LIS "'k I I THE JJBRAR OF MIC,111 A L"-' VT — A.WORCE LIPPINE LLECTIOS Mill ITLU i I t I I 11 13111LUIIU \ror- c e St- - coi,,H st it 7THE PHILIPPINES f~ ;:~-~ ~-II:-~;~ -~~ -~~~; ~l~r~-:;:;::::I:::::-r:::I:';: i I-i: j:-:;:::: —ii :: i::-:::::: x:::::::. ~.:: -:::;~6' b -:aa,: ,":~ Sii::~-~:~ HISTORICAL SERIES No. 2. _'"'F'Jt" Philippine Collt.,7>8 65? I ii F i -STREET & SMITH PUBLISHERS NI2W -: L ~~,,* L C ". +'.0 s/";t ',', ~~ ~ ~tS'',*t, i. z + < W *;, r.I i,vt4. _.,;, r 'A i <;' 0;* ~~~.*; ~~ D 1 I-*, * ~ s 4-_ 8,l \-+~~ir ~; tw r,i+ *,; t '. ^' #,,, e4,t6 S, >;:.t:* 'tL3Lr The Philippines BY A. D. HALL A4uthor of Cuba: Its Past, Present and Future DI KE 7: clA CON TENTS CHAPTER 'PAGE I-An Iniquitous Mistress. - - - 7 II-Inhabitants and Climate - 28 III-Commerce and Resources - - - 43 IV-TIhe City of Manila - 58 V-Manniers and Customs - 72 VI-Sonmething About the Natives - 92 V1I-The Ladrones and Other Islands - 1d7 VILI-Dewey's Great Victory - 120 IX-Aguinaldo and the Insurgents - 133 X-Wh1at Shall We Do With the Philippines - - 149 "' "~1 -.T1' -5: ar i: -~Z: - ":-~ -c. ~'si;.PI 41.i i Y ji "31 -i~~:. THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER I. AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. It is only a short time since the people of the United States, generally speaking, knew little and cared less concerning the group of islands known to-day as the Philippines. But times have changed and we have changed in them, an aphorism as true now as the day it was first conceived. Circumstances have arisen, which not even the cleverest calculators of future events could have predicted, that have given us a strong and vital interest in these far-away islands. For they may at no distant date form a part of the greatest republic in the world, so great that all other republics (France in some respect excepted) sink into insignificance beside it; or at all events, they will be under the protection of that repubi lic for many years to come. When the war broke out between Spain and America (for the United States is now universally recognized as i America; abroad, if one says he is an American, he is: i I naturally supposed to be a citizen of the United States) 8 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. all eyes were turned upon Cuba, which the Americans had pledged themselves to free, with no thought of personal aggrandizement, but simply in the interests of civilization and suffering humanity. The United States, after much deliberation and natural hesitation in view of the bloodshed that was bound to follow, had at last solemnly resolved to raise the crushed island and place her among the happy and liberated nations of the world. To accomplish this great purpose, however, Spain must first be effectually beaten, and with this object in view, the other colonies of the obstinate Dons naturally became the target. Next to Cuba, and possibly Porto Rico, the most valuable colonial possession of Spain was the Philippines. So naturally the attention of the United States and its navy, the effectiveness of which, after being sneered at in time of peace, at least in time of war was recognized by every nation on earth, by some with pride, by some with a selfish fear, was directed toward the archipelago of the Far East. It is the purpose of this little book to tell, so far as limitations and information will permit, v Philippines have been, what they are, and wl future development, under happier auspices, ma. To begin, then,,at the beginning. The Philippines are a very considerable group of islands; consisting of nine larger and nearly twelve hundred small ones, the whole extenditng from 4 degrees 40 minutes to 20 degrees north latitude, and from x I6 degrees4o minutes to 126 degrees 30 minutes east longi 4 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 9 tude. On the west and northwest they are separated by the China Sea from China and the Indo-Chinese peninsula; on the east lies the Pacific; on the north are a number of small islands which stretch out in the direction of Formosa; and on the south is the Celebes Sea, which extends for a distance of three hundred mniles between Mindanao, the most southern of the Philippine islands, and Celebes. As the islands are so many in number, and as even the larger ones are in several instances only beginning to be explored, it is impossible to state exactly what their land area is, but, in rough figures, it may be said that they contain about one hundred and fifty thousand square miles. That is, taken altogether, they are nearly four times the size of Ohio. The area in square miles of the larger islands has been estimated as follows: Luzdn, 41,I21; Mindanao, 33,377; Samar, 5,028; Panay, 4,742; Mindoro, 3,940; Leyte, 3,592; Negros, 3,480; Cebu, 2,215, and Bohol, I,190. Thus it will b1 seen that of the two largest islands, Luzon is about the size of Kentucky, and Mindanao about the size of Maine. Most of the small islands are little more than barren rocks, raised to the surface by volcanic action. By the way, volcanic forces have had much to do with the shaping of the archipelago, and a great, number of the mountains bear the stamp of their former activity; but those that are still working volcanoes are comparatively.fe w "n'' '.Xc*: 1-:If. 1.I.