboul, the Turk knocks dowr
to the highest bidder his pretty women and his ugly men
where honesty is bought and sold, for honor and integrity ar
strange sounding words in Egypt. As you get further into the
country, the villages and cities become more and more like th1
mud dwellings of aboriginal races. The wretchedness of Cair(
must be luxurious beside the squallid filth of the country town
The rat trap tenements of the city are palaces compared t(
the beaver huts outside, plastered over with cow dung, whic]
they dry and use for fuel, like the Argols of the Nomadic tribe
of Northern China. Save a view of Pompey's pillar, there i
nothing imposing in the inland approaches to Alexandria. A
one place we saw about a thousand wretched objects mendin,
a break in the embankment, but they had no shovel, no spade
no barrow, no implements whatever. Half naked they stood il
long rows along the ditch, passing a handful of mud one to th
288 
DONKEY BOYS AT THE PYRAMIDS.
other, like bricks out of the hold of a ship. The sight was
pitiful, degrading. The Shoobrey Gardens are the most attrac tive, covering a large space of ground, and beautified by all kinds
of Oriental flowers, trees and plants, which are arranged with
more than usual regard to symmetry; fountains and grottoe
are interspersed throughout the extensive paths and winding
walks, through orange groves and fig trees, the lemon, the apri cot, the date and the pomegranate; a boautiful green foliage
shades the beach stone avenues, and a delicious perfume delights
one with the artificial nature, in most agreeable contrast to the
perfume that arises from the lanes and alleys of the city. The
palace grounds are more extensive than the palace; the build ing is but one story, of square proportions, surrounding a lake,
with fountains in the centre. There are bitt four rooms, one in
each corner-a billiard room, a dining room, a bedroom, and a
drawing room. This is the favorite palace of the Pasha, where
he comes to sport with the fair inmates of the harem. Then no
visiter or native, save the huge coarse form of the mutilated
Nubian, is permitted to enter the sacred precincts; then the
garden gates are closed to all. but wives, and Circassian and
Georgian concubines. the voluptuous Pasha, the impotent, beastly eunuch, who can only live to curse the demon who deprived
him of his nature I
I reserve for the last the first of Egyptian  wonders-the
Pyramids.   Besieged by donkey boys, whose infernal jargon
still haunts my sleep, our party at last were mounted, and, crossing the Nile, we scampered through the mud walled village of
Ghizeh to the colossal pillar of ages, dark with mystery. Of
course I went to the top of the monster tomb. Of course I
!dived down into the cavern chambers in its base, and groped
through its dismal passages. Of course I made the usual corn
289 
A LOOK AT THE GIEAT WONDEITS.
mon place observations of astonishment, working myself up to
the necessary pitch of the enthusiastic traveler. Of course the
Arab guides who hand you up the mountain of rock demanded
"bucksheesh" before their task was done, and you refuse, at the
risk of meeting with violence. Of course you select the choicest
language in describing your sensations to your companions,
while gazing from the dizzy height upon the barren, objectless
desert, the fertile valley of the Delta, the sister pyramids of Ghizeh and Sakara, the minarets, the mosques of old Cairo, the first
among Arabian cities, and you express surprise to find Jenny
Lind's name cut among the thousands scratched upon the sandstone, and think you would like to have heard the Nightingale
sing so high in air among the clouds.
It is difficult to conceive that these leviathan tombstones were
erected so many hundred years before Solomon impoverished
himself in building the Temple. "The generations of forty centuries" said Napoleon to his army, "are looking down upon the
battlefield," as the Mameluke cavalry scoured the desert; thus,
in his soul stirring proclamations stimulating his fatigued soldiers to be led on to victory.  The great pyramid was completed
2,123 years before our present era, and has lived through the
interesting historical changes of Egypt. For nearly four thousand years it has watched the breaking up of dynasties, age
after age, outliving the oldest of its kings-the burial of Phillip, of Alexander and of Cleopatra-the invasion of the Roman
army under Coesar, of the Turkish host under Sultan Selim, in
1517, and of the French in 1798, who three years after were
expelled by the English-outliving the peasant prince, who
founded, in 1806, the present  dynasty-astonishing all who
have beheld it since its erection, and will yet stand to astonish
nations yet unborn.   The base of the pyramid covers some
290 
PYRAMIDS-EGOTISM OF A PRINCE.
twelve acres of land, and it is estimated that it consumed
85,000,000 cubic feet of stone; but who can estimate the
lavish waste of life caused by the vanity of man, in erecting so
stupendous a pile, costing years of labor and thousands of men,
simply to gratify the egotism of a prince, who with the same means
might have made portions of the desert blossom as the rose?
The American Consular agent at Cairo is a Greek, who speaks
most of the languages of the Continent. These sub-Consuls
receive their appointments from the Consul General at Alexandria.
To-morrow I shall see something of railway traveling in
Egypt.
291 
CHAPTER XXXII.
JAFFA, SYRIA, April 12, 1856.
Sensations after a Journey to Jerusalem-Comforts in Syria-The City
of Jaffa-People Met by the Way-The American University-Reptiles
at the Holy Tombs-Mount of Olives and the Jordan-The Arabs
and Missionaries-An Excitement and Incidents.
I HAvE been to Jerusalem, and have returned again, delighted
and disgusted; delighted while traveling in the hallowed associations of bygone ages —disgusted at the utter desolation of
nature. My ride was tedious, my lunch bad, my horse sorefooted and sore-backed.
There is no such thing as comfort in Syria, and yet, so long
as time lasts, pilgrims will be instructed by a visit to the Holy
Land. In forty'hours our steamer, the Tancred, reached this
ancient port, near where Zebedee flourished among the fishermen, and Paul lodged with Simon among the tanners; where
Egyptian commerce was cradled, where the crossbow, the javelins
and the arquebus were used by the Crusaders, and where Napoleon's enemies find material for their abuse. I was on the beach
where it is said he coolly shot down the prisoners who surrendered on condition of their lives being spared, shot them because
he had no food, and as prisoners they must starve; and I also
visited the Armenian convent, where it is asserted that he poisoned his wounded soldiers, to prevent them from falling into the
enemy's hands. These two serious charges may be true, but 
THE CITY OF JAFFA.
friendly and hostile writers differ.   The fertility that winds
itself about the inland side of Jaffa by no means prepares one
for the barrenness about Jerusalem. After leaving the picturesque half orange-shaped site of the quaint old town-after
walking your horse through the soft, loamy paths, lined on
either side by the cactus or prickly pear, an impenetrable fence
-after the odor of the orange and the lemon trees is left on the
shore, and the luxuriant groves are hidden from the view-after
galloping over the plains before you get to Ramleh, fertile with
the wealthy growth of Indian corn, of millet and of Syrian barley —after you have ridden through the valley of Sharon, admiring the butterfly beauty of the wild poppy,  occasionally
meeting with what, I suppose, was the "lilly of the valley,"
but looking in vain to find the "rose of Sharon" there-after
you have wandered about the old stone towers of Ramleh, with
its Armenian convent, now shut to all but Catholics, and partaken of the cheese-paring accommodation of the Tri-Consular
Hotel, at Astor House prices, where fleas fatten and vermin
gloat upon your carcase-after you have mounted up the ancient
tower, where Dr. Robinson became so enchanted with Syrian
nature, and retraced your steps to resume your journey, riding
again through fertile hills and valleys, where grain fields and olive
plantations and cactus fences form the chief attraction; after
these are past and the garden portion of your journey is completed, prepare yourself to be rudely shocked at nature void of
refinement, at scenery whose nudeness and dreary features startle
you into astonishment. The pleasant paths of the morning towards evening verge into one, and it is now that you begin to
understand what it is to make a tour to Jerusalem.  Coming
from among some of the Australian ranges, the coast of China
and rock of Aden, I was not likely to be amazed at the strange
293 
PEOPLE MET BY THE WAY.
appearance of the country, but really I never before saw a mountain desert.
For miles our foot path, for it was nothing more, for carriages could not pass through those ravines, no more than a ship
among the Jaffa breakers; for miles our way was over hills and
deep mountain passes, down rugged heights, dangerous to man
much more to beast, and up the mountain's side again, only to
find it worse beyond; naught meets your eye but rocks-rocks
on the plain and rocks on the mountain, and rocks intervening
-an illimitable space of rocks-your vision tires itself to sleep
at gazing over the treeless, flowerless mountain path. But you
are cheered with renewed vigor when you at last reach the shade
of the little patch of olive trees, under whose friendly branches
Arabs and Turks and the Christian traveler have rested for
refreshment for years and years, for some of the trees are patriarchs. A hard boiled egg, a cold chicken and some barley
bread our dragoman, by some magic process, which I shall
probably discover when the bills are paid, has always in readiness, which, with the Syrian oranges and the cold water which
the Arab children bring you, expecting bucksheesh, give you an
ample repast.
Our half way station was alive with Arabian and Turkish
caravans-an encampment of some one hundred and fifty persons-whole families bound on some expedition to the Holy
City. Distributing the remains of our lunch among the poor
little famishing children, who showed their gratitude by haunting us for bucksheesh, we continued our journey, but no better
road awaited us. The path became more and more irregular,
the mountain regions more and more desolate; the whole country is blasted as with the palsy. No matter where we turn,
rocks-small rocks and large rocks-stare at us from under
294 
CITY OF JERUSALEM.
the scorching sun —rocks at the base of the towering mountain,
and rocks when we reach the summit, hour after hour we ride
through the almost impenetrable wilderness of rocks.
Our faithful Abraham, accustomed to such labor, shows evidence of fatigue. My companion from India, a good horseman,
occasionally walks to rest his weary limbs, and there are portions
of my body blistered with the torturing jumping of the Turkish
saddle. One long range of mountains more, terraced with rock
to their very peak, only one more, and Jerusalem, the central
palatial city, bursts out from the mountains that encircle it, ap
parently but a few rods off; but the rods are miles. The first
view is sublime, and your memory is taxed with peopling it
again. A little more than a day's ride from the Levant, a little
less than a day's ride from the Jordan, is the ancient Salem of
the East, the Jebus of the sons of Canaan, the Jerusalem of the
Israelites, who subdued it under the stripling who so dexterously
used the sling against the chief of the Philistines. At a brook,
near a village on our way, the spot was pointed out where tradition marks the meeting of David and Goliah. To the children
of the Saxon mother Jerusalem is associated with romantic
events. In early days it was the battle field of almost every
race. David conquered it —the Chaldeans destroyed it-the
Jews rebuilt it. About the same period that Confucius was
stereotyping his remarkable code of morals upon the Chinese
mind, King Herod was exhausting his military chest in ornamenting his capital. Three quarters of a century before the
Christian era, the Roman conqueror, Titus, saw the glorious
Solomon's temple leveled before his victorious army.   Other
changes, of conquests, of whirlwinds, of earthquakes, the days
of Constantine and of Julian, rapidly followed. Changes magnificent in history, where Persian generals and Greek kings,
295 
296                TURKISH SWAY IN SYRIA.
Christians and infidels, Turks and Saracenic hosts all shone tri umphantly in their turn, till Godfrey of Boillion, in the last year
of the eleventh century, raised again the banner of the cross.
Although so long ago since I pored over the sparkling page of
poetical inspiration wherein Torquato Tasso, in his "Jerusalem
Delivered," took out his patent for immortality, the golden descriptions freshen as I reflect, the protracted siege, the battle
and the victory, I can imagine all; and as I near the gate of
Solomon, contemplation quickens reverential awe with which
I gaze upon the birthplace of our Bible, our religion and our
Saviour. The Crusades were full of brave memories. A century after Saladin, the Oriental Sultan, unsheated his sabre, and
the infidel's flag once again was unfurled from the palace dome.
But since that day, step by step, we see the working of revelation.   Latin princes, Egyptian emperors and Turkish sultans
have massacred and have reigned, have lived and died within
the walls of Jerusalem.  The Turk now holds sway in Syria
on every side veiled women and Turkish soldiers.   The romance and history of our Saviour's native land is of yesterdayfor to-day the Moslem rules, and who shall tell of the morrow?
Wherever I go, I find Americans; some are at the Mediterranean, some at Symond's, but the best hotel, I believe, is the
former, and comfortable quarters can be procured at moderate
prices, if you can credit the recommendation which every guest
records in the hotel book. Jerusalem has been so often visited
and described, that I shall make myself most agreeable by saying little regarding it. Since the tyrant Sultan Achmet lorded
it over the land, the writers on Syria have been most industrious.
From the Englishman, George Sandys, in 1610; the Italian,
Mariti, in 1760; the Frenchman,  Chateaubriand, who, after 
REPTILES AT THE HOLY TOMBS.
slandering Bonaparte, traveled in Syria in 1806, and Lamartine,
twenty-six years later, whose book of travels is only a book of
poems-for fact is lost in fancy —down to later tourists, our own
countrymen, Stephens, in 1836, and Robinsion, in 1841, and
numerous publications up to the present day, but from what I
can gather from the Orientals, the accomplished scholar and
distinguished divine of New York bears away the palm for having written the best work on the country.   Let the  Syrian
tourist carefully peruse it, and he will feel well prepared to visit
Jerusalem. Hundreds of writers, many of whom have marked
out a new theory —Jews, infidels, Christians, all have had their
day-every year something new turns up-localities are changed,
writers differ, and research must often terminate in confusion.
Following our guide, we were hurried through the city and suburbs. The Via Dolorosa, the Holy Sepulchre on Mount Calvary, the tombs of Mary, of Lazarus, of David, of Absalom,
the Brook Kedron, the Valley of Jehoshaphat, the tombs of the
Kings and of the Judges, the Mount of Olives, and the Garden
of Gethsemane, we saw them all, and more, but their sanctity
is only in the past. Donkeys with heavy loads of water and of
dirt rubbing against you; camels with a cargo of planks or a
cartload of stone upon their backs brushing past; women with
covered faces, who do well to hide their ugliness from the gaze
of man; men dirty, savage and obscene; children whose sore
eyes and unclean faces, and tattered rags send a chill through
the frame; all men, women and children begging for bucksheesh;
dogs whose lean, lank form is enough to breed a famine; lizards
of enormous size crawling through the fissures of the holy tombs
fleas fastening upon you at every turn-verily, it is sufficient to
make the heart sick to visit the Holy Land, the wreck of what
it was; and those who have not visited it will best retain their
297 
MOIUNT OP OLIVES.
respect for it by staying at home, for distance lends enchantment
to the view. You can but be disgusted at the foul desecration
of the holy places, where ghostly vampires suck your pockets
even on the threshold of the Sepulchre. I do not think I possess the required material for traveling in Palestine; and if
many other tourists would be as- frank they would acknowledge
that the pilgrimage to the Holy Land is only in the name-the
ideal was more impressive than real. The breakneck ride to
the quiet little village of Bethlehem makes one better natured,
by viewing the fertile valley close by, where olives, and figs,
and grain fields, rich with the early crop, relieve the eyes from
the desert that encircles them; the fair features of the women
of Bethlehem, and their erect form as they walk in their loose
blue gowns, make them most attractive; but when you visit
their households the filth and wretchedness to be seen there
take away all the poetry of a handsome face and noble figure.
The church and the cathedral would be worthy of comment,
were it not for the fiummery of the priests, who take you through
so many spots said to have been made sacred by Christ and the
Apostles. 
The pointing out of the manger in which our Saviour was
born completes the disgust which tinsel and humbug, vice and
misery have created the very moment you commence your rounds
at Jerusalem. The absurdity of the remarks makes the whole
thing ridiculous, and after being here you are ready to admit the
wide difference between what you have read and what you now
observe.
The Mount of Olives overlooks the dirty little stream of Jordan, and the dreary, glassy look of the Dead sea; but the view
of the Holy City and the surrounding Mountains is worth the
ascent. Among the many spots made noted by Scriptural ref
2098 
GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.
erence none impressed me more than the walk through the
Garden of Gethsemane. Oriental flowers still bloom about the
walks, and olive trees as old as the Lebanon cedars still orna ment the spot. An old monk resides in one corner of the gar den, and he keeps it ever fresh with Eastern plants. I bought
many of these flowers (pressed) to take home to my cis-atlantic
friends. Brief enough has been my visit, but I have not the
fancy for a longer time, for there are many places to see before
I return. I did not care about going down in a diving bell in
the Red sea to find the ruins of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the
desert journey to Damascus takes ten days. A party of English
gentlemen, headed by a New Yorker, had just arrived at Jerusalem from Cairo, having been eighteen days in crossing the
desert.   Some tourists find amusement here for months, but,
days suit my taste better. The clergyman who visits Palestine
and spends a short time at Jerusalem most likely will entirely
alter the diction of his discourse. A sermon on the Holy Land
before and after the visit would be most unlike.   When, full of
the beautiful metaphor and splendid imagery of the inspired
pages, you land in Syria, to find only the ghost of your imagination-the skeleton and crossbones, without a particle of the flesh
or blood, or veins or muscles of active life or remembrance, you
almost wish you had never seen Jerusalem; and yet the tour,
once over, is instructive, and adds one more link to the traveler's
knowledge. To dwell long there we should have books and
pencil, should be an antiquary, a botanist, a geologist or a divine,
for no thirst for ancient associations, no biblical reminiscences,
unless you happen to possess enthusiasm and piety above the
common herd, will keep a tourist many weeks in Jerusalem.
Great excitement among the Arabs was caused, a few days
ago, by the accidental discharge of a missionary's gun, killing one
299 
AN EXCITEMENT-A ROBBERY.
of their number.   It was at Nablous, and the man was, like
them all, importunate for bucksheesh, and, catching hold of the
horse which the gentleman rode, the animal reared, and the discharge of the rifle proved fatal to the beggar. As soon as the
accident became known the Arabs rose en masse, arrested the
clergyman, killed a relative of the Prussian Consul, broke into
the house of the English and other Consuls, robbed them of
everything portable, stripping the ladies of their clothes and ornaments, and killing one or two of the native converts. The emeute
at one time bid fair to become serious; the Pasha at once despatched a company of soldiers to put down the riot, and take
away the unfortunate missionary, who was placed in the Governor's house, to prevent him from undergoing the summary punishment of Lynch law. News has now arrived that the insurrection
has been put down, and all is quiet at Nablous. Another incident here has very much annoyed the friends of the mission.
Some converts, it was said, had been made among the natives.
Receiving an education in the missionary schools, they professed
their belief as Christians. Last week a robbery of a jeweler's
shop of considerable value gave the police a chase to find the
robber, and days past without the least trace-for the missionary's converts were above suspicion-and you can understand
how disappointed the mission's friends must feel to find that one
of their head native teachers, who was most devout in his professions, had turned out, not only to be the thief in this instance,
but has been for a long time the leader of a most formidable
band of robbers.
To catch the Austrian Lloyd's steamer for Beyrout, we were
obliged to ride through to Joppa in a day; and in company
with a large number of English gentlemen, single file, we retraced our steps along the rocky path made by the torrent
300 
LEAVING JERUSALEM.
formed from the melting of the mountain snows. Leaving Jerusalem, with its dead monuments of past magnificence, we passed once more the cheerless, inhospitable land about it, where
nature, refusing to smile where God has accursed, wears the
live-long day and in the darkness of the night an everlasting
frown. Like the Mongol Tartars, the Syrian Arabs live only for
their flocks and their herds, and it is difficult for the Western
traveler, as he winds his way along the stony cliffs, to realize,
amid such terrible desolation, that this is the luxuriant country
where the husbandman gathered his figs thrice and his harvests
twice in every year-where the industry and art of the Hebrew
made the desert flow with milk and wine, with oil and with
honey.
301 
CHAPTER XXXIII.
JOURNEY FROM ALEXANDRIA TO CONSTANTINOPLE.
ON BOARD THE STEAMSHIP MERSSINA, |
RHODES HARBOR, April 21, 1856. 
Tour in the Levant-Alexandria, Jaffa and Constantinople-Cost of the
Journey and Hire of a Dragoman-How a Dragoman can Bully, Pray
and Cheat-Civilization of the Turks towards their Conquered  Caiffa, the Hill of Carmel, its Convent, and Elijah, and Napoleon  Acre and its Generals-A Run and Ride in the Country-A Ball at
a Pasha's Palace-Glimpse of a Lady of the Harem-Zeno's Birth
place.
DURING the last ten days our steamer had been on a yacht
excursion through the Turkish end of the Levant. The route from
Alexandria to Constantinople is very convenient to the tourist
who wishes to visit some of the most important ports of Asiatic
Turkey. For some time past there have been two lines of steamers between the above mentioned cities, plying every week,
each line in turn. From Alexandria to Jaffa, I paid $17 50 in
the French boat, belonging to the Messagerie Imperial, one of
the largest steam mail companies in Europe, and at Jaffa I
booked myself through, after visiting Jerusalem to Constantinople, for $70, by the Austrian Lloyd's, paying half price for our
dragoman, engaged at Alexandria at $40 per month, myself
and companion paying his traveling expenses, and passage back
again. He is a Maltese, and speaks French, Italian, English,
Arabic and Turkish, and fills the situation of vald de place, in 
HOW A DRAGOMfAN CAN BULLY.
terpreter, guard; in short, he is a man of all work, invaluable
to a traveler in the East; wherever we go he seems to have
acquaintances among the blackguards aid scoundrels of the
place, gets return commissions for the most trifling of our pur chases; bullies the hotel keepers, knocks down the boatman,
upsets the donkey boys, patronizes the Catholic church, apologises for knocking down a Custom House officer, who detains
our portmanteau, because we don't give him bi6cksheesh; carries
a cudgel to enforce his arguments with the natives, wears a
beard some ten inches long, gets into a terrible rage with the
steward when there is no milk for our coffee, and regards us
more in sorrow than in anger, when noticing our gross ignorance of Oriental conduct and Oriental languages. Abraham
is the prince of dragomans. We know he cheats us, yet his
attention to our wants compensates for the fraud.   Without
him we should see nothing, and perhaps pay more than should
cover his commission. The dragoman of the East is an expensive luxury, a necessary evil, who by a freemasonry peculiar to
the class, links himself in with the hotel keepers, shopmen, and
the minor sharks that hover in the traveler's wake. We know
he cheats us, yet we are sure to give him a certificate of his efficiency and good behaviour, when his duty has been accomplished,
as others have done before us. Without dwelling long in a
place, for our steamer seldom stopped but a day, let me mention
the towns one sees while en route for Constantinople-towns
high sounding and important ages before the white man began
the war of extermination against the red Indian; and, like the
proud natives of the American hunting fields, their history is in
the past; but, unlike them, no marks of civilization or improvement follow in the wake of the conquerer; for wherever the
taboosh, the boy trainers and the harem of the Turk are to
303 
ACRE AND ITS GENERALS.
be found, in Egypt, Syria, or Asia Minor, the night mare of indolence and superstition has paralyzed all attempts at reform.
Wherever your Moslem appears, he comes like a destroying a,ngel, darkening the glories of the past, and withering, as with a
blight, the energies of the present.
Our first halt after leaving Joppa, was at the small town of
Caiffa, on the margin of the sea, of little importance as a trading
port, but interestingly situated at the base of Mount Carmel.
The old convent-made noted by Elijah in the early times, and
by Napoleon, who turned the sacred building into an hospital
for his sick during his Eastern campaign-is conspicuously situated on the Mount. Warburton describes his sojourn there as
having been made delightful by the kindness of the monks.
A company of fifteen German pilgrims, poor in purse but rich
in mind-artists, poets; novelists-came on board, to leave
again at Beyrout, from whence they are bound to Damascus.
Acre-where Sir Sidney Smith, with his little band of marines,
to stimulate the Arabs, shut the gate in the face of Napoleon
just fifty-eight years ago-is to be seen on the other side of the
point.  It was a bold defence.   The British sailor was too
much for Bonaparte. After two months' painful suspense, nine
savage assaults, the ravages of the plague thinning the ranks of
the army, the French General, choosing defeat rather than mutiny, sullenly retired with his discontented soldiers. As late as
1840 British cannon again roared about its fortresses.   Ten
years' labor will not repair the damage of Napier's broadsides.
Some of the early Generals pronounce Acre the "Key of the
East," and Napoleon made the same remark to Murat. Its history is pregnant with the events of war. Richard, Godfrey,
and other Christain princes, in the time of the Crusades, made
its old walls ring when battling with Saladin.
304 
THE HOTEL BELLEVUE.
Beyrout was our first important point of call, where we remained for two days, to look about us. The town is eulogized by all
who visit it. Being the chief of the Syrian ports, there is more
activity on the quays. There are a few English merchants and
bankers here, but the Greeks manage to secure the cream of the
trade. In payment for British and European manufactured articles, wool, cotton, and wheat are shipped; and since the war,
prices for grain have ruled; imports and exports keep along
together. An American has been here for some time buying
wool for a Boston house; but with the duty in the States it
must be up hill work to make it lucrative. With this exception,
our country is not represented, save by a Consul from New
Hampshire, an obliging gentleman, whose capacity is equal to
the duties which he is called upon to perform.
The Hotel Bellevue is the most respectable house I have
found since leaving Alexandria, conveniently located inside the
town and well conducted. The other hotel is in the suburbs,
where our Consul resides. Lord and Lady Port Arlington,
our fellow passengers from Joppa, give that the preference, but
I prefer the other. They are bound to Damascus, and then to
Jerusalem. The lady, who is willing to undergo the fatiguing
and dangerous journey over the mountains of Palestine, where
the mountain torrent forms the footpath (and even the Syrian
shepherd and husbandman carries a musket, a cutlass, and a
pair of pistols for protection against the bandit Bedouin) to get
a view of ancient ruins, and holy temples, deserves more credit
than she will have awarded by those who have no idea of the
difficulties to be encountered. Four of us, early in the morning, started for the village of the Druses, situated on the summit of the mountain, a three hours' ride. We were well mounted at a dollar each, and reached Bheit Marie in time to enjoy
305 
VISIT TO THE DRUSES.
our lunch. The scene from the great elevation was grand in
the extreme. Back of us, other mountains, overlooking the
clouds, their peaks white with snow the entire year, looked down
upon a rockbound valley, once fertile with the industry of man.
Onward to the left was the road to Lebanon, where the twelve
old cedars have outlived more than two Methusalehs; on the
right a few orchards still show the occupation of the inhabitants
of the mountains, orchards of fig and lemon and olive trees.
Front of us, step by step, mountain over mountain, a terrace of
mammoth hills, some red with sandstone, some green with the
forest pine, some more fertile than the rest, bearing evidence of
careful cultivation, while others were as desolate as rock and
stone could make them, were spread out before us; and at the
base of all, Beyrout, the city, the suburbs, the scattered habitations, the orange groves, the mulberry plantations, the patches
of grain and the pasture lands, forming a panorama strikingly
picturesque, and farther on, the waters of the Mediterranean
losing itself in the horizon.
The Druses were fearful that we should see their women
but God forbid!-the appearance of the matron of the harem,
with a conical unicorn shaped head dress, some three feet high,
was enough to discourage the most romantic. How can these
people make themselves so hideous? On the other point of
the mountain we found- the convent of the Maharnars, another
religious sect. About a dozen of the holy fathers came out to
show us the ruins of the ancient temple, which was worth seeing; but I infinitely preferred the luxurious magnificence of
the wild mountain scenery. On our way back we were desirous of trying an experimental path another way, and we were
soon repentant of our wandering. When I look back to the
descent, I can but wonder that I am here to-day. I was the
306 
BALL AT THE PASHA'S PALACE.
only one of our party, save the dragoman, that did not dismount,
and having accomplished the feat I am willing to back a horse
anywhere in Syria.
Our visit to Beyrout is well timed, for we are here in season
to witness an eventful period in a Turkish city, a European ball,
given by the Pasha; the first ever known since the flood.
What next? Perhaps an evening party by the "mother of the
maids!" Of course we were cordially greeted; why not? I
would not have missed the entertainment for a Turkish dress.
Some say the ball is given in order to commemorate the circumcising of the Pasha's children. Most likely that, and to cele-brate the news of peace and the birth of a young Napoleon,
for the cannon from the fort have been flashing throughout the
day. Half-past eight was in the cards, but we were in good
time an hour later. The road to the Seraglio was lighted by
pine torches, in an iron basket on the end of a ten foot pole,
similar to those seen at the stations when crossing the desert
in the night. The glare was dazzling, and the numbers of Arabs
and Turks watching the strange scene gave a wildness to the
picture not easily portrayed. Arriving at the palace, resembling more a country hotel, a Turk received our hat and coat
in Faropean style, giving us, however, an Arabic number. The
Turkish aid-de-camp ushered us into the presence of his Highness with European courtesy. The Pasha, standing amid his
Ministers, gave us a European shake of the hand, while the
band-the very one that came down with us from Alexandria,
were playing European airs. It was evident the French had
the management of the entertainment, for the most trifling Western customs were observed.
In a side room European chairs were arranged round a European table, on which were packs of European cards. The
307 
GLIMPSE OF A LADY OF THE HAREM.
opposite room was provided with European segars, and in a
closet you were shown where you could get a European drink.
One almost forgot that the ball was given by a Turkish Pasha.
Save the dress of the few Turks present, the formality of the
evening, the society of ladies, for there were but twenty to
some two hundred gentlemen, you could hardly realize that you
were being entertained by a Mussulman.
The Pasha led off the ball in a promenade with the lady of
the English Consul; and here, for the first time, the Pasha seemed out of his element. The lady was embarassed by his clumsiness. His arms hung down by his side like a pair of tongs,
and his movements showed anything but grace. The dancing
was confined only to a few; the other guests found amusement
in segars and cards.  Most of the guests were from Europe.
America and England were fairly overshadowed by foreign
moustaches, and their voices drowned by the incessant rattling
of foreign tongues. Among those present was the late Austrian
Consul at Smyrna, to whom Captain Ingraham gave a lesson
in international law, on the subject of Koszta and his naturalization papers.  As the evening wore away ice cream and sherbet were brought in, and cake was handed round, all Europeanized.
In glancing about the high arched room I accidently saw the
blushing face of a fair young girl looking down from the narrow circular windows at the top of the hall, upon the dancers.
She saw that she was observed, and disappeared. My curiosity
was excited, for the mystery that surrounds the harem always
attracts our sex. I was right in my conjecture, for in examining more minutely the several windows from a retired spot, fair
faces on all sides were peering down upon us, some very beautiful. Although not a polking man, my scruples might have been
308 
THE PASHA'S CHILDREN.
overcome if the beautiful Georgian whose eyes seemed alive with
curiosity, had been among the dancers. Never before had these
young girls seen so many foreign faces, and thinking their hiding
place secure from the infidel eyes of the Frank, they gazed
down upon us with interest too intent to single out those who
were observing them.
When will the march of intellect raise the Turkish daughter
from her humiliating debasement to a position worthy of her
sex? Not till the hereditary prejudices of their race have burst
their prison bars, and civilization and morality have lightened
up the darkened chambers of their mind. I did not remain to
supper, but from a glimpse at the table it was worthy of a
prince.  In all these palaces you cannot but be struck at the
clumsy mixture of magnificence and meanness, splendor and
squalor-an inlaid floor of beautiful polished wood or mosaic
marble, with mopboard unpainted, and walls unpapered, money
exhausted without taste, beautiful ornaments in the basement,
and broken windows in the hall, a boudoir in the interior, and
an uninhabited, untidy appearance without. Everything about
a Turk looks unwashed, slipshod and shabby. A part of the
entertainment was the exhibition of the Pasha's children, four
beautiful boys, about ten years each, all dressed in blue, under
the charge of a eunuch blacker than an African funeral.
Beyrout was once an extensive commercial port, and is rich
in old associations, from the richly laden argosies of days gone
by, to the English war fleet that left their sixty-eight pounders
in the fortress a few years since. Beyrout has kept her name
from being erased from the page of history.
From Beyrout we went to Larnaka, in the Island of Cypress,
anchoring opposite the Marina, on the beach. The few hours'
stoppage of the steamer enables you to walk to the village, to
309 
ZENO'S BIRTH PLACE.
visit the Greek cathedral, which is not so attractive as the Catholic, and to wander about the old town and the bazaar. It requires a powerful imagination to revive any interest in this
wretched, miserable old place. History, however, has managed
to keep its name from sinking, telling us there was once a noble
city, peopled by a brave and warlike race-a city made noted by
the deathbed of Cimon, the distinguished Grecian general, and
by having been the birth place of the philosopher Zeno. A few
cotton bales and a few sacks of grain came on board as freight.
If this is a specimen of the Island of Cypress, I am glad it is
only a port of call. Paphos, I am told, has more to recommend it; for this was the voluptuous home of Venus, where
she erected her hundred altars after she arose from the sea.
The beauty and easy virtue of the women of Paphos have given
it historical remembrance. The frail fair one in all lands is called a Cyprian. In Childe Harold's ancestral hall,
Paphian girls were known to sing and smile.
Paphian girls and Cyprus wine spoiled many an ancient general;
for the intoxication of both was at times too much for Roman
virtue. Shakespere's fancy must have been under their influence when he pictured Othello's courtship, Cassio's reeling
through the Bazaar, and Iago's midnight wanderings. I imagined they could take place nowhere else but in Cyprus.
It may have been a beautiful place in its day; but now, although it still produces the finest cotton in the Levant, its once
beautiful lands are barren, fruitless and uninviting. Under the
corroding mildew of the Turk, terrible changes have crushed
the island. Even as late as 1822 there was a reign of terror
in Cyprus. Twenty-two thousand Greeks were butchered in
cold blood by an inhuman Turkish army.
310 
CHAPTER XXXIV.
LANDING IN THE CRIMEA.
KAMISCH, April 28, 1856.
the Passage from Constantinople to Kamiesch, and its Cost-How the
French manage the Post Office-Crowds of Soldiers, Sailors, Ships-of War, Gunboats and Traderscenery on the Bosphorus-The Allied
Dead and how they went to the Grave-How you enter the Kamiesch
Bay-American Ships in Port, and how they were Admired.
MY Australian, Indian and China correspondence must have
eached you some weeks since, but as I have not been so fortuiate as to get hold of a copy of the HERALD since leaving
Palestine, I am not up in New York dates. By way of Mareilles I posted several letters containing notes on Egypt, Syria
ud Asia Minor, which I hope may work their way through the
)arbarous espionage of the French post. Now I have comnenced to throw off a sheet or two on the war, but afterwards
;hall not bore you with my blottings, for I soon shall be in the
and of classic hand books and "our correspondents."  By dancng attendance on the admirality at Constantinople, after taking
;he precautionary measure of getting my respectability endorsd by the American Ambassador, I might have obtained a pasage to the Crimea in a government transport for a pound note,
or the only charge is your board at $3 50 per diem; but time
vas an object, and as I did not wish to feel that I was so deeply
)bligated and especially favored, I paid some thirty dollars for 
SOLDIERS, SAILORS, SHIPS OF WAR.
a passage in the French mail boat which plies to the French
Crimean war port, Kamiesch, twice a week; which takes pas sengers down but will not.guarantee a passage back, for the
cabin is reserved for returning French officials. The English
have no mail line to Balaklava, but have made arrangements to
have their letters passed unopened, through France. I say un opened, for any correspondence that falls into the French post
bags goes under espionage, for the old Fouche-Napoleonic system
is strictly observed in the Crimea. Private letters that mention
the word war, or France, never reach their address, and business
documents also are thrown into the dead letter box. France
muzzles the news; England is more liberal; but in war times,
where human life depends upon a despatch, a judicious restric tion may not be out of place. Perhaps it would have been
better for the nation if her Crimean correspondence had been
published in England.
Our steamer was loaded with vivacious French troops, of
different regiments, who had been on the Scutari sick list, and
were sent down to join their comrades at the camp. Jollier fellows never shouldered musket; they have escaped a coffin, and
show their gratitude by eating, singing and laughing. We left
Constantinople about five in the afternoon, which gave us a glorious view of the city, magnificent by sunset. Steaming out of
the Golden Horn, when densely packed with shipping, without
chafing the boat, requires no little skill; but our captain
managed it without even the common occurrence of capsizing
a caique. Never before did old Stamboul witness such a forest
of masts and funnels, steamers and sailing craft, transports and
men of war, large and small, yachts and gunships-there must
have been a thousand sail.  But this magnificent fleet, commercial and political, was not confined within the crowded
312 
SCENERY ON THE BOSPHORUS.
compass of the Golden Horn, for the Bosphorus was also quick
with activity.   The narrow strip of water dividing civilized
Europe from heathen Asia was white with the commerce of the
West. Ships were anchored and under way from the place of
separation till we had distanced land in the Black Sea.
The scenery on either side of the Bosphorus is of the most
gorgeous description. Turkish villages and Turkish graveyards,
where the poor and the rich both live and die-are studded
along the banks with great profusion. Constantinople fades
away as we turn the angle, and but domes and minarets, mosques
and towers, are still the conspicuous objects on every hand.
The Bosphorus, like Melrose Abbey, should be seen by moonlight, for it softens the brilliancy of the scene, making it only
the more beautiful. Entering the Black Sea, large Turkish
forts frown sullenly upon us, forts of no great apparent strength,
but more than equal to the destruction of any fleet that dared
the passage. No wonder that Nicholas' penchant for this important natural stronghold awakened the jealousy of the Western
nations. It may well be called the tollgate of the East, for
nature has made it an impassable barrier if in the hands of
resolute and skillful engineers and brave soldiers. As we quietly make our way along, the gay Frenchman enlivening the solitude of this vast inland ocean, I can but realize that we are on
the same track of thousands who, but a short time before, passed on, no more to return forever. For many months a fleet of
transports more extensive than any known in history, has been
steaming over the same race course with the brave armies of the
allies, so large a portion of which have been left to fertilize the
Tartar vineyards and nourish the cornfields of the Crimea.
Hiusbands and fathers, brothers and sons, private and officeryouth and age, nobleman and commoner, full of life and antici
313 
HOW YOU ENTER THE KAMIESCH BAY.
pated laurels, but a short time ago crossed these same waters,
never again to see their native land.  Painful is the contemplation! England never before was such a sufferer. But France
remembers Moscow. The question of colonization has been put
at rest. England and France, between them, have established a
colony in the Crimea, the colony of the dead!
