(~~ -"7 ,~.~.,,'' ~~' I.:?~~~i110 C -1v Iji ~-cO(r- 7;~I i!!I~?:: II rl ' '..,I..:::! ~~ .......~.~; ~-;~:::~~.O.T~~n;u:.:~.I'-'~~~ —.......i,.. ~~~:.. ~~~;~ ~~~r.. ''"'..r.. ~' :i: I~i i~;:~ iiiii::': ~:!"l]iiiit;,R~,!,.i.. ~;~~:~~.:.....:: ~, ~i. i;()?~~ ~!~i nii;:~ ~.~:.j~ Iti, ~~:r:: ~~~~~~~.~~~--~ ~.:::::, ilil ~~,!~.~~~: -~~~~:.~~:I: ~ J ci-c-;~mt.~..:r~ ry.....::"" r!~~..'':: ~~:: ~ I~il:::~~~~~~.:: I;;:4n:i?:!: ~ ~,~~.~.~ ~~....~.~'.:..:.~~.~.'~.~~~..'!~~~: — -......rcwrr '*ttt. tttf''l" r.: PP 111 a iL ~.3/ ( F CD; C CDr LO~ con (-nr TiI p' D uL P A 723 1 F q 3o, I I I I J I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / 4, /^, PAPER S RELATING TO THE ANNEXATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS TO THE UNITE D STATES. I i II I 0 I I II WASHINGTON: GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893....., ~~~~~~~~,;.-,..; ~~~.,,.. '....... *: - '.-..b-; '';. 1 '. ''- ' ho.-~r; -s,# t ~ - i e; ' ' |' PAPERS,*6 RELATING TO THE ANNEXATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANI)DS TO 'TI EA UNITED STATES. 1', I I, ~, ft 1 - - (jS, ir, BUMS.. a;to\:f3-, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893. *1 * 52D CONGRESS, I 2d Session. l SENATE. -Ex. D -o:: EN. Doc. No. 76. i..., hr ~; ac,.- ''," t~, I IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. MESSAGE FROM THE f PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTLNG A treaty of annexation concluded on the 14th day of February, 1893, between the United States and the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. FEBRUARY 15, 1893.-Read; treaty read the first time, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and, together with the message and accompanying papers9 ordered to be printed in confidence for the use of the Senate. FEBRUARY 17, 1893.-Injunction of secrecy removed and ordered to be printed. To the Senate: I transmit herewith, with a view to its ratification, a treaty of annexation concluded on the 14th day of February, 1893, between Hon. John W. Foster, Secretary of State, who was duly empowered to act in that behalf on the part of the United States, and Lorrin A. Thurston, W. R. Castle, W. C. Wilder, C. L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden, the commissioners on the part of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. The treaty, it will be observed, does not attempt to deal in detail with the questions that grow out of the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. The commissioners representing the Hawaiian Government have consented to leave to the future and to the just and benevolent purposes of the United States the adjustment of all such questions. I do not deem it necessary to discuss at any length the conditions which have resulted in this decisive action. It has been the policy of the administration not only to respect, but to encourage the continuance of an independent government in the Hawaiian Islands so long as it afforded suitable guarantees for the proteetion of life and property and maintained a stability and strength that gave adequate security against the domination of any other power. The moral support of this Government has continually manifested itself in the most friendly diplomatic relations, and in many acts of courtesy to the Hawaiian rulers. The overthrow of the monarchy was not in any way promoted by this Government, but had its origin in what seems to have been a reactionary and revolutionary policy on the part of Queen Liliuokalani, which put in serious peril not only the large and preponderating interests of Ijl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. 2 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. the United States in the islands, but all foreign interests, and indeed the decent administration of civil affairs,lnd the peace of the islands. It is quite evident that the monarchy had become effete and the Queen's government so weak and inadequate as to be the prey of designing and unscrupulous persons. The restoration of Queen Liliuokalani to her throne is undesirable, if not impossible, and unless actively supported by the United States would be accompanied by serious disaster and the disorganization of all business interests. The influence and interest of the United States in the islands tmust be increased and not diminished. Only two courses ire now open; one the establishment of a protectorate by the Uni d States, anld the other, annexatiol full and complete. I think the latter course, which lhas been adopted in the treaty, will be highly proinotive of the best interests of the Hawaiian people, and is the only one that will adequately secure the interests of the United States. These interests are not wholly selfish. It is essential that none of the other great powers shall secure these islands. Such a possession would not consist with our safety and with the peace of the world. This view of the situation is so apparent and conclusive that no protest has been heard from any governmlent against proceedings looking to annexation. Every foreign representative at Honolulu promptly acknowledged the provisional government, and I think there is a general concurrence in the opinion that the deposed queen ought not to be restored. Prompt actiol nupon this treaty is very desirable. If it meets the approval of the Senate peace and good order will be secured in the islands under existing laws until such time as Congress can provide by legislation a permanent form of government for the islands. This legislation should be, and I do not doubt will be, not only just to the natives and all other residents and citizens of the islands, but should be characterized by great liberality and a high regard to the rights of all the people and of all foreigners domiciled there. The correspondence which accompanies the treaty will put the Senate in possession of all the facts known to the Executive. BENJ. HARRISON. EXECUTIVE MANSION, February 15, 1893. The PRESIDENT: The undersigned, Secretary of State, has the honor to lay before the President, with a view to obtaining the advice and consent of the Senate thereto, should such a course be in the judgment of the President for the public interest, a treaty, signed at Washington on the 14th day of February, instant, by the undersigned alid the accredited commissioners of the existing provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands, in representation of their respective Governments, for tile full and absolute cession of the said islands and all their dependencies to the United States forever, with provision for the temporary government of - those islands, under the sovereign authority of the United States, until Congress shall otherwise enact. With this treaty the undersigned submits to the President copies of the correspondence recently exchanged, showing the course of events in the Hawaiian Islands as respects the overthrow of the late monarch ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ' ical form of government, the creation of a provisional government thereof in the name of the Hawaiian people, the recognition of the same by the representatives there of the United States and of all other powers, the dispatch of a commission to this capital to negotiate for a union of the Government of the Hawaiian Islands with the Government of the United States, and the outcome of those negotiations in the treaty herewith sublitted. The change of government in the'Hawaiian Islands, thus chronicled, was entirely unexpected so far as this Governmenlt was concerned. It is true that for some months past the Hawaiian press and the advices received from the diplomatic and consular representatives at Honolulu indicated political ulcertainty, larty intrigues, and legislative opposition, but not more so than at many times in the past history of the islands, and certainly not suggestive of an overthrow of the monarchy through popular resistance to the unconstitutional acts of the late sovereign. At no time had Mr. Stevens been instructedwith regard to his course in the event of a revolutionary uprising. The well-established policy of this Government, maintained on many occasions from its earliest establishment, to hold relations with any de facto government in possession of the effective power of the State and having the acquiescence of the governed, being ample to meet unforeseen contingencies, no instructions in this specific sense were indeed necessary; and the minister, without explicit instructions, was expected and constrained to use his best judgment, in accordance with fundamental precedent, as the emergency should arise. The change was in fact abrupt and unlooked-for by the United States ministeror the naval commander. At a moment of apparent tranquillity, when the political excitement and controversy of thle immediately preceding three months had been to all appearances definitely allayed, and when, as appears from dispatches from the minister and from the commanding officer of the Boston, a settlement of differences seemed to have been reached, Minister Stevens quitted tile capital for a brief excursion of ten days to a neighboring island, on the Boston, the only naval vessel of the United States at the islands. O)n returning to Honolulu on January 14 the crisis was found to be in fall vigor and to have already reached proportions which made inevitable either the success of Queen Liliuokalani's attempt to subvert the constitution by force or the downfall of the monarchy. On Saturday, the 14th of January, the capital was wholly controlled by the royal troops, including a large additional force of over 500 armed men not authorized by Hawaiian law. On the same day the first call to arms in opposition to the Queen was issued, and the citi. zens' committee of safety was developed. During'the 14th, 15th, and most of the 16th, the two parties confronted each other in angry hostility, with every indication of an armed conflict at any moment. It was not until late in the afternoon of Monday, the 16th, after request for protection had been made by many citizens of the United States residing in Honolulu, that a force of marines was landed from the Boston, by direction of the minister, and in conformity with the standing instructions which for many years have authorized the naval forces of the United States to cooperate with the minister for the protection of: the lives and property of American citizens in case of imminent disorder. The marines, when landed, took no part whatever toward influencing the course of events. Their presence was wholly precautionary, and only such disposition was made of them as was calculated to subserve the particular end in view. They were distributed that night between *.. ': -. r A~~4, il! 4 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. the legation and the consulate, where they occupied inner courts and a private hall rented for their accommodation. Beyond a sentry at the door of each post, and the occasional appearance of an officer passing from one post to another, no demonstration whatever was made by the landed forces, nor was the uniform of the United States visible upon the streets. They thus remained, isolated and inconspicuous, until after the success of the Provisional Government and the organization of an adequate protective force thereunder. At the time the Provisional Government took possession of the Government buildings, no troops or officers of the United States were present or took any part whatever in the proceedings. No public recognition was accorded to the Provisional Government by the United States minister until after the Queen's abdication and when they were in effective possession of the Government buildings, the archives, the treasury, the barracks, the police station, and all the potential machinery of the Government. Then, and not until then, when the Provisional Government had obtained full defacto control, was the new order of things recognized by the United States minister, whose formal letter of recognition was promptly followed by like action on the part of the representatives of all foreign governments resident on the Hawaiian Islands. There is not the slightest indication at any time prior to such formal recognition in full accord with the long-established rule and invariable precedents of this Government, did the United States minister take any part in promoting the change, either by intimidating the Queen or by giving assurance of support to the organizers of the Provisional Government. The immediate cause of the change is clearly seen to have been the unconstitutional and intemperate acts of the Queen herself, in attempting to coerce her responsible ministers and to annul the existing constitution and replace it arbitrarily by another of her own choice. The Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands is, by all usual and proper tests, in the sole and supreme possession of power and in control of all the resources of the Hawaiian nation, not only through the Queen's formal submission, but through its possession of all the armed forces, arms and ammunitions, public offices, and administration of law, unopposed by any adherents of the late Government. On the first instant, subsequently to the departure of the Hawaiian special commissioners, the United States minister at Honolulu, at the request of the Provisional Government, placed the Hawaiian Government under the protection of the United States to insure the security of life and property during the pending negotiations at Washington and without interfering with the administration of public affairs by the said Government. An instruction has been sent to the minister, commending his action in so far as it lay within the purview of standing instructions to the legation and to the naval commanders of the United States in Hawaiian waters, and tended to cooperate with the administration of affairs by the Provisional Goveriiment, but disavowing any steps in excess of such instructions whereby the authority and power of the United States might appear to have been asserted to the impairment of the independent sovereignty of the Hawaiian Government by the assumption of a formal protectorate. In this condition of things, the five commissioners named by the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands reached Washington on the 3d instant, bearing authentic letters from the Hawaiian Government accrediting them to the President, and conferring upon them full 'ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 5 powers to negotiate for the union of the Hawaiian Islands to the Unit ed States. On the 4th instant the commissioners were accorded an interview with the undersigned,'at the request of the regularly accredited Hawaiian minister, Mr. J. Mott Smith, and submitted their credentials, accompanied by a statement of events leading up to and connected with the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Provisional Government. At a second conference on the same day the commissioners submitted to the undersigned the proposition of the Provisional Government, containing the terms upon which that Government desired the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. A copy of this proposition is inclosed. Frequent conferences have since been held at the Department of State, and all questions connected with the subject have been carefully examined and discussed, until a concurrence of views on the part of the negotiating parties was reached on the 14th instant. In drafting and agreeing upol the treaty now transmitted, the undersignled has sought, under your directionl, to effect thereby the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States with as few conditions as possible and with a full reservation to Congress of its legislative prerogatives. An examination.of the provisions of this treaty will show that to Congress is reserved the determination of all questions affecting the form of government of the annexed territory, the citizenship and elective franchise of its inhabitants, the manier and terms under which the revenue and navigation laws of the United States are to be extended thereto, and all other questions relating to the economic and political status of the islands. As there is no provision in the existing legislation of Congress whereby the Executive power can provide an organized form of government for new territory annexed to the Union, or extend over it the laws of the United States and cause the same to be executed, it was deemed necessary to continue the existing government and laws of the Hawaiian Islands until Congress should have an opportunity to legislate on the subject; but a provision has been inserted in the treaty for the exercise by the Executive of the United States of a veto power upon the acts of that government during the interregnum. The temporary maintenance of the existing political institutions of the islands seems the more appropriate in view of the fact that the Hawaiian constitution, of which a copy is inclosed herewith, and the Hawaiian laws are based upon principles similar to those contained in our own organic law and the principles of the common law. It is to be noted that, according to a recognized principle of international law, the obligations of treaties, even when some of their stipulations are in terms perpetual, expire in case either of the contracting parties loses its existence as an independent state. The foreign treaties of the Hawaiian Islands therefore terminate, upon annexation, with the competence of the government thereof to hold diplomatic relations. An examination of these treaties shows, however, that they contain no: stipulations which would embarrass either the Hawaiian Islands or the United States by their termination. Accompanying the treaty are tables giving full details as to the area of the territory annexed, the public debt, the public lands, the annual allowances to and revenue of the late royal household, and statistics as to the population, revenues, commerce, and other economic matters relating to the islands. It is gratifying to be able to state that pending the negotiations leading up to the treaty herewith submitted the undersigned has received T'- T*. _ ' - 2 6 -.ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.::,.'. such assurances from the representatives of the leading powers of the world and from our own ministers abroad as leads to the conviction that the incorporation of the Hawaiian Islands into our Union will be regarded by-these powers with satisfaction or ready acquiescence. -:_^. Respectfully submicted. ~:~.k^~ Joa WJOHN W. FOSTER. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ~:!:~ Washington, February 15, 1893. "7.. 1,. 1 The United States of America and the Provisionll Government 2 of the Hawaiian Islands, in view of the natural dependence of > -. 3 those Islands upon the UTiited States, of their geographical prox4 imity thereto, of the intilmatle part takenl by citizens of the United. 5 States in there implantig tlhe seeds of Cllristian civilization, of the ' 6 long continuance of their exclusive reciprocal conlmercial relations 7 whereby their imutual interests halve been developed, and the pre8 ponderant and paramount share thus acquired by the United. 9 States and their citizens in the productions, industries and trade ~ 10 of the said Islands, and especially in view of the desire expressed '" ' 11 by the said Government of the Hawaiian Islands that those Islands 12 shall be incorporated into the United States as an integral part?.'. 13 thereof and under their sovereignty, in order to provide for and 14 assure the security and prosperity of the said Islands, the High. 15 Contracting Parties have determined to accomplish by treaty an 16 object so important to their mutual and permanent welfare. I~i 17 To this end, the High Contracting Parties have conferred fall 18 power and authority upon their respectively appointed Plenipoten19 tiaries, to wit:.: 20 The President of the United States of America, John W. Foster, 21 Secretary of State of the United States; and t&: 22 The President of the Executive and Advisory Councils of the '.; "23 Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, Lorrin A. Thurs24 ton, William R. Castle, William C. Wilder, Charles L. Carter, and. 25 Joseph Marsden; i. '26 And the,said Plenipotentiaries, after having communicated to 27 each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, i::' -28 have agreed upon and concluded the following articles: S i. 1. ARTICLE I. ":'" Isad.. - ~> 2 The Government of the Hawaiian Islands hereby cedes, from the, 3 date of the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty, absolutely . 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 " 11 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. and without reserve to the United States forever all rights of sov- ereignty of whatsover kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, renouncing in favor of the United States every sovereign right of which as an independent nation it is now possessed; and henceforth said Hawaiian Islands and every island and key thereunto appertaining and each and every portion thereof shall become and be an integral part of the territory of the United States. / ARTICLE II. The Government of the Hawaiian Islands also cedes and transfers to the United States the absolute fee and ownership of all public, government or crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, fortifications, military or naval equipments and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining. The existing laws of the United States relative to public lands shall not apply to such lands ini the Hawaiian Islands, but the Congress of the United States shall enact special laws for their management and disposition: Provided, that all revenue from or proceeds of the same, except as regards such part thereof as may be used or occupied for the civil, military or naval purposes of the United States or may ' be assigned to the use of the local Government, shall be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other public purposes. 1 ARTICLE III. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 '12 13 Until Congress shall otherwise provide, the existing Government and laws of the Hawaiian Islands are hereby continued, subject to the paramount authority of the United States. The President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap- point a Commissioner to reside in said Islands who shall have the power to veto any act of said Government, and an act disapproved. by him shall thereupon be void and of no effect unless approved - ' by the President. i Congress shall, within one year from the exchange of the rati.: fications of this Treaty, enact the necessary legislation to extend:'. X to the Hawaiian Islands the laws of the United States respecting " duties upon imports, the internal revenue, commerce and naviga-: ',!I i. 8 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH TIE 9'i.14 tion; but until Congress shall otherm 15 mercial relations of the Hawaiian I:::; * 16 States and foreign countries shall con 17 of said Islands with the rest of the U ~', 18 countries, but this shall not be consti 19 the power to enter into any new stip 20 ever or to have diplomatic intercou 21 ment. The Consular representative 22 dent in the Hawaiian Islands shall b 23 exercise of their consular functions 24 exequaturs from the Government of 1 ARTICLE IN 2 The further immigration of Chines 3 Islands is hereby prohibited until 4 vide. Furthermore, Chinese person.- 5 after excluded by law from entering.;?-4 ' 6 permitted to come from the Hawaiiaa. 7 United States, and if so coming shal?', 8 alties as if entering from a foreign c( K: 1 ARTICLE V A- 2 The public debtof the Hawaiian Is] 3 date of the exchange of the ratificat 4 the amounts due to depositors in tl:i, 5 Banks, is hereby assumed by the 6 States; but the liability of the Unit 7 in no case exceed three and one qi 8 long, however, as the existing Gove 9 mercial relations of the Hawaiian I, 10 in before provided, said Governmei? i. 11 interest on said debt. 1' ARTICLE V 2 The Government of the United E 3 kalani, the late Queen, within one y, 4 change of the ratifications of this Trea.S. -: 5 dollars, and annually thereafter a li i:: ddbllars during the term of her natv ant _UVI.~ IIU UUIII\j V~lV VVI VL LlVL LILVV' -S%.:;., I -... HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. rise provide, the existing comIslands both with the United tinue as regards the commerce nited States and with foreign rued as giving to said Islands,ulation or agreement whatsorse with any foreign Govern5s of foreign powers now resie permitted to continue in the until they can receive their the United States. r We laborers into the Hawaiian Congress shall otherwise pros of the classes now or herethe United States will not be n Islands to other parts of the 11 be subject to the same pen)untry. lands, lawfully existing at the ions of this Treaty, including he Hawaiian Postal Savings Government of the United ted States in this regard shall tarter millions of dollars. So rnment and the present comslands are continued, as herent shall continue to pay the 1 I. States agrees to pay to Liliuoear from the date of the exty the sum of twenty thousand ike sum of twenty 'thousand Lral life, provided she in good. 11 I r. 'j ANNXAIO TRAT WIT THE HA A IA ISL-M*... '!-N ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 9 7 faith submits to the authority of the Government of the United 8 States and the local Government of the Islands. 9 And the Government of the United States further agrees to. 10 pay to the Princess Kaiulani within one year from the date of the 11 exchange of the ratifications of this treaty the gross sum of one 12 hundred and fifty thousand dollars, provided she in good faith 13 submits to the authority of the Government of the.United States fi* 14 and the local Government of the Islands. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ARTICLE VII. The present Treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, on the one part, and by the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands on the other, and the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged at Honolulu as soon as possible. Such exchange shall be made on the part of the United States by the Commissioner hereinbefore provided for, and it shall operate as a complete and final conveyance to the United States of all the rights of sovereignty and property herein ceded to them. Within one month after such exchange of ratifications the Provisional Government shall furnish said Commissioner with a full and complete schedule of all the public property herein ceded and transferred. In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the abpve articles and have hereunto affixed their seals. Done in duplicate at the city of Washington this fourteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. JOHN W. FOSTER, [SAL]' LORRIN A. THURSTON, [SEAL] WILLIAM R. CASTLE, [SEAL] WILLIAM C. WILDER, [SEAL] CHARLES L. CARTER, [SEAL] JOSEPH MARSDEN. [SEAL] S gri" ?'1'' "0 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. USE>"Y}.~~ List of accompanying documents. No. 1. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster (telegram), January 18,1893. No. 2. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster, January 18, 1893. No. 3. Mr. Dole to Mr. Foster, January 18, 1893. No. 4. Ex-Queen Liliuokalani to the President, January 18, 1893. No. 5. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster, January 19, 1893. No. 6. Mr. Foster to Mr. Stevens (telegram), January 28, 1893. No. 7. Mr. Tracy to Mr. Foster, January 28, 1893. No. 8. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster (telegram), February 1, 1893. No. 9. Mr. Smith to Mr. Foster, February 3, 1893. /No. 10. Mr. Tracy to Mr. Foster, February 3, 1893. No. 11. The Hawaiian special commissioners to Mr. Foster, February 3, 1893. No. 12. Credential letters of the Hawaiian special commissioners, exhibited February 4, 1893. No. 13. Commissions of the Hawaiian special commissioners, exhibited February 4, 1893. No. 14. The Hawaiian special commissioners to Mr. Foster, February 4, 1893. No. 15. The HLawaiiaan special colmmissioners to Mr. Foster, February 11, 1893. No. 16. Mr. Carter to Mr. Foster. February 11, 1893. No. 17. Mr. Tracy to Mr. Foster, Felruary 11, 1893. No. 18. Mr. Foster to Mr. Stevens, February 11, 1893. No. 19. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster, February 1, received February 14, 1893. TSo. 20. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster, February 1, received February 14, 1893. No. 21. Constitution of the Hawaiian Islands. No. 22. Statistical tabulated statements pertaining to the Hawaiian Islands. A. Population in 1878, 1884, and 1890; voters in 1890. B. Property, real and personal. C. Schools: Number. attendance, and nationality of teachers. D. Public debt, as of March 31, 1892. E. Sugar plantations, value, area, ownership, wages. F. Taxation, internal, proceeds of, and per capita in 1882, 1884, 1886, 1888, 1890, and 1891. iV G. Revenues and expenditures, biennial periods from 1878-'80 to 1890-'92. H. Receipts, expenditures, cash balances, and public debt in 1880, 1882, 1884, 1886, 1888, and 1892. I. Imports, detailed statement of, from 1883 to 1892; values. J. Exports, detailed statement of, from 1882 to 1891; quantities and values. K. Imports and exports, by countries, from 1884 to 1891. L. Imports and exports, and customs receipts; annual value of, from 1882 to 1891. M. Navigation, nationality of vessels engaged in the foreign trade with the Hawaiian Islands from 1882 to 1891. No. 1. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster. [Telegram.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Honolulu, H. I., January 18, 1893. Via San Francisco, January 28. (Received January 28.) -V': Events in Hawaii in the past few days have moved rapidly. An entire overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the establishment of a Provisional Government in the interest of the whole people of the iUia islands without the sacrifice of a single life. The new government is in full possession of the islands and was promptly recognized by all the diplomatic representatives. The four men of whom it is composed are of high character, one of whom resigned his position as one of the supreme judges to assume the place. Full dispatches by the mail leaving Honolulu to-day by special steamer.,.K / STEVENS,:fct~~ ~,:, I~~~United States Minister. v *.. i I g C. ANNEXATION TREAT _ t., ' s t Y WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 11 ',2 INo.,2. Stevens to Mr. Foster. AIr.. No. 79.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, January 18, 1893. (Received February 3.) SIR: In my 73 of November 8 I gave full information of the surrender of the Queen to the wishes of the legislature by the formation of a ministry composed of men of intelligence and wealth possessing the entire confidence of the business men and the more responsible citizens of the country. But this surrender of the Queen and of those surrounding her was only seeming. As soon as the principal appropriations had been voted and the legislative work was nearly concluded, several of the best members having already left fir their homes, a remarkable conspiracy was revealed. The undersigled, for the first time since he lhas been at the head of this legation, January 4 took passage for Hilo and the volcano on the U. S. S. Boston. for the benefit of the health of himself and of his daughter, it being also desirable that the town of the second importance in the islands should have this attention at the time the Boston was making a visit to Hawaii, the chief island in the group. Beyond all doubt, immedliately after the Boston and myself had left Honolulu the unscrupulous adventurers around the Queen improved the opportunity to push through the legislature an astounding lottery franchise with the obvious intent to sell it out to the Louisialna lottery men. This was worked by some of the same parties supposed to be of the powerful opium ring whose four points of operation are Vancouver, San Francisco, Honolulu, and HIongkong. They distributed the lottery stock among tlhe native members of the legislature in large figures. Notwithstanding the strong opposition of all the best people of the islands, including whites and natives, and the emphatic opposition of the chamber of commerce, the Queen and her palace favorite gave their warmest support to the lottery bill and signed it at once. She was to be immediately compensated by being allowed to proclaim a new constitution, restoring to the Crown the old despotic prerogatives in direct violation of the existing constitution, which provides for the only mode of change, which is by the action of successive legislatures. Returning on the Boston from our Hilo trip on the 14th instant, we found the legislature was to be prorogued at 12 a. m., one-half hour after my arrival at the legation. The prorogation completed, members of the legislature, diplomatic corps, judges of the supreme court, and other officials went to the palace by invitation. In the meantime it began to be known in public circles the Queen's intention to proclaim the revolutionary constitution. This resulted in raising an excitement which alarmed her confidants and caused some of them to draw back. This consumed time, so that she could not secure the signatures of her new cabinet as she had expected. In the meantime the diplomatic corps grew weary and left the palace, realizing that the invitation to be present was a trick. As I had just returned, weary from my voyage, I had not received the invitation, the chamberlain knowing I was absent when he invited the English, Portuguese, French, and Japanese diplomatic representai ' tives the day before. In the short meanwhile I had suspicioned the trick. Finally, the Queen appeared in the throne room, before the supreme judges and other officials, in an extreme passion of anger, and avowed her purpose to postpone her revolutionary constitution for a X.*!-* f'.,I r 'iP.~ I r r i ~~;j -, cr -~ I.L: ~ Y 'I ~-,~ 4 I Furzt~ ~~jt h i 4:* r: I, 12 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. brief period, and then went upon the balcony and spoke with great passion in the same strain to those around the palace, principally her retainers and the royal guard, her determination to proclaim her constitution at another time. What I have described as to the lottery legislation, the forcing out of the responsible cabinet of November 8 and appointing the lottery cabinet, two of whom had been voted out of the ministry during the legislative session by a two-thirds vote for the best of reasons. It was the lottery bribe and the autocratic design of the Queen that quickly precipitated events. A mass meeting of the citizens was called to meet on Monday, the 16th, at 2 p. m., which assembled in the largest hall in the city. Short as was the notice, over 1,300 of the principal citizens of Honolulu and from other islands, who happened to be in the city, were in attendance. This meeting included merchants, bankers, professional men, the principal business men, and the mechanics, the chief German and some of the leading English merchants and other nationalities, as well as American residents. It is said such an assemblage was never before equaled in Honolulu. Intelligent American visitors here say that such a public meeting would do credit to a meeting of a similar class of citizens in our best American cities. The assemblage was a unit in feeling andpurpose. The speeches and resolutions are on the printed slips I herewith inclose. This remarkable uprising of the best citizens, including nearly all of the chief property holders, the Tahitian marshal and palace favorite did not dare attempt to suppress. A committee of public safety was at once created to meet the emergency and to prevent anarchy and riot. It was fortunate that the Boston was in the harbor. The committee on public safety called on me for aid. I promptly addressed to the commander of the Boston, Capf. G. S. Wiltse, the following note: UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, January 16, 1893. SIR: In view of the existing critical circumstances in Honolulu, including an inadequate legal force, I request you to land marines and sailors from the ship under your command for the protection of the United States legation and United States consulate, and to secure the safety of American life and property. Very truly, yours, JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister P lenipotentiary of the United States. Capt. G. C. WILTSE, Commanlder U. S. S. Boston. A copy of the call of the committee of public safety for aid is inclosed. Promptly the men from the Boston were landed. Detachments were placed around the legation and the consulate, the principal members having marched to a central hall for shelter and headquarters; the night being at hand, the public anxiety being especially strong as to what might be done by irresponsible persons in the night, the landing of the men of the Boston so promptly gave immediate relief to the public anxiety. As soon as practicable a Provisional Government was constituted, composed of four highly respectable men, with Judge Dole at the head, he having resigned his place on the supreme bench to assume this responsibility. He was born in Honolulu, of American parentage, educated here and in the United States, and is of the highest reputation among all citizens, both natives and whites. P. (J. Jones is a native of Boston, Mass., wealthy, possessing property interests in the islands,,..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I i i i I I I It ~ ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 13 and a resident here for many years. The other two members are of the highest respectability. The committee of public safety forthwith took possession of the Government buildings, archives, and treasury, and installed the Provisional Government at the heads of the respective departments. This being an accomplished fact, I promptly recognized the Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands. The English minister, the Portuguese charge d'affatires, the French and the Japanese commissioners promptly did the same; these, with myself, being the only members of the diplomatic corps residing here. All is quiet here now. Without the sacrifice of a single life this change of government has been accomplished. Language can hardly express the enthusiasm and the profound feeling of relief at this peaceful and salutary change of government. The underlying cause of this profound feeling among the citizens is the hope that the United States Government will allow these islands to pass to American control and become American soil. A commission of citizens, duly accredited, will go by the steamer that takes this dispatch to Washington, to state the wishes of the Provisional Government and of the responsible people of the islands, and to give a complete account of the existing state of things here. It is proper that I should add, that the presence of the Boston here has been of the highest importance, and the behavior of officers and men has been admirable. Capt. Wiltse has exercised prudence and great firmness, while he and the undersigned have recognized only accomplished facts and have not allowed the use of the United States force for any but the most conservative reasons. I am, sir, JOHN L. STEVENS. Written copy by future mail. S. [Inclosure 1 in No. 79.] PROCLAMATION. In its earlier history Hawaii possessed a constitutional government honestly and economically administered in the public interest. The Crown called to its assistance as advisers able, honest, and conservative men, whose integrity was unquestioned even by their political opponents. The stability of the Government was assured, armed resistance and revolution un-, thought of, popllar rights were respected, and the privileges of the subject from time to time increased and the prerogatives of the sovereign diminished by the voluntary acts of the successive Kings. With very few exceptions this state of affairs continued until the expiration of the first few years of the reign of His late Majesty Kalakaua. At this time a change was discernible in the spirit animating the Chief Executive and in the influences surrounding the throne. A steadily increasing disposition was manifested on the part of the King to extend the royal prerogatives; to favor adventurers and persons of no character or standing in the community; to encroach upon the rights and privileges of the people by steadily increasing corruption of electors, and by means of the power and influence of officeholders and other corrupt means to illegitimately influence the elections, resulting in the final absolute control of not only the executive and legislative, but to a certain extent the judicial departments of the Government:in the interests of absolutism. This finally resulted in the revulsion of feeling and popular uprising of 1887, which wrested from the King a large portion of his ill-gotten powers. The leaders of this movement were not seeking personal aggrandizement, political power, or the suppression of the native Government. If this had been their object it could easily have been accomplished, for they had the absolute control of the situation.. I 14 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Their object was to secure responsible Government through a representative cabinet, supported by and responsible to the people's elected representatives. A clause to this effect was inserted in the constitution, and subsequently enacted by law by the legislature, specifically covering the ground that in all matters concerning the state the sovereign was to act by and with the advice of the cabinet, and only by and with such advice. The King willingly agreed to such proposition, expressed regret for the past, and volunteered promises for the future. Almost fromi the date of such agreement and promises up to the time of his death, the history of the Government has been a continual struggle between the King on the one hand and the cabinet and legislature on the other, the former constantly endeavoring by every available form of influence and evasion to ignore his promises and agreements and regain his lost powers. This con lict upon several occasions came to a crisis, followed each time by submis- sion on the part of His Majesty, by renewed expressions of regret and promises to abide by the constitutional and legal restrictions in the future. In each instance such promise was kept until a further opportunity presented itself, when the conflict was renewed in defiance and regardless of all previous pledges. lTpon the accession of Her Majesty Liliuokalani, for a brief period the hope prevailed that new policy would be adopted. This hope was soon blasted by her immediately entering into conflict with the existing cabinet, who held office with the approval of a large majority of the legislature, resulting in the triumph of the Queen and the removal of the cabinet. The appointment of a new cabinet subservient to her wishes and their continuance in office until a recent date gave no opportunity for further indication of the policy which would be pursued by Her Majesty until the opening of the legislature in May of 1892. The recent history of that session has shown a stubborn determination on the part of Her Majesty to follow the tactics of her late brother and in all possible ways to secure an extension of the royal prerogatives and an abridgment of popular rights. During the latter part of the session the legislature was replete with corruption; bribery and other illegitimate influences were openly utilized to secure the desired end, resulting in the final complete overthrow of all opposition and the inauguration of a cabinet arbitrarily selected by Her Majesty in complete defiance of constitutional principles and popular representation. Notwithstanding such result the defeated party peacefully submitted to the situation. Not content with her victory Her Majesty proceeded on the last day of the session to arbitrarily arrogate to herself the right to promulgate a new constitution, which proposed, among other things, to disfranchise over one-fourth of the voters and the *owners of nine-tenths of the private property of the Kingdom, to abolish the elected upper house of the legislature and to substitute in place thereof an appointive one, to be appointed by the Sovereigtn. The detailed history of this attempt and the succeeding events in connection therewith is given in the report of the committee of public safety to the citizens of Honolulu and the resolution adopted at the mass meeting held on the 16th instant, the correctness of which report and the propriety of which resolution is hereby specifically affirmed. The constitutional evolution indicated has slowly and steadily, though reluctantly and regretfully, convinced an overwhelming majority of the conservative and.responsible members of the community that independent, constitutional, representative, and responsible government, able to protect itself from revolutionary uprisings and royal aggression, is no longer possible in Hawaii under the existing system of government. Five uprisings or conspiracies against the Government have occurred within five years and seven months. It is firmly believed that the culminating revolutionary attempt of last Saturday will, unless radical measures are taken, wreck our already damaged credit abroad and precipitate to final ruin our already overstrained financial condition; and the guaranties of protection to life, liberty, and property will steadily decrease and the political situation rapidly grow worse. In this belief, and also in the firm belief that the action hereby taken is and will be for the best personal, political, and property interests of every citizen of the landWe, citizens and residents of the iHawaiian Islands, organized and acting for the public safety and the common good, hereby proclaim as follows: (1) The Hawaiian monarchical system of Government is hereby abrogated. (2) A provisional government for the control and management of public affairs.and the protection of the public peace is hereby established, to exist until terms of.union with the United States of America have been negotiated and agreed upon. (3) Such provisional government shall consist of an executive council of four members, who are hereby declared to be Sanford B. Dole, James A. King, Peter C..,. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 15 Jones, William O. Smith, who shall administer the executive MATION AND ORDERS. All (lay yesterday the community were in a state of expectancy, looking to the committee of public safety to do something to end the state of tension, and to secure the rights of all citizens against enroachment once and for all. The committee in the meantime was not idle, but was incessantly occupied completing its organization and perfecting the final arrangements necessary to the proclamation of the Provisional Government and its protection by an armed force. Atabout2:30 o'clock an attempt was made by three native policemen to arrest the progress of a wagon which was being driven up Fort street, by Mr. Benner and Mr. Good. Those in charge of the wagon resisted the attempt of the officers to arrest its course. One of the officers making a motion to draw a revolver, Mr. Good drew his own, and calling attention to the fact that he was justified in shooting, he fired, seeking, however, to avoid the infliction of a dangerous wound. The wagon pursued its way, followed by a policeman in a hack. This episode precipitated the movement. Citizens hurried to the Beretania street armory, where they were formed into companies and marched to the Government building. In the meantime the committee of public safety, accompanied by members of the government about to be formed, proceeded to the Government building. They were entirely unarmed. Arrived at the Government building the committee inquired for the cabinet, but the ministers were not to be found. They then demanded and received of Mr. Hassinger the possession of the building. The party now proceeded to the front steps and, in the presence of a rapidly increasing crowd, the following proclamation was read: Before the reading of the proclamation was completed the volunteers from the Rifles' armory began to assemble in force. The grounds of Aliiolani Hale were cleared and a guard set at all the gates. The following orders were then promptly issued by the Provisional Government: HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, January 17, 1893. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. [Order No. 1.] All persons favorable to the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands are hereby requested to forwitli report to the Government at the Government building and to furnish the Government such arms and ammunition as they may have in their possession or control as soon as possible, in order that efficient and complete protection of life and property and the public peace may be immediately and efficiently put into operation. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING(;, P. C. JONES, ATILLIAM O. SMITH, BSe-~ ~ Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. JOHN EMMEILUITH, ANDREW 31BOWN, C. BOLTE,.JAMES F. MORGAN, HENRY WATERHOUSE, S. M. DAMON, W. G. ASHLEY, E. D. TENNY, F. W. MCCHESNEY, XV. C. WILDER, J. A. McCANDLESS, W. R. CASTLE, LORRINA A. THURSTON, F. J. WXILHELM, Adrisory Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian 1slands. -:'; ' I,&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. \ ' - 22 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, January 17, 1893. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. [Order No. 2.] It is hereby ordered and decreed that until further ordered the right of the writ of habeas corpus is hereby suspended, and marshal law is hereby declared to exist throughout the island of Oahu. SANFORD B. DOLE, Minister of Foreign Affairs, J. A. KING, Minister of the Interior, P. C. JONES, Minister of Finance, WILLIAM O. SMITH, A ttorneey- General, Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. The Provisional Government sent for the late ministers, who were at the police station. Two of them came, and finally all four repaired to the headquarters of the new government, where formal demand was made upon them for the possession of the police station. The exministers asked for time to deliberate upon this demand. They went to the palace in company with Hon. Samuel M. Damon, and held a consultation with Liliuokalani. The result was a compromise proposition, which was rejected by the Provisional Government. After further consultation the following protest was noted: I, Liliuoakalani, by the grace of God and under the constitution of tie Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts donie against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdolm by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom. That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America, whose minister plenipotentiary, his excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the said Provisional Government. Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do, under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representative and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. Done at Honolula this 17th day of January, A. D. 1893. &~~~~~~~~~* ~~LILIUOKALANI, R. SAMUEL PARKER, Minister of Foreign, Affairs. WM. H. CORNWALL, Minister of Finance. JNO. F. COLBURN, Minlister of the I terior. A. P. PETERSON, Attorney- General. S. B. DOLE, Esq., and others, Composing the Prorisional (Gorernmenet of the Hawaiian Islands. (Indorsed:) Received by the hands of the late cabinet this 17th day of.Jnuary, A. D. 1893. (Signed) Sanford B. Dole, chairman of the executive council of Provisional Government. The late Queen and cabinet accordingly yielded unconditionally, and the police station was turned over to Commander Soper and Capt. Ziegler with forty men from Company A. Mr. Wilson made a short address to the police force assembled in the station, telling them that resistance was no longer feasible. The Provisional Government sent notifications of the situation to the representatives of foreign powers. The following answer to the request for recognition was received from his excellency John L. Stevens: "A Provisional Government having been duly constituted in the place of the recent Government of Queen Liliuokalani, and said Provisional Government being in full possession of the Government building, the archives, and the treasury, and in control of the capital of the Hawaiian Islands, I hereby recognize said Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands. "JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extriordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States., At latest advices the Provisional Government was in complete possession of the city, and the only Government possessing, exercising, or claiming any authority or power whatsoever.;? '. - - ANNEXATION TREATY WiTH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 23 No. 3. Mr. Dole to Mr. Foster. DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, January 18, 1893. (Received February 3.) SIR: I have the honor to inform you that, as president of the executive and advisory council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, I have this (lay comnissioned and appointed the following gentlemen as special commissioners from this Government to that of the United States of America, viz, Hon. L. A. Tlurston, W. R. Castle, esq., Hon. W. C. Wilder, Charles L. Carter, esq., Hon. Joseph Marsden, accrediting them to his excellency the President of the United States. A copy of their credentials will be fou;id inclosed. Expressing the hope that these gentlemen will prove acceptable to the United States as the representatives of.-this Government, and that you will extend them all proper assistance in furtherance of their mission, With sentiments of the highest esteemi and respect, I have, etc., SANFORD B. DOLE, Minister of Foreign Affairs. (Inclosures:) Copies of the credential letters of the five commissioners. For text see Credentials of Mr. Lorrin A. Thlrston, printed as paper No. 13, post. No. 4. Ex-.Queen Lilinokallani to the President. (Received February 3, 1893.) His Excellency BENJAMIN HARRISON, President of the United States: MY GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND: It is with deep regret that I address you on this occasion. Some of imy subjects, aided by aliens, have renounced their loyalty and revolted against the constitutional government of my Kingdom. They have attempted to depose me and to establish a provisional government, in direct conflict with the organic law of this Kingdom. Upon receiving incontestable proof that his excellency the minister plenipotentiary of the United States, aided and abetted their unlawful movemehts and caused UJnited States troops to be landed for that purpose, I submitted to force, believing that he would not have acted in that manner unless by the authority of the Government whicll he represents. This action on my part was prompted by three reasons: The futility of a conflict with the United States; the desire to avoid violence, bloodshed, and the destruction of life and property, and the certainty which I feel that Byu and your Government will right whatever wrongs x may have been inflicted upon us in the premises. In due time a statement of the true facts relating this matter will be laid before you, and I live in the hope that you will judge uprightly and justly between myself and my enemies. \ *' 24 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. This appeal is not made for myself l)ersonally, but for my people who have hitherto always enjoyed the friendship and protection of the United States. My opponents have taken the only vessel which could be obtained here for the purpose, and hearing of their intention to send a delegation of their number to present their side of this conflict before you, I requested the favor of sending by the same vessel an envoy to you, to lay before you my statement, as the facts appear to myself and my loyal subjects. This request has been refused and I now ask you that in justice to myself and to my people that no steps be taken by the Government of the United States until my cause can be heard by you. I shall be able to dispatch an envoy about the 2d day of February, as that will be tie first available opportunity hence, and he will reach you with every possible haste that there may be no delay in the settlement of this matter. I pray you, therefore, my good friend, that you will not allow any conclusions to be reached by you until my envoy arrives. I beg to assure you of the continuance of my highest consideration. IILIUOKALANI, R. HONOLULU, January 18, 1893. No. 5. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster. No. 80.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, January 19, 1893. (Received February 3.) SIR: The Provisional Government of Hawaii, by special steamer, send a commission to Washington with fill powers to negotiate with the Government of the United States. It is composed of six representative men of the highest respectability. Hon. William C. Wilder is the ~president and chief manager of the Interisland Steamship Company, running steamers among the islands, and he lhas large property interests in Honolulu. Hon. C. M. [surname omitted] is a leading lumber merchant, doing business with Puget Sound alld Oregon, born here of the best American stock. Hon. L. A. Thurston is one of the most, if not the most talented and influential man on the islands, and is of the highest respectability. He and his father were born on the islands, of Connecticut parentage. Though a young man, he was the leading member of the reform cabinet from July, 1887, to 1890. Hon. William 1. Castle is a lawyer of eminence, born on the islands, of western New York parentago, his father still living here at the age of 84, having resided in Honolulu nearly half a century, and for many years exercised a large influence here. Mr. Charles P. Carter is the son of the recent Hawaiian minister at Washington, Hon. H. P. Carter, and is an accomplished and most reliable gentleman, American to the core, and has a Michigan wife. Hon. Mr. Marsden is of English birth, is a prominent business man and a noble in the legislature. These six commissioners represent a large preponderating proportion of the property holders and commercial interests of these islands. They are backed by the influences which will enable them to fully carry out their agreements with the United States Government. I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 25 No. 6. [Telegram.] Mr. Foster to Mr. Stevens. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, January 28, 1893. Your dispatch, telegraphed from San Francisco, announcing revolution and establishment of a Provisional Government was received today. Your course in recognizing an unopposed de facto government appears to have been discreet and in accordance with the facts. The rule of this Government has uniformly been to recognize and enter into relation with any actual govermnent in full possession of effective power with the assent of the people. You will continue to recognize the new Government under such conditions. It is trusted that the change, besides conducing to the tranquillity and welfare of the Hawaiian Islands, will tend to draw closer the intimate ties of amity and common interests which so conspicuously and necessarily link them to the United States. You will keel in constant communication with the commander of the United States naval force at Honolulu, with a view to acting if need be for the protection of the interests and property of American citizens and aiding in the preservation of good order under the changed condition reported. JOHN W. FOSTER. No. 7. Mr. Tracy to Mr. Foster. NAVY DEPARTMENT, Washington, January 28, 1893. (Received January 28.) SIR: I have the honor to inclose for your information a copy of a dispatch received this date from Capt. G. C. Wiltse, commanlding officer U.S. S. Boston. I have, etc., B. F. TRACY, Secretary of the Navy. [Inclosure.] Capt. Wiltse to Mr. Tracy. HONOLULU, January 18, 1893. (Via San Francisco, January 28.) The cabinet was voted out on January 12; another was appointed on January 14, on which date the Queen prorogued the legislature and attempted to proclaim new constitution. At 2 p. m. on January 16 the citizens met and organized a committee of safety. At 4:30 p. in. landed force in accordance with the request of the United States minister plenipotentiary. Tuesday (17th) afternoon the Provisional Government was established; the Queen dethroned. The revolution was accomplished without loss of life. Everything is quiet. Commission appointed so as to negotiate terms of annexation to the United States Government. WILTSE. ' ' 26 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. No. 8. Mr. Stevens to lMr. Foster. [Telegram.] HONOLULU, February 1, 1893. (Via San Francisco. Feb. 9, 1893. Received Feb. 9, 4:30 p. m.) Provisional Governinentof Hawaii gaining power and respect. Everything is quiet. Annexation sentiment is increasing. Dead monarchy and opposition to annexation is supported chiefly by lottery and opium ring. Today at 9 a. m., in accordance with therequest of Provisional Government of Hawaii, I have placed Government of Hawaii under the United States protection during negotiations, not inlterfering with the execution of public affairs. Have mailed important dispatches. Have sent duplicate copies of dispatches. It is advisable that Comlmodore Skerrett proceed at once to Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, with one or more United States ships as precautionary measures. STEVENS. No. 9. Mr. Smith to M1r. Foster. HAWAIIAN LEGATION, Washington, Febmtary 3, 1893. (Received February 3.) SIR: I beg to submit to you (copy of) official dispatch of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, received by me yesterday. It announces the sending of five commissioners, Hon. L. A. Thurston, W. R. Castle, esq., Hon. W. C. Wilder, C. L. Carter, esq., Hon. Joseph Marsden, to treat with the Government of the United States. These gentlemen will arrive in Washington this day, and with your consent, I shall be glad to present them to you to-morrow, at the State Department. Renewing assurance of my highest consideration, J. MOTT SMITH. [Inclosure 1.] gMr. Dole to Mr. Smith. DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, January 18, 1893. SIR: 1 have the honor to inform your excellency that by public proclamation made on the 17th instant, from the Government building, in all formal style, the Hawaiian monarchy was abrogated and a Provisional Government over the Hawaiian Islands established, as is duly set forth in the copy of the proclamation handed to your excellency herewith. It having been found necessary to dispatch a commission of five gentlemen to Washington for the purpose of carrying out theeprovisions expressed in such proclamation, I have this day, by and with the advice and consent of the executive and advisory councils of the Provisional Government, appointed and comnriissioned the following-named gentlemen as such commissioners: Hon. L. A. Thurston, W. R. Castle, esq., Hon. W. C. Wilder, C. L. Carter, esq., Hon. Joseph Marsden, who have been presented with the proper credentials to the President of the United States and the Secretary of State..,,,,..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 2 7 I would therefore request your excellency to render all possible aid and assistancein your power to the furthering of their mission, the success of which the Provisional Government earnestly desires to consummate. With the highest respect and consideration, I have the honor, etc., SANFORD B. DOLE, Minister of Foreign zAffairs. [Ilclosure 2.] [Proclamation of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, January 17, 1893, printed ante as inclosure with Mr. Stevens's No. 79 of January 18, 1893.] No. 10. Mr. Tracy to Mr. Foster. NAVY DEPARTMENT, Washington, February 3, 1893. (Received February 3.) SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a communication received this day from Capt. G. C. Wiltse, U. S. Navy, commanding the U. S. S. Boston, relating to Hawaiian affairs. I have the honor, etc., B. F. TRACY, Secretary of the Navy. [Inclosure.] Capt. Wiltse to Mr. Tracy. U. S. S. BOSTON, SECOND RATE, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, Ja nary 18, 189.. SIR: I have the honor to make the following report concerning the condition of political affairs in the Hawaiian Islands: As stated in my communication of January 4, 1893, the Boston sailed from this port for Hilo, Hawaii, with the United States minister on board. During the absence of the ship from this port, on January 12, the cabinet was. voted out of office by a vote of 25 to 16. Another cabinet was appointed on January 14. On the morning of January 14 the Boston arrived in this port from Lahina, Maui, and came to anchor. At noon on the same day the legislature was prorogued by the Queen, and it was rumored that the Queen intended proclaiming a new constitution. This, however, was not done. On Monday, January 16, there was a large and enthusiastic mass meeting, composed of the representative men of Honolulu, held in the largest hall in the city, at 2 p. m. On the same day I received from the United States minister a request to land the sailors and marines of the Boston to. protect the United States legation, consulate, and the lives and property of American citizens. At 4:30 p. m., January 16, I landed the ship's battalion under command of Lieut. Commanuer William T. Swinburne. One detachment of marines was placed at the legation and one at the consulate,. while the main body of men, with two pieces of artillery, were quartered in a hall of central location near the Government building. On Tuesday, January 17, a provisional government was established and the Queen dethroned. The Provisional Government took possession of the Government buildings, the archives, and the treasury, the Queen acquiescing under protest. The Provisional Government was recognized as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States minister. -... S. -~:;q 28 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The revolntion has been accomplished without the loss of a single life, and today, January 18, the Provisional Government has possession and control of the city, which is under martial law. I am informed that commissioners will leave to-morrow for:Washing'ton fully accredited for purposes of negotiation to l)ermit these islands to come under the control of the United States. Very respectfully, G. C. WILTSE, Captain, U. S. Nar'y, Commanding U. S. S: Boston. No. 11. The Hawaiian special commissioners to MSr. Foster. WASHINGTON, February 3, 1893. SIR: We have the honor to hereby inform you that by order of his. excellency Sanford B. Dole, president and minister of foreign affairs of the executive council of the Provisional Governmelt of the Hawaiian Islands and of the executive council of such Government, Messrs. L. A. Thurston, W. C. Wilder, W. R. Castle, J. Marsden, and C. L. Carter have been constituted and appointed special commissioners to the President of the United States, with instructions to proceed forthwith to Washington and there to represent to the President and Government of the United States of America the facts leading up to and concerning the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and to request from such Government of the United States of America that the acknowledgment and recognition of such Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands heretofore given to such Provisional Government by his excellency John L. Stevens, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States of America at Hawaii, may be confirmed by the President and 'Government of the United States of America. And also the said commissioners are instructed and fully authorized and empowered by the said Provisional Government to negotiate a treaty between the said Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands and the Government of the United States of America, by the terms of which full and complete political union may be secured between the United,States of America and the Hawaiian Islands. In accordance with such instructions we hereby present for your consideration a brief statement of the principal facts leading up to and concerning the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, as follows: On Saturday, the 14th of January, ultimo, Her Majesty Liliuokalani, Queen of the Hawaiian Kingdom, attempted with force to abrogate the existing constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and promulgate a new constitution. Such attempt was resisted by her cabinet, whom she threatened with violence. She finally desisted fiom her attempt to immediately promulgate the proposed constitution, announcing in two public speeches, however, that she had not abandoned such project, but would carry the same into effect " within a few days." All of the military and police forces of the Kingdom being directly under the control of the personal adherents of the Queen, the cabinet appealed to citizens for protection and support against the proposed aggression. The citizens rallied in opposition to the project of the Qu:een, and at a public meeting appointed a committee of public safety, I ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 29 of thirteen members, to consider the situation and devise ways and means for the maintenance of the public peace and the protection of life and property. After considering the situation, such committee called a public meeting of citizens on Monday, the 16th of said January. Such meeting was duly held, to the number of about fifteen hundred of the leading citizens. A report by such committee was submitted to such meeting, recommending the adoption of certain resolutions. Such resolutions were unanimously adopted. A copy of such report and resolutions, marked Inclosure A, is herewith submitted. A few'hours before such meeting a proclamation was issued by the Queen and cabinet, a copy of which is inclosed herewith and marked Inclosure B. On the afternoon of the same day, the Queen theIl having about four hundred men under arms and the people being in open l)reparation for dethroning her, with every indication of a conflict, the United States troops landed and a guard was stationed at the Amlerican consulate and legation and the remainder were quartered in a public hall hired for that purpose. They neither then nor at any time since have taken any part either for or against the Queeni or the Provisional Government. After fill consideration by the said committee and consultation with leading citizens of all nationalities, it was the unanimous opinion of such committee and citizens that the statements of fact in such proclamation (id not detract from the necessity for action, and the undertaking therein contailned was deemed, unreliable; and for the reasons briefly. set forth in such above-mentioned report of the committee of safety and resolutions, and also inL the proclamation hereunder referred to, there was no longer any possibility of efficiently and permanently maintaining tle public peace and the protection of life, liberty, and property in Hawaii under the existing system of government, and that the only method of maintaining such permanent peace and security was by securing the assistance and support of the Government of the United States, or some other foreign power possessed of sufficient force to prevent the future possibility of revolution or despotic assumption of power in derogation of the rights of the people. In accordance with such conclusion, such committee, representing almost the entire property and intelligence of the Hawaiian Islands, on the 17th day of said January issued a proclamation abrogating the monarchy, deposing Queen Liliuokalani, and establishing a Provisional Government, "to exist until terms of union with the United States of America have been negotiated and agreed upon," a copy of which proc lamation, marked Inclosure C, is submitted herewith. Immediately after such proclamation such Provisional Government took possession of the city of Honolulu, including the Government buildings, the archives and the treasury, and within a few hours thereafter received surrender of all the military and police forces, thereby coming into full possession of the Kingdom. Immediately after such possession had been obtained notification thereof was given to the representatives of all foreign countries represented at Honolulu, accompanied by the request that such representatives extend to said Provisional Government their recognition. In reply to such request the representative of the United States of America accorded such recognition upon the same day that it was requested, to wit, the 17th of said January, and on the following day recognition of such Provisional Government was made by the repre 30 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. sentatives of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, Norway and Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and China; and on the following day, to wit, the 19th of said January, recognition of such Provisional Government was extended by the representatives of France and Portugal. Copies of the acknowledgments -of the said representatives of foreign Governments, with the exception of those of the representatives of Portugal and France, which were received too late to obtain copies thereof, are inclosed herewith, marked Inclosure D. In further pursuance of such instructions we hereby request that the acknowledgment and recognition of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands by the representative of the United States of America at Hawaii may be confirmed by the Government of the United States of America. And also in further pursuance of such instructions we herewith present a communication from the said executive council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands to Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of America, informing him of the appointment of the above-named L. A. Thurston, W. C. Wilder, W. R. Castle, J. Marsden, and C. L. Carter as special commissioners with full power and authority to negotiate and agree upon the terms of a -union of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands and the Government of the United States of America, the original of which is inclosed herewith and marked Inclosure E. The commissions of the said above-named gentlemen, as such special commissioners for the purpose aforesaid, are also inclosed herewith for inspection, and marked Inclosure F. In further pursuance of such instructions, we also hereby request that a treaty may be concluded between the Government of the United States of America and the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, by the terms of which full and complete political union may be secured between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Islands, and for that purpose we hereby request that negotiations may be opened between the representatives of the Government of the United States of America and the said special commissioners on behalf of the Provisional Government. In further pursuance of such instructions, we also herewith submit a copy of a protest made by her ex-majesty Queen Liliuokalani against the action of the said Provisional Government, which is marked Inclosure G. We have the honor, etc., L. A. THURSTON, W. C. WILDER, WM. R. CASTLE, J. MARSDEN, CHARLES L. CARTER, Special Commissioners of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. [Inclosure A.] REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY. To the citizens of Honolulu: On the morning of last Saturday, the 14th instant, the city was startled by the in-formation that Her Majesty, Queen Liliuokalani, had announced her intention to ard '., '" H e t... ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 31 bitrarily promulgate a new constitution, and that three of the newly appointed cabinet ministers had, or were about to, resignlin consequence thereof. Immediately after the prorogation of the legislature, at noon, the Queen, accompanied by her orders by the cabinet retired to the palace; the entire military force of the Government was drawn up in line in front of the building, and remained there until dark, and a crowd of several hundred natives, sympathizers with the constitution project, gathered in the throne room and about the palace. The Queen then retired with the cabinet; informed them that she had a new constitution ready; that she intended to promulgate it and proposed to do so then and there, and demanded that they countersign her signature. She turned a deaf ear to their statements and protests, that the proposed action would inevitably cause the streets of Honolulu to run red with blood, and threatened that unless they complied with her demand she would herself immediately go out upon the steps of the palace and announce to the assembled crowd that the reason she did not give them the new constitution was because the ministers would not let her. Three of the ministers, fearing mob violence, immediately withdrew and returned to the Government building. They were immediately summoned back to the palace but refused to go, on the ground that there was no guaranty of their personal safety. The only forces under the control of the Government are the household guards and the police. The former are nominally under the control of the minister of foreign affairs, and actually under their immediate commander, Maj. Nowlein, a personal adherent of the Queen. The police are under the control of Marshal Wilson, the open and avowed royal favorite. Although the marshal is nonminally under the control of the attorneygeneral, Her Majesty recently announced in a public speech that she would not allow him to be removed. Although the marshal now states that he is opposed to the Queen's proposition, he also states that if the final issue arises between the Queen and the cabinet and the people he will support the Queen. The cabinet was absolutely powerless and appealed to citizens for support. Later they reluctantly returned to the palace, by request of the Queen, and for nearly two hours she endeavored to force them to acquiesce in her desire, and upon their final refusal announced in a public speech in the throne room and again from the upper gallery of the palace that she desired to issue the constitution but was prevented from doing so by her ministers and would issue it in a few days. The citizens responded to the appeal of the cabinet to resist the revolutionary attempt of the Queen by gathering at the office of William O. Smith. Later in the afternoon it was felt that bloodshed and riot were imminent; that the community could expect no protection from the legal authorities; that on the contrary they would undoubtedly be made the instruments of royal aggression. An impromptu meeting of citizens was held, which was attended by the attorney-general,! and which was addressed, among others, by the minister of the interior, J. F. Calburn, who stated to the meeting substantially the foregoing facts. The meeting unanimously passed a resolution that the public welfare required the appointment of a committee of public safety of thirteen, to consider the situation and devise ways and means for the maintenance of the public peace and the protection of life and property. Such committee was forthwith appointed and has followed its instructions. The first step which the committee consider necessary is to secure openly, publicly, and peaceably through the medium of a mass meeting of citizens a condemnation of the proceeding of the party of revolution and disorder and a confirmation from such larger meeting of the authority now vested in the committee. For such purpose the committee hereby recommends the adoption of the following resolution: RESOLUTION. (1) Whereas Her Majesty Liliuokalani, acting in conjunction with certain other persons, has illegally and unconstitutionally, and against the advice and consent of the lawful executive officers of the Government, attempted to abrogate the existing constitution and proclaim a new one in subversion of the rights of the people; (2) And whereas such attempt has been accompanied by threats of violence and bloodshed and a display of armed force; and such attempt and acts and threats are -revolutionary and treasonable in character; (3) And whereas Her Majesty's cabinet have informed her that such contemplated action was unlawful and would lead to bloodshed and riot, and have implored and demanded of her to desist from and renounce such proposed action; (4) And whereas such advice has been in vain, and Her Majesty has in a public speech announced that she was desirous and ready to promulgate such constitution, the same being now ready for such purpose, and that the only reason why it was not -A 32 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. promulgated was because she had met with unexpected obstacles, and that a fitting opportunity in the future must be awaited for the consummation of such object, which would be within a few days; (5) And whereas at a public meeting of citizens held in Honolulu on the 14th day of January instant a committee of thirteen to be known as the " Committee of Public Safety" was appointed to consider the situation and devise ways and means to consider the situation of the public peace and safety and the preservation of life and property; (6) And whereas such committee has recommended the calling of this mass meeting of citizens to protest against and condemn such action, and has this day presented a report to such meeting denouncing the action of the Queen and her supporters as being unlawful, unwarranted, in derogation of the rights of the people, endangering the peace of the community, and tending to excite riot, and cause the loss of life and destruction of property. Now, therefore, we, the citizens of Honolulu, of all nationalities, and regardless of political party affiliations, do hereby condemn and denounce the action of the Queen and her supporters. And we do hereby i atify the appointment and indorse the action and report made by the said committee of safety; and we do hereby further empower such committee to further consider the situation, and further devise such ways and means as may be necessary to secure the permanent maintenance of law and order and the protection of life, liberty, and property in Hawaii. [Inclosure B.] BY AUTHORITY. Her Majesty's ministers desire to express their appreciation for the quiet and order which has prevailed in this community since the events of Saturday, and are authorized to say that the position taken by Her Majesty in regard to the promulgation of a new constitution, was-under stress of her native subjects. Authority is given for the assurance that aly changes desired in the fundamental law of the land will be sought only by methods provided in the constitution itself. Her Majesty's ministers request all citizens to accept the assurance of Her Majesty in the same spirit which it is given. LIIUKALANI. SAMUEL PARKER, Minister of Foreign Affairs. W. H. CORNWELL, Minister of Finanoe. JOHN F. COLBURN, Minister of the Interior. A. P. PETERSON, Attorney-General. IOLANI PALACE, January 16, 1893. [Inclosure C.] [Proclamation of Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, January 17, 1893. Printed ante as inclosure with Mr. Stevens's No. 79 of January 18, 1893.] [Inclosure I).] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, January 17, 1893. A Provisional Government having been duly constituted in the place of the recent Government of Queen Liliukalani, and said Provisional Government teing in full possession of the Government buildings, the archives, and the treasury, and in control of the capital of the Hawaiian Islands, I hereby recognize said Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands. JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 33 IMPERIAL GERMAN CONSULATE, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, Honolulu, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to own receipt of your esteemed favor of yesterday's date, and hereby take much pleasure to recognize and acknowledge, on behalf of the Government of Germany, the present Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that I shall do all in my power to further and support the same. I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, H. F. GLADE, Imperia l ( erman Consul. Messrs. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, anld WILLIAM 0. SMITH, Executive Council of the P'rovisional Governm ent in Hawaii. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN CONSULATE, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, Honolulu, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to own receipt of your esteemed favor of yesterday's date, and hereby take much pleasure to recognize and acknowledge, on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian Government, the present Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that I shall do all in my power to further and support the same. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, tI. F. GLADE, Austro- Hngarian Consul. Messrs. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and WILIA.M 0. SMITH, Execltive Council of the Plrovisioinal (Governmnent in Hawaii. HONOLULU, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of yesterday's date, together with a copy of the proclanmationl issued yesterday, whereby you inform me that for reasons set forth the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrogated and a Provisional Government established, the same being now in possession of the Government departmental buildings, the archives, and the treasury, and whereby you request me to recognize the said Provisional Government on behalf of the Government of Italy as the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands and to afford to it the moral support of my Government. In response I have the honor to say that I comply with the above request and recognize the said Provisional Government as far as my authority as consul for Italy may permit me to act for and on behalf of His Italian Majesty's Government in the premises. I have the honor to be, gentlelen, you very obedient servant, F. A. SCHAEFER, Consul for Italy. Hon. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and W. 0. SMIITH. Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. VICE-CONSULATE OF RUSSIA, Honolulu, January 18, 1893. SIRS: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of 17th instant, and in reply beg to inform you that 1 take the pleasure to recognize the Provisional Government of Hawaii, as defined in the proclamation. inclosed in your letter on behalf of the Government of Russia, and I shall afford to it my moral support as representative of the country last named. I have the honor to be, sirs, your most obedient servant, J. F. HACKFELD, Acting Vice-Consul. Messrs. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and WILLIAM O. SMITH, Executive Coluncil of the P'rovisional Got erlnmen t of Hawaii, Honolulu. S. Ex. 76 3 1 34 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. HONOLULU, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to own the receipt of your communication of yesterday's date, together with a copy of the proclamation issuel yesterday, informing me that for reasons set forth the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrogated and a provisional government established, and requesting me to recognize the said Provisional Government, on behalf of the Spanish Government, as the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and to afford to it the moral support of my Government. In response I have the honor to say that I comply with the above request and recognize the said Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands within the scope of my authority. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant, H. RIENJES, V'ice-Consul for Spain. Hons. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and W. O. SMITII Executire Council of the Provisional (rotrerlnnielt of the Hawiaiian Island8s. KON(GI,. SWENSTA OCH WORSTA KONFULATET, Honolulu, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMEIIN: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your excellencies' communication of January 17, informling me that the Hawaiian monarchy has been.abrogated and that a provisional government has been established in Hawaii for reasons set forth in a, proclamation, of which you sent me a copy; also that such provisional government has been proclaimed, is now in possession of the Government departmental buildings, the archives, and the treasury, and is in control of the city. In reply to your request to recognize the Provisional Government and afford it the iloral support of my Government, I beg to say that I do recognize it as the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that I shall report to my (loverniieut immediatetly. Your exc(elle1ncies' most obedient servant, H. W. SciiiTr,sl C'ONSUIATE O )1 TIlE, NETIIERIANI)S, Honoltlul, lalnuary 18, 1893.' SIR: I hav-e the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the communication of the executive council of the l'r,visional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, announcing the abrogation of the Hawaiian monarchy; of your possession of the Government departmental buildings, tile archives, and thle treasury, as well as being in control of tine city. Added to tile above is youir request for the official recognition of the existing de facto Government of tlle tHI;waiian Islandls onl bellhalf of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which 1 have the honor to represent, andl to (ive von the moral support of mlyv Government. In reply I take plet;asure in assurill tile gentlemen of the executive council that I cordially extendl to thenl fall assent to their claim for recognition, anmd of my intention to qadd such lloral suplport as may coine -within the scope of my consular authority. I have the honor to b1(, geltlemlen, your very obedient servant, JOHN H. PATY, Consul! for The Netherlands. Messrs. S. 1B. Doli.;, J. A. KIN(;, 1. C..JONES, a:( \W. O. S-MITE, JIxrec'ti e C'ontc('il, ifa waiian PIrorisiontal ( orcrinenilt, etc. RO(YAL DANISH (CONSULATE, Honolulut, Janulary 18, 1893. SIRS: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of yesterdlay's date, inclosing a copy of proclamation issued last evening, informing me that for reasons set forth in said proclamation the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrorgated and a provisional government established, which is now in possession of the Government departmental buildings, the archives, and the treasury, and request ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 35 ing me, on hehalf of the Government of Denmark, to recognize said Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and to accord to it the moral support of my Government. In reply I have the honor to state that I hereby cornply with the above request, recognize the said Provisional Government as the de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, to the extent that my authority will allow me to act, pending a -reply from my Government. I have the honor to be, sirs, yours, most obediently, E. C. MA(CFARLANE, A4cting h ice-Consul for Denmark. Messrs. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and WILLIAM O. SMITH, Executive Council of Provisional c(overnment of the Hanwaiian Islands. CONSULATE OF BELGIUM, January 18, 1893. SIRS: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 17th instant and in reply beg to inform you that I take pleasure to recognize the Provisional Government of Hawaii, as defined in the proclamation inclosed in your letter, in behalf of the Government of Belgium, and I shall afford to it my moral support as representative of the country last named. I have the honor to be, sirs, your most obedient servant, J. F. HIACKFELD), Consul. Messrs. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONEIS, and WILLIAM O. SMITH, Executive Council of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, Honolulu. HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, January 18, 1893. GENTLEMIEN: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication ^4 of yesterday's date, together with a copy of the proclamation issued yesterday, informing me that tor reasons set forth the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrogated and a provisional government established, and requesting me to recognize the said Provisional Government on behalf of the Mexican Government as the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and to afford to it the mloral support of my Government. In answer I have the honor to state that I comply with the above request and recognize the said Provisional Government as the defacto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, within tli e scope of my authority. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant, H. RENJES, Consul for Mexico. Hons. SANFORlD B1. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES,:nd V. O. SMITr, Execu(ti'e Council of the Provisional ore of the Hawaiian Islands CONSULATE OF CHILE, Honolulu, Halwaiian Islands, January 18, 1893. W^k~ GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of yesterday's (late, together with a copy of the proclamation issued yesterday, whereby I am informed that for reasons set forth the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrogated and a Provisional Government established, the same being now in possession of the Government departmental buildings, the archives, and the treasury, and whereby you request me to recognize the said Provisional Government as the existing de facto Government on behalf of the Government of Chile and afford to it the moral support of my Government. In response I have the 'honor to say that I comply with the above request and recognize the said Provisional Government as the defacto Government of the Hawaiian Islands so far as my authority as consul of Chile may permit me to act for and on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Chile in the premises. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant, H. A. SCHAEFER, Consul for Chile. Hons. SANFORD B. DOLE, J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and W. O. SMITH, Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. 36 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. OFFICE OF THE PERUVIAN CONSULATE, Honolulu., Janitary 18, 1893. GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your valued cornmunication of the 17th instant, inclosing a copy of the procla-mation then issued., wherein it is set forth that the Hawaiian monarchy has been abroga-ted and a Provisional Government established. You request me to recognize said Government, on the behialf of the Government of Peru, as the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, land to afford it the moral support of my Government. I have the honor to state in reply that I take pleasure in compldying with your request, and I hereby recognize the said Government as the de facto G4overnment of the Hawaiian Islands in so far as my authority in the premises will permit. I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, BRU CE UARTWIRIGIIT, Consuls fit P i-1eru. Hons. SANFORD B. DOLEF J. A. KING, P. C. JONES, and WILLIAM 0. S~1ITlI, Mem)bers of the Executtive Council of the Provisional Gotrervnmenit oJ the laucuaiin Islandls. CHIINESE COAIMERCIAiL AGEINCy, Honiolulut, Jan nary 19, 7893'. GENTLEMEN: We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your circular letter of the 17th instant, covering a COPy of the proclamation issued yesterday -whereby. you inform us that the Hawaiian monarchy hais been abrogated aInd a Provisional Government established, the latter being now in possession of the Government department~al buildings, the archives, and the treasury, aInd whereby you request uis to recognize the said Provisional Government on behalf' of' the (Government of the Empire of China ais the existing defacto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and to afford to it the moral support of our Government. In answer we have the honor to say that we comply with your requiest and recognize the said Provisional Govenmet as the defcoUoeuun fteHwia s lands so far as our authority as commercial agents of China may aillow ns to aet for anti on behalf of His Imperial Majesty's (Government in this matter. We have the honor to be, gentlemen, your inost obedient servanits, Gcoo i Chiniese Cosn uercia~l Agjent. WXoNes KWAI, Assistant Chinese Covnsnercial A qent. Hons. SANFO]RD B. lDou.E, J. A. KI 1,. (2. JoNES, antid WILLIAM 0. S3ITumru, E'xeen tire ('on acil1 of' the IPromisionalI Goicerm ineat of' ilbc Bo (1i ion Islanlds. Iuclostire E. I [Credential letters of the Hawaiian Commissioners. Printed post as p~aiier No. 12.1 [IJuclosure F.] [Commissions of the 1-awaiian comlmissioners. Printed post as pa,-per No. 13.] [inclosolre G.] PROTEST 01' QUEEN LI11LIUOKALAN1. I, Liliuokalani, by the grace of' G-Nod anti under the constitution of, the Hawaiian Kingdomn., Que-en, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts do-ne against myself and the constitutional government of the I-hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional G'overnment of and for this King-dom. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 37 That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America, whose minister plenipotentiary, his excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the said Provisibnal Government.! Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest and impelled by said force yield liy authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representative and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. Done at Honolulu the 17th day of January A. D., 1893. LILIUOKALANI R. SAMUEL PARKER, Minister of Foreign Affairs. WM. H. CIROMWELL, Minister of Finance. JNO. F. (OLBRN, Minister of the Interior. A. P. PETERISON, 4 ttorney- General. S. B. DOLE, esq., and others, Conmposing the Prorisional Government of the fHawaiian Islands. (Indorsed:) Received by the hands of the late cabinet this 17th day of January, A. D. 1893. Sanford B. Dole, chairman of executive council of Provisional Governmnent. No. 12. Credential letters of the Hawaiian Commissioners, exhibited to the Secretary of State February 4, 1893. Sanford B. Dole, president of the executive and advisory councils of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, to His Excellency Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of America. GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND: Reposing special trust in the wisdom, integrity, and ability of the Hon. Lorrin A. Thurston, one of our distinguished citizens, we have appointed and do hereby constitute and appoint him to be a Special Commissioner of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, with full power and authority to confer with your excellenlcy, or your successors in office, or with any properly constituted and appointed persons and authorities of the United States Government, to negotiate and agree upon the terms of a union of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands and the Government of the United States of America, or to negotiate the terms upon which such union may be made. He is well informed of the relative interests of the two countries, and of our earnest desire to further strengthen and cement the bonds that now exist between us, and from a knowledge of his fidelity, probity, and good conduct, we have entire confidence that he will reider himself acceptable to your excellency and to the authorities of the United States Government by his constant endeavors to advance measures for the mutual benefit of both countries. We therefore desire that your excellency will receive him favorably, and give full credence to what he may say as the "'Commissioner of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands," and, most of all, when he shall assure your excellency of the earnest wish and desire of our Provisional Goverlnent for closer and more intimate relations than those now existing and of our abiding faith in the continued friendship of the great nation over which your excellency so ably presides. 38 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. We pray God to have your excellency ever in His safe and holy keeping. Written at thle Government house, at Honolulu, this eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and ninety-three. SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Executive and Advisory Councils of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. By the President: J. A. KING, Minister of the Interior, P. C. JONES, Minister of Finance, WILLIAM 0. SMITH, Attorney- General, Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. (Similar letters of credence were delivered by the other Commissioners, Messrs. W. C. Wilder, William R. Castle, C. L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden.) No. 13. Commissions of the Hawaiian special commissioners, exhibited to the Secretary of State February 3, 1893. Sanford B. Dole, president of the executive and advisory councils of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, to Hon. Lorrin A. Thurston, greeting: Know ye, that we, the executive council of the Provisional Government, reposing special trust and confidence in your wisdom, integrity, and fidelity, have constituted and appointed you, and do by these presents hereby constitute and appoint you a special commissioner to the President of the United States to negotiate with him, or another or others who may be appointed by him, certain matters detailed to you in your letter of instructions issued to you by said council, and to faithfully discharge and perform all the duties pertaining to said office under said instructions; and all persons are hereby commanded to respect this, your authority. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and the seal of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, in Honolulu, this eighteenth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. [SEAL.] SANFORD B. DOLE, President. By the President: J. A. KING, Minister of the Interior, P. C. JONES, Minister of Finance, WILLIAM O. SMITH, Attorney- General, Executive Council of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. (The text of the commissions of Messrs. Castle, Wilder, Carter, and Marsden read the same, mutatio nominis.) ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 39 No. 14. The Hawaiian special commissioners to Mr. Foster. WASHINGTON, D. C., February I, 1893. (Received February 4.) SIR: In accordance with the statement this day made by you to us that, by order of the President, you had confirmed the recognition of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands already extended to such Provisional Government by his excellency John L. Stevens, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States of America at Hawaii; and in accordance with your further statement, then made, that you accepted the credentials presented by us as special commissioners from the said Provisional Government to thle Government of the United States of America for the purpose of negotiating a treaty between the said. two governments by the terms of which full and complete political union may be secured between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Islands, iand that you are nlow prepared to receive from us as such commissioners proposals in connection with the formation of such treaty for your consideration, we have the honor to state that, although we are invested by our GovernmenIt with fall discretionary power as to the terms of such treaty, subject to its final ratification, it is the desire of our Government that certain terms and conditions shall be incorporated in such treaty, anld we hereby submit to you a general outline of such terms and conditions, viz: (1) That such treaty may secure full, complete, and perpetual political union between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Islands. (2) That tile form of local government to be established in the Hawaiian Islands shall be substantially the form now existing in Territories of the United States, with such modifications, restrictions, and changes therein as the exigencies of the existing circumstances may require and as may be hereafter agreed upon. (3) That all appointments to office in the Hawaiian Islands shall be made from among persons who have lived in said islands for a term of not less than five years. (4) That the payment of the Hawaiian national debt, including the amounts due by the Government to depositors in the Hawaiian Postal Savings Bank shall be assumed by the Government of the United States of America. (5) That the lands located at the said Hawaiian Islands heretofore known as government lands and crown lands and all other government property, and all the proceeds thereof and receipts therefrom shall continue to be the property of the local government of the said islands, under whatever form it may be established, and all the proceeds thereof devoted to the purposes and uses of such local government. (6) That within a given period, say one year, or such other period as may be mutually agreed upon, the Government of the United States of America shall lay and thereafter maintain a telegraphic cable between the Pacific coast of the said United States of America and the Hawaiian Islands.. (7) That the United States Government shall, so soon as is reasonably practicable, open the entrance to Pearl Harbor and establish a coaling and naval station adjacent thereto. (8) That articles, the produce or manufacture of the Hawaiian Islands, shall in all respects be treated and considered as products of the United States. 40 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. (9) That the United States laws now or hereafter to be enforced in the United States of America shall not be taken to prohibit at any time the introduction into the Hawaiian Islands of laborers who may be introduced exclusively for the purpose of agricultural labor and domestic service, and who by appropriate legislation shall be confined to such employment and to the Hawaiian Islands. (10) That contracts for labor under the Hawaiian labor-contract laws now existing, or which shall be entered into prior to the promulgation.of notice of the final ratification of such treaty, shall not be abrogated, but shall continue in force to the end of the several terms thereof. That with the exception of such labor contracts no labor contracts shall hereafter be penally enforcible. (11) That all laws and the system of criminal and civil jurisprudence in force at the Hawaiian Islands at the date of the ratification of such treaty, which are not specifically abrogated or modified by the terms of such treaty, or which are not inconsistent with the Constitution of \ the United States, shall remain in force until the same are regularly repealed by the appropriate authority. (12) That appropriate financial provision be made for the support of the ex-Queen Liliuokalani and the ex-heir presumptive Kaiuloni as long as they shall in good faith submit to the authority and abide by the laws of the government established by virtue of this treaty. We have, etc., L. A. THURSTON, W. C. WILDER, J. MARSDEN, WM. R. CASTLE, CHARLES L. CARTER, Special Commissioners of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. No. 15. The Commissioners of the Hawaiiant Provisional Government to Mr. Foster. WASHINGTON, 1). C., February 11, 1893. (Rec'd Feb. 11.) SIR: The ex-Queen of Hawaii, Liiuokalani, having sent to the President of the United States a protest against the action of the Hawaiian Provisional Government, we beg to make a brief reply to the statements contained in such protest. The protest sets forth as the two main grounds of complaint the fact that certain of her subjects had revolted against her, aided by United States troops, and, secondly, that the Provisional Governmelnt had chartered the only available steamer at Honolulu, upon which they had sent commissioners to Washington and had refused to allow a representative from the Queen to come forward by the same steamer. Before replying to these two statements we call attention to the fact that the protest entirely suppresses the fact that the Queen herself had been guilty of an illegal act; that she had herself initiated violence, and that the action taken by the subjects who had, as she says, revolted against her was in resistance to her own attempted subversion of the constitution and( laws of the land. As the fact that she did make such *..; I '*, "7i~ I \ 1; I ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 41 -an attempt with threats against her legal advisers, and with a show and preparation, is not denied by the Queen or anyone on her behalf, we submit that the omission of any reference to such undoubted facts, so radically essential to a proper understanding of the matter, properly tends to throw discredit upon the Queen's statements. In reply to the charge that United States troops assisted in the overthrow of the monarchy, we deny the statement most emphatically. A brief recital of the facts, without argument on our part, is amply sufficient to show the incorrectness of the charge made. Such facts are briefly these: First. At the time of the initiation of the trouble by the attempt of the Queen to submit the constitution and promulgate a new one, the American minister and the American ship-of war Boston were both absent from Honolulu and had been for ten days previously thereto. Second. The first exhibition of force was made by the Queen on Saturday, the 14th of January, by the public parading of the entire military force, armed with repeating rifles and carrying a full supply of ball cartridges. The members of the police department were also armed. In addition thereto there were located at the palace and barracks and the police station an additional body of armed men to the number of 540 according to their own statemelnt. This additional body of armed men was not authorized by law and was assembled contrary to a specific law of the Kingdom. Third. The first call to arms in opposition to the Queen was issued by the cabinet on the afternoon of January 14. Fourth. Although on Saturday, the 14th, Sunnday, the 15th, and Monday, the 16th, the most intense feelings of hostility were publicly manifested between the adherents of the Queen on the one hand and the promoters of the movement for the establishment of a Provisional Government on the other, with every indication of an armed conflict which might be precipitated at any moment, it was not until 5 o'clock on Monday afternoon, the 16th of January, after the request had been made to the American minister by many American citizens, that the United States troops were landed. Fifth. Upon landing, a guard was posted at the American consulate and legation, and the remainder of the troops were quartered that night in a public hall hired for that purpose. Up to the time the commissioners left Honolulu at 9 o'clock on the morning of the 19th of - January, all of the American troops had remained upon the premises where they were respectively located. No demonstration was made by the troops in any manner whatever. The uniform of the United States was not seen upon the streets, except upon the persons of the individual officers passing between the points at which troops were located in the execution of their own business. Sixth. At the time the Provisional Govern ment took possession of the Government buildings, no American troops or officers were present or took part in such proceedings in any manner whatever. No public recognition was accorded the Provisional Government by theAmerioan minister until they were in possession of the Government buildings, the archives, and the treasury, supported by several hundred armed men, and after the abdication by the Queen and the surrender to the Provisional Government of her forces. It is submitted that the foregoing statement of facts amply meets the charge made by the Queen that American troops coerced her action in abdication. In reply to the second statement of the Queen, that the Provisional 42 ANNEXATION TREATY WITI THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Government took the only vessel available to go to San Francisco and refused to allow her representative to come to San Francisco thereon, we beg to state that the charge is entirely incorrect. As a matter of fact, the Inter Island fleet of steamers consists of twenty vessels, all of which, with two exceptions, were built abroad and navigated to the islands. Of such vessels at least ten are as fully capable of making the trip to San Francisco as was the vessel chartered and dispatched by the Provisional Government. As the Provisional Government had allowed a mail to be sent by the chartered steamer, they did not consider that there was any reason for financially assisting the Queen in forwarding to Washington an agent hostile to the Government and its objects. So far as is known to the commissioners, there is no reason why the Queen should not have chartered a steamer at Honolulu and forwarded an agent to San Francisco thereon if she had desired so to do. Certainly there was nothing done by the Provisional Government to prevent her doing so. With assurances of the highest consideration, etc., L. A. THURSTON, WV. C. WILDER, WIV. N. CASTLE, J. MARSDEN, CHARLES L. CARTER, Commissioners of the Halwaiian Provisional Government. No. 16. Ar. Carter to Mr. Foster. WASHINGTON, D. C., February 11, 1893. (Received February 11, 1893.) SIR: In response to your request for information on the subjects of the resources of the ex-Queen and the Princess Kauilani, the public lands, and the islands and dependencies of the Hawaiians, the inclosed.statements have been prepared from such sources of information as were available to the commission, and are submitted for the use of your Department. With assurance of esteem, I am, etc., CHARLES L. CARTER. [Inclosure 1.] RES(URCES OF TIlE QUEEN AND PRINCESS KAIULAN'. The Queen.-The private recourses of the ex-Queen are not definitely known, further than that she has some valuable lands, productive and unproductive, and that she was the sole devisee of her late husband, John O. Dominis, whose estate was appraised at $20,000 in the probate court; probably her private income is in the neighborhood, per annum, of....... $5, 000 The public supplies for the sovereign for the current biennial period ending March, 1894, were as follows: Her Majesty's privy purse..................................... 33, 332 Her Majesty's household expenses............................-........ 10, 000 State entertainments.............-......-...-..-..-......-..-.... —... 4,000 I,:...;~ * ' '. '; ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 43 The Crown lands.-The agent of the commissioners of Crown la'nds informed Mr. Carter a few weeks ago that the net revenue was between $55,000 and $60,000; gross revenue, estimated....... -.................. $60, 000 No accounts are kept available to the public. The ex-Queen was born on the 2d day of September, 1838, and is now in her fifty-fourth year. The Princess Kaiulani (born October 16, 1875, and now in her eighteenth year).-The accounts of the guardian of this lady, filed annually in the probate court, to the best recollection of the commissioners, show an annual income from private sources of.......................... 4, 000 The public supplies appropriated for the current biennial period were: Direct allowance...................................................-. 10,000 Traveling expenses....................................................... 4,000 [Inclosure 2.] STATEMENT OF PUBLIC LANDS. Crown lands.-These lands are those set apart for the maintenance of the royal state of Hawaiian sovereigns. They have been the subject of legislation from time to time. Three commissioners are empowered to lease them for terms not to exceed thirty years. The net revenue is paid to the sovereign. These lands are situated on all of the main islands and comprise some of the finest tracts in the country. Total area, 876,000 acres. (See Report Minister of the Interior, 1890, p. 293.) Government lands.-These lands were set apart to assist in defraying the expense of maintaining organized government. They have been in the care of the minister of the interior, subject to sale or lease at his discretion, with checks providing for publicity, due notice of disposal, etc. Total area, 875,500 acres. School lands.-These were set apart for industrial purposes, and were for the greater part supplanted by Government bonds, as set forth in note to statement of public debt. There remain about 200 school sites of from one-fourth of an acre to 5 acres, and two tracts of about 2,000 acres. [Inclosure 3.] The Hawaiian Islands and dependencies. Name. Area. ] H awaii................................................................... 4,210 M aui........6........................................................... 760 Oahu................................................... 600 K auai.................................................................... 590 M olokai................................................................ 270 Lanai............................................ 150 N iihau........... -..9.......................... -.. --................ 97 Kahoolawe.................................................... 63 Nihoa or Bird Island....................................................! Not surveyed. Johnsons or Cornwallis........................................do........ N eckers...........................................................do........ French Frigate Shoals.......................................... do........ Brothers Reef.-..........................................do..... Garden Island.....................-...............................do....... Aliens Reef.......................................... do......... Laysans Island -................................................ -.. do..... Lisiansky Island.............................................................do Philadelphia or Bnnkers...............................-......................do....... Pearl or Hermes Reef. ----... —....................................-.-do......... Middle Island (Midway or Brooks Island)................................do......... Ocean Island............o............................ do.. Palm yra Island................................................do.... ---~ —~-..~..-.~-.~..~..~.... Population, 1890. 26, 754 17,357 31,194, 11, 643 2,682 174 216 Nominal. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. And all outlying and adjoining reefs, atolls, islets, and unnamed islands. '.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~ 44 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. No. 17. MIr. Tracy to Mr. Foster. NAVY DEPARTMENT, Washington, February 11, 1893. (Received February 11.) SIR: I have the honor to transmit for your information a copy of a translation of a cipher dispatch received this date from the commanding officer of the U. S. S. Boston, at Honolulu, Hawaii. Very respectfully, B. F. TRAC-Y, Secretary of the Navy. [Inclosure-telegram.] Mr. Ililtse to Mr. Tracy. HONOLULU, February 1, 1893. (San Francisco, Cal., February 10.) Capt. Wiltse reports that no change has occurred in the situation and that until the Government of H;awaii expresses a desire to have the forces withdrawn, and the minister approves such desire a battalion will be kept ashore for the protection of the lives and property of citizens of the United States in the island; he reports the progress of the Hawaiian Government which is daily gaining ground and has organized forces; he announces that the minister plenipotentiary of the United States placed tile Government of Hawaii under the protection of the United States, during negotiations not interfering with the execution of public affairs, on this day at 9 a. m. in accordance with the request of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, and says that he has sent telegrams of the minister to the Secretary of State. * No. 18. Mr. Foster to Mr. Stevens. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, February 11, 1893. SIR: Your cipher telegram, dated the 1st instant, and transmitted through the Navy Department's good offices, was received here at 4:30 p. m. on the 9th instant. You therein make the following important statement: kTo-day, at 9 a.., in accordance with the request of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, I have placed government of Hawaii under the United States protection during negotiations, not interfering with the execution of public affairs. The precise character and scope of the act thus announced by you do not appear from this brief recital. The press, however, prints full details of the occurrences of the 1st instant, as telegraphed from San Francisco on the arrival of the mail steamer Australia at that port on the morning of the 9th, and I therein find what purports, with appearance of general correctness, to be the text of a proclamation issued by you on the 1st instant, which reads as follows: By authority to the Hawaiian people: At the request of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, I hereby, in the name of the United States of America, assume protection of the Hawaiian Islands for the protection of life and property, and occupation of the public buildings i,. = _ _... ^. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 45 and Hawaiian soil, so far as may be necessary for the purpose specified, but not interfering with the administration of public affairs by the Provisional Government. This action is taken pending and subject to negotiations at Washington. JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States. UNITED STATES LEGATION, February 1, 1893. Approved and executed by C. C. Wiltse, captain, U. S. Navy, commanding U. S. S. Boston. The manner and degree of the execution of your proclamation by the naval force are not related with particularity in a brief telegraphic report just received from Capt. Wiltse. He merely says: To-day at 9 a. m. in accordance with request of Provisional Government of Hawaii, the United States minister plenipotentiary placed the Government of Hawaii under United States protection, during negotiations, not interfering with the execution of public affairs. It appears from the press reports that the ceremonial for the execution of your orders consisted in the landing of a battalion from the Boston, its formation at the Government building in concert with three volunteer companies of the Provisional Government, the reading of your proclamation by Lieut. Rush, and the hoisting of the United States flag over the Government building. The Hawaiian flag on other public buildings in Honolulu is stated not to have been disturbed. The phraseology of your proclamation in announcing your action in assumption of protection of the Hawaiian Islands in the name of the United States would appear to be tantamount to the assumption of a protectorate over those islands in behalf of the United States with all the rights and obligations which the term implies. To this extent it goes beyond the necessities of the situation and the instructions heretofore given you. Your existing instructions, and those under which the commanders of naval vessels of the United States acted, were and are ample to provide all legitimate material protection in case of need, either in your discretion or at the request of the duly constituted authorities of the Hawaiian Islands, for the lives and property of American citizens endangered or menaced, or for the prevention of lawless and tumultuous acts of disturbance of the public peace and safety. The accordance of such measures of protection, or the unsolicited taking of the needful precautions to those ends is, however, not to be confounded with the establishment of a protectorate, which is in fact the positive erection of a paramount authority over or in place of the duly constituted local government, and the assumption, by the protector, of the especial responsibilities attached to such formal protection. It is not thought probable that the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, in soliciting protection, contemplated more than the cooperation of the moral and material forces of the United States to strengthen its own authority and power, as a recognized sovereign Government, for the protection of life and property, as stated in your proclamation. Such a decree of protection you were, as I have said, already fully competent to accord, or to exercise in your discretion, in case of need. Your proclamation expresses no reservation as to confirmation of your action by the Government of the United States. Its provisos are, that the assumed function of protection is to be exercised so far as may be necessary for the specified purpose of protecting life and property, without interference with the administration of public affairs by the Pravisional Government, and that the action in question "is taken pending. 46 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. and subject to negotiations at Washington." These qualifications are entirely in the line of my views of the scope and intent of the request made to you by the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands. The omission of reference to the necessary sanction of the Government of the United States is immaterial, for its function of revision and confirmation or disavowal of the acts of its agents is inherent and exercisable at its discretion.. So far, therefore, as your action amounts to according, at the request of the defacto sovereign Government of the Hawaiian Islands, the cooperation of the moral and material forces of the United States for the protection of life and property from apprehended disorders, your action is commended. But so far as it may appear to overstep that limit by setting the authority and power of the United States above that of the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, in the capacity of protector, or to impair in anyway the independent sovereignty of the Hawaiian Government by substituting the flag and power of the United States as the symbol and manifestation of paramount authority, it is disavowed. Instructions will be sent to the commanding officers of the United States naval forces in the Hawaiian Islands confirming and renewing thle instructions heretofore given them under which they are authorized and directed to cooperate with you for the preservation of American life and property, and the maintenance of good order in case of need. Your own instructions in the same sense are continued. You are accordingly authorized, upon the receipt of these instructiolIs, to arrange with the commanding naval officer for the continued presence on shore of such marine force as may be practicable and requisite for the security of the lives and property interests of citizens of the United States, and the repression of lawlessness and public disturbance threatening them, whenever in your judgment it shall be necessary so to do, or when such cooperative measures may be sought for good cause by the Government of the Hawaiian Islands; being, however, always careful to make due discrimination between those functions of voluntary or accorded protection and the assumption of a protectorate over the Hlawaiian Islands by the United States. No step should be taken by you, or will be sanctioned by this Government, which might tend to derogate in anyway from the independence of the Government of the Hwauiian Islands, which thle Ulited States have recoglnized as sovereign a:nd w-ith which they treat on terms of sovereign equality. A telegraphic inlstruction briefly outlinilg tihe substance of this dispatch, will be sent to you, by way of Saim Francisco, by the mail steaimer sailing froml that port on the 15tl instant. I am, sir, etc., JOHN W. FOSTER. No. 19. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster. No. 82.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolluu February 1, 1893. (leceived February 14, 5 p. m.) SIR: Everything is moving on here quietly. The Provisional Government is discharging its responsibilities with firmness, discretion, ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 47 and in the spirit of conciliation and magnanimity. The annexation sentiment has constantly increased since the departure of the Commis:sioners for Washington, and with healthful earnestness is taking possession of all classes. Nearly all the Germans, the larger proportion of the respectable and responsible English, and almost the entire Portuguese population are warmly for annexation. This inclination of the Portuguese is quite important, for they number seven or eight thousand, and are among the most industrious and saving. As to terms of annexation I still adhere firmly to the opinion expressed in my dispatch 74, that the sugar bounty to be paid to the Hawaiian sugar planters should be limited to 6 mills per pound, $12 per ton, so long and only so long as the United States bounty system shall be maintained. To the objection that this allows only $12 per ton on Hawaiian sugar, while the Hawaiian planters get twice the amount per acre that the Louisiana planters do, on.the average, and as I said in my dispatch 74, the consensus of opinion among the leading planters here, obtained by me five or six months since, was and is that $12 per ton bounty will place all the Hawaiian plantations worth maintaining on the road of financial safety and success. As to the form of government for the islands I now only vary from i ~ views expressed in my 74 as to incline strongly to the opinion that the beginning should be substantially like that of President Jefferson and Congress in respect of Louisiana, in the act of 1804 (page 283, United States Statutes at Large), only differing from that by providing in addition to governor, attorney-general, a commissioner of finance, and commissioner of the interior, and a legislative council of thirteen or fourteen, all to be appointed by the President, unless it should be deemed best for the governor to appoint attorney-genleral and the comm issioners of finance and of the interior, who would be practically a cabinet of three to aid the governor to carry on the government. This plan and method of government could be maintained as a transition government until experience should prove it best to change to a more X! popular form. In the meantime the responsible voters would rapidly increase, and American ideas and interests would gain in force and voluhue. My private consultation with the Provisional Government since the departure of the commissioners for Washington has led us to think highly of the Jefferson act of 1804 for Louisiana as a transition expedient for Hawaii. This would cause no shock, aind would allow affairs to move along on safe and conservative lines until time and experience demand something better. It would be fortunate to have such a man as Sanford B. Dole, the present head of the Provisional Government, the first American governor of Hawaii. As to liquidation of all political claims of the fallen Queen and the crown princess, may I be allowed to suggest that the spirit and import of the March treaty plan of 1854 had better be ~adopted, which authorized the expenditure of $1,)0,000 for like purposes. I therefore suggest, that if a liquidation of this kind be now uider consideration and $150,000 should be allowed as the total sum for this purpose, $70,000 should go to the fallen Queen, Liliuokalaiii, auid $70,000 to the crown princess, Kaiulani, amnd $t-,,000 to eaclh of the two young prilces. Tlhe last ramed, the two princes, are harmless young persons, of little account, not chiefs by blood, but they were made princes by the late King Kalakaua, without any constitutional right or power to do so, the then boys being nephews of his wife, Kapiolani. Should the entire sum.. f. '; 48 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. granted for these purposes be greater or less than $150,000 I advise that the above specified proportions be maintained. As to the native Hawaiianls and their native leaders at this time, things are tending favorably toward annexation. Mr. Kauhane, for many years a member of the legislature, and regarded, for many years, the best native il the islands in public life, a noble in the recent session of that body, is earnest for annexation. So is Mr. Kauhi, a member of the legislature, from this island. Hon. John W. Kalua, the ablest native lawyer in the islands, years a member of former legislatures, from the important island of Maui, thinks the fall of the Queen and the extinction of the monarchy a boon to Hawaii, and he is for annexation. Robert W. Wilcox, tile half-white native, who led the Hawaiian revolt in 1889, which came so near being successful, is now for annexation. He was educated in Italy, at a military school, is 37 years of age, his father being a citizen of Rhode Island, and, it is said, is still living in that State. This Wilcox has more fighting ability than any other native Hawaiian, and will be proud to become an American citizen, and at a future time to serve in the Army or civil service of the United States. The ablest of the native Hawaiian Christian ministers are strong in their American sympathies. The pastor of the large native Hawaiian church in this city, a native Hawaiian, is for annexation earnestly. The other large Hawaiian congregation and church in Honolulu has a favorite pastor, born here of American parentage, whose quiet influence is in the same direction. The native newspaper of much the largest circulation in the islands advocates annexation, stands by the Provisional Government, and is losing none of its circulation. The main part of the opponents of annexation are the lower class of natives, led by unscrupulous foreigners, of little property, mostly from California, Australia, and Canada, who wish to maintain the Hawiian monarchy and its corruptions for their own unworthy purposes, and who think their opportunities for power and spoliation will be gone if annexation becomes a ftact. The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it. If annexation does not take place promptly, or is lield in doubt and suspense for six or ten months, there certainly will be here a revulsion to despair, and these people, by their necessities, might be forced toward becoming a British colony, for the English here of the monarchical type would then avalil themselves of their opportunity and stir up all possible opposition to annexation. The wealthiest Englishman of these islands has to-day called at this legation, and no man in Hawaii is more etarlest for anlexation. Htis two sons, large business lenl, are with him in this regard, and the next wealthy old British resident, a Scotchlman by birth, is with the first man named for annexation. I can not otherwise than urge prompt action at Washington. I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. i r V, KI- - _, -. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 49 No. 20. Mir. Stevens to lMr. Foster. No. 84.J UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, February 1, 1893. (Received February 14, 5 p. m.) SIR: To-day the undersigned and Capt. Wiltse of the Boston are compelled to assume a grave responsibility. Tle inclosed copies of official notes will explain the reasoifs whicl have led to this action on our part. cr^ I have time before the departure of the mail steamer only to state briefly the additional reasons which caused us to Lassume temporary protectorate of these islands. The Provisional Government must have time to organize a new police and to discipline a snmall military force. When the monarchy died by its own hand, there was 1no military force in the islands but the royal guard of about 75 natives, not in effective force equal to 20 American soldiers. These were promptly discharged by the Provisional Government, except 16 left as the guard of the fallen Queen at her house. The white men here, as well as thle natives, have not been much accustomed to the use of arms. There are scarcely any m1en familiar with military discipline. Companies are now being organized and drilled. They must have a few weeks for drill. Only a small force of a few hundred will be required, but these must be disciplined men. So far the Provisional Government has been sustained by the uprising and union of the business men and best citizens. Bankers, merchants, clerks, professional men, respectable mechanics have stood manfully by the new Government and kept guard by night. This kind of defense must give place to a small, reliable military force. Time is the necessity of the new Governmlcut. There are 40,000 Chinese and Japanese on the islands, and evil-disposed persons might stir some of them to disorder. But the chief elements of evil are in Honolulu, where are the renegade whites at the head of the lottery and opium rings, and a considerable number of hoodlum foreigners and the more vicious of the natives. Another important reason for our action is the possibility of the arrival here of a British war vessel, and that the English minister here, thus aided, might try to press unduly the Provisional Government. VWith the islands under our protection we think the English minister will not attempt to insist that his Government has the right to interfere while our flag is over the Government building. This is all I have tilme to write before the departure of the mail. We shall continue to maintain our present position with great caution and firmness until we hear from the President through the Secretary of State. As a necessary precaution against all contingencies, I advise that Admiral Skerrett be promptly sent here with one or two ships in addition to the Boston. '1 /~ ~ I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. (One or two of the preceding numbers of the dispatches by this mail were written prior to this date, but they were dated February 1 be} cause this is the day of the steamer's departure.) li S. Ex. 76-4;s,.. s.....;U x.' 50 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. [Inclosure 1.] Mr. Stevensl to Capt. Wiltse. UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, February 1, 1893. SIR: The Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands having duly and officially expressed, to the undersigned, the fear that said Government may be unable to protect life and property and to prevent civil disorder in Honolulu, the capital of said Hawaiian Islands, request that the flag of the United States may be raised for the protection of the Hawaiian Islands, iLnd to that end confer on the United States, through the undersigned, freedom of occupation of the public buildings of the Hawaiian Governlment and the soil of the Hawaiian Islands, so far as may be necessary for the exercise of such protection, but not interfering with the administration of the public affairs by said provisional government. I hereby ask you to comply with the terms and spirit of the request of the Hawaiian Provisional Government, and to that end to use all the force at your command, in the exercise of your best judgment and discretion, you and myself awaiting instructions from the United States Government at Washington. I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extraordiaary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States. Capt. G. C. WILTSE, Commander of the U. S. Ship Boston. [Inclosure 2.] The Hawaiian Provisional Government to Mr. Stectens. SIR: Believing that we are unable to satisfactorily protect life and property, and to prevent civil disorders in Honolulu and throughout the Hawaiian Islands, we hereby, in obedience to the instructions of the advisory council, pray that you will raise the flag of the United States for the protection of the Hawaiian Islands for the time being, and to that end we hereby confer upon the Government of the United States, through you, freedom of occupation of the public buildings of this Government, and of the soil of this country, so far as may be necessary for the exercise of such protection, but not interfering with the administration of public affairs by this Government. We have, etc., SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Provisional Goverlnment of the Hawlaiian Islands, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. J. A KING, Minister of Interior. P. C. JONES, Minister of Finance. WILLIAM O. SMITH, Attorney-General. His Excellency JOHN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States. No. 21. Constitution of the Hawaiian Islands, signed by His Majesty Kalakaua, July 6, andpromulgated July 7, 1887. CONSTITUTION. Whereas the constitution of this Kingdom heretofore in force contains many provisions subversive of civil rights and incompatible with enlightened constitutional government; And whereas it has become imperative, in order to restore order'and tranquility and the confidence necessary to a further maintenance.i~.:................ AANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 51 of the present government, that a new constitution should be at once promulgated: Now, therefore,, Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands, in my capacity as Sovereign of this Kingdom, and as the representative of the people hereunto by them duly authorized and emplowered, do annul and abrogate the constitution promulgated by Kanmehameha the Fifth, on the 20th day of August, A. D. 1864, and do proclaim and promulgate this constitution. ARTICLE 3. God hath endowed all men with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, antl the right of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining satety and happiness. ARTICLE 2. All men are free to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences; but this sacred privilege hereby secured shall not be so construed as to justify acts of licentiousness, or practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the Kingdom. ARTICLE 3. All men may freely speak, write, and publish their sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no law shall be enacted to restrain the liberty of speech or of the press. ARTICLE 4. All men shall have the right, in an orderly and peaceable manner, to assemble, without arms, to consult upon the common good, and to petition the King or legislature for redress of grievances. ARTICLE 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus belongs to all men, and shall not be suspended unless by the King when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety shall require its suspension. ARTICLE 6. No person shall be subject to punishment for any offetnse except on due and legal conviction thereof in a court having jurisdiction of the case. ARTICLE 7. No person shall be held to answer for any crime or offense (except in cases of impeachment or for offenses within the jurisdiction of a police or district justice, or in summary proceedings for contempt) unless upon indictment, filly and plainly describing such crime or offense, and shall have the right to meet the witnesses who are produced against him face to face; to produce witnesses and proofs in his own favor; and by himself or his counsel, at his election, to examine the witnesses produced by himself, and cross-examine those produced against him, and. to be fully heard in his own defence. In all cases in which the right of trial by jury has been heretofore used it shall be held inviolable forever, except in actions of debt or assumpsit in which the amount claimed is less,han fifty dollars. ARTICLE 8. No person shall be required to answer again for an offense of which he has been duly convicted or of which he has been duly acquitted. ARTICLE 9. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. ARTICLE 10. No person shall sit as a judge or juror in any case in which his relative, by affinity, or by consanguinity within the third degree, is interested, either as plaintiff or defendant, or in the issue of which the said judge or juror may have, either directly or through such relative, any pecuniary interest. ARTICLE 11. Involuntary servitude, except for crime, is forever prohibited in this Kingdom. Whenever a slave shall enter Hawaiian territory he shall be free. ARTICLE 12. Every person has the right to be secure from all uniL. ',.., ' ' ' S~~~~~~~: 52 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. reasonable searches and seizures of his person, his house, his papers, and effects; and no warrants shall issue except on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE 13. The Government is conducted for the common good, and not for the profit, honor, or private interest of any one man. family, or class of men. ARTICLE 14. Each member of society has a right to be protected in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property, according to law; and, therefore, lie shall be obliged to contribute his proportional share to the expense of this protection, and to give his personal services, or an equivalent when necessary. Private property may be taken for public use, but only upon due process of law and just compensation. ARTICLE 15. No subsidy, duty, or tax, of any description, shall be established or levied without the consent of the legislature; nor shall any money be drawn from the public treasury without such consent, except when, between the sessions (of the legislature, the emergencies of war, invasion, rebellion, pestilenlce, or other public disaster shall arise, and then not without the concurrence of all the cabinet, and of a majority of the whole privy council; and the millister of finance shall render a detailed account of such exl)enditure to the legislature. ARTICLE 16. No retrospective laws sliall ever be enacted. ARTICLE 17. The military shall always be sul)ject to the laws of the land; and no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; iior in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by the legislature. ARTICLE 18. Every elector shall be privileged from arrest on election days, during his attendance at election, and in going to and returning therefrom, except in case of treason, felony, or breach of the peace. ARTICLE 19. No elector shall be so obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, as to prevent his voting, except in time of war or public danger. ARTICLE 20. The supreme power of the Kingdom, in its exercise, is divided into the executive, legislative, and judicial; these shall always be preserved distinct, and no executive or judicial officer, or any contractor, or employee of the Government, or any person in the receipt of salary or emolument from the Government, shall be eligible to election to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, or to hold the position of an elective member of the same. And no member of the legislature shall, during the time for which he is elected, be appointed to any civil office under the Government, except that of a member of the cabinet. ARTICLE 21. The Government of this Kingdom is that of a constitutional monarchy, under His Majesty Kalakaua, his heirs and successors. ARTICLE 22. The crown is hereby permanently confirmed to His Majesty Kalakaua, and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten, and to their lawful descendants in a direct line; failing whom, the crown shall descend to Her Royal Highness the Princess Liliuokalani, and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten, and their lawful descendants in a direct line. The succession shall be to the senior male child, and to the heirs of his body; failing a male child, the succession shall be to the senior female child, and to the heirs of her body. In case there is no heir as above provided, the successor shall be the person whom the sovereign shall appoint, with the consent of the nobles, and publicly proclaim during the sovereign's life; but should there be no such ap i fc ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 53 pointment and proclamation, and the throne should become vacant, then the cabinet, immediately after the occurring of such vacancy, shall cause a meeting of the legislature, who shall elect by ballot some native Alii of the Kingdom as successor to the throne; and the successor so, elected shall become a new stirps for a royal fitmily; and the succession from the sovereign thus elected shall be regulated by the same law as the present royal family of iHawaii. ARTICLE 23. It shall not be lawfil for any member of the royal family of Hawaii who lmay by law succeed to the throne, to contract marriage without the consent of tle reigning sovereign. Every marriage so contralcted shall be void, anll tle person so contracting a marriage, may, by the proclamation of the reilninl sovereign, be declared to have forfeited his or her right to tlhe throne; and after such proclamationl, the right of succession shall vest in the next heir as though such offender were dead. ARTICLE 24. His Majesty Kalakanua will, and his successor shall, take the following oath: I solemnly swear, in the presence of Almighty God, to maintain the constitution of the Kingdom whole and inviolate, and to govern in conformity therewith. ARTICLE 25. No person shall ever sit uponl the throle who las been convicted of any inflamous crime, or who is iinsane or aIn iliot. ARTICLE 26. The Kingis the com()lander-in-chlief of tlie irlmly and navy, and of all other military torces of tlhe Kingdoin:, by sea and land; but he shall never proclaim war without the consent of thle legislature; and no military or iaval force shall be organized except by the authority of tile legislature. ARTICLE 27. The King, by and with the advice of his privy council, and with the consent of the cabinlet, lhas tlhe power to grant reprieves and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses, except in case of inlpeachment. ARTICLE 28. Tlhe King convenes the legislature at the seat of Government, or at a different place, if that should become insecure from an enemy or any dangerous disorder, and prorogues thle same; and in any great emergency he may, with the advice of tlhe privy council, convene the legislature in extraordinary session. ARTICLE 29. The King llas the power to. make treaties. Treaties involving changes in the tariff, or ill any law of tlle Kilgdomn, shall be referred for approval to the legislature. Tlle Kiing appoints public ministers, who siall be commlissioned, accredited,.and instructed agreeably to the usage and law of nations. ARTICLE 30. It is the King's prerogative to receive and acknowledge public ministers;; to inform the legislature by royal message, fromli time to time, of the state of the Kingdom; and to recommend to its consideration such measures as lie shall judge necessary and expedient. ARTICLE 31. The person of the Killg is inlviolable and sacred. His ministers are responsible. To the King and tlle cabinet belongs the executive power. All laws that have passed tlhe legislature shall require his majesty's signature in order to their validity, except as provided in Article 48. ARTICLE 32. Whenever, upon the decease of the reigning sovereign, the heir shall be less thall eighteen years of age, the royal power shall be exercised by a regellt or council of regency, as hereinafter provided. ARTICLE 33. It shall be lawful for the King, atany time when he may be about to absent himnself froml the Kingdom, to appoint a regent or council of regency, wlho shall administer the Goverinnent in his name; and likewise the King may, by his last will and testament, appoint a AI 1 I. -t 54 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. regent or council of regency to administer the Government during tlle minority of any heir to the throne; and should a sovereign decease, leaving a minor heir, and having made no last will and testament, the 'cabinet at the time of such decease shall be a council of regency, until the legislature, which shall be 'called immediately, be assembled; and the legislature, immediately that it is assembled, shall proceed to choose by ballot a regent or council of regency, who shall administer the Government in the namie of the King, and exercise all the powers which are constitutionally vested in the King, until such heir shall have attanled the age of eiglteen years, which age is declared to be the legal majority of such sovereign. ARTICLE 34. Thle King is sovereign of all tle chlietf and of all the. people. ARTICLE 35. All titles of honor, orders, iand other distinctions emanate from the King. ARTICLE 3(. The King coins money and regulates the currency by law. ARTICLE 37. The king, in case of invasion or rebellion, can place the whole kingdom, or any part of it, under martial law. ARTICLE 38. The nationlal ensign shall not be changed except by act of the legislature. ARTICLE 39. The King can not be sued or held to account in any court or tribunal of the Kingidom. ARTICLE 40. There shall continue to be a council of state for advising the King in iall matters for the good of the state wherein he,may require its advice, which council shall be called the King's privy council of state, and the members thereof shall be appointed by the King, to. hold office during his maijesty's pleasure, and which council shall have and exercise only such powers as are given to it by the constitution. ARTICLE 41. Tlhe cabinet shall consist of the minister of foreign affairs, the minister of the interior, thle minister of finance, and the attorney general, and they shall be his majesty's slecial advisers in the executive affairs of tile Kingdom; and they shall be ex-officio members of his majesty's privy c(ouncil of state. Tley shall be -appointed and commissioned by the l(ing, and sliall be removed by hil only pon)011 a vote of want of confid(ence lpassed by a majority of all thle elective mellmbers of the legislature or upon conviction of felony, and slhall be subject to impeachment. No act of the King shall hlave any effect unless it be countersigned by a member of the cabinet, wlho by that signature makes himself responsible. ARTICLE 42. Each mnember of the cabinet shall keep an office at the seat of Government, and sliall be accounttable) f)r tlhe conduct of his deputies and clerks. The cabinet holds seats ex-officio in tlhe legislature with tlie right to vote, except on a utlestion of conlfidelce in them. ARTICLE 43. The minister of finance slhall present to the legislature in the name of the Government, on the fir.-t day of each biennial session, the financial budget, in the Hawaiian and English languages. ARTICLE 44. The legislative power of the Kingdom is vested in the King and the legislature, which shall consist of the nobles and representatives sitting together. ARTICLE 45. The legislative body shall be styled the legislature of Hawaiian Kingdom and shall assemble biennially in the month of May. The first regular session shall'be held in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. ARTICLE 46. Every member of the legislature shall take the follow ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 55 ing oath: I solemnly swear, in the presence of Almighty God, that I will faithfully support the constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and conscientiously and impartially discharge my duties as a member of the legislature. ARTICLE 47. The legislature has full power aand authority to amend the constitution as hereinafter provided; and from time to time to make all manner of wholesomle laws not repugnant to the constitution. ARTICLE 48. Every bill which shall have passed the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the King. It lle approve, he shall sign it, and it shall thereby become a law; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to tlhe legislature, which shall enter the objections at large (o their journal and proceed to reconlsider it. If after such reconsideration it shall be approved by a two thirds vote of all the elective members of the legislature it shall becomne a law. In all such cases the votes slall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the perslos voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of the legislatale. If any bill shall not be returned by the King within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it slall have been presented to him, tile same slall1 b i a law in like mnanner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by their atjolurnment prevenlt its return, il which case it slhall not lbe a law. ARTlICLE 419. The legislature shall be tle judge of the qualifications of its own iembers, excep)t as may hereafter be provided by law, and a majority shall constitute a quorum to (do business; but a snialler number may ad.journ flrom day to day, and coimpel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and un(ler such penalties as the legislature may provide. ARTICLE 50. The legislature shall choose its own officers and determine the rules of its own proceedings. ARTICLE 51. The legislature shall have authority to punish by imprisonnent, not exceeding thirty days, every person not a melmber who shall be guilty of disrespect to the legislature by any disorderly or contemptuonis behavior in its presence; or who, during the time of its sitting, shall publish any false report of its proceedings, or insulting comments upon the same; or who shall threaten harm to the body or estate of any of its melmbers for anything said or done ill the legislature; or who shall assault any of thenm therefor, or who shall assault or arrest any witness, or other person ordered to attend the legislature, on his way going or returning; or who shall rescue any perSon arrested by order of the legislature. ARTICLE 52. The legislature may punish its own members for disorderly behavior. ARTICLE 53. The legislature sllall keel a journal of its proceedings; and the yeas and nays of the members, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of tliose present, be entered on the jo'urnal. ARTICLE 54. The members of the legislature shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of the legislature and in going to and returning from the same; provided such privilege as to going and returning shall not cover a period of over twenty days; and they shall not be held to answer for any speech or debate made in the legislature, in any court or place whatsoever. ARTICLE 55. The representatives shall receive for their services a compensation to be determined by law, and paid out of the public treas- ' - ury, but no increase of compensation Ahall- take effect during the bien-, nial term in which it shall have been made; and no law shall be passed ~ 56 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. increasing the compensation of representatives beyond the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars each for each biennial term. ARTICLE 56. A noble shall be a subject of the Kingdom, who shall have attained the age of twenty-five years and resided itt the Kingdom three years, and shall be the owner of taxable property in this Kingdom of the value of three thousand dollars over and above all encumbrances, or in receipt of an income of not less than six hundred dollars per annum. ARTICLE 57. The nobles shall be a court with full and sole authority to hear and determine all impeachments made by the representatives, as the grand inquest to the Kingdom, against any officers of the Kingdom, for misconduct or maladministration in their offices; but previous to the trial of every impeachment the nobles shall respectfully be sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question according to evidence and law. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust, or profit under this Government; but the party so convicted shall be, nevertheless, liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to the laws of the land. ARTICLE 58. Twenty-four nobles shall be elected as follows: Six from the island of Hawaii; six fiom the islands of Maui, Molokai, and Lanai; nine from the island of Oahu; and three from the islands of Kauai and Niihau. At the first election held under this constitution the nobles shall be elected to serve until the general election to the legislature for the year of our Lord 1890, at which election, and thereafter, the nobles shall be elected at the same time and places as the representatives. At the election for the year of our Lord 1890, onethird of the nobles from each of the divisions aforesaid shall be elected for two years, and one-third for four years, and one-third for six years, and the electors shall ballot for them for suchl terms, respectively; and at all subsequent general elections they shall be elected.for six years. The nobles shall serve without pay. ARTICLE 59. Every male resident of the Hawaiian Islands, of Hawaiian, American, or European birth or descent, who shall have attained the age of twenty years, and shall have paid his taxes, and shall have caused his name to be entered on the list of voters for nobles for his district, shall be an elector of nobles, and shall be entitled to vote at any election of nobles: ProvidedFirst. That he shall have resided in the country not less than three years, and in the district in which he offers to vote not less than three months immediately preceding the election at which lie offers to vote. Second. That he shall own and be possessed, in his own right, of taxable property in this country of the value of not less than three thousand dollars over and above all encumbrances, or shall have actually received an income of not less than six hundred dollars during the year next preceding his registration for such election. Third. That he shall be able to read and comprehend an ordinary newspaper )rinted in either the Hawaiian, English, or some European language. Fourth. That he shall have taken an oath to support the constitution and laws, such oath to be administered by any person authorized to administer oaths, or by any inspector of elections: Provided, however, That the requirements of a three years' residence and of ability t9 read and comprehend an ordinary newspaper, printed 'either in the Hawaiian, English, or some European language, shall not, apply to persons residing in the Kingdom at the time of the promulga ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 57 tion of this constitution, if they shall register and vote at the first election which shall be held under this constitution. ARTICLE 60. There shall be twenty-four representatives of the people elected biennially, except those first elected under this constitution, who shall serve until the general election for the year of our Lord 1890. The representation shall be based upon the principles of equality and shall be regulated and apportioned by the legislature according to the population, to be ascertained from time to time by the official census. But until such alportionment by the legislature, the apportionment now establislhed by law shall remain in force, with the following exceptionls, namely, there shall be but two representatives for the districts of Hilo and Puna on the island of Hawaii, but one for the districts of Lahaina and Kaanapali on the island of Maui, and but one for the districts of Koolauloa and Waialua on the island of Oahu. ARTICLE 61. No person shall be eligible as a representative of the people unless he be a-male subject of the Kingdom who shall have arrived at the full age of twenty-one years; who shall know how to read and write either the Hawaiianl, English, or some European language; who shall understand accounts; who shall have been domiciled in the Kingdom for at least three years, the last of which shall be the year immediately preceding his election; and who shall own real estate within the Kingdom of a clear value over and above all encumbrances, of at least five hundred dollars; or who shall have an annual income of at least two hundred and fifty dollars, derived from any property or some lawful employment. ARTICLE 62. Every male resident of the Kingdom of Hawaiian, American, or European birth or descent, who shall have taken an oath to support the constitution and laws in the manner provided for electors of nobles; who shall have paid his taxes; who shall have attained the age of twenty years, and shall have been domiciled in the Kingdom for one year immediately preceding the election, and shall know how to read and write either the Hawaiian, English, or some European language (if born since the year 1840), and shall have caused his name to be entered on the list of voters of his district as may be provided by law, shall be entitled to one vote for the representative or representatives of that district, provided, however, that the requirements of being domiciled in the Kingdom for one year immediately preceding the election, and eof knowing how to read and write, either the Hawaiian, English, or somne European language, shall not apply to persons residing in this Kingdom at the time of the promulgation of this constitution, if they shall register and vote at the first election which s1rall be held under this constitution. ARTICLE 63. No person shall sit as a noble or representative in the legislature unless elected under, and in conformity with, the provisions of this constitution. The property or income qualification of representatives, of nobles, and of electors of nobles, may be increased by law; and a property or income qualification of electors of representatives may be created and altered by law. ARTICLE 64. The judicial power of the Kingdom shall be vested in one supreme court amnd in such inferior courts as the legislature may, from time to time, establish. ARTICLE 65. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice, and not less than two associate justices, any of whom may hold the court. The justices of the supreme court shall hold their offices during good behavior, subject to removal upon impeachment, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office: Provided, however, I '4:i.... fr r: iSt;' ~;~'~~".j ~.; rs*", I k _. -. =. _ - - — p.'7' 7;;.,. - - "R~M... II......111il - }1 ^ y.^ ^.u.^y- — F --- ^,,^,.^,,,-^ ^.,.^ r^-^..,,,....-.... t,-,,... _.,. L. v ~;. 58V- ~ ~ ~ ~ - 1 / 58 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. That any judge of the supreme court or any other court of record may be removed from office, on a resolution passed by two-thirds of all the members of the legislature, for good cause shown to the satisfaction of the King. The judge against whou the legislature may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day on which the legislature shall act thereon. He shall be heard before the legislature. ARTICLE 66. The judicial power shall be divided among the supreme court and the several inferior courts of the Kingdom in such manner as the legislature may from time to time 1)rescribe, and the tenure of office in the inferior courts of the Kingdom shall be such as nlay be de- fined by the law creating them. ARTICLE 67. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under the constitution and laws of this Kingdolu and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority, to all cases effecting public ministers and consuls, and to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdictiol. ARTICLE 68. The chief justice of the supreme court shall be the chancellor of the Kingdom; he shall be ex officio president of the nobles in all cases of impeachment, ulless when impeached himself, and shall exercise such jurisdiction in equity or other cases as the law may confer upon him, his decisions being subject, however, to the revision of the supreme court on appeal. Should the chief justice ever be impeached, some person specially commnissioned by the King shall be president of the court of impeachment during such trial. ARTICLE 69. The decisions of the supreme court, when made by a majority of the justices thereof; shall be final and conclusive upon all parties. ARTICLE 70. The King, his cabinet, and the legislature shall have authority to require the- opinions of the justices of tle supreme court, upon important questions of law and upon solemn occasions. ARTICLE 71. The King appoints the justices of the supreme court and all other judges of courts of record. Their salaries are fixed by law. ARTICLE 72. No judge or magistrate shall sit alone on anl appeal or new trial in aly case oni which he may have given a previous judgment. ARTICLE 73. The following persons shall not be permitted to register for voting, to vote, or to hold office under any department of the Government, or to sit il the legislature, namely: Any person who is insane or anl idiot, or any person who shall have been convicted of any of the following-named offenses, viz: Arson, barratry, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, enbezzlement, felonious branding of cattle, forgery, gross cheat, incest, kidnaping, larceny, malicious burning, manslaughter in the first degree, murder, perjury, rape, robbery, sodolny, treason, subornation of perjury, and malfeasance in office, unless he shall have been pardoned by the King and restored to his civil rights, and by the express terms of his pardon declared to be eligible to offices of trust, honor, and profit. ARTICLE 74. NO officer of this Government shall hold an office or receive any salary from any other Government or power whatever. ARTICLE 75. The legislature votes the appropriations biennially, after due consideration of the revenue and expenditure for the two preceding years and the estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the two succeeding years, which shall be submitted to them by the minister of finance. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 59 ARTICLE 76. The enacting style in making and passing all acts and laws shall be, "Be it enacted by the King and the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom." ARTICLE 77. To avoid improper influences which may result from intermixing in one and the same act such things as have no proper relation to each other, every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in its title. ARTICLE 78. Wherever by this constitution any act is to be done or performed by the King or the Sovereign, it shall, unless otherwise expressed, mean that such act shall be done allt performed by the Sovereign by and with the advice and consent of the cabinet. ARTICLE 79. All laws now in force in this Kingdom shall continue and remain in full effect until altered or repealed by the legislature, such parts only excepted as are repugnant to this constitution. All laws heretofore enacted, or that may hereafter be enacted, which are contrary to this constitution, shall be null and void. ARTICLE 80. The cabinet shall have power to imake and publish all necessary rules and regulations for the holding of any election or elections under this constitution prior to the passage by the legislature of appropriate laws for such purpose, and to provide for administeriig to officials, subjects, and residents the oath to sul)])ort this constitution. The first election hereunder shall be lheld within ninety days after the promulgation of this constitution, and the legislature then elected may be convened at Honolulu upon the call of the cabinet council, in extraordinary session, at such time as the calinet council may deem necessary, thirty days' notice thereof being previously given. ARTICLE 81. This constitution sliall be in force fiom the 7tl dlay of July, A. 1). 1887, but that there may be no failure of justice or inconvenience to the Kingdom from any chalnge, all officers of this Kingdom at tlhe time this constitution shall take effect shall have, hold, and exercise all the power to themn granted. Such officers shall take an oath to support this constitution witlin sixty days after the promulgation thereof. ARTICLE 82. Any amendment or amendmensllt to this constitution may be proposed in the legislature, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members thereof, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on its journal, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the next legislature; which proposed amendment or amendments shall be published for three months previous to the next election of representatives and nobles; and if in the next legislature such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members of the legislature, such amendment or amendments shall become part of the constitution of this Kingdom. KALAKAUA REX. By the King: W. L. GREEN, Minister of Finance. HONOLULU, Oahu, ss: I, Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands, in the presence of Almighty God, do solemnly swear to maintain this constitution whole and inviolate, and to govern in conformity therewith. KALAKAUA REX. Subscribed and sworn to before me this sixth day of July, A. D. 1887. A. F. JUDD, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Chancellor of the Kingdom. 60 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. (No. 22.) Statistical tabulated statements pertaining to the Hawaiian Islands. A. Census of Hawaii. 1878. 1884. 1890. Regis[!~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~tered - __ - ~_-_. _-__ ~ -- -....-...... voters, Males. jFemales.l Total. Males. Females.: Total. Males. iFemales. Total. 1890. ______.....__....__-.-.. --- --- —. ---- --------............. Natives...................... 44,088......... - 40, 014............... 34,436 8,777 Half-castes............ 3420...... 4,218............... 6,186 777 Hawaiian- born for- eigners..............................-....- -—.................. - - - - 7, 495 146 Americans................ 1, 2.076............... 1, 928 637 Britih...... 883........... 1.282................ 1, 344 505 -German s................... 272... ---... 1,600........... 1,034 i 382 French.............. 81............. 192 1 -.... l......... 70 22 Portuguese............... 436.. —....... 9. 377 -..... ---. 8, 602 2, 091 Norwegian..........;.........-....................-........ 227 78 Chinese..-.-....i......... 5,916 '...... -...... 17,939............. 15,301.......... Japanese...............-.................. 116..... 12,360.. Polynesians.........................-............ 588 42 All others............................................... 419 136 Total.. 34.103 23,882 57,985 51,529 29.039 i80. 578 58, 7141 31,276 89, 990 13,593 The estimated population of Hawaii, on July 1, 1892, according to the Hawaiian Annual, was 96,075. B. HAWAIIAN REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. Statement of assessments, real and personal property. Years. Real. I Personal. Total. 1882....................................... $14. 978, 547 $16, 230, 790 $31,209, 337 1884......................................... 15, 734, 564 18, 502, 132 34, 336,132 1886.........-................................ 15, 602, 214 19. 352, 823 34, 955, 047 1888.......................................... 16, 730, 085 16, 477, 968 33, 208, 058 1889................... --—..................... 17, 702, 9:9 17, 213, 527 34,916, 466 1890........... —....... ---......-..-..-...' 18, 343, 958 17, 000, 240 35, 344,198 The value of real and personal property in the Kingdom for 1891 is estimated at about $39.000,000. The estimated value of Government property of all kinds, including cash in treasury, is $6,189,303. (Consul-General Severance, Con. Repts. No. 142, p. 413.) NOTE BY COMMISSIONERS.-To this amount should be added the value of the?rown lands, which, at a moderate estimate, are worth $2,500,000. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 61 C. SCHOOL STATISTICS. I Hawaiian school attendance. No of Attendance. Year. No. of schools. Boys. Girls. Total. 1888 -.......- -..-..-......-. —... —.. —.-.. —......- 189 4, 976 3,864 8, 770 1890 - —............... --- —....... ---.-. 178 5,532 4,474 10,006 1892.......-. —..-. -.-. --- —-. ----. -. —. --- ——. --- —----. ---. 168 5, 910 4, 802 10,712 Classification of schools. Classification. 1890. 1892. Government native schools: Schools —.......................... —. ----...-.... 36 28 Teachers. —.. ---.-.-... --- — 37 29 Pupils!.......................................... —............................... 768 552 Government English schools: Schools...........................-................ ---.... --- —... —... --- — 94 99 Teachers —.. —.................................................................... 193 221 Pupils. ----.. —..... —................................................................... 6,575 7,148 Independent schools: Schools....-....................4..41............ -- - —....-...-...-.. 48 41 Teachers...................................................................... 136 142 Pupils........-.. -—..............-.....-..- -. —.-.......-.................. 2,663 3,012 No. of Pupils at-i School ITotalpopschools. tending. revenue. ulation. 1887. ---..................................................-.. 189 8, 770 $203,020......... 1888.. ----.- -. ----.. —. —..... —..-....... ----...... 189 8,770 1 20.1,022........-. 1889.. --- —-- --.............. —... —.. 178; 10,000 391,438.......... 1890..-..............-. -..... ---- 178! 10,006 1 391,428 89,990 1891-............................... --- —--—.....-..-. —.-. 178 10,000 326,920 95,805 1892 -—...-.. —.-....-...-...-..-........... --- —-. ---- - 178 10, 000 326,920 *96, 075 Estimated on July 1, Hawaiian Annual. Nationality of pupils. Nationality. 1880. 1888. 1890. 1892. Hawaiians —.. ---......................................................i 5,657 5, 320 5 599 5, 353 Half-caste Hawaiians............................................... 955 1,247 1, 573 1, 866 Americans............................................................ 247 253 259 371 English........................................... 90 163 139 131 Germans............................................................ 37 176 I 199 191 Portuguese.......................................................... 55 1,335 1, 813 2,253 Norwegians.................................................... 40 58 71 Chinese.............................................................. 85 147 262 363 South Sea Islanders............................................... 16 40 36 Japanese.............................................................54 39 60 Japanese.. — --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- --- ---- --- ---- --- — 54 39 60 Other foreigners.....................................................- 38 19 25 21 Total............................................... 7,164 8,770 10,006 10,712 School attendance is compulsory. 62 ANNEXATION TREATY WITI THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. NYationality of school teachers, 1892. Nationality. Males. Females. Total. Hawaiian..........- -..................................... 59 20 79 Half-caste.................................................. 13 28 41 American................................... 38 39 77 English-.....-.........................-................-. 20 19 39 German..-........................... 2 4 Others............................................................... 2 8 10 Total....................................... 134 116 250 1). HAWAIIAN PUBLIC-DEBT STATEMENT. [From the Biennial Report of the Minister of Finance to the Legislative Assembly of 1892.] On the 31st of March, 1890, the bonded debt was................. $1, 934, 000.00 Of this there was paid during the period --.............-..... 7, 800.00 1, 926, 200.00 Borrowed under authority of acts: August 5, 1888................... $50, 00 October 24, 1890..................................... 95, 000 Postal Savings Bank account.-................. 29, 100 October 15, 1886. —....-.-......................-... 213.700 387,800.00 Bonded debt March 31, 1892................................ 2, 314, 000. 00 Amount due depositors in Postal Savings Bank March 31, 1892, for which coupon 6 per cent bonds are on (leposit in the Treasury by the Postmaster-General -........... —.. 903, 161. 13 Total bonded debt March 31, 1892............................. 3, 217,161.13 Detailed statement of bonded debt March 31, 1892. Act of August 5, 1882: Stock A, 6 per cent................................. $37, 000.00 Stock E, 6 per cent.... 14, 500.00 Stock 0, 6 per cent....-....................... 3, 300.00 Stock U, 6 per cent........ ---..................... 25,000.00 79, 800. 00 [May be redeemed in 5 years, must be redeemed in 25 years.] Act of October 15, 1886: Loan in London.................................... 980, 000.00 Stock A, 6 per cent................................. 373, 000.00 Stock E, 6 per cent...............................-.. 142, 000.00 Stock U, 6 per cent................................. 505, 000.00 2,000,000. 00 [May be redeeled in 10 years, must be redeemed in 25 years.] Act of October 15, 1888: Stock U, 6 per cent............................................... 50,000.00 Act of October 15, 1890: Stock A, 6 per cent............................... 95, 000.00 [May be redeemed in 5 years; must be redeemed in 10 years.] Postal Savings Bank account: Stock A, 5 per cent.-....................... $18, 000. 00 Stock E, 5 per cent.................................. 9,000.00 Stock 0, 5 per cent................................. 2,100.00 29, 100.00 Uvlay De reaeemed in 5 years; must be redeemed in 20 years.] ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 63 Act of September 27, 1876: Stock A, 7 per cent....-...................... ---. $1, 000. 00 Stock E, 7 per cent................................ 500. 00 [Payable at time specified on face, to be not later than 20 years.] Act of June 22, 1868: Stock U, 9 per cent...-....-...... ----... —. 10, 000. 00 Stock r E, 9 per cent.. —....-...-.. —............. 2,0(). 00 Stock 0, 9 per cent —.-............... ---....... —. 500.00 [Stock U falls due during current biennial period; no dates as to balance,but the amount is inconsiderable.] Board of education: $1,500. 00 12, 500. 00 Stock A, 12 per cent...-..........- -—........... 15, 000. 00 Stock E, 12 per cent. —... —... ---. 0-.... 5 00 Stock I, 12 per cent -....-......:.................-.. 400. 00 Stock 0, 12 per cent..-......-.....-............... 200. 00 Stock U, 12 per cent -................................ 30, 000.00 46,100.00 2,314,000.00 Due Postal Savings Bank depositors —..................... 903, 161.13 3, 217,161.13 [Board of educa.tion: Certain lands were originally set apart by the Hawaiian Government for the -use of the board of education. These lands were afterward sold, and the amount realized ($40,000) was, by act of the legislature, paid into the public treasury and these bonds issued to the board of education. They may be canceled at any time.] [Postal salcings bank: About $200,000 to $300,000 have been withdrawn since the date of the minister's report, about one-half of which has been paid from the general fund in the treasury, and the balance obtained by loans secured by treasury notes of the Hawaiian Government, authorized by an act of August 30t 1892, payable in from three to eighteen months, at 6 per cent.] [The foregoing bonds are all payable in United States gold or its equivalent.] NOTE TO HAWAIIAN DEBT STA'rEMENT-The matter bracketed [ ] was supplied by the Hawaiian commission. E. SUGAR ESTATES. [Consul-General Severance, March 22, 1892. Consular reports, No. 142, p. 413.] The total value of plantations, as taken from the Planter's Monthly, is estimated at $32,347,690, owned as follows: By Americans, $24,73F,610, or 74.17 per cent; by British, $6,038,130, or 18.11 per cent; by Germans, $2,008,600, or 6.02 per cent; by Hawaiians, $266,250, or 0.80 per cent; other nationalities, $299,100, or 0.90 per cent. The average monthly wages of employds in January, 1890, were as follows: Contract laborers, $17.74; skilled laborers, $63.13. The estimated area of land now under cane cultivation, including three new plantations of 3,700 acres, is 67,849 acres, from which the sugar exports reached 2 tons per acre, or 292,083,580 pounds. Owing to the present low prices of sugar, the value of the crops will decrease from the year 1890, while the quantity of sugar exceeds that produced in 1890 by 16,000 tons..+.; ' r^ ^^ --- -v a -** 364 ANNEXATION TI &~~~~~*c. - j~ ~ ' - *. " - ' EEATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. F... P' Hawaiian internal taxes for biennial periods, 188,2-1891. [Compiled, for the Hawaiian Annual, from finance and board of education 'eports.] 'Personal Horses. Biennial periods.;Real estate. prope. Pole. Horses. Mules. Dogs. 1882.............................. $187, 929 $208,096 $45, 998 $42, 81.9 (*) $13, 996 1884.....-.. - ----—..-. --- —---- 223, 100! 254,286 52, 964 24,975 $1,941 13,924 1886........................... —... 227, 195 262, 307 61,745 (f) 3, 303 13, 315 1888................ --- ——.-..-..- 252, 362 299, 974 63.115 (i) 6, 279 11,985 1890.......................... 330, 390 329, 908 69, 116 (t) 3, 063 14, 100 1891............. --- —--------—................... ---: 358,745 $341,225 78,064 (t) 4,156 13, 660 Biennial periods. Carriages. Seamen. Koads. School. Total. 1882............................................. $7,125 $642 $90, 041 $87, 322 $68. 957 1884. —...... —..... ---. ----. --- —-... —.. — i 8, 759 402 103,054 100, 278 780, 674 1886... —..-. —..... --- —-—.. —.......... 10. 635 114 118,256 115, 298 812,167 1888............................................. 11,835.......... 120,872 119,565 885,987 1890............................................. 13,940.......... 132.285 131,160 1,032,963 1891......................................1.... 14,628.......... 152, 137 151,906 1,114,521 *Insurance. I Included in personal property after 1884. $ Corrected by the commissioners. Tax per capita, aninual. 1882........................................................................ $5.29 1884 --—........................................................................ 5. 07 1886 ---. --- —-—.. --- —----—.. —. —. ----. ---... --- —-------—. --- —---—. --- —---- 4.67 1888....... --- —-—....... — 5.. --- —-. —. --- —-------.. --- —----. ----. ----. 5.71 1890 -—....... --- —---...-..... --- —-----------—....................... —.. --- 6.23 1891..... --- —-------.. ---........ ---..-. --- —. --- —---------.. --- —--—.... 5.85 ~;f sh:..^ G..Hawaiiani revenue and expenditulres for biennial periods, 1878-1880 to 1890-1892. 11878-1880.1880-1882. 1882-1884. 1884-1886. 1886-1888. 1888-1890. Estimated. 1890-1892. REVENUE. Custom-house........-.. $582, 846 $719,245 $944, 638 $986,417 $1, 204, 365 1$1, 082, 766 $1, 355, 744 Internal commerce........ 122, 946 141,744 178,149 194,174 1 226, 842 { 188, 642 196, 857 Internal taxes —........ ---. 465,252 556,615 680, 397 696, 869 I 766, 422 901,803 963,496 Fines. fees, etc............ 190, 265 219, 069 233, 710 96,490 | 149, 483 i 608, 316 458, 623 Government realization and receipts of bureaus.. 318,527 393,586 374,291 j 684,749 513,742 i 33,623 266,600 Government stocks00.668,900 --- —-................. 668,900................................ 387, 800 Farm loans. --- —-----........................................ 1,811,800 | 34,500 274,761 Postal savings............................ ' 319,932 780,526 13, 000 Crown commissions..... —....... 12,000 12,000............. Total-................1,703,730 2,070,259;3,092,085 3,010,655 4,812,576, 3,632,196 3,916,881 EXPENDITURES. Civil list. -..... —.. —.... - 65,500 100,000 148,500 127,931 128,925 76, 800 69.710 Permanent settlements.... 15, 075 19, 512 20, 347 14, 028 F 8, 967 4, 885 4, 685 Legislature and privy coun-, cil.. ----.....-...-......- 16,523 i 19,338 24,942 31,455 60,284 22,767 34,694 Judiciary department..... 79, 667 92,874 115, 892 129,057 154, 566 175. 979 177, 251 Department of war........ 67, 993................................... Department of foreign affairs........... 