~.,n ~:,P;! ;ii 5.;-ir e: r IO AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. It seems certain, not alone from the large tracts of coal reef along the coasts, but from the many raised beaches at a considerable distance inland, and which contain shells like those of the neighboring seas, that a goodly portion of the arclipelago has been heaved up from below the sea-level within comparatively recent times. All the islands may, as a rule, be described as mountainous and hilly; although, with the exception of Apo, in Mindanao, none of the summits exceed an altitude of nine thousand feet. The early history of the Philippines offers but. few elements of interest; in fact, we are in possession of only meagre details concerning it. The Philippines, or as he called them, the St. Lazarus Islands, were discovered by Magellan on the twelfth of March, 1521. The first place he touched at was Jomonjol, now Malhou, a very small island in the strait of Lurigoa, between Samar and Dinagat. Although Magellan is generally recognized as the disccrerer of the Philippines, it must be acknowledged on good authority that the Arabs are said to have already established, before 1521, communication with the islands, by sailing along the shore of India, and thence.crossing the bay cf Bengal..;`.. Fernando Magellan was a famous Portuguese explorer who Well deserved the title which has' been bestowed 1 upon him of "the first circumnavigator," although he - did not live to return home with his ship. Owing to?-the ungrateful manner in which he was treated by his.%W. *-' I ' - - '. t,-.'; o k,,.:,: '. ',_:,, AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. XI own country, Magellan formally renounced his nationality and offered his services to Spain, absolutely rejecting all advances made to him to allure him back to his allegiance. If he had lived the celebrated explorer would undoubtedly have discovered one other thing, in the moral rather than the physical sense, and that is, to make use of a time-honored saying, that, by his action he had leaped from the frying pan into the fire. But, possibly fortunately for his future, he lost his life the foliowiig April on the island of Mactan, off the coast of Cebu. At all events, it was through Magellan that the archipelago came into the possession of Spain, and was named after her king, Philip II., who far more deserved the title of "bloody" than did his consort, Mary of England. And, as a matter of fact, Spain has changed but little since the days of Philip. The cruel nation, cruel by nature and by training, knows to-day almost nothing of what humanity is. During the Carlist war, only a little over twenty-five years ago, the acts of barbarous brutality committed by the wSpaniards beggar all description. Then again, most of our readers can remember the horrors perpetrated at Cuenca, where molten lead was poured down the throats of sone prisoners, and the relatives of others were forced to drive and slash their naked husbands, sons and brothers i!:! through the streets. i - Only lately, those captured from the ranks of tlh *S? 8 2 im, m,,,mX 12 AN INIQUI roUS MISTRESS. surgents in the Philippines have been nailed to the walls and then whipped wit. leathern lashes until they died of exhaustion. All over the world are known the horrors committed in Cuba, and for which at last, civilization, personified by the.army and navy of the United States, is calling for vengeance. It is a pleasure to know that Professor Halzlholser, the professor of history in the famous University of Bonn, Germany, has recently given utterance publicly to the following words: "The whole of Europe looks now with great expectations upon the war now being waged upon the other side of the Atlantic. With our eyes firmly fixed upon the Stars and Stripes, we cagerly follow its steady advance from harbor to harbor, and from bay to bay. Will the flag of the Great Union soon wave from the towers of those cities which have been so greatly oppressed? We hope yes." The Philippines have remained within the dominion of Spain for close upon five centuries. Five centuries! And yet, with her customary shortsighted policy, Spain has done little or nothing to