Early in the morning of the second day, about thirty-six hours
from Stamboul, we again fell in with shipping, for we were
approaching our destined port. Some delay occurred in finding
a birth, the harbor of Kamiesch was so densely blocked up with
the transport fleet. Onr every side we saw all the activity of a
large commercial city. The entrance to the bay is very contracted; the channel itself is a quarter of a mile in width, but
booms have been thrown across, leaving only one hundred feet
between them; their object being to prevent boats from entering and to assist in breaking the sea. The men of war and
large ships at anchor outside are also arranged as a breakwater
for the protection of the harbor fleet. The ships are stowed
some one and four length deep, according to the size, all at
anchor stern on to the shore, the deep water and mud bottom
allowing them  to lay close in.   The smaller transports are
placed at the head of the bay and the larger ships nearer its
entrance. The French transports only are at Kamiesch; but at
Kazatch, about a stone's throw from this the English have a
bay with almost as many sail. At both anchorages I counted
some five hundred ships, comprising the flags of most of the
nations of the West. Side by side I saw three beautiful specimens of the shipyards of the North; the French flag floated
from the mizen mast, but the stars and stripes were at the peak.
Prouder than the one hundred and twenty gun of the French,
the Napoleon III., more dignified even than the Agamemnon
314 
AMERICAN SHIPS IN PORT.
of the English, the Great Republic of the Americans looked in
her unassuming greatness —the commander of the fleet.
The Great Republic, Capt. Limeburner, the Queen of Clip pers, Capt. Zerega, and the Monarch of the Sea, Capt. Gardner,
were anchored side by side, and I never felt prouder of my country than in witnessing these magnificent clippers from New
York, so superior to any of the transports of other nations.
English and French, Russian and Sardinian officers, high in
rank and position, covered with orders and medals, Turkish
commanders and Tartar princes, all have seen them, and in seeing are forced to admire. America never sent better representatives abroad —the peaceful messenger of commerce is always
welcomed, while we only hail the ship of war as a State necessity. The Captain tells me that there is little danger here, they
lie so close together, on a mud bottom; but it would seem to
me that one of those terrible storms that sometimes have convulsed these seas would involve the entire fleet in one common
wreck. Thus far there have been few accidents.
I saw several hulks, among others, the ship Cortez, of Bath,
piled upon the beach; but the few wrecks occasioned may be
accounted for by the continued absence of the Black Sea gales.
The Champion of Boston, is also here, loading bronze and brass
cannon from the Malakoff for Marseilles; and the Hartly, also
for the same port; the Titan, of Boston, has just sailed for
France. All the American ships are in the employ of the French
government, the English having chartered no American transports. During the dull times, the transport charters have
proved a splendid business for such of our ships as were so fortunlate as to get employment. The Great Republic must have
paid for herself by this time; but the game is now up, and a
thousand sail of transports will shortly find their way back to
315 
KAMIESCH, CALLED " CITY OF THIEVEiS."
assist in deadening freights and consequently depreciating shipping property. There have been several individual instances
where the government has enriched the shipowner by a single
charter. Among others mentioned, the British ship Gertrude
was taken up at thirty shillings per ton for a powder magazine,
and although the rate was afterwards reduced, two years -employment at Kazatch must have built half a dozen such craft.
Many of the almost insolvent English steam mail lines have escaped from bankruptcy by this unexpected employment. Like
receiving a remittance the morning the note came due, government employment was just in time for several of the steam companies, the general screw company among the rest. Without
English steamers for towing their transports, the French would
have been sadly off, having few steamships of their own; on
this side, the French transport flag is hoisted at the mast head
of nearly every steamer. These transports, under charter, are
actively engaged in embarking horses, troops and cannon. The
soldiers are everywhere assisting the sailors in getting off the
ships. On shore, officers and privates are hurrying to and fro,
and working gangs of men are employed in piling up shot,
transporting cannon and in preparing for embarkation. An
idea of the extent of the siege is formed the moment you begin
to walk about the streets of the settlement of Kamiesch, called
in the parlance of the Crimea the "City of Thieves." It is utterly impossible to realize that two years ago the Bay was as
silent as the village was vacant, neither ship nor house, man nor
beast, save a few Tartar farmers, were ever seen there; and yet
it has already lived several ages in history. The French army
are packing up everything they can lay their hands on, every
old cannon, every spare shot, every piece of steel, every gun
3i6 
FRENCH ARMY EVACUATING THE CRIMEA.
carriage, every used up musket-even old barrel hoops and barrel staves, are being piled up to be taken away. It is evident
that no fortunes are to be made in following in the wake of the
allied armies, as was the case when our troops left Mexico. So
my credits must remain in the envelope. A line of coaches is
established to Balaklava, I learn to-day, and I will write from
there.
317
I 
CHAPTER XXXV.
BALAKLAVA, April 30, 1856.
The Miles, Horses, Roads and General Travel to Balaklava-Extent of
the Allied Lines-A First Look at Sebastopol in Ruins-her Eastern
Fortresses and Sand Bags-Thoughts on the Battle Fields-Energy
and Good Breeding of the Russian Officers-How the Allied Troops
Agreed.
I MISSED the'bus at Kameisch, and was obliged to hire a private team to take me over.  I paid for a horse, but found a
mule waiting for me at the cafe; however, in two hours and a
half we made Balaklava, the Kamiesch of the English army.
The engineers have built a splendid military road between the
two posts and macadamized the entire distance.   Now  the
weather is dry, and clouds of dust darken the air; but the
least rain makes it sloppy and disgusting.  Once out of Kanmiesch, we got an inkling of camp life. As far as we could see,
tents and huts were dotted over the hills and plains, both sides
of our highway were studded with the local habitations of the
allies. Artillery wagons, mule carriages and cartloads of shot
and shell were continually passing, sometimes the train would
extend for miles. Cannon balls and broken shell were scattered
along the gutters, some of which had fallen from the wagons,
others lay where they fell from the gulls. The first entrenchments of the French when they landed are of the most formidable character. They did not intend to be driven again into
their ships without a struggle. 
EXTENT OF THE ALLIED LINES.
Approaching Balaklava we began to feel more and more the
immense extent of the encampment.   Before I came here, I
imagined that I could ride through the English and French
camps in an hour, and had pictured it a large city of tents. I
never for a moment supposed that instead of one gigantic encampment, there were some hundreds-instead of covering
acres of ground, it was scattered over an era of some two hundred square miles. From the heights above the settlement, I
could just reach some of the distant camps with a glass.
I am most fortunate in finding a home on board the beautiful
New York clipper, the Ocean Herald.  She has been employed
for over a year by the French, and has made several passages
to the several Black Sea and Mediterranean ports. She is now
discharging hay for the ambulance department, after which she
takes troops to France. Captain Furber, so well known in the
North Atlantic packet trade, having been here so many times
during the progress of the siege, is well posted on Crimean
matters, and seems to be very much at home in the French
camp. Already I have got acquainted with several of the French
officers, all of whom are particularly courteous to Americans.
Their hospitality comes in a substantial way; once acquainted,
they can't do too much for one, inviting you to their camp, furnishing you with their horses, sending their servants to accompany you, explaining in detail all that you may wish to learn
of the battle fields. I have letters to several English officers;
but you might as well look for a fish in the ocean or a bird in
the forest. The distance between the camps are so great, the
difficulty of moving about except on horseback, and the hurry
and bustle of those who might inform you, prevent me from
finding them out, and as it is, I find I am well housed and well
cared for.
819 
FIRST LOOK AT SEBASTOPOL IN RUINS.
Yesterday, in company with a Russian prince and several
French officers, I visited Sebastopol, and my head is too full of
what I saw to describe it. I was not at all prepared to see
such desolation and destruction, nor was I prepared to find that
those high sounding names that have been ringing in my ears,
week after week, as the mail came through-the Mamelon, the
Malakoff and the Redan, were only piles of dirt and bags of
sand, and baskets of earthwork, all strewn about in the most
complicated confusion. Looking from the Malakoff, the once
beautiful city of Sebastopol, whose eligible site for a naval
arsenal was brought to the notice of the Emperor by a native
of France, and whose wonderful forts were planned by an
English engineer, is only a heap of ruins, resembling more an
old Syrian or Egyptian town, destroyed by the corroding influence of time, than a powerful fortress, reduced by a war of
yesterday. The Russians burnt and leveled their habitations
when they retired to their impregnable position on the north
side, as at Moscow.  They destroyed all but the beautiful sandstone barracks, a church or two, a monument, and those wonderful docks. But what the Russians left the allied armies have
broken and torn in pieces. Such utter desolation I cannot picture. Save the green grass shooting out from broken shells and
cannon balls, and blocks of graniite, the sole relics of beautiful
flower gardens, there is no vestige of recent habitation. Sebastopol is a wreck, more wild and desolate than Lisbon could have
been after the earthquake, or Copenhagen after the bombardment. The palace of the prince and the cottage of the peasant,
the convents, the churches and the library, the public buildings
and private dwellings, are naught but piles of broken stone and
plaster, huge heaps of rubbish scattered over the entire surface
of the city. The sunken ships across the mouth of the harbor
320 
STRENGTH OF THE RUSSIAN DEFENCES.
and in the bay are discovered by -their protruding spars above
the water-the Twelve Apostles the most conspicuous of all.
On the low land about the water, huge anchors and immense
piles of ammunition are piled up, ready for shipment; but, save
the stranger who visits the fallen city, and the occasional barking of the unclaimed dog, all is silent as a burial ground, no
better representation could paint the terrific ravages of war.
Our Russian friend gazed upon his once happy home, and turned
away and wept like a child. It was pitiful to see him in his
strength and manliness so heartbroken and wretched in his contemplation. It was heartless to hear the French colonel, who
accompanied us, make so light of the Russian's wretchedness
but he would have his jest, no matter how keen the shaft. On
the battle field, in the trenches, in the Malakoff, at death's door,
the Frenchman will have his joke; but it was not French politeness to continually remind the Russian officer of his defeat. The
Russian was born a gentlemen, but the Frenchman had risen
from the ranks.
If I were asked what struck me most forcibly in riding about
and around the city, I should say at once the astonishing
strength and engineering ability of the Russian defences. No
wonder they baffled the pluck of the British and the dash of
the French for so long a time.
It must be remembered that when the allies landed at Eupatoria in the autumn of 1854, Sebastopol was only fortified by
sea, not a bastion was thrown up to prevent it from inland invasion. The battle of the Alma was fought where the Zouave
soldiers so distinguished themselves, and where the English army,
the Frenchman says, was not up to time, but when once at it,
he will have to admit that they fought like tigers for the victory,
although history records that through the imperfections of their
-321 
THOUGHTS ON THE BATTLE FIELD.
ambulance corps, hundreds of brave soldiers who so boldly had
plunged into the fight, were left for two days and nights to
welter in their wounds upoir the battle field before assistance
was at hand. Not till after the battle of the Alma, when Lord
Raglan fell across the track of the Russian's rear, when the allies
passed over to Balaklava-not till after the memorable battle of
the 25th of October, where Lord Cardigan, obeying orders that
nobody fathers, rode the death ride at the head of the Light
Brigade, the boldest deed in history, plunging on to almost
certain destruction, for more than half the regiment was cut
down, horses and men, with Russian shot, and all would have
perished but for the rescue of the French-not till after the still
more bloody battle of the Inkermann, where the stream of life
flowed as swiftly as the river, where the flower of England's
army, the Guards, led on by a royal Duke, fell like hail upon
the battle field, and where, on that memorable 5th of November, the allies must have been swept from the Crimea in spite
of all their bravery, by the overwhelming force of the Russians,
but for the mistake so fatal to Liprandi, a large portion of his
army losing itself in the mist-not till after these several Waterloo and Austerlitz battles had been fought, did the Russians
commence the wonderful fortifications which, even in their ruins,
astonish every beholder.
Their extent, the immensity of the undertaking, the wealth of
material and the vastness of the labor, the rapidity of their construction and the almost miraculous engineering ability displayed,
are the thoughts uppermost in the mind as you gaze over the
long range of ramparts from the Malakoff to the Flagstaff
battery. Before the Inkermann, the city was only defended by
water, not a single cannon defended its rear; and hence the
terrible energy of the Russian.
322 
THE MALAKOFF.
The ablest of the Russian engineers were called to council,
but three months were required to complete the defences.
Menschikoff was disheartened, but an engineer, unknown to
fame, with the promptness worthy of Napoleon's observation
at the defence of Paris, offered to accomplish the task in a fortnight, if they would only supply the men. They did so; and
the name of Totdlebeu shines more brilliantly than that of any
other individual in all the armies. Of course the young lieutenant was made a general; and he deserved it, for French and
English alike all testify to his wonderful skill in constructing
earthworks sufficiently strong to withstand such a terrible fire
for so long a time.  While standing on the ruined ramparts of
the Malakoff, the French officers pointed out the midday attack,
the surprise, the attempted rescue, and the two mistakes of the
engineer-first the weakness of the place where the Frenchmen
stormed; second, the enclosed part towards Sebastopol.
Had it remained open as in the Redan, the Russians might
have re-taken it in the face of the French; as it was, Bosquet
saw his advantage. "We are in the Malakoff and shall remain
there," was the impulsive language of the French officer. Napoleon the modern, like his uncle, rewards such men. Again,
I was shown where the English lay swimming in thick pools of
blood along side of their enemies in the ditches of the Redan.
Russell describes the scene. What canl be more horrible? I
picked up a saddle bag full of the murderous grape.
I do not care to dwell upon the harrowing details. If one
accident on a railway creates such harrowing sympathies, how
much more horrible does the contemplation make the scene
where thousands were swept away by that terrible shower of
grape I Those outliving the storm are the heroes of the age,
the chance of life was nothing. I went over the trenches, and
323 
THE CRIMEA, THE GARDEN OF RUSSIA.
saw the rifle pits, where, day after day, night after night, raining, freezing, cold and supperless for months, the soldiers of both
armies worked till death or the hospital demanded them. Strange
enough are our reflections in walking about those zigzag lines,
where so many have perished by exposure, want, and the sortie
of the Russe. Every night some new victims were added to
the burial list; and yet the field of battle has ever been the
field of jesting with the actors. Many are the anecdotes related of the riflemen. There was one, a crack shot, who did
not relish his breakfast unless he had potted, that is the horrible term, half a dozen Russians. Show him a Russian, no
matter how far, providing he was within range, and crack went
the deadly Minnie, and there was certain to be one less of the
enemy.   The Russians have contested every inch of ground
upon the Crimea.   Step by step they have retired, leaving
naught but huge graveyards behind them.
Returning by the Warrenzoff road again, I saw the huts of
the thousands of encampments. The Sardinians, the French,
and the English, the Turks are mostly gone. The hill country
had been once almost as fertile as the plain, and the plain shows
the hillocks of the vineyard and the furrows of the grain field.
The Crimea has ever been the garden of Russia. Pelissier's
headquarters are by no means extensive, and Codrington most
certainly did not live in a palace. Camp life is far from pleasant. Give me a cabin in an American clipper, in preference
to the soldier's table of the Commander-in-chief. General Codrington is liked by both armies, but Lord Raglan they abuse
even in his grave. The French and English are not friends.
Peace has been confirmed, and now we begin to see the national
antipathies come out. I know it must be so. Centuries of enmity cannot be cemented so soon. Officers and soldiers here
324 
ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
are full of recriminations, and it is painful to see how soon they
have forgotten that they have fought and bled together-that
their brother comrades are buried in the same extensive burial
grounds. Now I believe they would fight each other as readily
as they fought the Russians.
325 
CHAPTER XXXVI.
BALAKLAVA, May 2, 1856.
How Balaklava Port Could have been Defended-What it is and what
it was-Our Trade with England and the East-What the English
and French Leave to the Russians-The Glories of Sardinia.
BALAKLAVA, from whatever point you view it, is strikingly
picturesque. The bay is completely landlocked, like the harbor
of Port Jackson; the entrance to the harbor is so carefully
concealed, that the first navigators of this wonderful sea must
have frequently passed the high border land without discovering
the little anchorage.  Approaching Kadikoi from Kamiesch,
the little bay breaks suddenly out of the mountains, their peaks
projecting high above the shipping. The picture is strangely
novel. You look in vain for some outlet for the water. Naught
can be seen but the transport fleet and the massive ranges that
enclose it. The old Genoese fort caps the tallest of the mountains, and is in a fair state of preservation. Well manrlned, the
little Greek town of Balaklava could never have been molested
from the water side. The position, like the Bosphorus, is a
natural stronghold.  Had the Russians anticipated the arrival
of the armies, by sinking a ship or two across the mouth of the
two bays, Kamiesch and Balaklava-it must have entirely
changed the tactics of the allies; but it might not have been
so well in the end for the Russians   The hill country encircling 
BALAKLAVA, WHAT IT WAS, AND IS.
the anchorage reminds me forcibly of the rugged ranges in
Palestine, equally sterile and equally magnificent in their dreary,
cheerless sterility. There is the same everlasting, uncultivated
wilderness of rocks, a vast fragmentary collection of stone and
earth, with nothing but the lilliputian sheet of water at the base
-a kind of Loch Katrine among the Trossachs, or Lake George
of the American Highlands.
Two years have hardly gone since Balaklava was a peasant's
solitude. A few Greeks and a few of the more enterprising
Tartars occupied the little white village of Houses under the
mountain, contented with their peaceful and solitary life. What
little commerce arose out of the cultivation of the rich plains
in their vicinity, and in the supplying Sebastopol and the surrounding township with fish, was amply sufficient for the sustenance of the small community.  Russia allowed no strangers
to visit the towns by sea; even Russian ships were not permitted to enter. With a ukase that none could break, the Emperor
locked, with his iron hand, the gate of the port. But war was
declared;  Eupatoria did not answer,  and when  the army
marched across the Crimea and occupied the heights, the lock
was broken, and men-of-war, steamships and merchantmen
anchored in the secluded haunts of the wild fowl, until the bay
was full, a hundred ships and more. There are eighty here, now,
lying as thick as timber in a yard; and, as martial law reigns
throughout the Crimea, every lamp must be out at ten o'clock;
for, in the exciting times, it would have been terrific to have
seen the devouring element consuming their only means of
escape. For there was a time, before the Balaklava and the
Inkermann affairs, and by some afterwards,  when intelligent
military men, absent from the theatre of action, with maps
before them, conscientiously believed that every officer and sol
327 
TROOPS EMIBARKING.
dier of the allied army would die fighting on the battle field,
by sickness in the camp, or be driven at the point of the bayonet
into the sea.  Said they, "What can bravery do with such un equal odds-a hundred men to one-in killing these Russians?
'Tis the same as brushing musquitoes off your face." "And as
certain as the sun shines," was often remarked, "the army will
perish and be destroyed. Disease and the climate will hasten
the death of those who escape the cannon, the musket and the
sword."
Remembering the solitude of the Tartar town before, you are
the more struck with its bustling, restless, rattling activity now,
for in all the stirring whirl of commerce it is a miniature London; ships are discharging their cargoes of grain from the
Turkish ports, and hay and provisions, ammunition and the
trappings of war are being tumbled out as if the siege was not
finished, the peace not proclaimed. It seems needless expense,
yet for want of some one to give an order, many of these things
will be piled out only to be damaged and destroyed, and then
forsooth reloaded and taken away, perhaps in the ship that
brought them. Every day steam transports are arriving with
cattle from the Sea of Marmora and other places, and every day
I see them swing out to sea dozens of them that have died upon
the voyage. The army consumes still an enormous amount of
fresh stuff. From morning till late in the day train after train
of cars are despatched to the front with provisions for the men,
and large loads of grain and feed for the horses and the mules.
Troops are continually embarking, but thus far the ranks are still
full, save where they were thinned by death. Yesterday two
regiments embarked for Canada, in the Resolute and Simoon.
The Ninth, Thirty seventh, Seventeenth, Sixty-third and Sixtysecond are under orders for the same station-five regiments in
328 
RAMBLES ABOUT BALAKLAVA.
all from the Crimea.  Like the Bermuda fleet, perhaps, it is
another shake of the fist at Brother Jonathan. Never mind; let
them blow off a little of their disappointment at the unsatisfactory result of the war-in London editorials against America,
and in grand reviews at Spithead. It will do no harm. So long as
our annual international commerce amounts to some one hundred
millions sterling, the difficulty between England and America
will only be a war of words between the columns of the NEW
YORK HERALD and the double leaders of the London Times.
I have found much amusement in roaming about the wharves,
for-don't be surprised-England's industry is seen wherever
you may care to look-wharves and piers; warehouses for the
different regiments, marked and numbered; boats for the officials; wagons, carts, barrows and all the English contrivances
for transport; telegraphic stations; a floating machine shop,
complete, where, in time of action, some thirty engineers were
employed, sometimes night as well as day, repairing the instruments of war —a most extensive affair, comprising all the ingenious contrivances of modern times, put up in England, and
steamed out to Balaklava, where she has done the army no little
service; and by and by she will steam back again as perfect as
she came, a curiosity well worth visiting. The French at Kamiesch had small portable forges arranged in long sheds on the
shore, where they were busily turning out bolts and staples for
the carpenters putting up the stalls for the cavalry horses. A
little further on another steamer is anchored, as far up the bay
as the water permits, a beautiful boat, and this was the floating
bakery, where ship bread and biscuit were turned out for the
army by wholesale, another instance unknown in the history of
a siege where a London bakehouse is sent out under steam to
feed the regiments of a distant war commissariat. But, extra
329 
WHAT THE ENGLISH LEAVE.
ordinary as all these contrivances may appear, they fall into
utter insignificance in comparison with the Balaklava railway.
No wonder that the Tartar peasants and the Cossack horsemen, with eyes and mouth outstretched, stand gaping at the
remarkable spectacle; no wonder that the Russian lady and
the country maiden stop their oddly enough made vehicle, with
its four horses abreast, to gaze upon so strange a scene; no
wonder that this mushroom community from so many lands
are attracted by the continual rattling of several locomotives
over as good a railroad as you can find between the towns of
England, for it is a most remarkable sight, England going to
war in Russia by railroad, and one of her own constructions at
that. More than anything else, these wholesale arrangements
attract alike the Russian and the French, and when we reflect
that engines and engineers, rails, and "navvies" to lay them
down; sleepers and railway carriages, coal and all the necessities for a complete establishment were brought out from England; the road graded by British workmen; the stations constructed by British carpenters out of British material, all for
the transportation of ammunition, provisions, forage and the
general supplies of the British army, from their port of arrival
to the lines in front; when we contemplate all these things,
even those who have just arrived from all the tearing activity of
the West, can but express astonishment at the substantiality
and enterprise of the arrangements. Some say that the road
is to be sold to the Russians; others, that, like everything else,
it is going back to England.
Judging from present movements, the English, like the
French, do not intend to leave anything behind them but their
graveyards and their remembrances. Old books and old uniforms, broken muskets and pieces of gun carriages, cannon from
330 
RUSSIAN REVIEW OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
the Redan, anchors from Sebastopol, and shot and shell unlimited cover the piers ready for shipment.  Near our ship some
thousands of the Tartar peasantry are piling up their traps,
and several transports are getting up steam to take them to the
colony provided by the Sultan. Fearful that their sympathy
with the allies will bring punishment from the Russians, they
gladly accept the beggarly hospitality of the Turk.
Ships, as I before observed, are daily coming in with supplies.
A day or two since the Celestial Breeze arrived direct from
New York, with a cargo of flour for the English commissariat,
and yesterday she was so fortunate as to get a charter from the
French, for two months, at eighteen thousand francs per month,
to embark horses for Algiers.  This ship and the Ocean Herald, before mentioned, are the only Americans at Balaklava.
Everything around me goes to show the gigantic preparations
for the next campaign. England this time was really in earnest.  Her army appeared at the review before the Russian
commander in a complete new suit of uniform, new horses, new
mltles, new supplies of ammunition, new huts for encamping; and
a most liberal supply of eatables more extensive than ever before fell to the lot of armies, has been supplied in extravagant
profusion, and all for naught, for the war was at an end.  The
supplies have come too late. England's army is equipped in a
Sunday garb, but France shows her poverty in the camp. The
one appears fresh and ready for action, but the other looks
seedy and uncared for.   The tables are simply turned.   At
the commencement the French shamed the English in all their
commissariat arrangements, then they had plenty to eat and
drink, good tents and warm clothing, and a transport corps to
carry their wounded from the field and their dead to burial,
while Russell's account of the English camp was just the reverse.
331 
THE GLORIES OF SARDINIA.
Now tne French show as much, if not more, exhaustion than
the Russians. The army looks needy as well as hungry, and
requires an entirely new outfit.
Little Sardinia has won more laurels than all the rest in her
fitness for war. Her little army of 15,000 men, a part of which
have embarked, has been tue admiration of all.  Their commissariat department is perfect, their huts, in construction, material
and comfort, are superior even to the English. Their horses,
their artillery, their ambulance corps, all show efficiency and
thorough organization. The officers are splendid looking fellows,
and the men are strong and healthy. Their dress is most becoming, uniforms all new, and, rain or shine, wherever you meet
a Sardinian, you can but notice how well he is got up. Sardinia is disgusted at the peace, so is England; but Russia, France
and Turkey, for the present, are satisfied; and Austria and
Prussia have managed to ring themselves into the Parisian congress, occupying an important part without a spending penny,
all of them uniting in talking Lord Clarendon into the propriety of signing away England's right of search on the high
seas, to the evident disgust of the British public and the British
press.
332 
CHAPTER XXXVII.
BALAKLAVA, May 4, 1856.
The Battle Ground on the Tchernaya-General Liprandi's Last Effort
iDangerous Sport-Military Drunkenness and Boston Rum —How the
North Side of Sebastopol Looks-Todtleben's Energy-The Diplomats
of Russia-English Growlers Abroad-Russian Feeling Towards
France-Policy of Austria and England-What the French Say to
Americans of the British-Republicanism of the French Army-The
Losses of the Russian War, &c.
ANOTHER chapter, and I've done with my trip to the Russian
coast Since my last, I have ridden over to the battle ground
of the Tchernaya, the last great action before the taking of
the Malakoff.  The battle was fought early on the morning of
the 6th of August last, and a more desperate attack, under
disadvantageous circumstances, could never have been made.
The Russians intended to surprise the French camp; and so
sudden was the movement that some of them had pushed to the
very door of Colonel Adams' tent; but everything was against
them, cannon from several batteries, the Sardinians on the left,
the Piedmontese close by, the Turkish in the front, and the
French in strong numbers on the right and directly oppositewere all pointed towards the only place where the Russians
could advance, the Tractir bridge. The result is well known.
The Russians were mown down by thousands, like the bridge
of Lodi, the Tractir was heaped with the slain. Every discharge 
GENERAL  LIPIRANDI'S LASr EFFORT.
of grape made a passage through the Russian columns; no
bravery could breast such a slaughter.'Twas in vain that
Russian officers led on their men, the artillery of the allies tore
everything before it.
The Russians retired with terrible loss, disheartened; and three
weeks later they lost the Malakoff, gave up the Redan, burned
their city, and retired to their northern forts. The whole army,
men and horses, and the swarming followers of the camp, the
active garrison, all went over in a single night, on a little bridge
of boats, one of the most remarkable evacuations ever recorded
in the records of war! The attack of the Tchernaya was the
last resource of Liprandi. His army, inactive on the heights,
wished to be led on; and, desperate as was the movement, they
boldly crossed the Tractir bridge, and were defeated with frightful loss. Save the small battery, the English did not appear at
this engagement. Minnie rifle balls, and shell, many of which
are unexploded, and balls of various sizes, still lie thick upon
the battle field.  An officer on the field the day of battle said
he saw sixteen Russians lying dead in one small circle, and the
fragments of a shell in their midst. One discharge had killed
them all. My companion picked up several pieces of skull, one
of which had two rifle balls lodged in it. Sentinels were stationed on the bridge.   Marshal Pelissier has forbidden any
Frenchman to cross without an order from headquarters, but
there is now no restriction for the English.
It is very dangerous to play with the unexploded shells. The
other day four soldiers, under the influence of liquor, thought
they would amuse themselves by touching a lighted segar to the
remains of an unburnt fuse of a forty-eight pounder; but it was
a serious joke to them. The shell burst, killing three on the
spot and  mortally wounding the fourth.   By  the way,  the
334 
MILITARY DRUNKENNESS.
drunkenness here is frightful, the men of both armies make
beasts of themselves when they get upon a spree. Lately I
have seen more French lying dead drunk on the field than English.   The English say that the French invite them over to
their camp and get them drunk, and then rob and beat them.
When you talk with a French soldier the ring is on the other
finger. But the truth must be told: the drunkenness is occasioned by "pure New England rum," marked Boston, U. S. A.
At Kamiesch I saw it tiered seven barrels high in a large artillery park, and at Balaklava the supply was equally extensive.
It is the wine of the officer and the brandy of the soldier, which
ever you please. It was taken into the trenches and was sold
in the camp. At Katikoe, in the cafes, or in the lines in front,
American rum has been the chief popular drink of the army.
An American house at Constantinople, with a branch in Boston, has obtained the contract, and money, they tell me, has
been coined in the speculation. What will Neal Dow say when
he learns that Boston rum stimulated the French when they
sprung into the Malakoff, and stirred up the English at the
Redan, that Boston rum is the only spiritual medium of the
Crimnea.
I would not have omitted my excursion to the north side for
considerable, it has given me altogether another view of the
Russian  strength.   Why, there are some  twenty or thirty
Mamnelons, Malakoffs and Redensal  earthworks on the same
gigantic scale are thrown up on every commanding position.
The genius of Todtleben is seen on every hand, wherever a gun
can bear upon an enemy, he has placed one.  The ravines and
mountains all along that side are leviathans in their way, and
bold, indeed, must be the army that dare attack the bristling
bastions that command all the approaches. You can have lit
335 
TODTLEBEN'S LIAST ENERGY.
tie idea of the wonderful natural strength of the Russian
position; and what nature had failed to do, Todtleben acconimplished. I am not speaking of Fort Constantine and the stone
fortifications commanding the entrance, these have already
spoken for themselves.  The Agememnon of the British navy
bears away the marks of what they could do. I do not mean,
either, the Star forts, so extensive and so powerful, I only allude
to the new bastions, the new earthworks thrown up all along
the high land, near the head of the bay, for miles; cannon
pointing in all directions. With any kind of a garrison, no
army that the allies could have sent would have taken that side
of Sebastopol. It is all nonsense to say that the allies have had
it all their own way. All sides can but admit that Russia has
played well her part of the game. The war has been confined
to her extreme frontier, and every foot of ground has been cointested by her army. After three great battles they commenced
to fortify, and you know the sequel. The earthworks withstood
every attack, and the allies were growing uneasy until by a
lucky stroke the French dashed into the Malakoff, which proved
to be the key of Sebastopol. Before, the Redan was supposed
to be, and all remember the terrible losses of the repulse on the
anniversary of Waterloo; but Neil came out from Paris, and
his eagle eye detected at once the mistake. They tried the
Malakoff, took it and held it; and then came the destruction
and evacuation of Sebastopol. Any one who stands upon the
spot can but express astonishment at the rapidity with which so
large a garrison crossed over on so slender a path to the other
side. Once there, what could be done? Their forts immediately opposite commanded all the approaches and every part
of the city; the allies entered, but could not remain, only a few
sentinels were stationed there. The Russian guns poured down
336 
THE DIPLOMATS OF RUSSIA.
their iron hail even upon the Malakoff and the Redan. What
then could the allies do?   Take the north side?   Never?
Starvation was the only way, they must do what the Russians
did at Kars.   And what general  would attempt so wild a
scheme? It would require a larger army than the allies had
to spare to cut off Perekop; and that was their only chance,
for I am willing to stake ten to one that none of them could
have obliged the Russians to give up their stronghold so long
as they had a horse left to feed upon; and I saw that the hills
were covered with cattle. I have talked with several Russian
officers. They seem disappointed at the peace, they wish to
have another trial, they told me what I saw for myself: that
each fort commanded its neighbor in the front, and when one
was taken they could retire to the one in the rear, thus gradually wearing out the patience of the besiegers. The English
papers may say that Russia was used up; but where, I ask,
has she not made good her cause?  In the Baltic, in Carcassia, in Asia Minor, Petropaulowski, at Castro Bay, on the
Crimea, Russia has a right to claim the acknowledgment of a
brave and wonderful defence.
In diplomacy, Nicholas with Seymour, and Count Orloff at
Paris, she is equally at her ease.  Alexander, in his manifesto,
does not seem humiliated. Napoleon himself said that he had
not been humbled. Russia is satisfied with the peace; and
well she may be, for England commenced with boasting and
ended by giving up her right of search. Just at the moment
her army and navy were so efficient she is now ready for war,
and being ready, she signs a peace which must break the present Ministry. Through Australia, China, India, wherever I
met an Englishman, peace was howled down; and now the
337 
RUSSIAN FEELING TOWARDS FRAN'CE.
documents has been signed, England  reserves her hereditary
privilege of growling.
Sebastopol is a ruin, admit it; the docks are destroyedadmit that also; but what is that?  Can they not be rebuilt?
The city can soon be thrown together again, and as for the
docks, a million and a half of dollars would make them as good
as new. They say the Black Sea fleet has been sunk; but the
last mail also says that Russia is allowed the privilege of raising
the Ships and taking them through the Bosphorus to the Baltic. So much for the damage on the Crimea, so much for the
results of this famous contest, a patched up peace, and a strange
uncertainty enveloping the future.   France and Russia seem
lately to have a sneaking fondness for each other. Napoleon
will probably go up the Neva, and Alexander will have to
visit France to kiss the baby. A treaty has been signed, and
that which is given to the world looks very plausible. But who
can tell us of the secret papers that have passed between the
representatives of the nations? Great things are often done
on the sly. Lord Palmerston knows a thing or two, and perhaps Russia has got more than the British public and the worlc
is allowed to read.
Remember the secret articles between Alexander and Napo.
leon at the treaty of Tilsit. May there not be some equally
good understanding  between their imperial successors?   It
would almost seem so. Diplomacy at home has been working
the oracle, and France and Russia may yet be pitted against
Austria and England,  their object the division of Turkey
When we remember that the Duke of Wellington and the Em,
peror Alexander, after Waterloo, walked arm and arm, showing
the good will of their respective armies and respective nations
into Paris, and together shed tears at the grave of JosephinE
338 
WHAT THE FRENCH SAY TO AMERICANS.
at Fontainrebleau, need we be surprised to find France and Rus sia as firmly allied, the one to revenge his uncle's fate at St.
Helena, the other to gratify a long conceaied revenge and na tional hatred and jealousy against the flag of a thousand years?
The armies in the Crimea are by no means friendly. The Eng lish and  Sardinians are more together, but the French keep
aloof from John Bull, and Russia never fails to cut his acquaintance.   The  Russian  officers whom  I have met occasionally
give a low growl at England and Austria, praising the French
and abusing the Turks, in fact, all abuse the Sultan's troops.
They have forgotten Kars and Silistria and several other important engagements, where Turkey maintained her ancient
fame.  I can't bear them; yet am  willing to give the beggars
their due. The world looks at their stampede from the redoubts
at Balaklava, and forgets other deeds of unmistakable bravery.
I don't think the Turkish army has credit for all it has performed. All in the Crimea abuse the Turks, English, French and
Russians; the Russians abuse the English, and the English and
French abuse each other.
With Americans, standing on neutral ground, the French
open out without reserve. A day or two since I breakfasted
in the French camp; fourteen officers of high rank at the dejeu,ner, and several Russians. We were four hours at the tablea regular Parisian entertainment.  When the wine began to
circulate, England and the English were the text for the jest
and the satire. They give them credit for nothing. They say
that they have always been a drawback; never up to time, a
perfect drag upon the French army.  Now, this is all nonsense;
but, however, I can only repeat what I heard at the Frenchman's table.   To sum up, in the language of the Zouave colonel:-" The English were too late for the Alma; the English
339 
REPUBLICANISM IN THE FRENCH ARMY.
were asleep at lnkermann; the English were mad at Balaklava;
the English ran from the Redan; and at the Tchernaya not an
Englishman was to be seen." Such, in short, are the views of
the French officers regarding their brave allies; and, on the
other hand, no love has been lost. The English officer, in his
cold national reserve, says less, and when he does speak, is more
guarded; but you can but notice a cold sneer at the champagne
style of the French, a quiet hate as natural as it is national.
It is evident they do not like each other. It is the same with
the soldiers; several fights have already occurred, and one or
two have been killed. If they should once get at it on a large
scale, it would be difficult to check the emeute, for discipline,
since the peace, is none of the best. The Frenchmen also say
that this war has shown them a close view of England's mannei
of fighting, and by and-by they will profit by it.
There is one thing I have noticed, far and wide.  The officer
of the French army itself, do not like the Emperor. They ar,
red republican to the back bone, and the moment that wine goe
freely round, out comes the "Marsellaise."  Napoleon know
this, and hence new expeditions are beiiig formed to keep th'
disaffected regiments out of France.   Several regiments ar
soon off for Madagasear, and the Zouaves and Chasseu-rs d'Af
rique go to Algiers. Pelissier is nriot popular with his arm:
and the French Emperor is silently hated.  There must b
something looming in the future. A word more and your Cr
mean correspondent resigns his pen to abler hands.  I am gla
that I have been one of the men to visit Sebastopol, the gre
battle stage of the present century, where some five nation
have acted their blood thirsty parts before an audience of tI
world. Thus far few Americans have been here, and unle
they get down soon, they will have to come in a private yac(
340 
LOSSES OF THE RUSSIAN WAR.
or make their way down via Moscow and Perekop, for the communication will be shortly stopped.
I had forgotten to mention that the Russians are never tired
of showing their friendliness for the Americans. The young
Prince before alluded to invited me to the hospitality of the
Russian camp at Baalbec, and promised to go with me to Simpheropol, but my time did not permit.  He  says that the army
received 10,000 Colt's revolvers from America, through Prussia, and that there were nearly five hundred engineers and doctors, all Americans, in the Russian ranks. Another officer also
observed that there were twelve ships being constructed for
Russia in the American dockyards; but of course I don't be —
lieve these stories, I only mention what I am told. TI)e Eng
lish say that we are altogether Russian in our feeling, alltidiIg(r
to the revolver business; but they forget that individuals slhipped gunpowder from New York to Londonl, and that A:nerican clippers, for a small consideratiotn, were kind enou,gh to
take down troops and aminiaunrition for Eng,lantd's august ally.
To-night I embark for Colstantitiople lb)y a steam transl)ort
and in takilng, my last glanceat the field of battle, I can but
again colltemplate the fearful loss of life arising from the war.
Directly and indirectly, a million of men have gone, in the
awful moment of crime, to meet their Maker. The heads of
families numbering five millions have been lopped off, and orphans and widows, beggars and cripples are once again added
to the swelling list.  Never before has been recorded such terrible mortality.  The recital of the facts sickens the heart.  So
much misery!  And what has been accomplished?  Nothing.
Europe is darker than ever before, and clouds heavy and sombre hang over her convulsing politics, concealing under the deceptive garb of peace the thunderbolt that is ambushed within.
341 
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
CONCLUDING CHAPTER TO A SIX MONTHS TOUR.
