~ )()&/ {)~5 k~&} PITTSBURGH ITS ~ INDUSTRY & COMM~ERCE, EMBRACING ~ Statistics of the Goal, Ir~n, Glass, STEEL, CoPPER, PETROLEUM, And other Manufacturing Interests of Pittsburgh. ~ y ~ ~ PITTSBURGH: ~ PRINTED BY BAkR & MYERS, (POST JOB OFFICE,) i~5 WOOD STREET. ~~ ~ ~~ ~- ~ ~` ~ ~ 4c ~:~ EntereJ ~ccorJin~ to 4ct of Con~r~css, tn the year 1870, by DAVID LOWRY, JAMES MILLS and E. A. MYERS,. In the Clerk'~ Office of the Btstrict Cowrt, for the We~tern Distr~ct of Pennsylvania. (..~ F `) ) ~ INTRODUCTORY. TllE scope and design of this volume may be stated in a few words. It is in the interest f Buyer and Seller, as well as Producer and Consumer, and its aim is to bring them~together 0 through the avenues of Trade and Commerce. Its primary purpose is to make the people of the Great West, and people everywhere, whose trade is tributary to Pittsburgh, or can be made advantageously so, acquainted with the vast resources of the city, and the measure of their development. The busy and thundering tongues of our thousands of factories and mills tell but half their own story to the transient visitor to Piftsburgh, and he leaves with a confused, even if it is a very impressive notion, of the extent and character of our manufac : uring industry. Those have not visited the city no adequate a~~re;J)~n of our progress, degree our have We to clear to he one, and educate the other, by statements of facts, and by the eloquence of figures, precisely what has been accomplished in those great branches of manufacturing which lie at the basis of a large proportion of the internal trade and commerce of the Union. One has hardly to go outside the canopy of smoke that overhangs Pittsburgh, to find how little is known as to the reality of the city, and the value its productions bear to the aggregate of the manufacturing industry of the nation. Pittsburgh, it has been often said, is the worst adver tised city in the Union. Its light has been hid under the bushel of its own business conservatism. Our great manufacturing and commercial houses have sought obscurity rather than mercantile or business notoriety. They were content with what they themselves knew of the extraordinary progress of the city during the past ten or twenty years. Old customers ~ were retained by the superiority of our wares, and the failure of all successful competition. ~ New customers were not sought by the appliances - the simple art of Jetting people know ~ what we were doing and could do - brought into requisition with such magnifi~ent results by cities - great cities now - that were rocking in their civic cradles when Pittsburgh had achieved the highest honors of municipal dignity. 152221 y PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~ The plan of this volume is to place the most reliable data accessible to experienced ~ collators, in regard to the industrial development and commercial activity of Pittsburgh, ~ side by side with the advertising announcements of the representative manufacturing estab lishments and business houses of the city, and the districts immediately adjacent thereto. ~ We show what has been done, and by whom. ~ The papers on the various subjects treated of; have been prepared with great care and ~ thoroughness of research. The aim has been to give the truth. Exaggeration would destroy ~ their value, and defeat the purpose contemplated. We think they will justify the conclusion, ~ that from the very nature of things - the logic of facts, as it were - no city in the Union ~ presents such inducements as are set forth by the workshops, the mills, foundries and factories ~ of Pittsburgh. In cheapness of production, in the character of goods and wares, and in accessibiJity by river and rail to markets, the "Iron City" challenges tlie competition of the continent. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. S -. PITTSBURGH TO-DAY. THE superiority of Pittsburgh, as a location for capital and skill, must be familiar to those in any degree ac~uainted with its great natural advantages and treasures. ller valleys and uplands, containing inexhaustible deposits of iron and coal, multiply the population and the wealth, adding daily to the fame of the vast natural workshop which is recognize~d~as the metropolis of Western Pennsylvania. The Youghiogheny valley, extending along the emtire mountain range, through Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny counties, swelling at its con fluence with the Monongahela at M'Keesport, thirteen miles above the city, pours into its lap its wealth of mineral riches, embracing a superior quality of iron, and the best bituminous coal discovered on the American continent. Throughout the Monongahela valley, from Pitts burgh to Brownsville, (a distance of sixty miles,) coal veins, varying from four and a half to ten feet in thickness, are placed by bountiful nature where the simplest mechanical con trivances, united with comparatively trifling manual labor, enables the manufacturer to avail himself freely of the greatest aid in reducing the valuable ores to every form and condition required to supply the needs of civilization. The Allegheny river, which has borne to Pitts burgh in its annual flows, upwards of 10,000,000,000 feet of pine lumber, and its wealth of iron ores, continues to bring to her, as in the past ten years, its rich freight of Petroleum, amounting to $12,000,000 per annum. ~ The benefits derived from the treasure bed of coal which surrounds Pittsburgh, can scarcely be estimated. Its presence suggests, and its use is synonymous with economy. It has been aptly remarked that the secret of the wealth and progress of more than one modern nation may be found in the statistics of this mineral. Some idea of the influence exerted by its possession may be inferred from the fact that it is equally essential to the successful opera. tions of the factory, the steamer, or the locomotive, and from the fact that Pennsylvania pro. duced 13,000,000 of the 17,417,617 tons produced in the United States in 1865. The coal field surrounding Pittsburgh embraces fifteen thousand square miles, equal to 8,600,000 acres of coal, a deposit of mineral treasure equal in extent to the mineral fuel of Prussia, Austria, Belgium, Bavaria and Spain. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. To appreciate the magnitnde of the Products and Commerce of Pittsburgh, the stranger needs to be told the truth, as set forth in statistics, exhibiting the extent of her manufactures and trade, her material growth, and the rapid development of her manifold resources. lle needs to be told that Pittsburgh furnishes forty-six per cent. of all the glass, sixty-eight per cent. of all th~ steel, and thirty-eight per cent. of all the iron manufactnred in the United States. Pittsburgh contains twenty-one bottle and phial factories,twenty-three window glass factories, and twenty-five flint and lime glass factories. The first on the list produces 70,000,000 bottles per annnm; the second produces about 600,000 boxes of glass annually, amonnting to nearly $3,000,000; while the flint and lime glass factories alone prodnce upwards of twelve thousand tons of merchantable ware, and -two thousand five hundred tons of the finest glassware made in the country, worth about $3,000,000, making an aggregate of nearly $7,000,000, or nearly half the total value of all the glass mannfactnred in the country. ~ The steel works of Pittsburgh will compare favorably with the best in England. Their — products enter everything from a plow plate to the finest quality of sword and razor steel - -from a cast cast-steel frog to a watch spring. In ISGO, the capital invested in six establishments ~amounted to $1,()80,090. Within the past seven years three others have been added to the ~ list. The capital invested in these nine establishments is about $4,500.000. The average annual sales amount to upwards of $1,500,000. -In 1850, Pittsburgh numbered thirteen roiling mills, with a capital of about $5,000,000, employing three thous~nd five hundred hands. In 1851, there were nineteen rolling mills, having one hundred and seventy-six puddling furnaces and two hundred and fifty-three bail machines. To-day there are thirty-two iron, nine steel, and twb copper mills. A survey of the chronological table of these forty-three establishments shows that the increase, siffee 1830, has been at the rate of one a year. Ont of torty-six mills erected since 1813, forty-three -are still in operation, the greater portion of them having increased their dimensions and capital from four to eight fold. Six mills were erected in one year. Such an exhibit cannot be approached by any manufacturing city in the United States. -The total capacity of the largest establishments is not less than from eighty to one hundred tons per day. Nine have nail factories connected with them. Among the appliances to be found in these mills are one hundred and sixty-nine trains of rolls, five hundred and fifty nine boiling, and one hundred and seventy-six heating furnaces, four hundred and ninety-seven nail and spike machines, thirteen rail road spike machines, sixty-nine steam hammers, and one hundred and ninety-five steam engines. The value of the annual products of the iron mills alone approximates $23,000,000. The average daily consumption of pig metal is about twelve hundred tons. Upwards 0~ 380,000 tons of pig metal are consumed annually in the ~.:::. mills and foundries of Pittsburgh. ___ ____________ _____________y~r~t{7{ -`f) - ~Th~ MA PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 7 ~ $~L~I~Gfl ~jftD~fl~ W<>~~K$e. ~ ii~ox, SHORB & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF ~ PLWTL-,- SIlELT -WXb ~Aili ~ No. 121 WATER STREET, ~ ~ PITTS3URGll, PA. WY:: K ~ ~ ~ PITTSB~RGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. In 1858, Pittsburgh numbered twenty foundries. The total value of the products did not exceed $2,000,000. The number of hands was twelvd hundred. Tliere are now twenty eight foundries proper in the city, and twenty connected with other branches, making a total of forty-eight. The annual products of these establishments amount to nearly $5,000,000. The number of workmen employed in them exceeds two thousand. In 1855, the number of coke ovens in Pittsburgh amounted to less than one hundred. The total annual product of these did not exceed 1,400,000 bushels. At the present time the number of coke ovens is eight hundred and fifty.six, and their annual product upwards of 200 00,000 bushels. As it would be impossible to convey any adequate idea of the variety and extent of the important manufactures of Pittsburgh, in an article of this nature we have confined ourselves to some of the leading features which render Pittsburgh peculiar as a manufacturing city. The products of our manufacturing establishments enter into countless articles, from the com mon -place trifles in domestic use, to the grandest and most beautiful achievements of human ingenuity and art. The iron from her mills is handled in every hamlet in the country. ller ~ glass is at once a necessity and a luxury in millions of households. 11cr coal contributes ~ comfort to countless firesides, reduces the valuable ores, conducts to successful operation in the factory, and illuminates cities, while the product of her refineries is in demand in remote cities and villages in Europe. ~Vhen the fact is borne in mind that, in addition to the uni form success which has attended the prosecution of the branches enumerated, Pittsburgh numbers six cotton factories, employing nearly two thousand operatives, six lead factories7 twenty seven machine shops, eleven brass foundries, nine chair and cabinet factories, four malleable iron foundries, twenty-three brick yards, two glass mould factories, eight p6tteries7 four plow factories, and thebjargest cannon foundry in the United States, together with two hundred and eighty manufacturing establishments, representing all the modern avocations, her claims to consideration cannot fail ~o be admitted. An erroneous impression of the populatioyi of Pittsburgh has gone abroad, owing chiefly to the fact that, until a recent date, the corrimunity now known as Pittsburgh was divided into a number of distinct municipalities. Thus we had Pittsburgh proper, and Allegheny; the boroughs of Birmingham and East Birmingham, South Pittsburgh, West Pittsburgh, Monongahela, Sligo, Temperanceville, Manchester, Minersville, Duquesne, Oakland, Browns town, Mount Washington, llatfield, ~Yoodlaud and East Liberty. Within the past two years several of these have been consolidated with the city, and the day is not far distant when the ~ ~ remaining boroughs, together with the corporate municipality of Allegheny, which has a population of sixty thousand will be returned in the census and other public statistics as one city. lleretofore one-third of the actual population of Pittsburgh has been given in public PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 9`;~ ~ LEWIS, OLIVER & PHILLIPS, MANUFACTURERS OF ~ cr&ha;nt tron AND Hcavy Hardwarc, ~ CARRIAGE, rLOW, MAClilNE, SQ~UARE llEAD, BRIDGE & SKEIN ~Ob~~S, --- - UTS, WASHERS AND COACH SCREWS, ~ Harrow Teeth, Plow Handle Extension Rods, etc. Bolts, Spikes and Wrought Iron Shapes, ~ For Bridges, Dams, Piers, Breakwater, and oth~r permanent structures, made promptly at a small advance in price of iron. ~ FOUNDATION BOLTS FOR DAMS, witli ends slit by Macliinery, ~ HOOK AND EYE SCREW and SCREW AND STRAP HINGES. Originators and Patentees of their new line of WAGON llARDW4RE, Comprising Patent Wagon Box, Strap Bolts and`Wrought Iron Bolster Plates, Large llead ~ Wagon Rivets, Neck Yoke Eyes, King Bolts, Box Rods, Rnbber Plates, Axle Bolts, Qneen Bolts, Tongue Caps, Saud Band, Single Tree, and - other Labor Saving odd shapes of Iron. SEiYB FOJ? Fl? ICES ro LEWIS, OLIVER & PHILLIPS, ~ 91 a'nd 92 W~tcr Sb~eet, ctnd 11~ a'mJ 116 1'irst 10 PITTSB~RGM: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. A statistics, while the other two.thirds were divided up among the boroughs. Thus, instead of being placed where she properly belongs, as ran~ng with the foremost cities in the Union, Pitts burgh has been classed among fifth-rate cities. The population of Pittsburgh proper, Allegheny, and the s\1rrounding tribntary boroughs, known abroad as the community of Pittsburgh, cannot be less than two hundred and fifteen thousand. No city in the Union possesses greater natural advantages, greater resources, or better facilities for transportation than Pittsburgh. 11cr natural position, her inexhaustible coal fields, her river and rail communication, her central location and her proverbial industry, combine to render her the foremost manufacturing city in the Union. .`.........:~ffi: $`} ::.:~~. tRO~`V ~ 044k> JONES & LAUGHLINS, MANUFACTURERS OF ~ IRON AND NAILS ~ Patent Cold Rolled Shafting and Piston Rods, COUPLINGS, PULLEYS AND HANGERS, ~ r~1~~ ~ar~ an~ ~o1ts, R. ~~ Sp1ike~, T ~ai11~, Office, No. 120 WATER STREET, ~ ~ Pi~~S~'7R~~Q~N~ ~ ~ DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENT OF THE COAL TRADE. ONE of th9 greatest aids to civilization is to be found in a single mineral deposit - coal. ~ At the present day coal may be termed the real stable wealth of all manufacturing and corn~ mercial countries. Through the aid of this magical mineral we derive the comfort ~f artifi~ cial heat and light. It is the great aid in reducing the valuable ores to every form and con~ dition re~uired to supply the needs of civilization. In a word, it is the genii of modern in dustry and progress, since it is essential to the successful operations of the factory, the steamer and the locomotive. Its presence suggests, and its use is synonymous with economy. The secret of the wealth and progress of more than one modern nation may be found in the statis. tics of this mineral. If we may be guided by the past, the future fame and wealth of a country may be measured by the character and extent of the area of its coal fields. In this connection the "reports from her Majesty's Secretaries of Embassy and Legation, respecting coal," published under sanction of the British Parliament in their Blue Book of 1868, cannot fail to be interesting. According to these reports the proportion of the whole area covered with coal in the following countries is as follows: British Islands, 1-10; Belgium, 1.22; France, 1.100; United States, 2.9; Prussia, 1-90; British North America, 1-20; Bohemia, 1-20; Spain, 1-52. Since these reports were published discoveries have been made in the West ern States, showing that upwards of one Jo urth of the whole area of the United States is covered with coal! What a future is involved in this single statement. The same reports inform us that the total production of coal in the United States in 1865 amounted to 17,417,617 tons, of which were produced in Pennsylvania alone. The total production of 13,000,000 the United States at the present time is about 21,000,000 tons, or nearly twice the amount produced in France, more than six times the amount produced in Austria, and nearly a third more than the average annual product of Prussia. The average annual product of England is given at 80,000,000 tons. France imports from six to seven million tons of coal annually. Russia, although the beds of the Donetz are rich in coal, also imports a large amount annually, and Spain, notwithstanding her internal resources, depends upon England for her coal. ~~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 13 (?:? ~ )NTAYNE ~RON AND {~TBEL )NTOkKS. ~ ~ ROWN & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF ~ WAYNE AND`~U. S." BRANDS OF ~ iM~MN~MNi>~S~TEE~L BAR, ROD, HOOP, AND SHEET IRON, TANK IRON, LIGHT TRAIL ROAD IRON AND SPLICE BARS, NAILS AND SPIKES, PLOW AND LANDSIDE IRON, "U.." Boiler Plate and Fire ox Iron and Boiler Heads. ~ Wayne and "U._~." ~est ~efined Steel and Oa~ Steel, for ~low~ and Oiikivator~. Iron Centre Cast Steel for. Plows and Ctiltivators, Royalty paid on same, ~nder "Lane's Patent," No. 82,130. ~PaING, TI~E ~LEIGH ~HOE ~~~~~~ ~ANDSIDE. VAY ~RAIN ~~1LL Iroii a~~ Steel of all Descnptio~s ]~a~e to Or4er~for Agricultural Implenieiits. Plow Molds, Shares, Cultivator Shovels, Rolling Cutters, &c., cut to any desired pattern. OFFICE AND WORKS, Cor. Duquesne Way and I oth St., near Union Depot, ~ITT~B VI? ~ff rA. bt I~ PITTSBURGFI: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. While England is rapidly exhausting her mineral treasure, we have scarcely begu~ to develop our immense resources. Take, for instance, the treasure bed surrounding Pittsburgh, embracing fifteen thousand square miles, equal to eight million six hundred thousand acres of coal, which has scarcely been tapped. This immense coal field contains two seams. The upper seam, averaging the thickness of eight feet, is estimated at 1,498,464,000,000 bushels bituminous coal, which, valued at two dollars per ton would amoun t to $107,032,860,000. All of the coal contained in this huge deposit is of the best quality, being admirably fitted for op en fire places and manufacturing purposes. It is to this soft bituminous coal that the greater portion of the western and southwestern cities are indebted for their gas. It is also an in dispensable aid to the manufacturer; owing to its freedom from sulphur, the coke made from it has obtained a national reputation. The amount of capital invested in the mines around Pittsburgh is about $12,169,000. ~ Twenty-two thousand seven hundred and ten acres are under development. Tlie value of these may be placed at $8,~90,000; $438,000 is invested in cars, tools and the articles neces sary to mining. The live stock employed is valued at $287,000. Upwards of $1,200,000 is ~ invested in houses. The various improvements, such as railway tracks, trestles, &c., cannot ~ be less than $1,625,000. The list embraces one hundred and thirteen collieries in active ~ operation, employing eight thousand miners. The amount of coal mined annually is upwards ~ of one hundred million bushels. Nearly thirty million bushels are consumed in and around ~ the city. Numbers of the manufacturing establishments consume from one to three thousand bushels of coal per day. From fifty to fifty-five million bushels are exported by river alone ~ annually. The amount exported by rail approaches eighteen million bushels. Upwards of twenty million bushels of coke are made annually in the eight hundred and fifty-six ovens. ~ The population of the collicyics and coke districts number about thirty-five thousand. Now let us turn to the dependencies of the collieries - the transportation. It is a difficult matter to estimate the value of the fiats and locomotives engaged in export. ing Pittsburgh coal and coke, but the capital invested in rolling stock for this pur. pose cannot fall short of $2,500,000. During 1869, 313,530 tons, or 9,280,358 bushels of coal were transported over a single road, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railway. This road has, at the present time one thousand one hundred and thirty-eight fiats employed in the transportation of coal. The Company's books show that 31,353 cars of coal passed over the road in 1869, an increase over the business of 1868 of four thousand eight hundred and forty cars. It would be within ~he mark to say that four-fifths of all the coal carried over the road is the product of Pittsburgh mines. No trouble is experienced, however, in estimating the amount of capital involved in the river transportation. One hundred and eighteen tugs or tow boats are registered at this port. Some of these are employed in transporting coal and coke from the collieries to the city. Upwards of sixty are engaged exclusively in the busi ..