develop these fertile tracts, and, what little she has done, has been simply and entirely for ior own advantage, irrespective of the good of the islands themselves and the well-being of their inhabitants. It has been the old, old story of the killing of the goose with the golden eggs, except fortunately Spain:. has not quite killed the goose, but has left her to be AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 13 resuscitated, and her eggs to be gathered by other wiser and miore hulauiie hands than those of the so-called mother-country. After all these years and years of possession, the Spaniards have never really held anything but an exceedingly limited portion of the seacoast. Their one idea seeims to have been to obtain a hold upon the natives and to plunder them in every way Spanish ingenuity could devise; sometimes by dxownright robbery, sometimes by the most burdensome taxation, taxation such as never before or since has been imposed by any civilized country. The natives have been obliged to pay taxes for being born, for dying, and for almost every event between life and death. Moreover, when the taxes were in arrears, the punishments were heavy and inexorable. There is positively no escape from these taxes. Women have been whipped in country places because they had failed to get a license before they sold their annual crop of cocoanuts or because, perchance, they had hidden away some domestic animal, so that it would escape tlhe eye of the tax collector on his rounds. Why, the Spanish government has even revived the plan which obtained in France before the revolution of I789, which, cruel and horrible as it was, yet had some excuse and did away with so many abuses. For every district of two thousand miles a tax-collector was appointed by the government. This mai called a gobernadorcillo, was responsible for the amount estimated that he should collect from his district, and if i |i A-g —:,.'1<. 14 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. did not turn in that amount he was forced to make it good from his own pocket. Under him were a number of deputy collectors, calezas, who were also personally responsible for the sum expected from each. If they failed to pay up, the chief collector would seize what they might have and sell it; and if the proceeds front this forced sale were not equal to their indebtedness, they were imprisoned. Mr. Manley R. Sherman, of Los Angeles, Cal., who spent several years in Manila, says: "I once saw a dozen ragged, hard-working men on the island of Lamos that had lost their houses, cattle, lands, and who still owed sums ranging from two dollars to forty dollars. They were being sent as prisoners to the jail-yard at Punto Chavallas, while their families were left to shift for themselves." Is it any wonder, then, that warfare has been almost constant in the Philippines, in fact the usual, and not occasional life of the inhabitants? We shall see more and more of the truth of the only possible answer to this question as we go on. But to return to the early history of the islands, and this, as has been said, was so little fruitful of events that it is only necessary to devote a few words to it. The political ascendancy which the Spaniards at one time unquestionably possessed was due in a marvelously large measure to their ability to acquire foreign territory. Spain has always looked upon her colonies, not as her own provinces, hut as conquered lands, to which she, as AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 15 the dominant power, owed only the consideration due to slaves. It was fortunate for the natives of the Philippines that for a long time, for a century or two in fact, Spain, their mistress, did not consider they were worth enough to attempt to pick their pockets. The highwayman only attacks the rich. The surrender of the Moluccas by Charles V. in 1529 lessened what interest the Spaniards felt in their new possessions, the Islas de Poniente, as they generally called them at that time. The Portuguese, on their part, were too busy in the southern parts of the Indian archipelago to bother themselves about what they were pleased to denominate the Islas de Oriente. A navigator named Villalobos sailed from Mexico in 1543 for the Philippines, but he accomplished little or nothing, although it was he who suggested the present name of the archipelago, by calling it Samar Philippina. In 1564, Philip II. sent an expedition to the islands under the command of Lopez de Leguaspi. Leguaspi ' landed at Cebu and soon subdued it. He founded the settlement of San Miguel, which afterward was known as the Villa de Santisimo Nombre de Jesus; and later he fixed the capital at Manila, thus pointing out the lines for future