Retrospective glances; Arrival in Lonaon-Reflections-Australian re membrances, Melbourne, Sydney and Tasmania-The Spice Islands
-China-India and Voyage to Egypt-The Desert-The Delta and
the Pyramids-Alexandria and its Old Associations-Joppa to Jeru salem-Bethlehem-BiblicalMemories-Port of Asia Minor-Islands
of the Levant-Stamboul and the Bosphorus-The Euxine and the
Crimea-Modern War-Sebastopol-Kameisch and Balaklava-Re turn via the Ionian islands-Landing at Trieste-Austrian Bayonets
and Austrian Espionage-Continental tour-No time lost in passing
through the Hemisphere.
LONDON, May 22, 1856.
LONDON at last, can it be possible that I am so near my native
land! That dear country from which I had been so long away;
dearer than ever to me, for now I know its worth. I have seen
the world and much that in it moves; but never did I love my
mother-land as now.  Comparison with other countries, only
makes me more boastful of the flag, place them side by side and
far above them all you will find my own. The young American, never can appreciate his country till he has been abroad,
until he has sailed in distant seas, and slept in foreign climes. I
am once again in London, and when I remember the aboriginal
races that I have met, I feel even here at home, for what are
Americans but Englishmen left to themselves? Islanders, Asiatics, Africans and Europeans, have no community of feeling 
REFLECTIONS ON LONDON.
with, and all widely different from the children of the AngloSaxon father, and I am glad once more to find a similar costume, a similar language, and a similar worship to my own.
Meet an Englishman in a foreign soil, where the habits, customs
and religion of the native shows absence of civilization, where
the mind is even darker than the skin, and the American tourist
is sure to hail him as a brother.
Six years have wrought their changes since last I saw this
wonderful pivot on which the world has turned for centuries,
but London is still the same. A few new streets, a few new
buildings, a few new scenes, the removal of the Crystal Palace,
may alter a feature in its face, but to me'tis the same old London which I knew before, with its teeming, restless, riding, walking, writing, thinking, sleeping, dressing, eating, drinking, bustling millions; with its peasants and its palaces, its poverty and
its peers, its piety and its pickpockets, its pensioners, its politics, and its press, London is still the same I What a world of
history is written every day and every hour in this great city.
Even minutes have their eventful dramas, and audiences to see
them acted, births, marriages, deaths, all are occurring while I
write-firom the cradle to the coffin, the scene continually
changes, misery and crimne are searing, corroding, damning the
consciences of the poor, while the rich roll on in endless luxury;
perhaps no happier in the romance of their wealth, than those
who grind out from day to day the terrible realization of want.
A stranger in London is almost as isolated as a Hermit in a
wilderness, no one cares for him, none notice him, he passes on
and returns again, at sea with himself for being lonely where
all is life, for London is a wilderness, an ocean of Humanity
But I am not a stranger, for I am familiar with its features,
and yet I almost feel lost i) Ijondon, for its magnitude startles
343 
AUSTRALIAN REMEMBRANCES.
and then confounds-equal to three Australias; ten Londons
would make another United States in population I But why
lose myself in contemplation, why soliloquize, why not hasten
home to join my family and friends? Long months of truant
travel have been passed, and yet though I have twice circumnavigated the globe in distance, I cannot realize what I have done,
where I have been, nor what I have accomplished. Let me review
-First, I saw the Australian fleet on the tide of speculation
heading for the new discovered goldfield; I saw New York
some four years since, passed the line, looked at old Cape Hope
and landed in Victoria; then came hard work, hard living, hard
times, hard letters, and, commissions. I said Melbourne was to
be the center of a mighty nation whose manhood was recognized in its infancy, where power was in its gold and golden
lands, and whose progress and rapid growth would soon astonish its manly brother and its noble old father, whose broad
domain is divided by the Atlantic Ocean.   I saw the gold
fields and down I went some one hundred and seventy feet on
the Balaarat, deep down in the bowels of the Eureka to find
where they got the gold. I looked about me and saw how
wide the field, how few the laborers, for half a million may earn
a livelihood with the shovel and the pick. I noticed the thriving townships, the squatters and the sheep; I saw agricultural
lands waiting for the farmer's industry, and then I went to
Sydney and gazed with startled wonder upon its rock bound
gateway, its beautiful harbor, its handsome city. I appreciated
the hospitality of the Governor General, and Sir Charles Nicholson opened wide his house. I remember with pleasure the trip
to Parramatta(and learn with sadness that young Fitzroy, mine
host, threw his life away in the trenches of the Redan). Leaving New South Wales, I saw Tasmania, the mountains on its
344 
WHAT I HAVE SEEN.
banks and Hobart Town, I liked the social life I found there,
and cannot forget the courtesy of the Governor, Sir Henry
Young and his beautiful wife; for Government House was opened wide by young Britannia; I entered, and thought how often
had Sir John Franklin had the same grand halls; but now
who knew his fate-first in the Southern ocean, and then the
North, where he loses himself forever. Through the island
country seats of loyal Englishmen, over roads made perfect by
the convicts labor to Launceston, where the Tamar guides the
shipping to the port of Georgetown-so much have I seen of the
Australias. I have seen more, an American clipper is ashore,
and a Boston lady is wrecked upon a desolate bit of land in
Baso's straits, with a Lascar crew, a shepherd and a convict
servant, with snakes, kangaroos, and isolation; I got the news
-I did not like the journey; but there was a woman to be
rescued. And then I saw King's Island, where ship after ship
has been driven ashore and where a thousand lives have offered
up a prayer for a light house. Yes, I have seen something of
New Holland.
Long ago I have seen the several States of my ownl country,
lived at the north, and seen the last of all my family die at the
southl; but it was years ago, when I left a mother, father, all(t
three sweet sisters to be eaten up by the Cranship, in a dismal
and watery graveyard upon the Mississippi's bantiks iln New
Orleans. Several times by steamboat and by rail I looked
about my home, and passed some days in all the CanadaF,
crossed the Atlantic in steam packet and in sailing ship, and
lived for mouths in England, long enough to like the people aind
appreciate their worth, local prejudices were strong when I
landed. But a warm and cordial welcome gave me a taste for
England's hospitality.  I will never again trust to books to un
345 
RETURN AROUXD CAPE HORN.
derstand a nation's character. Active in business while there,
yet finding time to visit its classic lakes where poets most do
congregate, its cities, its grand old castles, its monuments and
its works of genius and of fame: and saw something of Ireland,
of Scotland and of Wales.
I saw the Queen at Balmoral in the highlands, and Prince
Albert in the Kill, just after he had shot a back; and the
Premier presented me to Lady Russell at Braemaer. I saw the
Troinocks, Loch Katrine and Melrose Abbey, and still remember the evening passed with the Duke of Devonshire at the
George, on the banks of the Menai in Wales. His autograph
to visit Chatsworth whenever it might suit my pleasure, is still
in my possession. I saw his beautiful Palace and was satisfied,
from Aberdeen to Dover, from the Tubular Bridge to the Crystal Palace, I luxuriated in the land, and then I saw the Continent and laughed and lived afresh when I got to Paris. But
all this was years ago. Having then seen what I could of
America, of England, and of Australia, where our sixty millions
of Anglo-Saxons delight in astonishing the eight hundred millions of aboriginals which the world contains. I wished to see
something more (;f human life, and to ascertain if it were possible to find a better place to live and die. I have failed to find
one. Well, then, let me see, I was in Melbourne in November
last (being entertained at a public dejeuner, by English gentlemen who doubted the propriety of my celebrating our national
anniversary by a public dinner some three years since), I was
in Melbourne and homeward bound, what should I do? Return
around Cape Horn, a three months' voyage by water. No I I
can do better, I will go into other countries, look hard at what
I see, and listen attentively to what I hear; remember all that
is new to me and book it.  I have done so, and you must par
346 
SIX MONTHS RECORD.
don the egotism that drives a man into print,'tis a failing of
our race, but as I have written all these letters incog. I may
escape praise, but not censure, or may pass under the table unnoticed. You will perhaps give me credit for industry, as well
as vanity, for to write so many pages on board of noisy steamers with half a regiment of sucking babies at your elbow, cannot
be the fruit of idleness. I have been the rounds of a six months'
trip. At the start I wrote you what I expected to do. Have
I not accomplished the task? Let me sum up the records of
six months among the natives.
In November, I remember of seeing the woody  highlands
on the Australian coast, hanging on for days in the face and
eyes of a screaming norther, the same that dismasted the Flying Arrow. I have bought spring chickens and plantains at
Anjer, eaten mangosteen and drunk ice-water at Batavia, lunched at the kingly palace of the Dutch governor at Buitenzorg
in Java, passed through the straits of Sunda to look at the
village of Minto, the tin mines of the Island of Banca, and
the spice groves of Sumatra; gathered pine-apples at three
cents a dozen, walked through nutmeg plantations, and seen
the native girls bathe at Singapore-talked opium, missionaries
going up the China seas, and wandered through the streets of
Hong Kong, surprised at its rapid progress; but I was homesick in the desolation of Macao, and bluer still while gazing at
the cheerless burial ground at Whampoa. Promenaded about
the Factory gardens in the morning, and in the evening at
Canton, and joined in boating, billiards and routs, making the
acquaintance of its merchants, its bankers and its ladies; steamed ten knots against the monsoon up the China coast, up that
monster River the Yang-tze-Kiang to Woosung, where opium
ships use cannon as an argument, still further up this wonderful
347 
INDIA AND VOYAGE TO EGYPT.
river to Slhanghae, where silks and green teas, and ships and
imports, make active in their season, merchants who live like
princes, and appear to relish life in China.  Disappointed in
paying my respects to the Emperor of Japan by the non-arrival
of the "Greta," a stateroom is offered me by a Canton merchant
whose clipper is bound down the coast, so in company with the
Boston boys, Heard and Gray, we came down fluking; saw
Ningpo in the distance, passed up the River Min without meeting the "Orientals" fate, and anchored at the Pagoda. No
pirates crossed our track, but the Tartar Viceroy of Foo-chowfoo, whose beggarly aid struck down my coolie boy. This is
where I saw the Black Tea shipments, the Commandant Fishing, and the huge spittoon of our Consul (like that long necked
jar of the crane in the fable). Did not stop at Amoy, but saw
the Swatau fleet loading slaves, who embark as passengers, but
do not find the mistake till they land in Cuba and South America.
I looked again at HIong Kong and hurried down at Singapore in an opium clipper steamer, sailed past Penang, up the
Bay of Bengal, into the Hioogly, and then I saw Calcutta. An
Indian life, and watched the Indian's customs, while I lived and
mixed with Europeans, who opened for me the rooms of the
Bengal Club. I saw that most unusual sight two live Governor
Generals at one time in India, and there were Indian Princes,
and Indian Kings at Lady Canning's ball, whose wealthy domains England has kindly relieved them of, a philanthropy peculiar to our Anglo-Saxon mother. I boated up the river to
the Government Palace, and saw the government park, and the
governor's menagerie, and in Calcutta saw the disgusting forms
of Hindoo worship. Continuing my journey I saw Madras and
stopped long enough to be disgusted, but not sufficient time to
348 
THE DELTA AND THE PYRAMIDS.
see its many beautiful residences back of the wide and uninviting seaport. Bought indian jewelry from Trichinonopoly, and
was amazed at the sight of a Catamaran, hurried on to Ceylon,
and killed musquitoes as big as an ink bottle, at the mansion
house at Point de Galle, but did not think much of the Cinnamon groves, a standing sell to the overland passenger. Spent
forty dollars in singular bracelets made of amber and tortoise
shell, talked East Indian, when the Nubia's party spoke of
American slavery, and argued the point of annexation in India
a blessing, in America, a crime! My fellow passengers all considering the political fillibustering seizure of Oude a master
stroke of policy with the late Lord Dalhousie. Slept four in a
room all the way to Aden, having a son of the Parliamentary
debater, the late Lord Erskine as a chum. Stopped a day on
the Arab's shore to coal, and saw the natives dive for sixpence,
and the encampment where the Sepoy Regiment guard the
sterile rocks of Aden against the Arabs.
Quicker and faster we are moving on, up the Red Sea's hot
waters, but saw no foot prints of Pharaoh or his hosts, no chariot
wheels, no ancient Colt's revolver or Minnie rifle in the sand;
watched with singular interest the Arab caravan as the Pilgrims prayed and resumed their march to Mecca, and counted
a thousand Camels going between Suez and Cairo; am not surprised at the mutinous behavior of Napoleon's army, for the
desert ride is terrible to the nerves. Passed through the land
of Abraham, of Isaac and of Jacob, and gazed on Ali's tomb.
All this I saw, and then those other wonders of the world, so
dark with age and mystery, the Pyramids of Egypt more astonished me than anything yet which I have seen; but I hastened on,
leaving the Nile, lower Egypt and Cairo, through the fertile
valley of the Delta, through the inland towns of mud and filth,
349 
BETHLEHEM- BIBLICAL MEMORIES.
disgusted with sore eyes, sand and fleas, the humbug and tinsel
of the land, till we got to Alexandria, where Cleopatra's needles
reminded me of Caesar's amours, and Catacombs and Pompey's
pillar covered another historic era. Once more I am off,; and
this time for Syria and Palestine; I saw Joppa and Ramnlah,
and Jerusalem, plucked thorns from off the bush, where Pontius
Pilate crucified Christ, gathered fruit upon the Mount of
Olives, and flowers in the garden Gethsemane. I saw the Holy
Sepulchre on Mount Calvary, and the tombs of David and of
Absalom and of the Judges-the Brook Kedron, the valley of
Jehoshaphat, the tomb of Lazarus and Mary's Well, and walked
through the Via Dolorosa, and saw the site of Solomon's temple.  And then I rode to Bethlehem and saw stars still shining
brightly over the shepherds of Judea, and beautiful women
with simple attire were there, and further on was Jordan and
its memories, the Dead Sea, and Jericho and Gallilee; I saw
the Manger Cradle in the Sepulchre, but did not profit by the
mummery of the Priest. I went again to Ramlab and plucked
lilies in Sharoni's valley, and oranges in the groves of Joppa.
Then I tried the Austrian steamer and found an Italian Prince,
an Irish Peer and a nobleman of France at our table. I saw
Mount Carmel, Napoleon's Hospital, and Acre and Beyrout;
was entertained by an Egyptian sovereign in European style,
and caught a glimpse of the Harem's inmates, peering down
upon the dancers.  With Arab horses in company with a London banker I rode o'er hill and valley, and there were the
cedars of Lebanon, and beyond them was Damascus; then we
visited Lattakia and Larnarca in the Island of Cyprus, and
went to Alexandretta, and Messina, and then to Rhodes where
the Templar Knights were once and all powerful, and anchored
at Lucyrna a claimant for the nativity of Homer-went over
350 
ISLANDS OF THE LEVANT.
to Bornabat, and picked oranges out of the parlor windows of
mny friend, ordered some fifty boxes of figs as presents for home
consumption.
I hope you are not fatigued for there's more ground yet to
cover, for continually, we are passing new scenes, island after
island filled with history, wild and terrible history. There was
Patmnos, and I forget the name, but the place is memorable for
the brutal slaughter of the Greeks, 120,000, not forty years
ago were scattered by the Turk; one thousand only escaped to
tell the damning tale! And this is that Turkey for which the
allied armies have dressed themselves in a mourning garb.
Other lands of note I passed, islands of which the Levant is
fiull, covered with foliage, bandits and windmills, and then to
Tripoli, Gallippoli and the Dardanelles, and after the Sea of
Marmora. I saw the mosques and university and all that makes
the picturesque in old Stamboul, and there was Constantinople
and Pera and the Bosphorus, that dark and silent river, that
covers the ruin of many a fair and lovely maid; and I saw the
villages on either side, and the transport fleet, and Scutari's hospital, all was strange, all was novel; but not as strange as represented in the books, not as beautiful as writers would make
us believe, the real features are swallowed in fancy. Why don't
tourists stick to truth, for exaggeration spoils the effect? From
the capital of the Turk, I steamed through the Black sea, and
landed in the Crimea, to be astonished at the magnitude of
modern warfare.
There were five monster armies, and all that gives them
strength. How different from a land at peace. Kamiesch, with
its army, fleet, and its village of huts, and Balaklava, a little
mountain lake, uncomfortably packed with shipping; Balaklava, where a nation went to war by railway, and Sebastopol
351 
352      AUSTRIAN BAYONETS-AUSTRIAN ESPOINAGE.
in its horrible desolation, and the Redan with its sickening
memories, and the Malakoff, and then there was Inkermann,
and the Alma, and the plunge of the last of the Cardigan's, and
the Tchcrnaya, and Baalbec and Simpheropol-all these, and
then the return through the Moslem pass; through the lonian
islands, where we saw Scio with its quaint old city, and Corfu,
with its frowning cannon, pointed by an English garrison-past
Athens, immortal Athens, the land of fable and of fame, the
home of renegade Greeks, of robber hordes; for law continued
against a long sojourn, past Lord Byron's grave where he wrote
his own requiem. Up the Adriatic, near the classic grounds of
Italy, till we saw Trieste and shuddered at the Austrian's despotic sway. We anchored, and Austrian officers waited upon
us ashore under Austrian bayonets, examining our baggage
with an Austrian incivility, and watching us as though we had
been guilty of some political crime; from the hour I landed
till I left the frontier, passing on through Gratz to Vienna, and
from Vienna into Germany, I was never at liberty; I knew
that Austrian police were ever near, and the never ceasing
checking and counter checking, signing and counter signing of
my passport, told of their damnable system of espionage, by
which thank God, England, and my own country have never
been cursed. From Austria, through German states, into Brunelly, and then to France, through continental cities full of paintings and sculpture, with history written in blood, till we reach a
free air, and land at Dover; and here I am, inr London, in time
for the peace illuminations and the Derby.
I have thus run through the way stations of a six months
tour. This will show you what can be accomplished by the
clipper ship, the steamboat, the railway car and the Arab's
horse.'Tis a long journey, expensive and fatiguing, but most 
CONTINENTAL TOUR.
instructive; though whirling along so rapidly, I have daguereotyped upon the memory, what I have seen of the singular customs and manners of aboriginal tribes; all of them are taught
to worship a supreme being, but'tis the heathen homage of unenlightened intellect. Wherever I go, money is the ruling power,
the passion giving birth to all the forms of crime. In this respect there is a wonderful resemblance. The New Hollander,
the Javanese, the Malay tribes of Borneo, the Japanese, the
Klings from Coromandel, the Chinese, the Siamese, the natives
of Manilla, the Bengalee, the Hindostanee, the Burmese, and
the many tribes of India; the natives of Ceylon, the Bedouin
Arab, the Egyptian, the Nubian and the Syrian, the Armenian
and the Turk, the Russian, the Persian and the Greek, and the
many natives of the continent, are not unlike the Englishman
and the American in this respect; all seem to look out for self,
number one, before the million; the Jew and the Gentile, the
Catholic and the Protestant, the Christian and the Infidel, the
Greek, the Turk and the followers of Bhudah and Confucius,
are not so different as one might suppose, for in self-preservation and love of money, there's a wonderful likeness to us all.
I have seen them on their own soil in' their many colored garments, and heard them talk their tower of Babel languages.
In all these lands there's a wonderful respect for England, her
army and her navy is everywhere, notwithstanding the Baltic
and the Black sea fleet, she seems to have a man-of-war at every
port. No wonder Englishmen are so proud of their country,
for no other nation has done what she has done; a little Island
by itself, England sends her martial airs into every corner of the
world. Go through the Oriental sea and you will find English
charts and English surveys, of every harbor, every bay, every
river, every channel, every port of water, where commerce
353 
DIPLOMACY AND COMMERCE.
could be introduced. On land it is the same, her geographical
knowledge is wonderful. With credit, with capital and with
steam, she has for a long time ruled the finances of the world
but she has given birth to a powerful rival, America is still at
full speed, while Ellgland has stopped to coal!  We are now
neck and neck in commerce. Where shall we be thirty years
hence? In going from land to land, one prominent fact the
tourist is sure to note; wherever you find an English man-of
war, you will most likely see an American clipper merchantman,
and wherever you see an English Consulate, there you will find
an American merchant. England knocks down the gates of
stubborn nations, as in China, and America walks in and takes
the toll of commerce.  John Bull fights, Jonathan negotiates,
but will fight if occasion demands it.
But'tis bad taste to provoke each other to another trial of
strength. Just now diplomacy seems of war, and Palmerston
is disgusted with Marcy.  The horizon is as black as an ink bottle. I don't know which is to blame, my sentiments have always
been "my country right." I will now amend them, and say
"right or wrong, my country!"  I hope that all may yet be
well, for self-destruction is terrible.
" Though oceans roll between us, our lands are far apart,
Thoughl rival mothers bore us, we are brothers still at heart;
Let us think upon the ancients blood, that circles in our veins,
And drain the cup of fellowship, while yet a drop remains.
So here's a health to hallowed Albion, the jewel of the sea,
And her daughter, fair Columbia, the happy and the free;
Long may their sons their praises sing, in friendship's jovial strains,
And drain the cup of fellowship while yet a drop remains."
354 
P A R T II.
AUSTRALIAN CORRESPONDENCE
TO THi
BOSTON POST, THE LIVERPOOL TIMES,
Aim~  LU trtllants P,agaRiut Age
BEING AN ACCOUNT OF
THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE TRADE OF
AU7$XBUMA L)EA.  
YOUNG AMERICA ABROAD.
PART II.
CHAPTER I.
OFF PORT PHILIP, ON BOARD SHIP
BAVARIA, May 21, 1853. f
MY DEAR COLONEL:-The promises of the past and the inclinations of the present prompt me to give you a digest of an
Australian voyage.  Stale and unprofitable as is the subject of
an ocean letter, it may be worth. the perusal of those who have
a touch of the "yellow fever," and are about expatriating themselves to tile "land of promise."
Some four months ago, having made up my mind to step out
of Broadway into Five Points-or in other words to leave a
"bed of roses," perchance, for a "couch of thorns,"-I voluntarily laid upon the altar of youth's desire for change the many
sacrifices of all the happy associations of my boyhood's home
to seek my fortune under the golden rays of Albion's brightest
star. So, full of adventure and the novelty of the enterprise,
I surrendered myself to the excitement of preparation. Counting-house "fixins" were purchased, clerks engaged, circulars 
OUT AT SEA-A STORM.
distributed, trunks packed, and, what was most important,
bills were paid, before I took my last dinner at the Winthrop I
when, with a light heart, I gave a farewell look at my native
city, received a parting "God bless you" from many kind
friends and well wishers, (which I shall cherish in kind remembrance with the hope that the cordial grasp of the hand at my
departure, Deo volente, I may feel again on my return) bade one
more long good bye to those I love, secured a late copy of the
Post, got into the cars just as the Train was leaving, jumped
on board the Bavaria at New York, stopped two days at quarantine windbound, weighed our anchor, spread our canvas,  and
notwithstanding a full ship, drawing twenty-eight feet, here we
are off Port Philip in 92 days.
Fortune has favored us with good winds, and we have made
the most of them. We drove a capital bargain out of the trades,
twenty-three days the north easters gave us to the line, thirty-five
of the south-casters carried us to the Cape, when the variables
took us in clipper time. The weather was " n-e-v-e-r b-e-t-t-e-r,"
save in the first week out, when we had it so "rough"'twas
fortunate it fourd us "ready."  This was the only gale that
made our acquaintance, and we had so much of it that we did
not wish an introduction to another. It was of the kind that
drives a landsman to the conclusion that a sailor earns his wages.
Hiardly had the excitement of departure darkened into the
simple fact of our being fairly out at sea, and the thousand
incidents of the shore been reproduced on the brain, when the
winds did blow, the snow descended, the waves did roll and beat
upon our gallant ship, and, I do assure you, great was the
motion thereof I
Oh that awful storm I how well I do remember it. From
Saturday night till Monday morning wrapt in the entangled
358 
THE SHIP IN THE STORM.
sheets of a stateroom bedstead, I brooded upon the "change
that come over the spirit of my dreams." Yesterday, luxuriating upon the pleasures of anticipation at home; to-day, dying
while ringing the changes of a villainous realization in mid ocean.
Early in the evening we heard the order given to take in sail.
Would to God, we thought, that they could reduce the motion
also! but it was not so "nominated in the bond." We could
only put our trust in Him, to use a Cromwellism, and keep our
staterooms dry.  There we were lying to in a heavy cross sea,
momentarily expecting an affectionate embrace. Nature's sweet
restorer fled our presence, although we all would have consigned
ourselves to Morpheus at a high commission, but sleep was not
to be had at any price. Good gracious! Look at our position.
The maddened winds were blowing wild cats through the riggings, and we heard nothing but the dismal howlings of the
frightened waves, the hoarse creaking of the shaking masts, the
rubbing of the chafing gear, the trumped-toned orders of the
fatigued officers, and the faint "aye, aye, sir," of the half
drowned seamen, the booming of some intoxicated sea against
ourside light, determined to come in whether good looking or
not, the hollow death rattle that told in living language the sad
mortality of the poultry cages, (for like dead pill makers, many
of our ducks had ceased to quack, and the geese whose patriotic ancestors did so much for Rome, were not equal to their own
salvation. The staving of watercasks, and the smashing of crock.
cry, the shipping of seas, and the unshipping of cargo, all reminded me of the friends I had left behind me, in particular, and
of the mutability of human life in general. Sacrilegious as was
the thought at such a moment, the Irishman's prayer came into
my mind, when in a similar predicament, where he appealed to
all the powers above and below, separately and all together, fol
359 
APPEARANCE OF MY ROOM.
aid, saying he had never troubled'em much, and if they would
let him off aisy this time he would never trouble'em again, and
I could not help laughing heartily at the remembrance. As I
lay in my figure of four attitude, I speculated upon the chances
of my little bedstead outliving the storm I A most amusing
cotillion occurred between trunks, bandboxes, bathing tubs,
washboards, pitchers, &c., all moving under some mysterious
impulse.  Here a small delicate Chinese workbox proposed a
polka with the valise, and the clothes bag led off the hatbox in
a Schlottische I Trunks-forward and back-pitchers cross over
-change partners-back to places-bathing-tub and bandbox
lead to the right-balance-washbowls ditto-tip over, smash
up and change hands with the pitchers-all promenade-grand
right and left! Next, two trunks cross over and pitch into the
bedstead-leave one of them on the top of madam's best bonnet-right and left with the other-change with the broken
washbowl-all back to places-all belay-luff and bear off!
Scene closes with a grand tableaux of delightful confusion I
After some thirty-six hours of uncompromising nightmare
and unconquerable sea sickness, I followed the Defenders advice
to Col. Haynle and took an observation I Behold a miracle I my
bed was standing! No Roman wall could have withstood such
a furious battery. I got a peep at the sky; the clouds had
disappeared.  I saw the ocean; the waves were trembling with
their last night's spree; and cutting up a swell that would have
disgusted a Broadway dandy. The winds had bottled up, in
part their bellowing. The ship had found her natural position,
and was ploughing through the water something like a harpooned whale. I looked about the room. Had all the imps
of Pandemoniutm joined in the dance of the preceding night it
could not have looked in a more disordered state. The floor
360 
APPEARANCE OF MYSELF.
was covered with the spoils; my best beaver, a five dollar castor from Rhodes'-was as fiat as your hand; one of my boots
only hove in sight, and that was filled with small pieces of
lemon peel, bits of apple, cracker, etc., which I could have
sworn I had eaten a day or two before; my inexpressibles were
shoved between two trunks; my coat I extricated from the
washstand, and finally, Herculean as was the task, I completed
my toilet! Although not a spiritual medium, I am somewhat
fond of my glass, so I gave one look, it was enough, Tittlebat
Titmouse   could not have looked worse after his third trial of
th e          hair dye.  My delicate Indian complexion had been transformed into a villainous Chinese. A settled disgust was painted
over our features, but an unsettled state of things was still upon
my             stomach.  The "capillary substance on the summit of my
cranium" flared out like a chesnut burr.  In the language of
th e          immortal Christy, "each particular hair stood on end
Like squills upon the speckled turpentine."
I went into cabin and there met with other spectral forms,
who did stare, and gape and yawn, but none laughed. Out of
three and twenty passengers there were but two at the breakfast table, one at each end. The captain gave orders to close
up. Nuf zed. I was bold enough to swallow a bowl of mush
and milk, which could not have found its way back again quicker if it had been shot out of a gun.
Some days passed before "Richard was himself again," and
having no desire to tax our patience further to-day, would
most respectfully request permission in the morning to resume
my homely journal.
361 
CHIIAPTER II.
OFF PORT PHILIP, ON BOARD SHIP t
BAVARIA, May 22, 1853. f
I GAVE you yesterday the Alpha of my voyage, but find little worth recording in the Omega.   iad we overhauled some
dismasted ship; or even had our own misfortunes obliged us to
make some foreign port, I would have pledged myself for a
thousand incidents that might have arrested your attention.
But, thank God, no such painful duty awaits me. A long voyage furnishes but few items worth "making a note on."  An
occasional sail on the horizon's verge, a school of porpoises,
hopping up like "baby jumpers," under the bow, the parvenu
ugliness of the pupils of a blackfish school, in comparison with
the beautiful symrmetry and more patrician aspect of the many
colored dolphin, as unlike as cloud and sunshine, the whizzing
past of a flying fish in the calm latitudes, or a whale spouting
in the distance, the scooping of a gull, the heavy roll of an albatross, or the more graceful flight of a stormy petrel, is all we
have at sea to relieve its monotony. There seems to be as many
species of birds on the ocean as there are kinds of heather in
the moors of Caledonia.
One hundred days is a long while for those who have led an
active life to be cooped up in the limited space of a poop deck.
No matter how agreeable our companions, we manage to get
heartily tired of them before we land. They wear like a new 
SUNSET AT SEA.
coat for a little while, but soon become threadbare. The only
thing that is not monotonous is the setting of the sun. Had I
any poetry in my composition I would try aad paint the picture,
but I should find it as difficult, I fear, as it was for Copperfield to sleep with "one eye open!"  There can be but one
thing that will bear comparison with such a flood of beauty,
and that is when it rises. It may be my imagination, but I
fancy that the view is more gorgeous in the Southern Ocean
than in the North Atlantic. Night after night I have watched
his disappearance below the horizon, and wondered how an
atheist could gaze upon such a picture and doubt the existence
of a God! No two evenings does it appear to me the sameone day we have all the landscape scenery that ornaments the
Hudson, commingled with the stalactite beauty of a Kentucky
cave by candle light, while the next resembles more the indescribable richness of a myriad of rainbows, connected together
by the most enchanting scenes that the fancy can furnish.
The resolutions made in good faith on shore to follow some
particular study, or learn another language, or in carrying out
any definite project, soon fall through. The mind will not be
burdened with too much matter of fact.
Perseverance will assist you for a while, but that soon slacks
the rein. Books I found the best time-killer. Let me advise
those who are not contented with the pleasures of home, but
must needs wander off to unknown lands, caring more for the
"bird in the bush" than "in the hand "-to provide themselves
with a spare trunk full of such companions. A judicious selection of standard works are a luxury on shipboard, that bear a
priceless value to the lover of reading. Works of the lighter sort
are the most palatable. Seldom will the most enthusiastic stu
363 
EQUIPMENTS FOR SEA-AMUSEMENTS.
dent care about diving far into the mysteries of "Butler's Analogy" or "Smith's Wealth of Nations" when on the ocean.
Arguing with " John Bull " that it is as essential to look after
the physical as well as the mental appetite, let me suggest to
the Australian voyager the propriety of packing up a few luxuries to be opened after he has passed the Rubicon of sea-sickness!  A few drums of figs, a jar or two of prunes, a good
assortment of jellies and preserves, some sardines and cider, a
dozen or so of soda water, some oranges and lemons, and a package of that thin home-made gingerbread will never come out of
place, no matter how well the ship is furnished. There is a peculiar taste to such delicacies between meals that you cannot
appreciate at home. Then having provided yourself with what
ye shall eat and what ye shall drink,'tis well to get that wherewithal ye shall be clothed I You will find that a few dozen of
seventy-five cent shirts and some Oak Hall thin coats and pants
will suit the outer, as well as the above luxuries will the inner
man!
The entertaining resources of the most prolific passenger are
soon exhausted. Before we lose the northern trades, every
man has discharged the anecdotes with which his memory is
loaded, and sung his last song, and waits patiently with Mr.
Micawber for "something to turn up I"  Our amusements are
easily enumerated. Shuffleboard was most resorted to-a game
combining exercise with pleasure, played with quoits and que
on a chalked plan like children's "tit tat too," counting fifteen
each way-familiar to most sea-going travelers. The fish lines
were frequently thrown over for dolphin and other bipeds, but
one shark, an ugly looking customer, was the only trophy taken.
We were more successful, however, with the feathered tribe,
having several alabatross on the deck at a time, some of which
364 
A VARIETY OF AMUSEMENTS.
measured twelve feet from wing to wing. The captain says he
has seen them twenty, They are a queer looking bird, having
a bill as long as a French innkeeper, and a foot like a cabbage
leaf I The first officer also threw the harpoon into a porpoise,
which we soon hauled on board, and a day passed quickly off
with the excitement, like Paddy's Bullfrog it seemed the four
kinds of meat, fisk, flesh fowl and mackerel!  I thought it quite
palatable, resembling venison more than anything else.
In the hot latitudes most of us luxuriated in a salt water bath
under the bow-pump, a treat which we imagined threw Newport and Cape May entirely in the shade, some of the venturesome went overboard before the shark was hooked, but after
that they were contented with the pump ablutions I Some of
the Buckeyes were ambitious to make exploring expeditions in
the rigging, and by constant practice, one of the most resolute,
up to the time of my writing, has got as far as the maintop I
A paper was started devoted to literature, politics, religion, the
arts and sciences, ethics and the incidents of the passage, and
flourished under the soubriquet of the Bavarian Journal; but
just as we had added the Post to our exchange list, after three
gasps, (as the butcher's boy remarked about some suspicious
looking veal,) "It did n't die zactly but kinder gin aeout."
One day our sympathy was aroused by discovering a pig
wedged in between two water casks, where he had been shoved
during the storm-a fortnight fasting had reduced him to a perfect Calvin Edson, and the moment his companions got a glimpse
of the stranger, so disgusted were they with his skeleton appearance, they gave one yell, and pitched into him on every tack,
and had not the sailors come to his assistance they would have
soon annihilated what remained of the poor shipwrecked porker I I may not be accused of casting pearls before swine if J
365 
OUR BEST BIT OF FUN.
remark (now I have got past the aforesaid quadrupeds,) that I
could but look upon the scene as a fair type of the mutability
of mankind. "Friendship, in common parlance, is a hollow
hearted term, but in its true garb, is a messenger sent from
heaven."
After tea, conversation usually settled into whist; and to
show how uniformly the cards will run, let me say that out of
five hundred games played at our table we only led our opponents ten games.
But the most delectable bit of sport which we had was the
"crossing of the line."  Whether they have as much fun on
other ships I cannot say; I can only testify as to my own experience in the "Bavaria." It was understood among the passengers, during the afternoon, that the sailors were preparing
their "fixins," and about the deck we were all on the qui vive
for the appearance of the " Ocean Monarch," when we heard a
most unearthly noise proceeding from the forecastle, which the
mate informed us was his majesty's sheet iron band, playing,
"see the conquering hero comes."
This concord of sweet sounds having ceased, a grim looking
monster with a large trumpet was seen protruding his head
above the main chains, and our ears were again besieged by his
stentorian majesty asking  "if there were any passengers on
board the Bavaria who had never before entered Neptune's dominions? if so, he should demand of them the customary tribute."
The words had hardly found an echo when his minions pounced
in upon us from all quarters-some from aloft, some over the
ship's side; some clambered down the bowsprit, and all dressed
in the most fantastic garb; and really their costumes were most
ingeniously contrived. One bore a mammoth quadrant; another
carried a Munchausen compass; a third was provided with a
366 
" CROSSING OF THE LINE."
monster razor, constructed out of an old saw; a fourth a tar
bucket; a fifth seemed to be a walking barber's shop, in short,
they were all furnished with some emblematic device. Neptune's
dress fairly out-Heroded Herod. He looked hideous enough to
frighten a dog out of a tanyard; and as the glare of the lantern shone on his sturdy followers, with their masks, and blackened faces, and uncouth apparel, one could hardly help feeling
that he was in the courtly presence of his Satanic Highness.
Neptune bade his clerk call the names of the passengers in rotation, and requested each one to write down opposite his name
the sum that he was disposed to pay.   We all came forward,
and the result showed a fair amount of tobacco-money. " Tom
Tit" was then seized, and, in less time than I can relate it, was
lathered from the tar-bucket, shaved with the saw, and plunged
into a tub of salt water several times in the most reckless manner, amid the shouts of both forecastle and cabin. The sport
was at its height, and we were all (with the exception of the
ladies, who somehow were in the secret) huddled  together,
laughing and cracking jokes upon poor "Tom," possibly thinking
who might be the next victim, when, mirabile dicta! we heard
a strange noise in the rigging, and, turning to ascertain the cause,
we were all completely deluged with salt water, which caused
such a scampering and yelling as would have frightened from
his stoicism a Camanche Indian. It seems that Jack had during
the day carried several buckets of water into the maintop, and,
at a given signal, so adroitly was the thing managed, we all got
drenched! The shaving of Tom Tit was only a decoy to get
us together. The tables were fairly turned. One moment we
were bursting with merriment at his discomfiture, but the next
the laugh was turned upon us.
The sailors ended the festivities with a dance, after which we
367 
OUR SPORT AT NIGHT.
thought it best to "make a night of it," and five bells in the
morning watch had struck before we thought of sleep.  I iiever
expect to enjoy such another carnival till I get to Rome. Like
Pleydell in Guy Manuering, we threw off our dignity, and entered into competition to see who would produce the loudest
latugh. The principal fear amongst us all was that some one
would escape his share of salt water. For my part, if I had
been thrown overboard I could not have been more thoroughly
drenched.
Here we are in sight of Point Nepean, and wishing you every
prosperity, promising to send you my impressions of the republic
in embryo.
368 
CHAPTER III.
"PRINCE OF WALES" HOTEL, 
MELBOURNE, June 29, 1853.   1
WHEN I gave you from off Port Phillip a pen and ink sketch
of "life on the ocean wave" I intimated that my impressions
of this mushroom city should be forthcoming at an early day.
We dropped our best bower in Hobson's Bay on the 23d ultimo
-so you see I have had some little time to look about me; and
you must not shrug your shoulder at what I may say, for believe me, I've seen some things that your landsmen only read
of, and this is the conclusion that I have not "jumped at "that within the short space of ten years Melbourne will be the
great commercial emporium of this part of the world.