~~...~- _ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 15 A ~~~~~ SPANG,CHALF~ANT&CO. MANUFACTURERS OF ~ Merchant Bar, Round and Square and Plate IRON, w rought Iron Tnbes for Water, Steam, &e NAILS~ CUT AND WROUGHT SPIKES. Warehouse, 66, 68 and 70 Sandusky St., Allegheny City, Pa. r~~t Office`4ddress, fittsbmr~1~ r~. .5'; i6 PITTSB~RGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ness of transporting coal and coke to the towns and cities on the lower Ohio and Mississippi. Some of these cost as much as ~1O,()OO and $50,000. Averaging the cost of the powerful tngs at$3 o,oob, and that of the remainder at $20,000, we have $2,G00,000 invested in tugs alone; two thousand barges and three thousand boats are employed in the transportation of the coal. The first cost on an average $2,000, the last $1,200 ea&~, making an aggregate of $7,600,000 invested in barges and boats, or a total of $10,200,000 invested in tugs, barges and' boats. This added to the capital invested in the mines, sums up a grand total of $22,3G9,000 exclu sive of the capital invested' in railway transportation. The foregoing estimates, made up from the statistics of our collieries and coal trade, cannot fail to arrest the attention of every intelligent reader. But it is not merely a question of local interest. In view of the fact that in a quarter of a century the whole amount of coal ex ported by river is but 20,000,000 tons, it would appear that it would take at least a million years to exhaust the remaining 53,496,430,000 tons, at the rate of 4,000,000 tons a year. All il~is work, it will be remembered, is to be confined to the upper seam. No estimate has yet been made of the lower seam. This brings us to a comparison of the character and quantity of the coal found in the Pittsburgh coal fields, as contrasted with that, found in Illinois, In. diana, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and other western and southern States. The onl~ State that approaches Peunsyl wama in the extent of her coal fields is Illinois. The coal fields of Illinois are said to contain 1,277,500,000,000 tons. Nearly all of the coal found west of Pennsylvania, however, contains a large per ceutage of sulphur. For all practical purposes, the coal obtained from our coal fields is worth twice as much as any bituminous coal in -the country. Then there is the fact to be taken into consideration that our coal is easily ob tained. The actual cost of mining in the Pittsburgh coal fields may be estimated at about one.third of the`cost of minin~ where shafts are required. Nature has kindly placed it at our hand, as it were. It is owing to these things that the coal fields of Pittsburgh are famed through out the Union, on the commerce of which it is destined to exercise an influence. The magni. tude of this vast local deposit cannot be comprehended, save by those who contemplate it as the great, aid in developing the mineral resources of the nation. It might be well to note, in this connection, the rapid development of the coal fields of Pittsburgh. One hundred and thirteen collieries, in and around the city, were opened within a period of twenty years. Seventy-nine collieries were opened on the Monongahela river in a period of twenty years. In 1845, three mines were opened. Seven mines were opened in 1857, and twelve in 1864. In 1865, there were sixty.nine collieries in the five pools. Twenty. two collieries were opened on the1Youghiogheny river during the same period. In 1865, six es were opened on this river. Every year, from 1845`to 1865, saw from three to six es opened on the Monongahela. In' 1845, Pittsburgh exported 2,660,340 bushels of coal. `5~,,,. ~` PITTSBURGH:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 17 ~I~R)fl~N ~W~~~K~0. Shocni)c~~cr' &amp; Co. CUT PLATE AND Horsc Shcct Nails, AND MuIc Sri KES~ IRON. SNQEN~ERffiQmEMR Y\URANAGES~ SHOENBERGEIR, BLAIR &amp; Co.. MANUFACTURERS OF FOUNDRY' AND MILL METALS, Corner Fifteenth and Etna Streets, Pittsburgh, Pa. OFFICE, 93 WATER STREET. `r~ i8 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. The following year the amount was doubled. With the exception of 1856, every succeeding year showed an increase. In 1866, 34,716,500 bushels were exported by river. In 1868, the river exports amounted to upwards of 44,000,000 bushels Dnring the months of January, February, March and April, in 1869, the exportations, by river amounted to 17,044,000 bushels The increase in the shipments of March,, 1870., over those for the same month in 1869, maybe stated thus: ~ POOL. MARcH, 1870. MARcH, 1869. ~ No. 1, - - - - - 1,221,800 Bushels. 1,088,000 Bushels. " 2, - - - - 5,230,500 " - 4,109,100 " 3, -.. - 1,576,300 1,416,300 4, - - - - - 1,080,600 " 798,809 9,109,200 " 7,412,200 Increase, - 1,697,000 The exports by river for the same months were as follows:March, 1870, 7,834,000 bushels; March, 1869, 6,629,000 bushels. Increase, 1,205,000 bushels. Facts like these speak volumes. THE COKE TRADE. In 1855, the number of coke ovens in operation on the Monongahela river was limited to twenty-six. The number in the city and vicinity did not exceed eighty. Perhaps it would be within the truth to limit the total amount of ovens, in active operation, at one hundred. Some of these were small, having a capacity of from eighty to one hundred bushels. The total product could not have exceeded fourteen hundred thousand bushels per annum. At the present, what are termed thd' city coke ovens, number two hundred and seventy-three, with an average capacity of one hundred and twenty-five bushels. In addition to these there -are numbers of ovens owned by mannf~cturers who consume their own material, or, in other words, mine their own coal, and make their own coke. Thus it will be seen that the annual product of the city ovens, making due allowances for stoppages necessary in making repairs, is about five million bushels. The Connellsviile coke ovens, the product of which is in universal demand throughout the West, number seven hundred and ninety, with an average capacity of one hundred and. -1 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 19 Piftsburgh NQvcity Works, FO~NDED, A. D.. 183,3. ~ Moo~it~Ar, A~AMs ~ Co.. MANUFACTURER~ OF FAIRBANKS' PATENT ~ ~P~LAT~F~ORM ~& C~ot{~N~T~BRD SCALES Janus Faced Patent Door Locks and Latches, Paint and Coffee Mills, Malleable Iron Castings, &c. ,... ~o. ~o. HTTSBUJ?~ff rA. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ty-five bushels. The annual product of these may be estimated at fifteen million bu&nels. The seven blast furnaces, in operation in the city, consume, on an average, twenty five hundred bushels each, per day, or a total of five million bushels per annum, making due allowance for stoppages. Very nearly, if not quite nine-tenths of the remainder of the pro. duct is exported west. At the present time, as much Connellsville coke alone is exported in a week as the annual shipments amounted to ten years ago. The various concerns on the Connellsville road employ five hm~dred and sixty men in the mines and coke yards. Upwards of four hundred cars, the property of coke merchants and manuft~cturers, are employed in transporting the coke. The value of these may be estimated at $275,000. The cost of the ovens is estimated at $210,000. The amount invested in various improvements, houses, stock, &c., amounts to about $200,000. The actual amount of coal land under development, or being worked by coke manufacturers, embraces three thousand ~ nine hundred and fifty acres, the value of which cannot be less than $1,100,000. If to this we add the amount invested in the city ovens and real estate, $210,000, we have an aggregate of $2,025,000. The nuinber of men employed in the city yards is about two hundred and ~ thirty, which, with those engaged at the Connellsville coke ovens, and on the Monongahela river, makes a total of eight hundred and twenty operatives. In a local point of view, the benefits derived from the coal and coke trade are manifold. The wealth, the fame and prosperity of Pittsburgh may be traced directly to the immense mineral deposit which surroiinds her. It is fair to presume that the aggregate interests, depending upou the coal fields of Pittsburgh, exceeds $100,000,000. Cut off the supply of coal, and at one blow the genii of our iron mills and steel factories, of our blast furnaces, forges, foundries, and workshops, is blotted out of existence. Iu brief, to employ the language of one who appreciated the magnitude of the subject, our cUal "is the mighty magiiet that is: attracting to our bonudaries the iron ores from the mines of Superior and Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, New York, and all sections of Pennsylvania, as well as the copper of Michi gan, and the cotton of the South." PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 21 J. WJTSO~?V~ II. ATUWllO~. pox ty~ till, Tan~ ~nd Boil~r No. 13 Water Street, Pittsburgh, Penn' a. $T~BW~M ~~oWb~BR~-)% ~sTftL~L$ TANKS & SHEET IRON ~VORK OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, ~ MADE TO ORDER ON SHORT NOTICE. ~ Repairing done promptly. WATSON & MUNROE. ~ ____ ________ ~# —ffi__ ____ ~~~ 22 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE IRON INTEREST. TnE history of the iron trade in Pittsburgh is one of peculiar interest, and would require a ~ volume of no ordinary`dimensions to fully relate it. Tile crude machinery, the tedious and ~ oftentimes unsatisfactory processes employed, and the endless difficulties to be Qvercome in a ~ new undertaking, were obstacles that might well have appalled the stout hearts and active ~ brains to whom this city is indebted for its present prominence as the Iron City of the Union. ~ But the sagacity, prudence and patience of the pioneers in iron manufacture reduced the busi~ ness to a science as exact as the~ reduction of the ore, and in the succeeding paragraphs we shall briefly relate its rise and progress in this ~ity~ ~ The manufacture of iron in Pittsburgh was commenced in the year 1813, that being the ~ year in which the first rolling mill was completed and put in operation by G~~hristopher ~ Cowan. This mill was intended to manufacture sheet iron, nail and spike rods, shovels and ~ tongs, spades, scythes, hoes, axes, and a large variety of domestic hardware. At this period, ~ the manufacture of iron was carried on almo~t exclusively in the eastern cities and towns, from ~ whence the western countr~y was chiefty supplied. Mr. Cowan's enterprise was not rewarded ~ with that degree of success it deserved, and the rolling mil~l passed from his hands in ~three years, and was successively operated, with varied fortunes, by a number of practical men ~ until 1815, when it was finally suspended ~ The second rolling mill was established on the banks of the Monongahela river in 1818-19, ~ and contained a train of eight inch rolls, a nail factory, four puddling furnaces an~d rolls for ~ rolling nail, plate or band iron. This is claimed to be the first mill in which puddling was ~ successfully introduced in Pittsburgh. This mill was operated with indifferent success until ~ 1829, when it was partially destroyed by the explosion of the boilers. The machinery was ~ removed to Covington, Kentucky, in the ensuing year. Thus, the two earlist efforts to estab~ lish iron mills in Pittsburgh were unprofitable ventures. ~ If these early ventures were ft~iiures, they served to stimulate others to attempt successfully ~ the establishment of iron manufactures in the city. ~n the years 1824-25, no less than three ~~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 23 EDMUND BURKE. TllOMAS BARNES. YB V~U~~K YE ~& ~B~W~~~Eh$), FIRE PROOF SALAMAN~1~R SAVE, VAU1a~~ DThO~O~Rft,2 ~ Steel Lined Burglar Proof Safe AND Iron Window Shutter Manufacture~-rs,- - ~ 129 ~ 131 THiLD J~~iYU~, riTTSBUL~JL ~ THE UNtON tRON MtLL~, rITT~ Ull~ff MANUF'ACTUHE~1?S o~ YB MD GE ~I~R~OMN~ Patent Solid Rolled Wrought Iron Beams, Girders, Channel Iron, Angles, Plates, Axles, Post Iron, Splice Bars, Merchant Bar, Forgings, &c. GENERAL OFaFiCE & WORKS~ PITTSBURGH. Easterii Office, 19 Broa~ St., N. Y. Westerii Office, 94 Dearborii St, Cliicago. Litho~~~h of Sections furnishect on arrlication. PITTSBURGH: IT& INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~ large rolling mills - the Sligo, Juniata, and Dowlais - were erected, the llrst two named being yet in operation on the original locations. The Sligo mill was destroyed by fire in 1821, but was rebailt in 1825 by the original proprietors, Messrs. Robert Stewart and John ~ Lyon. In 1812 the largest T iron ever made in this country was mannfactured at the Sligo ~ mill for the United States steamer Michigan, built in Pittsburgh7 th~ size of the iron being ~ seven inches in the stem. The Sligo mill was the first in Pittsburgh to use the squeezer for reducing and shaping the balls from the pnddling fnrnaces, preparatory to entering the muck rolls. Owing to tl~e foresight, prudent management, and enterprise of the proprietors of ~ the Sligo and Juniata mills, the manufacture of iron became not only an established, but profitable fact. From 1825 up to 1863, new mills were established at the rate of one every two years. In 1863 no less than six new and extensive mills were erected, adding to the producing capacity in one year, twenty-four thousand seven hundred and forty tons per annum. The rate of increase of rolling mills in Pittsburgh, now in opel-ation, was as lollows: In l825,~ one was ~ erected; in 1826, one; in 18287 tWo; in 1829, one; in 1836, one; in 1811, one; in 1812, one; ~ in 1814, one; in 1815, three; in 1816, one; in 1~T, one; in 1&50, two; in 1851, one; in ~ 1853, one; in 1859, one; in 1866, six. Tlie great increase in 1866 is attributable to the impe~ tus given by the demands of Government during the rebellion, three of the six mills that year ~ established7 being designed for the manufacture of armor plates for war vessels. Eight of the ~ largest mills were employed, in 1866, in the manufacture of these plates. The early mills were limited in their operations, as is shown in the fact that a single mill ~ of the present day produces more in a week than all the mills in 1825 turned out in a year. ~ In the early days, when an order for forging was to be filled, all the machinery of the mill ~ was stopped except the hammer, in order that the latter might attain a proper speed. Now ~ this work is performed without interrupting any part of the operations of the mill. And ~ here it may be remarked that the term rolling mill, in Pittsburgh, frequently includes bar7 ~ sheet and hoop mills, as many as four and five distinct mills7 according to English usage, ~ being combined in one. The machinery of the mills in Pitfsburgh may be briefly summed up as follows: num ber of boiling furnaces, five hundred and twenty.four; number of heating furnaces, one hun dred and seventy-two; nail, tack and spike machines, four hundred and ninety-seven; rail ~ road spike machines, thirteen- steam hammers, sixty-nine; steam. en~ines employed, one hundred and ninety-five; the steam hammers, of which twenty-six are of English make, ~ twenty.two of Eastern7 and twenty-one of Pittsburgh manufacture, Vary in weight from five ~ hundred pounds to sixteen thousand pounds. The largest of these steam bammers strikes a ~ blow equal to sixty and seventy tons, are easily operated, and with such precision, by PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 25 DK~E~)~~$~~~N~GYT~O~N ~~R4~~N; W4~i?~~$'~ MANUFACTURERS OF Best Common, Refined Charcoal and Refined Charcoal Bloom Flat Bar, Round and Square, Hoop, Band, Sheet, Horse Shoe, Wagon Box, Angle, T, Guard, Finger and Cylinder Iron, Drag and Dropper Bars, Small T Rails, 20, 6, and ~ Ibs. to yard, Wrought Chairs and Spikes for same, Flat Rails, (Punched and Countersunk,) Coal Screen Iron and Bearers for same, Nails and Spikes, BOILER P~ATE IRON, C. H. No. 1, ~ (Stamped as per Ad of Congress) and Warrnnted to be a good article. BOILER PLATE IRON~ Refined{ ~ Speci~l attention given to the manufacture of a good article of 1ron, suitable for Consumers. ~ Warehouse and Office at the Works, Greenough Street, (A Oontinuation of First St.) Above Ross St. adjoining Oity Gas Works, Pittsburgh NATION L F UN Y AND PI. 1854. ~lITTS~U~[~Qi~~, ~E~\\JA\. MANUFACTURER OF CAST tRON GAS & WATER t)tPE, ALSO, CONTRACTOR FOR GAS WOR~S COMPLETE, W~T~ ALL MODE~N IMP~OVEMENT~. PIPE CAST VERTICALLY IN 12 FEET LENGTHS. ~APAOwI~Y o~pTh VO~KS i5DO ~ONS PER flAY OFFICE, 22d STREET, NEAR PENN. WORKS ON PENN, SMALLMAN, RAIL ROAD, 23d AND 24tli STREETS. 4 ~~~ mm. Ct:~~~%7~C PITTSBURGfl: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. a skillful mechanic, that the crystal of a watch may be touched and not broken. These are the tools used to forge the stupendous shafts employed in the ocean screw propellers. The number and size of the trains of rolls employed in the mills of Pittsburgh are enumerated as follows: eight inch rolls, forty trains; nine inch rolls, one train; ten inch rolls, sixteen trains twelve inch rolls, seven trains; sixteen inch rolls, twenty.five trains; eighteen inch rolls, twenty-eight trains; twenty inch rolls, forty-one trains; twenty-six inch rolls, two trains; twenty-eight inch rolls, one train; thirty inch rolls, one train. Total number of trains, one hundred and sixty-two. Some of the large~t rolls in this list are chilled rolls, the invention of which will be referred to hereafter. A number of the trains are three Thigh. The b~d plate, housings and rolls of a single three-high train, made by A. (;arrison & Co., in one estab]ishment, weighs two hundred and twenty-five tons. A single firm, Lewis & Rossiter, made in one year five hundred and seventy. six rolls. The rolls vary ~n weight from five hundred pounds to ten tons. The large rolls are employed in the manuf~cture of plate iron. The plates rolled under these for naval use vary from ten to fifteen feet in - length, by four in vridth, and from one and a half to three inches thick. Should occasion re~utre, however, plates twenty feet long, four and six in width, an~ seven inches thick, or sixteen by six ancl eight inches thick, can be ma~e in these large rlate mills, several of which have a capacity of eighty tons per week. The capacity of one establishment alone, is not-less than six hundred tons per week. As an illustration of the immense power employed in reducing iron, it may be stated that the argest rolls draw between them a mass of heated iron varying from one to twelve tons, reduc. lug it to a uniform thickness in less time than it takes to describe it. These rolling mills are nearly all employed in the manufacture of merchant bar and sheet iron, and their products are shipped direct from this city, to nearly every State in the Union and to Canada. Of late years, the shipments of iron from Pittsburgh to the Eastern markets have been gradually increasing. The value of the annual products of the iron mills of Pittsburgh, is estimated at twenty -million dollars. The actual sales of the past year, as exhibited by the United States Assessor's books, aggregated sixteen millions, seven hundred and eight thousand, two hundred and eighty. ~ine dollars. In addition to this, there is to be taken into consideration the amount sold in eastern and western cities by the agents of Pittsburgh firms, of which we have no account, and which~would probably aggregate four millions. This exhibit is made in a year in which the trade was depressed, the unsettled condition of the financial market having much to do with that state of affairs. In favorable seasons the value of the products will not fall short of twenty~fbur million dollars. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 27 MAC~INTOSII, ItEMPItILL & Co. t~ollndCFs and Machinists. COI~XEliS 12rn, 1~rn & PTKE STRJ~JSTS MANUFACTURERS OF ~;;. 