conquest. In a letter written to Spain by Leguaspi the name Islas Filipinas (Philippine Islands) first occurs, and ever since these possessions ^i have been known by the name of the Spanish explorer's croyal master. In 1570 another fleet sailed for Luzon, and, after <ot ':ii-.::n ':tats:::: I; S-,A. l6 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. tinued struggles with the native chiefs, a permanent settlement was effected on the bay of Manila. Philip p.aced large powers in the heads of the Romana Catholic missionaries, and it was largely due to the efforts of the latter that the islands were to a degree brought under the power of Spain. There was a large amount of bloodshed, and the natives were destroyed in great numbers, but neither result was half so appalling as what occurred in the conquests of South America and Cuba. Toward the close of the sixteenth century the islands established a certain trade with Japan, and in consequence of this, both the Netherlands and China desired to establish a footing on the islands, but all their efforts in this direction proved fruitless. Chinese laborers and traders, however, settled in large numbers in the Philippines, chiefly at Manila. In I603 an insurrection took place, and 23,000 Chinese were massacred. Nevertheless the Chinese continued to emigrate there, and in 1639 they numbered 30,000 in Manila alone. The severity of the taxes, imposed by Spain in her universal policy to wring every cent she could from her colonies, and religious persecution, for which Spain also has ever been famous, or more properly speaking, infamous, were the causes of another insurrection, which ended in the slaughter of over 25,000 Chinese and the banishment of the rest. Oace more, however, they came back in great numi ers, and have remained a large portion of the populaj ' tion up to the present day. AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 17 After these insurrections, the Spaniards remained in undisturbed possession until 1762. Then the English stormed Manila under the command'of Admiral Cornish and Sir William DIraper. The English expedition was composed of 2,303 Europeans and sepoys. After a siege of ten days, the English captured the city. They wre\ much assisted in the accomplishment of their victory by the Chinese. There were rich cargoes lying in the vessels which were in port, and to save these, the governor and the Archbishop of Manila agreed to pay $5,000,000. But the King of Spain refused to ratify this contract. Junius, whose clever articles are famous and whose identity has never been revealed to this day, and probably never vill be, entered into a spirited controversy with Sir William Draper in regard to this ransom. Manila was finally restored to Spain by the peace of Paris, February Ioth, 1763. This return to Spanish domination was most unhappy to the Philippines. For no colony of Spain has ever prospered in itself. Its revenues have never reverted to its own well-being, but have always been used to swell the treasury of Spain, and to enrich her corrupt officials. This is no idle statement. It can be proved by a mass of documentary evidence, which is simply incontrovertible. For years after the British conquest of Manila and the final restoration, the peace of the Philippines was broken only by contests with frontier rebellious tribes, and by the attacks of pirates, who had always infested the adjoining seas. The smaller islands suffered from.. A.., I.g,, -~~i:-:~'~~" i ": t'/ f:' "- A l:', -: '. 18 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. bthese attacks. But in 1851, the depredations of the pirates were checked by a successful expedition against the island of Sulu, the sultan of which was deposed and a permanent Spanish settlement established there. Earthquakes and tornadoes, however, destroyed more lives and property than war would have done. In 1645, 3,000 lives were lost by an earthquake. Others in 1762, I824 and I852 were most disastrous. In i833, from the convulsions of nature, over I,ooo persons perished, 1o,ooo huts were destroyed, and an enormous number of people were rendered homeless. Magellan's daring and determination, in his voyages of discovery, cannot be overestimated. If it had not been for him, there would have been no such thing as the Spanish Philippine Islands, and Spain would not have been in the possession of the revenue that she has been for years. How valuable these Philippines are, and how important they are to our own Pacific coast, was foreshadowed by a certain Miguel Venegas, who, writing in I756 an eloquent plea to the Spanish Government for the Christianizing of the Indians in Upper Alta California, dedared that unless the government took speedy action, the South Seas would soon be an "English lake, whenthe English guns from the Philippines would answer those fired by the same nation from California." These words seem really prophetic, for the descend-:^ -. nts of Englishmen, manning the guns, are to-day doing that very thing.:: We have intimated before that the condition of the W, t;.'i I'. f -.