Some of the new comers I've no doubt will send home shocking accounts of matters here before they get well acquainted,
and well they may, for they hear a thousand reports and see
some queer looking sights to warrant their dislike. Like Punch
on purchasing his weekly allowance of tea, they hope for the
best, but are hardly prepared for the worst. On leaving home
they have made up their minds to find a different state of things
and are consequently all anxiety to make the discovery long ere
they are fairly housed.
The pilot is besieged at the Heads, the custom house officer is
held by the button, the emigration agent is overloaded with
questions, and the newsmen are taken by storm by importunate
adventurers who are desirous of anticipating fortune.  Says one 
LANDING AT MELBOURNE.
who has staked his all in the article, with a most anxious look
and impatient gesture, "what's the price of flour?" Another,
with his family at his back, talks of the "chance of getting
board." A third, with a revolver in each pocket and a brandy
bottle in his hand, touches on the state of society I Another
begs to know what are the latest dates from home. A fifth
"expects the miners are  doing well."   And so they go till
answerer and questioner are completely exhausted. The. tub is
washed, the pump refuses to act I
The passenger then having discharged his last shot, gets his
trunks together, all of which were packed before he saw Cape
Otway, talks with an important air of respect and self-admiration of his future prospects, makes patronizing remarks to the
stewards, and thinks he shall make the officers, with whom he
has not been on speaking terms since he left the Cape, a present!-is perfectly enchanted with the beautiful Bay of Port
Philip, and swears the scenery beats anything hlie ever sawopens very wide his eyes when the shipping, covering so many
acres of water, bursts upon his view, asks the pilot, looking
towards St. Kilda, "if that are place aint Melburn?"-shakes
hands with the captain and his fellow passengers, with whom
he has become as much disgusted as they are with him, (for it
seems to be the same stereotyped thing on board of every passenger ship, this story of "wrongs endured and afflictions
borne"-the one party swearing it an utter impossibility to
find another such a lot of rowdies!-while the other affirms
that the captain is no gentleman, and only fit to command a
whaler,) steps with a lighlit heart and a quick movement on
board the little thirty horse power side wheel steamer, paying
five shillings for the privilege, and groans when he learns that
the captain and supercargo get off with one, passes the convict
370 
THOUGHIITS OF THE NEW COMER.
hulks with a shudder, jumps ashore at Williamstown where the
steamer stops for passengers, and walks up and down the pier,
looking at the thousand and one boats at the landing and coming in from every direction, manned by Lascars, Manilla men,
Chinese and sailors of every nation and color, starts again with
a half a hundred "master mariners" who are jabbering in every
language about his ears, wonders if the bills of Melbourne will
be as long as those of the pelicans feeding on the beach, and is
surprised to see hundreds of sea birds of every possible kind as
tame as barnyard fowls, along the river's mouth, and says
"yes," (interrogatively) when told that they are as tame as
the stork in Germany or the "adjutant" in Calcutta, and that
the authorities will not allow even a pistol to be discharged in
the bay on account of the shipping.
A short time since Melbourne was sufficiently large for its
commerce, and the accommodations were fully equal to the wants,
of the city, but, presto I a speck of gold dust is picked up by
some shepherd while watering his flocks, which he soon discovers
to be the sentinel of a golden land,-more are found-nugget
after nugget is spread before his astonished senses I The news
like wildfire is carried over the world, and adventurers of every
land are drawn hither by the powerful magnet.  The word goes
from mouth to mouth," what a place this will be if the gold
holds out!"  Months and months have gone by and new mines
have been daily discovered, and it is now a settled belief with
the practical men in this region that the gold fields are almost
illimitable, covering thousands of square miles, and now they
say instead of what a place it will be, —" what a city it has
already become."
No, the new comer must not be disappointed with his first
experience; industry and enterprise will insure him his heap;
371 
THE RESOLUTION TO WORK.
things will mend in due time. Let him get an office, even if he
does pay fifty dollars per week for a place not half so desirable
as your editorial sanctum; let him note the lay of the land,
and find a satisfactory boarding house, even at five dollars a day.
Let him go up on the hill by St. Peters' church and see how
large the streets are, and how regularly they are laid out, cutting each other at right angles as in the newly built portion of
New York.  Let him cast his eye over the broad common, over
the beautiful valley, over the green hills, over the gum-tree
forest, over the "village of tents," over the numberless ships
in the bay, and over the suburban towns. Let him arise at
early dawn and observe the sun shed its indescribable beauty
over the heavens, differing entirely in appearance from our part
of the world.  Let him make up his mind that, "I can't do it
never accomplished anything," and "that I will try has wrought
wonders." Let him decide to look upon the bright side of every
thing, and my word for it he is certain to develope his "gold
field "-he is sure to be satisfied that he was induced to try his
fortune in this distant land.
372 
CHAPTER IV.
"PRINCE OF WALES" HOTEL,         t
MrELBOURNE, June 23, 1853. f
I HAVE already addressed you by this mail, giving the new
comer's first experience, and as I am aware how anxious your
readers must be to get hold of every information about this
golden country, I will jot down something a little more practical.
I have, said that I am agreeably surprised with the general
appearance of Melbourne. The city could not have been better
planned and located for residences, but not for business. Collins street is the Broadway, and Flinders lane is Wall street, the
one having several respectable looking dry goods stores, the
other lined with counting houses and brokers' offices. The mer
chants mostly reside in the suburbs, and drive in their dog cart,,.
or come on the saddle into town. I say the city is well located
for residences, but not at all well situated for business —Williamstown having decidedly the preference, on account of its
proximity to the shipping. I can see no reason why piers could
not be built out from this latter place for vessels to discharge,
instead of this odious system of lighterage. All that is required
is a little of the San Francisco style of doing things. Wharves
need not be run out so far here to find a deep water berth as
there, and the only objection that can arise is the want of high
land to fill in with, and the scarcity of timber. There are now
some one hundred and fifty small one story buildings, in the 
THE SITUATION  OF MELBOURNE.
town, which I hope will soon give way to warehouses. If the
new houses would say the word and start the project, we could
quickly accomplish a change. At so late a day it may be difficult to turn the current.
Lord Melbourne pitched his tent nine miles from the Yarra's
mouth on account of better water, and where the town first
started I suppose will be its centre. But, like dropping a pebble in the water, the place will continue to widen till it has
swallowed up Collingwood, Richmond, St. Kilda, Sandridge and
all the adjoining towns. Should nothing be done at Williamstown, Sandridge is the next desirable place for wharves. The
principal difficulty here is the southwest winds, which sometimes
sweep over the place at a fearful rate, the trees all bending to
its influence as in the north of England. A substantial breakwater after the manner of the western lakes would be a good
shelter for the shipping, and then piers could be run out as on
the other side. One or two have already been built, and, if
found practicable, more will follow. This, however must be the
work of government-the owner of the property. Individuals
will not embark in any new enterprise. Many came here with
nothing, who are now the wealthiest men of the place, but they
will not invest their money in improvements; they simply place
it where they realize pound for pound, and go home to England
to buy a position and a name I Sandridge is but two miles
from the city, and is connected by a macadamized road, which,
in fair weather, is the most desirable way of getting up. As
soon as the railroad is completed, about two years, this route in
a great measure will supersede the Yarra - Yarra.   There is
very little grading for the track, the sleepers are already in the
ground, and we are now waiting for the rails and cars, which
were ordered last January by the "Chusan."  Even now many
3 i 4 
WANT OF TIMBER IN THE COLONY.,
prefer to land on this side and walk up, rather than take steam
on the river.
Melbourne, though situated so far out of the way, cannot fail
to be a great city. All we require is a little energy and a good
deal of money to make the wheel turn rapidly.   The "old
chums" will not budge from the office, and take as little pride
about putting things in shape as we should in fencing in Timbuctoo. We must introduce a sprinkling of Yankeeism here
and show the residents the meaning of despatch! Send us out
fifty or a hundred thousand good mechanics, and we will soon
find something for them to do. Let them go down to St. Johns
N. B., for some working material, and I will guarantee, if the
gold holds out, which is beyond the possibility of a doubt, that
they will soon better their own condition as well as the appearance of the city.
Put timber, bricks and cement in the hold, and fill up your
cabin and between decks with able-bodied laborers, and you will
have a cargo that will be of great value. I cannot learn that
there is any considerable timber growing in the colony. I am
told there is nothing of consequence here but the gum tree-a
knotty, crooked growth, resembling somewhat the wild apple.
The nearest large supply of timber to Vicforia is New Zealand
and Van Diemen's Land, (now called Tasmania) but they have
not the saw mills to work with. The Kauri pine is a splendid
wood, and suitable for spars of 100 feet. It planes well, is a
little harder than our white pine, aDd can be had in great quantities. I am told that there are also some superior furniture
woods in the islands. I hardly think, however, that it can be
laid down here so cheap as it can be sent from the States or the
North American provinces.
As before remarked, we have an enormous capital here, but
3 li 5 
ENORMOUS CAPITAL,-BUT NO BUSINESS.
lack the spirit that builds the railroad across the Isthmus or
starts one to the Pacific —the hidden spring of New England's
prosperity.  Look at Lawrqnce, and Chicago, and Cincinnati,
and San Francisco! Babes in the wood in the morning, but
fiull grown men at night! So rich are they in this place, that
the banks are all working on deposits for which they allow no
interest, not having any of their capital employed, and the
revenue is beyond my calculation; and yet we have no railroad,
no lightning wires, no gas lamps, no marine communication by
telegraph to the heads, no water works, no Yankee inventions
of any kind, no saw mills, no steam engines worth mentioning,
no planing machines, no paint mills, no hotels that can compare
with the Waterloo, not even a wharf that deserves the name,
or sufficient accommodations for the immense quantity of merchandise that is tumbling in upon us from all parts of the world I
The unprecedented immigration has swelled the limits of the
city almost to bursting, but no energetic men step forward for
its relief. Government holds on to the land with a Shylock's
grasp, and puts off purchasers with the humdrum story that
they are waiting for the colonial surveyor to come from England. The true reason I surmise is, they are fearful of a decline in prices if they shove too much upon the market at once.
All the unoccupied lands within and without the city, save what
are in the hands of a few wealthy men are clutched as with a
miser's avarice.
376 
CHAPTER V.
"PRINCE OF WALES" HOTEL,
MELBOURNE, Aug. 1, 1853. f
FOUR weeks' time has produced a magic change in our facilities for doing business. Our squatter governor could not resist
the tremendous force of the merchants' indignation meeting,
regarding the horrid condition of the wharves, and so he immediately marshalled his energies to the task of cleansing the Augean stables of Melbourne commerce; and such an improvement
as has been made we seldom see in so short a time. Heavy
timber was placed on a stone foundation and then covered with
thick plank on the banks of the river, and the deep gullies and
stagnant pools, which for so long a period was called a road,
were filled in some two feet deep with stone and gravel, and
now we have a nice macadamized thoroughfare the whole
length of the quay, and a raised foot-path for pedestrians.
Some two hundred carts have been kept constantly at work
carting gravel and metal (as they call broken stone,) at the
rate of one thousand loads a day! and all the laborers that
could work to advantage have been hard at it since last I wrote
you.
Other changes are rapidly taking place, and should we ever
be so fortunate as to get that valuable and long promised consignment from England, "The Colonial Engineer," we  may
possibly have some docks built-a ship canal to Sandridge,
and a thousand and one other "river and harbor improve 
HUNTING FOR THE NEWS-ROOM.
ments," which the wants of the place so much require. The
legion of new comers, real Simon Pure Yankees-solid go-ahead Englishmen, hard-working, quick-witted, close-fisted Germans, etc., etc., that are flocking into Melbourne act as leaven
upon the residents who never before dreamed of the possibility
of going beyond their own office to transact business I  When
I was coming ashore, some eight or ten weeks since, I naturally
enough asked the boatman if there was any news-room at Melbourne?  "What?" said he, with a broad Yorkshire accent"Is there any exchange room up town," I repeated.  "I rather
think not unless she arrived yesterday," was the satisfactory reply. But I cannot wonder that the poor boatman consider a
vessel the true meaning of the term, when asked the question
of the two or three Americans in port and found my query
answered in the negative-I saw some of the old houses of the
place and wandered from man to man to get the required information, but alas no one I met ever heard of such a singular
place as a news-room in Melbourne.
Determined to trace something in that line I steered for the
newspapers, and ascertained that they got their ship news from
their own agent whom they kept constantly in the bay to board
ships as they came in, and that one of them had a "commercial
reporter at a hall called Lloyds Room, back of the Royal Hotel."
Off I went, and after winding my way through a noisy bar full
of hard drinkers, and sundry tortuous passages, I found the
place. No wonder no one could tell me of its location. I should
as soon have thought of finding Father Taylor at the Liverpool
amphitheatre, or a church in "five points," as a commercial
exchange in the rear of a Slopshop Inn I
I looked about me, not a soul to be seen, nothing but a few
Australian papers on one table, some Government Gazettes on
378 
WE START AN EXCHANGE.
another, and one man at a third, whom I accidently happened
to notice. I saw the manager of the room, Mr. Wilson, and
he told me the use of the place, and showved me the book of
arrivals and clearances which he had kept since January 1st.
That was all-nothing else to be seen; no book for imports;
none for exports; no commercial record; no report of the
brokers' board; no statistics whatever; not one single fact to
show the commerce of this young but flourishing city I The
gentleman kindly told me that a board of underwriters occasionally met there, and that the committee of the chamber of commerce met in one of the rooms in the hotel.  He said that he
had tried to get the merchants to meet together, but they would
never think of leaving their business to listen to the "talk on
'change."  "Too busy" was invariably the answer.  Only think
of it; a city with such a maritime fleet, and yet no place where
merchants could meet at a certain hour of the day to get an
exchange of ideas! How odd it would seem not to go on
'change in Liverpool, or London, or Glasgow, or New York,
Boston, San Francisco, or any other large commercial port, no
matter how new the place? I felt almost lost, and resolved if
I could not bring in the old that I would get together the new
chums. I suggested it to Mr. Wilson; he was ready to meet
me. I paid my first subscription of three guineas, and by pinning every American who arrived to establish a house, and
taking in the Yankee captains, we soon got a respectable body
to meet at two o'clock. Some of the old chums followed our
example, and in a very short time it really reminded me of home.
By meeting in this way we were enabled to compare notes regarding the markets, and the result was, a price current was
started under the patronage of some fifty houses-the first public one I believe ever issued in this city. We  were getting along
379 
WE CONSULT THE GOVERNOR ABOUT IT.
swimmingly, when, presto! a Yankee hotel was on the tapis,
and the first notice we had, the news-room was closed. A Mr.
Moss, of the Metropolitan Restaurant, had bought the lease of
the premises for fifty thousand dollars, and was going to erect
a Burnet House to astonish the natives! and, disregarding Mr.
Wilson and his supporters, he sent us all flying. We were glad
to see a splendid American hotel going up, but sorry to lose our
place of meeting till a new one was provided. However, we
were turned out without the least ceremony, which I believe will
result favorably; for a simple taste of the many advantages of
an exchange so increased the appetite that a proper building
was mooted, and Mr. Kuhl, with praise-worthy energy has been
successful with his subscription paper.
A Committee was appointed to wait upon his excellency for
a suitable piece of land for the building, and your obedient servant, as one of them, had the opportunity of seeing the governor for the first time. He was very polite, but decidedly noncommittal. He bowed to the delegation, talked with the chairman, referred to his council, said there was very little land
in town that was not already disposed of, intimated that the
cause was a glorious one, promised to give it his distinguished
consideration, was glad to see the matter in the hands of such
intelligent men, hoped that our views would be carried out, did
not speak of the colonial engineer I bowed once more to us collectively, made a slight movement towards the door, when it
accidently happened to strike us that it was time to go. Some
left the executive mansion, I for one, thinking that when the
government gave us land for an Exchange the stock would be at
a premium! But as it is in strong hands, I think we shall have
one erected whether the governor helps us or not. At a preliminary meeting of the subscribers it was suggested that a suit
380 
BUILDINGS-ENORIMOUS HIGH RENTS.
able statue of Queen Victoria should be placed in front of the
building. Of course it would have been bad taste for me to
have intimated that they had better get their cage before, &c,;
or, as there were so many Americans on the spot, to move an
amendment that another statue of Washington should also be
erected there!
Stone buildings are shooting up on every street, and lumber
and brick are bought up at great profits to the shipper as soon
as arrived. The corporation are doing everything ill their power to put the streets in shape, and if they continue improving
the appearance of things ill the same ratio, that stereotyped slander, which every book quoted, and to which even Meagher
alluded in his lecture on Australia, of "another child lost in the
streets of Melbourne," will be entirely obsolete!  If the government and the corporation and the citizens would all pull together, we would soon have Melbourne looking as trim as your
housewife s pantry. When "Barkis is willinl'," you can do anything.
Notwithstanding the numerous new erections, rents are some
thirty per cent, above the value of money. Can such an unhealthy position of things last? I fancy not. Who pay these
enormous rents? The old chums? No; they came before the
mines opened their treasures, and the buildings they now occupy
were put up two years and more ago for about the same sum as
they now charge new comers for one year's rental! The question naturally arises, if young houses who start with the consignments of merchandise for their capital (which they are
obliged to force off through mock auctions to raise money to
pay the freight, at a great sacrifice), pay these unheard of rents,
(beating San Francisco fairly off the track) for offices and warehouses, and their personal expenses being in proportion, will the
381 
SEEKING FOR BOARD-NEW;P.AI'APERS.
goods bear it?  It strikes me not.  What is the consequence?
We must wait and let time answer the query.
I saw a small one story house rented on a five years lease at
$3500 per annum. We could build at home three such tenements for that figure. This was out at Collingwood. On applying at another place on the strength of a flowery advertisement
of four stylish houses at fifty dollars per week, we found it in
a very bad street, but it had but three  -  attic! cellar! and
yard! I advertised for "board for a gentleman and his wife in
a desirable location in a genteel family-none but the highest respcta4bility need apply."  Well, the office the next morning was
crowded, butchers, bakers, blacksmiths, and a battalion of
others had the desired rooms, but they did not exactly suit me,
till a good looking "widder" came in, and I was so prepossessed
in her favor that I was about closing for her apartments on her
recommendation, when she happened to drop a word or two,
which soon discouraged me from attempting to get board in a
"genteel family!"  The rooms that we were to have were entered through a small grog shop of which she was the proprietress!  So here I am and intend to remain at the "Prince of
Wales" Hotel, the very best in Melbourne, large rooms, good
location, and satisfactory fare for only $75 per week!
There are only two daily papers in the city, the Argus and
the Herald. The former is a paper of the progressive stamp.
The Herald is more conservative, and bristles up and gets choleric, and acts like a very naughty child when a fourth of July
dinner is suggested.
The Express is a weekly, having a small circulation, and is
somewhat radical. A prospectus is out for a new Catholic journal-daily I think. I have not yet seen the paper that Wilkins
382 
A THOUGHT OF WILKINS MICAWBER.
Micawber so ably edited, although I thought I recognized the
gentleman a few days since going out of town on a stage coach
with his eye-glass in his hand.  This is the.place for his economical maxim of living within your means.
383 
CHAPTER VI.
MELBOURNE, August 26, 1853.
GENTLEMEN-The Bavaria's detention gives me the chance of
adding a postscript to what I have already said by this mail.
Thibs ship would have got away some days since, but no sailors
were to be had. The captain pays fifty pounds sterling for the
run to New York! The excitement occasioned by the new diggings at Goulburn and the approach of summer has made Jack
altogether too independent of the trade.
In my last I anticipated trouble among the miners, and sure
enough it has come in good earnest. The impolite reply of the
lieutenant governor to the delegates from the gold fields created
a strong feeling among the diggers, who for a long time have
been all ready. for anything.  Their leaders are young aspirants
for fame; many of them are chartist orators who are blowing
themselves into notice, without looking at the consequences.
As soon as Mr. Latrobe's sentiments were made known, of
abiding by the law to the last issue, meetings were held at the
several mines, and measures taken to resist paying the license
fee; passing resolutions to resort to arms if necessary, and quoting our movements in Boston at the time of the Revolution as
a praiseworthy example of tyrannical governors.
The last mail brings down intelligence that a party numbering some thousands waited upon the commissioners and requested the immediate release of several prisoners who had been ar 
FEELING AGAINST THE MINER'S LICENSE-FEE.           385
rested for the non-payment of the fee. After some shuffling on
the part of the officials, they were set at liberty, thus making
a virtue of necessity. The 40th regiment and the mounted
police were immediately ordered up, and the barracks and
treasury have now nothing but the police for a guard. I have
not yet heard of the proceedings. The mails between the gold
fields and this place are as irregular and as long in coming as
they formerly were by the old stage coach system between New
York and Boston.
It is well known that there are many revolutionists here who,
for excitement's sake alone, would rush into a civil war at any
moment; but there are also a large proportion of the people
who will take the side of order. Should the authorties fire into
the crowd, look out for breakers! The Americans are very
quiet, which I am very glad to learn for our country's sake;
but the Germans are rather loud in their complaints of the
shabby manner with which his excellency has treated them.
Thirty shillings may seem a large sum to pay per month; but
when we remember that this purchases for them wood and water,
improved roads, government escorts for their gold, policemen to
protect them against the hundreds of Joachims who infest the
country, (importations from V. D. L) as well as a place to
pitch their tent, and the privilege of putting their spade down
for their share of the "nuggets," it does not seem so far out of
the way. Were they in Melbourne that sum would be required
per week almost, and no chance of a fortune at the point of the
shovel. Many say they have to pay the fee whether successful
or not in finding gold. One man may work a month and starve,
while the next finds "the ~134 nugget," and yet both pay the
same. I see no way to remedy the evil. If they paid a certain per centage on all deposited with the escort, it would not 
386.ITHE GOVERNOR  AND LEGI-LATIVE COUNCIL.
work well, as many would keep their earnings to themselves,
and thus the government would be defrauded.
Where the matter will end no one can tell. The diggers
have taken a position; so have the government; who will retreat?-that is the question. I fancy not the diggers. They
are so numerous, at a given signal, if properly organized, they
could oust all the red coats and Charleys in the ColonyI
But what then can the governor do? He cannot move without the legislative council, he says-which I believe is the case,
but that council is a mere burlesque on free representation. Out
of 54 members who represent the 250,000 people in Victoria,
18 are government nominees I all voting at the wink of their
prompter!  and the balance of the members cannot be called
representatives, as many were elected in the squatter districts
with only two or three electors at the polls! In two instances
there was but one voter at the hustings I Or perhaps to give
a better idea of Victoria mis-representation, I should mention
that only 28,000 votes were cast out of the whole population of
one quarter of a million souls I
Tihe consequence is, the assembly is worse than nothing, there
being few talented men among them. Many are without any
legislative experience, and as they intend framing a new constitution, all hands are inquiring for Bancroft's History of the
United States, Massachusetts state papers, Franklin's works,
the constitution, and all the documents that were printed at
the dawn of liberty in la belle America. I had two copies of
the constitution, both of which are now in the possession of
M. I. C.'s.
I say the governor cannot move without the council, and the
council are nearly all his squatter friends, not one representative
from the gold fields!  This will show the absurdity of the 
RIVAL EDITORS.
miners getting justice, where so many other interests are at work
and no one to say a word in their behalf.
There has been lately quite a touch of intellectual sparring
between the Argus and the Herald, regarding the license fee.
It has been a notorious fact that the Argus has been the chief
organ of the diggers, and Wilson,  the editor, is considered a
little god among them; but now the Herald says.fter hle has
done the mischief he turns round, and leaves them to get out of
the scrape as they can.
Since writing the foregoing we have had late dates inland.
The meeting of the Ovens was stormy, several thousand on the
spot, speeches decidedly spicy, some of them didn't care whether
school kept or not, just as willing to have quarter of a dollar
as ninepence, ready to pitch the government overboard at a
moment's notice, said they must be represented, that they would
not pay the fee, etc. etc. Some of the banners were very neat,
one of them in large letters had these memorable words, so
familiar to our forefathers-" Taxation without representation is
robbery."
Mr. Latrobe's written answer to the delegation may allay in
part the excitement.'Tis a pity that he attempted to answer
them verbally. The document is said to be written by the
attorney general, being too able a paper for the weak-minded
governor.
387 
CHAPTER VII.
MELBOURNE, Sept. 27, 1853.
GENTLEMEN.-The life and fortunes of John Mitchel during
his exile in Van Diemen's land are somewhat excentric. I
know how deep an interest some of my countrymen take in
the fate of the Irish state prisoners. Meagher is already a
citizen of the United States, and ere long we shall expect to
see him in the congressional arena. His eloquence has thrilled
through our land, and his patriotism is the subject of remark.
Now we are to have another of the exiled band in eloquence
the greatest of them all. Mitchel will be with you when this
comes to hand, and his burning eloquence will have stirred the
nation's heart. Meagher writes and then delivers, a little nervous in his eloquence, but Mitchel is extemporaneous and full
of fire, so much s6 I fear that he will make more mistakes than
Kossuth. Both are orators, but Mitchel I fancy the superior.
He is a fine looking man, and I know you will be interested in
knowing something more of the circumstances of his escape
than the papers have told you of.
It has been my good fortune to meet at the social board one
whose deep interest in the fate of these unfortunate Irishmen
has been to a certain degree the means of two of them escaping.
Meagher and Mitchel are away, Smith O'Brien, Doherty and
Martin remain; the former attempted to escape some time
since, but was detected. Doherty is practicing medicine in the
Hobart Town hospital, and Martin is occupying the house that 
MITCHEL  ATTEMPTS ESCAPE. 
Mitchel resided in at Bothwell. All of them have strong and
influential friends who are on the alert. Some day, not far distant, I predict the authorities will find,the cage empty-that
the birds have flown. It is said that Doherty prefers remaining, as he has a fine opportunity to study his profession.  This,
I have no doubt, is a mark to hood-wink the government. From
what I learn none of these men compare in talent with the pioneer patriot, the brave soldier, the eloquent orator, the champion
of liberty, John Mitchel.  He was the first to fall, and he went
down with the laurel on his brow.
Several attempts had been made to take him off, all without
success. Vessel after vessel was despatched on coasting expeditions, but failed to accomplish their object. Smyth was sent
out with plenty of cash from the Irish Confederacy of New
York, and with my dinner table acquaintance has been pulling
his wires to liberate Mitchel.  At one time the "Water Lily"
was at Spring Bay, all manned and fitted for a secret voyage;
signals were passed from the shore; but the "coo-eg-ing" was
heard and Smyth was arrested. Then came an inland march,
plenty of romance about it, innocent people arrested, Smyth set
at liberty, his assistant and friend pursued, etc. etc.  Another
time the "Don Juan" was cruising off Hobart Town on a potato and wheat voyage,.(?) and all arrangements were complete;
but here again the stupidity of Mitchel's servant or the man
that was to accompany him made a botch of it. He was so
elated at the prospect of escaping he could not contain himself.
Of course he must get drunk; but that was not all;-he had
to sit down and write his workshop friend a letter something
like this:  "Teddy, my boy, God bless ye!  How is the family entire,
and Biddy, and the baby? Good bye to ye. I am full of es
389 
THROWS UP HIS PAROLE.
caping with Mitchel-mysilf and the whole of us —all after
being off immediately. Hurrah! boys. God bless ye again.
Good bye. Ye will hear from me all safe in Ameriky. Don't
ye wish ye was after for coming?"
Now this would have been all very well if Teddy had known
how to read. But it was all Greek to him; so he took it for
translation to his employer, who being unfortunately a government officer, jumped upon his horse and rode post haste to Hobart Town, and Mitchel's escape looked more dubious than
ever. He had not thrown up his parole of honor, and nothing
could be proved against him; and after putting a closer watch
upon his movements, which was soon removed at his own suggestion, the excitement died away and the letter was supposed
to be a hoax. Thus twice were the efforts of his friends frustrated, fate seemed against him, when lo and behold, he one day
very cooly walked into the police office with an open letter addressed to Sir Wm. Dennison, the governor, throwing up his
parole, and requested the dismayed official to read it! The
boldness of the movement and the perfect coolness of Mitchel
so astonished the magistrate that before he could stammer out
an order to the constable for his arrest, Mitchel had walked
out of the door, mounted a horse, (the very one bought of the
magistrate a few days before for ~80) and galloped off up the
road to the utter amazement of those present. Smyth accompanied him a short distance and then Mitchel plunged into the
bush.
A close search was made but to no avail, all thought he had
left the country in some coaster and the chase was given up.
All this while Mitchel was buried in the bush, living on God
kniows what. His sufferings here were terrible. No one but
himself can tell of the hardships he went through; for over a
390 
MITCHEL IN DISGUISE.
month he was wandering about in disguise, seeking some opportunity to get away. He traveled from Launceston to Hobart
Town dressed as a clergyman, and embarked with fourteen
other passengers in broad daylight in the " Emma" for Sidney,
under the name of Warren. His disguise was complete, none
recognized in the dignified minister the jolly Irishman Mitchel.
He carried his incognito all the way, and joined oftentimes in
an argument for or against himself, with his fellow passengers.
Some believed he ought to be set at liberty, while Mitchel alias
Warren, advanced the argument that the government served
him right, you may rest assured he was a happy man to find
sitting with him at the same table his wife and family. What
a strange picture.   The exile and the partner of his bosom
both fleeing from the prison land. Of course he was introduced
to Mrs Mitchel as Mr Warren, and he was observed to be very
attentive to the lady I But I must be brief, the mail is closing
and my story is getting prosy.
Mitchel arrived safely in Sydney, spent a few days, still in
disguise-with Mr., a hospitable friend-and left in the
"Orkney Lass" for San Francisco about six weeks since.  His
family, as a matter of precaution, took passage in the "Julia
Ann " for the same destination, from Sydney, about a week after.
By this time you may have seen him, and I know you will extend to him the right hand of fellowship. His career I know
will be a brilliant one. He is a gentleman and a soldier, combining all the elements of a patriot. As a lover of liberty and
true merit I take a lively interest in these warm hearted lmen
who were banished from all the sweet allurements of home,
simply because they dared to hope that their poor priest-ridden
country might be free from the wretchedness that England's pol
$91 
icy had plunged her in. Poor Ireland! what has she done to
deserve such a fate? Why are her sons cast off like so many
murderers and burglars for nothing but their love of their own
native land?  Had I the time and space I would tell you more
of Mitchel's colonial life. There is romance enough in it for
fifty works of fiction.
892
iRELAND. 
CHAPTER VIII.
MELBOURNE, Sept. 1853.
IT is past, the great event is over, the imposing ceremony has
taken place, the deed is done, and nothing remains for your correspondent to do but to faithfully chronicle his impressions of
the gorgeous spectacle of opening the legislative council of the
colony of Victoria I!
After writing you per Bavaria regarding Melbourne legislation, curiosity prompted me to witness the ceremony of the
"opening of the council," as one of the members informed me
that it was something worth seeing, so having been furnished
with a permit a la parliamentary style, through the politeness of
Mr. Winter, one of the newly elected representatives, I started
off up Bourke street for the council chamber, and arrived just
in time to see the procession.  What a magnificent display I
The opening of parliament, the meeting of congress, the convenling of state legislatures. Pshaw I what are they all in comparison? Words fail to describe the picture. Look at that
dense mass of upturned faces that line the street on every side
for nearly two rods-full one hundred and fifty people-men,
women and children-all gathered together, regardless of wind
and weather, to see the brilliant pageant! How anxiously all
wait the approach of the head column. Even the fourteen members of the 40th (the receiving corps) are getting impatient.
Here they come, surrounded by the mounted police. Carriage
behind carriage, three in all I The one drawn by that proud 
POOR ACOOMMODATIONS.
pair of city hacks has the distinguished honor of carrying the
chief magistrate of the colony and his aid, the next carriage
holds  the foreign consuls, and the next the other dignitaries of
the land. How I wish you could stand with me on the steps of
the council chamber to see this commencement of an Australian
parliament; but as you are not, I can only tell you that the
escort, the military band, the immense length of the procession,
in short the tout ensemble was a picture for an artist. Never in
my life have I seen so little enthusiasm on such an occasion
Not a cheer was raised, not a welcoming note,
As his grace to the council they hurried;
Not a soldier displayed his loyal shout,
O'er the place where the hero was carried I
There was no touching of the castor, no shaking of handkerchiefs, no loud hurrahs, no anything to show the popularity of
the governor. Surely this is not an enthusiastic people, or his
excellency is not the most beloved of men.
It was most amusing to watch the proceedings within the
chamber from the little henroost of a gallery in St. Patrick's
Hall. (Why is itthat legislative halls are always provided with
such niggardly accommodations for spectators?) This place was
owned by the St. Patrick Society, and I am informed that the
government rent it at ~.500 a year for the assembly.   It is
hardly suitable for its object, being altogether too smalL It
does not seem much larger than our committee rooms at the
capitol. The platform owns one solitary chair for the speaker,
and on this important occasion was occupied by Gov. Latrobe.
In front was a table for the clerk, whose powdered wig was only
eclipsed by that worn by the attorney general.   (How nonsensical these hollow forms. How absurd to see a man with really
good sense, wearing a cat skin curled to order in an august
394 
THE GOVERNOR.
body in this enlightened age!) A long table with the colonial
and home law books, stands in the centre of the hall, and two
rows of hair seated benches encircle the bhamber for the members; but they have nothing more-no desk for writing, nor
any place to put their papers and their books. Perhaps they
don't have any. The governor was dressed in his robes of
office, and read his speech from a printed document, copies of
which had been circulated previously among the members, while
sitting in the chair. I wonder if colonial governors always sit
on such occasions!
There was no feeling expressed by the audience during the
recital, neither for or against, notwithstanding he proposed
some important changes, among which was the total abolition
of the license fee? and a revision of the tariff-assessing a duty
on sugar and an export duty on gold. These were the chief
points.  He promised everything.  We  shall see how he will
carry out his plans. After finishing his oration he left the hall
without the least show of approbation or regard. Some of the
new members were then promenaded across the gaudy looking
tapestry carpet and sworn in in the usual way-Testament in
hand, producing qualifications, promising to notify her most
gracious majesty in case of treason, etc., etc. How bashful they
appear; how diffident; white kids and white vest, and pants
strapped within an inch of their life over high heeled-boots, Oh
Cobden, oh Brougham, blush for your newly elected Victorian
brethern I
The ministerial benches were filled by the nominees-official
and as many not in office. The premier, Mr. Foster, heads the
former, backed by the attorney general, Mr. A. Becket, &c.
Melbourne is full of churches of every denomination-Episcopal, Catholic, Baptist, Unitarian, Scotch, and all the branches.
395 
CHURCH OF ENGLAND.
The trim chapel of the Trinity worshippers, the ponderous cathedral of the holy see, the ornamental architecture of the Church
of England, and the peculiar design of the Jewish Sanhedrim,
are all within a stone's throw of Collins street. The denizens
of Melbourne are a church-going people. Sunday is as quiet as
in a country town at home, and the order observed on every
hand shows most forcibly the absurdity of our bringing out so
many revolvers.
Last Sabbath I attended the Church of England, and never
in my life was I so wearied with a morning service. And you
will not be surprised when I tell you that it was over two hours
in length. I could but think how widely different are the proceedings of a Sunday morning in a quiet New England village,
where one good man, for $300 per annum, officiates as clerk,
rector, curate, preacher, everything, and who, in his unassuming
prayer instead of selecting the chief dignitaries of his own land,
remembers the whole world, "from the north to the south,"
"from the highest character in office to the lowest subject." I
never left such a meeting without a holier and purer feeling.
Everything so simple and all so true-" whose religion is the right
-whose only creed is love." The church is built of stone, and
was about two thirds completed when the discovery of the mines
scattered the workmen, and the high price of labor and building material since, I am told, has prevented its being finished.
It seems very strange to me to find in an old decayed tree adjoining the church here, the only belfry which Melbourne can furnish for their small fire-engine bell I
There was one thing that I was pleased to observe, and that
was the orderly and quiet manner with which all left the church
-none covering their heads till fairly across the threshold, and
I could'but strike the balance decidedly in their favor when I
396 
LACK OF SCHOOL HOUSES.
remembered that long before grace is said we usually have our
gloves on, our coat buttoned, our pew door opened, and our
cane and hat in hand, all ready for a grand rush to see who
should be the first out.
I am sorry not to see more "shooting galleries" here, as they
term school houses in the west. Education is sadly neglected.
I believe there are no public institutions for children in the
place, and only a few private ones. Many are obliged to take
their children to England, or employ a governess. I sincerely
hope that the first move the new governor and council make
will be to carry out some practical plan for national education.
There are very few societies in the place. The "Mechanics'
Institution" is the best, having a well assorted library and good
collection of periodicals. Among the paper files I saw none
from that uncivilized nation, the United States, although the
librarian informed me that two or three journals from New
York were ordered last January, but they have never received
any of them. Lectures are occasionally given in this building
on scientific and local subjects, some of them worthy of note.
Theatricals are minus.  Second-rate entertainments are all
we have; cheap concerts, tipped off with a promiscuous ball,
and an American circus is the sum total, unless I except an
occasional treat at the Institute above mentioned, where the
ladies wear bonnets, and the gentlemen top boots and great
coats I
I was much pleased with Geelong. The scenery for miles
about it is most beautiful. Its proximity to the new diggings
at Balaarat has lately given the place a most business like appearance. The population is rapidly increasing, at present estimated at about 30,000.
The new temporary license fee thus far works well. The dig
397 
LICENSE FORMS.
gers, one and all, pay the ~2 for three months without a murmur.  All they want now is to have the land "unlocked" about
the "diggins" and representation in council.
You may not have seen a copy of the license. I obtained
one a few days since from a digger, and the following is the way
it reads under the old regime:                       Victoria
No. 95.                                                1853.
The bearer, John Smith, having paid the sum of one pound
ten shillings, on account of the general revenue of the colony,
I hereby license him to mine or dig for gold, or exercise or carry on any other trade or calling on such crown lands within the
Colony of Victoria, as shall be assigned to him for these purposes by any one duly authorized in that behalf.
This license to be in force until and during the month of-,
and no longer.
Signed,                         JOHN JONES.
Commissioner.
Regulations to be observed by the persons digging for gold
or otherwise employed at the gold fields:  1. This license is to be carried on the person, to be produced
whe:aever demanded by any commissioner, peace officer, or other
duly authorized person, and is not transferable.
2. No mining will be permitted where it would be destructive of any line of road which it is necessary to maintain, and
which shall be determined by any commissioner, nor within such
istance around any store as it may be necessary to reserve for
Lccess to it.