1, Blast Engines, (1~ Rolling Mill Engines, ;::::::.Saw, Gnst and Planing Mill Engines, Castings of all Descriptions. WE CALL PARTICUL~R ATTENTION TO OUR ~~LWX~J)~.. ~LI~~. ~ALVLTh YE MN WI MNE~S, AND TO THE FERGUSON HOT BLAS% ror both of whiob we olaim unequa1e~ advanta~es. ~`...:... At,~ 28 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY ANb COMMERCE. The erection of the first blast furnace in this city is credited to Messrs. Graff, Bennett & Co who built one some ten or twelve years since, in connection with the Clinton roiling mill. The second was soon after built by Messrs. Joiies & Laughlins, of the American iron works. These were the pioneers of the blast furnace business, and the ores snielted by them are received from the Lake Superior mines. There are now seven furnaces in successful operation, the largest of which has a fourteen feet bosh, fifty feet stack, and a capacity of one hnndred and seventy-five tons per week. The total capacity of the seven furnaces is estimated at fifty-four thou sand tons per annum, and the actual production at iorty~eight thousand tons. The sales of pig iron in this market, by metal merchants, ranges from one hundred ai~d fifty thousand -`to one hundred and eighty thotisand tons per annum, which, added to the home production, will give a fair idea of the consumption of raw irons by the mills. It is a difficult matter to estimate the amount of blooms and scrap iron consumed, but it cannot be much less than the amount of pig iron consumed in the foundries, and m~y exceed it. Allowing that the five hundred and twenty-four boiling furnaces in the iron mills are in operation two hundred out of three hundred working days, they would work up two hundred and thirty-five thousand tons of metal per annum. But as the mills are run incessantly, cxcept a few weeks in the summer season to make repairs, the working days will show a far greater average than the foregoing, and, of course a corresponding increase of the weight of nietal consumed. It is safe to say that in active seasons the amount of iron worked up in the mills of Pittsburgh, exceeds one thousand tons per day. The first patent nail machine was introduced into Pittsburgh in 1814, and was operated in Mr. Cowan's mill. Previous to that time "wrought nails" were in general use. In the pro. gress made in this branch of iron manufacture from that period to the present time, Pittsburgh enjoys an enviable distinction. From the single nail machine in 1814 have grown up ten large nail manufactories, operating four hundred and sixty machines, and employing about two thousand five hundred persons. While there has been no change in the principle of the machine of 1814, it has been simplified in its mechanism and its capacity greatly in. creased by later inventions. Nine mills have nail factories connected with them, and one is exclusively employed in nail making. Another makes the manufacture of rail road spikes -and chairs a specialty. In the manufacture of spikes Pittsburgh stands without an e~ual. The value of the products of the nail and spike manufactories is estimated at three millions and a half of dollars. Next in importance in the iron trade, to the manufacture of iron and nails, is the foundry business. The first foundry was erected in Pittsburgh in 1803, on the site of the present PITTSBURGFI:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 29 F'~H~~~r&amp;~r~n.~~p~W~~rp,J.r~ &amp;.~.$\.:~~; ~%`I%D~DrD~~U~~~ffl.'F~r`&amp; ~r?~~~(~ A. CARRISON. JOHN H. RICKETSON. WM. HOLMES. &lt;;~~~{:$ox 4 co~ Successors to Boilman, Garrison &amp; Co. MANUFACTURERS OF CHtLLED &amp; SAX OLL~, Of acknowledged Superior Q~iality, at the lowest current prices. ROLLING MILL CASTINGS, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. OFFICE AND WARElIOUSE, 209 LIBERTY STREET. ~A0. ty~~~Tfl~N~'$ $~~N ~ VY00. NOS. 91 FIRST, AND 70 SECOND AVENUES, HTTSBURGH. P~I:a~~ O~N BELL STOP AND AND BRASS FOUNDRY GUAGE COCKS, ESTABLISHED 1832. FOR STEAMBOATS; No. 91 FIR~, ANI) 70 ~UUNJ) AVENUR Wrought Iron Welded Tubes PITTSBURCH, PA. For Steam, Gas, Water and Oil; Church, Steamboat, Factory, Fire, Gum Hose and Couplings, Steam Alarm, Engine, and other Guages and Brass Castings, Babbit's Anti-Attrition Metal A.flllloil'8 fA~EN~ M~Rll~ f~I(1il~ From 10 to 30,000 pounds, mounted For Steam Cylinders; with our Patent Rotary Yoke and ALSO AGENTS FOR. Improved Tolling Hammer, the most recent and desirable Bell Fixture in use. -- ~Kt~~ ~ELL~ y~p~ r~ o~~~~. 30 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. Postofflee aiid Custom llouse. it was first employed ill the manufacture of cast iron pots, kettles, domestic utensils, and mill irons, but in a few years was called up0n to east cannon balls for the government. in 1811-12 the first cannon made west of the Allegheny Moun tains were turned out of the Pittsburgh foundry, and the establishment was kept b~isily em ployed in furnishing the Government with cannon and shot nntil the close of the war in 1811. The first water pipe and the first rolls were made at this foundry. it was in this foundry that the valuable invention of making chilled rolls was discovered by a moulder, James llarley. This invention gave to Pittsburgh almost an entire monopoly of the busi ness of making chilled rolls, this city furnishing seven-eighths of all the rolls of that descrip tion in use in the country. At the present time, Pittsburgh sends all over the Union trains ~ of rolls, fitted complete, and ready to make all kinds of iron when erected, the whole some~ times having a solid bed plate of one piece, from twenty-three to thirty feet long. The second ~ foundry was established in Pittsburgh in 1810, and was employed in the manuf~cture of light articles, such as hinges, buckles for saddlery, and small brass castings. ~ The total number of foundries proper, now in operation in the city, is twenty-eight, besides twenty connected with other branches, making the total number forty-eight. A single estab~ lishment boasts a cupola with a capacity of fifty tons, which melts metal at the rate of twelve tons per hour, the molten metal being conveyed from the cupola to the pit on a railway track. Another foundry employs six furnaces and two cupolas, with a total capacity of one ~ hundred and eighty-five tons. The largest furnace melts forty tons at a single beat. One establishment employs fifteen cranes, and works up eight thousand tons of metal annually. ~ in five establishments chilled rolls, from twenty to twenty-eight inches in diameter, are cast. One concern, Lewis & Rossiter, employ twelve roll lathes and devote special attention to the ~ manufacture of eccentric rolls A single foundry makes from forty-five to fifty-five thousand ~ ~ plows annually, besides turning out castings for as many more. Four of the establishments are engaged in the manufacture of malleable iron. ~ The products of these foundries embrace everything in the range of mill castings, cannon, ~ plows, machine castings, &nilled wheels and rolls, hollow ware, stoves; grates, and domestic ~ hardware. The aggregate production of these establishments amounted in value, last year, to ~ upwards of four millions of dollars. The number of men employed in our foundries is ~ estimated at twenty-five hundred. The increase in the foundry business during the past twelve years is e~ual to fifty per cent. of what it was in 1858. ~ During the war, from September 1, 1862, to September 1, 1863, there were shipped from ~ this city 7,173,531 pounds of cannon and 2,972,916 pounds of shot and shell. The we~ight of t:~.~~~~C~ffi. PITTSBURGH:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 31 ~ SUPERtOR CtitLL RoLL~ ~ SAN~ ROLLS AN~ PINIONS, Cast and Finished to Order. ~B~O~~L~MA~N ~&i~ ~BA~GA~L~EY~ Corner of Liberty and 24th Streets, }PJ[~%'~~~Jk~(~41~ I)A@ -3? PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. - castings of all other descriptions, shipped the same year, by rail road alone, was 2,941,441 ~ pounds. In 18()0, the total shipments of castings, other than cannon hollow ware and stoves, ~ amounted to 4,219,936 pounds. It is held that an equal amount of similar castings found a ~ market by the rivers, of which no accurate account is obtainable. ~ In tbe three branches of the iron trade referred to in the foregoing, namely, the manufacture ~ of merchant iron, nails and castings, is employed a capital of not less than fifty millions of ~ dollars. The aggregate value of their annual prodncts will not fall below twenty eight ~ millions. ~ In the distribution of the products of the iron mills and foundries of Pittsburgh, the West ~ comes in for four-fifths of the whole amount. Ohio is the heaviest patron, Illinois next and Missouri, Indiana and Michigan follow in order. Nearly all the territories east of the Pacific coast receive their iron supplies from this city PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 3)3 (7~ ~ NATIONAL MALLEABLE IRON WORKS. rAcToR~-MA~N ~TR~~T, ALL~G~EN~ CITY, 3ZTW~ZN SYCAMORE ~ PINE STREETS. ~ JOHN C. RAW~RD & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF ~ $~~)it>~D~L~i~~ll~Yft#k~ll~~DW~~~RE AND ~ MALLEABLE I.R()N AND BRASS CASTINGS. ~ SILVER, OROIDE & BRASS PLATING DONE T9 ORDER. OffTiC~, iYo. 157 WOOl) STllB~T, riTTSB Ull Ull~ rLiYiY'J. ~ GILLIAM MANUFACTURING Co. MANUFACTURERS OF ~~ ~G)~IfE~L)i~A~~'$ ~PA~WE~NT ~ ~IG Ti~BE~, Lx~i~~i~ss ~ T~EEs, PAD PLATES, COACH PADS, Gi~ ~~~ E~X'?~~~ ~~~~~~~ OF EVERY GRADE. LJ~p~~~llI)1 xx ~I~Yi:iIt ~~IJ ~ItYflI{ Pt~~ilJ] il()(i~~ ~~I] ~llflItll~~I OF THE LATEST AND MOST APPROVED STYLES. OFFICE, No.`57 WOOD STREET, PITTSBURGH. `4: PITTSBURGM: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~ THE MALLEABLE IRON TRADE. MALLEABLE IRON is more generally understood to be cast iron, which has been subjected to a roasting deoxydizing process, without being fused, by which it becomes soft and tough. Formerly wrought iron was termed malleable, because the art of softening and toughening cast iron was then unknown, but wrought is now understood to be pnrified iron, capable of being rolled, forged and welded under the hammer. To-day thousands of articles, which for merly were made of wrought iron, are made of malleable iron at a fraction of the cost of the articles made of wrought iron. What is termed saddlery hardware is now almost wholly malleable iron castings. It is also largely used in agricultural machinery, is made into buggy wrenches, circle plates, axle ties,- rnb irons, hold backs, check loops, fancy and plain stirrnps, snaffies, bits, &c., &c. ~ The great genuine improvement in the treatment of cast iron to render it malleable, it claimed, was made by Samuel Lucas, of Sheffield, England. It is asserted, however, that mal leable cast iron was made centuries before the art became known to modern iron manufacturers The process in use at the present day, we may add, differs but little from that patented by Lucas. The articles of cast iron to be malleableized are placed in a suitable furnace with a layer of sand between thein to prevent them from adhering; then they are covered with a pulverized oxide of iron and subjected constantly to a high, but not fusing, heat for about six days and nights, then allowed to cool very slowly. The theory of the process is that the excess of carbon in the cast iron, which renders it so hard and brittle, unites with the oxygen of the pul verized iron ore in the furnace and passes off as carbonic acid gas, leaving the iron soft and malleable without ~~~\~g~~g its form. The first malleable iron made west of the Allegheny mountains was made by Calvin Adams, senior member oft the firm of Moorhead, Adams & Co., proprietors o~ the Pittsburgh Novelty Works. Mr. Adams began the business in 1838~upon the ground now occupied by the Novelty Works, at the corner of Grant street and First avenue. He constructed his own furnace and exercised direct. supervision.in the construction of the melting hole. Owing to ... (;i:. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 35,{~\ ~ M. LINDSAY. WILLIAM REAMS. L. BENNETT. E. J. BIGGS. 0. A. MURRAY. ANCHOR MACHINE WORKS~AND FOUNDRY. ~ LZNflSAY, MURRAY & Co. iYo8. 34,3(3,38,40 ~ 42 renn &. ritbsbur~k, MANUFACTURERS OF ~ MARINE AND STATIONARY I~NGINEs, ~ ~LAST FU~NACE AND MILL ENGINES, AND CASTINGS, Sh ~ ears, Punches, Shafting, P~Ileys, Hangers, Housen Screws, Tobacco Screws, and Castings of all descripfions made to ord~. ~ Ii~ON CITY I1?ON WO'1?~KS. -. ~ ~~~Th~S & ~VT~UliHLLb, MANUFACTURERS OF OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE, No. io8 WATER STREET, PITTSBURGH, PA. ~ Special attention paid to FINE SHEETS, for Trunks and Stamping p~urposes. ~ J. cOcHRAN & BROTHER, MANUFACTURERS OF IRON RAILING, IRON JAILS, VAULT -DOORS, Window Shutters, Prison Cells, Gratings, COLTOiY'S fJT~iYT ILOJY TOLi)IiY-~ B~J)ST~JBS, SETTEES, CHAIRS, VERANDAS, IRON COJNTER FEET, &c., &c. - 91 Secon~ & 86 Thfrd Avenues, bet. Wood - & Market Straets, Piftsburgh. PITTSBURGH: ITS 1NDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 36 the difficulty experienced in seenring skilled labor, and the prejudice against malleable iron at that time, Mr. Adams empl~yed few assistants. The work produced, although not so good as that made at the present fime was of such a character as to command the attention of iron workers, and found a ready sa~e. Mr. Adams disposed of his product to William Eaton, a well known dealer in and manufacturer of saddlery hardware, who took the malleable iron stirrups, bits, &c., and plated them. In 1839, Mr. Adams associated with him in the business Mr. William Phillips, the present efficient President of the Allegheny Yalley rail road. The new concern went into operation under the style of Phillips, Nicholson & Co. The establishment was located on Try street, upon the site afterwards occupied by Phillips' glass worl~s. The magnitude of the establishment may be determined fi'om the fact that it afforded employment to seven or eight hands, and produced goods to the value of less than $10,000 per annum. In 1811, Mr. Phillips retired from the concern, when Mr. Adams re-established his works upon the site now ~c~Thpied by the Novelty Works, and of which they formed the nucleus. The manufacture of Fairbanks' scales was conducted upon the adjacent lot by Mr. Livingstone. Iii course of time Messrs. Liviugstone and Adams formed a partnership, which, at the end of a quarter of a century, was severed by the death of Mr. Livingstone. Prior to the formation of this partnership, Mr. Adams, who conducted the business alone, had the gratification of witnessing the general introduction of malleable cast iron in lieu of wrought iron in the form of a hundred articles in daily use. The products of his establishment were in demand in the West, and displaced imported manufactures in the East. In short, to Mr. Adams is due the credit of producing an article so much cheaper, and superior to similar articles of English manufacture as to displace the last-mentioned, and finally drove them from the field, which has been occupied ever since by home made manuf~ctures The establishment thus founded, we may add, has become a household wprd throughout the greater portion of the country. The variety and extent of the articles manufactured -here, as well as the extraordinary rapidity with which they are produced is simply marvelous. A thousand articles, small in bulk, costing a mere trifle, but which common us9 has rendered absolutely indispens}bie in the workshop, counting room, and household, are manufactured to a fabulons extent in a single department. In 1850, Messrs. John Eaton, C. Oluhausen, J. Crawford and S. Reynolds formed a partner. ship for the purpose of manufacturing malleable cast iron. The amount of capital invested in the enterprise. was $2,800. A small brass furnace served as a melting hole. The establishment was located on Wood street near Diamond, but was subsequently removed to Alle. - gheny, where it was in operation down to 1863, when Reynolds withdrew and built upon the site now occupied by his extensiye works on the west bank of the Allegheny. %...:. 38 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. When Messrs. Olnhausen, Crawford &amp; Co. entered the business the mode of finishing saddiery hardware was in brass and German silver plating, both of which were laborious, slow and expensive. A considerable portion of the work was close, or pure silver plating, which was still more expens~ve. In 1857, the present method, CC plating, or tinning, was introduced in Olnhausen, Crawford &amp; Co's. establishment. The new metho~ displaced brass and German silver plating in a brief space of time. In 18(38, Lewis Warwick &amp; Co. broke ground on the site now occupied by McConway, Toricy &amp; q~. The intention was to make all descriptions of saddlery hardware. The concern, however, confined and still devotes its attention exclusively to a specialty - the manufacture of bits and stirrups. In order to give the reader some idea of the immense variety noticeable in the products of this establishment, we may state the styles of bits alone number two hundred. The value of the annual products of the four establishments &amp;ngaged in the manufacture of malleable iron may be estimated at $300,000. The capital invested is not less than $250,000. They afford employment to two hundred and sixty hands. In making this statement it must be borne in mind that the oldest establishment on the list employs but a small force directly in the manufacture of malleable iron. The entire force of this establishment alone, including the workers in gray, malleable cast iron, wrought iron, brass and wood, numbers four hundred hands. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~N~~Tt<>~~A1~L 4> Thoundry & Pipc Woi~~s, ES~A~~ZSiiED i~5w~, ~~4'~~4)~~Th ftD\m\c'A@ MANU'FACT~URER OF CASTIRONGAS&WATERPIPE, ALSO, QONTRAGTOR FOR ~as W~rks Compicic, wi/k all Miodern i?)tflro~cmcni3. PIPE CAST VEF?TICALLY IN 12 FEET LENGTHS. ~ CAPACITY OF WORKS 150 TONS PER DAY Office, 22d Street, Near Penn, W()ItJ(~ ()!( P~~!(1 ~I~I[~ttJ~I[~~1 It~IIJ Itll~IJ, ~~([ & ~~Ii ~~Itllll~~. i:.: ~O PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERC~E. THE STEEL TRADE OF- PITTsBURGH. PITTSBURGH is the great steel market of America. The steel works of Pittsburgh snp. ply sixty-six per cent. of ~l the' various grades of steel manufactured in the United ~tates and the production of steel in this country has already arrived at such a degree of- magnitude and success, that fully two-thirds of the entire consumption of the United States is the pr~uct of our own steel works. The steel factories of Pittsburgh are the largest~ most complete-, and the most uniformly successful steel factories in the country. In many respects the leading steel works of Pitts burgh will compare favorably with the oldest establishments in England. This is the result of an experience extending over forty years, embracing many signal failures, but terminat ing in the most gratifying success. Were we requested to point out a ~ugle manufacturing branch in this city which m~re than another exhibits indomitable energy, enterprise and per severence, we would designate the manuf~cture of steel. In regard to the higher grades. especially, these are claimed as Pittsburgh's peculiar product. To Pittsburgh, and to Pitts burgh alone, must be awarded the- credit of first producing a quality of steel equal to the best imported. Celebrated in the manuft~cture of iron and glass, in neither can Pittsburgh be said to claim a monopoly simply on the score of excellence. Elsewhere iron and glass of an excellent quality is placed in direct cot~petit.ion with the products of Pittsburgh; in the manufacture of fine steel the superiority of Pittsburgh products is unchallenged. Although the most remarkable progress made in the manufacture of the fine qualities of Pittsburgh steel is embraced in the past eight years, the production of Pittsburgh steel dates back to 1829. The enterprise was set on foot by an Englishman named Broadmeadow, who succeeded in producing an infe-rior quality of blister steel, the result, doubtless, of a want of pr9per materials and facilities. In 1831, a second attempt was made by Messrs. Whitmore & llavens, whose works were located on Sixth street, a short distance from the suspension bridge. The efforts of thia firm were measurably successful.. They succeeded in producing 9",. ~ P1TTSBURGH~: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~Y)tv~~wO.fld ~teej.~ M~~D 0A PARK, B~$~Rsc$Y()o~~ - STEEb0. OFFICE AND WORKS, Cor. Thirtieth and Rail Road Streets, Bounded by Rail Road, 3oth and 31st Sts. p~~~S~fl~URLQ~H[~~ pENN~?A~ iB~A~~~ ~?~TAJP~~~}E~~}E~}P~~: 83.John Street, lUth ~ ~Afmr~et Streets, NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. ~~ B~tterym~rek Street, ~3 Wa'tnitt Street, BOSTON CINCINNATI, 0. 6...... PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. a quality of blister steel such as warranted renewed efforts, based upon the hope of ultimately producing a reliable article' of tool steel. Two years later the firm of G. & J. II. Shoenberger erected a converting furnace and embarked in the enterprise, pursuing it with varied success down to 1860. The efforts of this firm were confined to the manufacture of the lower grades of steel. The first batch of cast steel made in Pittsburgh was made by this firm in 1811. The crucibles employed were made of American clay, and, as may be supposed, were ill suited to the purpose required. The work was directly superintended by experienced work men, and with the exception of the material in the pots, the facilities furnished the workmen did not differ greatly from those employed at the present time. The uncertainty attending the crucibles, perhaps, was the chief cause of the abandonment of the enterprise. In 1835, Mr. Isaac Jones began the manufacture of springs and axles on Sixth street, near the site occupied by the suspension bridge. Although the steel employed was not of the best quality, the project was successful from the outset. The steel employed by Mr. Jones was made by Messrs. Shoenberg4r. lle associated with him in the enterprise Mr. Wm. Cole. man, about the year 1840, when the firm entered upon the business of manufacturing the lower grades of steel. In 1845, the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Jones associating with Mr. Quigg in the establishment now occupied by Anderson & Woods. Mr. Coleman formed a partnership with J. V. llailman, J. F. Jennings and Samuel llartman, for the purpose of manuft~cturin~ steel. In the fall of the same year, or early in the succeeding spring (1816) the firni of Tingle & Sugden, file manufacturers, also essayed to make their own material. though a number of others engaged in the iron business made small lots of blister and German steel, at the same time, there were but two steel works proper in the city in 1846, namely, Jones & Quigg1 and Coleman, llailman & Co. In 1849, Messrs. Singer, Nimick & Co. erected steel works and embarked in the business of making blister and German steel. In 1852, MeKelvy & Blair also ~ngaged in the business, their operations, however, extended over a brief period. The reader should be informed that during the interval devoted to the enterprises related, similar experiments were made in various parts of the country, which, with one or two notable exceptions, proved signal failures. Out of upwards of twenty well organized efforts on the part of manufacturers, in various parts of the Union, looking to the establishment of~the trade upon a reliable basis - efforts extending over a period of twenty.eight years - but five or six were in any degree successful, although in several instances all that capital could command was at their disposaL Even as late as 1860, the census shows that six out of the seventeen establishments engaged in the manufacture of steel in the United States, were located in Pittsburgh. And we may add that the capacity of Pittsburgh establi,~shments more than equaled all the rest. PITTSBURGH ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 43 * ~ C ~ STEEb W~~OMR~~K~S0. ~ Mil!cr, Barr & Par~in` —~ OFFICE, ~9 LIBEi~~TY STI~EET, M~iiilf~tllr~tlill t~t~i~~ ~1'i~I~~~ ~~~~~~~ry Dir E~G~ Toots A~~ ~AtL ~OA~ USES, AND INTEND BY ffAKIX~ATALL Hff~A 1?