~;., +.: '< -: f-.: -X,.;.;a. AN INIQUITOUS MlISTRES3S. 19 Philippines has been one of almost constant warfare, just and honorable warfare, too, in the main, against the exactions and oppression of Spain. During the last sixty years, there have been seventeen rebellions against the yoke of Spain. Just think of it! Oiie rebellion in every three or four years, and with no appreciable results, due entirely. to the superior power of Spain. Sometimes, might is not right, and yet we all wish that right was ever might. It is odd that the inhabitants of the Philippines, composed as they are of diverse races, and an easy, happygo-lucky people, should be so turbulent. But, after all, the explanation is not difficult. Under almost any other government than that of Spain, the natives would in all probability be peaceful and contented. All through the years since the Philippines have been her property, Spain has become more and more rapacious, and the wretched, down-trodden people of this colony have become more and more desperate. They long with all their hearts and souls for any other government than that of the Spanish. And why? Chiefly because of the horrible, excessive taxation, a taxation which makes it impossible for the inhabitants of the Philippines to live with any degree of comfort. Just consider for a moment the taxes, and think how you would like to submit to them. Every male over twenty-one years of age must pay an annual poll tax of about eighteen dollars. All females must pay fourteen dollars a year. 1To gather cocoanuts from your own trees and sell them, you must pay a tax. * 0 a; -..;.-a:~-'?Y;h~ -tr -.1; i~C:;1'6.i~ i. — " -- @-'P 20.AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. Every article of fur:iture that his cast more tha:n two dollars is taxed. There is a tax for doi;n basiness, more or less according to the amloant of basiness done, anli every melrcalnlt is forced to show his books. Every tinm that a theatrical performance is given, ten dollars must be paid to the government. No one in the Philippines can kill his ownv-' animals, clip his sheep, or cut down a tree, without first paying a fee to the ubiquitous tax-collector. For cutting down a tree, no matter of what size, twenty-five cents must be paid. There is. ~a carriage tax of three dollars for each wheel, and for every horse, four dollars a year must be paid. When a couple desire to be married, besides a fee to the priest, a tax must be paid for the privilege of being united. Again, when death comes, one dollar and a half must be turned over to the government, before the corpse can be interred. All legal documents must have a stamp, from five cents to one dollar a sheet. In l'awsuits, everybody from the judge down must receive a fee. The duties on both imports and exports are very heavy. Isaac M. Elliot, the United States Consul at Manila from 1893 to 1896, says in an article in Scribner's Magazine: "Importers are subject to the additional imposition of petty fines, which are inflicted for all sorts of insignificant offenses. One nian was fined $ioo because a cargo of hundreds of cobblestones was one stone short..-'. AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS.1 21 of the number stated in the manifest. In the year ending iln 896, the collector of customs at Manila 'collected $32,000 in these petty fines, all of which legally. becamle hlis personal property." Further, a gentleman who was for years in the employment of a trading company in Manila, after condemning the outrageous taxes, concludes as follows: "These sumls'" (that is, the money paid out for taxes) "may seem petty, but it sh iuld be considered that the average native has little opportunity to work for hire; that if he does succeed in s.ecutrig employment, his wages are often not more than five cents a d-iy, and that he is usually unable to dispose of his farm products for cash, being compelled to exchange tlhem for other commodities. In addition to these and other taxes that I do, not recall, there is a tax on beasts of burden, a tax for keeping a shop, a tax on mills or oil presscs, a tax on weights and measures, and a tax on cock-fighting. At every tulln the poor native finds himself face to face. with the dire necessity of paying tribute, and he frequently spends his life in an ineffectual effort to reet the obligation thus imposed. The revenue goes to Spain to pay the soldiers and navy." We