3. It is enjoined that all persons on the gold fields maintain a
lue and prooer observance of Sundays.
398
Gold
Licen.se. 
DIGGER'S HARDSHIPS.
4. The extent of claim allowed to each licensed miner is
twelve feet square, or 144 square feet.
5. To a party consisting of two miners,'twelve feet by twentyfour, or 288 square feet.
6. To a party consisting of three miners, eighteeen feet by
twenty-four, or 432 square feet.
7. To a party consisting of four miners, twenty-four feet by
twenty four, or 576 square feet; beyond which no greater area
will be allowed in one claim.
The digger's life is a most laborious one. No one can tell of
their many hardships. You must go to Balaarat or Bendigo
to paint the scene. At the latter place there are several hundred stores, tents, &c., all laid out in regular streets —of course
nothing over one story. There are two canvas meeting houses,
and a hospital and several hotels-all on the ground floor. In
Mlelbourne they have only three feet to a yard, in Bendigo the
whole country is fenced in! The storekeepers have to pay a
license as well as the diggers, but no one can sell liquor; yet
everybody sells it sub rosa.'Tis not an unusual thing to find a
dead body in some neglected hole. I have no doubt but many
poor creatures meet with an early death by the "hand of violence."  They go to the diggings friendless and alone.  If murdered, who is there to tell the story? No anxious wife, no dear
sister, no any one, to make the inquiry. They came friendless
into the country, they leave it as they came. The moment the
sun goes down you have a perfect bedlam in the camp-screeching, swearing, and singing, pistol shots and barking dogs, all
mixed up together. My informant tells me the night before he
came down, two pistol balls went through his tent I If prudent,
a man is sure to have good health in the Bush. The rugged
life he leads will make him strong and active. Candles are used
399 
STRANGE DIALECT.
under ground. After sinking to a great depth, they undermine,
laying on the belly, and pulling the washing stuff out under
them.  Sometimes their next-door neighbor breaks through his
claim on to them, in which case there is a compromise. During
the day they have three meals at the diggings, the same as at
home. The provisions are generally poor, but very expensive.
There are any quantities of parrots, possums and "native
dogs" in the vicinity of the mines, the former making the forest
ring with their uncouth music. They have a a slang language
at the gold fields peculiar to that district. Tea and coffee are
"slingings," "swags" is the term for luggage and, " shiser" for
an unprofitable hole. I believe "nuggett" is peculiarly Australian-" kyottering' is undermining, and "fossicking" is where
they use a knife on the surface.   "Bloody" is a term they
apply to almost everything, such as a "bloody good hole," or a
"bloody nice woman," a "bloody fine tent," or a "bloody good
sermon I"  "Lags" is the term for convicts, "billy" for teakettle. Bread is called "damper," and so on throughout all
their mysterious language. The roads to the mines are strewn
with broken carts, old drays, dead bullocks and horses in all
stages of decay, and everything that is sickening to the sight.
The "black forest" is twelve miles long, and full of bandits.
'Tis a dismal place to go through. The escorts always have in
passing it an additional troop of soldiers.
I suppose there is no place in the world where there is so
much cruelty to animals as here, the poor bullocks in their
iron bowed yokes being the great sufferers. The driver's whip
is as long as a fishing pole, and the crack of it is as loud as a
pistol.
400 
CHAPTER IX.
EASTERN HrLL, MELBOURNE, 1
October 8, 1853. f
NEVER till within the past few weeks have I actually realized
that I am living in Britain's monster Newgate, that I am a resident in England's largest prison house! Before leaving home
I often thought that I was migrating to a convict land, but
never until now have I felt the racking honors of a penal colony.
It is all very beautiful for Mr Tupper to write spirited ballad's
about Australia's emancipation, and for the journalists of the
country to echo back the rejoicing song, but like the blood of
the murdered Rizzio in Holyrood Palace, the stain of crime remains deep rooted in the soil.
A short time since the august legislature of New South
Wales, led off by Mr. Wentworth, the Brougham of the council, were preparing their capacious minds to pass an act for the
establishment of a "colonial peerage I"  What a "stoopendous
idea!"  What a startling project!  Just for a moment run
your eye along the brilliant list of peers that I can imagine
Punch has already peopled the place with, (for Punch does not
spare the colonists) and anticipate the emblematic designs of
Doyle or Cruikshank, or Thackeray, when classifying their respective ranks.  One heralded with a huge pile of forged notes
on the Union Bank, another introducing a slow match into the
safe of some provincial bank; a third with a large butcher's
knife reeking with the blood of some new slain victim of passion 
REFUSE OE ENGLAND'S JAILS.
or revenge! all of them to be pictured by the great London
satirist, with hand-cuffs and policemen with loaded carbines in
the back ground.
Thank God! the public most respectfully declined swallowing
the gilt edged pill that the aspirants for nobility of our sister
colony had so ingeniously prepared, and consequently the only
titles the civilian is permitted to wear in Australia are, his excellency, his worship, the honorable and the esquire.
I say I have never before realized the startling truth that I
am living in a country filled with the scum of all the jails in
England, meeting no doubt in my daily walks to the countinghouse with some of the pardoned repentant friends of Sir William Dennison I The homicide, the burglar, the forger, and
the blackest villains that the world can produce; men so hardened in their damnable crimes that it were folly to believe for
a moment that they were ever touched with the celestial want
of repentance.
I have not thought it worth my while when writing you to
notice the occasional "sticking up" of some unfortunate traveler,
or the brutal murder of a poor digger, so many instances of
which occur, but never come to light, and even passed by without remark; the bloody attack upon the escort, where with
more than Indian treachery a volley was fired from an ambush
into the troop, cutting down men and horses like so many forest
trees. But when the events of the last fortnight come up before me I am forced to tell you of "tales that send a thrill of
terror through the blood."
Let me sum up in as few words as possible one week's history
of the most depraved scamps that ever left the demon-land.
The events that have come piecemeal to the public I will try
and give you in regular order.
402 
LAWLESS VENGEANCE.
While the schooner "Sophia" was anchored in the river at
Circular Head, a gentleman by the name of Wigmore requested
the schooner's boat to ferry him across, which the captain cheerfully complied with, but while doing this neighborly act two
prisoners of the crown jumped into the boat, armed to the
teeth, and bound hand and foot the five persons therein, including Wigmore and the captain. After they boarded the schooner
they destroyed the arms in the cabin, frightened the crew into
obeying their slightest wish at the point of the carbine, made
Wigmore write ashore stating verbatim what had happenedthreatening instant death to those on board should an attempt
from the shore be made to take them, ordered the captain to get
underway for Port Philip, impressed three men who happened
to pass alongside in a small boat, making about fifteen in all,
whom they kept in constant fear by continually cocking their
pistols before their eyes, and kept watch and watch all the way
until they got inside the Heads, when they were landed by the
schooner's boat; but the poor sailors who rowed them ashore
have never been heard from. The next we hear of these desperate men is at Brighton, where they asked a man ploughing
for his horses; but as he was rather dilatory in complying with
their demands, one of them deliberately aimed his rifle at his
breast and fired, the poor man dropping down, faintly articulating in his dying groans  "My God-what have you shot me for?"
They then mounted the horses and started for the Bush, slaying and killing everything that opposed them.  They waylaid a
Mr. Clark on his station and shot down his gardener who came
to his rescue, adding one more corpse to their list of victims.
The mounted police took the scent at Brighton, and scoured the
country, tracking the murderers by a bloody trail. In the hol
403 
WHOLESALE ASSASSINS.
low of an old tree, just off the road, they found the body of a
man just killed, his hands tied, his ears cut off, and his face horribly mutilated. A little further on a hut had been robbed of provisions, and the inmates were too terrified to tell of the dreadful vision of the previous night. Onward pushed the troopers,
the villains changing horses whenever they met with better
steeds, still keeping ahead, and for a time they lost the trail, till
coming up with an old house apparently deserted, you may imagine their surprise at finding therein fourteen able bodied men
bound hand and foot! While releasing them and listening to
the story of bloody threats thrown out by the convicts, a shot
was heard out side, accompanied with a shrill cry, "the robbers
are coming." Out rushed the police just in time to see Cadet
Thompson shot through the lungs by a rifle ball. Not at all
intimidated by the numbers of the police, these reckless bandits
sprung boldly among them, striking and shooting right and left,
and not until their ammunition failed them, after a most bloody
encounter were they taken. One of them had four discharged
revolvers on his person, besides his rifle I
After the capture, and while they were being brought down
to Melbourne, they boasted of their past crimes. The catalogue
is too frightful for belief. They stated that they had killed five
men before leaving Van Diemen's Land, and, since that time,
of murdering some ten or fifteen more! Their sole object seems
to have been murder-or, in their own words, to make a "clean
path." The least opposition to their demands resulted in the
death of a human being.
The foregoing account of these desperate cut throats you will
hardly credit, and I must say that had I not had a sight of
them as they were taken to jail, and perused the records of the
police court, I myself could hardly have credited the newspa
404 
HUMOROUS EXECUTIONS.
per accounts. Their exploits go ahead of Dick Turpin in his
palmiest days, and the romantic career of German and Italian
bandits seems comparatively tame in connection with them.
This subject has been and is now the principal topic of conversation. Many think the captain of the schooner was in the plot
to get them off, that it were impossible for two men to take a
vessel with a crew of nine sailors and five passengers, and keep
so many people on the shore at bay. Many wish them to hang
in chains, and others would torture them, in their indignation.
Joachim in all his glory cannot equal the foolhardiness of such
men, and fiction is exhausted by this tragedy of real life I
On Monday morning last three of the "lags"  who shot into
the escort were hung at the Melbourne jail, in the presence of
thousands of the lower classes, making some eight or nine individuals that have been strung up since I have been in the colony, less than five months I
A short time after the execution on Monday, while passing
down Great Bank street, what should I see but one of the dead
bodies in the show window of a drinking saloon, decorated with
flowers and ribbons!  What a disgusting sight!  No wonder
that the indignant legislature of this colony have hurled back
the "convicts act amendment bill," which her majesty has once
returned, believing in the supreme power of her prerogative.
Mr. Latrobe will hardly dare to use the veto, when the feeling
is so unanimous.
405 
CHAPTER X.
MELBOURNE, November 7, 1853.
"LAST night the peaceful inhabitants of our quiet village
were aroused from their midnight slumbers by the appalling cry
of fire."
The above slip from a backwoods paper will exactly show
you the peculiar position that our good people were placed ia
a few nights since.  The fire was in Collins street, and in a very
short time several worshippers at the synagogue were relieved
of their heavy stock of goods. Some six or eight buildings
were burnt and about half a million dollars worth of property
destroyed. I mention this simply because it is the first fire we
had since my arrival in the colony. It was exceedingly saddening to see the hard earned gains of the poor Jews so quickly
scattered to the' four winds of Heaven-but no looker-on from
Brother Jonathan's domains was expected to control his mirth
when watching the clumsy movements and puny efforts of the
two or three asthmatic fire engines that were clustered together
through the influence of the little hand alarm bell. It would
have amused any one who has an appreciation of the ludicrous,
to have been a spectator of the scene. Of course such an event
as a fire in Melbourne must occasion a universal turnout. On
the one side, all arranged with military exactness, were the governor and suite; on the other you had the mayor and the whole
corporation, while the mounted police were continually moving
to and fro.
I 
LACK OF FIRE ENGINES.                   4
The machines were placed after much delay before the burning buildings, preparatory to the arrival of that most important
element, the water-which was brought inone or two water carts
all the way from the river, each taking about two handred gallons! To empty and return again was their duty, while the
engines in dispensing over the burning mass their quart pot full
of Yarra, accomplished theirs I
I have seen a little boy's engine, which we used to have in
Waltham, manned by a few "ten year olds," that would throw
more water in one hour than they did here in the forenoon.
Had there been any mud the whole street must have gone by
the board, before these poor wretched insurance office concerns
could wet their whistle. By and bye look out for a regular San
Francisco leveler. The city is full of old tinder boxes, put up
before the passing of the building act, and as the winds are sometimes perfectly fearful, and not an engine worthy the name in
the whole place, nor a hook and ladder company, what is there
to prevent our having a regular San Francisco fire? Some of
the colonists present were completely thunder-struck when I told
them how we should have managed on a similiar occasion.
They could not understand the suction hose principle. This
taking the water directly out of the river, and passing it along
from one engine to another until it deluges the flames I  Hunniman would do well, I have no doubt, to send out on spec, a
couple of his far-famtd tubs, two that were never "washed," calling one "Yarra Yarra"-the other the "Melbourne," coupled
with some appropriate Yankee motto. If the authorities did
not take them, it would be an easy matter to start volunteer
companies among the Americans, who would quickly raise the
needful, where there is such a fine opportunity of displaying
407 
FANCY BALL.
their talents of managing the "machines"-and knowing that
the chocolate and coffee on such occasions are excellent I
The grand fancy ball came off with distinguished eclat. It
was most creditable to the mayor, and will no doubt be the
means of re-electing him. A few thousands judiciously spent on
such occasions will do more to keep in office than all the speechmaking in christendom I Some of the dresses were truly magnificent. Newport and Saratoga, or even the continent, would
not be ashamed to admit them. Every possible nation, every
distinguished character in history, every conceivable dress, was
represented. I saw several beautiful military costumes, and in
the morning report I observed that "Mr. and Mrs. Saunders
appeared as a lady and gentleman of the nineteenth century!"
while two or three were mentioned as being in the "anti-Bloomer costume." Now the aforementioned characters are all Greek
to me; but will give you a good idea of Melbourne newspaper
descriptions.   There were but two American ladies present,
Mrs.   -  of Boston,-and Mrs. -         of Cincinnati; the former
as Lady Rowena, the latter as Zuleika in Don Giovanni.   His
excellency, who. was present in full uniform, was exceedingly
complimentary, and gave them the credit of being the belles of
the room. As Mr. Latrobe is an old courtier, and consequently
a ladies' man, he very likely told some forty others the same I
Your correspondent appeared as Parthenia's friend and you can
imagine how majestic he must have looked with his formidable
whiskers and flowing locks, completely buried in skins and mail,
as Ingomar, the barbarian.
408 
CHAPTER XI.
MELBOURNE, December 6, 1853.
SINCE my last the Chusan has made her appearance with the
September mail and sailed again. She made good time. Her
news, to September 8, together with that brought by the Flyaway from New York, to August 21, has completely disheartened us. Since my arrival, the 20th May, our markets have
been sick; but the fair prospect of a cessation in shipments has
kept our spirits buoyant, and, by mutual consent, holders of
goods talked up prices to a fair nominal figure, merely nominal,
I must allow, for when there is no purchaser'tis rather difficult
to effect a sale. The business men in Melbourne have been living on hope, but the late advices from America and the mother
country have made them all look as black as a thunder cloud I
No wonder.  Who could have believed it?  Who for a moment
could have thought of our far-sighted merchants sending goods
enough here for a population of ten times ours?  I sincerely
believe that the whole shipping world is mad; for it does
really seem stark lunacy the way they are going on in England,
and I cannot say much more for the United States I With a
population not exceeding 800,000 in all the colonies, we have
been, are still receiving, and shall continue to receive goods for
the next three months, for at least five millions of people I I
believe that nothing will stop shipments to this country but a
lithographic sketch of the Melbourne market in the shape of a
Melbourne account sales!  Nothing else will do it, I am confi 
FICTITIOUS REPORTS.
dent. A peep at the books will stop them, if such a thing is
possible.
Everybody supposed, and very reasonably, too-that no shipments would be made to this country from the States from July
to October. But the fact shows the fallacy.
The Australian gold fields have thrown the whole world in a
speculating fever, which will not pass the crisis for many months
but when once the pulse beats regularly, the patient will be in
good flesh and health for the commercial race of competition.
Goods must be sacrificed, consignments thrown away, and many
fortunes lost, many. rich men made poor, before the poor man
can be made rich in shipments to AustraliaI
I am willing to admit that I among the rest was carried away
by the dazzling brilliancy of the Southern E1 Dorado. When
I left Boston I was as much a victim to the excitement as any
one, and built as many castles as the most sanguine, and who
could help it after reading the reports that were sent from this
country twelve months ago. Yes, I repeat, reports that went
home from Melbourne and Sydney!-reports which the newspapers echoed faxr and wide, reports destructive to a legitimate
commerce, and enervating the healthy working of trade I-reports made to catch the eye of every adventurer!-brief but
insinuating, such as "great scarcity"-" high prices"-"  enor,nous consumption," and "extraordinary demand." Reports which
will be the means of ruining many a young house, who have embarked their all in this, for a short time " SouthSea Bubble" of
the ninteenth century I
Every day goes to convince me that advices went from this
country last fall and winter that would give facts the lie-sent
home for a special purpose I
Such accounts have led many into the trade that can ill
410 
YOUTHFUL SPECULATIONS.
afford to sink so suddenly what little they had gained; but to
all such I must give my sympathy, for I can well remember the
fatal result of my first shipment of onions to Great Britain. I
saw everybody shipping them, and believed a fortune was to be
made, and I worked days, thought at my meals, and dreamt
nights, until the bills of lading were signed at 2s 6d freight for
twenty five barrels silver skins, marked  T [in a diamond] to
Liverpool, on board the good ship Washington Irving. They
were picked by hand and packed in the cleanest of barrels, and
coopered with scrupulous exactness, and paid for, from my clerkship salary, (I went without a new suit of Sundays all that summer). Those who have been shipping to Australia may form a
slight idea of my anxiety about remittances and accounts.
'Twas awful suspense, my letter of instructions was carefully
written, not a word too many, simply advising the quality, and
using the words "prompt sales" and "prompt remittances."
Four months went past, and I was about ordering llenard to
prepare the aforesaid suit, when lo I a letter came.'Twas
sealed, and bore that well remembered stamp, B. B. & Co. I
broke the seal, I saw the wqrds "dull market," "regret," " perishable article "-and debit of ~3 17s 9d!  That was my first
and last shipment of onions to Liverpool! I stopped the order
for the coat, and practiced economy until Richard was all right
once more.
A continual nightmare has been hanging over our market for
the last six months, and now all hands having started shipments
again, the monster stares at us more ferociously than ever.
I know of no instance in commercial history where so large a
business has been transacted without any reliable information.
California was different, and even there first shipments were
disastrous, and later ones not much better.  Notwithstanding
411 
WILD DATA.
the enormous quantities of gold which the mines have given up,
I have no doubt from the heavy shipments there California is
still indebted to her sister states.
We have often known business men to enter a joint stock
company in the dark, and book themselves for a few hundred
shares on the recommendation of a friend. No matter from
how far off they see their dividend; but'tis very seldom you
find the practical merchant entering largely into a commercial
transaction of any magnitude in a foreign country without some
data upon which to base his calculation; but we must certainly
allow that the Australian trade has been an exception. The
United States was early in the field, and has plunged headlong
into the speculation without even suficient geographical knowledge to locate the country. It is no usual thing to find bills of
lading signed to "Port Philip, with the privilege of Adelaide
or Sydney," just as if those places were as near each other as
Boston and Charlestown! and I have seen letters directed in
the most fantastic way, such as "Melbourne, near Victoria,"
and "Port Philip, New South Wales;" and one had simply
"Australia," in addition to the name of the individual. But
there is nothing like experience.   The trade will grow, and
America will be a strong competitor with England in provisions
and "notions" of all kinds.
412 
CHAPTER XII.
MELBOURNE, December 16, 1853.
You will be surprised to see how fast this place is becoming
Americanized. Go where you will, from Sandridge to Bendigo,
from the "Ovens" to Balaarat, you can but note some indication of the indomitable energy of our people. "Hang a coffee
bag in that place noted for the warmth of its temperature and
the morals of its inhabitants, and a Yankee will be sure to find
it," says some observer of our national character I
The true American defies competition and laughs sneeringly
at impossibilities. He don't believe in the word, and is prepared
to show how meaningless it is. It is not an unusual thing to
hear the movers of some undertaking that has been dragging
its slow carcase along, remark:-" If you want to have the
jetty finished, you must let the Americans take hold of it;"
and sure enough they have obtained the contract to complete
the Hobson's Bay Railroad Pier, and our countrymen mechanics
invariably.receive the preference.
A mail or two since I wrote you about the Tittlebat appearance of the Melbourne fire brigade at the late fire in Collins
street, and suggested the propriety of your sending us out a
Boston tub or two, just for aggravation sake. Hardly had my
letter cleared the Heads before we had another scorcher, more
furious than the first, burning down some half-dozen buildings
in Flander's lane. The Americans could not endure it any
longer, and on the spot determined to volunteer their services 
AMERICANS SrAIIrING FIRE COMPANIES.
for the public good. It was too much for our weak nerves to
see the reckless destruction of property, simply for want of a
suitable engine.  The next morning our paper was started and
sixteen thousand dollars subscribed in less time than it takes to
perform the Episcopal service, for the purchasing of the suitable
apparatus for a thoroughly efficient fire department under the
volunteer system.  After all the American houses had contributed their fifty pounds, the paper was passed round among the
"merchants of all nations," who gladly gave us a helping hand.
The enclosed scrip from the Argus will show you that this is no
flash in the pan, but a genuine go ahead affair. A committee
has been appointed to wait upon his excellency, with a brief
outline of our system of managing such affairs, and to request
the government to furnish us with engine houses, &c., if it met
with his sanction and approval. A meeting will be called to
hear the report of said committee, and if favorable, the orders
for the engines will be sent forthwith.
As most of the Atlantic States are represented here by mercantile houses, there is quite a difference of opinion about where,
and by whom said machinery shall be made-some say Boston,
(and I most respectfully would intimate that I am one of that
number, having for many years a most religious belief in the
superiority of that city over many others for clipper ships, clipper mechanics, clipper engines, clipper scholars and clipper merchants!) Some say New York, others, Philadelphia, while one
or two believe in Baltimore. To settle the question, we may
have to draw from each, an engine for competition sake,-each
maker will then be striving to excel, and we shall accordingly
get the best "mer-chines."
This movement will show you that the Americans are not
asleep.
414 
DUST KEPT DOWN.
A few day since I was trying my veil, preparatory for the
cloud of dust that sweeps along Collins street, between Queen's
and Swanston, when my old eyes were,made glad by the appearance of a real old Boston water cart in full operation. The
streets were being watered, and'twas amusing to see the astonished natives on each side gaping incredulously at the watering
machine.  No wonder, poor benighted race.  It ww something
they never dreamed of; they could not understand how that
water, which they were paying two dollars a cask for, should be
scattered up and down the street. One man, more intelligent
than the rest, had presence of mind enough to climb up on the
wheel and tell the driver, amid a shout from the knowing ones,
that the water was all leaking out of his cart!
On inquiry, I found that an American was watering the street
on subscription. I noticed one spot in the middle of the street
as dusty as ever, while either side was carefully sprinkled. It
seems that the occupant of the store adjoining declined paying
for the luxury, so the driver stopped just before, and commenced
sprinkling again just after having passed his door I
A company of Americau Californians have started a line of
passenger wagons, (American, of course, made at Concord)to Bendigo; another party have two teams running from Geelong to Balaarat; and some Cape Cod folks are doing a good
business with some Yankee coaches between Sandridge and
Melbourne.
There are about one hundred New York buggy wagons in
and about the city, mostly owned by Englishmen, who for a
long time could not believe that the tiny spokes and slender
wheels and springs were sufficiently strong to carry their weight I
They are much delighted with the covered buggies, and well
415 
AMERICAN BEVERAGES.
they may be, for the sun comes down most scorchingly upon
those who sport a "dog cart!"
Some two or three Americans are engaged in catching fish,
some forty miles from town, for this market; another party are
cutting firewood at the Heads, on speculation-while Moss is
selling American ice at the Criterion at fifty cents a-pound.
American timber shuts out the colonial; and American mining tools have already displaced the English.
American liauors stand no chance here-but the American
drinks are very popuiar, and now having exercised the peculiar
privilege of an American in saying what he can of his countrymen, permit me to wish you and your readers as many happy
returns of the new year as it may be pleasant for you and them
to enjoy.
416 
CHAPTER XIII.
MELBOURNE, January 1, 1854.
WE take no note of time, although time takes notes of us.
Twelve months ago I should as soon have thought of occupying a pulpit in Timbuctoo as a counting house in the antipodes.
Give me Liverpool with its dense fogs and rains, or Boston with
its easterly winds, to this infernal region, for a hotter place
than Melbourne at this season of the year I hope I may never
locate in. While you are luxuriating in furs and fires, drinking
mulled wine at Porter's and sleighing on the Neck, I, poor devil,
am wearing away an unhappy new year in imbibing luke warm
Yarra-yarra, and in endeavoring to catch a breath of fresh air
amid the clouds of dust that always accompany the hot winds.
Here I am, sans ice, sans fruit, sans everything but the blues,
the Australian indigo blues I Who can help it, when suffocating with heat, eaten up with flies, and choking with dust?
The fruits, bah!-the meanest farm down east would eclipse
the whole colony in eatables. Twenty-five cents for a little dried
up peach I two dollars for a quart of cherries I and fifty cents
for a seed cucumber I-shades of the Pilgrims, protect us from
such a dessert, where the only fruits known are the emu and the
kangaroo.   Give me the rainy season, with all its mud  and
dampness, rather than this pestilential, fire scorching, dust-choking sirocco, which almost drives me mad. The country far and
wide is parched with the intense heat, and the few cattle are 
THE PARLIAMENT.
dyiing for food and water; —and I believe, in spite of assertions
to the contrary, that this is a fair specimen of an Australian
summer. Sydney's work on this country and Martin's Colonies
are precious gems to guide the unsuspecting.
Herewith is the report of the select committee on the constitution. I send it to you believing that politically as well as
commercially you are anxious to hear from us. The document,
for an English colony, is decidedly democratic, although many
of its clauses have a tinge of the opposite color.
The parliament of Victoria, by this paper, is to be invested
in two houses, the legislative council and the house of assembly,
the veto resting in her most gracious majesty, through her royal representative the governor, the former to be wholly elective,
consisting of twenty-five members, whose term of office is ten
years-the  colony to be divided into five electoral districts,
each sending five members, whose qualification for office must
be a free-hold of ~10,000, and a British born subject of thirty
years of age.
Now this is what I consider perfectly absurd, this bolstering
up in such a freak of fortune country as Australia-the money
qualification-this placing gold against brains.  How few great
minds would have ornamented our senate, had it required
$50,000 to give them a seat I
Wealth, in my opinion, has weight enough already with the
masses without pushing it forward by a statute regulation. The
clause making a man British born will of course shut out all the
Shields' and Soules! Away with ambition, ye political outsiders,
for ye are not permitted to enter the sacred precincts of the house
of lords I We may expect to see no Pitts in that arena, for a
legislative councilor must be thirty years of age.'Twas a young
poet that said
418 
HOUSE OF ASSEMBILY.
"Man at thirty thinks himself a fool"and is pretty sure of it at forty, &c.
I suppose the committee thought it would be too American
to call the upper house the senate. There's dignity in that
name; it has a Roman sound, and calls to mind the giant intellects, Clay, Calhoun, Webster. I have seen none here worthy
to touch the hem of their garments, none that bear the stamp
of statesmen. Do note the qualifications for electors to this
august body!  I forbear commenting,
The house of assembly holds a member only three years,
every 200 electors giving one member —colony divided into
counties, and the large counties into ridings; qualification for
said office, ~2000 firee-hold, and British born subject, or seven
years' naturalization. This will give you a glance at the much
talked of constitution. Liberal in many things, supremely rediculous in others, most likely it will be modified. The diggers
have a word to say; they are independent dogs, and are ready
at anytime for a shindy.
Pardon me if my brevity is saddening-if my pen is dressed
in the sombre garb of mourning, for within two short hours
I have seen consigned to a, dark and dismal grave the breathless forms of two young men.   I have but just returned from
the new cemetery, and the funeral rites and grave-yard reflections still occupy my thoughts.  Mr. Hammatt, a young Americant, of Bangor, Me, and Wallen, a young  Englishman, long
residing in Philadelphia, have gone to their long home; and
distant friends will join me in shedding a tear for the fate of
those two youths, of fair prospects and good name, who wandered so far away for gold and found a grave I
Young Hammatt came passenger in the Plymouth Rock, and
brought me a letter of introduction from Mr. George McLel
419 
SAD FUNERAL.
lan, of the Boston custom house. He has been battling with
fortune at the gold fields, and for many a long day has been
drooping with that ruthless destroyer, consumption, brought on,
no doubt, by exposure in the mines and the mutability of the
climate.  He died at Sandridge, where his companions from
Bangor did all they could to smooth his dying pillow. But yet
he was far away from home, no loving mother, no gentle sister,
no relative, none near and dear to soothe his fading moments
and hold the taper that lights the dreary pathway to the tomb I
Death at the antipodes!'Tis hard,'tis very hard to die so
far from home and kindred, and most saddening to witness
robust youth, so full of blissful hope and happiness, linger away
and die in a strange land, surrounded with none of the luxuries
of home!  Not even a clergyman who understands the meaning
of sympathy I for the coldformality of the written prayer seems
so professional, in comparison with the gentle flowers that a
New England preacher strews over the coffin lid, where words of
consolation settle on the mind, it were almost mockery to listen
to it.'Tis most melancholy to witness the proceedings of an
Australian funeral I An American dies, and even though a
stranger, is followed to the tomb by his fellow countrymen.
I am proud to record this kindred feeling, this noble sympathy,
this love of country.  It was an unusual sight to the old colonists to witness so many American buggy wagons in a funeral
train!
Young Wallen has been here about twelve months, and from
his strong and athletic constitution you would hardly have pronounced him an early victim to the fell destroyer. He was all
life and energy, and very popular in his social and business relations. He was engaged to a young lady in Philadelphia, and
has only waited for the return of his father from the States to
420 
DYING ABROAD.
go for his fair bride. Alas! the dark border of the funeral
note will throw a shade of sadness over that young heart which
many months and years of weeping memories cannot dispel I
The funeral ceremony was peculiarly national. A printed
notice was sent to all the friends, gloves and long crape badges
were provided for all present, and in an adjoining room a table
was profusely spread with cake and wine I The hearse was
decorated with white plumes, illustrative of youth, and the
church service was as chill as the atmosphere and no ladies attended the funeral.
"In the midst of life we are in death"
421 
CHAPTER XIV.
SYDNEY, N. S. W., March 1st, 1854.
You will never fully appreciate the beauty of the introductory
remarks to Meagher's lecture on Australia till you have passed
Sydney Heads and dropped your anchor in the clear blue
waters of Port Jackson. The Heads present a most imposing
appearance, towering as they do so many hundred feet above
the surface of the water, one enormous mass of scraggy rock,
out of which the immortal chisel of the creator had cut a narrow
gateway for the convenience of the world, so small the aperture
and so bold the coast, even Cook, the adventurous navigator,
lost sight of it and steered his bark in the afterwards far-famed,
only in a name, Botany Bay! But the sailor at the mast-head
saw the placid waters of Sydney a few miles inland, and thus
the harbor was discovered before its entrance.
From Port Philip to Port Jackson the coast presents a most
singular aspect, the whole country bearing the impress of inurndation. Much as has been said about the dangerous navigation
between Melbourne and Sydney, for my part I should think the
underwriter's risk much greater on our Atlantic border, or in
making many of the ports of Britain. The coast is well marked,
and in fair weather your course is briefly told; you need not
hug the land, but make your distance from point to point. But
when you encounter one of the dense fogs, or get brought up
by a genuine "southerly buster," look out for breakers, for they
are always rattling along the shore. I saw the rock where the 
BEAUTY OF NATURAL SCENERY.
ill starred "Monumental City" buried so many of her victims,
and,as you gaze, your fancy is busy with the distressing scenes
it pictures, and you think you hear the wail of drowning misery.
Our passage was a brilliant one, and by it the "Golden Age"
has placed her competitors a long way in the distance. With
a fair wind the best time ever made from Heads to HIeads
by experimental steamships was 51 hours, while we have done
the distance in 43 with the wind dead-ahead, and Capt. Porter
is confident that English coal and favorable weather will shortly
bring it inside of 40 hours I It was a novel sight to the good
people in Sydney to witness our enormous proportions, for the
quick report of the brass gun brought hundreds to the view.
The upper saloon, the massive walking beam, the great height
of the top hammer from the water, and the peculiar model of
the long black hull without a bowsprit, were severally the topics
of comment and surprise. But the picturesque appearance of
the bay, studded with so many miniature villas and so much
natural beauty, was much more novel and interesting to me.
I have never seen nor have I ever read of any place in the
world that can compare with it. It seems as though nature
had concentrated on the border of her water-works the combined loveliness of a long range of inland scenery.
The hurry and whirl of a new city swelling its commercial
boundaries almost to bursting, the rapid change of shaky wood
and tottering composition to substantial stone and mortar, the
busy stir and the quick step of a Melbourne life, had entirely
driven from my memory the fact that Sydney is over half a century old; and not till I had observed in some portions of it a
strong resemblance of English Chester and Scotch Edinburgh,
did I realize that the town is almost as old as our constitution.
Go where you will throughout this fine old place, you see the
423 
SYDNEY.
unmistakable stamp of England and the English. You forget
when witnessing the snug domains and classic cottages which
ornament its environs, and the home look of the wealthy citizen,
that you are so far from the mother country, much farther (if
you measure distance by mails) than the star of the PacificCalifornia.
Like Boston, Sydney has little uniformity in its streets. Their
irregularity is as puzzling as are those everlasting squares in
Philadelphia.   Some of the principal thoroughfares were kept
very tidy, while in others I was forced to walk in the gutterbeing the only clean place I could find!
The city cannot well be hid, from the simple fact of its being
built upon a hill, and we need never look foreits fall, as it is
founded on a rock. The whole site is one massive quarry of sand
stone, in many places towering some fifty to one hundred feet
above the surface.'Tis very convenient to get sufficient material
from your foundation to construct your entire building.
Some of the buildings now being erected in George street are
choice specimens of architecture. The Bank of New South
Wales for instance, and the Commercial Bank are both great
ornaments to the city. These institutions can well afford the
immense outlay, for Australia banking is a eureka mine to stockholders. The stranger is particularlystruck with surprise when
the cabman tells him that the cathedral, now about half finished, was commenced a quarter of a century ago I You can hardly
credit it, but such is the fact. It was a magnificent undertaking but too heavy for the purse of its projectors. They are still
at work upon it, and posterity may yet hear the man of God
hold forth beneath its sacred roof. I believe that several sums
have been left by those in the parish to help along its comple tion, but it will be a long time I fear before annuities finish it;
424 
ELEGANT LIVERIES.
for well wishers must die rapidly, or the foundation will decay
ere the roof is prepared.
There are several other unfinished churches in Sydney, commenced in 1842, the panic year, when the strongest houses snapped like a wish-bone, and business was laid upon the shelf.
The private equipages here entirely eclipse our Victoria capitol. I saw several superb liveries. England is copied in this
respect, for the footman and the lackey wear the breeches and
the boots. The public conveyances are much superior to those
in Melbourne, many of them being formerly private carriages.
425 
CHAPTER XV.
SYDNEY, N. S. W., March 2, 1854,
IN my last I confined myself within the borders of the city,
now I propose to wander over and about its environs, and to
give you a bird's eye view of Botany Bay, South Heads and
Parramatta, the three principal excursions from the metropolis,
all of which will cater to your enjoyment when you visit Sydney;
for they are as attractive in their beauty, and bear the same relation to the place, as our suburban rides, to the village of the
pilgrims.
Botany Bay has become a proverb, a bugbear in parliamentary debates, a demon in the nursery, no matter how rapid the
march of intellect, no matter what other penal prison may be
patronized, Botany Bay has too firm a hold upon the mind to
die away.  When in earnest argument, or in general conversation where crime is the topic, and you don't wish to send the
criminal to the place where they don't rake up fire nights, you
immediately procure him a passage to Botany Bay. And yet,
singular as it may seem, there is nothing in it or about it that
shocks the sense, or jars the feelings of the most delicate tourist. Captain Cook christened it for the foliage and the plants,
and the first convict ship cast anchor in its silent waters. Hence
the name, and hence the association, a medal sunk in the rock
is all the reminder you have of Cook, and a small white monument informs you that La Perouse was seen on the spot for the 
BEASTS AND BIRDS.
last time. Like Sir John Franklin, and Leichhardt, none knew
the place or the manner of his death.
Not a building is to be seen upon the sea shore, save the hotel,
which is the Gretna Green of Sydney, the Rockland House of
Boston. The shore has a barren look when not shaded with
the trees, and a small jetty extending some hundred feet into
deeper water, is the only indication of an "hereditary peerage."
The grounds about the house are very beautiful and the garden
is filled with the choicest flowers, but what was most interesting
to me was a good view of the birds and beasts of Australia.
The emu resembles the ostrich, and runs with great speed.
There were three or four of these birds running about the yard
as tame as turkeys. Their great size and awkward gait attracted as much notice as did the clumsy lounging movements
of the kangaroos. It is amusing to watch the movements of
these peculiarly constructed quadrupeds. A kangaroo hunt is
most exciting, but it is soon ended, for the steady pull of the
well trained hound tells upon the long legged, long leaping jumper, and while the fox under such circumstance seeks his hole, the
kangaroo turns at bay and the sharp horny claw on the hind
feet does fearful execution on a pack of hounds.
The black swan resembles the white in most respects save its
color, and the native deer takes to the water as naturally as
this bird.
Birds of every species were to be seen about the house and
in the grounds; and in a menagerie adjoining were several animals from the Indies, among which was a beautiful Bengal tiger.
Among the birds the cock-a-too pleased me the most; it is
easily tamed, and talks with much fluency, saying "pretty
cocky"  as plainly as a human voice. Botany Bay is short of
ten miles from the city, and I think it the pleasantest seashore
retreat in the country.
427 
VIEW FROM THE HEADS.
South Heads are studded with the lighthouse and the telegraphic station, and you reach them over a good macadamized
road of seven or eight miles, the labor of the early convicts.
The view from the summit is most imposing, and covers the
country far inland, the whole scenery of the beautiful bay, the
picturesque aspect of the scattered shipping, and the classic
situation of Sydney itself. Besides which you have a splendid
prospect all along the border of the ocean and far out to sea.
It requires some nerve to look down the cliff, which overhangs
the water; its great height is enough to make a sailor giddy.
Returning we passed Wentworth's Place, which is situated
close upon the bay, a romantic retreat for the Australian statesman.  Among the thousand and one trees that line the roadside
I discovered nothing familiar to the gaze, all seem different from
those in our part of the world, not even a shrub did I detect,
save a specimen of the common brake, that I ever saw in the
United States.