36,850 129,353! 252,641 222,678 257,996 156, 445 181.400 Department of the interior. 656, 810 41, 204, 703,1, 824, 795 1,162, 126 1, 528, 260 779, 111 1, 378, 885 Department of finance.... 260, 057 299, 436 319. 062 566,569 727,264 563, 458 1 695,298 Department of attorney.. general..-............... 123, 664 163,527 266, 730 279,872 279,819 259,237 391,592 Bureau of public instruc- tion... —.................. 79,605 84, 249 91,735 131,693 165,913 197,610 280,269 Board of health.....................-.......... 241,470 247, 907 316, 664 329, 815 Miscellaneous..... —... 93, 973 1 169, 608 151,742 *76, 821 01,152,338 155, 784 622, 292 Contingent 15.494. Contingent.... —.-.................................. 15.494........... Total............... 1,495, 607 2, 282,596:3,216,406 3, 003. 700 4,712,285 2,671,430 4,165,891 'Indemnity account for sundry expenses. tIncluding recall and cancellation of bonds, $625,000. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 65 H. Receipts, expenditures, and public debt of Hauaii. Expendi- Cash balYears. Revenue. Expendi- c in P l tures t ur. debt. treasury. 1880......................................... $1,703, 737 $1,495, 697 $338, 880 $388, 900 1882....2........................................ 2,070,060 2, 282, 599 126,541 299,200 1884................................................ 3,092,085 3,216,406 2,220 898,800 1886................................................. 3,010,655 3,003,700 9,175 1,065,600 1888................................................. 4,812, 576 4, 712,285 109,466 1, 936,500 1890............................................. 3,632,197 3, 250, 510 491,152 2, 599, 02 1892......................................... 4,408, 891 4, 095,891 *150,000 3,217,161 * Estimated by the Commissioners. S. Ex. 76-5 66 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. IMPORTS BY ARTICLES. Statement showing the imports, in detail, into Hawaii dcring the years ending with 1891. [From Hawaiian Statistical Report.] Articles. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. F 1891. Ale, porter, beer. and xider. - $68,183..... 63,061 $81.371 $75.984......... $77,442 $106,679' $98,264 Animals and birds 148, 5701 56, 746 101, 426 74, 024. 69,9861 153,935' 119, 494 Building materi- als.. —.,.. --- 153,104......... 56,301103,951, 116,215......... 100.4661 174.7631 185,,591 Clothing, hats, I and boots... ---- 427, 255; 268,1091 302, 064. 342, 947........ 362, 658 407, 296 405,712 Coal and coke.............I......... 715761 98, 417 56, 887......... 118,616 15,47 167,872 Crockery adn!! I glassware...... 47, 043........ 20. 458j 29, 392 49, 540......... 40, 9681 60, 028 46, 049 Drugs and drug-, I gists' wares..-.. 48, 762......... |I 35. 917 39,498 42,661:.........1 47,929 61,5691 63,372 Dry goods: | Cottons...... 282, 415 -.... —.1 180, 430 230, 424' 229, 731'..-...... 291209 347,735 293, 042 Linens....... 20, 392....... 11, 778 30. 636; 23, 820'....... 25, 147i 30, 296 33, 127 Silks...-..... 51, 4961...... 26. 232 33, 7531 41, 031......... 37, 756: 30, 992 29, 377 Woolens..... 109, 472....... 48. 078 60,8981 107,599........ 72, 8001 108,840 44,756 Mixed........ 38,129... 16,314 25, 709 28, 260........ 27, 165' 34, 021 27, 539 'Fancy goods, millinery, etc...... 131, 712i....... 87, 467 108, 816 102, 713!......... 125, 688 141, 809 148, 346 Fertilizers.........-......... 28,140 33,036 41, 807......... 103, 528......... 106, 662 -Fish, dry andI salted.......... 96, 630......... 70,977 97,1481 96, 760......... 90, 555 105, 962 102, 074 Flour -..........-. 167,656......... 144,358 150,737 176,863......... 171,968 202.068 273,886 Fruits, fresh..... 9, 315......... 13, 097 10,955 12, 720........ 11,733 12, 782 12, 602 Furniture...... —.! 110, 8081.. -—. 60 823 75, 341 84, 382.. ---.... 69, 670 106,977 112, 611 Grain and seed... 190, 820 200,448 237,154! 289, 067.. —..... 245,457 372,265, 464,709 Groceries and pro-'. visions. ---.....-530, 817i. ----... 398, 632 495, 447; 469, 501........ 489, 977 594,047 629,356 Guns and gun ma- I terial...... --- 13, 739.....-. i 10, 003 12, 523. 22, 719..... 20, 3951 27, 784 10, 399 Gunpowder, blast-;, ing, etc... 100.. 3862....3,862 4,075 4,778 4,527 2.688 11,152 Hardware, tools, I I implements, etc. 347,416.....-... 168, 5661 248,472' 237, 943......... 282, 213 376,156. 315, 960 Iron, steel, etc.. 62, 035)......... 36, 3161 43.636 50, 583.........j 43,219 80,465 98, 357 Jewelry, plate, I clocks, etc. --- —- 80, 9171.. ---... —. 22, 133' 28. 421 56,801......... 48, 228 71,566' 92, 826 Leather'.......i 51, 765.-... 41, 346 47,235 46,8971 -...-.... 41, 578 45, 092! 40,711 Lumber -.-.-.-.i 344.1691.........196, 047 227,825 202,370'......-.. 240,001 343, 521] 296, 622 Machinery.......i 296,102.........- 187,745; 2:38,592 197,951. 357,466 532,0801 854,773 'Matches........ 7, 495. --- —.. 11. 053 15,761 13,222...... 12, 567 13,4521 13,840 Musical instru- | 1 ments.. ---- 152......... 10 113! 5,47 13, 428......... 10, 324 19,9941 13,356 Naval stores..... 80,281.... 31738 45,959 56,149......... 76,559 77.578 84,461 Oils, including I I I kerosene...- 124,535....... 66, 827 128,702 85,448......... 124,636' 140.615i 176,346 Paints, paint oil, i etc............. 31,893i......... 25, 658 35,245' 44,742......... 35,4881 56,8191 71,537 Perfumery and i toilet articles -.! 22, 205...... 11, 501 14,883 17. 453......... 14,184 20, 917 25, 236 Railroad material.' 77, 965.. —..... - 14, 446 16. 128 7, 403. --- ——. 110,350 114,617 105,699 Saddlery, car- i riages, and ma-! terial --- —-—... 89,728 -... —. 49,2811 66,619 71,5991........ 65,523 135,621 91,085 Shooks, bags, etc. 122,783........: 132,999, 151,48:3 121,142......... 66,078 207,137 157,942 Spirits.......... 127,495......' 93,340 114, 101 93,437......... 168,708 118,871 107,750 Stationery and books.......... 69,965........ 59,365 79, 038 74,328........ 74,274 66,891 72,403 Tea...... —.... 20,587......... 17, 508' 77,239 24,186 18,459 Tinware -...-.... 10, 356........ 4, 915 7, 545 7,544j 24506 9,301 9,270 Tobacco, cigars, I I etc --—. —.... 159,183....... 132,004 162, 221i 134,921 -..... 153, 482 184, 987 207, 506 Wines, light.-... 23,707 —...- 20,535 55,323 78,670 82,580 101,332 121, 261 Total-... 5, 624,240 4,851, 787 3, 830, 54514, 877, 7394,596, 534 4, 540, 887 5, 438, 791 6,962, 20117, 439, 483 I _______ ___ ____ ________ ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 67 J. EXPORTS BY ARTICLES. Statement showing the principal exports front the Hawaiian Islands. QUANTITIES. Articles. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. Sugar............... pounds.. 114.177,938 114,107,155 142,644, 923 171,350,314 216,223,615 Molasses.............gallons.. 221,293 193,997 110,530 57,941 113,137 Rice.................pounds.. 12.169. 475 11, 619, 000 9, 493, 000 7, 367, 253 7, 338, 716 Paddy...........pounds.. 459, 633 1, 368, 705 46, 224............................ Coffee...'............pounds.. 8,131 16, 057 4,231 1,675 5,931 Hides...........number.. 26, 007 38, 955 21, 026 19, 045 31, 207 Tallow...............pounds.. 77, 098 32, 252 2, 864.............. 21, 305 Goatskins...........number.. 23, 402 24,798 20.125 19, 782 21, 173 Wool-..... —.......pounds.. 528, 913 318,271 407. 623 474,121 418,784 Fungus..............pounds.. 2,111 3, 783 465............................ Bananas........ —.bunches.. 28. 848 44. 902 60. 046 58, 040 45, 862 Articles. \ 1887. 1888. 1889. 1 1890. 1891. Sugar................pounds.. 212,763,647 235,888,346 242,165,835 r 259,768,462 274, 983, 580 Molasses.............gallons.. 71,222 47, 965 54,612! 74. 926 55, 845 Rice.-...............pounds.. 13. 684, 200 1?, 878, 600 9, 669, 896; 10, 579, 000 4, 900,450 Paddy.........pounds.. 400.................. Coffee..............pounds. 5,300 7, 130 43, 673 88, 593 3, 051 Hides...............number.. 28, 639 24, 494 27, 158! 28, 196 26, 057 Tallow...............pounds.. 1 56, 713 204,743 97.125 1 33,876 27,925 Goatskins..........number.. I 16, 223 17. 589 11,715 8, 661 7,316 Wool............... pounds.. 75, 911 562,289 241.925 i 374,724 97,119 Fungus..............pounds..,.-....-.................Bananas........... bunches.. i 58, 936 | 71, 335. 105,630 | 97, 204 116, 660 VALUE. Articles.. ' 1882. 1883. i 1884. 1885. 1886. Sugar............................................................... $8,356,061 $9,775,132 Molasses.....5............................................. 7,050 14,502 Rice...................................................... 387, 297 326, 620 Paddy........... -.. -............................................................. Coffee..... —.. -.................................................... 283 1,067 Hides......................7...-.................................... 71,533 111, 911 Tallow.................................................................. 1,011 Goatskins. 15,023 12,644 W ool................................................................... 49,574 4 -37, 700 Fungus.....- -............. -........................................ Bananas -.-.........-. ---....-... —........................ 58,810 43,824 A ll other.......................................................................................... Total......................... $6,885,437 $7,924,727 $7,977,909 $9,158,818 $10.565,886..................................................o -............... --- $1.............. i I i ti I I I I I Articles. 1887. Sugar........................-.... Molasses -.-..-................ Rice......................... Paddy.-.. --- —-.... ---......... Coffee..-..-...................... Hides.-......................... - Tallow.................... Goatskins —........................ Wool...................... Fungus...................... Bananas......................... All others.......................... $8,694,964 10, 522 554, 295 972 96,851 1, 121 7,358 7,010 54, 708............. 1888. 1889. $10,818,883 $13,089,302 5,900i 6,185 577,583 451,134 1,698 8,626 85,853 72,974 7.507 4,214 8,877 5,461 41,084 23,875 69, 249 135, 278 ------------.............. 1890. 1891. $12,159,285 7, 603 545, 240 14,737 70,949 1,140 3,182 35,396 176,'351 $9, 550,938 4,721 263,455 1,018 64,082 731.. 3,212 8,000 179,501. 10,244,325 Total...................... I 9,435,204 i 11, 631, 465 1 13, 810, 071 1 13, 02.3,304 68 ANNEXATION TREATY WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. K. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES. Statement showing the value of imports into and exports from Hawaii, from and to the several countries. From and to. 1884. 1 1885. 1 1886. 1 1887. 1 1888. IMPORTS INTO HAWAII. United States. $2,835.12 Great Britain. ---- 715, 533 Germany -.....197, 531 Australasia-..... 29, 371 Chi~na and Japan.- - 178,163~ France ------------- 21,12] All other countries.V.. --- —Total.....14,637, 514 02, 940, 837 556, 966 155, 893 16, 803 118, 864 14, 384 $3, 724, 006 ~$3, 059, 157 551. 7111 660, 641 144, 2071 182, 343 29,' 352; 157, 871 257, 913I 258, 885 11, 495 13, 605 $3, 344, 661 652, 171 182. 92 110, 924 119, 61( 10, 2939 1889. $4, 302, 995 674, 832 90, 747 1-16, 192 200, 926 4, 781 $5. 264, 693 1, 204, 023 147, 281 142, 494 313, 60-1 7, 801E 1890. 1891. $6, 495, 608 * 384, 146 227, 392 185, 156 287, 956 21,666 7,439, 483 I 3, 830, 5441 4, 877, 738 4, 943, 8411 4, 540, 8571 5, 438, 7911 6, 962, 901 ]EXPORTS FROM HAWAII. 'United States.... Great Britain. --- Germany.: --- — Australasia. ---China and Japan -. Islands in Pacific.. All other places....- Total..... 8, 933, 206 10, 412, 827;............ 12,209...... 17, 258 3' 322 15,454, 3, 1981K --- —---......13, 840, 523......i 5, 813 -- --- 11, 905...... 9, 684. --- —i...... 13, 073,47710, 196, 278...... 10,170 18,310 4, 038 12, 536. 34, 651 30, 7691; 14, 153 8, 184, 923' 9. 069, 318 10, 565, 8861 9, 529, 547 11, 707, 599i13, 874, 341'13, 142, 829I10, 258, 788 Total value of exports for 1883 was $8,133,344. L. Annual ralue of Hawaiian imports and exports. Years. Imports.:Exports. t 1882......................... $4, 547, 979 1883. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 5, 624, 240 1884. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 854, 787 1885. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 3,830, 545 1886. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 4,877, 739 1887. — - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 596, 834 1888......................... 4, 540,887 1889. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 5,438, 791 1890......................... 6, 962, 241 1891........................ 7, 439, 483 $6, 885, 437 7, 924, 727 7, 977, 909 9, 158, 818 10, 565, 886 9,435, 204 11, 631, 465 1.3, 810, 071 13, 023, 304 10, 244, 325 Imports and Customs exports. receipts. $11, 413, 416 $505, 391 13, 548, 967 577, 343 12, 832, 696 551,737 12,989. 363 502,337 15, 443, 625 580, 444 14, 032, 038 595,003 16,172,352 546,143 19, 248, 862 550, 010 19. 985, 505 695, 957 17, 683, 808 732, 595 *Total.................... 52, 713, 486 100, 657, 146 1153, 370, 632 5, 836, 960 * As gven in the Hawaiian customs returins. The Hawaiian Annual gives the following figures: From th United States, $5.294,278.57; from Great Britain, $1,201,329.43. The total imports agree in both publications. The commnission collsider, in thils plarticular. that the Hawaiian Annual is correct. t Domestic exports only. ANNEXATION TREATY WITH. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANVDS. 69 M. NATIONALITY OF sHIPPING. Statement showing the nationality of vessel8 engaged in the foreign carrying trade of Hawaii. CLEARANCES. Nationality. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. To ns. No. Ton, No. Tone. American...........179 103, 591 195 117,1'52 191 135,618 184 131,011 22Q 128, 224 Hawaiian.......... 19 5, 613 23 7, 8671 29 41, 398 18 6, 982 29 40,242 British............44 56,025 42 53, 310 1 1 3, 672 3 0 38, 749 38 30,435 German........... 11 5, 716 6 4, 882 4 2, 959 5 2, 377 8 5,581 French............ 1 244......... 4 3, 225 2 720........ All other........... 4 1,430 1 1, 305 2 954 4 3, 817 7 6,206 Total...........258 172, 619 267 185, 316 241 187, 826 243 183, 656 302 219, 688 Nationality. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Ton& No. Tons. No. Tons. American...........177 120, 108 164 113, 069 185 125. 196 224 153, 098 233 169, 472 Hawaiian...........43 61, 398 43 65, 115 44 56, 670 35 43, 641 21 26, 869 British............18 19, 869 24 28, 715 22 21, 108 16 22, 912 33 52, 866 German............ 6 4,628 8 6,385 5 3, 337 9 7, 070 9 9, 005 French.............._......._........_......._......._.... All other........... 8 6,486 6,892 13 12, 268 99,98 j5 16,640 Total..........252 212. 489 247 222, 216 269 218, 579 293 236, 701 311 274, 852 0 -~ -~I,, rx".ri:~,f:lF~~ ~.~,v;-rZI -r~' " ~r?-n.:C. ; :rt'r""-~~';~;.~3/ -~ -~ ~. ~-r~:~ C.E::.ti' r.'.i' I P:r 4 ~ ~ ~ i i rrir J EEi:; ~..Elir;d) i'.~.i C ' ] s. t? il~ II r K\ ~~~ S: a; h, ~- 1 [~ ii I c I r Z.. st I I: r. rr.r r. 3~:rl ~~;.~.. 3 fs... ~ i' ~,. k Y-~'i' "' ~:,. *~~ i L~ I, r. t ''' a ~~- ~~, ~~ — 5~~ c ~. c.? c~... ~~. ~ ~ ~ ~, i"'X r. '1 ::L t:)c~ ~~:..4..~ 1_48EBs9el"':,': ~ " (` ~~, ~~:~stii 52D CONGRESS, 2d Session. I SET -- IN THE SENATE OF ' MES, FROI PRESIDENT OF TH TRANSSI Correspondence respecting relations Hawaiianc Islands from Septe FEBRUARY 17, 1893.-Read, referred to 1 ordered to To the Senate: I transmit herewith a letter froml instant, covering a report with accc ing relations between the United Si September, 1820, to Jantuary, 1893. EXECUTIVE MANSION, Washington, February 16, 18, gATE. g Ex. Doc. ] No. 77. rTIE UNITED'll) STATES.; SAGE 1 I THE E UNITED STATES,.',i IITTING between the United States and the: mber, 1820, to January, 1893. the Committee on Foreign Relations, and be printed. " the Secretary of State of the 15th )mpanying correspondence respecttates and the Hawaiian Islands from: BENJ. HARRISON. - 93. ct, and as being of interest in conitting the treaty concluded and of February, instant, and sent to: 5th instant, the undersigned, Secreibmit the accompanying report by.au of Rolls and Library of this De-,en the United States and the Ha- i supplemented by an appendix and ^ nce involved in the narrative. f ': ~arly day the policy of the United )nstantly declared against any.for- Hawaii inimical to the necessarily the American people there, and the texation as a contingent necessity.. annexation has been on more than d attempted as a fact. Such a solu) by so far-sighted a statesman as rnded to a visiting Hawaiian cometorate under the United States or The PRESIDENT: In further relation to the subje( junction with the papers subm signed at Washington on the 14th the Senate with a message on the 1 tary of State, has the honor to si Andrew H. Allen, chief of the Bure partment, upon the relations betw( waiian Islands from 1820 to 1893, copies of considerable corresponde: This report shows that from an e States has been consistently and cc eign aggression in the Kingdom of paramount rights and interests of uniform contemplation of their ann But beyond that it is shown that one occasion avowed as a policy anl tion was admitted as early as 185( Lord Palmerston when he recomme mission the contingency of. a prote( 2 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. of becoming an integral part of this nation in fulfilllent of a destiny due to close neighborhood and commercial dependence upon the Pacific States. Early in 1851 a contingent deed of cession of the kingdom was drawn and signed by tile king and placed sealed in the hands of the commissioner of the United States, wlo was to open it and act upon its provisions at the first hostile shot fired by France ill subversion of Hawaiian independence. In 1854 Mr. Marcy advocated annexation and a draft of a treaty was actually agreed upon with the Hawaiian ministry, but its completion was delayed by the successful exercise of foreign influence upon the heir to the throne, and finally defeated by the death of the king, Kamehameha III. In 1867, Mr. Seward, having become advised of a strong annexation sentiment in the islands, instructed our minister at Honolulu favorably to receive any native overtures for annexation. And on the 12th of September, 1867, he wrote to Mr. McCook, "that if the policy of annexation should conflict with the policy of reciprocity, annexation is in every case to be preferred." President Johnson in his annual message of December 9, 1868, regarded reciprocity with Hawaii as desirable, " until the people of the islands shall of themselves, at no distant day, voluntarily aplly for admission into the Unlionl." In 1871, on the 5th of April, President Grant in a special message significantly solicited some expression of the views of the Senate respecting the advisability of annexation. In an instruction of March 25, 1873, Mr. Fish considered the necessity of annexing the islands in accordance with the wise foresight of those " who see a future that must extend the jurisdiction and the limits of this nation, and that will require a resting spot in midocean between the Pacific Coast and the vast domains of Asia, which are now opening to commerce and Christian civilization." And he directed our minister " not to discourage the feeling which may-exist in favor of annexation to the United States," but to seek and even invite information touching the terms and conditions upon which that object might be effected. Since the conclusion of the reciprocity treay of 1875, it has been the obvious policy of the succeeding administrations to assert and defend against other powers the exclusive commercial rights of the United States and to fortify the maintenance of the existing Hawaiian Government through the direct support of the United States, so long as that Government shall prove able to protect our paramount rights and interests. On December 1, 1881, Mr. Blaine, in an instruction to the American minister at Honolulu, wrote: It [this Government] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands, as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific, demands their benevolent neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of benevolent neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this Government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented. Respectfully submitted, JOHN W. FOSTER. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, February 15, 1893. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3 DEPARTMENT OF STATE, BUREAU OF ROLLS AND LIBRARY, Washington, February 9, 1893. SIR: In obedience to your direction of the 30th of January ultimo, I have the honor to submit the accompanying report on relations with the Hawaiian Islands. Respectfully, ANDREW H. ALLEN. The SECRETARY OF STATE... w 4~~~~~ REPORT UPON THE OFFICIAL IELATIONS OF THE INiTE1) STATES WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FlIOM THE FIRST APPOINTMENT OF A CONSULAR OFFICER THERE BY THIS GOVERNMENT. On September 19, 1820, IMr. John C. Jones was appointed to reside at the Sandwich Islands in the capacity of "Agent of the United States for commerce and seamen." To those functions there were added to the duties of the agent a general supervision of Armerican interests in the islands colcernilg the status of which he advised the Department from time to time. Other official information touching these interests, and events then current there, was occasionally afforded by officers of the Navy, on visiting vessels, whose instructions permitted their friendly intervention in such affairs of the country as they might with propriety regard as of importance to this Government. In consequence of instructions in May, 1825, to Commodore Hull, U. S. Navy, in command -of the Pacific squadron, then at Callao, Thomas ap Catesby Jones, commanding the U. S. S. Peacock, was sent the following year to Honolulu on a visit of friendly inspection, to relieve the native authorities of tle annoyance occasioned by deserters from American vessels in the islands, and to endeavor to adjust certain claims due American citizens there resident. The objects of this visit were successfully accomplished, and Capt. Jones negotiated a, treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the King, which was signed December 23, 1826. This was the first treaty formally negotiated by the Hawaiians with any foreign power, and although it was never ratified by this Government, certain of its stipulations appear to have embodied friendly views and purposes of the United States which were considered morally binding by both parties. (A copy of the treaty will be found in Appendix-. In 1829, Capt. Finch, commanding the U. S. S. Vincennes, visited the islands as the bearer of presents and a letter, dated January 20 of that year, from the Secretary of the Navy, on behalf of the President. In that letter Mr. Southard said: The President anxiously hopes that peace and kindness and justice will prevail between your people and those citizens of the United States who visit your islands, and that the regulations of your government will be such as to enforce them upon all. Our citizens who violate your laws or interfere with your regulations violate at the same time their duty to their own Government and country, -nd merit censure and punishment. From time to time thereafter naval vessels of the United States visited Hawaii and intervened in a friendly way in their affairs. Among theml the United States frigate Potomac, with Commodore Downs, touched at Honolulu soon after the deportation, il December, 1831, of the Roman Catholic priests who had been introduced into the country in 1827 by the French, and that officer interceded successfully in behalf of some of their converts, who were undergoing persecution at the hands of the native Government. These persecutions were not )~, ' 4:."f i * o"b *c,,... HAWAIIAN ISLANDb. 5 - i finally arrested until 1839, il July of which year the French frigate L'Arte'dmise, Laplace, commander, visited there. Laplace propounded several demands for the adoption of measures for the protection of the Catholics and offered a treaty of commerce, etc., threatening in the event of noncompliance with the demands and Ilonsignature of the treaty by the Hawaiian authorities to proceed forthwith to hostilities. The American consul was notified by Laplace at tie samte time that the American Protestant clergy would be treated as a part of the native population when hostilities should begin, he regarding them as the instigators of the alleged insults to France. The treaty, however, was signed by the premier, in the King's name, and violence was averted. Under the provisions of article vi of this treaty intoxicating liquors were introduced. (Appendix.) At about the same time the British consul, Mr. Gharlton, who had long been at odds with the native Government, left to present, en route to London, certain personal claims and complaints to the British naval force on the South Pacific station.. Already his representations had,secured the violent intervention of Lord Edward Russell, commanding H. B. M. S. Acteon, and that officer had " nlegotiated a treaty " under the guns of his ship, which was signed November 16, 1836. (Appendix.) Charlton did not returns but the result of his errand was the visit in February, 1843, of Lord George Paulet, commanding H. B. M. S. Carysfort, who seized the islands in the Queen's name and forced from the King, Kamehameha III, a deed of cession, which was pathetically proclaimed by the unfortunate monarch on the 25th of that month. The Government was immediately put in commission by a proclamation of Lord George, he and (in the King's absence) the King's deputy, Mr. Judd, with others, being of the commission. On the 11th of May Mr. Judd resigned, after a protest against some of the acts of the commission, and thus withdrew the King froum all further participation in their course. The remaining members of the commission continued to administer the Government and to perform various sovereign functions. Among others, they raised a native regiment, which they called " The Queem's Own," but which they armed and equipped at the expense of the Hawaiian treasury, and the officers of which they, of course, required to make oath of allegiance to the British Queen. Commodore Kearney, U. S Navy, on board the U. S. Frigate Constellation, arrived on the 11th of July, and promptly protested against the King's deed of cession, and also against the acts of the commission wherein the rights of American citizens had suffered in any degree. The King returned to Honolulu on the 25th of July, and on the 26th Rear-Admiral Thomas, R. N., entered the harbor on board H. B. M. S. Dublin, from Valparaiso. After friendly conferences between the King and the admiral, an agreement was signed, the Hawaiian flag was restored on July 31, 1843, and Lord George Paulet's act of seizure disavowed. (Appendix.) In this relation Mr. Fox, in a note of June 25, 1843, to Mr. Upshur, used the following language: I am directed by the Earl of Aberdeen to state to you, for the information of the Government of the United States, that the occupation of the Sandwich Islands was an act entirely unauthorized by Her Majesty's Government; and that with the least 1practical)le delay due inquiry will be made into the proceedings which led to it. (Appendix.) ' [In an ingenious (but not ingenuous) plea of defense against the claim of the King for compensation and reimbursement, the Earl of Aberdeen satisfied himself that no such claim could be entertained by Great Britain. He regarded the seizure by Lord George Paulet as not "forcible ".-History Hawaiian Islands, Jarves.].~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,y' 6 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The indirect causes of this outrage were complicated, but of assisted and persistent growth. From the early days of foreign interests and immigration in Hawaii the American element had predominated. The contention of the two principal European nations sending ships into the North Pacific-England and France-for supremacy in the islands was hampered by this fact. The remedy adopted by the French was the introduction of a rival religion. It was the belief of the British consul that American influence might thus be broken, and the field left clear for a settlement of the question of ultimate sovereignty between the two powers, whose policy in that part of the world was one of conquest or colonization. The native sentiment turned toward that people by whom their independence had been first virtually acknowledged. The treaty negotiated by Capt. Jones had been the first actual recognition of their auttonomy. For while that treaty had not been formally ratified, it had been observed as morally binding. The United States had manifested towards the Hawaiians a spirit of goodwill, and had maintained an attitude of neighborly respect in all official relations. The visits of their naval vessels had been generally helpful and encouraging; the purposes of their immigrants had been generally civilizing and progressive. By the policy of the French and Englisl the Americans were thrust into a position of defense alongside of the native population, and threatened with a share of the punishment to be visited upon the government for the fancied insults and wrongs suffered by the people of those two nations. But a short time before the event just recited, William Richards, a clergymen, and Timoteo Haalilio, of the King's suite, the first embassy from Hawaii, had left for the United States, thence to proceed to Eng'land and France, upon the errand of securing recognition of the independence of their government. Mr. Richards had been formerly sent to this country in 1836 by the King to secure, if possible, the service of some American eminent in public life as advisers to the chiefs; but his mission had been unsuccessful. The embassy having arrived at Washington addressed a communication to Mr. Webster on the 14th of December, 1842, setting forth the situation of affairs in the Hawaiian Islands, reciting the progress of the people in the paths of civilization; their aspirations, and the necessity that demanded the formulation by the King of some definite foreign policy, and the assumption by his government of diplomatic relations with other powers. Mr. Webster answered them on the 19th, declaring in the name of the President recognition of the independence of the Hawaiian Government and the sense of the United States that no interference with the King by foreign powers should be countenanced. He pointed out the interest of the American people in the islands and the reasons 'for such interest, and added that in so obvious a case the President did not regard a formal treaty or the establishment of formal diplomatic relations as then necessary. He concluded with the assurance that not improbably the correspondence would be made the subject of a communication to Congress, and be thus officially made known to the Governments of the principal commercial nations of Europe. The President communicated the correspondence to Congress on the 30th of December, with a special message declarative of his policy. (Appendix.) This recognition of Hawaiian independence was, as we shall see, afterwards confirmed by Mr. Calhoun. Proceeding to England the Hawaiian ambassadors were finally sueI,8A, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 7 cessfill in London in securing, on the 28th of November, 1843, a convention between France and Great Britain, engaging them " reciprocally to consider the Sandwich Islands as an independent state, and never to take possession, either directly or under title of protectorate, or under any other form, of any part of the territory of which they are composed." (Appendix.) This convention did not, lowever, guarantee the autonomy of the islands as against any third power, nor did it contain any expression of opinion on that point similar in spirit to Mr. Webster's declaration of the preceding December. Its intention seems to have been simply reciprocally to bind those two powers to do one thing-that is, "to consider the Sandwich Islands as an independent state "-and to refrain from doing another thing-that is, ' never to take possession," under any pretext, " of any part of the territory of which they are composed.' In consequence of the recommendation contained in the message of President Tyler, of December 30, 1842, Congress made an appropriation for the compensation of a diplomatic officer from this Government to the Sandwich Islands, and on March 3, 1843, Mr. George Brown, of Massachusetts, was appointed commissioner. Mr. Brown arrived at Honolulu in October following, and, on the 30th of that montl, presented his credentials, with an address to the King, in which he asked in behalf of the citizens of the United States favorable and inpartial treatment, at the same time assuring the monarch that this Government had no wish to secure for itself or its citizens any exclusive privileges. The King, answering, said upon this point: You may assure your Government that I shall always consider the citizens of the United States as entitled to equal privileges with those of the most favored nation(Appendix.) Unfortunately, soon after Mr. Brown's arrival-by the latter part of the following August-a cause of serious difference arose between him and the King's Government in the case of John Wiley, an American citizen, who had been arrested charged with the commission of a crime or misdemeanor, and to whom trial by jury had been denied by the local governor. The treaty with France, above alluded to as secured by Capt. Laplace at the mouth of his guns, contained a stipulation (Article vI) thatNo Frenchman accused of any crime whatever shall be judged otherwise than by a jury composed of foreign residents, proposed by the consul of France and accepted by the Government of the Sandwich Islands. On the 12th of February, 1844, a convention with Great Britain had been entered into by the King's Government which contained (Article III) the same provision in identical phrase, mutatis mutandis. This treaty had been secured very nuch after the fashion observed by Laplace. Within less than one year before its signature the islands had been seized by Great Britain and had been adequately advised of the power of England. The King's embassy was still absent, and the newly arrived British consul-general had communicated the fact that he was without discretion to alter terms. The treaty was itself, in still other respects, objectionable to the American commissioner by reason of apparent discrimination in favor of England and against the United States, and it had, already been the subject of an earnest protest on his part. And now, there being no treaty with the United States, the King's promise made in his speech to that commissioner, as he understood it, had been ignored by advice of the attorney-general-an American citizen-a lawyer of New York, of the name of John Ricord, who had been invited to,,i ;. 8 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. accept the office and had gone to Hawaii and there become naturalized for the purpose. The lispute over the treaty and the Wiley case together created a situation of affairs that resulted in a request from the King for the recall of Mr. Brown (whlose conduct was, however, approved by this Governtnient) and the appointment of Mr. Ten Eyck. (Appendix.) But in the meantine, on the 6th of July, 1844, the King's commissioners, having returned to this coultry fiom Europe, received a colmmunication from Mr. Calhoun confirming the "full recognition on the part of tile Ulited States of the independence of the Hawaiian Governlnelnt." They left for Honolulu in.November. On March 26(, 18(, two general conventions were entered into-one by France, the otller by Great Britain-identical in terms and equally to be substituted for all preiexistiing agreements made by those Governments withl the King. These conventions modified the jury clauses and Article vi of the Laplace treaty, governing the.importation of intoxicating liquors. Juries were to be composed of native or foreign residents proposed by the consul (English or French) and accepted by the Hawaiian Government, and duties were allowed within the prohibitory limit upon ardent spirits. Tlese conventions do not, however, seem to have recognized the complete independence of the King. (Appendix.) -On the 19th of the following October a treaty with Denmark was concluded at Honolulu, containing the favored-nation clause; and this conll)act appears to be the first of its kind conveying unrestricted and ample acklnowledgmnent of Hawaiian independence. (Appendix.) Mr. Ten Eyck's ilstructions had included a charge to negotiate a treaty upon the basis of that existing between the Government of the islands and Great Britain at the time of his appointment. The unacceptability of tlie jury clause in that instrument and the desire of the Hawaiian King to secure its modification rendered it unwise to insist uIon1 a similar article in any new convention. The authority of Mr. Ten Eyck lhad not been limited to the negotiation of an identical agreement, and he seems therefore to have persisted unwisely in urging the inclusion of the objectionable provision. This error was l)ointed out to him by Mr. Buchanan in an instruction of Jule 18, 1847, but seemingly without result. Much correspolndence occurred between the Kilg's minister and the Amlerican commissioner, and several projects of treaties were ineffectually submitted by the latter. Pending these negotiations the disadvantageous position of tle United States, in the absence of a treaty, was emphasized by each new agreement successfully negotiated by other governments. Meanwhile the commissioner became indiscreetly (witl American claimants) involved in serious differernces of opinion with the Government of Hawaii, respecting the rights of American residents, and his attitude became finally one of hostility. There was the repetition of the old story, told so many times in such quarters of the globe, personal and coimmercial difficulties involving consuls and diplomatic agents alike, conflicting interests among foreigners of two or three nationalities, rival factions, complicated quarrels, and, so far as practicable, general disregard of native rights by each and all. Mr. Ten Eyck was roundly rated by Mr. Buchanan in an interesting dispatch of considerable length and some tartness, dated August 28, 1848, from which there will be occasion to make several extracts. Mr. Ten Eyck resigned in September, 1848, and Mr. Charles Eames was appointed January 12, 1849. (Appendix.) On the 8th of January, 1848, a treaty with Hamburg was concluded by the King's minister for foreign affairs, and later in the month an HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 9 agreement touchlilg consular notices undler'the Danish and Hamburg trealties was reached. But it was not until October 22, 1849, that a treaty with this Governmenit was filnally signle(l at San Francisco by Mr. Eames and Mr. Judd. (Appendix.) Mr. Eames, eli route to Honolulu, had met Mr. Judd, the King's colmmissioner, el roufe to Washington, at San FIrancisco, and there together they lad agreed upon 1an instl rument of a general character. The treaty, in the Englislh and Hawaiian languages, reached the De1)artment of State on the 8th of )ecember. But, in the meantime, tlie Hawaiian Governmieit had applointed 1Mr. James Jlackson Jarves, then in this country, a special commissioner to nego(tiate a treaty, and he met Mr. Clayton, alppointed on behalf of the United States, at Wash- ilngtont ili the sam!e molthl. They ag'reed upon ternis 4And signed a treaty of friendship, commierce, and navigation, a(nd for extradition of criminals, 1)ecember 20, 1849. Ratifications were exchanged at Honolulu the 24th of Auguist, following, alnd the treaty was proclaimed —the first perfected treaty between tile two powers-Novemnber }), 1850. This convention did not differ materially from the treaties negotiated by this Governinenit with other nations for similar lpurposes. The treaty is still in torce except so flar as modified by later conventions. (Appendix.) In 1849 disputes between the French consul and the native authorities respecting the convention of 1846 brought about aniother seizure of the islands by the armed forces of France, which became the occasion of thle dispatch of very explicit instructions froml the American Secretary of State. After a. preliminary diplomatic skirmish between the French naval commander, Admiral de Tromelin, and the King's minister for foreign affairs, Mr. Wyllie, the admiral formulated his demands in an ultimatum, and upon) its nonaccepltance the naval force under his command, on the 25th of August, 1849, took military possession of the fort, the Government offices, and of the custom-house, and seized the King's royal yacht and several other vessels belonging to private persons. Official news of this proceeding reached the United States December 10, 1849, fromi Mr. Ten Eyck. (Appendix.) The French continued in possession of the fort and public buildings until the 4th or 5th of September, dismantled the fort, and destroyed considerable public property, but did not haul down the Hawaiian flag. Upon the exercise of this restraint they depended for the argument that they had niot acted in contravention of the agreement with England of 1843. (Appeitdix.) Mr. Judd was appointed by the King as comnmissioner to England, France, and the United States, it appears, with pretty full powers to make some adjustment of this last difficulty. It was rumored that he was not limited even from cession of the kingdom either to England or the United States. His negotiations withl the French minister for foreignm affairs having proved friuitless he reached thle United States on his way home in the spring of 1850, and in conjunction with Mr. Jarves solicited the good offices of this Government in the settlement of the dispute with France. They were promptly accorded by the President, through the Secretary of State, in a note of June 3, 1850, and instructioms in conformity therewith were sent to Mr. Rives at Paris. Negotiations dragged and chances of settlement seemed to recede until onI the 11th of March, 1851, Mr. Severance, the commissioner of the United States at Honolulu, reported the fact that a deed of cession of the kingd6om to the United States had been drawn, submitted to him, sealed, and delivered to him on the afternoon of the same day by two of the *' '.:.;;* reason why it, sho)uld ffc,.tet m-i -i l'itioi is or th-erelationisof miyGovernmient withHis ajetyandbhis ministeis 5Another class of Anmericans, the missionaries, ha~ve controlled the politic al. affairs of thfe conntry since 1820. They are dlissatisfied because w ithin the last few years they have lost theirbhold upon th-e Gov-erinmenjt tudi its offices. The first class of Americans are generally disappointed adv enturers, the second class are religionists, who, havin~g once exci cised supreme power in church and. state, feel arll the bitterness of (li5appointment at seeing their political power pass into other hantds, and kiiowing that the native popnlation is beginning to listein to. eigigon preachedi fronm other pulpits than their own. Thle Americ-ian- missionii,iiieslhavei undoul tedly labor-ed faithfully; but it is their ownt fault if, after fourty'years' exp~erience as keepers of the conscience to the natives '-mndtheir lpiinces, they permit themselves to be driven from) the fin1( by- anf adroit English priest, whose church is a mnere politiclil mt(ahfitte, anid who possesses alpparently neither the initelligence 1101 tlhc virtue of his more exlperienced[ and Puritaniical brother missionarieis So far as I cani see, the intfltuence of' the Ainericaii Governn ent is all that ithas ever beeii. Theinjfluience of Ameine im-idiix idualsbhas beell lost through their own want of tact attal hiarniouy There is stil another (lass-the plaitters of tfi countiy. They a-re -nearly arll Americans, both ii nationtality anid in sy mpapthy; they are the better class of the resid~itts of' the islands, possess its substantial wealthi, control its, resources, and aninually ship 20, 0 0,000 pounds of sugar to the P~acific coast of the United States. Th&ir pecuniary iiiterest~s, their political sympathies, their business ielatiois, a tnd their personal attachments are ill wxith the United States anid its citizens. The, health ot' the present King is most prmecarious. When he dies the race of Hawaiian kitigs dies withi hint, anid I feel confideitt that. he will not ntam'e aL successor. His 7XI ijesty is sulperstitioums and to a great degree tinder the influence of' a niative sorceress, who has predicted that hie will (lie as s0011 as lie uamnes, a. successor. He has faith iii her prophecy and'acts accordiimgly. I mention this fact in order that you may more properly aplprecmdte the enlightened iitfluences which sometimes control IIis Ma jesty's finlporttdiit political measures. The fact, as I state it is undoubted, and in the event tha-t ito successor to the throite is aplpointted the Goveritineit, of the United States may be, called upon. to arbitrate thme futur-e of this country. For this reason I have felt it tity duity, to reminld You. of thte condition of aflfairs. here and to call your attention to the value of American interests. which do now, and always must, center in these islands. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 185 They are the resting place, supply depot, and reshipping point of all our American whaling fleet. They are the sources froml which the Pacific States receive all the sugars they consume. The greater part of the agricultural, commlercial, and lmoneyed in-terests of the islands are in the hands of Ainerican citizens. All vessels bound from our Pacific coast to China pass close to these shores. Geographically these islands occupy the same important relative position towards tlle Pacific tlat the Blermludlas do towards the Atlantic coast of the United States, a position which makes them important to the English, convenient to the French, and, in the event of war with either of those powers, absolutely necessary to the United States. Destitute of both army and navy, the Hawaiian (Government is without the power to resist aggression, to compel belligerents to respect the neutrality of her ports. Equally destitute of financial resources, they are without the means of inldemnifyil)n those who may suffer through their weakness. The spirit of this whole people is heartily republican and thoroughly American. The King, his half dozen half-civilized nobles, as many cabinet ministers, and the Lord Bishop of Honolulu (Staley) constitute the entire aristocratic element of tlhe country, either in fact or in feeling. And when this dynasty ends, as end it will probably within the next year, I am sure that if the American Government indicates the slightest desire to test in these islands the last Napoleonic conception in tlle way of territorial extension you will find the people here with great unanimity "'demanding by votes, freely expressed, annexation to" the United States. I have the honor, etc., EDWARD MIC(COOK, United States Minister Resident. Private. —For the Secretary alone.] SAN FRANCISCO, June 7, 1867. Hon. W. H. SEWARD, Washigton, D. C.: SIR: I sail to-morrow for IHonolulu and desire before leaving to ask you to order me to report i1n Washington about the time the Hawaiian treaty comes before tile Senate for ratification or grant me a leave of absence for that purpose. I will then have in my possession every fact which might influence the favorable consideration of Congress; and it it is unnecessary for me to say how deep an interest I feel in the successful conclusion of the Inatter witl wvhich you intrusted me. Should the treaty be ratified, [ will feel that I have possibly accomplished all I can accomplish in my present position, and will probably wish to return to my home in Colorado, unless you should favor the absolute acquisition. of the Hawaiian Islands, in whicll event 1 would like to conduct the negotiations. I think their sovereignty could be purchased from the present King, and feel sure that tile people of the United States would receive such a p)urchase with universal acclamation. Will you permit me to suggest that you s 1Tund Mr. Harris on the subject? 