have dwelt to such an extent here upon tlle horrible taxation of the inhabitants of the islands (and we shall undoubtedly have more to say in regard to it further ol, because the subject is a vital one) for one reason, and that is to show how strong were the causes - of repeated revolt.. The revolution of the United States, which resulted:;:: ~A..:,'..: -, ': 22 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. in its independence, was due to taxation which no selfrespecting people, colonists or otherwise, could endure for an instant. But was the stamp tax, imposed it must be said here, if truth is to be told, not by the concensus of the English people, but by a pig-headed king and his fawning followers, half so iniquitous, half so burdensome as the taxes forced by Spain upon the Philippines and all her colonies? There can be but one answer to this question from any fair-minded man who has taken the trouble to post himself in regard to the matter. It is not Cuba alone that needs government by her own people, that must be free, but every bit of land that has been subservient to Spain and has gasped under the grinding and merciless crushing of the inexorable Spanish heel, a heel, too, that was purposely iron-clad. It is very easy to take by the throat and empty the pockets of a man who is your slave, who is dependent upon you for every necessity of life and who trembles at your every nod. Easy, yes, but scarcely Christian-like. And yet Spain, who boasts far and near that she is the most Christian country of the world, has done this ver^r thing. Her colonies, in other words her slaves, have been treated in such a manner that the alleged brutalities of slave-holders amount to absolutely nothing in comparison with Spain's inhumanity. The Philippines have been to Spain simply a cow, out of which all the milk possible was to be extracted. Their inhabitants have.been forced to work hard in AN INIQUITOUS MISTRSS. 23 order that the idle hidalgos might live in luxury upon the profits of the labor in which they had no part. Now to consider briefly some of the recent revolutions, and the causes of them. In 1876 the natives lost 5,000 of their best men in a reb llion against Spain. In 1882 thousands more were killed, and 600 of the leaders of the revolution were beheaded or shot as a warning to their sympathizers. The last rebellion, the one which at the present time of writing is still going on, broke out in June, 1897. This was quieted for a time by the Spanish troops that had been sent to the island. In January, 1898, Ioo of the rebels, or rather, to give them their true title, patriots, were shot at Manila. Still, the revolt was by no means ended, and it is still proceeding, whether, however, in the interest of American arms is yet to be seen. To go back just a little. In the summner of I896 a secret order was formed amo;lgst the Malays and Chinese. This order was called the Katipunan, and its purpose was to"remove by blood the bondage of Spain." Every member was obliged to take an oath, accompanied by a gash across the arm. With the blood which flowed from this wound, the new comrade bedaubed his mouth and swore that every six months he would kill at least one Spaniard. The Spanish Government managed, through traitors, to obtain information of all the proceedings of this-::! order. * -, l^I^^ ^ 24 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. Arrest followed arrest. The trials were in all cases ridiculous in the extreme, sometimes not more than half an hour was given to the consideration of a man's guilt or innocence, and the most of that time was devoted to testimony as to his guilt. Forty-seven lhndred persons, whlo were merely suspected of being concerned in the plot, were sentenced and put to death. In November, I896, there were more than 800 executions in the suburbs of Manila. In one day seventy-five were placed against a wall and shot to death. When we read in history of the atrocities committed in past centuries, we are apt to pause and give thanks that in our time there are other manners, other customs. And yet, Spain has not advanced one atom; if we only care to investigate, we would discover that the horrors of the Inquisition still exist. But surely the United States, with its sword now drawn from the scabbard, will be the St. George to slay this pestilential dragon, and save thousands of innocent people from its brutal and conscienceless attacks. In return for the enormous revenues obtained from one of her children, what has the Spanish mother done? Let us consider this question accurately and dispassionately. Not long ago, natives of the Philippines, residing in Spain, gave vent to their grievances in an address to the Spanish people. This address