Parramatta derives its name from the river, and is some fifteen miles from Sydney. Through the politeness of Captain
Fitzroy, A. D. C., and son of the governor general, our party
was provided with a lunch at the government house there. A
gallant little steamer took us up the river, which gave us a fine
view of the country round about, and carriages had been provided to bring us back inland.
In Sir George Gipp's day the government property at Parramatta was in thorough repair and the grounds were most tastefully arranged, but under the present administration they have
been sadly neglected. The town is very English, and appeared
to me very much as Thorpe did to Mr. Mountford. Nash's
Hotel is much better arranged and kept than many of those in
Sydney.
428 
FORCES  AT SYDNEY.                   429
I saw the progress the directors had made with the Parramatta railroad, and should suppose that the Pacific line will be
completed before this road has passed its youthful days.
A locomotive whistle in Australia will be an era in the nation's progress, and time will be dated from that day! Wake
up ye Sydney people, or Melbourne will take the bread from
your mouths I  The young giant is already boasting of his
strength, and your natural position will not offset his energysocially ye are a hospitable community, but commercially ye do
not keep up with the age in which ye live.
Government and enterprise have done little for Sydney,
nature, everything. I fear now it is too late; the rival of Port
Philip is attracting the gaze of the whole world, and I point
you to the shipping for the truth of my assertion.
Sydney is the oldest, but not the most progressive of the
mother country's Australian children; she is the oldest and has
been the most favored, for she is the head of which the others
are the body. 
The commander of the forces and the governor general are
quartered here, but how long they will remain is a question we
will answer later on.
I should not be at all surprised to hear that Melbourne is to
be the centre. She deserves it, her population, her commercial
greatness, her geographical position, demand it. 
CHAPTER XVI.
SYDNEY, N. S. W., March 7, 1854.
WHERE yOU meet with one ship in Port Jackson you will see
a dozen in Hiobson's Bay. The whaling fleet have cut the place
-for it would never answer to touch Australia in the golden
age, for Jack would be off to the diggins!  Everything is
changed in that respect. No convicts are employed now in the
coasting trade, as formerly —you must get your sailors where
you can.
The port seems to have been selected as a hospital for dis
abled steamships, the Adelaide, one of the A. R. M. S. S. Co.'s
boats, has been lying here for a six month-a bad investment
for a new steamship. The captain abandoned her, but the underwriters kicked, and Captain Henderson has been sent out by
the owners to gGt her home, if possible. I hope he will succeed
with the old tub. The pioneer Cunarder is also here, the old
Unicorn, which Captain Wood sold for Messrs Howland &
Aspinwall for about $25,000.
The Tasmania (the East Boston old "Rajah  Wallah,") is
also another lame duck I can see anchored in the stream. But
what American ships are those just under the stern of the Golden Age, bearing the English flag?'Pon my soul, they are the
old Boston packet ships Washington Irving and Anglo-American, the pioneers of Train's line, that were sold in London some
two years since! I saw them at Melbourne when I arrived
last May; now here they are at Sydney, they must have made 
SQUADRON OF OLD WHALERS.
quick trips to England. Although you have built the Sovereign of the Seas and the Great Republic, you have no reason
to be ashamed of your old acquaintances, Mr. McKay. The
Washington Irving still holds the name, but the Anglo-American flourishes under the more supercilious soubriquet of "Arrogant." The brilliant author of the Hudson, of whom we all
feel so proud, will be pleased to hear that his namesake is still
alive, and, that although she unfurls another flag, she supports
her honors with a good grace.
Off "Capt. Town's" wharf some twelve or fifteen old whale
ships are laid up in regular line, the squadron's christened "rotten row." He buys them at auction, and lays them aside, he
says, for rainy days. He is confident that sailor's wages will
fall, and that a good business will spring up at some future day
to bring them into use.
There is a beautiful little steamer, yclept the "Fairy Queen,"'
that plies across the bay, a perfect Tom Thumb of a boat,
whose counterpart you will only find in the classic waters of
Loch Katrine.
The tide falls some six feet, and deep water berths are as
thick as wealthy convicts.
Mr. Williams, the fifteen years UInited States consul, removed
under Fillmore and re-appointed under Pierce, has a pleasant
place at Balmain. He stands well in the community, and, although he has married an Australian lady, his feelings are
American.
Mr. Clark resides at the " Glebe," and entertains in Chesterfield style. Woolloomooloo and the Glebe are the Roxbury
and Brookline of Sydney.  What a pity they did not introduce
a few more o's in the former name.
To-morrow we leave for Melbourne, and the "Golden Age"
431 
SOCIAL GENOROSITY.
has a fair freight list and a good number of passengers. As
promised, I touch off one more squib, and leave the place.with
my impressions. 
I need not say that I was much prejudiced against Sydney
when I arrived here, for I had heard of the strange treatment
that the Americans receive from the English. Gossip had made
me familiar with Mr. Raymond's case, and I thought you could
see which way the wind was by straws I  He was most unfortunate in having one of the vigilance committee, who was instrumental in sending back several who had arrived in San Francisco as captain of the " New Orleans," and that, together with
the loss of the "Monumental City," creating no small sensation,
and the republishing in Sydney, from a California paper, that
ill-fated letter which Mr. Raymond's friend so imprudently gave
to the press, all tended to increase the feeling of distrust and
prejudice. But this is fast dying away;-America and Australia are too intimately connected in their commercial relations
to allow illiberal views on either side to spring up and check
their progress.
I say that I was not prepossessed with the people or the place
when I arrived, but now at my departure I see the injustice of
my conclusions.
If I am to judge by the hospitality our party has received
during our ten days visit from every quarter, I should put Sydney against the world for courtesy.
Sir Charles Fitzroy, the governor general of all the colonies,
is a plump John Bull of the free and easy school;-a gentleman whose hospitality extends over a wide circle of his friends.
He is a bon vivant in its literal sense, and is as good a judge of
claret or Burgundy as you will find in the colony. He has held
the reins of government some six or seven years with  Dea"
432 
DINNER AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE.
Thompson for his premier, a man of strong mind and well read.
It is understood that an India appointment would exactly touch
the wishes of his excellency, but, as he As somewhat advanced in
years, I doubt if he obtains one. Captain Porter gave him a
quiet lunch on board the "Golden Age," and he returned the
compliment by inviting our party to dine with him, a courtesy
much more marked from the fact of his detaining the "Calliope,"
government vessel which he was about embarking in for the new
settlement a day or two to carry out his intentions.
We had a delightful time at the government house, a building which shames its namesake in Melbourne. Twenty-two of
us sat down to the table loaded with the luxuries of the day,
and from the rapidity with which the plates were changed, you
would imagine yourself in the Hotel de Paris!
Sir Charles acted the host to perfection, having a kind word
for all.  In the evening we saw the elite of Sydney, and as the
lackey announced name after name, some of them ringing with
titles, I thought that Sydney boasted a society that Melbourne
never dreamed of I
But to me the lions of the evening were William Wentworth
and his opponent Darvall. They seemed to me the shining lights
in that brilliant assembly. I felt that I knew them both, for
I had but just read the exciting debates on the new constitution, where these two orators were the Hayne and Webster of
the day.
There he stood, the tall herculean frame, the hard weatherbeaten visage, the American constitution-hater, Wentworth!the giant intellect of New South Wales, the Tom Benton of the
legislature-for he has been eloquent for thirty years in the
councils of his country. He leaves in the Chusan for England,
to push his nominee constitution down the throats of the minis
433 
AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATORS.
try, and through the legislative stomach of the English parliament! But it may not go dqwn, Mr. Wentworth! Parliament
will reject the titled pill, Mr. Wentworth, which you have so
carefully prepared; and what will be the result, Mr. Wentworth? The puzzled ministry will say here's a pretty pickle I
New South Wales asks for a nominee upper house I Victoria
says, give me an elective chamber!-and South Australia wants
neither one nor the other. Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand will shortly be "knocking at the door, let me in," with an
entirely different proposition. Now what shall we do but send
them all back to form a federal government a la America, the
centre of which will be Melbourne? Vive le Australia!
But I am wandering again from Sir Charles's guests, and
Mr. Wentworth begs to introduce me to his firiend (?) Mr. Darvall," whose sentiments are more  congenial to mine."   We
thank you, Mr. Darvall, for upholding American institutions.
You have gallantly defended us from Mr. Wentworth's cut.
throat stabs. How nicely you riddled his argument, how ingeniously you showed up the fallacy of his logic I That repartee
on his nqamesake-one of the early governors of the Granite
State, was a capital hit; and the way you handled the slave
question, the Baltimore riot among the printers in 1812, and
the double election senate, did you credit. You have now our
admiration, Mr. Darvall; and when you visit the United States
you will find a room already engaged for you. Permit me to
introduce to you Sir Charles Nicholson, the speaker of the legislative council, the provost of the university, and the owner of
the largest and finest library in the colony. He is a wealthy
bachelor of the old school, and is noted for his kindness to our
countrymen. He speaks familiarly of Wilkes and Ringgold,
434
I 
HOSPITALITY OF THE GOVERNOR.
and other officers of our government,..
in Sydney.
We met Professor Bell and Dr. Waoley, of the ministry, at
his hospitable table-for he is a patron of belles lettres.  Those
I met spoke highly of his excellency; and from what I can
gather, Sydney, the Australian writer, told the truth when he
said you would seldom find "a better governor than this goodnatured, ball-giving, George-the-Fourth style of Fitzroy." Government House is a splendid building, and you will have to go
to England to find another such a park. The early governors
must have lived in style; and Sir Charles, before the death of
his wife, must have had something of a court on his presidential
salary of $25,000 per year. His sons are gay birds, and in
reputation have almost astonished their illustrious predecessor.
435 
CHAPTER XVII.
MELBOURNE, JUly 16, 1854.
THE last time I had the pleasure of taking you by the hand
in your editorial sanctum you requested me to give you an inkling of Australia, its commerce and its people, and you also
wanted an occasional gossipping note of general news,-you
have had both. Since the time I made Point Nepean, more
than a year ago, I have jotted down such items as came beneath
my notice and passed them over to you with my impressions of
the day. My object has been to give you a fair, impartial view
of life in the Southern Ocean, and to comply with the oft-repeated request of many kind and dear acquaintances in my native
city, (whose friendship I prize far more than all the glittering
dust of Bendigo or the precious "nuggets" of Balaarat,) who
begged of me to write them something of this peculiar land, so
far famed for its bunyip productions of the animal and vegetable
kingdom I
Whether I have succeeded or have only laid myself open to
invidious remarks, you are best informed. If my gossip has
proved of interest to some few of the many whose attention has
been turned towards the Victorian gold-fields, I am satisfied;
if not, I am willing to "cut the painter?" My evenings and
the seventh day of the week are all my own; my days belong
to the sterner cares of business.  My first mercantile lesson for 
SURPLUS IMPORTS.                    437
bade private correspondence in business hours; and I assure you
I have never broken the precept or forgotten the preceptor.
Having thus "defined my position " for the benefit of "whom
it may concern," permit me to say that a year's experience beneath an Australian sun has not made an Englishman of me,
and I doubt if a lifetime in the colony could allure from me my
passport as an American, as one of the glorious many I
Give me leased property and citizenship, to freehold and alien
ation.
Twelve months experience in Melbourne during the memorable years of 1853 and'54 will prepare one to raise his shingle
in Japan, open an ice-cream saloon in the African desert, form
a copartnership in Patagonia, or attempt any enterprise, however hazardous I'Tis experience dearly bought, but valuable
when in possession.   San Francisco with its rotting importations is no counterpart to this remarkable port. The millions
sunk there may exceed the enormous sums buried here, but there
will always be a wide difference between the two places-as
wide as between the cash and credit system I
If we can judge by our recent advices from California, this
country is far the largest'consumer, and will prove herself the
fairest mark for the speculative shipper. Do you doubt it?
Look at the figures.  Australian imports last year reached tke
enormous sum of eighty-five millions of dollars! and the imports
into this colony reach three hundred dollars a head to each man,
woman, and child in Victoria!  Can you point to me in the
whole range of commercial history another such a statement?
No, the world never saw the parallel!  Is not then a country
that can stand alone under such a staggering load worthy the
attention of the emigrant and the shipper? and now you have
the statistics can you wonder why our markets reached this sick 
GOLD CROP.
ening level, and have proved so disastrous to the early adventurer? At one time six hundred ships in Hobson's Bay, deep
loaded with valuable cargoes, all clamoring to be dischargedand no lighters, no drays, no warehouses, no wharves, no conveniences of any kind! Do you not then pity the pioneers in
the trade, who, while they have been borne down by cares and
perplexities which no other place can equal-begging here and
there a little storage, and trusting Tom, Dick and Harry in
their endeavors to make sales, who, while they have gone through
the fire and smoke of the Australian furnace, are obliged to
shoulder the censure and bear the blame of stagnant markets
and unfortunate speculations?
But now a brighter day has dawned, and once more we are
blessed with a clear sky and a brighter prospect. Remember
that while our imports have startled the world, our exports are
not beneath your notice. Remember that from January, 1853,
to January, 1854, we shipped one hundred tons of gold!-and
from the commencement of the present year to date, over fifty
tons of the precious dust have been sent abroad!  So you may
safely put down our gold product at one hundred tons per annum
as the official statement, not including the large quantities in
the hands of passengers!
Fifty millions of dollars will answer for an annual capital,
and if any one doubts it, it will guarantee our solvency I
The average production for the last three months exceeds the
same period last year by some ounces, and a larger emigration
of able bodied miners would very much increase that quantity.
We are now in an excellent position for a healthy trade. There
are plenty of warehouses now, and lighters and drays and
wharves are fully equal to the demand.
438 
CHAPTER XVIII.
MELBOURNE, July 23, 1854.
LAST evening I had the pleasure of sitting down at the Criterion to a grand feast, given by his countrymen, to the patriot
statesman William Smith O'Brien, and his companions in exile,
Martin and O'Dougherty.   Our countrymen have shown a
warm sympathy in these poor exiles, and I know there are
many who will be glad to hear a word about these martyrs to
a glorious cause! There are thousands of whole-souled Irishmen, commencing with the distinguished senator from Illinois,
citizens of the United States, who will be glad to welcome to
our shores this illustrious man!
The meeting was most enthusiastic, cheer after cheer rang
through the densely crowded hall. When O'Brien rose to respond to the toast of the evening, never have I witnessed such a
demonstration; cheering and clapping of hands and stamping
of feet!-the wine glasses rattled, the windows shook, and the
whole building seemed to tremble with the raised voices of a
hundred and fifty jolly Irishmen I
'Twas a proud moment for the orator; he seemed deeply
affected, and his emotions choked his utterance, for a time;
but untying his cravat and unbuttoning his shirt collar, he
thanked them with a true and earnest thankfulness for their
kind welcome. He met them socially, he could not, he would
not touch on politics. His freedom had come to him unsolicited
never, said he, have I attempted to escape, although I have had 
maly opportunities, for I would never acknowledge that I was
a criminal, but I do not censure in the least my compatriots
who are in America. I counseled Mr. Mitchel to do so, and I
consider him stainless in point of honor, but there is one thing
that it pains me to know, and that is the position which he has
taken in regard to slavery. I am sorry for this, and cannot
understand it; but so far as his escape is concerned, his hionor
is as pure as my own. Just so is it with my friend Mr. Meagher, a young man of great and sterling promise. I understand
that he is about to become a citizen of that glorious country,
the United States of America. Should he do so I predict that
he will do honor to that kind hearted people who have shown
so much sympathy for those poor refuges who bore the curse of
English tyranny and injustice. He (Mr. O. B.) here became
much excited, and related the causes of his banishment, and
spoke of the trials he had endured in Tasmania, branded as he
was as a common felon. He spoke feelingly of his country, and
advised his countrymen to emigrate to America, there they
were men, at home, serfs. Even now I am not permitted to
visit my native soil. I am free to come when I please, reads
my reprieve, but cannot touch the shores of Britain. His sentiments are unchanged. For five years they have tried his courage, and for five years he has been true.
Mr. O'Brien spoke kindly of his friends who shared his prison
walls, and seemed grateful to all who have befriended him. He
could not say too much about America, and concluded his remarks by proposing her prosperity and welfare.
He is about fifty years of age, and is a fine looking man.  He
is a parliamentary speaker, having been a long time in the house
of Commons. Hie is of noble family and high connections, and
is a gentleman of handsome property. For no selfish reason,
440
THE EXILES. 
IRISH PATRIOTS.
or for any private purpose but his country's welfare, he entered
the arena of revolution. He failed, internal causes prevented
his success, a packed jury convicted him of high treason, and he
was banished for life I His cause was a just one. The cankering worm of English misrule was destroying his unhappy country when he threw himself into the excitement of the day I
Our land is broad and beautiful, and our institutions show the
healthy growth of self-government. Ireland is rich in her internal resources, but mismanagement has made her poor.
Martin seems to avoid politics, but is bitter against his oppressors. He is also a man of wealth and good estates in Ireland. They wait his return, and must wait five years more, for
his parole does not permit him to return to his native land
until his sentence has expired.   He is a middle aged man,
with a noble but melancholy face; he has no pretensions to eloquence. O'Dougherty is about 30, and is also a fine looking
man. He has studiously pursued his profession as a medical
student, while at Hobart Town; and it is his purpose now to
return to Paris to finish his education.
O'Brien goes to Belgium, where his family are to meet him.
Martin also goes to the continent, and I believe they all go by
this overland mail. They probably will not visit America for a
year or two, but I doubt if they ever enter again among the useless agitations of their country. Long exile seems to have saddened their lives and crushed their spirits. Wherever they breathe
the air of free government they will be welcome, and I can
only wish that they may receive as cordial a welcome wherever
they may go as Mr. O'Shaughnessy and their countrymen have
given them here!   Addresses and substantial  presents have
been showered upon them both here and in Geelong. They
441 
THE NEW GOVERNOR.
stop at Dr. Motherwell's, a warmhearted Irishman, of large practice, and many friends.
The Golden Age on the 5th of May bore away our old governor, Charles Joseph Latrob~, Esquire, and the Queen of the
South, on the 21st of June, brought us our new one, Sir Charles
Hlotham, K. C. B.  The Hon. John Foster, the colonial secretary, was "the officer administering the government" in the
interim. The reign of Charles the First terminated with the
departure of the former vessel, while that of Charles the Seconds
commenced on the arrival of the latter, King John (as he is
called by the Argus) filling up the blank with all the honors,
but none of the titles of the office.
Mr Latrobe has many warm friends here among the squatters, but he was not a man of the people. Throughout the colony of Victoria you find no great public enterprise stamped
with his name. He was a capital governor for Melbourne in
1837, but 1853 and'54 require men of action and of mind.
Since its first issue, the Argus has been thundering away at him
to "unlock the lands," to "open the high-ways with proper
roads," to "build wharves and docks," and in a thousand ways
to "develop the resources" of the country, but without success.
Like the wife of the illustrious Dombey you couldn't get him to
make an effort I  Sir Charles Hotham is of a very different calibre, and the people of this colony have given him a glorious
welcome; addresses from societies, from towns and from incorporated bodies have been showered upon him with generous profusion; all have extended the hand of fellowship. The procession
was long and the cheers were loud.  With sublime and beautiful "confusion worse confounded" they came "as earthly conquerors always come," passing up Collins street, one immense
mass of men and horses; but the American car, the American
442 
THE PROCESSION.
flag, and the American marshals were the "observed of all
observers," and were an honor to their country and themselves.
The procession reached from Sandridge to Melbourne, and the
flags of all nations and the mottoes of all societies were conspicuously displayed. There was only one thing needed to have the
whole line of march go off with distinguished eclat, and that
was the valuable services of General Tyler as chief marshal.
Had he been here, the governor would not have headed the
procession, locked up by drays and water carts; nor would the
streets  have been so blocked up with "dog carts," "traps," and
turn outs of unpronounceable names; and a little more order, I
think,       would have been observed throughout the line.  On
Prince's bridge, the civic motto was an attempt at brilliant
punning
"Victoria welcomes Victoria's choice."
It has been suggested that as the colonists had no voice in the
matter of appointment, it would have been more appropriate
t o    have had  it
Victoria welcomes Hobson's choice.
Sir Charles Hotham has a brilliant future before hiih. Never
was there such an opportunity for a man to make himself great
as governor of this colony. The door stands open for enterprise
and action; the people, the press, and the pulpit are with him
in spreading the march of reform. I hope he is equal to the
times in which he lives, for, if he is not, depend upon it his
official reign will be painfully brief, for our people have begun
to think! Our politics are in their infancy, but their manhood
will be reached ere they touch their youth. They'll burst out
in all their glory when it will be least suspected.
I have little local news to give you. Building progresses with
443 
444                  RAPID IMPROVEMENTS.
rapidity astonishing even to those who have lived in San Francisco; stones and mortar are everywhere ornamenting our city.
The corporation are macadamizing our roads, and paving our
foot paths, and the government have commenced building our
wharves and repairing their approaches,
The gold fields are richer than the richest. The "Avoca"
is turning out some rich nuggets; every escort is burdened with
the precious stuff, and every ship carries away $200,000 of the
yellow dust. The diggers are contented, and labor continues
high. The weather has been beautiful for the last ten days, but
trade still droops. 
CHAPTER XIX.
MELBOURNE, October 28, 1854
THE Great Britain has done well so far, and may again, so I
write to tell you that there's been trouble at Balaarat, and a
new judge has been introduced to the members of the benchan individual who in times passed obtained some notoriety in our
own country. You may remember him. His name is Lynch!
Last week the diggers rose en masse against a judicial decision which liberated a notorious publican by the name of Bently,
who was arrested for murder. That night mob law was supreme I
Ten thousand men surrounded the house of Bently, which had
been a rendezvous of a desperate gang of Vandiemonians, and,
in spite of military, police, special constables, and the whole
government power, the hotel and surrounding buildings were
burned to the ground. After which, the ringleaders were taken,
but the mob demanded them to be given up, which demand was
complied with. As soon as the news came to town troops and
cannon were immediately sent up, with orders to "maintain the
law, regardless of life or cost," and'tis anticipated that blood
will be shed. The diggers have felt their power, and are not
likely to fall back for a handful of soldiers.
Sir George Gray, the present colonial minister, having instructed our new governor to liberate convicts pardoned in V.
D. L., who had been arrested by the laws of this colony, a monster meeting was held on Tuesday, in the open air, and such a 
EXTENSIVE ROBBERIES.
crowd of upturned faces I never witnessed before in this country.
At one time probably not more than8,000 to 10,000, but coming and going there must have been 20,000.   The speakers
were bold in their language, and declare in resolutions passed
with cheers that the queen, in this instance, must give up her
prerogative, and if you can believe what was said, she will have
to do so. It is said that Sir Charles will give way. If not, a
storm will be created that will end in cutting the painter.
The conviet's act will not go down, and the people here,
apathetic in everything else, show a determined front on this
question.
Give the colonists their own way and they will remain loyal,
cross their path and they will have a flag of their own l I pity
the man who sits in the governor's chair, the least movement is
sure to betray a pin I
The Bank of Victoria, at Balaarat, was robbed by an armed
gang, a few days since, of about ~14,000; and it is reported
that the manager of the New South Wales Branch Bank, at
the same place, has embezzled some ~20,000 I This will show
you that the frauds are not all on your side.
The " Wings of the Morning" came in day before yesterday
from New York, but the "Utter-most-parts-of-the-Sea" has not
been heard from.  "Snail," or "Tortoise," or " Drone," I would
suggest for the next clipper, just for a change; I am tired of
these "always-a-little-faster" clipper names.
The American press seem to have entirely cut this country.
How different the case eighteen months ago I Then, in spite
of our millions of sheep and cattle, starvation was the universal
cry; and, with the usual impulse of my enterprising but speculating countrymen, out came the monster fleet with the staff of
life and general notions; the stars and stripes ornamenting some
446 
AUSTRALIAN PECULIARITIES.
two hundred sail! But the investment was almost as bad as
California-not quite. How changed the scene from a year and
a half ago!  Then Australian editorials filled the American
journals, as ship after ship was despatched, as house after house
was formed; but now the booming of European cannon, the filibustero movements of military politicians, who are desirous of
adding two more stars to that beautiful flag by taking Cuba and
the Sandwich Islands, the uncorking of Japan, and the everlasting discussion of negro slavery, seem to have entirely driven
from your memory the fact, that a large American population
are digging away in this far-off land, who are as true and loyal
citizens of the United States as the best of you, men who scorn
the idea of becoming naturalized here, no matter what may be
the inducement. No, busy as you may be with the crowding
events of this wonderful age, you need not forget us, for some
time we are coming home I-the very thought of which supports us in our exile, and nerves us to renewed exertion.
But you must not forget us. What other country is so entitled to remembrance as ours,-where the stem of the pear
grows on the largest end, and cherry stones grow on the outside!-where there are oysters without shells, and fishes without
scales!-where a hen laid an egg with a piece of ham inside of
it, and a black cat gave birth to a white kitten with two tails!
-where sheep luxuriate in "scab," and dogs die of the "fever!"-where there are trees that shed their bark instead of
their leaves, and roses without smell!-where the summer
months commence in November and the winter months in
May! —where some of the aristocrats of the place arc graduates of Newgate, and where ignorant men went to bed poor at
night and found themselves rich in the morning by the acci
dental discovery of gold!-where horses and men wear veils
447 
CURIOSITIES.
to shield their eyes from the precious dust, and where gold is
found in pockets! —where oysters grow on mountain tops and
vegetables out of a caterpillar I —where our news from civilized
countries is usually one hundred days old, and where the mails
are always in the post office, and the females, no whar!-where
the natives consider small babies a great delicacy and American
steamships are sold to pay their charges I Where the old adage
of shipping on a fallen market instead of a rising one has proved obsolete, and where merchants get blown up sky-high for not
making sales and remitting a handsome profit on patent medicines, sausage skins, shaving boxes, wooden clocks and half
bushel measures I Where tea is sold by the chest, molasses by
the pound, cucumbers by the quart, and where a drink of brandy
is a "nobler!"  Where in a country covering such an enormous
territory there are only two miles of road where a man can
have the privilege of riding on a rail, and where the constituencies of our legislators are mainly represented by sheep I I say
where in all Christendom will you find another such a country,
where everything is unlike every other part of the world?
There are no tvo seasons alike, one winter it rains, the next we
have it dry, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, you can never
tell. When rice is ruling at ~60 per ton, one little cargo comes
in and down it goes to ~10. So is it with many other things,
up and down with every breath of wind.   But there is one
thing cheering, if the bottom has dropped out of the markets,
it certainly has not out of the gold fields, for they regularly produce their 40,000 ounces per week, and last week it reached
48,000 ounces! So long as we continue this wonderful yield
the country will attract attention abroad, which brings me back
to where I started, namely, in saying that notwithstanding its
stagnant markets, it should not entirely be forgotten by the press.
448 
KATE HAYS.
The markets are no better, shipments continue, money is
growing scarcer, solvent purchasers are hard to find, legislative
council. are doing nothing, amusements we never have, but Kate
Hays is coming down from Sydney, where she made a decided
hit in opera; Australia will make her fortune.
To-day is a holiday-cause, opening of the crystal palace; I
did not go, too dusty, some say, but to you I'll own that the
price of tickets had some effect in keeping me at home, only
$16 
449 
CHAPTER XX.
MELBOURNE, January 31, 1855.
THE journals, the circulars and the letters which fill the mail
bags of the Madras will show you Victoria, as she is, and as
she has been, for this mail carries the summary of a year. The
papers are filled with political matter, most of which consists in
abuse of the governor and the government; while the circulars
deal harshly with the markets, and the letters blackguard the
colony generally. One's views and opinions of a place or country are often based upon the success of the individual. If he is
contented, he gives you a brighter glance at the place, than
though misfortune and bad luck had shadowed his path. Heavy
losses are sure to tinge a man's idea of the country in which he
lives, as heavy gains. The one writes dolefully, while the other
is in the highest spirits; hence you receive by this mail a variety
of opinions regarding our present position, a majority of which,
I fancy, will consign the colony to the bottom of the ocean;
for it would be useless for me to say that there are hundreds
who are disappointed. I need give no better argument, than
to point to the large numbers that are homeward bound, every
packet taking its complement of steerage and second class passengers. Many of these have done well, and only go to return
again; but the majority have accomplished nothing, and carry
with them unfavorable impressions of our golden land.   In fact,
I doubt if those who arrive one week and return the next, with out giving the place a trial, would ever have done anything 
GOLD FIELD, VERSUS EMPLOYMENT.
alarming if they had remained at home. Such people are not
wanted here; but send us your hard-fisted laborers, the bone
and sinew of the land, and my word for it, this is the place for
them to improve their wordly condition.  If they can find nothing in the town to do, let them go into the country, and pitch
their tent on some creek in the neighborhood of the gold-fields,
where they get their rent, their wood, and their water for nothing, and make their ten shillings a-day; while they take the
chances of striking some monster nugget, a stimulant to labor!
It seems absurd that no employment can be had in a country
having, so many broad miles of mineral lands!-a country
acknowledged to be the greatest gold field on the face of the
earth.  A country the greatest portion of which has never even
seen the face of civilized man. Who knows what treasures may
turn up when the explorer has planted his footprints in the interior?  It seems to me very strange that none of the scientific
men of England, who have so often been in search of metals in
other lands, should never have thought the interior of this wonderful country worthy of an expedition. There is hardly another place in Christendom so much neglected in this respect as
our great inland country.   I hope, at no distant day, some of
your enterprising geologists, naturalists, and men of the Mungo
Park stamp, may form a company and see what the place is
made of and tell us the meaning of the hot wind that is burning
my face to the color of a tanyard! But for the laboring man
there is plenty of land that has been discovered if government
would only give it away to the actual settler, as they do in the
United States. Perhaps when the people whose passages they
pay out here begin to go back for want of a cottage and a farm,
a little more rapidly than at present, our rulers may see the
errors of their ways, and shut the door before they lose their
451 
PRODUCTS.
population. A want of water is a drawback to such a colony,
and I admit that navigable rivers would have given it a wonderful impetus. But what is the use of murmuring over what we
have not got! There are some garden spots where the finest
wheat in the world is grown; but yet for want of land, for
want of farmers, we are now paying North and South America
~45 per ton for flour, that we ought produce ourselves. But
if we go on as we have, since we found the gold, we should not
do in fifteen years what California has done in five, raised her
own breadstuffs, which she is now sending over to us. Five or
six years since, we dispatched vessel after vessel to San Francisco with vegetables. Now the tables are turned, for lately
several crafts have arrived from that port, bringing out some
six hundred tons of potatoes, for which we have to pay the
handsome price of ~21 per ton. It is the same with hay and
oats, and all hard food and vegetables; and what is more important, breadstuffs, we have to import them all; when the
English farmer, the stout active man of your, midland counties,
might raise them all, and keep this important source of wealth
within the limits of the colony, instead of paying it away to the
foreign producer. Let your farmers bring with them capital,
for it may be uphill work for a while, and I doubt if they are
disappointed. I am glad that the hue and cry of the "unemployed" has died away, and that cheering accounts come in from
all the gold fields. Machinery employs companies now, and the
long-tom, the crushing and the puddling apparatus, all more or
less assisted by the steam whistle, are daily introducing us to
untold wealth. Alone, the digger meets with poor success;
but, when they go in dozens, they work better, live cheaper,
and more equally distribute what their united exertions have
brought to light. Remember that the ~35,000,000 sterling I
452 
PROFITS OF DIGGING.
the 330 tons weight of gold which Victoria has given to the
world, was taken from her bosom by the hand of man! What
may then be expected when machinery is generally diffused
throughout the gold fields? When the commerce of the country commenced in the shape of the passenger traffic, and clipper
imports, the question was raised, will it last? Yes; if the gold
holds out.  All depends upon the extent of the fields, the quantity of the precious metal, and whether it will pay for working.
Four years of active labor has shown the world how boundless
are the treasures of the Eureka land. The gold has never given
out, and never will until the land, from east to west, from north
to south, has been carefully turned over and analyzed. Even
after the European throws up his washing stuff, having taken
from it its vitality, the follower of Confucius is contented with
gain, which his more greedy predecessor forsakes for more profitable material. The Chinaman, on the Bendigo, makes his
profits from what the other diggers leave.   The man whose
health is spared him, who cannot earn his ten or twelve shillings
a-day must be shiftless indeed. As I said before if the country's
prosperity depends upon the gold it must be always prosperous,
for a new field is discovered whenever the digger has the mind
to prosper. Within sixteen miles of Melbourne, on the river,
we have a workable gold field in full operation, profitably employing several hundred men. Yet the gold continues to yield;
in fact, increasing from week to week. I find that, notwithstanding the political troubles that have agitated the diggings
taking so many from their work, an actual gain during the first
three months of the present year, over a corresponding period
last year of some 14,000 ounces. In 1854, the first three weeks
of January, show 88,638, while in 1855, for the same time, we
have 102,103 ounces.  Take the last three months of 1854 over
453 
GOLD STATISTICS.
1853, there is also an increase pro rata, say October, November,
and December, 1853, gives by escort, 414,608 ounces; while in
1854 the same months shovw 441,541 ounces! and all this without machinery. Bring that to bear, and you will readily see
that the gold holds out.   Having endeavored to show that
we have room for your farmers, when the government give
them the soil, and the gold fields will always employ the active
laborer, a few words on the offspring of both gold, labor, and
commerce, may not be out of place.
Two years ago, in spite of the millions of sheep and cattle
which the meagre statistics gave us as being part and parcel of
the country, the good people of all nations made up their minds
that we were all about to starve, and in the kindness of their
hearts, dear creatures that they are to be sure, they have
actually showered upon us the good things of the earth in spite
of our remonstrances, month after month, even up to the sailing
of the November mail, never even stopping during the whole two
years for a breathing spell!-and now that the money market
is tightening its grasp on the purse strings of the unfortunate
operators, it has been very fashionable to abuse this country for
not sending home the ~30,000,000 sterling that have been invested in dry goods, sour flour, bad provisions, bon bons, nickknacks, Yankee notions, liquors, and building materials I We
have been diligently at work for some time reshipping to you a
part of this rubbish; and even now, every return ship has more
or less of what we never wanted. Our city having been composed of stone and brick, and our streets very wide, we could
not burn up property, as was the case in San Francisco, consequently you say we are not so large consumers I The enormous
losses of the commission houses in bad paper, have perfectly
disgusted many of our merchants with the place, hence my in
454 
FINANCIAL TROUBLES.
troductory remarks, anticipating that the advices of this mail
in letters and circulars, would not be apt to show the country
in a very favorable light, providing always that the intelligence
which they convey is to a certain extent based upon their experience. For my part I see no better indication of future prosperity, than by looking at the past. A few lines compose the
whole subject. Credits have been monstrous; hence, overtrading and gambling on other people's money. This commencing
business on fictitious capital, and doing it on a large scale, is sure
to bring about a panic. We commenced here six months ago,
just where I fancy you are commencing now, and the United
States is following your example. Our financial troubles may
be summed up by referring to the records of the insolvent court.
We will estimate the figures at two hundred failures, representing liabilities amounting to three millions sterling I a mere
shadow compared to the losses of the firm of Bull, Jonathan
and Co.,-commencing, if you like, with Mr. Oliver in Liverpool, and Mr. Schuyler, in New York, and ending the 1st of
July 1857. But the best of it is, a good portion of our losses and
a part of yours, are absorbed in the colony, taking it out of the
pocket of the individual, and putting it into that of the public;
thus increasing our capital and really enriching the colony.
Therefore, I argue, that our present financial and commercial
embarrassments, are the only safety-valve that would have enabled us to recover our sanity; and that the very causes that
the circulars and papers enumerate, are the best arguments I
can find to show our future prosperity. A single consignment
of a bathbrick, or a bag of salt, from some clerk in the bank of
England to his friend and relative here in the employ of the
government, was sufficient inducement for the individual of the
second part, to issue a circular, and advertise in the Argus,
455 
INSOLVENCY.
that the said brick and salt consignee, in connexion with the
dentist and daguerreotype artist over the way, has formed a
copartnership under the firm of-, for the contracting of a
first class commission business, as selling for cash was unheard
of, the aforesaid bought his stock of trade of the old
merchant, who, because he had not supposed it impossible to
make a bad debt, at three months. Having tested credit, the
new firm open a bank account at some of the new banks that
started with the general rush, buy goods of A. B. C. always
referring to the man who has once given them credit, and to
their bank, which has their paper under discount, both of
whom, possibly for their own protection, say "Yes, oh yes, we
trust him; we think them good;" and the consequence is, the
young men go on swimmingly, getting credit, spending money,
till the times overtake them, the reaction comes, the banks shut
down the gates when they can with safety to themselves, and
then the startling fact comes out, that Messrs. So and Sowith a shrug of the shoulder towards some building oppositeMessrs. So and So commenced two years ago with nothing, and
have failed for t60,000-assets, nil.
The insolvent court has, therefore thinned out the greater
portion of those who commenced business on nothing, and less
competition makes matters healthier. Understand me, I do not
mean to say that all who have suspended are of this class, for
there has been many an honest man who has been unfortunate.
But I do pretend to say that the failures in many instances have
been shameful; many have obtained credit when not deserved,
and when obtained, has been sadly abused. But now the fingers
have been burned in credits, no one now sells except for cash,
hence this want of confidence, money and credit, produce dull
456 
CASH BUSINESS.
times in many goods that are not excessive in stock, during the
best business part of the year.
Some time since I gave you my opinion that the bills of the
old established banks here on the parent bank in London, were as
good paper as the world can produce. I still think so, but so far
as dividends are concerned, there will be a wide margin between
the profits of the past two years and the next. Two years ago,
such a thing as a failure was never known since the days of
gold; and hence everybody's paper was freely discounted.  If
the acceptor was a stranger, the drawer was good, and all bills
were passed; everything, too, was promptly met, so long as
consignments came forward, and every petty trader could buy
and sell on time. But the moment the reaction comes, the acceptor goes into court, and the old merchant has to stand the
loss, the banks, in most cases escaping free, although some of
them must have lost heavily; and, in more instances than one,
are much hampered with securities, but the amounts sunk by
some of the old houses is perfectly frightful, and the wonder is
that they have sufficient backbone to bear such daily losses.
Most likely, for their owns safety, the banks are keeping them
afloat, and it will save much misery if they are able to carry
them through. The new houses are not so well known, and are
usually dropped the moment they lose their feathers, hence the
list of insolvents (which you have enclosed). Having been carried away with times, into giving excessive credit, they now perhaps, may take the opposite course, and by throwing out more
or less of what is called middling paper, oblige many to stop
that, with a little assistance, might work through. Most of the
merchants now demand cash, which of course, reduces billshence the banks for the next six months will find their profits
very much reduced, but confidence will as usual be restored, as
457 
BANKS.
rapidly as it has been lost; then most likely they may fall into
the same error again, and go to discounting as imprudently as
ever. But, for a period, good paper will be scarce for them to
lend money upon, and hence a great reduction in their dividends,
say nothing of the losses that have been made by them, which
the outsider knows nothing of.