~LLiBLW.A1?TfCLL To merit the continued favors of our customers. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. It is not too much, therefore, to claim that the credit of surmounting the difficulties arising from a limited knowledge of the proper material, a complete isolation of skilled labor, a lack of experience necessary to the production of a superior article, and the outspoken prejudice against American steel, belongs to Pittsburgh. Nothing but the most indomitable energy and perseverance on the part of the leading steel manufacturers of Piitsburgb, who struggled almost against hope, overcom~Ing obstacle after obstacle, enables us to-day to compete with England in the production of the finer grades of steel. A niong other vexatious obstacles, the manufacturers had to contend with ignorant workingmen from abroad, accustomed to walk in the grooves trod by their fathers, opposed to innovations, and unable to appreciate the possibilities afforded in a new field; and to make the matter worse, with the senseless prejudice against home manufactures. To insure success in the enterprise, it was necessary to secure a certain aniount of skilled labor, and to educate the workmen up to a given stand~rd. It is not many years since the workmen in our largest steel works were in the habit of attributing the sole diffleulty in making a good article to the inferiority of iron employed, when it was notorious that occasional batches were produced equaling the higher grades imported. To curse the iron, find fault with the flicilities afforded them, and repair to an ale house at a critical juncture, was not an uncommon occurrence with a certain class of workmen as late as 1859. Under these circumstances it need not be wondered at if the early manufacturers failed to produce a reliable article where uniformity is the essential object. ~own to 1859-(3O blister and German steel of excellent quality were produced in large quantities by the three steel works then in operation in the city, and by several of the iron mills which engaged in the manufacture of blister steel. The gigantic strides made in the manufacture of American steel for saw, machinery, agricultural and edge tool purposes, may be dated from this period. Experience having demonstrated the fact that the fault was in the method, and not in the native ores, experiments were made which resulted successfully in almost every instance. In 1859, Messrs. llussey, Wells & Co. began the erection of their establishment and entered upon the manuf~~cture of cast steel, beginning With thirty hands and twelve sniall furnaces. To-day they employ upwards of three hnndred bands and one hundred and twenty furnaces, while their works occupy about four acres. Three years later, Park, Brother & Co. embarked in the business. No pains wcrc sparcd by this firm in the effort to produce a reliable article of tool steel. Thus at the s —~D~\e tii'nc there were four concerns experimenting in the manufacture of steel, Messrs. Jones, Boyd & Co., and Singer, Nimick & Co., in the manuft~cture of blister and German stee], and llu5%~y; Wells & Co., and Park Bros. in the manufacture of the finer grades. The first two mentioned PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 45(1?.. $4ye~~?~y~1{~il~ $~t~e~~e~1[ WorYks0. StNGi~R, NtMtCK & Go. 83 Watcr Strcot and ~OO rir~t A7cn~~, Pitt~burgh, Pa. MANUFACTURERS OF BEST REF[NED TOOL & o} QO~~~$b@O~{L~) EVERY DESCRIPTION OF sww ~LWTJ}~.~, (Including Circulars to 72 ineb diameter.) ti()MoGIcNI$oU~`~Ti~ICL For Locomotive Boilers, Fire Boxes and Flue Sheets. CAST AND GERMAN SPRING AND PLOW STEEL, AND TllE CELEBRATED t&i~E~?O~'~~{r' G~~~):~\[W~EP?:~: C~~.A{t\S~;WJ:[.J ~LO~:~W~)k~~~r{:~.~:L~ Wliiuli will li~r~~ii to tIi~ lii~lio~t ~u~u~ of li~rlii~~~ witlioiit U~ROi(iil~ Iif~F[1(ill~ or Iili~tori~~ SPRINGS, AXLES, STEEL TIRE, &o. All our PLATE and SHEET STEEL is Rolled by a Patent Improvement which imparts to it an unequaled surface finish. ~v...:`;.~ -i ..?;;,; PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.:7; were already favorably known throughout the country, having been successful in the mann facture of blister and German steel, and having also succeeded in making springs and axles of a snperior quality. Both of these works were enlarged at this time, and subseq~ent addi tions have been made to each within the past two years, until their dimensions almost rival tlie others. The great essential, uniformity of temper, was not secured, however, and to attain this object the aims of the manuf~tcturers were directed simnltaneously in 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1862. The capital invested in the six establishments engaged in the manufacture of blister and cast steel in 1860, according to the census, amounted to $1,080,090. The annual products were valued at $880,000, a sum less tban the annual sales of a single establishment at the present day. Within the past six years, three other establishments have been added to the list. At the present time the list of Pittsburgh steel works proper embraces the following firms:. Ander. son & ~Yoods, Singer, Nirnick & Co., llussey, Wells & Co., Park, Bro. & Co., Miller, Barr & Parkin. In addition to these Coleman, Rahm & Co., Brown & Co., and Reese, Graff & Dull, firms engaged in the manufacture of iron, also make large quantities of common steel. The capital invested in these nine establishments cannot be less than $I,50(),000. The annual pro ducts amount to eighteen thousand five hundred tons. The sales of the various establish ments, effected in Pittsburgh alone, for the ye~r ending 1870, amount in the aggregate to $4,260, 000. The amount sold in Eastern and Western cities by the agents of the respective firms engaged in the manufacture of steel, and of which we have no account, will prob ably amount to $i,200,000, making a total of $5,460,000. When it is remembered that these sales were effected during a season of great depression in every branch of industry, some idea may be formed of the magnitude of the trade. The products of our steel works enter everything from the plainest plow plate to the ~nest qnality of sword and razor steel, from a cast cast steel railway frog to a watch spring. The finest saws and axes made in the country are made from Pittsburgh steel. During the war Messrs. Ames & Co., of Chickopee Falls, Massachusetts, drew their supply of steel for the manufacture of swords from a single Pittsburgh steel factory. Upwards of four hundred' thousand sabres were made by this concern from Pittsburgh cast steel. The test to which Messrs. Ames & Co. subjected the steel showed that while the loss incurred in working English steel was ten per cent., that of the American steel was but two anJ a half. Cast spring steel, homogeneous sheet steel, table cutlery, fine cutlery, everything in the broad range of fine tools aiid cutlery are made from the products of our steel factories. The growing demand for cast steel castings has given an impetus to this branch of the ~usi ness. The rolling of cast steel plates for boilers and flues, where formerly they were em PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. +~ ~; ~ Pi1tt~~r~~ Steel Work~1 —Est~bli1~he~ 1~~s. ~ ANDER~OX & WOODS, MANUFACTURERS OF TllE Rcvcrsiblc Stccl t~rogs, AND ~ IMPROVED CHAIRS Now in use upon twenty (20) roads, some of which have had over 50.000 tr~ns over ~ them, and worn very little. vVe can furnish any angle for any length ~f rail, at short notice. Also, any Castings to patterns desired. JL~O, iWJiYU1~JCTUll~LS Off ~ ~~~ll Y B~SC?iTHOW OF ~ ~~T~EEb0. Best Refined Tool Steel, Saw Plates, &c., Rai<e Steel, Spring, Plow, Blister, Shovel and Hoe Steel, Toe C~k Steel, Locomotive Fire Box Plates, Cast Spring Steel Frog Points, Axles, and Forgings of every description. First Avenue ~ & Ross St., Pittsburgh, Pa. W. F. POTTS, SONS & Co. LEEDS, ROBINSON & Co. C. W. WHITNEY, 1,225 Market St., Phila. 75 & 77 North St., Boston. 142 Greenwich St., N.Y. ~ ~ ~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. - ployed airnost exclusively in constructing fire-boxes, is a branch of the trade that promises to increase rapidly. The steel is first cast into ingots, varyilig in weight from five to twelve hundred pounds, taken to the heating furnaces, heated and rolled out into sheets varying from -three to five-eighths of an in&h in thickness at a single heat. Nearly all the establishments are engaged in the manufacture of horse rake teeth. The trade has assumed such dimensions as to demand the introduction of rake tooth trains. Round -machinery cast steel, rolled while the steel is cooling, exhibiting a polish similar to that of a finished shaf~ fresh from the lathe, and varying from three-eighths to four inches in diameter; triangular steel for files1 all shapes and sizes, in fact, demanded, are rolled out precisely as iron is rolled. The uniform thickness observed in s~uare, hexagon or octagon steel is the result of continuous skillful hammering. It is almost unnecessary to add that the most adi~irable order, system and guidance are to be found in every department of the steel works of Pittsburgh, which exhibit in a remarkable manner, the enterprise, energy, perseverance and inventive resources of the American people. ___,, ~.:.:.:c~~' PITTSBURGH:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 49 ~;;:; ~&~~ ~llf}ery ~{()~p ~ m[A~{[TJKA~~T}[TJU~~Th~~J[~~ ~}I? SUPERIOR AMERICAN ~ ~:?~~~~w)t=.~~::?ft;t=.~~=?=.~;:;; AND ~ POCKET KNtVE~ AND ALSO OF TllEIR RECENTLY INTRODUCED Sott~ CAST IIA~r~~ TA~LE ~~tr~. ~ QUALITY OF ALL GOODS WARRANTED. OUR LIST INCLUDES EVERY DESIRABLE STYLE OF I~[F ~llI[FR~ III ~ll~(i~, F~llII~, IIllITF ~llllF ~D I~ll~~ ll~D[F~, ALSO, MANY YARIETIES OF ~ Butcher, Bread, Kitchen & Carving Knives, TOGETHER WITH A FULL LINE OF Heavy Jack Knives, Pocket Knives, Pen Knives, Pruners, Budders, Erasers, &c. ~?YW)~~~ AT ~~AY}k~~ }b'Mj1b~~ Office & Warehouse, 70 Wood St., Pittsburgh. SO PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. BEAVER FALLS CUTLERY COMPANY. THE WORKS, motive power and machinery owned and employed by the Beaver Falls Cut lery Co., in prosecution of the various branches of its business are situated at the south side of the town of Beaver Falls, Pa., and are comprised in a series of adjoining buildings, enclosing, ~ under roof, more than sixty thousand square feet of available flooring, and compactly arranged ~ upon three sides of an oblong area of ground, of between one and two acres in extent. ~ Of this number, s~ix are large and solidly constructed brick ediflces, roofed with slate and ~ iron, most of them being three stories in height, hesides having lofty and well lighted attics. These contain, among other departments, the engine house, the machine shop, and the grind~ ing, saw, hafting, finishing, etching, packing, stock, sample and counting rooms of the con~ cern. The remaining buildings are substantial one story structures, adapted to the purposes ~ of hand and power forging, the storage of raw material, a~~d to accommodate many other ~ departments, which, of necessity, are included in an establishment designed to manufacture, ~ in large quantities, every variety of cutlery, together with other implements and articles of ~ general use and economy. ~ The entire machinery in operation is of the most po'werful, accurate and comprehensive ~ description, embracing every improvement in this line of manufacture that ingenuity and ~ long experience have been able to devise. ~ While much of this machinery has been built expressly for use in the Beaver Falls Works by celebrated Eastern makers, both of standard patterns, and also upon specifications furnished by the company, much, also, of the more exact, and a large proportion of the entire ma~ chinery now employed in the same, has been 6onstructed under - immediate supervision, and ~ in the machine shop of the company, which constitutes one of the regular departments of this ~ establishment. ~ The advantages accruing from a department of this kind are apparent, and cannot be over~ estimated, but its incorporation, as a specific branch of the business, is worthy of particular ~ remark, as indicating an intention to make the same auxiliary, in a very high d4egree, to the ~ development and introduction in this establishment of all mechanical improvements which ~ may be yet possible, tending to lessen the cost or improve the quality and appearance of a ~ manufacture which has already attained a remarkable standard of excellence in these respects. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 516$1:e; Logani3rothcrs&Co. V. P. LOGAN, TllOS. FAWCETT, Pres. Pittsburgh Savings Bank. JNO. P. LOGAN, EMMOR FAWCETT, J. T. STOCKDALE, Pres. Central Bank Pittsburgh, ~UQUEsNE ~AY ~ 8TH ~T. 0 FF1 CES. I2~ ~~ALNUT ~TREET, Li Ct Ct LS bY _ 0. TP~t1&adGe~i{yp~~La0. ~ COMMISSION MERCHANTS IN TllE VARIOUS QUALITIES & PRODUCTS OF ~ ~Th 0 0 OQ~ _ yQO Are prepared to make liberal cash advances on consignments of Crude Qr Refined ~ Oil, Beuzine or Residuum also to fill ordbrs for UNIFORM CARGOS from our warehouses at the Delaware River Terminus of the Pennsylvania Rail Road, Philadelphia, or at Locust Point in Baltimore. ~ W~ ~~~R~~SNT TTLE MANU~ACTURE OP T~E POLLOWtNG WO~SS: EAGLE-FAWCETTS, LOGAN & STOCKDALE} ~ PEERLESSMcKELVY, BRO. & CO. ~ UNION-JOS. KIRKPATRICK, PRESIDENT. TARENTUM-FULTON, MARVIN & CO.. STERLING-KIRKPATRICK & LYONS,. LIBERTY-JOllN A. McKEE, PENN-JAMES M. RITER, COMMERCIAL-LYONS & CO. UNIVERSAL-ALBERT llANCOCK, SPRAY-MENTZER, llEPLER & CO. ~E PE~ ~O ~ BUNGE', BURLA~E' & Co., New York & Cologne~ BROTHERS NOTTEBOllM, Antwerp, NOTTEBOllM & Co., Hamburg, CHRISTIAN Bo~ns, New York, L. VoN HOFFMAN & Co., New York PETER WRIGHT & SONS, Philade]phia. ~. CORN EXCHANGE BANK, Philadelphia. :1 52 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE PETROLEUM INTEREST OF PITTSBURGH. ALTHOUGH not one of the products of Pittsburgh, Petroleum is closely allied to its most important traffic, forming, as it does, an extensive branch of business. The first importance -attached to this oil of the earth was given by the successful sinking of a well in Yenango county, by the pioneer Drake, in 1857, although for many years previous the product of an old salt well, a few miles above Pittsburgh, was widely sold through the States by the name ~of Seneca oil, and was commended as a specific for various afflictions. In the year 1851, Mr. Samuel M. Kier, the pioneer crude oil refiner, established the first petroleum refinery in the United States, on Seventh avenue, Pittsburgh, and gave to the world a new and brilliant illu minating fluid. The capacity of Mr. Kier's refinery was two hundred and twenty-five barrels per week, which was amply sufficient for the reduction of the supply of the crude material then to be had. The second refinery was established here in 1857, almost simultaneous with Drake's successful venture in Yenango county, and had a weekly capacity of three hundred and fifty barrels. This was followed by a third in the same year, with a capacity of one hundred barrels. Three refineries were erected in 1858, two of which had a weekly capacity of one thousand barrels each. Two were erected in 18~9; seven in 1860; seventeen in 1861, three of which had over two thousand barrels capacity; nine in 18(32; fifteen in 1863; four in 18(34, five in 1865, and twenty others, the dates of whose erection ranged between 1862 and 1865. Immediately after Drake's success became known, the greatest excitement was created in Venango county, and property, worthless for agricultural purposes, sold at very extravagant prices. While many persons bought for speculative purposes, there were those who bought for development, and it was not long until petroleum became a veritable drug in the market. Its production cost so little, and the demand was as yet so limited, that it was difficult to get it to market even at cost of production. Pittsburgh was the only market for the new product that could be reached at reasonable cost for transportation, and the oil found its way here in bulk, in barges and boats. One reas0n influencing producers in their selection of Pittsburgh PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. TACK,BkO.&C;O. COMMISSION MERCHANTS AND BROKERS IN And its Products, 1$~ft~ft ~AX~ fl1rTY~~~~~% -: REPRESENT .::::THE CITIZENS' OIL REb~INING Co. 47F CP~TTL)~DBU~RDGU), ~ A. LYONS, PRESIDENT. JAS. BOWN, SEC. & TREAS. It~fining Capacfty 150,000 bb~s. p~r annum. ~ TACK ROTHEkS, ~Nco0. ~J1~ W~a~i[~DnUt LS~tffii~DC~DCt), ~P~htJ1~4De1typ~~Di~a~, WAREHOUSES, GIBSON'S POINT. -~`rz .:\??; 5~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. for a market, was the great facility afforded for shipment by river and rail. The low prices which the crnde article brought in the city 011 its arrival, stimulated the refining business, and will explain the wonderful increase in brief periods as re~orded above. The cheapness of fuel, as well as the comparatively low cost of transportation, rapidly established Pittsburgh as the great petroleum refining centre of the country, althoiigh vigorous efforts have been made to wrest the distinction from her by other localities. ~ The oil trade of Pittsburgh may be properly dated from 1860, at which time the refining business was first earnestly prosecuted. Its growth was wonderfully rapid, and added untold ~ wealth to the trade of the- city. All through the war of the rebellion the trade was succes ft~lly pursued, and reached its greatest height in 1865-66. The records of the early transac tions in the oil business are incomplete, but for the year ending Septembcr, 1863, the exports of crude and refined oil from Pittsburgh to the East and West, by rail road alone, reached ~ 23,739,080 gallons. For the twelve months ending December 31, 1863, there were exported to foreign ports from the United States 28,250,721 gallons, of which amount Pittsb~i?gh alone contributed 26,970,280 gallons, or nearly the entire foreign consumption. The entire value of the oil trade of Pittshurgh in 1863, was- nearly eleven mUlions of dollars. The foreign ~ exports of 1861 were 31,872,972 gallons, of which amount Pittsburgh furnished 25;549,385 gallons, valued at $13,610,111, and the entire trade of the city was estimated at fi(~een mil lions of dollars. In 1865, the foreign exportations were 28,072,018 gallons, Pittsburgh fur nishing of that amount 25,519,385 gallons, valued at nearly ten millions of dollars at ~he prices then prevailing, the value of the entire trade of the city being estimated at twelve mil lions of dollars. In 1866, the eastern exports from Pittsburgh were valued at $7,421,085, and the trade for the year about ten millions of dollars. In 1867, the exports east were valued at $6,655,286, and the trade for the year about eight millions of dollars. The above figures are chiefly from actual statistics and records. It will be seen that in the brief period of five years the exportation alone of oil from the city of Pittsburgh yielded to it a ~ business and a circulation of money amounting to nearly forty-seven millions of dollars, ~ while the whole trade of the city in the same period amounted to fifty-six millions of dollars. ~ The entire exports from the United States in five years aggregated 217,948,692 gallons, and ~ the shipments east from Pittsburgh were 132,396,179 gallons, showing that this city supplied over sixty per cent. of the whole foreign exportation of petroleum. ~ In 1867, there were fifty-eight refineries in existence, twenty-eight having been discon~ tinued, and the works converted to other purposes. Of the fifty eight in existence, but fifty. ~ one were in active operation. These had an aggregate weekly capacity of thirty. one thou sand five hundred barrels, and gave employment to about seven hundred persons, whose yearly wages amounted- to nearly six hundred thousand dollars. The capital invested in buildings, machinery, etc., was $7,700,000, and in tanks, barges, etc., about $5,500,000. Another im PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 55 ~ W'AktNG&KiNG, (:UMMI~~ION M~[:H~N~~ ikNJ) ~~OKI~il~ I~( Pctrolcurn & its Products, ~~})fJ{~~D\Jt~ y~.IY~~ ~ px~ ~ ~~~~~~, PA. REPRESENTATIVES QF TflE 0 ~ H ~ cn~ C,) 3 C,). ~WARING-, KtXG & Co.. ~ ~o. 1O~ Wa,lnut ~treet, P~i11a~e1p~i1~. WAREHOUSE, EMPIRE STORES, POINT BREEZE. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. portant addition to Pittsbnrgh manuft~ctures, to be credited to petroleum, was the establishment of a number of extensive cooperages, the value of whose work was close upon a million dollars yearly. Dnring the past two years there was a perceptible decline in the petroleum business of Pittsburgh, which has been attributed to varions causes, the prin&pal one being the excessive tariffs of the rail roads. This latter cause of complaint has been in a measure remedied, and the business has become more animated than at any time since 1867. At the present time, May, 1870, there are forty-three refineries in existence at Pittsburgh, although some half dozen are not in active operation. During the past two years, the capacity of several of the large refineries, has been increased, one from two thousand five hundred to six thousand barrels weekly. The capacity of the forty-three refineries aggregates thirty seven thousand one bundred and seventy-five barrels weekly, while their actual production is about thirty-five thou. sand barrels weekly. The exports from Philadelphia to Europe for the first four inonths of 1870 were over ten millions of gallons, an increase of more than two millions of gailons bver the same period in 1869. All of this oil was shipped from Plitsburgb, and sbows a flattering increase, and one that at present bids fair to be maintained. The daily production of the Pennsylvania oil regions is now estimated at fourteen thousand barrels, and that of the Ohio and ~Yest Virginia regions at two thousand barrels, a total of sixteen thousand barrels daily, fully one-third of which comes to the Pittsburgh market. In the first five years of its existence as a branch of trade, petroleum added to the wealth of Pittsburgh a sum not far from one hundred millions of dollars. It added not less than one hundred new firms to the business community, and gave constant employment to not less than one thousand men. It also had a healthful influence upon several branches of industry, in creating work for artisans of the city, a large number of new machine shops, foundries and boiler works owing their origin to the necessities of the petroleum production and traffic. Pittsburgh must continue to be the chicf refining city of the country, for obvions reasons, although she has a powerful competitor in the growing City of Cleveland, Ohio, whose rail facilities with the Pennsylvania oil regions are equally as good as those of Pittsburgh. But aside from this, Cleveland has no ot~er corresponding facilities. A fair proportion of the products of the Ohio and West Virginia oil regions finds its way to the Pittsburgh refineries, transportation by the river being much more desirable than by the costly railway. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 57 ~STA~LISH~D, 1830. ~ q iATh'A\~'~~~ ~~~A~~~~L~ Ph~nis, S1i1~o, Pfttsbur~~ ~~pi1ro ~n~ Masto~on ~ ~G~LA$$~F~A~CT~O~RThE$0. ~ WM. McCULLY & CO;~. MANUFACThRERS OF THE STANDARD BRANDS OF GREEN & WHITE DRUGGISTS' GLASSWARE, Also, Wine, Porter, Mineral Water Bottles and Demijohns. ~ N. B-THE EXCLUSIVE MANUFACTURERS FOR THE UNITED STATES OF TOECKEL'S PATENT GRADUATED PRESCRIPTION BOTTLES. ~ Office, Nos. 1g & 20 Wood St. ~4%~[${$SD?.~b~;,rRy{G~YELr~ ~~t&1~~~~A$~x P. S. —-All descriptions of Vials and Bottles made to order. Also, make a specialty of the manufacture of Fruit Jars, making the Cork Tin Top, and most desirable SeIf-Sealers in the Market. Having large experience and the most extensive factories in the Country, the quality and finish of our Goods being unequaled, (packages with our brand being sufficient guarantee that the goods are right,) dealers will find ~t to their interest, before purchasing elsewhere, to get our quotations. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE GLASS MANUFACTURES. PITTSBURGH is to-day the great glass inanufactnring centre of tile country. The manufacture of glass was first introduced west of the Allegheny mQuntains at New Geneva, a point on the Monongahela river, above Pittsburgh, in the year 1787, by the celebrated Albert Gal latin and associates. In 1795, the first glass factory in Pittsburgh was erected by General James O'llara and Major Isaac Craig, and the manufacture of window glass commenced. This first glass house had but eight pots, which were of small size, as their capacity was e~ual to but three boxes of glass to a blowing. In 1802 General O'llara added a flint glass works to his factory, and in 1803 the glass trade of Pittsburgh was valued at thirteen thousand dollars, the products being window glass, bottles, jars, decanters and blue glass. In 1807 the products of O'llara's glass factory were valued at eighteen thousand dollar~ In this year George Robinson and Edward Ensell commenced the manufacture of flint glass, but owing to disagreements in the firm they transacted but little business, and their establishment passed into the hands of Messrs. Bakewell & Page, by which house the rnanuft~ctiire of flint glass has ever since been continued, the firm name being now Bakewell, Pears & Co. In 1810, the number of glass works had increased to three, the value of the production of flint glass being thirty thousand dollars and the value of the bottles and window glass produced being forty thousand dollars. At this period, Mr. ~~ m. Eichbaum, who was then called "an ingenious German," established the business of glass cutting, and made prisms for chandeliers, which were pronounced creditable to the workmen and an honor to the country, they being the first ever cut in the United States. In 1813, the number of glass factories had increased to five, producing glass to the value of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. In 1831 the number had increased to eight factories, four producing flint and four window and green glass, the whole products being valued at five hundred thousand dollars. In 1837, there were thirteen glass factories six of which were flint and seven green and window glass works, their aggregate products being valued at seven hundred thousand dollars. In 1857, the number of factories had increased to thirty.three, of which nine produced flint glass, and twenty-four window, green and black glass, to the value of two millions, six hundred and thirty-one thousand, nine hundred and ninety dollars. PITTSBURGH:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 59 ~ &~~~~~~1~~~Wffi' ~ ~~~~~ ~~~-.~~~ FLINT LA LA P CHIM ~ Are made of the purest and most elastic FLINT GLASS that can be prod need. ~2aia~Dp ~~nLML~~ ~ And our whole aim is to produce a quality of ~T(Lss Ihal will ~and JfraI Wilkout ~rcakWt~. ~ And we feel confident we have succeeded. We do not rest on our already well established reputation, to sell Our Ch~mneys, but use every effort to improve the quality, day by day. The Dithndge XX ~int Glass Lamp Chimneys, no By representations of Crystal Glass, Brilliant Glass, and a host of other high sounding names, being equal to XX FLINT GLASS, but say at once, I want DITHRIDGE'S XX FLINT GLASS LAMP CHIMNEYS, ~ And you will then be certain of having a GENUINE FLINT GLASS LAMP CnIMNEY. Said WM. 0. DAYIS, Esq., (one of the most successful G]ass Managers in the Country) a short time ago: "I am astonished at the superior quality of the Glass yo~ make. I am really astonished! I had no idea you made such Glass. DITlIRIDGE & SON, ~Fo~rt ~~tt ~Gi{ya$$ W<>r~k$~, PITTSBURGH, PENN'A. 6o PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE..1.. In 1865, there were forty-five glass factories, of which fifteen were bottle and vial, fifteen flint glass and fifteen window glass works, the increase in eight years being forty per cent. The capacity of the works in 1865 was estimated as follows: Window glass works, five hundred and twenty tbousand boxes of glass a year, but their average yield was about four hundred thousand boxes, valued at two`millions six hundred thousand dollars; bottle and vial works, annually, four hundred and twenty thousand gross, or sixty mf~kons four hundred and eighty thousand vials and bottles, ~alued at two millions one hundred thousand dollars; the flint glass works, four thousand two hundred tons of glassware, worth about two millions of dollars. in 1869, Pittsburgh contained twenty bottle and vial factories, tw enty.three window glass factories, and twenty. two flint glass factories, in all, sixty-five. In addition to these there are a number of glass factories whose exclusive production consists of lamp chimneys. The aggregate value of the productions of these factories is estimated to be nearly seven millions of dollars annually, or about half of the total value of all the glass manufactured in the conutry. While Pittsburgh may fairly claim to manufacture half of all the glass made in the country, Pennsylvania can claim to make two-thirds of the entire production. Glass is manufactured in fifteen States of the Union, and the entire amount of revenue derived from that branch of manufactures by the six per cent. internal tax, for the year endlug June 30, 1865, was $585,129 65, of which Pennsylvania paid $226,715 12, or forty-three per cent. of the whole amount. Pennsylvania's portion was derived from eight districts, and Pittsburgh contributed of that amount $171,375 11, a little over seventy-four per cent. of the revenue from the entire State, and twenty-nine per cent. or nearly one-third of the sum obtained from the whole United States. For the year ending Jane 30, 1866, the amount of internal tax paid the (~overnment by the Pittsburgh glass manufacturers was $276,361 11. The value of the real estate, buildings and machinery occupied in the prosecution of glass manufacture at Pittsburgh, is not less than four millions and a half of dollars. The number of hands employed is over four thousand, and the wages paid them annually, nearly two millions and a half of dollars. The amount of coal used in the factories will exceed four millions of bushels per annum, and the annual amount of soda ash used is upwards of thirty thousand tons, valued at two millions eight hundred thousand dollars. As showing the great increase in the cost of producing glass in the brief period of five years, it may be stated that the same amount of flint glass which, in 1860, cost $97,737 50, cost in 1865, $197,059 32; the production of the same amount of window glass, which, in 1860, cost $50,890 71, cost in 1865, $113,098 5~ the production of the same amount of bottles and vials which, in 1860, cost $23,121 75, cost in 1865, $78,033. P~TTSBURGfl: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 6i (:.. & it ~ w:~~ow ~tJA.SS, r)RV(4GISTS' GLASSW~RE, BLACK BOTTLES, DEMIJOHNS AND - F~R~UYIT ``I" I Ii ________ ~ Xo. ~~ WOOb STIZi~L~% ~Pya~. Mw;'- 62 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. In the twenty-two flint glass factories, there are thirty-seven furnaces. In these establishments the most experienced and skillffil workmen are employed, and the perfection of their work is the admiration of all who have ever seen them. In the manufacture of pressed flint glass there is only one establishment exclusively employed, and of the excellence of its wares the fUllowing testimony of Deming Jarves, Esq., a prominent eastern glass manufacturer, is sufficiently explicit. He says, in allnding to the manufacture of pressed glass, that "upwards of two million dollars have been expended in the moulds and machinery now used in this particular branch of glassware, leaving Enrope far behind in this respect. With us there is active competition for excellence. It is, however, conceded that James B. Lyon & Co., of Pittsburgh,. stand first. To such a degree of delicacy and fineness have they carried their maunfacture, that only experts in the trade can distinguish between their straw stem wines and other light and beautiful articles. made in moulds, and those blown by the most skilled work men. The iniprovement in glass making almost keeps pace with the improv9mei~ 4n iron Working. In former years two hundred feet of glass were madb by a blower at a single blowing, where now eight hundred feet are made. Most readers will remember when eight by tens were the largest size; six by eight were not uncommon twenty-five years ago. Now forty by seventy is not an extraordinary size. These are donble strength. Formerly the thickness of the sheets averaged eighteen to the inch. Now they average twelve, single strength. Formerly what is now termed double strength was unknown. As the sheets increased in size the Pittsbmrgh glass manufacturers found it to their interest to make them stronger. What is termed double strength is about an eighth of an inch thick. The territory covered by some of these glass factories would suffice for a small village. One large window glass factory occupies an area of about two acres, while the dwelling houses occupied by the workmen cover at least eight additional acres. Another large flint glass establishment covers, with its works alone, over two acres of valuable ground PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~ ~D~uqwuy~s~iiye ~Gi{~a$$ W~r~ks0. ESTABLISHED IN 1838 ROBERT C. SCHMI$RTX, MANUFACTURER OF W~IN$DOW~G~~LA~~S~S Warehouse, Nos. 97 and 99 First Avenue, rrrr~~r~~~~ P~e~e?V ~~. w~;~i%~&[D~.~Qc~\w~jy ~LD)Ajc'{~S$}SD~jx ~LA~)~~SD?Y~ This Glass is pronounced by competent Of ilifi ii~w~~t ~~ moBt 1i~Thtifil1 ~~si~s judges to have a FINER ENAMEL is BETTER FLATTENED and HEAVIER, than any other GROUND GLASS, POT METAL GLASS, in Glass manufactured in Pittsburgh; and as GREEN, PURPLE, BLUE and ORANGE. wood is used in the process of flattening, THE,WfC~,~~~~C:r'~o,,~ N A SURFACE IS ENTIRELY FREE FROM SULPHUR. %\~%"~(~`~"r" ~` Special attention is paid to the manufac- FOR CllURCllES. ture of ETCHED and EMBOSSED GLASS for TRAN Large Sized Double Strength, SOMS and SIDE LIGHTS, executed to order, in any wished for pattern or design, and SATIS FACTION GUARANTEED. or, American Plate, The Enameled and Ground Glass will be sold As some manufacturers call it, which, in point in sheets, or cut to order and bordered as may of strength, AVERAGES ABOUT SEVEN TO THE be required. The attention of the trade is INcH, and is believed to be fully equal to respectfully invited to the above. French Glass; but, unlike French Glass, IT ~ILL NOT FADE IN ANY CONDITION, either by SAMPLEs SENT BY EXPREss, FREE OF CHARGE. dampness or otherwise. PRICES Low. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE WHITE LEAD INTEREST. THE M~~u~~c~uu~ of white lead was introduced in Pittsburgh in 18~1, by Mr. Anthony Beelen. In 1&lO, we find among the list of Pittsburgh manuft~ctnres "three red lead factories," but the names of the proprietors are not recorded, nor is any mention made concerning the character or amount of the products. In Cramer's Magazine Alman~ac~ f~r 1813, we find the following: "Here also, excellent paints are prepared out of lead, and in quantities. Mr. Beelen, proprietor, M. J. J. Boudier, an ingenious French gentleman, manufacturer, and owner of the laboratory." From the fact that Mr. Beelen is remembered by our oldest inbabitants as a public spirited citizen, possessing genial manners, an unblemished reputation and considerable energy, as well as force of character, we ha-~e been led to believe that he either conceived the idea of embarking ill the business of making white lead, or acting upon M. Boudier's suggestions, supplied the material aid, relying upon the latter's skill to can~ him safely through the enterprise. M Boudier, it seems, did not confine himself exclusively to his laboratory. Elsewhere Mr. Cramer details at length a process invented by "the ingenious French gentlema~, which offers a com~Thte ~reventive of counterfeiWug, by i'mrressions from a gla8s ~1atc en~raving. For the extensive usefulness and ingenuity of this invention, M. Boudier received from the Minister of the Interior of France, a certificate, and a card corn plimentary." It is certain that M. Boudier understood his business, and turned his knowledge to some account, for we are told that Mr. Beelen's manufactory produced thirty thousand pounds per a~num. Mr. Beelen's success led Mr. James L. Stevenson to embark in the business in 1813. In 1815, Dr. B. Troon engaged in the same business. These three works were in operation at one time (1815,) in connection with laboratories. The value of the productions for 1815 is set down at $110,000. The establishments furnished employment to twenty-five hands. It will be borne in mind that this force was not employed in the manufacture of white lead alone, however. The value of the white lead produced was less than a fourth of the figures given. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 6~ $:~. S. BEYMER, R. F. BAUMAN, CHAS. F. WELLS, Late of B. L. Fahnestock & Co. Late of B. L. Fahnestock, Fortune & Co. BEYMER, BAUMAN & Co. MANUFACTU~ERS OF PUR~ W~tT~:J~AD! (DR Y AND IN OIL.) ~ead, Potters~ ~ ~~ (?? ~ 40y;~1 ~P~L{TT~ ~~~M~~yfly~<>yRj$0~ ~ The following notice of guarantee, bearing our written signature, is attached to every keg of the above brand. We wi11~ve ~2O,OO in GotJ for e~ch ~nJ every ownee of admlteration fomnct in White LeaJ (of omr rnanmfaetmre,) bearin~ omr name. We ~~arantee STRICT PURITY, anJ a Je~ree of fineness anct whiteness mneqitaThJ~by any other branj. ~EYMER, ~AUMAN & Co. NEW YORK, JULY iSro, 1569. C. T. RAvao~ns & Ce., Chicago: Centlemen.-I have carefully analyzed the sample of White Lead, branded "Beymer, Bauman & Co.'s Pure White Lead, Pittsburgh," and find that it is PURE WHITE LEAD, ground in oil. it is entirely free from Barytes, and every other imprnity or adulteration. Reerectfully peurs, C. F. CHANDLER, Ph. B. Prof. Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Mines, Columbia College. and increasing demand for our White Lead solely to our GUARANTEE LABEL, are imitating Certain unprincipled parties, attributing the large the same, even to the color of the paper on which it is printed. We therefore Caution consumers to examine carefully the little red label on the side of the keg, and see that it hears our WRITTEN signature. As a further protection, both for ourselves and the consumers, we, in addition to fise label on the side of the keg, now brand the Guaraetss on the end of the keg. The unprecedented sale ofour Lead can only be attributed to its STRICT PURITY, UNRIVALED WHITENESS, FINENESS and DURABILITY. BEYMER, BAUMAN & CO `i.'... 66 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. If'. In 1816, another factory was added to'?he list, employing six hands, and in 1819 still an other, employing nine hands.`The trade does not appear to have been sufficiently remunera tive in the interim to induce those who engaged in it at the outset to exert themselves. In 1819, the business may be said to have been firmly established, the annual products of a single concern being estimated at $12,000. In 1825, Messrs. Avery & Co., whose establishment (originally Stevenson's) was located on Penn, between lland and Wayne streets, produced three thousand kegs (sevenV- five thou sand pounds) per annum. Messrs. Brackenridge & Porter's works, located near the corner of Sixth and Liberty streets, produeed twenty-four hundred kegs (sixty thousand pounds) per annum. llilary Brunot's works,located at the corner of Liberty and O'llara streets, pro. duced twelve hundred kegs (thirty thousai~d pounds) per annum. The aggregate products for 1825 amounted to six thousand six hundred kegs, valued at $23,100. In 1830, Messrs. John llannen & Co. established a white lead manufactory in Allegheny. We are not informed as to the degree of success that attended the enterpri's'-e Five`years later, or in 1835, we find the following list of white lead manufacturers: P. A. Madeira, McLennen & Co., Pittsburgh; Gregg & Co., Birmingham; Daniel King, Allegheny. The following, taken from the Pittsburgh Directory for 1837, affords a clear idea of the condition of the trade at that date: L~t of White Lead ffanufactories qfi Pitt~})urgh and its immediate vicinity, with the - amount of~roductsfor the year 1836.` - KEGS. POUNDS. VALUE. Avery & Ogden, Pittsburgh, - - 24,000 600,000 $ 60,000 II. Brunot - - 8,000 200,000 22,000 ~ B. MeClean & Co.,. - 6,000 150,000 18,000 ~ Madeira & Aston, - 8,696 174,000 24,000 ~ Porter & Brackenridge, - - - 7,000 - 17~,000 21,000 ~ J. Hannen, Allegheny,. - 5,600 140,000 16,000 Daniel ~K}in~~g~~~$ Birmingham, - - - 140~,800000212600~,0000O0~14t;0o0oo0 ~ Total, -- ~ - - - - 74,496 1,819,900 $206,600 From 1841 to 1845, white and red lead factories were established in Allegheny, by the following: T. II. Nevin & Co., James Schoonmaker, John llaslett, (succeeded by Fahnestock, llaslett & Swartz.) These establishments, We may add, were supplied with all the facilities ne cessary to the rapid production of ~ uniformly superior article. Their products were in con stant demand at home and throughout the West. The remarkable succ'ess which attended PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 67:~ - Stai1ne~, Groun~ an.