contains extracts from the Philippine budget of the administrative year, 1896 -I897. Among the worst abuses, it enumerates the following, quoting always from the 'budget. The Philip AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 25 pine treasury pays an onerous contribution toward the expenses of the Government at Madrid; it pays pensions to the Duke of Veragua (who it will be remembered was our guest at the Chicago Exposition), and to the Marquis of Bedmar. Also pensions are paid to the native chiefs of Sulu and Mindanao. The Philippines provide for the entire cost of the Spanish consulates at Pekin, Tokio, Hong Kong, Singapore, Saigon, Yokohama and Melbourne; for the staff and mainteIance of the Minister of the Colonies, including the Council of the Philippines, a body which is in no sense of the word useful, but purely ornamental; again, the islands pay the expenses of the support of the colony of Fernando Po in Africa, and all the pensions and retiring - allowances of the civil and military employees who have served in the Philippines, making a gross sum of $,60,00ooo a year. Here is a translation of something further in the document alluded to: "More than $17,ooo,ooo is the amount consigned in the Philippine budget, but not a penny is allowed for 'orks, highways, bridges or public buildings, $6,000 for scientific studies, indispensable -: -ivers and canals, while the amount set apart for religious purposes and clergy amounts to nearly $,400,ooo. This sum does not include the amounts paid to the clergy for baptisms, marriages, papal bulis and scapularies, which exceed the government allowances. The magnificent sum of $4o,ooo is set apart as a subvention of railway companies and new projects of, _:~6~6;; ~:'sR7~: '.~l-;l&'v'-.........:X,,i, -. 26 AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. railways, but the College of Franciscan monks in Spain and the transportation of priests comes in for $55,ooo." Toward the latter part of 1897, the insurgents were in possession of the mountains while the Spaniards were masters of the chief towns and villages on the coast. The general in command, De Rivera, recognized that the condition of affairs could not continue, and that an end must be made to it. Therefore, he entered into negotiations with the insurgents. A council then took place, the result of which was, that the insurgents consented to stop hostilities upon the following conditions: First-The expulsion or secularization of the religious orders and the abolition of all the official vetoes of these orders in civil affairs. Second-A general amnesty for all rebels and guarantees for their personal security and from the vengeance of the friars and parish priests after returning to their homes. Third-Radical reforms to curtail the glaring abuses in the administration. Fourth-Freedom of the press to denounce official corruption and blackmailing. Fifth-Representation in the Spanish Parliament. Sixth-Abolition of the iniquitous system of-secret deportation of political suspects. The governor-general agreed to these conditions, and in doing so, certainly admitted that abuses existed. But what happened afterward? When peace was restored, and the leaders of the insurrection had left the country, the governor-general then ' 11 I. I: :~::: iiT:,j. c:;r.CIUYC.'r'" 1 - ~ AN INIQUITOUS MISTRESS. 27 in the most arbitrary manner, and false to the honor of the country lie served, that honor which has been so much insisted upon, refused to execute the conditions which had been agreed upon. The same trick that had proved so successful in Cuba, after the peace of Zanjon, was once more played, and with ecual success. But in both cases, it was a success that was neither more nor less than shameful. Just as soon as capitulation had been made, the powers in charge commenced to persecute those insurrectionists who had been unable to go away. Imaginary charges were alleged against them, and they were arrested on little or no pretense. This is only a beginning of what will be told hereafter, and yet is not even this beginning a horrible indictment against Spain? She is an unnatural mother, a mother whose children must be taken away from her and placed under the protection of one who will cherish them and look out for. their welfare! _. ' A-:>l > N0<~ -t,+:;:v 9-; -N>-;.WSfA;-;.aL,..S^# W 28 INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. CHAPTER II. INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. It is difficult, if not impossible, to state the number of thle population in tile Phlilippines, because no regular statistics leave ever bIeen obtained. Probably, homwever, tlhere are about 8,000,ooo pcople in the entire archipelago, wvlicll is divided into 43 provinces, subdivided