The position of a bank manager, in panic times is no envious
one. His wear and tear of mind must be great, for it is hard
work to throw overboard those who are not able to weather the
storm.   His position too is one of great responsibility; for
although each bank has its active board of directors, the actual
work falls upon his shoulders, and he has to bear the brunt of
all its losses. The managers of the banks are much respected
by the community, and take a high position in the place. Their
salaries, however, are not such as would allow them to entertain, why is it that men placed in such responsible positions are
so poorly paid? The old banks are, the Australasia, the Union,
the New South Wales, and the Victoria (colonial); but I
think the great facility for discounts, which has done so much
harm, has been brought about by the new ones, the London
Chartered, and the English and Scotch, both of which were
desirous of making a commencement, and by giving great accommodation many accounts were taken from the other banks
who, in self-defence when they saw their customers leaving them,
followed in the same error; hence the crash when they stopped
the wheels, and doing, as they will, comparatively little the next
half year. This is my reason for anticipating a great falling
off in dividends. I have never agreed with them in the course
they have taken by buying gold at the diggings, running it up
to ~4 ls., putting into the digger's pocket and taking it oullt of
the merchant's I The shipments of last year were bad enough
458 
FREIGHTS.
without having exchange so much against them, caused by the
banks going out of their legitimate business to speculate in
gold! 
The Australasia, I believe, is the only bank that has escaped
forgery, robbery, or embezzlement. The Victoria, N. S. Wales,
and Union, all having suffered to some extent.
Mr. D. C. M'Arthur is the oldest manager in the colony and
is a general favorite with all with whom  he is brought in contact.  No better compliment can be paid to his financial ability
than the fact of his having been selected by the governor, in
connection with Mr. Hart, to examine into and report upon tihe
finances of the colony.  At the baak he is the stern man of businress, but socially is a bon,ivant.  Some years ago he boulght,
at a nominal price, on the Heilderberg road, a farm of some
200 acres, about seven miles out of Melbourne.   The  broad
acres of cultivated land must be of great value, with hay and
potatoes at t25 and ~30 per ton. The garden alone covers
eight acres of the choicest fruits and vegetables, and is filled with
ornamental trees and flowers from other lands. If he would
build a mansion on the site of his shooting-box, it would be in
reality the residence of a fine old English gentleman.   Take
Mr. M'Arthur from the bank, and I fancy it would be difficult
to fill his place.
The tone of the last advices from England and America,
leads us to come to the conclusion that you have at last given
our markets a recess. Freight at 40s!-and so few ships loadinig —good! Keep on for three months, and you will see the
Phoenix come out of his ashes, for we are bound to go a-head.
The finest ships that the world has produced, will proverbially
visit Hobson's Bay, and we shall consume annually for some
years, from eight to ten millions of imports; while weshall ex
459 
port from twelve to fourteen millions. Here then is the material for an extensive commerce; and while others may write to
you gloomily, I freely give you my impressions that this country,
this colony, the grand centre of all the rest, is bound to be the
great emporium of the Southern Ocean! Melbourne and Hobson's Bay are now united by rail, and the Yarra has nearly a
mile of wharf accommodation.   Our progress henceforth will
be as rapid as it has been-step by step we shall build a city,
not even second to Liverpool or New York! only don't abuse
us now for not consuming all you have been pleased to send us.
The place must ever be subject to rapid changes. In this respect it is not different from other nations-one day up another down: yet it will be steadily progressing meanwhile. Its
march will ever be onward.   I know of no deeper question to
deal with than the equalization of property.
Many an old colonist went home a few months ago, and
thought himself a millionaire, who when he returns, will be
shorn of his handsome income, by the depreciation of real estate,
the fall in rents, the worthless scrip of some of the joint stock
companies; but the greatest good will be received by the greatest number.
I should not at all be surprised to see ships go down with yoli
in the same ratio as rents with us. I cannot think that gold
countries, the East Indies, the Chincas, the Eastern war, and
the North Atlantic, can employ the shipping profitably that has
been built at from ~12 to ~15 per ton, to supply the temporary demand. Such property cannot be idle, and if not employed,
down they must come in price, and for a time we shall see your
public journals showing up the evils of the credit system, causing ruin and disorder when the bubble breaks.
The war in the East is playing the mischief with our mails
460
PIIOSPECTS. 
RAILROAD COLLISION.
the moment a boat is ready she is chartered for troops. We
hear that the British government don't care a rap about the
colonists, and, if we may judge by the mail arrangements which
have been made, there is some truth in the report. China can
have a mail once a fortnight, we get it once in two months.
We have had our first railway accident in Yictoria. The
engine, with a full train, rather inconveniently run into a cow
going towards Sandridge, killing the cow, driving the engine
off the track, but doing no serious damage. No blame attached to any one, especially to the cow.
461 
CHAPTER XXI.
MELBOURNE, February 15, 1855.
FOR the present dark cloud of rebellion which was hanging
over the colony of Victoria when I wrote you last, has blown
over, and quiet reigns throughout the gold fields; but still
water runs the deepest; a shadow shows the quicksand. The
governor is more and more unpopular. He knows not which
way to turn-the "know nothings" cause him no little annoyance.  His executive have given him little assistance; but as
much as can be-expected from the hangers on of the Latrobe
dynasty. The trials of the state prisoners has been again postponed, indefinitely, and the poor devils don't know whether
they are to remain " in choky" the remainder of their natural
existence, or be "strung up" when his excellency says the word,
after the jury and the judge have done their duty. We all wait
for the new constitution, when new talent will be infused into
the legislative chambers. We need expect nothing remarkably
brilliant till then. The chamber of commerce have become an
important and influential body, and deal with every question of
public import. On Monday they discuss the land question with
a view of opening them, and that speedily. I think the movement will become a political one before it has been shelved.
Open the lands, and the country will bound ahead as rapidly as
California. The soil, the climate, the market and the capital
are all here to embark in agricultural pursuits the moment the
path is clear. All vegetables and fruits and breadstuffs are 
TELEGRAPH.
fearfully high.  Flour is selling at ~48 per ton, and only 800
to 1200 tons in the place! and none expected from the States
we look to the west coast for a supply. With the exception of
the above, living is as cheap here now as in many older places.
Rents, wood and water and all articles save provisions are plentiful, and at last comfort can be had in Australia for a reasonable price. Competition has given us many things we used to
dream of, but never saw. Our streets are splendidly macadamized, the sidewalks paved, and the gutters metaled. Waterworks will soon be finished, and gas light is near at hand. The
railway is a great facility; small vessels are daily being discharged at the jetty; the company clear some 1800 per week
over all expenses, which looks well; but the road has been
frightfully mangled; just think of $500,000 per mile, or $1000,
000 to run a rail to Hobson's Bay from Melbourne I It seems
absolutely outrageous, but such has been the waste of money.
The land was free and no taxes on the property, and yet this
outlay I
At last we have a magnetie line to the Heads, the fruit of an
American. The first news that came up was the battle of
Inkermann, brought by the White Star line clipper Shalimar,
last week, with a rapid passage and eleven days later dates.
The newsboys were in every street with their extras. It reminded me of State street at the time of the Mexican war.
Later intelligence is looked for with the most intense anxiety.
No one can predict where the dispute will end.  Thus far this
country has not been effected, either pro or con.
Hardly had the Shalimar's news been digested when the town
was fairly thrown on its beam ends by the startling announcement that the James Baines had arrived from Liverpool with
the December mails, after the astonishing and unprecedented
463 
CLIPPERS.
run of sixty-five days!  Can any one now doubt Donald Mc
Kay's supremacy upon the ocean? I fancy not, for the log
records of the Flying Cloud, the Lightning, hence to Liverpool
in 63 days, and now the Baines out here in 65, will very quickly
settle the question. The passages are truly wonderful, and I
maintain that Donald McKay has done more to advance the
science of ship building than any other man. He stands the
victor, and is always first in the clipper race ground. Clipper
ships may depreciate, and overtrading in such property may
prove disastrous; but the genius of the mechanic and the
boldness of the man who has launched such a leviathan as the
Great Republic will live so long as great deeds continue to be
recorded.
There are but two regular lines of packets from England to
this port, the "White Star" and the "Black Ball"-both of
which possess a fleet of ships unequaled on the ocean. To these
vessels we must now look for our mails, for as I predicted in a
letter to you six months ago, the war has drained off all our
steamers, not one boat has been left; and unless you mail via
Panama, or we start a colonial line from Melbourne to Galle or
Suez, to catch tfie overland mail, we are entirely adrift. Peace
would give us a half-dozen lines; but as it is, everything in the
steam way heads towards the seat of war. And this young
colony, so great in its mineral resources, is left uncared forforgotten.   Perhaps a few more lives shed at Balaarat may
wake them up in England.
464 
CHAPTER XXII.
HOBART TOWN, August 1st, 1855, |
TASMANIA, (no longer Van Diemen's Land,) BROADLAND HousE. 
MY DEAR COL.-Don't be surprised at finding me at this
"jumping off place," on the earth's surface for I have always
been a bird of passage-here to-day-and there to-morrowand why shouldn't I visit the garden Island of the Australia's?
MIore than two years in the seas of the South, and never before
across the straits that proudly wear the name of their discoverer-Bass-the Surgeon navigator of 1796-and Flinder,
his companion-in that eventful voyage on board the little
"Tom Thumb," a boat of eight feet long. These companions
of Cook were brave and hardy men; for the long range of
unknown coast seemed one continuous reef of treacherous rocks
and hidden shoals; a half a century since, and the savage tribes
of natives were always hovering near when these bold navigators neared the shore. Some months ago I gave you a glance
at Sydney, and from the gold fields, from Geelong, and often
from Melbourne, the grand centre of all the Colonies; you
have had a letter for the Post, and as my time suits the inclination I will show you and my friends at home Van Diemen's
Land, as it appeared to Jonathan abroad.
Forty-two holtrs steaming under a liberal spread of canvass
brought the fine propeller "City of Hobart," to her wharf in
the Derwent-a good passage and a pleasant  trip.  This 
THE DERWENT.
steamer runs to Melbourne, and her sister boat the Tasmania,
plies to Sydney, both owned in this port, but I fear are losing
money for the proprietors. However, they are a great facility
to the business of the place, and pleasure seekers would find a
sailing schooner most objectionable. Already I am repaid for
the journey, for to tell the truth I am delighted with the place;
everything I see about and around me reminds me of my life
in England. The noble river is not ashamed to look the HIudson in the face, for the scenery on every side is grand and picturesque; Mount Wellington towers four thousand feet above
the township in the valley-Lord Hobart's namesake, and the
cap of the mountain is as white with snow as a New England
hill top in mid winter.'Tis a noble roadstead-would that
Melbourne had so fine a port, for the Derwent can find accommodation for the entire British Navy in its protecting bosom
ships of any tonnage ride at perfect safety along side the wharves,
which show the handiwork of Sir Wm. Dennison, and such an
event as an accident is hardly in the memory of the oldest inha
bitant.
A week has gone like magic-roaming about this beautiful
spot, and I bear away with me most pleasing impressions of
the beautiful river, the substantial wharves, the lofty and majestic banks, and towering mountain scenery; the pleasant ride
with Mr. McPherson, (the successor of Mr. Hathaway, late U.
S. Consul here, now residing in the States,) along the sandy
beach road, and the lunch at the mess-room of the 99th with
Captain Munn and his brother officers, all jolly boys, ready for
a song, a story and a laugh; they are proud of their regiment
and well they may be, for it numbers all told twelve hundred as
strong and hearty a body of men as ever wore the uniform.
Col. Last told me that they had now laid some thirteen years
466 
in the Colonies, when they came out for only three or four
many of the officers are married to the handsome girls who
were born in the Island, and never have been abroad, and if
the regiment remains here much longer; Tasmania will prove the
mother country to at least one regiment of Her Majesty's Infant-ry, (no-pun-ish-ment!) if I am permitted to judge from
the legion of bare legged-red faced-hearty looking little red
coats that completely macadamized the review ground; it was
quite a treat to go through the officers apartments, the prison,
and the place where the prisoners (mostly those who have been
drunk or deserted,) are initiated into the science of breaking
stone, or the more violent exercise of the "shot drill;" the
barracks and the school-house, the ccantonment and the chapel,
the stables, the magazine, the hospital, the mechanics shops, all
arranged with such precision, in true army style. Discipline is
the order of the day, and if the army in the east is composed
of many such regiments as this, success is certain to the allied
powers. The Commissariat Department would even please the
Times! and the cleanliness and neatness in the barracks, where
the soldiers cook, eat, sleep and dress all in one apartment, show
them to be capital house-wives
Orders have come out for the regiment to get under way for
the Crimea, and all except the married ones are glad of it, for
thirteen years is a long time to serve without promotion; the
40th will relieve them. From the barracks I went to the Botanical gardens, which speaks volumes for the taste of the Hobarttonians, and the view from the new site for Government House
is grand beyond description; the Derwent and its scenery ex tending for miles, and the pretty English township adding its
many beauties to the picture. One of the most beautiful coun try seats is that of Mr. Chapman the city representative in the
467
THE ARMY. 
TASMANIAN LEG ISLATION.
Council, and certainly it is a beautiful place, and reminds me
of the residences about the Cumberland lakes in England.
Through the politeness of Captain Fenton, the speaker of
the Assembly, I had a good opportunity of seeing something
of Tasmanian legislation, and most favorably does it compare
with its sister colony Victoria. The strictly Parliamentary forms
are observed in debate, and some of the speakers show a cultivated statesmanship. The new Constitution has just arrived,
and the country is rejoicing far and wide to get at last what
they had so long fought for, responsible government. In three
months time the new Congress will be in full operation.
Briefly-the Government will be carried on by the Governor
and two Houses, called the "Legislative Council" and "House
of Assembly;" the upper House consisting of fifteen members,
(the franchise being for ~50 freeholders, officers of the army or
navy, retired or otherwise, and professional gentlemen.) The
lower House to have thirty members (freeholders of  10, and
any one possessing 100 has the privilege of voting for a
member of assembly.) Electoral districts will be immediately
established by the Governor and the present Council, and in a
short time Van Diemen's Land will govern itself; the only connecting link to Great Britain being His Excellency and the
forces stationed here. The people are as loyal as the British
ministry, a proof of which may be seen in their subscribing
~25,000, ($125,000,) for the army sufferers; all of which has
been remitted to England. To-morrow morning I leave for Launceston by the celebrated convict road, and anticipate an exhilarating ride of one hundred and twenty miles directly through the
Island, by the regular old fashioned mail coach, which in older
countries the steam whistle has crowded off the course. The
few days passed on the banks of the Derwent I shall long re
468 
ADIEU TO HOBART TOWN.
member, and never will I again allow myself to be prejudiced
against a place'till I have visited it. The people are most
hospitable, and when you are asked at the social board, it is
not to make two-and sixpence out of you in the way of commission I
A large business is done in a very quiet way, and most of
the old merchants stand A-1, in all the Colonies; contented
with a regular trade, they have escaped the speculating losses
which the gold fields entailed upon their neighbors, and no panic
has visited the land since 1842.
Sir Henry Young (who succeeds Sir William Dennison since
he was called to take the Government Generalship at Sydney,)
seems inclined to meet the wishes of his people. He has only
been down some three months from South Australia where he
was generally liked. I passed a most pleasant evening at his
house on Thursday, some one hundred guests were present, and
between dancing, interspersed with music both vocal and instrumental, the hours passed rapidly away. Lady Young plays the
hostess, and does the honors of Government House to perfection; possessing the happy faculty of making all enjoy the
entertainment. I shoul think the Governor some forty years
of age, and her Ladyship some ten years his junior.   He seems
proud of his beautiful wife and well he may be, for she is a most
distingue looking lady.
From the other side of the Island you will get a postscript,
for I am away at six in the morning; so good bye and a kind
remembrance to Hobart town.
469 
CHAPTER XXIII.
LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA, August 4th, 1855,
AT THE CLUB HOIEL,
As promised I add another page, but I shall make it short,
for I am late for the mail.
Twelve changes, brought the mail coach into town all trim
and right in twelve hour's time. I had somewhat anticipated
the trip, but I experienced all the pleasure I expected. The
coaching is peculiarly national, and you must go to the north
of Scotland to get out of the whistle of the locomotive, for the
mail coach is no longer seen in England.
The guard with his bugle, picking up the inland mail bags
from off a forked pole, and the consequential bearing of the
coachman as he cracks his long whip over the galloping leaders
as they plough along up hill usually at their utmost speed, while
he points out some genltleman's residence in the distance, is as
much a part of England as the jolly red faced driver in his buff
coat, is himself. The road all the way is the result of convict
labor, and is macadamized the entire distance; individual enterprise never would have accomplished such an undertaking without ruinous loss. It would have cost millions sterling, and
those who have most abused the convicts, must admit that their
labor has done for the colony what nothing else would have
accomplished; but the time had come to bring about a change,
and now the land is free from the curse of new arrivals, although
some ten thousand of the old prisoners are still on the Island; 
CITY NOMENCLATURE.
the country villages along the road, and in the valleys, overhung by woody mountains make the ride most attractive. Many
of the buildings are built of stone, and the Hotels are ornaments to every township.
Most of the fences are the common wood rail and post; four
rails, the lower one on the ground to prevent the sheep from
getting under; the villages bear scriptural and ancient names,
it is said that the cause arose from one of the early Bushrangers having an extensive library consisting of several leaves of
the Old Testament, from which the several names were selected,
hence Jerusalems, Jerichos, and Bagdads are scattered over
the entire country;'tis too bad, when many of the native
names would have given a pleasant ring to the little towns.
The cultivation speaks care and good farming, and the wheat,
corn, and barley for miles show what the country can do.
Many of the farmers are using guano, and it pays them tenfold. After finishing my journey I came to the conclusion that
Dr. Crook's railway scheme would fall through, for I doubt if
Launceston and Hobart Town are connected by a railroad during
the next fifty years, unless gold is found in quantities on the
Island, a mail coach once a day each way will do all that is
required.  ~3000 for the mail, and five times that for passenger
traffic would not leave half per cent on the outlay for a rail,
and save the farmers getting their crops to market, they have
no other source for a dividend.
Launceston is a very quiet place situated about forty miles
from the sea, on the banks of the Tamor. Hobart Town being
the capital is much the more attractive.  I notice as is always
the case with smaller towns, a jealousy between the places, all
however one-sided. I was much amused, and yet it was a painful sight, to see the convicts some thirty at a time on a tread
471 
CONVICT TREAD MILL.
mill similar to those at railway depots in America, used for
sawing wood by horse power.   It is really something new
to see human beings in the same predicament, but the idea is
not a bad one, for in this way the convicts are made to earn
their bread by the sweat of their brow. They grind about
thirty bushels of wheat a day. Should they happen to stop
their continual tramp, down they would fall by the run, with a
chance of having a broken leg; severe is the punishment, but
I am told it works effectually; the place was neat and tidythe convicts dressed in gray, and looking in good condition, considering the soup which I saw them eating. Looking at a
chicken or a piece of roast beef through a cage, I should suppose would give more nourishment to them, but nevertheless
they seem to live and thrive I
The Botanical gardens here are far inferior to those on the
other side, but the people are equally kind and hospitable.
They do every thing in their power to make one feel at home,
and they understand well how to do it.
The Royal Shepherd heads for Port Philip on Wednesday,
and twenty-five hours' steaming I am told will take me overbut the very thought of a screw steamship in a short sea gives
me a sickening nausea, and already I see my head over the rail
-(ascertaining of course, how fast she is going.)
To sum up in a few words my ten days' sojourn in the land
first seen by Abel Tasman two centuries ago, and peopled by a
race now almost distinct, the few remaining having been sent
to Flinder's Island; a race though Australian, who never saw
a Boomerang I and could not even make a canoe to take them
across the straits, more shiftless even than the miserable spindle
shanked wretches that disease is fast removing from the Port
Philip districts.
472 
CLEARANCE PERMIT.
How strange it is that disease and dissipation sweep away
most native tribes in all lands, as soon as the missionary, and
the white man have got them thoroughly civilized and christianized! Tasmania with her 80,000 inhabitants, may sometime
boast Water Co's. and Gas Co's. in her two large cities, and
possible a telegraph may one of these days connect her with
her sister colonies; but I fear the time is far distant when she
will see a railroad.
New South Wales will supply the coal, South Australia the
copper, Victoria the gold, while Tasmania will be the granary
of them all; for she can well supply them with the staff of
life-now the convict curse is dying away.
" No more shall the festering prison bark
Bring hither its cargo of strife;
But every ship as the olden ark,
Shall pour forth love and life."
Even on my departure I am reminded of the peculiar institution, for even correspondents were obliged to get a paper,
which for your amusement I copy verbatum.
V. D. L.
No.  957.                          N         tk August, 1855.
No. 957.                                    7th August, 1855.
The undersigned Person has permission to depart
from the colony on board the Royal Shepherd                        for Melbourne.
Colony,
ity of Hobart."
(Signed,)
W.  GUNiN,
Polirze llagistrate.
413
LAUNCF,STON,
POLICF, OFFICE,
No. 7 4,
Clearance Permit. 
THE GREAT PRISON HOUSE.
I didn't care so much about paying five shillings for a clean
ticket of leave, but it was the suspicious manner in which the
official examined me; for Dido, the companion of Whelan, be
it remembered was at large, and ~500 had been offered reward.
This man Whelan was the monster who killed at intervals during a fortnight, six individuals-the most brutal murders in the
annals of the settlement, and that was only a few weeks ago.
With the exception of taking the chances of being popped off
while walking home at night by some of these damnable scamps.
I have no reason to speak in anything but praiseworthy terms
of what a short time since was, the great Prison House for
British criminals.
474 
CHAtPTER XXIV.
.eport of Mr. Train's remark in favor of the Panama route, from the
Melbourne paper of September 24, 1853.
"MELBOURNE, September, 24th 1855.
MR. CHAIRMAN.-When the able paper on our mail communication, which you brought before the board last week, was
under discussion, I gave notice that I should have a few words
to say in reproducing a few facts in regard to the Panama
route to-day; so, without occupying your time in arguing
against that paper on some points where we widely differ (as
all information on this important question is valuable), I propose to run my eye over a route which does not seem to have
received that attention from this Chamber which its merits demand.
For two years this Chamber has been rolling the ball on the
mail question, and for two years nothing whatever has been accomplished.
The Committee and the Chamber have shown a praiseworthy
desire in gathering statistics of the several routes; and letters,
and speeches, reports and pamphlets innumerable have flooded
the Post-office and the press, and yet we are no better off than
when the subject was first introduced! All the steam mail lines
retired from the field the moment they could obtain remunerative 
STEAM MAIL LINES.
employment in transporting troops for the Home Government
and as I have always said, when addressing the Chamber-the
resumption of a steam mail cepends entirely upon the turn of the
Eastern War!
English companies are not enclined to embark their capital in
an enterprise that has paid them so poorly, and the uncertainty
existing in the affairs of Europe completely paralyzes all enterprise on the ocean with the Americans; and as for the colonists
doing anything for themselves little else than talk, it has yet to
take place I Hence, I repeat, that a resumption of steam mail
service under Government depends upon the return of peace.
But as the object in bringing forward the paper last week,
was intended to gather as much information as possible preparatory to the action of the Council; and as that paper did not
give that prominence to the Panama route that it deserves, permit me again to give you my views in regard to it.
I believe the Panama route the most feasible mail route between England and Australia; and, in case of a subsidy by
either Government, it would seem to be no more than fair that
that route should have a decided preference.
Whilst advocating this route I am aware that the Chamber
is already pledged to a particular course in their memorial to
Sir Charles Hotham, the Admiralty and Postmaster General,
which recommended no particular route, only to throw open
the contract to public competition.
All other routes have been tried, and failed.-The Australian
Royal Mail Steam Navigation Company, (more commonly
known as the "Boomerang" Line, from their steamers resembling that missile in starting off and finally returning to the
point of departure) have tried the Cape route with the Australian, Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney. The repeated failures
476 
OVERLAND ROUTE.
of these boats lost the directors their contract. The stoppages
on the way were objectionable, it was said; and the high seas
and boisterous weather for three-fourths.of the year between the
Cape and Australia, on their return, are sure to retard the
steamers. I think however it will be done in sixty days. The
Golden Age was a powerful paddle wheel boat, and fairly tested
what could be accomplished, for she had a most favorable chance
all the way. This route, then, for the present, until Scott Russell tries it again in the monster steam-ship now building, is
abandoned: and the most important objection to the Overland
and Indian route is it will not pay!
That is the point, they have tried it, and lost money; and
unless receiving a very handsome subsidy, it is not to be
expected that they will try it again.   When  clipper ships take
gold at 3d per oz. (less than one-half per cent ), and cargo at 40s.
per ton, it is hardly to be supposed that either gold or cargo
will be sent at their prices,-218 per ton for the one, and three
per cent, for the other.
And so for passengers. Single gentlemen desirous of travel
may be willing to pay ~10, and put up with many changes on
the route; but we need not reasonably expect that families will
select so expensive, inconvenient, and uncomfortable a journey,
to say nothing of second class passengers being entirely shut
out, when a ship offers them every accommodation and comfort
for sixty-five guineas! of course, then, nothing but a heavy bonus
from Government, over and above all present rates of Postage,
will give you that route, however desirable it may be. Now
we come to what I have always maintained is the most practicable of all, the Panama route. Two years since the English
and Australian papers could not say too much in favor of it.
When the advertisement of the Australian Direct Steam Navi
4177 
PANAMA ROUTE.
gation Company, via Panama, was announced in 1853, the papers of July and August all advocated this route-all the arguments in its favor were advanced then, and they could not say
too much in bringing it before the public; so was it with the
papers here and in Sydney, long editorials daily appearing showing its advantages.
Mr. Donaldson of the Sydney council, in 1852, was strongly
in favor of Panama, and brought up statistics to show that the
course of post by that way would not exceed 120 days.
The Times and other English journals used something like the
following language:
"Throughout the entire range of this route across the vast
Pacific Ocean, both going and returning between Panama and
Australia, fine weather, smooth seas, and a pleasant temperature almost everywhere prevail; and the trade winds, generally
speaking, blow with such gentle force and constant regularity,
that the seaman can shape his course from port to port with
certainty and confidence."
Hargreaves, who was a passenger by the Golden Age, in a
letter to the Times, July 20th, gives a good description of the
voyage, which was made in thirty-two days' steaming from Sydney to Panama.   He calls it, speaking from experience, the
shortest, the pleasantest, and the most direct route between
England and Australia. He considers the consumption of fuel
and expense of large paddle-wheel steamers like the Golden
Age, the principal objection. (This expense, under proper organization, could be materially reduced.) Those few who made
the least objection to this route two years ago, did so on account
of the transit across the Isthmus: now, however, that bughear
has gone, and the traveler is no longer dependent upon mule
carriage; the steamer runs alongside the railway pier at Pana
478 
ESTIMATED PASSAGE.
ma, and in less than two hours' ride in large and comfortable
carriages over one of the safest railroads in the world, they step
out of the cars into the steamship that is in waiting on the
Atlantic side.
Panama seems to be the point to connect all parts of the
world, some dozen steam lines centre there, and now the railroad is entirely finished, and comfortable hotels are open to the
stranger on both sides of the Isthmus, no better time than the
present offers, to add one more link to the great steam chain by a
monthly connection with Australia. Mr. Williams, the United
States Cousul at Sydney, in reply to the questions of the Select
Committee of the Legislative Council, recapitulated the advantages of this route over any other, as represented to the authorities of Great Britain by Captain Porter, of the Golden Age.
He goes on to explain the manner of communicating with Panama, "leaving the existing line from Southampton to take the
mails to and from Panama.
"Captain Porter proposed to have two steamers between
Sydney and Tahiti, and two between Tahiti and Panama. He
proposed that the steamer from Sydney and that from Panama
shall start on the same day. His estimated time from Sydney
to Tahiti was thirteen days, and from Panama to Tahiti eighteen days; the Sydney boat, on her arrival at Tahiti, to transfer our passengers to a spare boat, waiting ready coaled, to proceed to Panama on the same day, which would then give the
Sydney boat five days to coal, previous to the arrival of the
boat from Panama, when she would be ready to take the Pananma passengers, to proceed to Sydney on the same day as the
arrival of the Panama steamer. This would make thirty-one
days from Sydney to Panama. It was proposed to have at
Tahiti workshops, docks, and everything requisite for making
479 
COST OF TRIP.
repairs to the vessels and boats, and for carrying on such an
establishment effectively.   Captain Porter said that steamers
running- a short distance on s line have much greater speed than
those runing longer distances, and therefore they  would be
much more likely to accomplish their passage in a given time,
and in less time than steamers from here through."
Mr. Williams, laid before the committee letters bearing upon
the subject; the substance I embody in the following extract
from the Sydney Hiorning Herald:  "The Isthmus is now daily crossed in two hours, from Aspinwall to Panama.   Since the discovery of gold in California,
there has never been a loss of treasure in crossing the Isthmus.
The time from Southampton to Aspinwall, now twenty days,
might be reduced to twelve; and he would guarantee to build
a line of boats which would reduce it to fifteen, and the time
from Aspinwall to New York eight days, and the average
length of the voyage, not touching at New Zealand, fortyone days. He would have steamers built, with a guaranteed
speed of fifteen knots, which would give thirty-four days' sailing
time, allowing twelve thousand some hundred miles as the distance, and allow seven days for changing the steamers and for
interruptions from bad weather. The projector was willing to
enter into a contract to perform the passage from Aspinwall to
Melbourne in 37 days, making Sydney the first port; so that
his contract would bring us three days earlier, that would be
thirty-four days. He would place the boats at the disposal of
the colonial government, in case of war, at a valuation. His
proposal to the Postmaster General was ~3,500 a trip from
Panama to Melbourne, touching at Sydney, and giving to the
British Post Office the advantage of all other mails he might
carry, except that to Tahiti, which he would carry free of charge.
480 
ADVANTAGE OF ISTHMUS ROUTE.
What he said as to terms was this:'I will have, when the line is
completed, not less than four first class steamships, two between
Panama and Tahiti, and two between Tahiti and Australia. I
will endeavor to perform monthly trips, and make certainly not
less than ten trips each way within the year, giving an average
of a mail every thirty-six days. I will also enter into bonds to
have the line completed within a stated short period, and finally,
I will stipulate that the mail shall be delivered from Melbourne
to Aspinwall within an average of 35 days."'
I am confident that nothing but the uncertainty of the war
would have prevented American capitalists long since from embarking in this enterprise; but, as I remarked, this want of
confidence in the several governments paralyzes all individual
action.
This route is the most popular, because it is the most practicable. Look at the map, lay down your rule, and you will
find almost a direct line from England to Australia, via Panama.
No crooks, no turns, one straight course. Again, in case of accident on the voyage, the steamer can bear up for almost any
of the numberless small islands of the Pacific; while between
the Cape and Australia, or Eden and Australia, there is little
or no shelter for a steamer, or even a sailing craft. Even as
early as 1851 the Committee of the House of Commons, on
the strength of the evidence of nautical men, and others whom
they examined, reported to Parliament in favor of the Panama,
against either the Cape or Indian route, to this country.
I believe that the average of twenty-five voyages of the Cape
line of steamers was ninety-two days, while the general average
of the overland mail was about seventy-three, and even that
could not be depended upon, when the Australian steamer was
too late to catch the Ceylon or Singapore mail. Then a fort
481 
POSTAL COMMUNICATION.
night was lost. Of course there were individual cases of quick
passages by both lines as, for instance, the Argo in 64 days,
and the Madras in 58. So are there like instances in the clipper ships; the James Baines in 64 days, and the Red Jacket
and Blue Jacket in 68 days.
I agree with what you say in regard to what is most required,
viz.: regularity and speed; but you must also admit that steamships must be paid for their labor, and you cannot seriously believe for a moment, that the home government will put their
hand into their own pocket just at this particular time to cater
to your wants. See what the Geelong Advertiser says, when
speaking of your paper:  "The conclusion which you arrive at
is, that the overland route presents the greatest number of advantages and the fewest drawbacks.   You are also sanguine
enough to think that postal communication by first class steamers to and from Australia would pay at the present rates of
postage! This is a mere childish delusion. If we want steam
communication we must be prepared to pay roundly for it.
Crippled as the Imperial revenues must be, after the prosecution of a great war, it would be equally unfair and foolish to
expect that England would make up the whole of the certain
deficit of any scheme of steam communication with the old
country."
Surely these remarks are sensible, and tell a few plain truths
in regard to the subsidy and the postage. Mail Lines usually
require some government support, but as a general thing they
must depend upon their passenger and goods traffic. Speed and
regularity command high freights. Look at Collins and Cunard
steamers getting ~5 to ~7 per ton, when the rates by sailing
clippers rule at from 20s to 30s. The same proportion would
be seen in the Australian trade. The North Atlantic steamers
482 
EMIGRATION.
run between Liverpool and New York in ten to twelve days, a
distance of 3,000 miles. Take the same class of boats and multiply by five (15,000 miles), and younsee what can be donesay fifty or sixty days. Such dispatch of course would bring a
freight revenue. It is a well-known fact that the best paying
steam lines in the world concentrate at the Isthmus, and all we
have to do to get our share of the dividends is to join Australia
to the place. Touching freight: the several changes it may be
said, are objectionable in taking freight. Of course they are;
but are they not also by the Indian route? It must, however,
be admitted, that the Panama route is the only one by which
light freight, such as ribbons, silks, fine cottons, millinery, &c.,
can come, as the West India steamers carry large quantities to
the Isthmus. But in the passenger traffic the same remark does
not apply, for nothing relieves the monotony of a long voyage
so much as change of scenery. Why not bring the same arguments advanced two years ago in favor of this line to bear now?
All said at that time that the steamers would go full of passengers both ways. IHad anything transpired to change that
opinion? Certainly not; the field was never so clear, and the
opportunity never so practicable. So long as we continue to extract 50,000 oz. of gold weekly from our unlimited mines, and
continue our annual export of one hundred tons weight of gold
per annum, you need never be afraid of emigration falling off
Throw open the agricultural lands to the world, and steam lines
and sailing packets will pour in able-bodied farmers and emigrants by the thousand.
With gold unlimited, and cheap land, passengers will flock
in by every chance, and the quickest route will attract the trade,
if rates of passage do not interfere. Taking this view of the
case, England and Europe would pour down the passengers to
483 
TRADE WITH AMERICA.
Panama by the Southampton and West India lines. The Pacific
Mail Company would bring up the Chilians and all the South
American traffic. San Francisco would send down her travelers by the United States mail line, while the entire passenger
traffic of the United States and Canadas, would help to assist
in filling up. All this could be depended upon, and you must
certainly agree with me, it looks well upon its face. Going
home on the return voyage, the steamers would also do well.
Every steamer would have as much gold as a California boat
usually takes, and at much better rates than the beggarly price
of threepence per ounce (less than half per cent,) that clipper
ships are able to squeeze out of the Banks. We have only to
look at the passenger list of the Golden Age (which was before
the railroad was completed,) to see what might be expected on
the outward voyage.   Most colonists, returning on a pleasure
tour, are desirous of visiting the West Indies and the United
States; and of course would take passage to Panama: even
now, to accomplish the journey, sailing ships to Callao and
Valparaiso, are selected by many returning to England and the
States. The outward business, I am confident, would be satisfactory, and the return traffic bids fair to be most remunerative.
Again, look at our immense trade with the two Americas.
Since January of the present year, we have paid Chili nearly
half a million sterling for her 13,000 tons of flour, which most
opportunely came to us to keep down famine prices, when the
rest of the world forsook us in our need. Look at California
too, and note the fleet of ships that has been and will continue
to pour in upon us their deeply-laden cargoes of breadstuffs
and provisions, while the United States, on the Atlantic side,
contribute between one and two millions sterling more to our
commerce. All this is worthy of notice; when subsidies are
484 
UNITING COLONIES WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
being voted for a mail line, I cannot speak too warmly in favor
of this line. Take facts, examine statistics, and deal with the
matter in a plain common-sense way, and you must certainly
agree with me, that the Panama route is the most practical one
to join these colonies with Great Britain.
On the 11th September a very able discussion upon the mail
question took place in the Legislative Council of New South
Wales.  After a somewhat animated debate, the Herald says,
that the following was the substance of the opinion of the
Council, as submitted to the Government:
"That the route which will afford the most immediate, the
most certain, and the cheapest mode of communication by steam
between Sidney and Great Britain, is that by way of Singapore; and that the most rapid communication with Great Britain would be afforded by the establishment of steamers by way
of Panama, and that if that line could be opened in addition
to the line by way of Singapore, the greatest amount of advantage possible to be derived from steam communication from
Europe would be achieved."
I cannot entirely agree with the first part of the proposition,
but most energetically endorse that portion referring to Panama. I have I think, fully given my reasons, and hope I have
made myself understood. The Indian route will not answer
because it will not pay, unless by receiving a heavier bonus than
the Government can afford to give. The Panama route with
a little assistance will find ample support in passengers, gold,
and light freight.   I repeat it has never been tried-other
routes have broken down-whose turn is it now? So far as
the project of the colonial steamers is concerned, I think it
would receive a death-blow from the statement of Mr. Patterson, the Secretary of the A. S. N. Company, that via Torres
485 
486      GENERAL OPINION IN FAVOR OF ISTHMUS.
Straits, to Singapore, they require ~8,000 per month (~96,000
1)er year,) bonus, as a minimum estimate, in addition to the
entire postage, passenger, and, other traffic. And yet, with this
startling proposition, our good friends at Sydney are most san "uilie of having a speedy communication via the East I  I hope
they will succeed, but, to me, the most practical part of the
Council's Committee report is summed up in Mr. Williams' testi mony, touching the Panama route.  Mr. Donaldson truly re marks, that "although we see the ripe fruit within our reach,
it was, in consequence of conflicting interests, difficult to pluck."
Again, "rapid communication by way of Tahiti and Panama
migiht be ensured, without extraordinary burdens being placed
upon any colony individually; and, with the aid of the Grand
Trunk Line from Panama to Chagres, a most rapid line of
commnunication between Australia and Great Britain might be
established."