~ En~~e1e~ G1~~~. PAGE, XELLERS &- DUI~~ MANUFACTURERS OF A? Uc~ %t UDP Ge GO~k4, y~Y~ ~Gb~ASS~~%k~4 -: AJL~ft ~JB[JE NiEJR~~ JB]E~~T ~ ~A~ ~JLA~~ tained Glass for Churches, Obscured or Ground Glass for Obscuring the View, Enameled Glass for Church, School House, Private Residence or Public Hall Ornamentation, ~ Nos. 120 Second, and 149 First Ave's, Pittsburgh, Pa. ~ ~Be~o~k~,~Pbilliyps&Co~. MANUFACTURERS OF WtNDOW~LASS, ffiY~Da~it~~, LBDOttA1DC~L~), WFruftit YJ&aLi'~~, &Ge~ &DCo. QFFICE AND WORKS, ~ 19TH STREET, EAST BIRMINGHAM, POST OFFICE ADDRESS, PITTSBURGll, PENN'A. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. the faithful prosecntion of the business at this time attracted general attention. The older establishments increased their facilities, yet the demand exceeded the supply, which amounted to upwards of three hundred thousand kegs per annum. Within the last few years the bnsiness has been increased by the following additional establishments: B. L. Fahnestock & Co., Pittsburgh; Beymer, Bauman & Co., Ailegheny; Davis, Chambers & Co., Birmingham; Citize~s Lead Works, East Liberty, and J. V. Wilsou, Pittsburgh. The total products of these factories for the year ending December, 18G9, amounted to eight thousand tons of pure white lead, valued at $2,OOO,OOO.~ The various establishments furnish employment to one hundred and fifty men The capital invested in the biisiness may be estimated at $856,000. .,.;) PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 69:~.. 4~'li~~R~0A ~FDLfTI~N~T~ ~G~~LA$Y~ Mw#o~R~0~K$0. ~ JA~. B. LYOX & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF ~XNE PR~~~~D Ytint ~iaSSWa{r~e~, Xu. 11(3 X\$~TE~ ST~I~BT PI'rD~5~'J[~RA~~~ ~ PITTSI3UkGH FLINT GLASS WOkKS~ ESTABLISHED, A. D. 1808. ~ I3AKEwELL, ~EARS & Co. OF P~2J~~c'~'%~~ T~~w. A~~~~~~D~ C?JJM ~`crJx'~JTwJA~iATh<' ~GbA~s~sW?A:}~tDE, OFFICE AND WAREllOUSE, 3' & 35 ~Vood Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. 70 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. OUR COTTON AND WOOLEN MILLS. TllE business of manuft~cturing cotton goods was begun in Pittsburgh a few years after the first cotton factory was built on this continent. The first cotton factory bnilt in America was erected in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1790 by an Englishman named Slater. Slater's mill -boasted twenty-four spindles. At that time not a single pound of American cotton was cxported to England. As late as 1800 or- 1801, the entire stock of American cotton~in England was comprised in a single bag. The extraordinary growth of the trade in after years may be illustrated by the following figures, taken from British statistics: "The total amount of cotton consumed in Great Britain from 1819 to 18~9, amdunted to 8,235,890,000 pounds, eighty per cent. of which was exported from America." .To judge from the meagre records of the business, the struggle between the linen and cot. ton mills was fairly baianced in the United States in the beginning of the nineteenth century. In Cramer's- Almaiiac for 1804, we find that "carded and spun cotton, by carding. - engine and spinning jenny, to the value of one thousand dollars, and wove striped cotton to the- value of five thousand five hundred dollars was made in Pittsburgh in 1803." In 180(3, Mi'. Cramer tells us "two very important manufactories have lately been erected and are now in operation The one- a cotton factory, which can spin one hundred and twenty threads at a time, with the assistance of a man and a boy.' In 1810 the same historian infbrms us that one of the two cotton mills then "ran sixty spindles, and the other con templated working shortly, two hundred and thirty-four." The annual products of those concerns are set down at $20,000, and to heighten the interest of the reminiscence we may add - that the machines were operated by water power. The value of the linen fabrics for the same year nearly equaled the cotton. Upwards of eighty thousand yards of linen were imported to Pittsburgh annually. It was sold at one dollar, and one dollar and fifty cents per yard. It was owing to this that the public spirited citizens urged the erection of linen factories. The Pittsburgh qazette, discussing the culture of flax and the manufacture of linen, in 1810, said: "We feel a pleasure in having seen a piece of linen made by Mrs. James Gormly, of this place; it is spun six dozen -cuts to the pound, and is one thousand six hundred in quality. ?ffi~#?Y PtTTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. INVENTOR AND SOLE MAN~FACTURER Op E~tupee'~ P~ent Co~bine~ M~oDI$RAToR 1~X(;txi~~-; - These Engines, from theji great Economy in Fuel and Regularity of Motion, are coming rapidly into use. I AM NOW PREPARED TO FURNISlI TflESE ENGINES AND ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS, AT SHORT NOTICE. ~m&~.~A;\ ItM~T~c?JTmj~,TP~~~?~~~J~~J Patcnt Saving Gratc Bars~:::: MADE TO FIT OLD ()R NEW FURNACES. C()RNER FIRST A~I~NUJ~ & SliORT STt~I~I~T, ~r)i~T{*~T~[~SD$ ~~`U~~RffifG~~Emt~~ ~~~$~1~{*3~~AD$~jx -~.72 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. It sold for one dollar and fifty cents per yard," adding "let it no longer be foolishly and roundly asserted that American flax will not make, nor the American women cannot spin fine linen." In 1803, three thonsand yards of seven hundred, or coarse linen, which brought forty cents; one thousand five hundred yards tow linen, which brought twenty-five cents, and three thonsand five hundred yards lindsey.woolsey, which brought sixty cents per yard, making a total of $3,(375 of linen against $(3,500 worth of cotton manufactures were made in Pittsburgh. In 1808, Mr. Cramer speaks of a "cotton inanufactory which cards, spins, tnd weaves an ~mmense quantity of beautiful cotton y~arly, and to the great credit and proil t of its indus trious proprietor." * * * "A wool carding machine is carried on nnder the same roof." At this time we are informed there were but fifteen woolen mills in the United States. In 1817, the total products of the two cotton mills of Pittsburgh are given at $25,000. In 1837, when six factories were in operation, they had a total 0~ twenty-one thousand eight hundred spindles, nine hundred looms, furnished employment to &ne hundred and eighteen hands, and produced goods to the value of $770,000 per annum. The following, taken from a directory, will show the condition of the cotton mills in 1837. STYLE. FIRM. BALES. SPINDLES. I LOOMS. HANDS. VALUE Pheenix, Adams, Allen & Co. - 1,100 5,000 220 7(3 $150,000 Pitts'gb, Blackstock, Bell & Co. 1,500 5,000 210 42 200,000 Hope, Marshall,M'Cormick & Co. 1,500 5,200 200 180,000 Eagle,. Arbuckle & Avery, -. 1,300 3,000 150 150,000 le, - - 450 2,200 70 50,000 Globe, L. Patterson - - 350 1,000 50 Union, Geor~e Bea 40,000 Total, - - (3,200 21,800 900 11& $770,609 In 1857, the number of mills and force was estimated thus: MILLS. SPINDLES. LOOMS. CARDS. HANDS. Anchor, -. - - 5,412 1(31 50 200 Banner, -. - - - 4,7(38 151 54 250 Eagle, -. - - - 8,37(3 140 - 29-0 Hope, -. - - - 8,110 -- - 290 Penn, -. - -. 7,000 207 83 3-CO Total, -. - - 33,(3(3(3 (359 187 1,330 J. B. BHERRI~F. W. J SHERRIFF. HUGH LOUGlIREY. SHERRIFFS&LOUGHREY, i;:::; ~Ftt ~D ~R~~ ~(IllIIDF~~, ~tllIIIF~~, ~~ ~D ~IUl ~IIIFII~, And Workers in Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron. ___ - - - -`sy I~ -~-`~M~- -_ A ~~i &C We call the especial attention of parties building Steamboats, or erecting or refitting Hotels and Restaurants, to our new and improved STEAM TABLE, which we can furnish with every guarantee of satisfaction. A ~o&t ~~!gty of ~R~~T ffiON U00KIN~ g~0~~ G(ffl~RiillY (Ill li~mt[1 (:llW~?~t~t ~~[ii!i B~Dlill1I?#iii~, Undoubtedly the cheapest Steam Pump in the world, of which we are the sole manufacturers, is an article which every person using steam power for pumping is interested in. It is very economical in the use of steam, and is guaranteed -to lift and discbarge more water, with a smaller amount of steam than any of the Steam Plunger and Donkey Pumps now in such general use. One very great advantage in this Pump is that it will never get out of order-has no valves to get out of order, and will never freeze up, as -it immediately drains itself when the steam is turned off. For the water stations of rail roads it is invaluable, as it dispenses wfth the neces sity of elevated tanks and expensive valves, hose, &c. tLend for Circiilar and r~oe List. ~ ALSO, AGENTS FOR THE NIAGARA STEAM PUMP. Nos. 68 Water St. & 80 First Ave., Pittsburgh, P& PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. These five mills worked up thirteen thousand six hundred bales of cotton, and produced 8 10 0,449 yards sheeting, 2,870,000 pounds of cotton yarns, two hundred and seventy-four thousand pounds batting and wicks, and sixty thousand pounds cotton cordage wicks, making an aggregate value of $1,269,655. In 1869, the six cotton mil]s of Pittsburgh contained thirty eight thousand spindles, nine hundred and fifty looms, four hundred and seventy-five cards, (( furnished employment to one thousand five hundred hands, and consumed ten thousand bales of cotton. The capital invested in the business may be estimated at $1,250,000, and the value of the annual products at $1,575,000. ~ The three woolen mills, owned respectively by S. Bradley & Sons, Rollins & Co., and C. Reel & Co., repres~nt a capital of $200,000, and produce goods to the value of $380,000, annually, affording employment to one hundred and eighty hands. The character of the products of the cotton mills of Pittsburgh may be inferred from the ~ fact that about seven-eighths of the entire products are consumed at home. The quality of sheeting, in particular, will bear favorable comparison with any made in the.c~untry. _ The same may be said of the products of the woolen factories. Perhaps in no other city of the Union is there so constant a demand for flannels of all descriptions, and in no other city is flannel subjected to the tests it undergoes daily with us; notwithst~nding which, the pro. ducts of our own factories receive the preference. PITTSBURGH ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 75 WILLIAM MILLI~R,~~~ MANUFACTURER OF TEAM OAT StiAI~T~ (U]r~~jt&~, JPjj~i{~]uj J[?}()j}t.~, ]Pj[@~m~~ j~~~~ &~., ~~@ ~~()o0~it~GD4I~N'~G~~ LOCOMOTIVE FRAMES, CONNECTING RODS, DHVING AXLES & CAR AXLES, Corner of Duquesne Way and First Street, ~ ~T0. ~C0. ~~~~~~N~ SUCCESSORTO FULTON & HOPPER, MANUFACTURER OF .~~CflAtRS ASSORTMENT OF ~ ittsburg~ Manuf~~ctur~~ rurnitur~, Constantly on band at Lowest Cash Prices. Xo. 1~ SMITllFIBLb STI~EL% ~P~;I~T~T$iS~~U~R~0~G~ii), ~PA0. ~.:.W~ 76 PITT&BURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. PITTsBUKGH'& GoPPER TRADE. Tll E history of the copper manufactures of Pittsburgh is necessarily' connected with the development of the leading copper mines of Lake Snperior, brief allusion to which may not be Out of place. The Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company was organized as a joint stock company on the 20th of May, 1815, and under that name was incorporated by the Legislature of Michi. gan in March, 1858, with a capital of ~150,000, divided into six thousand shares, whi~h was subse qnently increased to twenty thousand. Four of the incorporators were citizens of Pittsburgh, to wit: C. G. llnssey, Charles Avery, Thomas M. llowe and Thomas Bakewell. The others were William Pettit, of Michigan, Thomas Jomes and Charles Scudder, of Boston, and (;. C. Bates, of Detroit. The extensive lands owned and operated by the Company are Ibeated' on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near Eagle river, and comprise twenty~even square mile's. The history of the development of the mineral wealth of these`twenty-seven square miles reads like a romance. The Company began operation at Copper llarbor in 1816. The whole amount of capital stock paid in in April, 1818, amounted to ~110,905. The personal effects of the Company on the 1st of December, 1818, amounted to $110,982 08, leaving, after pay. ing the indebtedness of the Company, at the same period, a clear surplus of $111,105 19, or a sum little more than equivalent to the entire capital stock. Eight hundred and thirty tons of mineral, averaging sixty per cent., were shipped in. 1818. In 1851, eight hundred and thirty-two tons, eight hundred arid twenty-five pounds, averaging sixty-one per cent., were shipped to' this port. In 185.2, nine hundred and eighty tons, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-ubne pounds were shipped to market. In' 1853, one thousand one hundred and thirty-one' tons, one thousand one hundred and eighty-two pounds were shipped; in 1851, one thousand three hundred and eighty. six tons, one thousand six hundred PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 77 ~ XATROXA CttEMtCAL~. ~ atrona 3i-~arb. o~a, (SUPERIOR TO ENGLISll AND ABSOLUTELY PURE.) Natrona Sal Soda, Natrona Caustic Soda, - Natrona Porous Alum, - - 50 per cent. Stronger than other Alums. Natrona -Crystal Alum, Natrona Coperas, Natrona Clilo. Calcium, Fluoride Calcium, Sulphuric, Muriatic -and Nitric Acids, A qA~ 3w~~~zn~, ~e. MANUFACTURED BY T-HE -Pcnn'a ~a1t Manuf'g Co. CLtFF()I~~ PI~i\1~1~RThN, (4i)~N1~t~AL A(41?NT~ Pi~~SB~U~RffiQ~~~,~ PA~ C- - 78 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. and' tliirty-six pounds were sllipped. Tbe shipments for 1855, 1S5~ and 185T, exhibited a gratifying increase. In iSSY, the amount of mineral raised and prepared for shipment reached one thousand six hundred and eighty-one tOnS one thousand five hu~dred and fifty seven pounds. From the report of the President and Directors of the Company for 1870, we learn that "no calls have been made upon the stockholders since 1818. The mine has p~id the stockholders, in the shape of dividends, including an endowment of ~~O,OOO to the North Cliff Mining Com~any, tkc sum of two mi~Uons th~ee hun~rc~ an~ twcnty-sevcn thousafl(1 s~x hun~r9J an~ sixty Jo~?ars ($2,327,O~O) o~ a Utt7e OVc~ two tltousand ~cr centum u~~on the' ca~ita~ paid in. The extraordinary success which attended the operations of the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company led directly to the establishment of copper nAlls in this city. Up to 1819-50 the market west of the mountains was supplied with brasiers' and all other descriptions of rolled copper from the rolling mills, and dealers in the Fast - articles maunfactured chiefly from the pig copper of South America. As the Company were compelleff to d6al with the consumers of ingot copper, and as it required but a small amount to supply these, the market was found to be precarious and fluctuating, owing solely to the fact that the large prodnet from the Cliff mine was thrown upon this- class of consnmers. This condition of affoirs led the Company to devise means to create' a more extensive demand in the West. To this end C. &. Bussey & Co. entered upon the business of rolling copper of every description required for manufacturing purposes, in 18507 under an arrangement with the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company, providing for a regular supply of cake copper suitable for rolling, on terms to be regulated, from time to- time, by prices current in the Lastern market, and cash payments on delivery. The advantages resulting from the erection of C. G~. llnssey & Co.'s copper mIll may be perceived from subseq,uent statements. The concern has been enga~ed without intermission in the production of brasiers' bolt and sheathing copper, pressed copper bottoms7 locomotive tubing, strips, and fire-box sheets, raised still bottoms and flats of all sizes, and possesses capacity for manufacturing equal to any in the country. In 1857, Messrs. Park,, M'Curdy & Co. erecte~ a copper mill immediately adjpining the steel works of Park, Bro. & Co. The firm is engaged exclusively in the business of manufacturing sheathing copper. The copper mills of Pittsburgh rank among the foremost in the country, possessing unequaled facilities for rapid production. About one thousand five hundred tons of Lake Superior copper, or nearly one-fifth of all the copper consumed in -the ~nited States, are manufactured annually in the copper mills of Pittsburgh. The greater portion ~f this amount, or about one thousand tons, is rolled into the various sized sheets required by brasiers. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 79 (:~ ~ Li C flS ra C C any, QPc~`~ ffi\ YOcRff A_ Str!ctly Mutual-All Profits to Policy Holders. ~ \`. - - i~~ll~(t.,,,. ~` - "` DIYIDENDS DECLARED ON CONTRIBUTION PLAN, AVAILABLE IN TWO YEARS ON LIFE AND ENDOWMENT POLICIES. `\~))) ~;` \ jttyy~wy~y~ ~i;~AMW~R~~N~V~E), ~PThwpDoW~t~ &~~ ~~- yJ~ ~P~ ~it<>w<~~~~E'~$W~c~ $;De~~c9w~De~t#aftryy 0. ~ \\ ~ Issees all fl~e new forms of Policies and presents as favorahie terms as any Company in the United States. ~ ~ ~ Thirty Days' gracs allowed on each payment, and the policy held good dnring that time. All of onr policies are incontestahie for the nsnal canses. Policies issned hy this Company are non-forfeitnre. No extra charges are niade for traveling permits. Policy llolders share in the annnal profits of the Company, and have a voice in the elections and management of the Company. No policy or medical lee charged. SWEARINCEN & MoCANDLESS, Ceneral Agents for Western Penn'a. ~GOOD ACTIVE MEN WANTED TO ACT AS AGENTS, TO WORK DIRECTLY FOR TllE COMPANY.~ JOS. llARTMAN. D. R. ECKER. ~ ~AMON~ r~~ ~RICK' AN~ T~RA C~TTA WO~KS. MANUFACTURE LI ~ ~ewer~ Drain an(i; Flue Pipe, Chimney Tops, Yases, &c. All kinds of Clay Goods made to order on sliort notice. ALSO, DEALERS IN TILE FLOORS, ROOFING SLATE, HYDRAULIC CEMENT, WHITE LIME, CALCINE PLASTER, LAND PLASTER, WHITE SAND, &o. ~ Factory, Sec~ond Avenue, above Birmingham Bridge.' Office and Warehouse, No. 6 Seventh Avenue, So PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE TOBACCO TRADE. THIS trade, which is 119W a prominent industry with us, was introduced by a Frenchman named llankard, or llanguard, about 1811, who conducted the business on Fourth avenue, near Jail alley. llis establishment from all that we are abl~ to gather, was of small dimensions. In 1818, William Diller, a Pennsylvania German, engaged in the business on Wood street, opposite the First Presbyterian Church. Two years later, or about 1821,'-we - find — three others, Sutton, McDonald and Aken embarked in the business bf catering to the wants of the lovers of the weed. The capital involved in the five concerns was trifling, while their annua] products were less than half the amount produced by a single concern at`the present time. Mr. George Weyman, Sr., entered the business in 182(3. llis first establishment was located on Wood street, below Third, and was removed subsequently to the present site occupied by his sons and successors, Wm. and Frank Weyman. Messrs. Tubritt & Davison engaged in the business in 1829, conducting it successfully for several years. The last named establishment, from tLe outset, displayed a commendable degree of energy in extending the trade, and providing fresh manufacturing facilities. In 1838, nine years later, Messrs. W. & D. Rinehart entered upon the business. The general appearance and dimensions of their first establishment, (then located on Liberty street, opposite the Umon Depot, on what was then known as the head of the canal basin,) is yet fresh in the memory of the writer. Subsequently the establishment was removed successively to lland and Irwin streets, and to their present location, Nos. 149 and 151 Wood street. Up to the year 1840, the manufacture of tobacco was confined exclusively to unsweetened, or raw tobacco, whieb, compared with the article consumed to-day, was unpalatable, being made from the raw tobacco cased and sweated in water in the same manner as the "dogleg" smoking tobacco of the present day is madr. "Dogleg," we may explain, is an article -in great demand among that portion of the community who advance the cause of civilizati on by aiding in the extension of our railways. The majority of those who eonsume the weed to-day, in view of the above explanation, can doubtless account for the rigid self-denial practiced by their father~ ~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 8i W.&~.MNI~flART, MANUFACTURERS OF O3A~~OANDSNUFF, Bcchive ~puil Roll, &c. AND PATENTEES- OF' TllE CELEBRATED - A A~ Ac~) A CHEWtNG TOBAC'CO - N6s.`49 and 1-5' Wood Street ~P4ITYT$~B~~Jt~G~ii~ CPA0. 82 PITTSBURGM: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. The idea of sweete~ing ebewing tobacco was first conceived by Mr. Jesse llare a citizen of Lynchburg, Virginia. llis expei~iment fbund so much favor with il~e public as to induce the m~nnfacturers in various parts of the Union to adopt a similar method. The practice, however did not become general until Virginia, whose soil is peculiarly adapted for the culture of the tobacco plant, attained supremacy in the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco. The cultivation of the plant in PennsyIvani~, and the remaining middle states, which at one time promised to become general, was abandoned, Virginia holding the supremacy in the manufacture, as well as the cultivation of tob~cco, until the beginning of the sectional war, when consumers and dealers were compelled from. necessity, rather than choice to seek other chan. nels for a supply. Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri supplied an article of leaf tobacco equal in all other respects, and superior in body to the products of Virginia, besides being freer from sand, a peculiar characteristic of all Virginia leaf. Necessity wrenched the trade from Virginia. The northern manufact~rers engaged in the business were not slow to avail themselves of the opportunity afforded them. Not satisfied with bringing to their aid all the improvements that could be supplied in tlie substitution of machinery for hand-made work, they were continually devising new improvements on the old methods, until they succeeded in manufacturing an article bearh~g little resemblance to that of ante bellum times. Owing to the decided improvements made by northern genius in the manuf~cture of smoking and chewing tobacco, Virginia will find it a difficult matter to woo back her trade. Tobacco, of northern manufacture, commands a better price in the market to-day, simply from the fact that the southern manufacturers do not appear to realize the necessity of producing an article superior to that manufactured before the war. Pittsburgh occupies the foremost rank among the northern cities engaged in the manufacture of tobacco. There are ten factories iii Pittsburgh and Allegheny devoted exclusively to the manufacture of black chewing tobacco, together with about one hundred and forty factories engaged in other branches of the trade, the products of which cannot fall short of ~2,OOO,OOO per annum. The tobacco trade of Pittsburgh furnishes employment to upwards of one thousaud hands, and is constantly enlarging. As an evidence of the prosperity aftending the business, we may instance a single conc~rn, (that of ~~. & D. Rinehart, which ranks, both as regards the quality and quantity of'its products with the first in the country,) which, during the first four months of the present year, paid no less than ~6O,OOO tax upon their productions. This concern, we may add, is engaged exclusively in the manufacture of black chewing tobacco, an article that enters largely into the stock required by the general trade; in fact the stock of a wholesale grocer would be considered incomplete without it. The amount of black chewing tobacco disposed of annually in Pittsburgh, exceeds in value ~4,OOO,OOO. Philadelphia and Eastern Pennsylvania alone, furnish a market for Pittsburgh tobacco. About fifty per cent. of Rinehart's products is disposed of in Philadelphia, where the "bee-hive" spun roll is a household word ~.\iY PITTSBURGH~: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 83 ~ ClIARLES SNAP, JOS~P~ M. SNAP,. 0. M~TCALr, PRES'T. V. PRES'T. si~a. & TREAS. 0. MANUFACTURERS OF ttolli~g Mill ~last Ma~hi~ery GINES, YDRAULIC PRESS S, ~RK~T4U~~T~s~ ~li~ ~A~~U4I~NR~~ i. chinery, AND CASTINGS GENERALLY. ~F'F'tCE AND 12TH AND }~TNA~Ts. C. ~ P 11 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF PITTSBURGH. TuE population of Thttsburgh in 1800, was one tbonsand five bundred and sixty-five. The value of her biisiness was $222,000. In Cramer, Spear & Eichbaum's Magazine Almanac we find the following: "Pittsburgh, Sept. 23, 1803. Upon a rough calculahon, we find that the imports to this place for the last twelve months, of m~rchandise of various kinds, amount to $250,000. And the amount of the exports of fibur, whiskey, bar iron, castings,-&c., from the neighborhood of Pittsburgh, about $180,000; so that we find ourselves in debt no less than ~ seventy thousand dollars." ~ In the same publication we find "a view of the manufacturing trade of Pittsburgh, wlih ~ the ave%age amount of each article, as made from raw materials, and fit for the market, for the year 1803," which estimates the total value of the products at $2(3(3,4~3. ~ In 1810, the population was four thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight, and the value ~ of the prodiicts of the manufactories was estimated at $1,000,9Q0. Ten years l~er (1820) the ~ population was seven thousand two hundred and forty-eight, and the value of the products ~ upwards of $3,000,000. In 1839, the population of Pittsburgh and Allegheny was thirty-one ~ thousand three hundred and eighty~six. ~The total capital in manufactories amounted to $5,848,472. The value of the products, as given by the Marshal of the Western District of Pennsylvania, for the same year, approached, $9,000,000. In 1810, when the population was thirty.eight tbousand nine hundred and thirty. one, the total value of the business and manufactures of the city were valued at $39,223,4(30. Ten years later, the value of the commercial and manufacturing business was estimated at $50,000,000. ~The population was seventy-nine thousand eight hundred and seventy.three. In 1857, when the population was estimated at one hundred and thirty.eight thousand, five hundred and thirty-four, the manufacturing and mercantile business was estimated at $79,807,758. The population of Pittsburgb, Allegheny and the surrounding tributary boroughs, known as Pittsburgh, is not less at the present time than 215,000. The value of the products alone may be stated in round numbers at $90,000,000, exclusive of the boat.building interest. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. WM. M. FABER. GEO; T. VAN DOREN. JOHN V. VAN DOREN, NEW YORK. t~AB1CR&VANDORIDX, ~J[A~~J[{)~AJP~~Y ~ JU{)~~AJBTh]E EAM Stea~ Pumps a~4 Steam ~fQ f~n~ines, H~~U~~~~~IL~~~~ & ~IL~L SU~~LI~~~ ~N~~I~I~il~' ~~I) M~UllI~I~~~' ~OOt~ WUOl) WOllKI~~ ]~I~UHI~~fi~ &(;., &i;. No. 3~7 Libatty Straat, NEAR UNION R. R. DEPOT,pJ~~~fl~~~Ke p~ 1~ngincs and oi1c.~r~, PORTABLE AND STATIONARY; ~ll~I~IItF ~~~ NII[t~, ~iF~NI F~~IIIF (;ll~F~llll~~~~lluFPFP\\~I(S.I)~\DI(IIt~5 &\1. IRON WORK~NC TOOL& Sb aping Machines, Lathes, Steam Packing, Belting and Lace Leather, ~ Centering Machines, Planers, Steam Gauges, Emery and Emery Cloth, Bolt Cutters, Drills, Gauge Cocks, Babbit Metal, ~ Union Vises, Chucks, &c. Lubricators, Twist Drills, &c. WOOD WORKlNC MACHINERY. Planing Machines, Sash Machines, Saw Tables, ~ Moulding Machines Spoke Machines, Circular Saws, ~ Tenoning Machines Mortising Machines, Wood Turning ~ Boring Machines, Saw Arbors, Self-Oiling, Lathes, &c. Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers, of all Descriptions; Differential Pulley Blocks, Hydraulic Jacks, together with all kinds of Machinists' Supplies. ~ ~ ~ )\.~: ~ 86 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ~ - proof of the foregoing, we present the following table, which exhibits the aggregate capital invested in the leading manufactures of Pittsburgh, and il~e average annual products of the same. AMOUNT OF VALUE' OF MANUFACTURES. CAPITAL INVESTED. PRODUCTS. Iron, - - - - - - - $50,000,000 $29,000,000 Petroleum - - - - - - - 9,200,000 8,000,000 ~ Glass, - - - - - -.. 9,900,000 7,000,000 ~ Steel, - - - - - - 5,000,000 5,460,000 Ale and Beer, - - - - - - 2,000,000 ~ 4,800,000 ~ White Lead, - - - - - - 1,375,000 2,000,000 Total, - - - - - - $76,575,000 $56,260,000 If in addition to this, we sum up the amount of`capital invested in mining and tya~sport ing coal and coke, ($22,369,000,) and the value of the same, we have a total of $98,944,000 capital and products amounting to $68,260,000, in the first seven leading Pittsburgh indus tries. The principal manuf~~ctor~ies i~ay be enumerated as follows: Iron Mllls 32 Machine Shops 27 Steel Mills 9 Cotton Factories 5 Copper Mills,...... 2 White Lead Factories 8 Brass Foundries, 11 ~ Potteries. 9 Glass Mould Factoxies 2 Tanneries 26 Cork Factory, 1 Chair and Cabinet Factories 19 Breweries 52 ~ Flburing Mills 5 Malleable Iron Foundries, 4 Saw Mills 11 Chandlers ~ 9 Wagon and Car Factories 12 .1 Plow Factories - 4 Planing Mills 17 Wooleii Mills 3 Locomotive WoH~s 2 ~ Refineries 51 Glass Factories 68 Tobacco Factories,. - - - 10 Distilleries 8 Saw Factories, 2 ShovelandAxeFactories,.... 2 Foundries 48 Safe Factor ies...... 2 Brickyards 13 Gas Meter Factory 1 Spring Factories 7 Tinning Shops ~.~. 4 Spice Mills 2 Coffin Factory 1 File Factory, 1 Glass Staining Factories; 3 ~~~` ~. PITTSBURGH:ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 87 TOMLINsUN & McKI~i$. ~ ~C~i}~)iL1y~4~ ~)it ~yayr M4~ye~}J1$~, i3ridge, Engine, Machine and Rolling Mill Castings, OF ALL KINDS, MADE TO ORDER. RAIL ROAD STREET, BETWEEN 29th AND 30th STREETS, PITTSBURGH, PA. ~~ ~RON MANUFACTURER AND BUILDER OF 13 t GI~~~ Works, Corner C~son, 2Ot~ ~ S11~fl7Jy Sts. ~ ~~~~a~~~ ~~T E & M~C?~ MANUFACTIJRERS OF ~ team ngines, last Furnace achinery, AND ALL FIXTURES FOR FURNACE PURFOSES. Flouring Mill and Saw Mill Machinery made to order. Breweries fitted llp ~~ the latest style and on short notice. Repairing promptly attended to. C~R./~~K~PI~E~r~e?i~r~~~~~~~?~. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. In addition to these, the Assessors' books show that there are four hundred and thirteen lesser miscellaneous manufacturing establishments, representing all the modern avocations. We ha~e shown that the ~alue of the annual prodnets of three hundred and fifty-four of these, embracing the mills, foundries, machine shops, refineries, glass, steel and white lead factories, and breweries, amount to upwards of $55,000,000. To this may be added the following: MANUFACTURES AMOUNT OF VALUE OF CAPITAL INVESTED. PRODUCTS. Tanneries, - - - - - - - $1,962,000 $2,300,000 Tobacco Factories, - - - - - - 650,000 2,000,000 ~ Cotton and Woolen Factories, - - - 1,550,000 1,688,000 Chair and Cabinet Factories, ~ - - - - 560,000 580,000 ~ Brass Foundries, - - - - - - 390,000 492,000 ~ Planing Mills, - - - - - - -.580,000 735,000 ~ Glass Staining Factories, - - - - 90,000 156,000 ~ Potteries - - - - - - - - 186,000 14-2,000 ~ Brick Yards, - - - - - - 180,000.336,000 ~ Tinning Shops, - - - - - - 163,000 362,000 CarAage Factories, - - - - - 294,000 278,000 DistilleAcs, - - - - - - - 302,000 2,984,000 ~ Wagon Factories, - - - - - - 160,000.286,000 ~ Brush Factories - - - - - - 33,000 62,000 ~ Marble Yards, - - - - - - 148,0f)0 326,000 ~ Bellows Factories, - - - - - - 40,000 70,000 ~ Total, - - - - - - - $7,288,(y00 $12, 79.73Q00 Here we have grouped the ~rin~i~a1 manufactures of Pittsburgh, (exclusive of boat build ing, of which due mention is made elsewhere,) showing a total capital of $106,000,000, and the value of the average annual products, exclusive of coal, to be $69,000,000. In summing up these manufactures, it will be borne in mind that hundreds of small con cerns and many extensive establishments are omitted. The cases are not infrequent where one and two concerns are engaged in the manufacture of a certain article, and where, owing to obvious reasons, we have refrained from giving figures. To secure any positive informa tion concerning the amount of capital invested in the miscellaneous shops, or the probable value of their average annual products, would necessarily entail more labor than a work of this character would warrant. We may add, however, that the probable value of these has been variously estimated at from $7,000,000 to $9,000,000, which would make a total of $7 6,000,000. This estimate, we are satisfied, is, if anything, too low. The total value of the - average annual manufactures of Pittsburgh for the year 1869 cannot have been less than $80,000,000. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. H~cjff HI w __ 0 0 OMOTiVE EN tN'ES, ~ ~B~oTht]ERD$ ~& TA~N~K% HTTSBVI~G~H, PA. D. A. STEWART, - - WILSON MILLER, PRESIDENT. SEC. & TREAS. J. AUG. DURGIN, Superintendent. rf' .~~ 90 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 7:~. To show that the assertion is based upon something better than mere gnesswork, we append the following array of fig tires, compiled by Geo. II. TI-itirston, Esq, from the books of the Internal Revenue Assessors for the years mentioned. This statement of the progress of Pittsburgh m~nuf~~ctnres is probably more nearly correct than any showing that will be ever had again of the staples of this city. Amouiit a~d Valuatioll of Taxable Articles, Ainouut aud Valuatioll of Taxable Articles Maiiufactured ill Pittsburgli, aud Returued Mallufactured in Pittsburgli~, and Returned as Sold, from Sept, 1863, to Mareli, 1865. as Sold, from Marcli, 1865, to Marcli, 1866. ARTICLES OF IRON AND STEEL. ARTICLES OF IRON AND STEEL. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight &c., Value. Axes, Pols, tons 261 $35,235 Axes, Pols, tons 653 ~87,369 B!ad~rn~th Work 96,4~7Blael~srnith Work 22'~,137 B its and Nuts, tons 5,102 614,400 Bolts and Nuts, tons 2,490 498,429 Boiler and Sheet Iron Boiler and Sheet Iron -- - - - -- Work 412,426 Work, 517,900 Blooms & Pig Iron, tons, 26,471~ 1,147,150 Blooms & Pig Iron, tons, 31,389 1,509,740 Boring Tools 73,184 Boring Tools 40 326 Barrels, Iron, 4,303 Barrels, Iron -Castings, tons 31,719 3,489, OQO I Castings, tons 21,175 2,132,375 ~ Cultivator Teeth 51,756 Cultivator Teeth Cannon 733,8d-0 Cann'~n, 899,287 Chains. tons 35 ~,20OChains, tons 381 91,311 Domestic and Saddlery; Donieslib an'd ddlery Hsrdware 399.546 Hardware 417,276 Edge Tools 3,972 Edge Tools 63,685 Files 2,313 Files 10,018 Gas Pipe... I 277,830 Gas Pipe & Tuhing, tons, Gla.~s Moulds 31,983 Glass Mc-ulds 28,867 Horse Shoes, tons 1 810 131,309 Horse Shoes, tons 1,316 206,363 Hollow Ware, tons 267 32,040 Hollow Ware, tons 305 43,005 Hinges and Latches 359 ~ing~s and Latches 13,021 Iron Work, 157,849 Iron Work 381,887 Ir~~n Ware 31,983 Iron Ware 34,264 Iron and Steel, bar pl~te I Iron and Steel, bar plate, sheet, tons`I 102317 11,254,870 sheet, tons 86,946 11,694,600 Railing, Safes, D oors,&c 66 294 Railing, Safes, Doors &c 64,355 Machinery ~,~~~~o~~ ~iachinery 1,075.473 ~ails, k~gs 370,650 2,223,900 Nails, kegs 374,019 2,256,114 R. R. Chairs and Spikes, Oil Tools lQO, 395 tons I 3,420 499,708 R. R. Chairs and Spikes, Oil Tools I tons 18,440 2,305,000 Springs and Axles 688,197 Springs and Axles 446 885 Spades, Shovels, Axes & Spades, Shovels, Axes & Saws 1 038 809 Saws 632,219 Spikes and Rivets tons,.. 2,076`254,069 Spikes and Rivets, tons,.. 1;.7~5 219 62~ Sledges, Mattocks, Picks, Sledge.-, Mattocks, Picks, 32,137 &c 24,922 Stoves, tons 1.037 124,440 Stoves, &c., tons 3,081 431 000 Shafting, forged & ham- - Shafting, forged & ham- - mered 435,387 niered 112,225 Tacks & Finishing Nails, 107,864 Tacks & Finishing Nails - 99,878 Wire Work 6,096 Wire Work 6,046 Total value of articles of Iron & Steel,1 -$25,993,437 Total value of articles of Iron & Steel, $27,124,597 sMrtt7~&Ni;) PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 91 ~. 1?4jp~ ~~WA~Th.~4ftK The Pift~burgh ~a ette. ES~A~~iSHEDm IN 17a~ pII{~~ I)~I)llft PIIB~I~ffflJ) ~~~~ (i~) Iffifi ~t~~~il~~~ M()II~~M~~~ -THE PiTTSBURGH GAZETTE, by comm~n consent, is considered the ablest Edited and best Newspaper in Pennsylvania. - - IT IS SPECIAL CHAMPION OF THE (~)i.{ A~nitrt~t~ -~f ~ili~burgI}~ ~r~n~ ~~a{ a'u~ AND IS CONSIDERED THE LEADING COMMERCIAL PAPER OF WESTERN PENNSYLYANIA, AND IS THE - I [Jf![~ll llf ilIll ~tll~ fl(:ijil1ill~~ll?~i't~ I Its Market Reports are used exclusively in eviJence by our County Courts and its Files have been taken to Chicago, by order of its Courts, as ev'dence in giving the most correct Live Stock Reports of Cattle, Hogs and Sheep. -It has the LARGEST CIRCULATION of any paper published in Western Pennsylvania, and is con sidered by our Merchants the BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM. -PRICE, PER ANNUM, $8.00. - - - SIX MONTHS, $4.00. THE WEEKLY &~M1=WEEKLY GAZETTE A\~E~THE F~A\I&IYI}1.E~$~.~ Q~EA$T ~A\~Ei&1~ They are made up especial]y to suit their wants. SEMI-WEEKLY, ONE YEAR, $2.50. - - WEEKLY, ONE YEAR, $1.50. - ;I.;;..~~~ ~Jrr~1-U~~K~ 92 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERC~. ARTICLES OF BRASS, COFFER, FIN, &c. ARTICLES OF BRASS, COPPER, TIN &c No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weigh~, &c. Value. Brass Castings & Work.` $145,031 Brass Castings & Work $277,382 Copper Ware 442,218 Copper Ware 384,125 Copper and Brass Ingots, Copper and Brass Ingots, rolled 1,232,302 rolled 922,533 Britannia & Brass ~Ware 80,198 Britannia & Brass Ware 47,802. Japan'd & Press'd Ware 122,920 Japan'd & Press'd Ware 84,633 Tin & Sheet Iron Ware 211,537 Tin & Sheet Iron Ware 231,397 Total value of articles of Brass, Cop- Total value of articles of Brass, Cop per, Tin, &c $2,184,206 per, Tin,'&c $1,947,372 ARTICLES OF GOLD AND SILVER. ARTICLES OF GOLD AND SILVER. Total yalue of articles of Gold and Silver- Total value of articles of Gold and Silver ware Work $l3,66~ ware Work - $32,880 PRODUCTS Or MINERAL AND EARTHY SUBSTANCES PRODUCTS OF MINERAL AND EARTHY SUBSTANCES. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. BBrJnC%Sle - $140,053 Bricks $235,628 Benzole Crucibles 53,573 Crucibles 78,604 Gas feet,..., 82,458 82,106 Gas, cubic feet 146,344,320 - 277,517 cubic -Glass 4,658,009 Glass 4,606,074 Glass Pots Glass Pots 66,490 Lead, White, ibs 1,075,556 193,600 Lead, White, ibs. 1,166,937 86,709 Lead, Red, ibs 89,622 Load, Red ibs 42,403 Litharge 15,816 Litharge. 64,113 - Marble and StoneWork 53,060 Marble and Stone Work 166,520 Oil, Lubric 72,556 Oil, Lubric 175,678 Oil, Paint 13,741 Oil, Paint Oil, Carbon, gals 12,459,395 8,075,673 Oil1 Carbon, gals 14,537,778 8,722,346 Putty 35,734 - Putty 42,656 -Pottery and Queensware 32,619 - Pofter~' and Queensware 35,685 Paints.... 3,463 Paints 1,361 Salt, barrels 31,000 99,200 Salt, barrels 37,866 105,274 Residuum Residuum 13,620 -SodaAsh Soda Ash 4,716 Totalval. Mineral & Earthy Substances $13,518,825 Total val. Miiieral&Earthy Substances $14,659,104 -ARTICLES OF LIQUID NATURE. ARTICLES or MQU'ID NATURE. — No., Weiglit, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. - Ale and Beer, barrels,... 103,085 $808,908 Ale and Beer, barrels, 134,353 $1,142,000 Soda Water 52,114 Soda Water,...~ 75,748 Yinegar, gals. 57,705 14,426 - Vinegar, gals - 63,590 Whiskey, gals 677,791 1,491,140 Whiskey, gals 102,688 224.813 -Wine, Native, gals 11,003 20,905 Wine, Native, gals 6,885 13,775 -Total value articles of Liquid Nature,$2,374,889 Total value articles of Liquid Nature. $1,506,151 --- -- - ~~:. —-~.~~~~~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 93 (;.~ ~ y~$v~$~~ll{~~tT~44y4 ~ DAILY ()OMMERCtAL ~ ~~~ ~~~p~~ ~f ~~~~4.~ Ii4R~~~ [:H~~?~~~ MU~~ Wiii~ty t:IliUJJt~~[~:JJ, AND 3EST ~OMMEItCIAL NE'~WSPAPER IN Y~E w~fYES~~j TERMS of SUBSGRI,,PTION: } ONE YEAR, $io,oo. THREE MONTHS, 2,50. ~ ~ LIBERAL RATES CIVEN FOR A,DVERTISJNC. THE WEEKLY C. MMERCIAL Co N~ArNS ~ jp~}iTft A~JD, ~~i)mfftTh~TJE m[A}R~~J[~~T J[?~~~JE}~{J)Jk~~~P~ And the Latest and Choicest News and Misceliany.. !::~Terms; $2.00 per year Clubs of Twenty $1.50' peryean All communications designed for publication, must be addressed to the EDIToR. Business letters should be addressed "THE COMMERCIAL." ~.r. T~OX~SON, ~u~nc~ ~anagcr. C. r. ~~!GHA~X, Editor. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. ARTICLES OF COMBINED MATERIALS. ARTICLES OF COMBINED MATERIALS. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. Agricultural Implem'ts $36,081 Agricultural Irnplem'ts $33,075 Brusbe~ 96,321 Brushes 51,035 Braids and Wigs 1,596 Braids and Wigs Brooms- 33,415 Brooms 29,515 Bellows 37,264 Bellows 00,755 Carriage Work 72,605 Carriage Work 131,830 Cars 96,482 Cars 151,590 Capstans 7,865 Capstans - 2,356 Extract Coffee 24,q.76 Extract Coffee 11,717 Guns, Rifles, &c ~3,483Guns, Rifles, &c 2,122 Gun~, Carriages,Wheels, Guns, Carriages, Wheels, Caissons 135,895 Caissons Harness, Saddles, and Harness, Saddles, and Trunks 488,521 Trunks 324,524 Hats and Caps 7,387 Hats and Caps - 4,858 Plows 217)823 Plows 250,0~J8 Printing, Binding, &c Plumbing - - -~ 4,054 Plumbing 33,071 Printing, Binding, &c 165,700 Steamboats, Hulls and: Steamboats Hulls and Cabins 466,414 Cabins 274,039 Saddle Trees 7,089 Saddle Trees 20,282 Tubs and Pails, 31,885 Tubs and Pails 18,185 Wagon Work 103,914 Wagon Work 236,613 Whips - 34,904 Whips - 36,323 Total valuo of articles of Combined Total value of articles of Combined -Materials $2,112,69'1 Materials $1,815,271 ARTICLES OF WOOD. - ARTICLES OF WOOD. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. Barrels and kegs $627,300 Barrels and Kegs $614,449 Boxes 124,575 Boxe 109,758 Bungs 2,402 Bung~ -.::` Baskets 225 Baskets 428 Coal Barges and Flats 821,907 Coal Barges and Fiats,...... 824,803 Corks 14,394 Corks 17,042 Coffins 4,063 Coffins 24,583 Doors and Sasb 168,261 Doors and Sash,... 150,473 Looking Glass Frames 43,109 Looking Glass Frames,.. 40,793 Furniture 296,622 Furniture,....... Miscellaneous Wood - 32,344' Miscellaneous WooJ 326,202 Work Work 79,982 Pumps and Blocks 31,087 Pumps and Blocks 30,563 Skiffs 6.718 Skiffs 7,509 -Toys 2,438 Toys Washing Machines 869 - Washing Machines Venetian Blinds 3,424 Venetian Blinds 5,255 Total value of articles af Wood, $2,179,745 Total value of articles of Wood $2,231,346 ~ - WY;:; kY2 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUStRY AND COMMERCE. .1 MmM70. PITTSBURGH REVIEW AND ~ ~ PRICE CURRENT. Leading Manufacturing and Mercantile Journal of Pennsylva nia. Only Faithful Reporter of the Prices of Pittsburgh Manufactures. Complete and Reliable Q~otations of the Pittsburgh General Markets. The Staunch Friend and Ad vocate of American Industry, in all its branches. An Invalu able Journal for the Manufi~ctory, Counting Room and Farm House. Best Advertising Medium for Manufacturers and Inventors. Subscription per year, in advance, $3.00. Adver tising, per square of ten lines, nonpareil, one year, $30.00. ~ Ai)DRESS, MAcCONNELL & Co. PUBLISHERS, fITTSBUWGH~ fA. ~ I ~ 6 ~`,;. 