1% 136 136 ~~~HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. I hope you will send me the leave of absence or orders I have asked for; I know it seems like taxing your indulgence too far to ask this favor so soon after receiving a similar one at your hands; but I certainly have no wish to make the long winter voyage fromt Honolulu to New York as a pleasure trip, and my only reason for wishing to visit the United States this winter is that I believe it will materially advance the interests of the public, service, and I feel sure you will be perfectly satisfied with the result should you permnit me to come. I have, etc., ~EDWARD M. MCCOOK. IJ ew.aW(rd to Mr. JIc("ook. [ContfidentiaL.] No. 33.] DEPART-MENT OF STATE, Was08iniyton, July 13,7 1867. Mr. McCooK, IRovnolub1: Sin: Your private niote -writteni on the 27th of Jumie, on the eve of your departures from San Francisco for Honlolulu, has Just been received. You have leave to come to this place at the niext meeting of Congress, which will probably take p)lace in November. You are at liberty to sonned the pr~oper anthority on the large sub~ject mentioned in your niote and ascert.ain lprobable conditions. You may confidentially receive overtures, and commiunicate the samne to me. I will act upon your suggestioni in that relation iii regard to a party now here. I am, etc., \XILLIAM1 11. SEWARD. jibr. Ah-Cook to Mr. Seward. No. 31.1 LE'GATION OF Till; UNITED) STATES, JHonolulfa, Auguist 5,187 lou01. WILLIAM3 H-. SEWARD, Secretary of ASht((t, hV~txhhqytoi, D. C. SIR: Since my dispatch No.. 30 1 have had several interviews with His Majesty the King, iii one of which I called his attention to the remark made by lmis minister, ot' foreigmi affiairs relative to His Majesty leaving his capital becmuse of the p~resence of the U'. S. S. Lackawiianna here (Mr. lDe \auicnjy the minister of foreigin athairs, was p~resent), and the King dIisavowedl any such motive and informed me that he had left this island simnply to superintend the labor (II soiue oiie- of his plantations. The whole subject was dismissed by my ca~lling~ His Majesty's attention to the f met thamt there had been nothing in the past acts or present attitude of mny (3rovernment toward this K-ingdoin which should make thme presence ot an American man-of war in these waters the source of suspicion, and that 1 regarded it as peculiarly unfortunate that these suspicions should be expressed at this lparticuilar time, when the Government of the United States was endeavoring, by the negotia / HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 137 tion of a reciprocity treaty and by every other assurance in their power, to show their friendship for the King and people of these islalnds. Onl the 25th of July His Majesty again sent for me to meet him in council. T'eiegralns firom WVashilgton, publislhed in the California papers, had reached here, disclosing the fact that a trea-ty of reciprocity had been. concluded between the two coulltries and made public in the UJlited States. His Majesty stated to Ile that lie would like It discuss its provisions with me, but did not deein it coiisisteint with his dignity, etc., to enter inlto any such discussio while the Lackauwanna remained here. I will do His AMajesty the justice to say tllat I do nlot believe this idea was an original ole, but was suggested to alid forced upon him by his ministers, they hopling that the LackaXlannal( could not or would not leave, anld that this might prove (an insuperable obstacle to the ratification of the treaty. I requested that this determlination of his might be conveyed to me in writi!ng, and on the saume day I received a commlunlication from tle mIinister of ftireigni affairs, a. copy of which I inclose. The Lackawanna sailed fiom thiese. waters oni the 30th of July, in compliance with orders fiolml the Navy Dep-artinent, to take formal possessionl of and survey AlMiddlebrook island, and this obstacle being removed His Majesty again sent for me, aplproved the treaty in council, and issued a proclamation colnvoking an extraordinary session of tihe legislative assembly onl the 2dc of Septelmber, "f-or the purpose of' considerinlg such legislation as may b)e rendered necessary by the proposed convenltionl of reciprocity with the (Tovermnment of the Ullited States." A copy of this proclamlatioll is herewithl transmitted. I think that the King heartily ald earnestly favorls this treaty, ald I think that some, lprobably the majority, of llis ininisters just as he-artily and earlnestly oppose it; because they know it will prove destructive to all othler foreign influence and make American influence domilnant. onl these islalnds. I was presellt by invitation ot' His Majesty at four' of hlis cabinlet meetinlgs and on each occasion lie seemed disposed to act promiptly and favorably, while his couiicilors yielded, I thought, a reluctanit and sullen asseiit to a measure which they alone, of all this little Kingdom, look upon with disfavor. 1 have lleard some of the most intelligeeit a(nd influenltial mene of the islands express thle opinion that should tilis trea;ty be ratified by the United States and go into effect, abrogation would be revolution; and after its benefits are olice felt this }people will always demland reciprocity or annexation. I have the hollor to be, sir, your very obedient servant, EDWARD AM. IMCCOOK. [Inclosure in No. 31.] Mr'. De i)trir,!lI to 1r. M1cCook. HO)NOLULI,X July. 5, 186-. SIR: Pursurant to the re(lnesit expressed 1,y your excellency during your interview of to-day with His Majesty, I have the honor to transmnit to you the desire expressed by the Kilng. Before entering into the consideration of the treaty of reciprocity, His Majesty and his (Government desire your excellency to use your influence in securing the departure from this Kingdomi of the Lacker nna,,l for the reasons explained to you during the aforesaid interview. Hoping for a favorable result of this request, I avail lmyself of this opportunity to renew to you the assurances of the high respect and distinguished consideration with which I relmain, Your excellency's very obedient humble servant, C. DE l ARIGNY............... 138 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Mr. McCook to Mr. Sezcar(d. No. 32.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Hoiolrtht. August 5, 1867. SIR: I have the honor to inclose you the copy of a communication addressed by me to Gen. Van Valkenburgh, United States minister resident at Yedo, Japan. The note explains itself; and as I deeined it essential to the interests of the public service that it should be writteln and forwarded promptly, I hope its contents will meet with your entire approval. I have the honor to be, etc., EIDWARID) M. McCooK. [Inclosiire in No. 32. 1 Mr. Mc Cook to Gen. Van) Valkenblrgh. UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, August 3, 1867. DEAR SIR: An envoy of the Hawaiian Government sails for Japan to-day for the purpose of endeav-oring to negotiate a treaty with Japan which will acdmit the sugars and other products of that kingdom on an equality with the products of the United States, England, etc. I should think it would be your policy to oppose the consummation of such a treaty by every means in your power. The Pacific States of the United States are almost entirely dependent upon these Hawaiian Islands for their supply of sugars, and the planters here depend on the Pacific States just as entirely for a market. This circumstance has been instrumental in maintaining American influence here, although all the sympathies of the Government are probably English; and so soon as they can find another market which will render them independent of the United States, our political ald colnmmercial influence on the islands will be lost. You have been here and understand how illl)ortant in every respect these islands are to our country; -and the fact that a treaty of reciprocity has just been concluded witll them shows conclusively that the President and Secretary of State fully realize this importance, and are anxious by securing all their trade to make American influence paramount. Should they secure this treaty with Japan, and thus find another and possibly better market for their sugars, etc., it will in effect defeat the objects of the treaty just concluded, by diverting the trade we wish to secure into another channel and enable the planters and merchants of these islands to sell their sugars to Japan, and with the proceeds buy their goods, as they now do, in an English market, instead of an American one, as they would naturally if their trade were exclusively with the United States. At any rate I believe that after so largely subsidizing a line of steamers to secure the trade of China and Japan, we ouglht to secure all of it if we can; and if the Japanese want sugars raised in this part of the Pacific let them buy them through the merchants of San Francisco, or some of our other Pacific ports. This seems li!e a small affair, but I think our new trade growing up witli China and Japan should be jealously watched and fostered, and all other countries hindered if possible from injuriously interfering with. it in any way. 1<' HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 139 I hope you will concur with me in the view I have taken of this matter, and throw every obstacle you can in the way of the success of Capt. Waterman, the Hawaiian envoy, and request Gen. Stahl and our other consuls to do the same. I have forwarded a copy of this letter to the honorable Secretary of State, hoping that he will approve my opinions and communicate with you at olnce. I have the honor to be, etc., ED)WARD M. McCooK, Mlinister Resident. Mr. Seward to lMr. 1McCook. [Confidential.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 1lashington, Septemberr 12, 1867. EDWARD M. MCCOOK, Esq., etc.: SIR: Circumstancles have transpired here which induce a belief that a strong interest, based upon a desire for annexation of the Sa,.dwich Islands, will be active in opposing a ratification of the reciprocity treaty. It will be argued that the reciprocity will tend to hinder and defeat an early annexation, to which the people of the Sandwich Islands are supposed to be now strongly inclined. Under these circumstances, I have, first, to advise that you remain at Honolulu instead of coming to the United States, as you have before proposed. Second. You will be governed in all your proceedings by a proper respect and courtesy to the Government and people of tie Sandwich Islands; but it is proper that you should know, for your own information, that a lawful anld peaceful annexation of the islands to the United States, with the consent of the people of the Sandwich Islands, is deemed desirable by this Government; and that if the policy of annexation should really conflict with the policy of reciprocity, annexation is in every case to be preferred. The bearer of this communication will remain for the present at Honolulu, and will conform himself in llis proceedings there to your advice, cooperating with you confidentially; and you will exercise your own discretion how fiar it may be necessary and when to instruct him in any of the matters contained il this dispatch. I am, etc., VWILLIAM H. SEWARD. Mr. Seicard to Mr. lMcCook. No. 36.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 'Washington, October 5, 1867. Mr. McCooK. etc.: SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch of the 5th of August, No. 31. The President is gratified with the information that His Majesty the King of the Sandwich Islands approves of the reciprocity treaty, and that he took measures to call an extra 140 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ordinary session of the legislature for the purpose of a formal ratification. Since the receipt of your dispatch we have received a report by the telegraph from Sari Francisco that the treaty has been finally and fully ratified by the Hawaiian Government. I refrain altogether from treating upon the subject of the irritation which has been manifested at Honolulu in connection with the visit of the Lackawanna at that port. No conceivable good could result from engaging in diplomatic debate upon that subject. I am, etc., WILLIAM H. SEWARD. 1AMr. Seward to Mr. ASpalding. [Confidential.] No. 42.] 1)EPARTMENT OF STATE, lWashington, July 5, 1868. Z. S. SPALDING Esq., etc.: SIR: Your letter of the 14th of April has been received and carefully read. The information which you give of the excitement which is prevailing in Honolulu in regard to the annexation of the Sandwich Islands is very interesting. You suggest a system of proceeding here with reference to that object which could not possibly, at the present time,.obtain the sanction of any department of this Government. Without going into an explanation of the causes for the condition of national sentiment which temporarily exists, it is enough to say that the public attention sensibly continues to be fastened upon the domestic questions which have grown out of the late civil war. The public mind refuses to dismiss these questions even 'so far as to entertain the higher but more remote questions of national extension and aggrandizement. The periodical Presidential and Congressional elections are approaching. Each of the political parties seems to suppose that economy and retrenchment will be prevailing considerations in that election and the leaders of each party therefore seem to shrink from every suggestion which may involve any new national enterprise, and especially any foreign one. How long sentiments of this sort may control the proceedings of the Government is uncertain, but, in the meantime, it will be well for you not to allow extravagant expectations of sympathy between the United States and the friends of annexation in the islands to influence your own conduct. You will continue, however, to write me upon the subject freely as you have hitherto done. I am, etc., WILLIAM H. SEWARD. No. 54.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, At Honolulu, August 14, 1868. Hon. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary qf State, Washington, D. C.: SIR: I have the honor to forward herewith a copy of a communication addressed by Ine to the Hawaiian minister of foreign affairs on the HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 141 29th ultimo. At the same time I inclosed him a copy of the resolution of the Congress of the United States which accompanied your circular of January 17, 1867, relative to the coolie trade. I deemed this action called for on my part from the fact that during my absence a cargo of Japanese coolies arrived at this port on the British ship Scioto, and were distributed among the planters and other parties on the islands under a system of contracts holding them to labor for the term of three years. I know nothing of the circumstances under which these people left Japant, but supposed you are fully advised in the premises through Mr. Vanvalkelburg. I have been informed that it is in contemplation to send an expedition to the South Sea Islands under the auspices of the Hawaiian Government, or the Hawaiian board of immigration, for the purpose of procuring laborers (coolies) from there. Should this really have been the design, I hope the communication I have already addressed to His Majesty's Government may lead themn to abandon their purpose. If, any such attempt is persisted in 1 will deem it my duty to protest most emphatically against it, unless otherwise directed by you. As these South Sea Islanders are without an organized government and unable to protect themselves, any attempt to take them by force or fraud from their own country and reduce them to a state of temporary servitude here would, it seems to me, justify such active interference on the part of the Government of the United States as might be necessary to prevent the inauguration of a traffic more odious than the cooly trade of China. I have the honor to be, your very obedient servant, EDWARD M. McCoOK. No. 41.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Hfonoldu l July 29, 1868. SIR: I have the honor to inclose you a copy of a resolution on the subject of the cooly trade, which has unanimously passed both Houses of the Congress of the United States. It is believed that in this matter the resolution referred to correctly indicates the moral sentiment of the country I have the honor to represent; consequently I transmit the inclosed copy for the information of your Government, believing that His Majesty, actuated by those sentiments of humanity for which he has always been so eminently distinguished, will cordially cooperate with the Governmnent of the United States in its endeavor to discountenance and discourage a, traffic so repulsive tlat it meets with the reprobation of the civilized world. With sentiments of the highest consideration and regard, I have the honor to be, Your very obedient servant, EDWARD M. AMCoOK. His Excellency STEPHEN H. PHILLIPS, H. H. Lr. Minister of Foreign 4Affairs, etc.;... 142 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. [From the annual message of President Johnson to the Fortieth Congress, l)ecember 9, 1868.] I am aware that uponl the question of further extending our possessions it is applrelhended by some that our political system can not successfully be applied to an area more extended thali our contimnent; but the conviction is rapidly gaining ground in the American mind that, with the increased facilities for intercommunication between all portions of the earth, the principles of free government, as embraced in our Constitution, if fiithfully maintained and carried out, would prove of sufficient strength and breadth to comprehend within their sphere and influence the civilized nations of the world. The attention of the Senate and of Congress is again respectfully invited to tile treaty for the establishment of commercial reciprocity with the Hawaiian Kingdom, entered into last year, and already ratified by that Government. The attitude of the United States towards these islands is not very different fiom that in which they stand towards the West Indies. It is known and felt by the Hawaiian Government and people that their Government and institutions are feeble and precarious; that the United States, being so near a neighbor, would be unwilling to see the islands pass under foreign control. Their prosperity is continually disturbed by expectations.and alarms of unfriendly political proceedings, as well from the United States as from other foreign powers. A reciprocity treaty, while it could not materially diminish the revenues of the United States, would be a guaranty of the good will and forbearance of all nations until the people of the islands shall of themselves, at no distant day, voluntarily apply for admission into the Union. -1ON-(OLLULI, April 14, 1869. DEAR FATHER: The bark Comet sails to-day for San Francisco, and even though I have little to make a letter interesting, I will venture a few lines. Our latest advices, by the Idaho, seenied to convey the idea that the reciprocity treaty was beyold hope, and the effect is beginning to be generally felt and seen. Men who lave kept silent for months, guarding their words and actions, lhave openly expressed tlhemselves of late as being in favor of lannexation, and begun to talk of forming an organization or party with that end in view. What they want is to know that thley will be backed up by the United States and its representatives here in all proper measures taken by them to secure a chan.ge in the political sentiment of the islands and their annexation at the earliest possible period. This means not necessarily a war on the part of the United States, but a feeling that they are supported by our Government and its officials, even to the continued presence of a man-of-war, if nlecessary, and intervention should this Government attempt to stop free speech and a free press or put down an American simply because he is an American and expresses himself favorably towards the United States. Americans whose opinions are entitled to respect claim that they have never had from the Government of the United States that countenance and support that England and France have always extended to their subjects here. They say (and I am disposed to think with some justice) that while an Englishman or Frenchman, even though holding an office under this Government, never forgets his country, Americans have been brought up and become more thoroughly Hawaiian than the.?.. E*,...... '.^ LANDS. 13 LANDS. 143 HAWAIIAN IS natives themselves. I know this to be true in regard to some Americans at present holdilg office under this Government, and fiom the records of some of our ministers, as well as tleir subsequent careers, I am satisfied there has been ground for complaint. No doubt the American party has commiiitted mistakes. They had the power, alnd ouglht to have fouglit ratlier than lose it. Buit comiiig fr'oI the missionary stock, it was contrary to their principles and feelings to resort to blows. Besides, some of their best material was drawn off by means of royal favor land the honors and emolunlents of office. The "dollar" is as powerful here as il more enlightened countries, and Americans as apt to forget all else in the accumulation of riches. I told you I had no hope for annexation while there was a chance for "reciprocity." Events do not change my opinion. On the contrary, I feel that the desire for annexation is stronger to-day than it has been at any time since my arrival on the islands, simply because the prospects for the treaty are felt to be almost hopeless, and the planters must have relief by annexation. I have already given you my opiniol as to what the missionary or American party wouqd do i' left to tlemselves-absolutely nothing. In a short time they would be bound hand and foot andl powerless to resist the machination of the English and French. They are like raw troops. Unless they can feel that they are supported by the "veteran hand" of the United States they will run at the first flash of powder or siglt of blood. But shove them into the fronlt rank and let them feel that they are safe and they will make as much noise as anybody. It is time to decide upon the plan of action. If we want these islands immediately, I have no doubt the Lackawanna embroglio will furnish the pretext for taking them a lal Egland or-France. If no other good has been accomplished by the Lackawanna, she has served to "draw out" the mlinisters into strong expressions against her and our Goverlment, and by her presence has kept up the fire of opposition in the hearts of Americans and left it easy for our Government to shape its future policy. If the United States should take possession to-morrow, on the ground that this Government has failed to respect American interests and shown its inability to maintain its position as an independent governnent, I tlink it would hardly raise a single remonstrance, either liere or abroad. The feeling of foreigners seemns generally to be that of astonishment to see the United States "put up"' with so much from this little Kingdoml. But if the Government is in no particular hurry about the acquisition of the islands, and desires to accomplish its ends with as little display of force or expenditure of money as possible, it might be well to give the annlexation party a chance to see wlat they can do. Two years will accomplish the change if it can be done at all. To my mind there is a better chance for an annexation party right now than there has been since the idea of reciprocity was first started. The "Hawaiian Club," of Boston, write that the treaty is undoubtedly dead, and that although they never favored annexation heretofore, they do so now. They also say that the failure of the treaty is owing to the action of the ministers of this Government, Dr. Hutchinson and M. de Varigny, news which has raised a great deal of ill-feeling toward this Government and increased the desire for connection with the United States. I take-good care not to contradict the opinion. The truth is that so long as there was a chance for receiving the benefits of free trade with the United States and escaping taxation men who had capital invested here were generally opposed to annexation. 4I << I i "' r z ~~c;: t -z.. '~A ~( ~ ~a ~1;~lid I1LClt' u~'. r , ' '.,' ',. I I. I~''~'' ~ ~. 144 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The missionaries, I think, always opposed it, on the ground that the nations would suffer by the change. But just now all classes, except office-holders, are down on this Government, and reciprocity having failed them, are ready for anything that will give tllem a cange. But here let me reiterate my opinion that our Government must be prepared to uphold such a party with more favor and stronger aid than has ever been given before, and be ready, in case of necessity, to assume the whole work and finish it withl one stroke. That is to say, we should show to this Government that Americans and their interest must be respected and the United States regalrded equally with the "most favored nations," and let our friends see that we will indorse them in all lawful actions and receive them under the Stars and Stripes whenever application is made in the proper manner. I still hold that little or nothling can be accomplished at the present time by " voluntary " action on the part of the natives or foreigners, in the way of changing the political status of the islands or overthrowing the present Government. What may be (lone in time, by educating the people up to the issue, especially where the greater part of the capital of the islands is at stake, is another question. There are many good men who will come out boldly for ainexation and strain every nerve for its success if they can be satisfied that the United States will help them through. But they are not willing to throw away the good they have for the uncertainty of something better. The present King has already shown, by his abrogation of the old (constitution and forcing upon the people an instrument of his own creation, that lie will stop at nothing within his power. Foreign intervention in favor of annexation must of course come from the United States. Will it come? If so, the party can be organized. The present attitude of this Government towards the United States and the patience with which we have borne its slights is ' a thorn in our sides." Englislhmen ridicule us, while they secretly "chuckle" over what they consider our loss of influence. I am as willing to ' stoop to conquer " as anyone, and am willing to wait for our laugh until we shall have won. But, with every American on these islands, I hope our Government will either give up all idea of ever coming into possession of tllis country or else take measures to secure it. That we have been outgeneraled in the past is very clear. The reciprocity treaty just as completely tied Minister McCook's hands as did the Hawaiian minister of foreign relations bind our commissioier, Mr. Gregg, by gettimghimnin his debt. The miniisters of this Government neverwanted "reciprocity" or any other connection withl the United States, but they entertained the subject to quiet the demand for annexation, intending to kill it in the end. They liave either bamnboozled or bought up our representatives before Gen. McCook, and he they allowed to run wild on reciprocity. If Gen. McCook comes back here with definite instructions from Washington to inaugurate and carry out any set policy, he will undoubtedly fulfill his instructions. But if he returns with no other orders but to "cultivate friendly relations," and is allowed to do that after his own fashion, you need not look for annexation. The American party here is composed of men mostly from the New England States. That they are generally " radical" follows as a matter of course. No representative of the United States, not even Gen. McCook, has ever been in communication with them enough to lead them. What Gen. McCook's interest in reciprocity was, I need not say; but everything ,...***-, -*, i. '; '*. /. *..-.,. f*........ *. -. - a, j '-^? i:2,. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 145 else had to give way to that one idea, and Americans who did not favor it were "' d d Republican Yankees." My present position is far from enviable. I keep as clear of diplomatic questions as possible, and, of course, while the present state of affairs remains unchanged I keep my lips closed, and while hearing all sides give approval to none. I have been particularly careful not to commit myself. Whenever the future policy of our Government in relation to these islands is decided upon, if I am kept here in any position enabling me take part I can do so without undoing a single act. I Send you a newspaper, by this mail, giving account, as far as heard from, of the late earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on the island of Hawaii. All accounts agree that the present has been the most serious convulsion ever experienced. His Majesty, accompanied by his commissioner. and others, left yesterday on the steamer Kilauea to visit the scene. I was invited to accompany them, but on account of the absence of Gen. McCook, and having several vessels in port, was obliged to decline the invitation. It is reported that His Majesty goes to Hawaii to make an offering to Pele (the goddess of volcanoes) to appease her wrath! He is certainly superstitious enough to do so, and the fact that his native sorceress bore him company would seem to confirm the story. The natives say that some high chief is about to die, and that that is the cause of the present volcanic convulsions. It is further said that the King fears he is the condemned chief, and hence his visit to Hawaii to make his offering to the enraged goddess. The Lackawanna is still in port, Capt. Reynolds thinking the action of this Government, in refusing to allow his men to have liberty on shore at Hilo, sufficient reason for not returning there. He knows his presence here is an eyesore to them, and as they and he are at swords points lie proposes to remain in their sight as long as he can. I have been assured by one of His Majesty's ministers that this Government has no fault to find with the United States or any man-of-war, but that they object to Capt. Reynolds personally. I give you this information for what it is worth. My own opinion is that both parties are in the wrong. The legislature opens on Saturday next, notwithstanding the ab- sence of the King. The King's father will deliver the opening speech in native, and the chief justice, Judge Allen, will deliver the same in English. There may be some interesting matters before the legislature during the session, but the main point will be to see how far the present ministry can control it. There will be an effort made to separate the two houses, which, if successful, will be one point for the op- position. I look for Gen. McCook on the Idaho, due May 4, and will write fully by her return. With much love, your affectionate son, Z.. SPAULDING Notes of conversations, Saturday, September 14, 1869. Called on Mr. DeVarigny, the minister of foreign relations, about 9:30 a. m., and after some conversation concerning the reciprocity treaty, Mr. DeV. asked me when I expected the Lackawanna to return. I replied that I had no definite idea as to the time. S. Ex. 77- 10 '"... ~ a i':.~i.. ~-t~,5 'G ~ip. ~ 146 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Mr. DEV. I do not wish to see the Lackawanna back here. I hope when she does return she will have orders to leave immediately. McC. For what reason? DEV. The commander of the Lackaw{nanna, Capt. Reynolds, is personally obnoxious to this Government. McC. Why? DEV. Because when a resident of these islands his political sentiments were displeasing to His Majesty and his ministry. McC. What were those political sentiments DEV. I can not tell; they were very obnoxious. McC. Do you wish to establish the principle that, before any American man-of-war can touch these islands, you have the right to designate who shall coImnland her, and what his political principles shall bet Mr. DEV. We have the samle rights with regard to a man-of-war which we would have in relation to a diplomatic agent-the principle is precisely the same, and we have the right to refuse to receive the one or permit the other to remain in our ports; and if the Lackawzanna returns to stop here, we will order her peremptorily to leave; we will send her away for the reasons I have mentioned about Capt. Reynolds, and for other and more serious reasons-this is our right and we are determined to exercise it. McC. I decline discussing this matter any further at present. Your mind appears to be made up, and you saw proper to refer the whole matter directly to the Secretary of State of the United States, without making your communication through the legation, and Mr. Seward will no doubt take such actioll as will be just and proper and I hope satisfactory to you. I would suggest, however. at this time, if your Government really desires the ratification of the reciprocity treaty, it would probably be highly impolitic and imprudent to order away from your waters any man-of-war belonging to the United States, just at the time when my Government is endeavoring by the most substantial proof in their power to show their friendship for the Hawaiian Government. About 10:30 a. m. I called on His Majesty and stated that I desired to talk with him unofficially. I repeated the conversation between Mr. De Varigny and myself and suggested that, as I intended going to Washington sometime during this fall or winter, it would probably be better to take no action in the premises, even should the Lackawanna; remain, until he heard from me. On my arrival in Washington I would lay the whole matter before the Secretary of State and call his attention to the objections of the Hawaiian Government to the presence of the Lackacaanna here. His Majesty replied that this had better be understood before I left. I called his attention to the dispatch of the Secretary of State, No. 31, containing renewed assurances of the desire of the United States to maintain just and amicable relations with the King of the Hawaiian Islands, and also to all my past assurances that the Lackawanna was here on a friendly mission and for no unusual purpose. I thought that after all these assurances of friendship from all the representatives of my Government lie ought to be satisfied as to their feelings. Tlhe past conduct of the United States toward the Government of these islands should be the best assurance that his sovereignty would always be respected in the future as it had been in the past. His Majesty spoke of newspaper articles in the press of the United States, advocating the annexation or acquisition of those islands. I said that the newspapers of a country did not always represent the AW I T AXN rATr IA '7 HAWAIIAN I L04-AJXlJ UAJ. JL2 I sentiments of the government. Editors in the United States were in the habit of publishing pretty much what they pleased, without consulting the wishes of any person. The articles His Majesty referred to had, undoubtedly, originated here in Honolulu. They displayed a local knowledge of persons and things which no resident of the United States would possess. As for acquisition, the United States had never yet acquired a foot of territory by conquest. The additions to her boundaries had all been made like that of Russian America, by purchase, and, although I did not speak by authority, yet I had no doubt but that my Government would pay a liberal compensation for the cession of any of these islands or all of them. The growing trade of the United States on the Pacific made it almost necessary that we should have some good naval depot between the Pacific coast and China. His Majesty answered that he did not believe that his people would ever permit him to cede any of the four larger islands of the group. I said that money was a great power, particularly with a needy population, and with a very small portion of the amount he might receive for such a cession he would probably be able to direct the sentiments of his people in any channel he desired. He replied that Honolulu and Hilo were the only two good ports on the islands; that Hilo might be made an excellent harbor by spending some money for a breakwater, but it was on one of the largest islands, and he did not see, on the whole, how he could sell part of an island or the best port in it; he also said that it would not be their policy to part with any of the larger islands. It might not be objectionable to part with one of the smaller ones, but one of them could be of no value to the United States, because they had no harbors at all. I thanked His Majesty for the interview, and requested that he would not mention the subject of our conversation to his ministry or any person else, as it would only produce unnecessary and undesirable comment. He replied that it would. not be mentioned by him to any person. From the manner of the King during the whole interview, I was led to believe that the subject of our conversation was not an unfamiliar one. No. 189.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Honolulu, February 7, 1873. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: Silt: The new Government here seems well established and in working order, appointments to fill its offices having given general satisfaction to our resident countrymen. The English and German portion of the community, however, complain that their respective nationalities have not been duly considered in the composition of this "cosmopolitan government." A strong movement is afoot to induce King Lunalilo to visit Washington and endeavor to form a reciprocity treaty with the United States, failing to obtain which it is hoped the occasion will be availed of for entering into negotiations for the annexation of these islands to the United States. I respectfully suggest that proper instructions and arrangements be,,,,.. ka s:-''. 't! 'i': '';... n. k ' v-; -. _ ~ 148 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. made by United States Government for the conveyance of and treatment of His Majesty as the guest of the nation. It is proper that I inform you of a remark made to me within a few days past by Capt. Cator, of H. B. M. S. Scout, to the effect that, in view of recent events here, his opinion was that England, France, and the United States should take possession of these islands under joint occupancy. I replied that I thought the United States Government would not consent to be a party to any such project. 1 am, sir, etc., HENRY A. PEIRCE. P. S.-I inclose three copies of the Hawaiian custom-house statis- tics for the year 1872. No. 190.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Honolulu, February 10, 1873. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: SIR: The subject now uppermost in the thoughts of Hawaiian officials, planters, and merchants relates to the measures needed to be taken to stop the decline of the Kingdom in its population, revenue, agricultural productions, and commerce. The panacea for the cure of these evils. in their opinion, is to be had by effecting a reciprocity treaty with the United States. This notwithstanding repeated failures heretofore in similar attempts to obtain one. Success therein is now hoped for by offering to the United States a quid pro quo, the cession of the sovereignty and proprietorship of the spacious, landlocked, easily defended harbor or estuary known as Ewa or Pearl River, in this island, 10 miles distant from Honolulu, and also to include the territory surrounding it, say 10 miles square in all.,There is a bar at the entrance of the harbor having on it 12 feet of water at low tide, but the depth can be increased to any reasonable extent without great expense. The harbor is sufficiently spacious for several hundred ships to ride in safety. Inclosed herewith is extract from the P. Commercial Advertiser, newspaper, of date 8th inst., entitled "Reciprocity," that develops the views of those urging this project. My opinion in regard to probable success of the measure named having been solicited by several persons high in authority, but in an unofficial manner, I have said in reply that in my judgment the United States Government would object to acquiring sovereignty over a part only of this island. That the consideration offered by the Hawaiian Government for a reciprocity treaty with the United States is certainly a very generous one, inasmuch as my Government now derives in imports from these islands, in customs revenue, only about $370,000 per annum. Nevertheless, as the proposed measure or treaty would allow the Hawaiian Government to continue to maintain its sovereignty over the other portion of the island of Oahu not occupied by the United States, therefore the latter would not, probably, seriously entertain the proposition in the shape presented. Since this conversation occurred I have consulted on the subject-matter with Rear-Admiral Pennack, who is of the opinion that the United States Government should accept the proposition of the harbor of Pearl River, even '. An. " -, -2 "',, " - a' " rw ' '? "'"' _,... -,I,.^.14 149 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. under the terms and conditions as foreshadowed by the Hawaiian Government officials. I am expecting to receive ere long some definite proposals in regard to the subject-matter. The native newspaper, " Kuokoa," opposes the suggestion mooted here in regard to King Lunaleho visiting Washington for the purpose of effecting a treaty, and some of the cabinet also oppose it, on account of the King's want of self-restraint in the use of intoxicating liquors. I am, etc., HENRY A. PEIRCE. P. S.-Mail steamer Nevada, left on the 27th ultimo for San Francisco, returned on the 6th instant to recoal-sailed on 7th instant; vessel leaked badly, with machinery and boilers in bad condition. Delay in receipt by you of my dispatches (No. 179 to 189) by that vessel is to be regretted. Yours, etc., HENRY A. PEIRCE. No. 191.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Honolulu, February 17, 1873. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: SIR: Annexation of these islands to the United States and a reciprocity treaty between the two countries are the two important topics of conversation and warm discussion among Government officials and foreign residents. A large majority of the latter favor the first-named project, while the former advocate reciprocity. All are convinced, however, that some measure should be taken by the Hawaiian Government to effectually stay the decline in the prosperity of the country, evidenced in decreasing exports, revenue, population, whale fishery, and an increasing public debt. Annexation of the islands to the United States will never, in my opinion, be adopted or presented as a Government measure, however much the people as a whole may desire it. The glitter of the crown, love of power, and emoluments of office have too many attractions to prevent it. Should the great interests of the country, however, demand that "annexation" shall be attempted, the planters, merchants, and foreigners generally will induce the people to overthrow the Government, establish a republic, and then ask the United States for admittance into its Union. My opinion has recently been fiequently asked in regard to probable success of the two measures proposed. I have said that if annexation or a reciprocity treaty is proposed on the part of Hawaii to the United States, that the subject will, in either case, be profoundly considered and decided upon. But in view of former nonsuccess in attempts to secure reciprocity with the United States, and the complications that might inure to both nations if cession of the harbor of Pearl River were to be accepted by the United States as proposed in the present instance, I thought the proffer of the cession pure and simple of the whole archipelago would have the better chance for success as compared with reciprocity under the conditions now suggested. -. *., " - " - ':,;~.;!~.r c~ *-~ "I:,j k:~!~ ~t~ 't 150 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Those favoring the former measure think it can be carried if the King's consent thereto is first obtained (and endeavors will be made to that end), provided the United States will, for and in consideration of said cession, pension off His Majesty and all the chiefs of royal blood with the aggregate sum per annum of $125,000, and pay off the Hawaiian national debt, now amounting to about $250,000, and bestow upon the cause and for the benefit of education, public schools, and the nation's hospitals (three of latter in number) the proprietorship and revenues of the crown and public lands. The value of said lands is at present estimated at about $1,000,000. It includes, however, the public buildings, waterworks, wharf property, fish ponds, etc. The income of the crown lands, now inuring to the sovereign, amounts to about $25,000 per annum. The public, or Government, waterworks, give about $15,000 per annum, wharf property about the same, notwithstanding the free use of them granted to steamship lines. Many persons are lukewarm on the subject of annexation to the United States solely for the reason that they fear repulse by the United States Government. I think the latter should declare its policy and objects in regard to this importanlt subject. This nation is bewildered and suffering to some degree, not knowing how to shape its own policy in connection with its hopes and expectations in regard to the United States. I inclose herewith an extract from the Commercial Advertiser of the 15th inst., headed " Annexation," considered here as intended to be a feeler on the subject. With great, etc., HENRY A. PEIRCE. P. S.