I believe these views are held by most public men at Sydney,
and I cannot but think that all the colonies will see it in the
same light.  The Governor General, I am told, is in favor of
it; and Sir Charles Hotham, who is acquainted with Southl
America and the Isthmus, I believe, has expressed himself in
its favor; while Sir Henry Young, in a conversation which I
had with him on the subject, spoke intelligently in its favor.
If the A. S. N. Co. would ask for a smaller subsidy, and take
up this view of the question, they will be far more likely to
succeed. It is worthy of their attention.
In commenting upon Mr. Donaldson's remarks that "a congress or federal council would be of great benefit to the colonies
generally, as a combination of intellect and intelligence would
be beneficial to all," the intelligent editor of the Sydney Morning Hferald speaks ably in regard to it.  Hear him:
I 
MAIL SERVICE.
"Mr. Donaldson touched on the importance of some legal
form of operation, which would make the colonies one, where
their interests are one. Day by day they stand stretching out
their hands to each other, but divided by the impassible boundaries traced by the finger of a surveyor over the maps,-and
where a parliamentary spell perpetually thwarts their efforts to
co-operate. New South Wales, as the elder colony, should assert the only pre-eminence worthy of her aspiration; and devise
some broad, generous, and impartial system, which may unite
all these colonies for their common good. Such a task would
be worthy of ambition; and, if well performed, would give
strength and consistency to the whole, would facilitate their relations with the parent country, and postpone a separation which,
though a necessity of the future, is not to be precipitated, and
which may long be delayed."
Let us all put our shoulders to the wheel, and a mail service
would at once spring into life; how petty jealousies occasion
odious comparisons; and such views divide the colonies in all
great public questions for their mutual welfare, as surely and
effectually as the surveyor's chain.   This evil the colonists
should at once uproot, by unity of action, a remedy which will
prove a certain restorative. Let us grapple with the mail question on a broad and public basis; when a project of importance
to all is initiated, let us work with a will. Let this Chamber
place their views practically before the several Chambers of the
other colonies, and in that way reach the ears of the several
Governments, as the views of practical men in the mercantile
walks of life, backed and endorsed by all classes of the community, who watch with satisfaction and approval every step of
this Chamber that marks out the road to improvement and reform. Whenever such a project as this is mooted, Australia
487 
MELBOURNE THE GRAND CENTRE.
should speak with one voice, acting with energy and without
division. Such questions require co-operation, and the future is
big with enterprises to be carried out for our mutual improve ment. Shipwrecks and disaster remind us of the urgent neces sity for a lighthouse at King's Island; and at once we are in
communication with mercantile men of our sister colonies, who
wait upon their respective Governments, and, all pulling in the
same direction, an expedition is appointed, a surveyor takes the
bearings; and I am credibly informed that at no distant period
the mariner who has been driven by adverse winds and currents
on that treacherous coast with the long-expected mail, will see
the friendly guide shining brightly from the summit of Point
Wickam, that points him out his proper course. In this initiatory movement we see the power, the influence, the utility of
unity of action. Let us deal with no questions not practical, but
when we do move, let it be with the determination to agitate
the matter until the abuse is removed, the improvement carried
out, and our object of benefiting the community is accomplished.
Shortly I hope to see this mail question put at rest. I hope
the point of arrival and of departure will settle down to where
it belongs. Melbourne is indisputably the grand centre of all
these colonies. Our geographical position, our immense mineral resources and pastoral wealth, our increasing population,
emigration adding to it at the rate of sixty thousand per annum,
and extending commerce, our exports and our imports, our
youth, ever active, ever reaching, ever looking onward. Our
unconquerable progress and wonderful energy demand this
locality as the rallying point of all the rest.
New South Wales should be proud of us as her enterprising
offspring, and South Australia has no reason to be ashamed of
her progressive brother. While Van Diemen's Land may look
488 
TELEGRAPHS.
upon us as an athletic youth desirous of improving our laws, our
Government, and ourselves.   Admitting then if you please,
that Port Philip deserves by her position on the atlas, her resources and her progress, that the mail steamers should arrive
and depart from Hobson's Bay (although I should not wish to
throw cold water on any scheme, even though Sydney were
made the terminus).  How then are-we to cater to the prejudices of our friendly neighbors? I will show you. We have a
telegraph to the Heads by the way of Geelong, thanks to the
Government. Let a grand trunk line of telegraphic wires unite
us with Sydney and Adelaide, talking with the townships on the
way, and a submarine wire along the ocean's bed to Launceston,
and so on along the convict road to Hobart Town, then we act
in union as brothers and as friends, the magic of the magnetic
chain would remove every shadow of discord, for the moment
the mail steamer was signalized off Point Nepean, the news boat
would board her to receive the brief digest of news, political
and social, financial and commereial, which the purser would
have in readiness for the Exchange newsman, and bear it with
a sure and swift stroke to the telegraphic office on Shortland's
Bluff, where the manipulator would flash the intelligence along
the electric messenger to Melbourne, New South Wales,
South Australia and Hobart Town, long before the steamer
touched her anchorage in Hobson's Bay! All would then receive the intelligence at the same time; what we all require is,
news, late dates, intelligence from the rest of the world; as
conveyed daily through the interest engine of modern times, the
printing press; not so much as our letters; give us the summary of news, and we will wait a day or two for details. I have
thus shown how all may be satisfied in getting the latest intelligence, and then, when the steamer has stopped her paddles,
489 
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES.
let the mail-bags for our neighbors be in readiness for their des tination by the splendid fleet of colonial steamers for which
Australia is so celebrated, branching out from Sydney, of which
she may well feel proud; and fixed days being appointed for
the return mails, no delay or annoyance would occur. You
may remind me, Mr. Chairman, that all this looks very well on
paper, and you may laugh at my suggestions as chimerical
but I assure you, all this will be a reality at no distant day.
This connecting all the colonies by a magnetic telegraph has
long been a project of mine, as may be seen by my remarks
made a few days after landing in the colony on the 4th of July,
1853; and no better time than now to agitate the matter can
be had. Great public enterprises will soon be started, that will
send this country ahead with a progress deserving of its great
wealth. The moment that the ghosts of all our mismanaged
pioneer joint-stock companies are buried and lost sight of in the
ghastly records of the Insolvent court, enterprises of public
utility and sounder basis will be initiated, and what is better
carried out. In my opinion nothing can be done so effectually
to wipe away local prejudices as to connect the colonies by a
grand trunk line of magnetic telegraph, which would give us all
intelligence at the same time. Individual enterprise, under liberal public grants, will soon start it on the journey, and, my
word for it, each colony, in proportion to its revenue, would
come to its assistance through its population. I saw many of
the merchants at Hobart Town who would take their share of
the enterprise, and Adelaide and Sydney are not likely to draw
a knife across their own throat. Let the governments work
liberally together; let private enterprise commence with the telegraph; and we see a new era spring up with a steam mail, a
railway, and an electric wire. I was not aware that we were
490 
CONTEMPLATED MAIL LINE.
to have the advantage of Captain Town's presence at our board
to-day; and although he may not agree with me on every point,
yet it has afforded me much satisfaction to hear his views regarding the Indian route, which I sincerely trust will be carried out.
In advancing the foregoing opinions, I wish it to be distinctly
understood that I am advocating no private interests, but bring
forward my views, as a member of the Chamber of Commerce,
on a public basis, which I am willing to give my time and industry in fostering. I propose shortly to visit the United States,
and if by the time I arrive there, no mail line has started for
Australia, I pledge you my word that I shall not return until I
have turned every stone and exhausted all my ammunition, in
carrying out the views which I have laid before you, in organizing a first-class steam mail line between Great Britain and
Australia, via Panama, by a course of post not to exceed, at any
rate, one hundred and twenty days, and most likely not over a
hundred and ten.
491 
CHAPTER XXV.
COMMERCE AND RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA.
Introductory Remarks-Population of Australia-Production and Lo cation of the Gold Fields-Price of Gold-Banking Companies in
Victoria-Commercial Affairs-ummary of American Shipping Imports and Exports-Flour Trade-Insurance-Railroafs-Custom
House and Exchange-Postal Communications-Distances of Routes,
etc.
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, September 25th, 1854.
FREEMAN HUNT, Editor of the Merchants' Magazine:   DEAR SIR:-Notwithstanding our antipodean position, shut
out as we are from the civilized world by irregular mails, your
highly valued journal, containing its usual monthly history of
the commercial world, has at last touched our shores, and nothing, I assure you, in that line is hailed with more pleasure by
our countrymen, engaged in mercantile pursuits, who for the last
fifteen years have read its pages and appreciated its worth.
With others, I am indebted to an old gentleman of extraordinary proportions, whose Dominie Sampson labors in the schools
of New York have been transferred to the wider field of introducing American literature into this country, and whose intinerant wanderings from counting-house to counting-house have
won for him the soubriquet of "Old Mortality." I have introduced him here to acknowledge my obligations for his regularity
in bringing me the Merchants' Magazine, and for his kindness in
only charging me one dollar and twenty-five cents for each number I 
EFFECT OF THE GOLD DISCOYERIES.
As your researches and correspondence penetrate into every
shipping port, gathering statistical information in European,
Asiatic, and African countries, as well as in the two Americas,
and the islands of the Pacific, you may not consider it out of place
to devote a few pages of your Magazine to a retrospective view
of this New Holland of years ago, or the Australia of our time.
The prolific lands of this beautiful agricultural country were
wrapt in the repose of plenty when the scientific Hargreaves, in
April of 1851, found a single speck of sparkling dust, which
proved to be the sentinel of illimitable gold fields I The wonderful news spread like wildfire throughout the colonies, depopulating the townships, and changing with the force of magic the
wild uncultivated abodes of the savages, of the emu, and the
kangaroo, into a whirling scene of active life; and from the
cloud of canvas, and rattling of picks and mining utensils along
the ravines, resembling some gigantic encampment of topographical engineers I
The magnetic influence of the "monster nugget" soon passed
the borders of this island, till it was felt in distant lands, and
the tide of immigration has not yet commenced its ebb, nor will
it so long as Eureka veins are daily touched I and a large expanse of agricultural lands are thrown open to the gaze of the
discontented thousands of the old world, whose unhappy condition is aggravated by the horrors of European wars I
The present population of Victoria may be estimated at 300,000 souls; South Australia at 80,000; New South Wales,
230,000; Van Diemen's Land, 70,000; and New Zealand, 15,000; say in all the British colonies of the South-eastern HIemisphere, 700,000 whites; but as we are dealing more particularly with this colony, by running our eye along its history we find
that in 1836, (at the formation of the customs,) there were but
493 
GOLD RETURNS.
1,200, showing a gradual increase until 1850, when it was 70,000-at the end of 1851, after the discovery of the gold fields,
it had reached 82,000, the increase being principally by arrivals
from the neighboring colonies.
On the 31st December, 1852, Westgarth estimated the population at 200,000, since which there has been a steady increase
by emigration, etc., till we arrive at the estimate for the present
time.
This population has not been idle as you may see by the astonishing production of our gold fields, which may be accurately
stated as follows:
VICTORIA GOLD.
Ounces. Av. price. ~.
From towards the end of September, 1851,
to 31st December, 1852,....... 
From December, 1852, to December,
1853,..............
From December, 1853, to September,
1854,*............
1,130,519   80    4,522,076
8,829,049          34,161,416
Showing the enormous sum of ~34,161,416, or at the par of
exchange 4s. 2d. to the dollar, $163,974,797, and weighing
3281 tons, which is more than sufficient to load any clipper
schooner afloat, and which the insurance offices of the world
could not cover in one bottom; and these wonderful results have
been accomplished within the short period of a presidential term,
and all extracted from the bowels of the earth by the hand of
man, machinery not having as yet been introduced to any extent.
* This return comprises only what is brought in by escort, as the total production cannot be ascertained until the end of the year, when stock is taken of all gold
in the hands of the banks, &c., and when the quantity brought in by private hands
is estimated.
494
4,608,188 77s. 17,741,524
3,090,842 17 11,897,816 
FOURTEEN GOLD FIELDS.
The arrivals by sea over departures for the first eight months
of the present year are 39,861, being at the rate of about 1,000
per week, and from our last advices from England emigration is
setting in more extensively than ever.
If the past shows such astonishing statements what may we
expect in the future? when the whole country from the Grampians to the westward of Melbourne, to Lake Omeo, far away
to the eastward, (better seen by a map which I had prepared,)
is entirely auriferous. The following official return giving the
latitude and longitude of the fourteen active gold fields, may
also prove interesting: Name of gold field.  Lat.  Long.  Name of gold field.  Lat.   Lon.
Mr. Williams, in the              Anderson's Creek, 37~ 40' 1450 10'
Grampians,   37~ 15'142~ 35' Plenty Ranges,   37 35 145 10
Avoca, in the Pyr-                Mount Alexander, 37    144 20
enees....  37    143 10  Beudigo,... 36 20 144 20
Maryborough, in the               Balaarat,... 37 35 143 58
Sionson's Ranges. 37  5 143 40  McIvor,... 37    145
Tarrengower, in the               Goulbourn..37  5 145 50
Bryant's Ranges. 37 5 144      Ovens.... 36 30 146 40
Ballan.....    37 33 144 15. Omeo,....   36 55 147 30
These diggings extend from longitude 1420 35' to 1470 30',
and from latitude 360 20' to 370 40', over districts comprehending upwards of 30,000 square miles, or more than half the area
of the colony.
The receipts from the several mines continue on the same extensive scale as in their palmiest days. We certainly do not
hear of such enormous individual success, but the returns are
more regular and can be now very nearly reckoned at a certain
quantity by each weekly escort; and although some two or
three of the original spots have not lately kept up their standards, other fields have been opened which promise as rich results as those which, by their wonderful productions, enticed so
many to these shores.
495 
496'   PRICE OF GOLD.
The number of ounces brought in last year by private hand
amounted to nearly 460,000, and as traveling is becoming more
secure every day, in consequence of the increased traffic, and so
many of the bands of Bushrangers being broken up, it is expected that the present year will show a still more extensive
quantity brought in this way. On this subject the Arguts says:  "Of late the Melbourne banking companies have employed
agents at the various gold fields to purchase gold dust direct
from the diggers, and they do not send their gold regularly
every week to town, so that the escorts are less than even an
accurate criterion of the diggers' success. A very large quantity is always brought down by private hand.  Even the ship
ments are not now a criterion of produce, as the banks do not
regularly ship all their gold dust."
The present price is ~4. Os. 6d. per ounce; even a shilling
higher than this has been paid for the produce of the Balaarat
mines, which is the finest and purest ever found, being worth
3s. per ounce more than the produce of the New South Wales
mines.
The escort fee is 6d. per ounce from all the diggings except
from the Ovens, (the farthest from Melbourne, on the northernmost limits of the province,) when it is ls. per ounce.
There is no mint yet in operation, although one is to be shortly established at Sydney.
Russia produces ~4,000,000 from the Ural Mountains; California, I believe, has reached ~11,000,000, and the average
yearly produce of Victoria I may state at ~12,000,000.
The present high price of gold has been brought about by
what I considered injudicious management on the part of the
banks, most of which have branches on the several diggings,
and purchase the gold direct from the diggers, and by competing 
EXCHANGE.
with each other have raised the price to the entire exclusion of
every other purchaser, and prevented the merchant using the
article as a legitimate source of profit on its shipment.
The extraordinary imports of last year and a portion of this,
having gradually gone into consumption, or changed hands at
ruinous prices, large sums were to be remitted, and the banks,
taking advantage of the brisk demand for bills, raised the rate of
exchange since May, 1853, from 1 per cent discount to (within
lately) 3 per cent premium, which the increased premium of insurance, in consequence of the war, has raised to 5 per cent, at
which rate it now rules; and as gold keeps pace with exchange,
it has caused the former to rise in price in the same ratio; but
this cannot last. From present appearances our exports will
soon exceed the imports, and then we shall see the tables turned,
and it would not be surprising to see exchange at a discount
within nine months, for the moment the banks are out of the
market as purchasers of gold, the price drops, and down comes
exchange.
In December, 1852, the banks purchased bills on London at
9 a 10 per cent discount, and issued their drafts at 7-I per cent
discount. It will thus be seen how exchange has fluctuated in
this colony within a few months.
I consider the bills of the joint-stock banks here on the parent
establishments in London as good paper as the banking world
can produce, consequently shippers need not advise their consignees to guaranty such bills of exchange.
No country possesses greater banking facilities than this, as
the following table will show. Where no interest is allowed
on deposits, which have acted in part as capital, it will be readily seen that well managed stock of this kind must prove a profitable investment to the shareholders:
497 
BANKING ASSETS.
ABSTRACT OF THE AVERAGE LIABILITIES AND ASSETS OF THE BANKING COMPANIES
IN VICTORIA, FOR THE QUARTER ENDING JUNE 30TH, 1854.
osits.......... ~6,042,354
es in circulation.   2,292,570
in circulation.       50,524
B nces due to other
anks............   1,287,566
erved fund, profit
ad loss account.        66,223
Total....  ~9,739,237
Coin.....
Bullion
Landed property..
Notes and bills of other
banks...
Balances due from
other banks..
Notes and bills dis  counted, and all
other debts due to
the banks.    o I
Government securities
Capital paid in...............         ~3,159,550
Amount of dividend.............              296,629
Amount of reserved profits after declaring dividend..    523,479
The great facilities for obtaining discounts have brought
about a most unsettled state of affairs, and the Insolvent Court
is the daily scene of aggravated cases of chicanery and fraud.
Five hundred thousand pounds will cover the entire extent
of the failures of the last twelve months, a greater portion of
which have recently occurred, but the next will show a wide
table.  By this thinning out of irresponsible parties, who, not
being able to bear prosperity, recklessly extended their liabilities, and branched out into extravagances of living, we look
forward to a much sounder state of finance,
The exports of wool, tallow, and hides are also very considerable and somewhat affect exchange, but only to a limited
extent.  Some  30,000 to 40,000 barrels of sour flour have
been re-shipped of late to England, as well as some East Indian
produce.
A small cargo of wet salted hides has been shipped to Baltimore per "Juliet," but no wool has yet gone forward. This
498
Dep
Not
Bill
Bal
b
Res
.a
ASSETS.
X2,962,155
594,134
90,215
301,064
868,146
6,222,096
319,246
11,257,706
Total 
KAURI GUM.
export to the United States is a new feature in the trade of
this place.
About the early part of 1853, the high price realized onl
Kauri gum, which found its way to England and America in
small lots, where it was used for varnishing purposes, caused
several secret orders to be sent out to New Zealand, (where it
is only found,) and about 300 tons have been shipped to the
States; considerable lots have  also gone to England.  It is
very difficult and tedious to procure, and although there is plenty
of it, yet it can only be obtained through the agency of the
natives, who alone have had the gathering of it. I believe it
has nlow fallen in price, and leaves now but a very small profit.
You, sir, who often chronicle the resultof overtrading and
ill-judged speculation, will readily understand the position of
this country since the discovery of gold to the present time.
Leaving the United States in February of last year without
any definite knowledge of the internal resources or the business
facilities of this country, and arriving in Hobson's Bay towards
the latter part of May in midwinter, a time when trade is as
stagnant at that season as in Russia, I was astonished to see on
every side of us several hundred ships deeply laden with goods,
and few discharging. Within ten days some six or seven large
vessels with valuable cargoes from American and East Indian
ports arrived to our consignment, all clamoring to be discharged,
and most other houses were in the same predicament. In town,
the streets were crowded with hundreds of "office-seekers," but
the demand was so much in excess of the supply, it was difficult
to obtain even a shelter.
Lighterage and storage went up a hundred per cent, and everything available for the purpose was put in requisition. From
30s. to 50s. was paid for the former from Hlobson's Bay to Mel
499 
IMPORTS COMPARED WITH POPULATION.
bourne Wharf, and storage room, even in yards and tents, could
not be had under 3s. to 4s. per ton per week. In anticipation
of famine prices, every small trader had filled his store by the
1st May, before the American ships began to arrive.  Imagine,
then, the effect of having cargo after cargo of American notions
poured upon such a market. A hundred sail in four months'
time! Flour was sold by some at 10Os. per barrel for shipment
to England, while others would not sell and held, accumulating
charges, but meeting with no commensurate advance.
We wrote at once to stop shipments, but before the long
journey could be reached by our irregular mails, more ships were
dispatched, ere the first results were heard from, and after
advices went home saying "leave us alone for four months, and
look at the exports before you commence again," ship after ship
continued to be dispatched from the United States, and the
consequence has been in many instances ruinous to the pioneers
of the trade.
Our population of less than 300,000 could not consume imports of some articles sufficient for 2,000,000, and as no large
fires swept off the accumulating stocks, as in the early history
of San Francisco, and the surrounding colonies having more
than they required direct, needed nothing from this quarter.
We were placed in the position of a community of settlers
where there were no buyers at hand. This has lasted almost
to the present time.
As merchants often require something more substantial than
a simple statement, you must permit me to endorse my assertions
by a glance at a few figures, compiled from a list which I have
carefully kept since my arrival in the colony, giving the name of
every American ship that has anchored in Hiobson's Bay since
January of 1853 to the 1st September, 1854:
500 
FLEET IN HOBSONrS BAY.
SUMMARY OF AMERICAN SHIPPING FROM JANUARY, 1853, TO SEPTEMBER,
1854, SHOWING HOW MUCH FAITH OUR COUNTRYMEN HAD IN THE
MARKET OF THIS COUNTRY.
Av. passage.
' Tons.. Days.
Brigs... 2         417  127
Schooners. 5        562 124
61   25,968
Other American ports Ships... 12    6,120  127
Barks... 12    3,384   94
Brigs...  4        764   90
Schooners..  1        181   91
29 10,449
From  Neu, York Ships...
Barks...
Brigs...
Schooners.
Total, 173 vessels of the aggregate tonnage of 77,633.
Most of which ancaored in Hobson's Bay during the first
twelve months, very few having arrived latterly. This immense
fleet came deeply laden with flour, provisions, lumber, and general cargo, the losses on which will only be surpassed by the
amount sunk in California.
In the above table you only see the American shipping, but
when you add in connection the combined imports from other
nations, you will more readily understand what the future historian of Australia will term the "reckless speculation of 185354."   This statement it has cost much labor to obtain, but
being from official sources, may be relied upon, and, as with
other tables, covers the whole ground from year to year since
the discovery of the gold fields.
SIMARY OF
1851.
~.
637,863
734
IMPORTS.
1852.
~.
1,560,529
69,711
Great Britain....
United States...
France and other European
countries.....
East India and China..
All other foreign ports.
Colonial......
Total......
501
A,v. passage.
Tons. Days.
30,828 121
8,537 118
385 140
1,468 120
411,216
62
22
2
7
83
Fro,tn Bostot-t Ships...
Barks...
25 14,917 112
29 10,072 118
1853.
ze.
7,359,383
1,719,656
1851.
Y'.
5,208,970
581,219
2,101
49,746
27,988
157,396
875,828
33,451
165,540
51,140
1,623,900
3,504,871
412,825
1,451,427
237,482
2,913,874
14,094,647
386,597
667,471
220,976
1,490,835
8,556,068 
EXPORTS.
SUMMARY OF EXPORTS.
Half Year of
1854.
~.
4,313,266
4,045
1851.        1852.
~.            ~.
661,900   5,993,605
Great Britain.
United States..
France and other Europea
countries. 
East India and China,
All other foreign ports
Colonial.. 
Total,. 
When you look at the above statement, can you wonder why
sales were not effected why remittances were not more prompt,
why ships did not receive more dispatch, why the shipments of
last year have proved such a long-winded business, and why
the result has proved so disastrous, sinking over half a million
of dollars in flour alone? Surely no reasonable merchant has
a right to censure responsible agents in this country for not
doing impossibilities.
I think, however, we have at last touched bottom; and, as
I calmly look over the past, I have come to the conclusion that
a brighter day is dawning.  The losses of the first adventurers
in the trade have only paved the way for those who may enter
the field later. American provisions, hams, bacon, butter,
cheese, beef, pork, preserves, etc.; furniture, wooden houses,
carriages, wagons, boots, etc., have been introduced, and are
much liked.
The Australians have got a taste for our "notions" which
they will not forget. America can compete with Great Britain
in most articles that go into consumption with the people.
502
im.
S.
8,036,280
41,246
...............
3,140
97,085
235
1,043,090
7,137,155
9,593
167,587
199,491
628,377
9,082,574
.........
3,977
. 170,365
., 836,242
........
41,173
198,195
345,201
4,901,880 
THE MARKET.
Goods of first quality only should come out.  Take flour, for
instance-iHaxall & Gallego have a reputation here which no
other millers can establish. This flour, with only one or two
exceptions, has come out sound, and should have the preference.
Several cargoes of Chilian have been received from Valparaiso,
but the bakers and others prefer our barrel flour when they can
be obtained. A cargo or two of wheat has also arrived from
the western coast of South America, but in a musty and weevily
condition, and was unfit for anything else but feeding pigs and
poultry. Haxall & Gallego flour has lately been sold at 65s.
a 70s. per bbl.
This market will always be worth the attention of flour shippers. At a moderate cost and fair freight, small cargoes, if
arriving in good condition, I think will be a safe investment.
There can be no danger of loss, when Haxall & Gallego can
be laid down here at 50s., until the Australians show more attention to agriculture than they have since the discovery of the
gold fields. California says she shall now commence exporting
breadstuffs, the production of her own soil; but so long as
100 lb. nuggets are taken out of the Balaarat, some time must
elapse before we can follow her example.
The extent of our wants may be better seen by an import
and export table. The increased consumption shown by the
relative comparisons for the last four years since the time to
which this return is made up, comparatively little has arrived
but much will be wanted. I am not yet prepared to state the
annual quantity required from abroad, as it is almost impossible
to obtain the actual production of this soil.
503 
FLOUR STATISTICS.
SUMMARY OF THE IMPORTS OF FLOUR.
Half Year of
1 853. 18 54.
3,588     500
15,036  3,720
2,228  3,664
Great Britain,....  to:
United States,.....
South America and other foreign port
New South Wales, Van Diemen's Lan
New Zealand, etc.,
Other British colonies,. 
Total,                                                       1
SUMMARY OF THE EXPORTS OF FLOUR.
Half Year of
1851.   1852.    1853.   1854.
........ 255   3,051
Great Britain,...... tons
United States,.
South America and other foreign ports,
New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land,
New Zealand, etc.,...
Other British colonies,
Total,.
American lumber is much liked, and notwithstanding hard
pine tongued and grooved flooring boards were sold six months
since at about the freight, the article is now sought for at 221.
per M. feet, and it is my opinion that judicious shipments of a
really good article of assorted American lumber will generally
meet with a favorable result, unless the market is smothered,
as was the case last year.
The facilities for discharging and dispatching ships having so
much increased, the usual policies of insurance covering thirty
days after arrival, is sufficient to protect the shipper; but formerly, when ships were often sixty to one hundred days in port,
the risk was all on the owners of the goods. The marine risk
at anchor in the bay is small; while the burning of the Ameri
504
1851.            1 8 5,).
....             391
.... 494
..,. 243
..... 9,314
..... 154
..... 10,596
3,381
2,125
26,358
2,522
443
10,849
.......
........
........
215....
25
....
25
60
....
60
6,076
....
6,545
993
....
4,044 
NECESSITY OF HAVING CONSIGNEES.
can ships Columbia, West Wind, and Julia, and the English
ship Protector, by mutinous sailors, or by "barratry," some
time since, add much to the fire risk. But what surprises me
most is the comparatively small number of lighters that have
gone down, when during the high rates of last year such crazylooking crafts were employed.   When goods are assured to the
wharf insurance offices, they should have an eye to the lighters,
as well as exercise much care in the survey of the ships.
I hope the ship-owner who peruses this will not consider it in
the light of "my  services are at his disposal," when I assure
him that where dispatch in effecting sales, or in getting away
a ship, is concerned, that it is most important for him to have
a consignee; for this is a credit country, and captains would
hardly care to guarantee Melbourne paper, especially just at
this particular time.
As many ships belonging to the merchant fleet of last year
lost their crews by desertion, the.country is well supplied with
sailors; and as their roving disposition unfits them for a digger's
life, after a short experience at the gold fields they are glad to
ship again. I would, therefore, recommend ship-owners to engage their crews for the run out, with the understanding they
should be paid off when they have discharged the cargo; for
when shipped for the voyage out and home, or by the month,
the restraint on board leads them to desert, when otherwise they
would most likely remain; and in several cases when sailors
have been detained against their will, the ships have been set oi
fire-a most serious objection to the forcing system.
The canal to connect Melbourne with liobson's Bay is only
a vision of the Provisional Directors; ten years hence, with
prolific gold fields, the project might be accomplished, were it
not for the almost certainty, with the present extensive immi
505 
DRY DOCKS NEEDED.
gration, of the limits of the city extending to the beach at
Sandridge within that period. What we most require are suitable dry docks for the repairing of ships. Now we have nothing of the kind, and we are under the disagreeable necessity of
going to our sister colonies where there are facilities for heaving
down, but nothing on a more extended scale. Public energy
or individual enterprise, I hope, for the credit of this young
commercial giant, will shortly remedy this evil.
So long as California continues to yield up her precious treasure under the beautiful flag of our own fair land, I can scarcely
expect an extensive immigration from the United States to this
El Dorado of the Southern Seas; but when I remember that
it was only last week 318 lbs. weight were taken out of one
hole at Balaarat, valued at about $73,000, (one nugget alone
weighing ninety-eight-and-a-half lbs.,) and the exhorbitant price
of vegetables and dairy produce, and demand for mechanical
labor, I have every reason to believe that strong, able-bodied
men, farmers, mechanics, or manual laborers, who are not afraid
of hard work, will in a short time accumulate their share of
the precious dust.
I have alluded to the fine opportunities to the cultivators of
the soil, upon the supposition that our new governor will show
a much more liberal policy in entirely unlocking the lands,
hitherto held on license by the squatting interest; but there
can be no fitter place to observe that this is not the country
for young men whose business capacity is concentrated in a fast
trotter or in a new prima donna. White kids are niot wanted
here, for there is no Italian opera.
I have already given you a statement of American shipping,
but I will now cover a broader field, condensing in a few figures
the maritime fleet from all parts of the world that have cast
506 
ARRIVALS.
their anchors in Hobson's Bay, and for a better comparison of
our extended Commerce, I review the arrivals since 1851:
SUMMARY OF ARiIVALS.
— 1851.    -- - - 1852.                   _
Number                  Number
vessels.    Tonnage.  vessels.       Tonnage.
83        47,885       218        147,831
U..............        11          5,061
Fr  om
Great Britain....
United States....
France and other Euro pean places....
East India and China.
All other foreign ports
Colonial.....
6        1,630        9        2,270
10         2,325      17        5,041
15         4,541      32        8,201
369       43,545   1,093       192,349
483       99,926   1,380       360,7653
Half year of
1853.                1854.
6544     249,220      294    143,655
118        53,"712     42      18,092
Great Britain,..
United States...
France and other Euro  pean places...
East India and China
All other foreign ports
Colonial.....
Total....
The startling figures explain themselves; and while on this
subject, a few words on the increased facilities of discharging,
may not be out of place.
A year since, sixty to ninety days was considered good dispatch; now, a month's detention is thought unwarrantable
delay. The most extraordinary instances of dispatch were the
American clipper ship Red Jacket, handling 1,800 tons cargo,
etc., in twelve working days, a fortnight's time only elapsing
from the arrival in and departure from this port! and the American ship Lantao having discharged her entire inward cargo of
607
Total.......
39
94
129
1,227
2,151
12,658
35,561
31,510
248,479
631,140
45
40
52
619
1,092
14,101
15,497
12,327
143,290
346,962 
TfIl RENTALS.
6,316 barrels and half-barrels of flour, ballasted and sailed again
in a week's time I
These results show what can be done, and shipowners need no
longer fear that their ships will remain as store-houses in iobson's Bay. Already some of the largest and finest clippers
afloat have visited our shores, and we have no doubt that so
long as Europe and Great Britain are teeming with their discontented thousands, immigration will not only be the means of
selling American ships in England, but will eventually, in the
event of protracted war, bring us out, under the neutral flag,
the finest specimens of marine architecture which the shipyards
of America can produce. I predict, at no distant day, that
first-class clippers with a little steam power will do our entire
carrying trade.
The Red Jacket made the run in 67-1 days under canvasthe exact time from anchor to anchor consuming 69 days 11
hours and 13 minutes, being the quickest passage on record by
at sailing vessel, adding another laurel to the shipbuilders of the
United States, and more than equaling the average performance
of the mail steamers, not excepting the overland route.
The unprecedented rentals and never-before-heard-of rates of
storage attracted the attention of capitalists, who, nothwithstanding the extraordinary price of building materials, and
wages of masons, carpenters, etc., at 21. per day, commenced
erecting warehouses, some of which would vie with any in the
United States or England. I should think that 24,000,000.
have been invested ill stone stores and other buildings within
the limits of the city. This of course has lowered rents, and
storage can now be had for ls. 6d. or 2s. per ton per week, or
50 per cent less than the rates paid last winter.
Our  streets are all macadamized.   Our  wharves line the
1508 
PUBI,IC ENTERPRISES.
Yarra for a mile, and our new Governor, Sir Charles Hiotham,
proposes to make still farther improvements.
The railroad to the Bay, two miles long, is completed, and
was opened for passenger traffic on the 13th inst., and if successful, as I think it will be under proper management, will
only prove the "wedge" to open the entire country; and if we
can believe the promises of our new Governor, he will shortly
prove himself the Railway King of Australia. When I find
by statistics the annual cost of transporting goods to the townships, and mines of the interior, exceed two millions sterling, I
come to the conclusion that the high price of labor, and the
great distance which we have to transport the iron, will prove
no argument against the extensive formation of railways in a
country where there are no parliamentary expenses, no vested
interests, and liberal public grants. The whistle of the engine
on the Sandridge road has not only surprised the native born
Australian of Victoria, but will ere long startle the aborigines
of the interior.
Ground has been broken at Geelong and also at Williamstown to connect them with the capital by railroad, but this cannot be completed for at least three years to come. Williamstown was intended as the principal port of this colony, but has
not kept pace with Melbourne or Sandridge in the rapid progression which has taken place since the discovery of gold, and
is now too far behindhand to be feared, at present, as a rival to
either of the above places. Government have completed a telegraph to Williamstown, and have contracted to continue the
electric lines to the Heads by way of Geelong. Plans are drawn
for a new Custom House in conjunction with an Exchange, to
cost about sixty thousand pounds, and a very creditable building is now being erected for the exhibition of articles intended
609 
POSTAL COMMUNICATION.
to be sent to the Crystal Palace of the French; and the near
completion of the water works leads us to suppose that we shall
soon have a plentiful supply of,pure water, which will not only
do away with the present objectionable water-carts which one
meets at every turn of the streets, but in connection with proper
sewerage, will add much to the healthy condition of this young
city.  What we most want, and what is most essential to our
fiture prosperity, is a regular mail communication, whether by
the Cape of Good Hope, Suez, or Panama, or direct by paddlewheel steamers, I care not which, but there certainly seems to
be a fair opening, more especialy by the way of Panama, under
the present liberal grants of the Colonial Government for the
enterprising capitalist.
Since writing the foregoing I have received the report of the
select committee of the Sydney Chamber of Commerce on the
subject of postal communication with England, comprising not
ai, little information,  and covering  miuch  valuable statistical
matter.  It will be observed that the distances are reckoned to
Sydney. Melbourne is about 500 miles by sea from that port,
which would give it ail advantage of that distance in the case
of vessels coming from the westward, and vice versa when sailing
from the eastward.
I am strongly of opinion that Panama should have a decided
preference, as a steam line by this route would connect at that
place with regular established packets to all parts of the world.
Sufficient coals can be placed at Tahiti from Newcastle, N. S.W.
A better instance of the desirableness of this route is the fact
of the steamship Golden Age making the run from Sydney to
Tahiti in 131 days.
The Sydney Chamber of Commerce recommend memorializing the Legislature of New South Wales for an annual grant
610 
of ~12,000 for five years, in addition to the entire postage, for
a monthly postal communication direct with Great Britain, and
this body is evidently in favor of Panama. I have no doubt
Victoria would come forward in an equally liberal manner to
secure the same objects for Melbourne.
The average time made by the overland route is about 68
days, the last mail brought her news in 57~ days only! and the
General Screw Steam Company's ships have averaged about 70
days via the Cape of Good Hope, and I would strongly recommend writing by these opportunities, particularly by the overland, as this has invariably proved the quickest means of communication with this country, taking advantage, however, of
the chances of any clippers sailing direct from the States, the
Nightingale having been only 75 days from New York I  From
New York the average passage has been 120 days, and from
Boston 116 days.  In sending letters from America to England
for transmission by the Australian mail, it should be observed,
that at present the service is performed on alternate months;
for instance, the overland mail leaves on the 8th of September,
and the Screw Company's steamer on the 4th of October, and
so on.
cOMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF THE RESPEcTIVE ROUTES BETWEEN
SYDNEY AND ENGLAND.
Miles
Via Cape of Good Hope................................ 12,634
Cape Horn, estimated the same.
Via Panama, viz:
Milford Haven to Navy Bay...................  4,552
Panama to Tahiti............................. 4,488
Tahiti to Sydney............................. 3,351
By land..................................... 46-12,437
Or Southampton to Chagres via St. Thomas...... 4,612
Panama to Huaheine.......................... 4,562
Huaheine to Sydney......................... 3,277
By land....................................   46-12,497
511
DISTANCES. 
COMMERCIAL HISTORY.
Via Egypt, Singapore and Torres Straits
Southampton to Singapore..................... 7,987
Singapore to Sydney via Torres Straits, inner rout 4,195
Land journey.............................. 252 —12,434
Via Egypt, Singapore and Cape Leeuwin.
Southampton to Singapore.....................,987
Singapore to Sydney....................... 4,630
Land journey................................ 252 —12,869
Via Egypt, Ceylon and Cape Leeuwin.
Southampton to Galle......................... 6,393
Galle to Sydney.............................. 5,300
Land journey................................ 252-11,945
Via Egypt, Aden and Cape Leeuwin.
Southampton to Aden......................... 4,259
Aden to Sydney.............................. 7,184
Land journey.............................. 252-11,695
I have thus carefully reviewed the Commercial history of this
port since the hidden treasures of the country were brought to
light, and have given you my experience of its general trade,
and my opinion of its future prospects. For many of the statistics I am indebted to the Honorable Mr. Childers, late Auditor General, now the Collector of the Customs. The others
are endorsed by the highest Commercial authorities-they may,
therefore, be considered accurate.
If this condensed review gives any additional light to those
interested in the Australian trade, I shall feel amply repaid for
having brought so many facts within the borders of your valuable journal.
~512