9' PITTSBURGH~: iTh INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. OllEMICALS. OllEMICALS. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &o. Value. Caustic Soda $16,933 Caustic Soda $. Chloroform 120 Chloroform Copperas',... 4,066 Copperas 2 615 Chloride of Calcium 69,681 Chloride of Calcium`547 Aquafortis 646 Aquafortis Ammonia 12,512 Ammonia 15.283 Muriatic Acid 7,143 ~1uriatic Acid 11,962 Nitric Acid 6,974 Nitric Acid. 17,890 Sulphuric Acid 25~,567Sulphuric Acid Sal Soda 3,167 Sal Soda Saponifier 87,504 Saponifier 457,044 Oxide of Iron 151 Oxide of Iron 516 Total value of Ch~icals $466,464 Total value of Chemicals,... $506,045 ARTICLES FROM VEGETABLR.MATTER. ARTICLES FROM VEGETABLE MATTER. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. Ashes $ 2,115. Ashes $ Cigars 6,996,695 104,947 Cigars 3,237,773 48,555 Confection~ry Confectionery 149,556 Linseed`Oil, gals 93,335 158,669 Linseed Oil, gals 98,876 103,706 Turpentine 25,300 Turpentine Tar 5,306 Tar. 6,842 Snuff, ibs 17,384 11,299 Snuff, lbs 12,318 11,703 Tobacco 2,114,995 1,374,727 Tobacco 810,820 Varnish, Copal 7,098 Varnish, Copal 8,862 Japan Dresser 8,313 Japan Dresser Wheat Starch,... 3,673 Wheat Starch 1,197 Paper 5,181 Paper 14,391 Spices Ibs 36,914 11,974 Spices, lbs 9,106 Total val. articles of Vegetable Matter, $1,858,261 Total val. articles of #egetable Matter, $1,163,978 TEXTILE~{}BR~gS; &c. Value. FABRICS. &c. Value. Bonnets and Millinery $ 15,150 Bonnets and' Millinery $ 68,580 Cotton Sheeting, &c 902,617 Cotton Sheeting &c 1,063,141 Clothing 2,583,369 Clothing. 2,628,599 Cloaks 122486 Cloaks 84,674 Coverlets, 65' Coverlets Carpets 8,309 Carpets 12, 26'9 Corda~e and Twine 144,954 Cordage and Twine 354,738 Flax Bags 70.221 Bags.` 76,466 Oil Cloths 15,406 Oil Cloths 13,592 Manilla Cushions 595 Manilla Cushions Shoddy,. 163,649 Shoddy.~.. 4,025 Upholstery 113,224 Upholstery 92,470 Woolen Goods, &c 192;358 ~Voolen Goods, &c 252,435 Total value of Textile Fabrics,. $4,332,403 1" Total value of Textile Fabrics $4,650,989 ~;:. PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 97 (;~ tS~UE~ OVThR I ~,OOO - COPIES! TllI~ PtTT~~UR(4ll L~A~~R. ~ The advantages to Advertisers of using the Leader, as the ~ medium through which to attract the patronage of the people, must be obvious. IT ItAS TItE LAItGEST ~IItCULATION Of auy Paper ill Pfttsburgb~ or Wester~ Pe~~sylva~ia, COMING UNDER TllE EYES OF AT LEAST ~~~~,~~~~.~~~~~~~SD, AND SflOULD ATTRACT TllE ATTENTION OF ALL WilO WISlI TO MAKE KNOWN TREIR WARES TO TRE PEOPLE OF WESTERN PENNSYL VANIA, AS AN UNRIVALLED ADVERTISING MEDIUM. ~UBLISHED AT THE ~EADE~~FFIoE F~FTll AVENUE, OPPOSITE POST OFFICE,: . ~~~$[~W~[~~'~~~~"f'R~(~~E~"~ -~`~~~ %D.~)~Th PITTSBURGfl: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 98 ANIMALS AND TllEIR PRODUCTS. ANIMALS AND TllEIR PRODUCTS. No., Weight, &c. Value. No., Weight, &c. Value. Boots and Shoes $311,407 Boots and Shoes $453,279 Curled-Hair 10,096 Curled Hair 12,581 Candles 137,940 Candies 65,417 Car Grease 3,125 Car Grease 6,097 Cattle, Slaughtered, ~o 41,920 5,788,800 Cattle, Slaughtered, No 32,948 8,954,000 Calves 22,813 114,065 Calves 17,567 87,835 Calf Skins 22,623 140,404 Calf Skins 63,353 Facings or Bone Dust, 10,104 Facings or Bone Dust 4,520 Furs 7,748 Furs,.. 6,531 Glue, ibs 459,566 64,721 Glue, ibs 11,031 Glov~ 3,045 Gloves 3,360 Horse Hides 523 Horse Hides. 1,760 Hogs, No. Slaughtered.-.. 42,155 1,265,650 Hogs, ~o.. Slaughtered, 15,695 235,290 Hog Skins 1,806 Hog Skins 1,015 Leather, Bridle, lbs 40,003 2,882 Leather, Br,dle ibs ~. Belting 26,321 Belting Dash & Enam- Dash & Enam eled, lbs 53,390 22,463- eled, ibs " Harness, lhs 130,972 707,605 C' Dash, ret'd val IKip, lbs. 43,750 39,310 Harness, lbs 596,7.70 3-31055 Wfthoutdesc'n, 124,510 Kip, ibs 34,489 Sole, lhs 575,144 287,572 " Withoutdesc'n 157,269 ret'dvaluo 121,372 " Sole, ibs 605,456 322,561 Rough, ibs 108,165 47,592 " Rough 26,868 Upper, ibs 68~270368`:- U~~~~~i~~5 Dressed, value, 49,310 " Dressed, value 88,660 Soap, tons ii,.531 1,960,270 Soap, tons 14,932 2,239,800 Sheep, No. Slaughtered, 43,115 183,238 Sheep, ~o. Slaughtered, 48,100 - 192,400 Sheep Skins. 35,965 Sheep Skins, 33 156 Neatsfoot Oil, gals 2,453 4,292 Neatsloot Oil, gals. 2,4i3~ 4,223 Lard Oil, gals 237,741 427,933 Lard Oil,.. 17Q5~0 281,457 Belting, value 4,071 Beltings 36`954 Total value of Animals and Products,.. $11,973,084 Total value of Animals and Products,.. $8,674,961 R E C A PI T U L A T 10 N TOTAL VALUE OF AHTICLES~ SUBJECT TO TAX, SOLD. From Sept. 1863, From March, 1565, to March, 1865. to March, 1566.. Total value of articles of Iron and Steel $25,993,437 $27,124,952 C' CC Brass, Copper, Tin, &c 2,184,206 1,947,372 C' CC C Gold and Silver Work 13,664 32,088 CC- CC C ~ineral and Earthy Substinces 13,5l8,82~ 14,659,104 Combined Material 2,112,691 1,815,271 Liquid ~at,,re`2,374,889 1,506,151 CC CC ~~ood,.... 2,179,745 2,231,246 — -CC CC C' Chemicals 446,464 506,045 C' From Vegetable Matter 1,858,261 1,163 978 C C' T~xtile Fabrics 4,332,403 4,650,989 C' C' CC Animals and their Prod.~cts 11,973,084 8,674,961 -Total, $66,987,669 $64,312,157 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 99 Tll~ ()NLY DL1\t~Ct~ATtC ~~ILY I(;)t$RNAL Published in V\(estern Pennsylvania. NOW IN ITS TWENTY-EIGHTH YEAR, I)I{fl~~~~~ ~Iiy~~~~~fl~ ~(J ~I)Y~It~I~~I{~ Itff~~ ~ilfl II~fl~II~~llIJ. Being the only Democratic Daily published in`Western Pennsylvania, and circulating- - extensively through all that section of country, Eastern Ohio and Western Virginia, its advantages, therefore, as a medium of communication ~nui~n~ fI}t with the public, are apparent. b~ ~t'-{t~ra~~~ AND TllE MAILS TO THE MOMENT OF GOING TO PRESS. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, - - - - - - $8.00 PER YEAR. -.Delivered by Carriers at 15 cents per week. -TH ST HAS NOW ~ THE LARGEST CIRCULATION OF ANY POLITICAL PAPER IN PENNSYLVANIA, AND IS CONSTANTLY INCREASINQ -DVERTISE S ILL Fl IT VALUA LE ME IU -TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: Single C&pies, 1 year, $2.00. In Chbs of 5, or over, $1,50 per Copy. ~ ?ll~tI~ll~ll~ OY ~H~ IJAItY & W~~KtY PO~t?}~~~~llll~ll: PA. ~~ 3~Thj~~ 100 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. In presenting the fbregoing tabular statement,. it will be necessary to remind the uninformed reader that, at no period in- her history has Pittsburgh fiirnished such unmistakable evidence of ~rosperity as at the present day. The growth of her manuf~cturing establishinents within the- past four years has been marvelou~ We look in vain for any similar period in the history of the growth of her shops which can serve as a suitable comparison with her present progress. With her vast resources and transportation facilities, there is nothin'g to preven.t Pitts. burg~h, withfn ~t%e next fifteen years, from numbering- a population twice ~s large as that now embraced in her limits. Pittsbnrgh~ great and strong as she is,. has just entered upon the infancy of her mamufacturing. life. BOAT' BUILDING AND STEAMBOAT INTERESTs. AMo~G- the earliest indu-stries of Pittsburgh we include boat building. Long before steam was employed as an agent in navigation, the forests surrounding what was then known as Fort Duquesne, fnrnished the material for "broadhorns," "bateaus," and "~alleys." In the Centinel of the North West," published in Cincinnati, under date of January 11, 1794, appears an advertisement announcing the' formation of a line of boats destined to ply between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, accompanied by the following "notice:" "No danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every person on board will be under cover made proof against rifle or musket balls, and convenient port-holes for firing out of. Each of the boats is armed with six pieces, carrying a pound ball; also, a number of good muskets, and amply supplied with plenty of ammunition.'~ In Craig's llistory of Pittsburgh, we find a letter dated Niiay, 1798, containing the following extract: " On the 19th insta~nt, the galley President Adam-s was launched, and is now at anchor in the Allegheny. She will be completely e~iipped in a iew days, and will, I am confident, be as fine a vessel of her burden and construction as the United States possesses. * * * The keel of the second galley is laid, and other materials prepared." The second galley is afterwards spoken of as "a fine piece of naval architect nrc, and one which will far exceed anything which ihe Spaniard's can show on the Mississippi." 1~ PITTSBURGH: IT~ INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 101 NATlO AL i3ANK OF PITTSBURGH, 4 #;~~$iff~s1~ ~nffira~k ~~A~t4~$)t ~ti~~nI}~i~nll~p.~~fl~y `Capital paid in - - -`-.- $5oo~oo ~LFLF,~CTE~LS3: ~ J)Y~esidcnt, - - - - - JJ~~S LJ U~iiLLiY, ~ c6s~er, - - - - - - JOHiY B. SCULL Y, ~ Jssistant C~skie.r; -.- - Cirt'S. W. Sr~Lll. DD\tI%REQCD~T&~4~RThL)SC: JAMES LAUGHLIN, ALEX. SPEER, WILLIAM II. EWING, WILLIAM K. NIMICK, THOMAS WIGHTMAN, JAMES S. M'CORD, ROBERT S. HAYS, JACOB PAINTER, - JOHN WILSON. DmI5~OmUN~5 flAI~1A~wY A~ NQON~ ~.;;` ~ PITTSBURGFi: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. In Cramer's Almanac for 1813, we find a detailed description of the first regular steam passenger packet, which plied between Natchez and New Orleans, "performing the voyage in thirty-two honrs." In the same puhlication mention is made of the construction of "two or three" steamboats at Pittsburgh, to complete the line, "besides a small one just put in opera- - tion by Mr. George Evans, designed for the Allegheny and Monongahe}a rivers." The steamer alluded to by Mr. Cramer was the fii~st steamboat built at the port of Pitts bnrgh. It was named the "New Orleans," and was built by Nicholas J. Roosevelt, who acted under instructions from Messrs. Livii~gston and Fulton. The New Orleans left Pitts burgh on her trial trip October 11, 1811, Andrew Jack acting as pilot, Mr. Baker as engineer. Judging from the statements of those who were familiar with the general appearance and details of the New Orle'ansr the old-time steamer bore but little resemblance to the modern passenger boat. T? New Orleans was one hundred and thir~y.eight feet keel, between three and four hundred tons burden, had her cabins in the hold, and was supplied with -a bowsprit — and port-holes. The total cost of construction approached $10,000 This- pioneer craft on the Western waters made the round trip between Natchez and New Or] cans in ten days, and netted her owners $20,000 the first year. From the date of the construction of the New Orleans down to the present time, the build ing of steamboats has )een a leading feature among the manufacturing interests of Pitts- - -burgh, occupying the attention of iron as well as wood wor}cers. In 1810, the list of steam. boats bnilt and owned in Pittsburgh aniounted to eighty-nine, with an aggregate tonnage of ten thousand seven hundred and ninety. ~me idea of the business accomplished by these steamers may be obtained from the statenient, taken from the books of the Monongahela wharf master, showing that the arrivals from August, 1839, to July, 1&11, were two thou -sand six hundred and eighty-six, and the departures during the same interval were two thou sand six hundred and fifty-three. From 1842 to 181G-7, from fifty t(> sixty stcctmboats, some of them the very best of their class, and all possessing the essentials requisite to first-class passenger and trading boats were built annually at the port of ~ittsburgh. Tlie extraordinary advantages afibrded at this point attracted very general attention7 and the boat yards and machine shops of Pittsburgh were taxed to supply the demands of the carrying trade on the Western waters. Sixty-four steamers were constructed and launched in a single year. The report of the supervising : inspector for 185~, shows that out of four hundred and seventy steamers navigating Western waters at that date, two hundred and fourteen were built at Pittsburgh. These averaged three hundred and thirty-one tons burden, making an aggregate of seventy thousand eight hundred and thirty four t?ns. Within the past twenty years, the general character of West ern craft has been materially improved in every respect, save in the niatter of speed. The PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 101 (~. ATtO AL i3ANK OF PITTSBURGH, 4 ~ 4$~~$iffys1~ ~tt~ffira~k ~~2,~ffir~ttys)t ~Ji~D~~i~nll~p~~fl~ -. Capital paid in - - - ~- $5OO;OOO O~LFLF~~CLE~RL~3: ~ PresiJent, - - - - - JJ~~S LJ UUJILIiY, ~ CaisIiiei~ - - - - - - JOHiYB.SCULLY, ~ Jssist~nt C~shier, - - cIrtis. w. sr~Bll. DD$$I%itEf1T~DO~?L)~U: JAMES LAUGllLIN, ALEX. SPEER, WILLIAM II. EWING, WILLIAM K. NIMICK, ~ TllOMAS WIGllTMAN, JAMES S. M'CORI), ROBERT S. llAYS, JACOB PAINTER, ~ JOHN WILSON. DMI5~OffUN~S DcAI1A~Y A~ NO~ON~ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 103.~:. - (b7~~k ~ooks~ for (Tha~ks, ~i~erca~ti1~ HO~3CS; &0G ~G. SCHOYER ~ cO# A BINDERS, ~ - } } - $;~{r..{..{..{;~iiWn~oO~{~?1~)~~~~' ~~~~~~ ;~~~p)Q3~~?\ Forcigis a~J (bosyt~s4ic S~a~io~ery of evcry ki~d. ~~~?~ IO~ PITTSBURGH: ITS IND~STRY AND COMMERCE. ~ fastest time ever made on Western waters, was made by tile J. M. White, a Piftsbnrgil-t)nilt boat, which plied on tile Western waters twenty five years ago. Mucil ilas been accom plisiled, however, in tbe way of se~nring aids in loading and unloading, and in various ~ mecilameal details, bnt mucil more ilas been gained in tile adaptation of power to tile draugl~t ~ requisite-improvements securing tile transportation of nearly double tile freight formerly ~ carried on boats of similar dimensions ~ - The report of tile supervisor of tile seventil district, for 1870, shows that one hundred ~ and fifty-six steamers of all classes, ilaving an aggregate tonnage of forty tilousand one hun~ dred and four tons, were inspected at tilis port. One ilundred and eighteen of tilese are tugs, the greater portion of whicil are employed in tile transportation of coal. It must be borne in mind, however, that these figures do not embrace the actual capital invested by the citizens of Pittsburgh in tile carrying trade. Nearly, if not quite, as large a nuniber of Pittsburgh-built boats, representing, in part, Pittsburgh capital, are to be found in other ports. The total ~ amount of capital invested in steamers alone cannot be less than $6,000,000. -~Tt is~ estimated that $2,600,000 is invested in tugs alone, and upwards of $7,000,000 in barges and boats. ~ The skill of our boat.builders has not been confined to the construction of steamers and barges. The facilities possessed by Piftsbnrgh for the production of iron, and the discyission of the respective merits of wood and iron steamers, induced one of our earliest manufl~c turers to embark in an enterprize which, at that time, (upwards of thirty years ago,) was pro. nounced extremely hazardous. This was tile construction of an iron steamboat. The Va~ ley Forge," the first iron steamboat made in the Ijuited States, was built in Pittsburgh in 1839. Owing to the frequent obstructions common to Western channels at that early day, more than to any other cause, perhaps, the experiment proved a failure. Previous to this venture, several sea-going vessels were built at this port, at various dates. Subsequently other vessels, among them an iron schooner, which served as a supply ship, were constructed at this port by order of the government. The U. S. steamer Michigan, oi~e of tile finest ves sels of her class, now employed on the lakes, was constructed in Pittsburgh, and niny be cited as a fair sample of the skill of Pittsburgh mechanics. In short, in every instance, the sea.going vessels built in Pittsburgh, whether of iron or wood, rendered such satisfaction as to direct the attention of tile government to the port as a point of the first importance. It was reserved, howev~r, for the period occupied by tile war to demonstrate fully tile extraordinary facilities Pittsburgh presented for tile production of iron vessels. Prior to the -war, tile iron mills were engaged exclusively in the production of merchant iron. The remarkable success which attended Captain Erieson's first experiment with his iron-clad induced the mill-owners of Pi.ftsbumgh to adapt their machinery to the manufacture of armor plates of any required size or thickness. Among the first to engage in the new enterprize - ~:{` io6 PITTSBURGH ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. was the firm of Brown & Go. Subsequently, Lyon, Sho'rb & Go.,, proprietors of the Sligo Works, Messrs., McKnight & Co., Graff, Bennett & Co., Reese, Graff & Dull, and Sl~oenberger & Co., adapted their machinery to the manufacture of armor plates; while Messrs. Moor`head & Co. erected a separate establishment, expre,ss'ly designed for the m:tnufb,cture of armor plates~varying from one to seven inches in thickness. The above named mills furnished the greater portion of' all the armor plates required by the government during the war. Nine mills, in all, furnished plates to order. It would be difficult to determine the precise amount of armor plates produced by the mills of' Pittsburgh. Suffic -e it to say, their production, for a time, employed the energy and skill of the leading concerns. - The rapidity and ease with which they were produced, attracted anew the attention of the government, in con~equence of which the- hoat.yards: of Pittsburgh were called upon to furnish iron-dads to the navy, the authorities wisely concluding that nothing could be lost by trying the - experiment of constructing iron.clads oii the spot where the plates were produced in+'profusion. The very efficient aid rendered the navy by Pittsburgh ~ durin~ the war, demonstrated, in an unmistakable manner, its importance and usefulness Twice in the year, sometimes often er, the Ohio riyer contains water sufficient to float the largest hulls demanded in naval -warfi~re, while at all times the material requisite to the construction of vessels of every class may be transported from this to any point at a comparatively small cost. What with the -facilities for the production of iron, and the ability of the mills to supply armor plates of any dimensions, Pittsburgh affords one of the best sites for a naval depot of construction to be found in the country. - - -- - - ".`-.. _ PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND' COMMERCE. 107 INDEX. - PAGE. INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - PITTSBURGH TO-DAY, - - - - - - 5 DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENT OF THE COAL TRADE - - - 12 ~ THE COKE TRADE, - - - - - - - - 18 THE IRON INTEREST, - - - - - - - 22 THE MALLEABLE IRON TRADE - - - - - 31 THE STEEL TRADE OF PITTSBURGH,` - - -` - - 40 - THE PETROLEUM INTEREST OF PITTSBURGH, - - - - 52 - THE GLASS MANUFACTURES, - - - - - - 58 - THE - WHITE LEAD INTEREST, - - - - - - 61 OUR COTTON AND WOOLEN MILLS, - - - - - 70 - PITTSBURGH'S COPPER TRADE - - - - - - 76 - THE TOBACCO TRADE - - - - - - 80 - MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF PITTSBURGH - - - 81 BOAT BUILDING AND STEAMBOAT INTERESTS, - - - 100 io8 PITTSBURGH: ITS INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS Iron and Nails. PAGE. LYO,~ & Co., - - - -. 7 HALL & SPEER,, Plows. PAGE. HOB 87 LEWIS, OLIVER & PHILLIPS, - 9 Iron Bridges, &c. JONES & LAUGHLINS, 11 ~ j SCHULTZ, 87 BROWN&CO., - -. 13 SPANG, CHALFANT & CO.,. 15 Sheet Iron. SHOENBERGER & CO.,. 17 ROGERS & BURCHFIL~LD, - - - - 35 LLOYD & BLACK, - 25 Boiler Works. UNION IRON MILLS, 23 WATSON & MUNROE, - - - - 21 Steel. Fire Proof Safes. PARK, BROTHER & CO., - 41 BURKE &`BARNES, 23 MILLER, BARR &` PARKIN, - 43 Locomotives. SINGER, NIMICK & CO., -, - 45 PITTSBURGH LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, 89 ANDERSON & WOODS, 47 BROWN & CO., - - - 13 Malleable Iron Coods. ~. Class. MOORHEAD, ADAMS & CO., - - 19 WM. MoCULLY & CO., - - ~~ JOHN CRAWFORD & CO., - - - 33 I)ITHRIDGE & SON, -, - ~~ GILLIAM MANUFACTURING CO., 33 LORENZ & WIGHTMAN, - 61 ~ Cutlery. - - 49 ROBERT C. SCHMERTZ,. 63 BEAVERFALLS CUTLERY CO., PAGE, ZELLERS & DUFF, - 67 Petroleum. BECK, PHILLIPS & CO., - 67 LOGAN BROTHERS & CO., - - 51 JAS. B. LYON, - 69 TACK, BROTHER & CO., - - - 53 BAK~WELL, PEARS & CO., 69 ~, WARING & KING, 55 SHOENBERGER, Furnaces. White Lead. BLAIR & CO., - - - 17 BEYMER, BAUMAN & CO., - - - - 65 ~, Founders, Machinists, &c. Furniture. MACKINTOSH, HEMPHILL & CO., - 27 ~ T. C. FULTON, - -. - - - 75 A. GkERISON & CO., 29 Natrona Chemicals. BOLLMAN & BAGALEY, - - - - 31 LINDSAY, MURRAY & CO., - - - - 85 PENN'A SALT MANUFACTURING CO, - 77 KNAP FORT PITT FOUNDRY CO., - 83 Tobacco. WM. SMITH, - 39 W. & D. RINEHART, 81 TOTTEN & CO.,.. - - 105 Fire Brick, &c. TOMLINSON & McKEE, 87 D. R. ECKER, - -. - - 79 ~ Engine Builders, &c. Life Insurance. A. HARTUPEE, -. - - 71 CONTINENTAL LIFE INSURNACE CO., 79 FABER & VAN DOREN, - - - ~ - 85 Papers. JOHNSON, SATLER & McCOY, - - 87, PITTSBURGH GAZETTE, - - - - 91 ~ Bell and Brass Founders, &c. PITTSBURGH COMMERCIAL, - - - 93 A. FULTON'S SON & CO., - - - - 29 REVIEW AND PRICE CURRENT, - - 95 SHERRIFFS & LOUGHREY, -. - - 73 PITTSBURGH LEADER, - - - 97 S. CADMAN & SON, 105 PITTSBURGH POST, - - -. - 99 Forges. Banks. WM. MILLER, - - - - - - - 75 FIRST NATIONAL BANK, - - - 101 ~ron $ailings, &c. Stationers. J. COCHRAN & BRO., -. - - 35 MYERS, SCHOYER & CO., - - - - 103