-Your dispatches Nos. 78 and 79 are received. Should the King Lunalilo conclude to visit Washington, his departure will not take place before October next. SAN FRANCISCO CL, CAL, 1y 8, 1873. Hon. WM. W. BELKNAP, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.: SIR: In compliance with your confidential instructions of the 24th June, 1872, we have the honor to state that we have visited the Sandwich Islands and ascertained the defensive capabilities of their different ports, examined into their commercial facilities, and collected all the information in our power on other subjects in reference to which we ought to be informed in the event of a war with a powerful maritime nation, and we have now the honor to submit the following REPORT: We left this city on the 30th of December, 1872, on board the U. S. S. California, the flagship of Rear-Admiral Pennock, U. S. Navy, and arrived at Honolulu January 15, 1873. Admiral Pennock had received instructions from our Government to proceed to the Sandwich Islands in his flagship and bring to the United States the late King Kamehameha VI. A few days before sailing, however, the news of the death of the king was received in San Francisco. '. I. -, i~~~ I,.,:, ~~ "..11 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 151 When we arrived at Honolulu we found a new King, Lunalilo, had been elected by an almost unanimous vote of the people. He had been inaugurated, and his Government was established in an orderly manner. At an audience with the King and his ministers, Admiral Pennock made known his instructions from the Secretary of the Navy, to offer a passage to the late Kilg to the United States. We were present at this interview and the announcement of the generous intentions of the Government of the United States toward the late King appeared to establish, at once, the best relations between the new King and Admiral Pelnock, as also between the members of his Government and ourselves. This was fortunate, as it gave us all desirable facilities for accomplishing the objects of our visit; enabled us to converse frankly with the King and his ministers upon the subject and to ascertain their feelings and wishes concerning it, as well as their general policy toward the United States. We ascertained from the officers of the U. S. Navy, from maps, and from seafaring men that Honolulu is the only good commercial harbor in the whole group of the Sandwich Islands. There are many other so-called harbors, or places for anchorage, but they are mostly open roadsteads affording shelter only from certain winds, and they are all entirely incapable of being defended by shore batteries. Even the harbor of Honolulu itself can not be defended from the shore. It is a small harbor lying seaward from the land and only protected from the sea by outlying coral reefs. An enemy could take up his position outside of the entrance to the harbor and command the entire anchorage, as well as the town of Honolulu itself. This harbor would therefore be of no use to us as a harbor of refuge in a war with a powerful maritime nation. With one exception there is no harbor on the islands that can be made to satisfy all the conditions necessary for a harbor of refuge in time of war. This is the harbor of Ewa or Pearl River situated on the Island of Oahu, about 7 miles west of Honolulu. Pearl River is a fine sheet of deep water extending inland about 6 miles from its mouth, where it could be completely defended by shore batteries. The depth of water after passing the bar is ample for any vessel. Pearl River is not a true river; it partakes more of the character of an estuary. It is divided into three portions called "locks "-the east lock, the middle lock, and the west lock, the three together affording some 30 miles of water front, with deep water in the channels. Of these locks the east lock is the best, having the most room, the deepest water, and presenting the greatest facilities for shore improvements. In the middle of this lock there is an island called "Rabbit Island," having deep water close to its shores and fine anchorage all around it. This islald is a level coral island, rising only a few feet above high-water level. It is destitute of fresh water, but there is a great abundance of good water on the adjacent shores, which could be carried to the island at small expense. From our examinations we are of the opinion that this island and the adjacent shore to the north and west of it afford the most advantageous location for a naval depot of supplies and equipment in all these waters. But there is not sufficient water at present for heavy vessels to enter this Pearl River harbor. At the entrance to the harbor is a coral reef some 250 to 300 yards in width, with a depth of water of only 2 to 3 fathoms on the reef at low water. This reef appears to extend around the island, being broken only at the entrance to Honolulu Harbor, and 152 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. in fact we are informed that a platform of coral reefs fringe most of the shores of all the islands of the Hawaiian group, broken only in few places. This coral found at the entrance to Pearl River is "dead;" that is, it is not growing, and the reef is therefore not increasing in size. This ridge of coral forms a barrier or bar across the entrance to this harbor about 300 yards wide, measuring perpendicularly to the shore. It is comparatively level on the top, from 2 to 3 fathoms of water over it at low tide. Its sides are vertical, or nearly so, the depth of water increasing in a few feet to 4 or 5 fathoms. The outer, or sea side, then is found to be steeper than the inner, or shore side. At the distance of half a mile outside of the reef there is a depth of 15 fathoms, while at the same distance inside the reef the depth is only 8 fathoms. If this coral barrier were removed Pearl River Harbor would seem to have all or nearly all the necessary properties to enable it to be converted into a good harbor of refuge. It could be completely defended by inexpensive batteries on either or both shores, firing across a narrow channel of entrance. Its waters are deep enough for the largest vessels of war, and its " locks," particularly around Rabbit Island, are spacious enough for a large number of vessels to ride at anchor in perfect security against all storms. Its shoi'es are suitable for building proper establishments for sheltering the necessary supplies for a naval establishmnent, such as magazines of ammunition, provisions, coral, spars, rigging, etc., while the island of Oahn, upon which it is situated, could furnish fresh provisions, meats, fruits, and vegetables in large quantities. Such being the properties of this harbor, and it being the only one on these islands possessing all the requisites, except depth of water on the bar, the question arises, can the coral reef at its entrance be removed? If so, at what cost? And again, if it be removed would the channel fill up, or would it remain open under the influence of natural causes? A correct answer to these questions in detail can not be given without a survey of the entrance to this harbor. Under the supposition that full information on this subject would become necessary, in case negotiations were entered upon looking to the cession of Pearl River Harborto the United States, we informally requested Admiral Pennock to include a detailed survey of the entrance to this harbor in his examinations and surveys of the harbors of these islands. The Admiral promised to have such surveys made; when it is received, a detailed estimate of the cost of removing the coral barrier can be made. We will state however that Lieut. Col. Alexander crossed this bar several times while we were at Honolulu. He did not undertake a survey, but he took soundings on and around the reef, and examined its character and outline. He found the reef composed mostly of coral in situ, covered over in small patches for a few inches in depth with coral sand, being fragments of coral and coral rock thrown upon the reef and ground to pieces under the action of the waves and tidal currents. It is his opinion that an entrance could easily be cut through this coral reef by.surface blasting and that the fine debris would be washed seaward under the influence of the currents, while the larger masses could be removed by dredging or by divers, the islands furnishing many men skilled in such business. He further gives it as his opinion, founded on the examinations he was able to make, that the amount of coral to be removed to open a channel 200 yards in width, with a depth of 26 feet of water at low tide, " would be about 250,000 cubic yards, and that it could be removed for L-*.'* ' I. I z I, - _ _ & i " ~,i ~ '.I '.'' HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. $1 per cubic yard, or for a sum of about $250,000. It should be observed, however, that this is only an approximate estimate of the cost of this work. Detailed estimates could only be made after accurate surveys and thorough investigation made for this special purpose. As the entrance to Honolulu harbor shows no tendency to fill up, and as the entrance to Pearl River, if opened, will be almost exactly like that of Honolulu, we see no reason at present to fear a filling up on the bar after a passage through the coral reef at its mouth shall have been secured. Upon this point, however, it will be safe to withhold opinions until the character of the bottom just outside the coral reef isaccurately ascertained. If the survey and examination should show a large quantity of coral sand there, and if the resulting currents of the ebb tide do not remove it, it is possible that some of this sand might accumulate in the channel of entrance during storms from seaward. In case it should become the policy of the Government of the United States to obtain the possession of this harbor for naval purposes, jurisdiction over all the waters of Pearl River with the adjacent shores to the distance of 4 miles from any anchorage should be ceded to the United States by the Hawaiian Government. This would be necessary in order to enable the Government to defend its depots and anchorages in time of war by works located on its own territory. Such a cession of jurisdiction would embrace a parallelogram of about 10 by 12 miles. It would not be necessary, however, for the Government of the United States to own all this land. On the contrary, Rabbit Island and a few thousand acres of the shore to the northward and westward of it, the limits of which could be determined after careful survey, with sufficient land on either side of the entrance of the harbor for fortification purposes, equal in area to about 1 square mile on either side, would be all the land which it would be necessary for the Government to own. All.the rest of the land which might be embraced in any cession of jurisdiction could remain in the hands of the present owners. We remark that the Hawaiian Government is now having a survey made of Pearl River and the vicinity. This survey will show the nature of the country and the ownership of all abutting lands. When it is completed it will enable us to define distinctly the boundaries of the district over which jurisdiction should be ceded, in case our Government wishes to acquire possession of that harbor. We can then also designate what land the Government would require for naval purposes and for fortifications at the entrance of the harbor..From what we could learn of the feelings of the Hawaiian Government on this subject, we believe it would be possible for the United (,... States to obtain such a cession of jurisdiction and of land as we have indicated should it become the policy of the Government to establish a naval depot in these islands. The cession of Pearl River and of so much of the surrounding district as might be necessary for its defense, and the title to all the positions which would be occupied by tehe Government either for naval or military purposes, would probably be freely given by the Government of these islands as a quidpro quo for a reciprocity treaty. We remark in this connection that sugar is the principal product of these islands, and that it is mostly exported to the Pacific coast of the United States. The great object of the Hawaiian Government in seeking a reciprocity treaty with the United States has been, and will probably continue to -, ,YH~:: ':..,; s v f *,, - ->. A..d'; 154 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. be, to relieve its sugar-planters from the operation of our tariff on that article. The cession of Pearl River could probably be obtained by the United States in consideration of the repeal of the duty on Sandwich Island sugar. Indeed, the sugar-planter sare so anxious for a reciprocity treaty, or so anxious rather for free trade in sugar with the United States, that many of them openly proclaim themselves in favor of annexation of these islands to the United States. The members of the present Government of the Hawaiian Islands seem fully alive to the necessity of relieving their principal industry from the heavy burden under which it now suffers, and no other mode of relief seems possible but annexation or reciprocity. Neither the Government nor the native people of the islands are, it is believed, prepared to consider the question of annexation at the present time, even if the United States desired to propose it, but the cession of Pearl River harbor as an equivalent for free trade is fieely discussed and favorably considered by the Government and people. It is to be observed that if the United States are ever to leave a harbor of refuge and naval station in the Hawaiian Islands in the event of war, the harbor must be prepared in advance by the removal of the Pearl River bar. When war has begun it will be too late to make this harbor available, and there is no other suitable harbor on these islands. We have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, MIajor-General U. S. Army. B. S. ALEXANDER, Lieutenant-Colonel Engineers, Brevet Brigadier- General U. S. Army. No. 241.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Honolulu, Febrruary 11, 1874. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: Sin: A telegram addressed to you by this legation, under date of February 7th instant, informed you of the decease of King Lunalilo on the 3d instant, and that in consequence of his not having nominated a successor for the throne, the legislative assembly was called to convene on the 12th instant for the purpose of choosing a new sovereign. Inclosed herewith is a portion of the Hawaiian Gazette of this date, which gives the official correspondence between this Government and the representatives of foreign countries in regard to Lunalilo's death. It also contains an obituary notice, entitled "Our Late King," and some other interesting matter pertaining to the same general subject. I also forward herewith some specimens of the political placards and broadsides with which thetown has been inundated during the past few days; and which have tended to excite the popular mind to fever heat in regard to the succession to the throne. Thinking it to be a prudent measure to be prepared against any violation of the public.peace that may take place to-morrow-on the occasion of the election of a new sovereign-I have verbally requested Commander Belknap, commanding the U. S. S. Tuscarora and senior naval officer present, the U. S. S. Portsmouth, Commander Skerritt, being also in this port, to be prepared to land an armed force, in case it r - r.x L *r / ``..:"" '' HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 155 were required for the preservation of the peace and protection of life and property. I also addressed to him a note suggested by the Hawaiian minister of foreign affairs, recommending that the crews of the two e vessels should be kept on board on the day of the national election, and for the reasons therein named. Copy of said note, together with Commander Belknap's reply, is herewith inclosed, marked No. 3. Mr. Wodehouse, British commander, just now called at the legation, and proposed that in case it became necessary to land an armed force from the vessels of war in port, that those belonging to H. B. M. ship Tendos and the United States vessels should be required to act in concert and unitedly fir the preservation of good order and protection of life and property while occupying the town of Honolulu. In reply I informed Mr. Wodehouse that in the contingency named the American forces, if landed, would act by request of the Hawaiian uthorities, and for the sole purposes he named; that I felt unwilling to trammel myself with pledges and understandings, as events might possibly arise requiring of me independent action and no time given me to consult with him. Therefore I felt compelled to decline his proposition. To all this Mr. Wodehouse said, "very well." I am, etc., HENRY A. PIERCE. No. 243.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Honolulu, February 17, 1874. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: SIR: I have now the honor to make report of what has transpired here on and since the 12th instant. On that day the legislative assembly elected the high chief, Hon. David Kalakaua, King of these islands; 39 votes were cast for him and 6 for Queen Emma, relict-of Kamehameha IV. On the 13th instant he was installed as sovereign, under the name of "Kalakauna" (the word signifying "the day' of battle" ) in presence of all the officers of Government, the members of the diplomatic and consular corps, naval officers, and many other spectators. On the announcement by the president of the assembly from the balcony of the court-house at 3 p. m. of 12th instant that Kalakaua was elected King, the populace received it with jeers and contempt. tL\~ The members of a committee that had been appointed by the assembly to wait upon Kalakaua tnd inform him of his election, as soon as they emerged from the building, were set upon and beaten by a mob. The majority of the committee were compelled to return to it, in a wounded and sad condition. The rioters thereupon assaulted the courthouse, broke its windows and sashes, forced in the rear doors, and effected an entrance to the rooms. The offices of the attorney-general, of Judge Hartwell and others, were sacked and gutted, and all their books and valuable papers thrown into the street and destroyed. They visited the room of the assembly, broke and destroyed the furniture, and assaulted such of the obnoxious members as they found within the building, viz, 10 or 12 persons in all. Some of these, severely injured and senseless, were carried off by friends, the others escaped. The crowd outside continued to increase, and became more threatening r I,-1'~;~f. I 156 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 156 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. and menacing. Cries were heard to " fire the town." About 40 policemen, selected for the purpose, were on duty during the day; but when required to make arrests of rioters, took off their badges of office and disappeared among the crowd. The volunteer companies of the militia, were not called out to assist in maintaining order, for the reason as I was told, that they could not be depended upon, being divided in political opinions. - It was at this condition or aspect of affairs tlat I received requests from the King elect and Minister Bishop and Governor Dominis to cause an armed force to be landed from the United States vessels of war Tuscarora and Portsmouth, then in port. To Commander Belknap, of the Tuscarora, as being the senior United States naval officer present and eyewitness with myself of all the events of the day, I immediately made the request, in conformity with the solicitations of the authorities above named. Within the space of ten minutes' time 150 men and officers, under the respective commands of Commander Belknap and Commander Skerrett, were landed from their vessels, and arrived at the court-house and took possession of the building and square of ground surrounding the saume. The greater part of the mob instantly dispersed. Some few of the ringleaders who remained were arrested on the spot by deputy sheriffs, assisted by our officers and men. The armed force of 70 men that were landed from the British corvette Tenedos did not reach the court-house grounds until sometime after our forces had taken possession of the place. I am confident in belief that no request was originally made by the native authorities for the assistance of the English armed force. The executive officer and captain of marines of the Tenedos, in the absence of Capt. Ray, took the responsibility of landing them without orders; and they received the censure of Capt. Ray for same. The matter has, however, been accepted and sanctioned by the Hawaiian authorities, and a letter, antedated, sent to the British commissioner making a request for assistance. The United States forces have, since the 12th instant p. m., guarded the court-house, armory, treasury, prison, and station-house. The British force, after dispersing the crowd of natives that were assembled on the grounds of Queen Emma, and on making there a few arrests of ringleaders, then marched to occupy the barracks and to guard the palace and its grounds. There they have remained since the 12th instant. On the night of the 12th instant some two or three shots were discharged upon the American guard at the court-house and returned by the latter. No one received damage therefrom. The town has been in a condition of peace and good order ever since then. Fifty-three rioters -i are in prison awaiting trial. Inclosed herewith are the following papers. " Extracts from the I. Commercial Advertiser of February 14, 1874, giving accounts of the doings of the assembly on the 12th instant, the particulars of the riot, with other interesting articles contained therein. Copy of resolutions unanimously passed by the assembly on the 14th instant, tendering their thanks to the representatives of foreign powers and to the officers and crews of the war vessels in port for generous assistance given in preserving the peace and order of the Kingdom on the 12th day of February, 1874. Printed copy of resolutions adopted by the foreign consular corps appointing the consuls for the German Empire and for France a committee to call upon the representatives of the United States and Great !_* -. ' —..; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 157 Britain, and to convey to them the sincere thanks of the foreign consuls for the promptness and impartiality with which the ships of war in port assisted the local authorities in putting an end to the disturbance on the 12th instant, and praising the conduct of officers and men. Copy of a circular of date February 13, 1874, addressed to the legation from the Hawaiian department for foreign affairs, informing of the election of David Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands. Same to the same, of date February 14, 1874, informing that His Majesty the King had appointed, by the consent of the nobles, under the twentysecond article of the constitution, his brother, his royal highness Prince William Litt Leleiohoku, to be his successor to the throne after His Majesty's decease. Photographic likeness of King Kalakaua, and a biographical notice of him. Born November 16, 1836; educated at royal school then in charge of American missionaries; married December 19, 1863. Has wife and several children living, neither of whom are in the line of the succession to the throne. Copies addressed by the legation to Commander Belknap, senior officer present, commanding the U. S. S. Tuscarora off Honolulu. One dated February 10, 1874, recommending the retention on board on the 12th instant (the day of election for King) the crews of the Tuscarora and Portsmouth. Another dated February 16, 1874, conveying my grateful acknowledgments and thanks to him and Commander Skerrett for valuable, discreet, and efficient services performed by the United States forces on the occasion of the riot in this town on the 12th instant, and for their subsequent services. In this connection, I beg leave further to say that the legation and all American citizens here are under deep obligations to Commanders Belknap and Skerrett, their officers and enlisted men and marines, composing the forces that were landed on the 12th instant, for suppressing the riot of that day and for services rendered since in guarding the public buildings and preserving order. The disposition and handling of the force were admirable, and I observe that officers and men were disposed to use no more violence while suppressing the disturbance than was absolutely necessary to effect the object, and their conduct is deserving of commendation for that as well as in other respects. At midnight of the 12th instant I received a note signed by King Kalakaua, requesting my presence at the palace at 7 o'clock the ensuing morning. On arrival there I found present His Majesty, Mr. Bishop minister of foreign affairs, Mr. Wodehouse, British commissioner, and Mr. Ballieu, French commissioner. Mr. Bishop stated that the object of the meeting was to ascertain whether the representatives of the United States, Great Britain, and ct., France then present, respectively, recognized Kalakaua as sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Each of said representatives replied in the, affirmative. Mr. Bishop then informed us that the King would be sworn into office and inaugurated on that day. at 11 o'clock a. m., and he desired our presence on the occasion. The ceremony being hastened as to time, on account of the critical condition of affairs, the installation took place as arranged., At the request of Mr. Bishop, Mr. Wodehouse, and Mr. Ballieu, I called the same morning on Queen Emma, and by authority of my colleagues and in my own capacity as minister resident of the United States, as well as her friend, said to her that each member of the diplomatic corps had acknowledged David Kalakaua as the King of the -..g.. - X.; -. s "s,, ~< '^^ iK 158 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ^ 1658 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Hawaiian Islands and should hereafter recognize him as such, and we advised her to do the same, for the interests of herself and people and for the preservation of the peace of the Kingdom; that any further opposition to the declared'will of the assembly, in regard to the succession to the throne, might result in serious difficulty to her and her supporters; that we recommended her to accept the fact of the legality of Kalakaua's election as King, and to urge her people to likewise do the sameP and not to commit ally more acts of violence or disorder. Queen Emma listened to my remarks and advice with great attention and respect. The same day, in the afternoon, she publicly addressed her people and gave thein the counsel I had indicated, and also sent a message to the King that she acknowledged him as sovereign of the realm and that her people would do the samne. Tlle following morning the King called in person oil her, was favorably received, and amicable relations now exist between theml and the peace of the kingdom seems restored. There is a lamentable want,of physical strength in the Government to protect itself and foreign residents. The late riot was a natural outgrowth of the mutiny at the barracks last August and the impunity with which the offenders were let off. Tie weakness of the Government will probably increase, as the military and police force can not be relied on to support the law or to arrest its violation. Were it not for the serious condition of things emanating from the above-named facts one would be amusingly reminded by the Hawaiian court and Government, their parade paraphernalia, etiquette, and diminutiveness of the nation and absence of strength, of the court and government of Offenbach's Grand Duchess of Geralstine. Hereafter a United States vessel of war should always be stationed at these islands under a system of reliefs. A time may arrive when the United States Government will find it necessary for the interests of our nation and its resident citizens here to take possession of this country by military occupation. I am, sir, etc., HENRY A. PIERCE. No. 245.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Honolulu, February 20, 1874. Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State: SIR: Herewith inclosed is copy of the correspondence relating to the withdrawal of the United States armed force from this city. The event took place this morning at 6 o'clock, Lafter a stay on shore of 'nearly eight days. The conduct of the officers and men during the whole period has been of a character entirely unexceptionable and deserving of commendation. The British force landed from the T'enedos, about 70 men and officers, return on board this forenoon. Since order was restored the King has daily invited two or three of the officers in charge of our force to (line with him; and all, both officers and men, express satisfaction witl their treatment while on shore. Very respectfully, i HENRY A. PIERCE. .; X.. _..... -, A ^.* a;;. ':,: ^.. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 159 Mr. Green to Mr. Pierce. DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Honolulu, February 21, 1874. SIR: I am commanded by His Majesty the King to thank you in his name and in that of His Majesty's Government, and through you Commander Belknap and Commander Skerrett, of the U. S. S. Tuscarora and Portsmouth, for the prompt and efficient aid rendered to the local authorities in suppressing the riot in this city on the 12th instant. The events of that day, unfortunate as they may have been, served to exhibit the feelings of friendship which exist between the two countries and the certainty with which this Government may rely in cases of emergency upon the cordial and disinterested cooperation of the representatives and ships of the United States, as well as those of Her Britannic Majesty. I have the honor to be, with great respect and high consideration, your excellency's, etc., W. L. GREEN. His Excellency HENRY A. PIERCE, Minister Resident of the United States. Mr. Pierce to Mr. Fish. [Extract.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Honolulu, October 12, 1874. No. 291.] Hon. HAMILTON FISH, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.: SIR: * * * * * *. * The English and French commissioners here inform me that they are opposed to the act of King Kalakaua's departure out of his Kingdom, on account of its present political condition. I am, however, of the belief that they are not actuated therein by a real regard for the welfare of this nation, but by a desire to throw obstacles in the way of and prevent if possible closer relations taking place between Hawaii and the United States. It is not thought probable that the King will extend his tour from the United States to England and France. It is reported that his finances are in a low condition. Inclosed herewith are two articles, extracted from the Friend newspaper, on the subject of reciprocity with the United States and advocating the same. In view of the best interests of the United States in their relations with these islands, I take the liberty to express the hope that a liberal commercial treaty may soon be inaugurated by the two countries, feeling confident that such act would result to the equal benefit of both nations in a pecuniary sense, and moreover be the means of bindingthis archipelago to the United States by the chains of self-interest,. never to be severed. I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant, HENRY A. PIERCE. I.. It..~ ~~ P -- -, 'z. 160 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS-COMMERCIAL RECIPROCITY. Convention between the United States of America and His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands. COMMERCIAL RECIPROCITY. Concluded January 30, 1875. Ratification advised by Senate March 18, 1875. Ratified by President May 31, 1875. Ratified by King April 17, 1875. Ratifications exchanged at Washington June 3, 1875. Proclaimed June 3, 1875. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas a convention between the United States of America and His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, on the subject of commercial reciprocity, was concluded and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries, at the city of Washington, on the thirtieth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, which convention, as amended by the contracting parties, is word for word as follows: The United States of America and His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, equally animated by the desire to strengthen and perpetuate the friendly relations which have heretofore uniformly existed between them, and to consolidate their commercial intercourse, have resolved to enter into a convention for commercial reciprocity. For this purpose the President of the United States has conferred full powers on Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State; and His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands has conferred like powers on Honorable Elisha H. Allen, chief justice of the supreme court, chancellor of the Kingdom, member of the privy council of state, His Majesty's envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States of America, and Honorable Henry A. P. Carter, member of the privy council of state, His Majesty's special commissioner to the United States of America. And the said plenipotentiaries, after having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in due form, have agreed to the following articles: Origin of parcel. Nalln of iaddressee. Address of parcel. Reain:'ks. I -. WIllei) more than one slicet is reqcuired for lhe telitry of' I le parcels s,.nt by the mail. it iwill be lbs. 'l Total luninbr of' nal 'els seillt 1by the mail ' To)tal wei.'ll of lllail...................... i to Hawaii. --- —-------—....... — * Number otf lmoxs oi' otlitr reeceptaclevs )Deduct \-ei'ht of t'ceptacles. —.. --- —-—... f: orming tie mail.-..-..............Signatl r of dis]ltching ll fticelr i: t tlie Uliti t Ne(t w iht l f.rreels................... States post-offi(e................. Si-inatitre of' jeceiving oflicer at Hawaiian pe>,t-otffiee. - -.lr1. Merrill to Mr. Blaine. -;: No. 255.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, Honollu, Alugust 1, 1889. ~:R SSIR: I have tle honor to inclose a very fill account, from the: Bulletin" of Honolulu, of an attempt made on the 30th ultino, by,> - about 100 half-castes and natives, under the leadership of Robert W. >.:WVilcox and Robert Boyd, two half-caste Hawaiiuas, to overthrow the ~F- present Governmlent of Hawaii and depose the King.!~y This is supposed to be their purpose, although their exact intention is not yet fully known. 1|? About 6 o'clock a. m. a message froln the Kiing ilnfrmed me that an arrmed party, led' by Mr. Wilcox, was in possession of the palace It,:: - HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 175 grounds, and soon thereafter it was learned that insurgents were in charge of the building containing the (overnment offices. As soon as possible I had communication with Commander Woodward of the U.S. S. SAdams, and at once all necessary preparations were made to land a force, if found necessary for protection of the people and property interests. Soon thereafter I.met His Majesty's minister of foreign affairs, who informed me that a cabinet council would be held forthwith. Soon after the news of tile affair became generally known, the British, Portuguese, and French commissioners called at tle legation, and while comparing inforlation regardifng the situtioion, Mr. Damon, the newly appointed minister of finance, arrived and stated that it was the desire of His Majesty's ministers to leeet the foreign representatives at once. It was deemed advisable to comply with this request without' delay. On meeting the ministers they stated that they desired to fully inform us of their contemplated action in the lresent emergency, and that they had determined to occupy the tops of the buildings commanding a view of the palace grounds, with sharpshooters, for the purpose of preventing the use of the cannon which were knowul to be in the possession of the insurgents inside the walls inclosing the palace grounds, gradually surround andl finally dislodge them with other forces. After learning the intention of the Goverlnment to operate at once with an 'arnled force, I suggested tlhe propriety o' [Mr. Damon, one of tlhe meml)ers of the cabinet who speaks the native language, endeavoring to communicate witlh Mr. Wilcox, the leader of the insurgents, in(l ascertain, if possible, the cause of lis action and wlhat his demands were, if any; their if Mr. Damon failed, that the representatives of foreign powers endeavor to obtain an interview witli Wilcox, and by their good offices effect a peacefil settlelenlt if possible. Tills was cordially agreed to by all and tlhe representatives withdrew with the understanding that Mr. Damon would informl us of the result of his mission. In about one-half hour Mr. Damon reported to me at the legation that Mr. Wilcox refused to receive any. communication from him whatever, and tlhat wllile he was seeking to.ommunicate with him firing commenced; lie deemned it not only imprudlet, but suicidal for anyone to attempt to approach the palace grounds on a peace mission. At this juncture, as the report of smal arms and cannuon came from the palace grounds and immediate vicinity quite rapidly, and as many with alarm were coming to the legation, I at once requested Commnander Woodward to send to the legation a body of marines, which, - ^ request he promptly complied with. The appearance of the marines on the streets and at the legation had a very favorable effect on the populace. Soon the report of the J, large guns ceased by reason of the inability of the insurgents to operate them in the presence of the fire of the sharpshooters on the tops! of the surrounding buildings. The " bungalow" mentioned in the newsl)aper accoun t and into which the insurgents retreated is a frame building situated in the corner of the palace grounds sometimes used by the King as a dwelling and for offices. The palace square comprises about 4 acres, situate two blocks. from the central business part of the city, and is entirely inclosed by a concrete wall about 8 feet higl, while the King's palace is situated in the center of the square. N.!. ', *;. ' ~" ~ ~:2;fdiqf _' 176 HAWAt~IIANl ISLANDS. In the afternoon, and as soon as I ascertained from one of the cabinet ministers that an attempt would be made to dislodge the insurgents from the "bungalow" before dark by the use of dynamite, and as there were large crowds of people congregated on the streets, I deemed it advisable to ask for the landing of the remainder of the forces from the Adams before dark as a precautionary measure in the event any assistance to preserve order might be required, and to be immediately available in the event a conflagration should start. In this matter Commander Woodward fully agreed, and by permission of the minister of foreign affairs the forces landed about 5 o'clock p. m. Early the following morning all tle men belonging to the Adams returned to the ship. The members of the cabinet and many prominent residents expressed ' much commendation of the prompt landing of the men, and remarked upon the very salutary effect their presence seemed to have among the people on the streets. The U. S. S. Adams was the only naval vessel in port. The British ship Espiegle recently left under sealed orders on a cruise south. This disturbance at this time was wholly unexpected by the Government officials as well as nearly every permanent resident. Although for several weeks it was known that Wilcox was endeavoring to draw around him as many disappointed native political aspirants as possible, yet It was recently asceert:ained on what seemed very reliable authority that no overt acts would be committed prior to the next general election in February, when it was thought the present ministers would be defeated at the polls. However, the success of the Government in subduing the insurgents. it is thought, will draw some to its support, and the general feeling is that the Government will be strengthened by the result of the conflict. Immediately after the surrender of the insurgents the city was quiet and still remains so, while business is being transacted as usual. As to the exact number of the insurgents it is difficult now to determine, as some deserted in the early morning. About 80 prisoners were secured. No serious casualties occurred except to the insurgents. In order that you may be promptly informed of the principal facts a week in advance of the regular mail, I will forward by the steamer leaving here to-morrow a telegram, to be wired from San Francisco, of which the following is a copy: On July 30 unsuccessful attempt by about one hundred half-castes and natives to overthrow Government and depose King. Insurrection suppressed by Hawaiian Government without foreign aid. Six insurgents killed, 12 wounded. Order restored same day. Men from U. S. S. Adams landed by permission, to protect lives and property if found necessary; afterwards returned to ship. Before sealing this dispatch I shall inclose clippings from newspapers giving latest intelligence, but will be unable to properly paste and arrange them. Trusting my action may merit the approval of the Department, I have the honor, etc.. GEO.. MERRILL..: - I,1 f~~if HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 177 Mr. Stevens to Mr. Blaine. No. 46.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, February 8, 1892. SIR: The semiannual election of members of the Hawaiian legislature took place February 3, after several weeks of exciting canvass. The principal issue on the part of the business men and more conservative and responsible citizens was in respect of treaty relations with the United States. These supporters of the proposed new treaty which they believe has been negotiated at Washington had the approval of the principal Government officials, though the cabinet is far from being vigorous and influential. The opposition, or Liberals, as they term themselves, composed mostly of the irresponsible white voters, halfcastes, and of a large majority of the native Hawaiians, pushed their canvass on three lines-a new constitution, opposition to the present cabinet, and hostility to the proposed treaty, though it finally hedged and disclaimed more or less in regard to the last. These so-called Liberals were led by Wilcox, the half-caste who was at the head of the revolutionary outbreak in July, 1887, and by C. W. Ashford, the Canadian member of the cabinet, who betrayed and deserted his associates when Minister Carter was trying to negotiate a new treaty in 1889. This Ashford has some ability, any amount of audacity, and is utterly without scruples, and has done his utmost to influence the prejudices and passions of the native Hawaiians. Both he and Wilcox secured their election as representatives from this island. The legislature is composed of 48 members, one-half being nobles elected by property holding or income voters. The Conservatives and friends of the treaty have secured most all of the nobles and enough of the representatives to give them a decisive majority, sufficient, it is thought, to secure the approval of the treaty, even with the Pearl Harbor grant in perpetuity. Not improbably there may be a change of cabinet when the legislature assembles in May. There are increasing indications that the annexation sentiment is growing among the business men as well as with the less responsible of the foreign fnd native population of the islands. The present political situation is feverish, and I see no prospect of its being permanently otherwise until these islands become a part of the American Union or a possession of Great Britain. The intelligent and responsible men here, unaided by outside support, are too few in numbers to,' control in political affairs and to secure good government. There are indications that even the "Liberals," just beaten at the election, though composed of a majority of the popular vote, are about to declare for annexation, at least their leaders, their chief newspaper having already (. published editorials to this effect. At a future time, after the proposed treaty shall have been ratified, I shall deem it my official duty to give a more elaborate statement of facts and reasons why a "new departure" by the United States as to Hawaii is rapidly becoming a necessity, that a " protectorate" is impracticable, and that annexation must be the future remedy, or else Great Britain will be furnished with circumstances and opportunity to get a hold on these islands which will cause future serious embarrassment to the United States. At this time there seems to be no immediate prospect of its being safe to have the harbor of Honolulu left without an American vessel of war. Last week a British gunboat arrived here, and it is said will remain here for an indefinite period. I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. S. Ex. 77 12 1:~~~~~~~~~~~ i ~~~~~~~~~~/ c:, p s~e r.. I i:~'d.9'' ~ -~; ~ 178 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. iMr. Stevens to Mr. Blaine. No. 48.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, March 8, 1892. SIR: In view of possible contingencies in these islands, I ask for the instructions of the Department of State on the following, viz: If the Government here should be surprised and overturned by an orderly and peaceful revolutionary movement, largely of native Hawaiians and a provisional or republican government organized and proclaimed, would the United States minister and naval commander here be justified in responding affirmatively to the call of the members of the removed Government to restore them to power or replace them in possession of the Government buildings Or should the United States minister and naval commander confine themselves exclusively to the preservation of American property, the protection of American citizens, and the prevention of anarchy? Should a revolutionary attempt of the character indicated be made, there are strong reasons to presume that it would begin with the seizure of the police station, with its arms and ammunition, and this accomplished, the Royal Palace and the Government building, containing the cabinet offices and archives, would very soon. be captured, the latter building being situated about one-third of a mile from the police station. In such contingencies would it be justifiable to use the United States forces here to restore the Government buildings to the possession of the displaced officials? Ordinarily in like circumstances the rule seems to be to limit the landing and movement of the United States force in foreign waters and dominion exclusively to the protection of the United States legation, and of the lives and property of American citizens. But as the relations of the United States to Hawaii are exceptional, and in former years the United States officials here took somewhat exceptional action in circumstances of disorder, I desire to know how far the present minister and naval commander may deviate from established international rules and precedents in the contingencies indicated in the first part of this dispatch. I have information which I deem reliable that there is an organizedrevolutionary party on the islands, composed largely of native Hawaiians and a considerable number of whites and half whites, led chieflyby individuals of the latter two classes. This party is hostile to the Queen and to her chief confidants, especially opposed to the coming to the throne of the half-English heir apparent, now being educated in England, and means to gain its object either by forcing the Queen to select her cabinet from its own members, or else to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic with the ultimate view of annexation to the United States of the whole islands. A portion of this party mean only the former, and the other portion intend the latter. Failing to accomplish the former, the most of the party would seek the latter alternative. I have little doubt the revolutionary attempt would have been made ere this but for the presence here of the United States ship-of-war. I still incline to the opinion that the revolutionary attempt will not be made so long as there is a United States force in the harbor of Honolulu, but it would be rash to assume or assert this positively. Therefore I deem it my official duty to ask for instructions in view of possible contingencies. I may add that the annexation sentiment is increasing, quite as much among the white residents and native Hawaiians, and other workingmen who own no sugar stock, as with the sugar planters.!i\ ~ I am, sir, etc., JOHN S. STEVENS.. ~i.. ~ " *' I ~'. < ** ': i' ' ' ^i:.. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 79 Admiral Brozcn to the Secretary of the Navy. Copy No. 275.] UNITED STATES CRUISER SAN FRANCISCO, FLAGSHIP OF THE PACIFIC STAT ION, San Francisco, Cal., September 6, 1892. Hon. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. SIR: At the time this ship sailed fiom Honolulu, on the 27th ultimo, everything was extremely quiet. There is a strong sentiment existing in Hawaii, among the native Hawaiians as well as among the Americans and Germans, in favor of a change in the form of government, looking toward the ultimate annexation of the islands to the United States. This subject of annexation has been freely discussed by individuals for a long time, but until very recently there has been no combined concert of action. There now exists in Honolulu an organization comprising the most prominent annexationists, which has for its object the formulation of some plan by which a change of government can be affected quietly, and with the consent and cooperation of the Queen and the members of her cabinet and staff. It is thought that the Queen will consent to abdicate ill favor of a republican form of government if she can be assured that a suitable provision will be made for her in the way of a permanent pecuniary settlement. The organization I refer to will not countenance anything of a revolutionary character in the way of force, but expects to be aided by the majority of the Hawaiians who now favor annexation without having any ideas of how such an event can be reached. A change in the present cabinet will certainly be made before the present legislature adjourns. There is trouble in obtaining a new cabinet, because the reform parties can not agree on the men to go into the different positions. The liberal party is in the majority, and will not be allowed'to have any voice in the question of the new ministry. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, GEO. BROWN, Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commanding U. S. Naval Force, Pacific Station. AMr. Stevens to Mr. Foster. ~'(~~~~~~~~ ~~~[Confidential.] No. 65.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, September 14, 1892. SIR: In my dispatch, No. 64, of September 9, I expressed the hope that I would be able to send the information by this mail that a new Hawaiian cabinet had been formed to take the place of the one so emphatically voted out by the legislature, but the deadlock between the Queen and the legislature continues. She has announced a new cabinet, but it is so unsatisfactory to the legislative majority and the business men of the islands tliat it will undoubtedly be rejected to-day; but the vote will not be taken in time to send the information of the fact by this mail, which closes at 11 a. m. The Tahitian half-caste faa- '. ',: '. ';. :-'.. ~.. ~. *. 180 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. vorite of the Queen, the marshal of the little kingdom, and his band of adventurers, still dominate the palace and defy the responsible men of the legislature and the islands. An associate of the half caste favorite is an American renegade by the name of Whaley, a disgraced and expelled San Francisco custom-house official, now at the head of the "opium ring," and one of the supposed owners of the Halcyon, the notorious smuggling schooner which flits between these islands and British Columbia. This man Whaley has more brain than the Tahitian favorite. The better portion of the English residents are in substantial accord with the- principal Americans in support of the legislature, and the chief German commercial houses and influential German residents are in full agreement with the Americans; but more or less of the English are so jealous of the strong American sentiment in the legislature that they support the Queen and the Tahitian favorite openly or covertly. The native Ilawaiians, composing half of the legislature, are about equally divided. The unscrupulous adventurers of different nationalities-Americans, English, and Germans, without character, and most of them without property-are with the half-caste Tahitian favorite and the Queen. A majority of the legislature and the best citizens of the islands are exercising remarkable forbearance and self-control. It is proper for me to say that just at this time Mr. Mott Smith, the present minister at Washington, is likely to be nisinformed as to the real condition of things, for the rejected minister of foreign affairs, a native Hawaiian, of the Queen's supporters, still occupies the foreign office, and the American deputy would hardly dare to send any advices to Minister Smith not indorsed by the acting head of the department. The U. S. S. Boston is in the harbor, and Capt. Wiltse will cooperate with mein exercising careful circumspection. In about twelve days from this I can send another dispatch. I am, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. Capt. Wiltse to the Secretary of the Navy. U. S. S. BOSTON (SECOND RATE), Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, October 12, 1892. The SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.: SIR: I have the honor to report that on the 14th of September the introduction in the Hawaiian legislature of a want of confidence resolution in the new ministry resulted in a vote of 24 to 21 in favor of the resolution. The opposition claimed that the resolution had passed, but the ministry declared it required a vote of 25 to pass, and the chair sustained them. As the question hinged on an interpretation of the constitution, the matter was referred to the supreme court, which decided in favor of the ministry. On October 4 an election was held to fill the vacant seats of two members. The ministerial party raised the cry of anti-annexation and t. were ardently supported by the British and other foreigners. Unwarranted attacks were made (in my opinion for political purposes) upi,?!:,. B... * ..,... ^.,. i.-*I III I I* rI~ m6HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 181. on-the United States representatives by anonymous writers in the official organ of the Government. The election resulted in a victory for the ministry. The British representatives manifest the most unusual interest, publicly, in all political proceedings. The action of the ministry, with.possibly one exception, and of the English element, is plainly in opposition to the United States. -m" There is a large and growing sentiment, particularly among th6 planters, in favor of annexation to the United States, but I am informed that the leaders do not think an opportune moment will arrive for some time to come. However, everything seems to point toward an eventual request for annexation. The political situation at present is more quiet and will probably remain so until another resolution of want of confidence is passed, which is not likely in the immediate future. - ~| ' The financial question is the most important question to be met by the ministry. Very respectfully, G. C. WVILTSE, Captain, Commanding. Capt. Wiltse to the Secretary of the Navay. U. S. S. BOSTON (SECOND RATE), Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, October 20, 1892. The SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.: SIR: I have the honor to report that, since my last letter, on Mon4ay, October 17, a want of confidence resolution was unexpectedly introduced and passed by a vote of 31 to 15, forcing the ministry to resign. The political situation is still unsettled. M It is thought that the names of the new cabinet will be sent to the legislature by Monday next, October 24. If the new ministry is acceptable to the majority, legislation will be resumed and affairs become more settled. If, however, the Queen persists in consulting only her own inclination, regardless of the wishes of the opposition, which is a large majority, it is difficult to predict what will be the outcome. I inclose a paper giving an account of the proceediings, etc., when the want of confidence resolution was introduced. Very respectfully, G. C. WILTSE, NCaptain, Commanding. Mr. Stevens to Mir. Foster. [Confidential.] No. 72.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, October 31, 1892. SIR: In dispatch 71 of October 19 I gave account of the rejection of the new cabinet appointed by the Queen in defiance of a previously expressed majority of the legislature. The deadlock continues. Though two weeks have elapsed since the decisive action of the legis-.it, ~":~ V \,..., * * - *lift - -...-~5~~~~~~~~~~~ 1~ ~~~~~~1~. ' 182 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. lature no ministers have been designated to fill the vacancies. The Tahitian favorite and the Queen still refuse to take the legislative majority and the leading business men of the islands into their confidence. The palace is still thronged and surrounded by the worst elements, and the responsible citizens feel that they are not welcomed as advisors. The Queen and the Tahitian have made several new' ministerial slates with one responsible man and three of the other kind; but no responsible man, so far, can be found who will go into the cabinet with the three whom only a minority of the legislature will accept. Thus there is here, on a small scale, the old historic issue between autocracy and parliamentary responsibility. The foreign adventurers and renegades stand by the Tahitian favorite because he is the instrument which they can use, and he adheres to them because he needs their support. In the meantime the legislature is unable to do business and has been in session only a few hours for several weeks. If that body holds firm, the Queen will have to yield, and a responsible minority would probably be the result. The ultra-English influence is strongly with the half-English Tahitian favorite and the Queen, for the one reason only, that the success of the legislative majority would be the appointment of a cabinet strongly American in sympathy and purpose. There are strong reasons for the belief that were it not for the presence of the American naval force in the harbor the Tahitian marshal and his gang would induce the Queen to attempt a coup d'etat by proclaiming a new constitution, taking from the legislature the power to reject ministerial appointments. The recent arrival here from England of T. H. Davies, the head of a strong English house in Honolulu, formnerly a resident here for many years, has served to intensify the ultra-English feeling and to strengthen the American sentiment. This T. II. Davies having made himself rich under the sugar provisions of the reciprocity treaty, now resides in England and has a kind of supervisory care of the half-white Hawaiian crown princess, for several years and still at school in England. When a resident here at the time the Pearl Harbor provision was pending, Davies strongly opposed that provision. He comes now with revived zeal against the Pearl Harbor concession. It is not thought that he has any encouragement to this course from the home Government of England, but that his course is his own, and that his zeal is increased by the Canadian Placific Railroad managers, of whom Davies is the agent. The desperate efforts of that road to save itself embrace the scheme of a cable, and Pacific steamer lines to Australia and China, including the design of antagonizing the interests of the United States in these islands. This involves the plan of controlling the Hawaiian monarchy through the present Queen and her favorite, and especially by the having in hand the crown princess, the general belief being that the present Queen will not live many years. Davies, who has this supervising care of the crown princess in England, is a tory. Of course these facts, so apparent to intelligent observers here, are telling on all friends of the United States. The other of the two principal English commercial houses here, older and nearly as wealthy as those of Davies & Co., is thoroughly Americanized and stands firmly against the efforts of T. H. Davies, and is for the United States on every issue. This house owns several hundreds of thousands (of dollars worth?) of property in Iowa, and California, its head being father-in-law of Gen. Dimond, the head of the United States mint in San Francisco. 4e'p'r' i_';! Y '; '; a HAwaIIN ISL -DS. -tS HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. t t Perhaps it is well to state that it is the rumor here that the last rejected cabinet, only holding their places until others are appointed, have sent a dispatch to Washington asking the recall of Consul General Severance. I do not credit this rumor. But influential parties have called at this legation who say that if any such step has been taken by this rejected'cabinet, the American merchants and business men, as well as other leading citizens, will send a strong memorial to the Department of State against any such action of a dead ministry. I have not encouraged any such action in our behalf, believing it to be unnecessary. So far I am supported here by all the responsible Americans and others to a degree more than I had the right to expect. This so much the more impresses on me the necessity of prudence as well as of firmness. To keep the Department of State well informed as to affairs here, I deem it well to give these particulars. I aai, sir, etc., JOHN L. STEVENS. [Later.] NOVEMBER 1, 1892. Names of the new cabinet sent to the legislature this morning. Resolution of "want of confidence" passed in one house, and thirty minutes after the names of the new ministry were read, and only 13 votes out of 48 members of whom the legislature is composed were in their favor. The strongest objections are to the minister of foreign affairs and to the minister of finance-Joseph Mamohi and William H. Cornwell-both of them unqualified and very unacceptable to the more responsible men of all nationalities. As they will assume to hold their places until their successors shall have been appointed, they may attempt to do some strange things. As Cornwell, for some reason, is hostile to the American minister and to the consul-general, would not be surprised should he induce his associates to ask for our recall. Possibly they may hold their places one week, as the legislature has adjourned for six days to allow the Queen time to select their successors. JOHN L. STEVENS. Capt. Wiltse to the Secretary of the Navy. U. S. S. BOSTON (SECOND RATE), Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, November 1, 1892. The SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.: SIR: Respecting the state of political affairs in the Hawaiian King-. ' dom, I have the honor to report that, after much delay, a cabinet was sent to the legislature to.day and was immediately voted out by a vote.: of 26 to 13. The legislature then adjourned until November 7, having yesterdAy ' refused to pass appropriation bills for the running expenses of thGoov- ' - rnment. Meanwhile the salaries of all officials are overdue and must.: ' '. 0 '.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~S~ 184 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. remain unpaid until the legislature appropriates the money according to law. The Queen persists in refusing to appoint a cabinet in conformity with the wishes of the majority, and it is possible that her obstinacy may precipitate a crisis. Very respectfully, G. C. WILTSE, Captain, V.S. Navy, Commanding U. S. S. Boston. Capt. Wiltse to the Secretary of the Navy. U. S. S. BOSTON (SECOND RATE), Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, November 9, 1892. The SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.: SIR: I have the honor to report that the danger of a political crisis in the Hawaiian Kingdom seems to have passed. The Queen has appointed a cabinet, after much pressure had been brought to bear, that is strong financially and favorable to American interests. The new ministry will probably be supported by the legislature, although much opposition has been aroused among the native members because they are not represented. It is doubtful, however, if the natives can secure enough votes to vote the cabinet out, though they would do so if possible. I am informed, from reliable sources, that the Queen had been strongly advised to dissolve the legislature and order a new election, which would have been unconstitutional, and which would probably have caused a revolution; but she was deterred by the presence of United States vessels of war. I inclose paper containing editorials on the situation. Very respectfully, G. C. WILTSE, Captain, Commanding U. S. S. Boston. Mr. Stevens to Mr. Foster. [Confidential.] No. 74.] UNITED STATES LEGATION, Honolulu, November 20, 1892. SIR: Fidelity to the trust imposed on me by the President, the Department of State, and the Senate, requires that I should make a careful and full statement of the financial, agricultural, social, and political condition of these islands. An intelligent and impartial examination e of the facts can hardly fail to lead to the conclusion that the relations in ' ' and policy of the United States toward Hawaii will soon demand some change, if not the adoption of decisive measures, with the aim to secure American interests and future supremacy by encouraging Hawaiian development and aiding to promote responsible government in these islands. It is unnecessary for me to allude to the deep interest and the settled policy of the United States Government in re|w.."^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~- * *.:;:~^ ^ -: >..- -, > -: HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 18 ':S spect of these islands, from the official days of John Quincy Adams and of Daniel Webster to the present time. In all that period, we have avowed the superiority of our interests to those of all other nations, and have always refused to embarrass our freedom of action by any alliance or arrangement with other powers as to the ultimate possession and government of the islands. Before stating the present political condition of the little kingdom, it is well to review the substantial data as to its area, its resources, its financial and business condition, its capabilities of material development, its population, the status of its landed property, its government, revenues, and expenditures, etc. PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS. The total area of the kingdom is about 6,000 square miles. Not ineluding several small islands of little importance, the chief value of the land area is in the six islands of Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii, the last named being nearly the size of all the rest of the group. The plains, valleys, and lowlands are fertile, while the highlands are adapted to the raising of extensive herds of cattle, horses, and sheep. The arable lands are adapted to the production of sugar, coffee, rice, bananas, oranges, lemons, pineapples, grapes and maize. Of the arable lands only such as are fitted for the production of sugar and rice have been much brought into use. The coffee raised is of superior quality, and finds ready market for home consumption and in San Francisco. There is no doubt that this product can be greatly extended. This opinion is sustained by the examination of experts and has been verified by successful results in coffee-raising, to which there is now being given special attention. The banana culture can be greatly extended, and the opportunities for the production of oranges are large and promising. Ripening at a time in the year different from those of southern California, the Hawaiian oranges can find a ready market in San Francisco, and especially in the cities of Oregon and Washington, where the islands procure most of their lumber for buildings and fences, and from which they procure coal, the consumption of which will necessarily increase for use in the sugar mills and the supply of steamers. For a quarter of a century the profits of sugar-raising have tended to divert capital and enterprise almost exclusively to the cane culture, to the neglect of the other industries and interests of the islands. Good government and the building of necessary roads and bridges, the Government assumption of the " crown lands," and the conversion of them into small homesteads for raising the crops already specified, would speedily 82 ~ stimulate general prosperity aud increase the American and European families and freeholders, and aid to constitute a large number of responsible voters, thus giving stability to legislation and government. There are nearly 900,000 acres of "crown lands," and these,. in the main, are among the most valuable of the islands. The rent paid for them goes to the Sovereign, and the amount of the income received is no doubt much less than it would be if these lands were owned and managed by private individuals. There have long been more or less abuses in the leasing of these lands, and it is well understood that the leases have been prolific sources of political favoritism and corruption. Well handled and sold at fitting opportunities, the proceeds of the crown lands would pay the national debt, provide adequate pensions for the two or three royalties, in case monarchy should,! ' i'.; * -tv r" ",.,,, ~" r X.,, -i C." 18 I ~ 1/ t HAWAIIAN SLANDS. be abolished, and-yet leave a balance of considerable amount for a permanent school fund. COMMERCIAL AND NAVAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ISLANDS. The value of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States for commercial and naval purposes has been well understood by American statesmen for more than half a century. The examination of the Hawaiian harbors and a careful consideration of their capabilities of defense, twenty years since, by Gen. Scofield and naval officers, whose opinions are on record in the Washington departments, plainly indicate how important these islands and harbors are to the future American commerce of the Pacific. Even to a nonexpert the great value and the easy defensibility of the harbors of Pearl City and of Honolulu are unmistakably obvious. Only six miles from each other, with narrow entrances backed by a continuous wall of mountains, each terminus of this natural barrier reaching to the sea, at relatively small expense these harbors can be impregnably fortified against all attack by sea and land. The harbor of Honolulu can now be entered by ships drawing 30 feet of water. But Pearl Harbor is larger and much preferable for naval purposes. It is.only necessary to deepen the entrance by removing the bar of coral formation. This coral obstruction can be removed with comparative ease, and the expense would not be large. Opinions of practical men here, who have had to do with these coral formations, as well as my personal observation, go to show how readily it can be removed by modern explosives and the improved mechanical agencies. With a large island between it and the sea, a capacious, safe, and beautiful harbor is secured for American commercial and military marine just where the future greatness and the necessities of the United States imperatively require. Only those who have carefully examined the vast resources of the American Pacific States, and considered that nearly two-fifths of the immense area of the United States, through the transcontinental railways and by rivers and sounds, outlet on the Pacific, and have studied the data surely pointing to the vast future commerce of this western world, can adequately appreciate the importance of these harbors to the American nation, and the necessity of securing them against foreign rivals. If we neglect them the present occupants must suffer, and their necessities will force them in-directions unfriendly to American interests. Circumstances are pressing, and no time should be lost in looking at the facts as they really exist. The strong inclination of several European powers to gain possession of all the islands in the Pacific, except such as are expressly protected by the United States, is plainly shown by what has taken place in recent years. The seizure of Gilbert, Johnson, and other islands, in the past few months, and what recently transpired in regard to Samoa, emphatically show that England certainly has not moderated her policy in the indioated regard, t: which coarse the Canadiaii Goverament is undoubtedly the inspiring cause. The enormous cost of the Canadian Pacific Railway impels its managers to make the most desperate efforts to secure freight and passengers, and hence its aggressive plans to secure Pacific commerce and to gain political and commercial influence in these islands. The scheme of a British cable from Vancouver via Honolulu, as well as to Japan and China, and of establishing commercial and mail lines of steamers on the same routes, is not an idle dream. Powerful agencies;' are already working to these ends, and to effectively safeguard Ameri. e"an interests on the Pacific and in these islands there is no time for at '. - ~.?::..! Is..3 4 ''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1._ 1 8 i::s > M of * w; i 18~7- -,-N 1 7. '., HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. hesitation and delay. If the United States Government does not very promptly provide for laying a cable from San Francisco or San Diego to Honolulu or Hilo, it may be regarded as certain that a cable will be laid by British capital and be cpntrolled by British managers. Pearl Harbor for a coaling station and an American cable between California and Hawaii are of immediate importance to American commercial and.naval interests and to the maintenance of American influence on these islands.,,' THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLANDS. i) A question of vital importance to Hawaii and of American interest in and care for its future is that of its government. There has been in the last twenty years a great change in the political status of things here. Formerly the facts and circumstances appertaining to government on these islands were essentially different from what they are today. Then the population was chiefly native Hawaiian. The natives had long lived under a kind of feudal system, with rigid laws and customs, which gave to the numerous chiefs and the King absolute despotic power. The wisdom and the religious zeal of the Christian missionaries enabled them to acquire and exercise a strong influence for good over the chiefs'and King as well. Thus a system of government and laws were established which were a great improvement on the former condition of things. The general good character of the men who effectively aided the Hawaiian monarch to carry on the Government for years secured fairly successful administration of law and the maintenance of public order at limited cost, the public revenues being small. But the numerous Hawaiian chiefs are in their graves. Their families are extinct. The original native Hawaiians are now so decimated as to number less than two-fifths of the population of the islands. The coming to tile throne of the late King Kalakaua in 1873 was by legislative election, and but for the presence in the harbor and on shore of American marines and sailors, of tlhe United States vessels of war, he would have failed to secure his crown against a determined mob in the interest of another aspirant. The great prosperity of the islands under the reciprocity treaty, stimulating the production of sugar, leading to a large American, European, and Asiatic immigration, caused a large increase of the Government revenues. This prosperous state of things also soon resulted in a large increase of the Government expenditures, in the addition of new offices, a large augmentation of salaries, thus stimulating the desire for official places and patronage, exciting the N greed of adventurous and too often unworthy political partisans. Easy going, unused to and incapable of safe and economical administration, the King, Kalakaua, too often, in his seventeen years of reign, fell into the hands of unscrupulous associates and advisers. The Government expenditures soon reached figures much above what the area and population of the little kingdom justified. But so long as the great profits of sugar-raising under the American tariff flowed into the islands, the excessive Government expenses could be paid without the principal taxpayers very sensibly realizing the burden. The adoption of a new constitution in 1887, taking from the King much of his former power and establishing legislative and ministerial responsibility, effected ar beneficial change. But the great reduction of the profits of sugar-raising, rendering some of the plantations nearly worthless, and greatly lessening the income and market value of the others, has brought a condition of affairs which compels all the reflect I I 41 `.k - '., '.4. 1 II -*% IL... Y, J '5 I F Z '.., ~~~ t yri." 9.~ - - _ _ _ - — 7 -.~ - _I.'_ ~ o a,'", '.: ' i, I. "' I j~) 188 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ing and responsible citizens to see that the present expenses of the Government are much beyond what the islands can pay and much higher than wise legislation and proper economic administration require.' But the difficulty of getting out of the old grooves, of scaling down salaries, and abolishing uselegs offices is hard to overcome. Nearly one-half of the population of the country have no voice in political affairs, unless exerted through corruption and bribery. The voting population is made up of several nationalities-Hawaiian, Portuguese,, American, English, German, and others, the more intelligent and responsible of these generally acting together sufficiently to exercise a beneficial influence on legislation and administration. But the palace patronage and influence are still considerable, costing the country more than it is able to pay and returning to the country no positive advantages. Directly and indirectly, the palace probably costs the little kingdom $150,000 per year. A governor, at $5,000 a year, acting in harmony with the responsible men of the legislature, would be far better for the islands than the present monarchical Government. In truth, the monarchy here' is an absurd anachronism. It lhas nothing on which it logically or legitimately stands. The feudal basis on which it once stood no longer existing, the monarchy now is only an impedient to good government-an obstruction to the prosperity and progress of the islands. Incapable of comprehending the principles of constitutional government, more likely to take the advice of unworthy counsel than of the more competent, the reigning Sovereign insists in dealing with what properly belongs to the legislature and to the ministers. Thus the palace is constantly open to superficial and irresponsible courtiers and to unprincipled adventurers of different nationalities. Instead of exercising a salutary influence on public affairs it is the center of maladministration and of the most vicious kind of politics. It is now, and it has been for the last twenty years, and is always likely to be, a fruitful source of public demoralization. It may be asked why do not the people of the islands at once reform this state of things? There is a considerable number of intelligent, energetic, and excellent citizens, of the different nationalities, in possession of the elective franchise. They are largely Americanized in their opinions and manners. They are sympathetic with American institutions. This is so of the Portuguese, the Germans, more or less of the English, and of the native Hawaiians and half-whites, as well as of the most of those of American parentage. But these unaided and alone can not well make the necessary changes in the existing condition of things. As a crown colony of Great Britian, or a Territory of the - United States, the government modifications could be made readily, and good administration of the laws secured. Destiny and the vast future ~. interests of the United States in the Pacific clearly indicate who, at no?i distant day, must be responsible for the government of these islands. ^ IUnder a territorial government they could be as easily governed as any of the existing Territories of the United States. The men qualified are here to carry on good government, provided t.'" ~, they have the support of the Government of the United States. Why not postpone American possession? Would it not be just as well for >,,' the United States to take the islands twenty-five years hence? Facts ' nd obvious probabilities will answer both of these interrogations. Hawaii has reached the parting of the ways. She must now take the.?i~. road which leads to Asia, or the other, which outlets her in America, ~:,?: 5gives her an American civilization and binds her to the care of American lI \1 I I * " -X^ I.s^^ '" I. ''' o ' '"( " - -" X l ' 1 is ^ HAWAIUIAN ISLANDS. destiny. The nonaction of the American Government here in thirty years will make of Hawaii a Singapore, or a Hongkong, which could be governed as a British colony, but would be unfit to be an American Territory or an American State under our constitutional system. If the American flag floats here at no distant day, the Asiatic tendencies can be arrested and controlled without retarding the material development of the islands, but surely advancing their prosperity by diversifying and expanding the industries, building roads and bridges, opening the public lands to small farmers from Europe and the United States, thus increasing the responsible voting population, and constituting a solid basis for American methods of government.!r C Two-fifths of the people now here are Chinese and Japanese. If the, present state of things is allowed to go on the Asiatics will soon largely preponderate, for the native Hawaiians are now decreasing at the rate - of nearly one thousand per year. At the present prices of sugar, and at the prices likely to hold in the future, sugar-raising on these islands can be continued only by the cheapest possible labor-that of the Japanese, the Chinese, and the Indian coolies. Americanize the islands, assume control of the " crown lInds," dispose of them in small lots for actual settlers and freeholders for the raising of coffee, oranges, lemons, bananas, pineapples, and grapes, and the result soon will be to give permanent preponderance to a population and a civilization which ' will make the islands like southern California, and at no distant period convert them into gardens and sanitariums, as well as supply stations for American commerce, thus bringing everything here into harmony with American life and prosperity. To postpone American action many years is only to add to present unfavorable tendencies and to make future possession more difficult. It is proper to consider the following facts: The present Sovereign is not expected to live many years. The princess heir apparent has always been, and is likely always to be, under English influence. Her father is British in blood and prejudices, firmly -intrenched here as collector of customs, an important and influential office. She has been for some years and still is in England; her patron there who has a kind of guardianship of her, T. H. Davies, is a Tory Englishman, who lived here many years, who still owns large property in the islands, and is a resolute and persistent opponent of American predominance, bitterly denouncing even the American acquisition of Pearl Harbor. Mr. Wodehouse, the English minister, has long resided here; his eldest son is married to a half-caste sister of the Crown Princess, another son is in the Honolulu post-office, and a daughter also is married to a resident of one of the islands. The death of the present Queen, therefore, would, virtually.place an English princess on the Hawaiian throne, and put in the hands of the ultra-English the patronage and influence of the palace. In the existing state of things, with non-American intervention, these palace influences, skillfully handled, are nearly equal, frequently superior, to the power of the legislature. Add to this palace power, in British hands, the influence of an adventurous, impecunious, and irresponsible mob of I"hoodlums " and there results a state of things which would put it in the power of Canadian and ultra-British schem-, ers, with a subsidy fund of $50,000, to secure control of the legislature, and by prompt and vigorous action secure Canadian and British franchises, privileges, and rights entirely legal to get rid of which would cause embarrassment and expense to the United States and, her allies here. As is well known to the Department of State, Secretary Marcy, i"~ I;..i:, -I -1 -.?\ a 0 CO 0 0 *r - 1*( ' . '.1..711 J4' ' I HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. I / with the approval of President Pierce and Cabinet, authorized the negotiation of a treaty for making these islands a Territory of the United States. Commissioner Gregg was authorized to facilitate the negotiation by the promise to pay $100,000 for pensions to the King, chiefs, and other official persons, on condition that the sovereignty and property of the islands should be transferred to the United States. Commissioner Gregg exceeded his instructions by stipulating to pay, in all, three times the sum which Secretary Marcy named in his instructions. These terms were deemed onerous and unacceptable by the Washington Department of State, and consequently the treaty was dropped, after all negotiations had been completed, the King finally being induced by his Scotch minister of foreign affairs not to sign it, though the King and cabinet had previously given their support to the spirit and terms of the negotiations and the conclusions reached. The embarrassments and objections that then existed as to the number of the royal princes and chiefs, the small number of the American population, the want of ready communication with the United States, and distance from Washington, now no longer stand in the way of making Hawaii a well governed and prosperous United States Territory. The reasons for annexation in 1854 were certainly much less adequate and pressing than they are now. THE EXISITING BUSINESS STATUS. It is well to consider the existing state of things here resulting from the change in the United States sugar tariff. Only personal observation and a careful investigation of the facts can give an adequate idea of the severe blow sugar raised here has received. The production of sugar being the main business of the islands, the great reduction of the market price has effected powerfully the entire affairs and condition of the islands. I think it underestimatingthe truth to express the opinion that the loss to the owners of the sugar plantations and mills, etc., and the consequent depreciation of other property by the passage of the McKinley bill, wise and beneficial as that measure is proving to be for the vast interests of the United States, has not been less than $12,000,000, a large portion of this loss falling on Americans residing here and in California. Unless some positive measures of relief be granted, the depreciation of sugar property here will continue to go on. Wise, bold action of the United States will rescue the property holders from great loss, give the islands a government which will put an end to a worse than useless expenditure of a large proportion of the revenues of the country, using them for the building of roads and bridges, thus helping to develop the natural resources of the islands, aiding to diversify the industries, and to increase the number of the responsible citizens. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? One of two courses seem to me absolutely necessary to be followed, either bold and vigorous measures for annexation or a "customs union," an ocean cable from the Californian coast to Honolulu, Pearl Harbor perpetually ceded to the United States, with an implied but not necessarily stipulated American protectorate over the islands. I believe the former to be the better, that which will prove much the more advantageous to the islands, and the cheapest and least embarrassing in the end for the United States. If it was wise for the United C4 i o ~, i A I ii i I.. V'.- " ' s HAWAIIAN, ISLANDS. 191 States, through Secretary Marcy, thirty-eight years ago, to offer to expend $100,000 to secure a treaty of annexation, it certainly can not be chimerical or unwise to expend $100,000 to secure annexation in' the near future. To-day the United States has five times the wealth she possessed in 1854, and the reasons now existing for annexation are much stronger than they were then. I can not refrain from expressing the opinion with emphasis that the golden hour is near at hand. A perpetual customs union and the acquisition of Pearl Harbor, with an implied protectorate, must be regarded as the only allowable alternative. This would require the continual presence in the harbor of Honolulu of a United States vessel of war and tile constant watchfulness of the United States minister while the present bungling, unsettled, and expensive political rule would go on, retarding the development of the islands, leaving at the end of twenty-five years more embarrassment to annexation than exists to-day, the property far less valuable, and the population less American than they would be if annexation were soon realized. It may be said that annexation would involve the obligation of paying to the Hawaiian sugar-producers the same rate of bounties now paid to American producers, thus imposing too heavy a demand on the United States Treasury. It is a sufficient answer to this question to say that it could be specifically provided in the terms of annexation that the United States Government should pay 6 mills per pound$12 per ton-to the Hawaiian sugar-raisers, and this only so long as the present sugar-bounty system of the United States shall be maintained. Careful inquiry and investigation bring me to the conclusion that this small bounty would tide the Hawaiian sugar-planters over their present alarming condition and save the islands from general business depletion and financial disaster. Could justice to American interests in the islands and care for their future welfare do less than this? To give Hawaii a highly favorable treaty while she remains outside the American Union1 would necessarily give the same advantages to hostile foreigners, those who would continue to antagonize our commercial and political interests here, as well as those of American blood and sympathies. It is a well authenticated fact that the American sentiment here in 1890, the last year of the great prosperity under the sugar provisions of the reciprocity treaty, was much less manifest than before the treaty had gone into effect, and less pronounced than when Secretary Marcy authorized the'negotiation of the annexation treaty in 1854. It is equally true that the desire here at this time for annexation is much stronger than in 1889. Besides, so long as the islands retain their own independent government there remains the possibility that England or the Canadian Dominion might secure one of the Hawaiian harbors for a coaling station. Annexation excludes all dangers of this kind. Which of the two lines of policy and action shall be adopted our statesmen and our Government must decide. Certain it is that the interests of the United States and the welfare of these islands will not permit the continuance of the existing state and tendency of things. Having for so many years extended a helping hand to the islands and encouraging the American residents and their friends at home to the extent we have, we can not refrain now from aiding them with vigorous measures, without injury to ourselves and those of our " kith and kin7, and without neglecting American opportunities that never seemed so obvious and pressing as they do now. I have no doubt that '1,; 192 HAWAIIN ISLANDS. the more thoroughly the bed rock and controlling facts touching the Hawaiian problem are understood by our Government and by the American public, the more readily they will be inclined to approve the views I have expressed so inadequately in this communication. I am, sir, your obedient servant, JOHN Li. STEVENS. Hon. JOHN W. FOSTER, Secretary of State. NOTE.-On the following pages will be found statistics from the Hawaiian census reports of 1890, touching the population, the different nationalities, the principal property owners, the amount of Government revenues and expenditures, Government property, etc., which will help educate the views I have expressed in the preceding pages. J. L. S. \. (I I.. s.1 i";~ it'.';V, k~~ ~,: I., I'.I I' I I --- I I l I I ': I AY 15 r - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN li 1 I I I I 3 9015 01637 3618 I DU 627.3.U5 1893a U.S. Congress.Senate, Committee on for-....ei..n.relations..........I...........................................P.ap.e..relat.ing...to. the annexation of __the Hawaiian I8lands 41849 to the U............................... 41849 to the U,8, / - // / - 7 -1%. lf: a *1 1 l;....................~ --- n~~r~~( rn~..~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~.... I;~~~~iiIIIHl