into 852 cantons. Nearly lhalf of thle entire population are residents of the island of Luzon, tupon whlichl is situated Manila, by far the most important city of the Philippines. Panay, so far as population is concernled, is the next important island, contsaining over a million of people. Manila itself consists of fro-m0 270,cco to 300,000 soul', a town of most respectable size inldeed. The Spaniards predominate nowhere, tile largest proportion of the inllabitants, with the exception of what not xwith the strictest accuracy may be called the natives themselves, consisting of Cllinese. The original inhablitatts of the Philippines were probably that dark-complexioned race whlich are called by the Spaniards Negritos. They seem to be gradually dying out, and eveln when the Spaniards first landed, they had been driven by the Malays into the mounitain. ous regions. INHABITAN.TS! AND CLIMATE. 29 At present, there are not more than 25,000 of the Negritos, scattered through the different islanids, but chiefly to be found in the northern palrt of the island of Luzon. They are little dwarfs (the average stature of the full-grown being four feet eight inches) thin anld spindle-legged. 'rhey are very dark in color, with flat noses, bulging lips, and enormous shocks of frizzly hair. They are said to resemble monkeys'i n more than one respect, chiefly in the extraordinary prehensile power of their toes. They are a wandering people, and too ignorant to know even how to build huts. They tattoo themselves, and wear little or no clothing. Occasionally they descend from the comparatively inaccessible places to which they have been driven for the purpose of selling wax to the Chinese in exchange for betel and tobacco. They exist upon fruits, roots, honey and such fish and game as they can obtain. The dog is their only domestic animal. Their language, if such it can be called, seems to be destitute of words, but to consist of whistles and chirps, much like the cries of the monkeys and parrots by which they are surrounded. It is said that they are monogamous, and have certain elements of refinement which appear when they are brought into contact with civilization. Mr. Charles B. Howard, who spent some years in the Philippines, says that the only trace of res mblance be- ^ tween the Negritos and their distant cousins, the socalled "Filipinos" of Manila, is the curious meeting oi 1;.. 'Aa 30 INHABITANTS AfD CLIMATE. the eyebrows over the nose, giving the latter a peculiarly lowering, savage cast of countenance, quite at variance with their general temperament. This, strangely enough, is particularly noticeable among the women, who are otherwise very attractive in appearance, with their plump figures and magnificent hair, often falling to their ankles, though their habit of washing their hair in unfragrant cocoanut oil and of chewing the blood-red betel nut is conducive to admiration at a distance. The bulk of the population is formed by the Malay tribes, which differ considerably in personal appearance. The chief tribes are the Igolotes, the Visayas and the Tagals. The latter, the Tagals, rank first both in brains and energy, although the Visayas are the gentlest and finest looking. The Tagals as a rule prefer the lowlands, and generally erect their dwellings, which are built on piles, near the water. They have a language of their own (Tagalog), with an alphabet of sixteen letters, and since the Spanish conquest, this has made extensive encroachments upon the other Philippine languages. The Tagals are a well-developed people, with round heads, high cheek bones, rather flat noses, low brows and large dark eyes. Their sense of smell is marvelously acute. Their dress is primitive in the extreme, consisting of a pair of trousers with a shirt worn over them for the men, and a single gown for the women. Their chief occupation is agriculture, especially the Aft if ' T: D': INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. 31 cultivation of rice; but they are also famous fishermen, and keep large quantities of cattle and swine. Though most of them claim to be Roman Catholics, they retain many traces of their old faith and customs. They possess quite an extraordinary collection of lyric poetry and native melodies. All the islands south of Luzon, Masbate, Burios, Ticas and Mindoro, and north of Borneo, Sulu and Mindanao are inhabited by the Visaya tribe, who, in the fifteenth century were christened by the Spaniards, "Pintados" (painted people). They had attained a certain degree of civilization before the conquest; and they quickly embraced Christianity, and did what they could to assist in subjugating the Tagals. The Igolotes are wild people, the name being generally applied to all the pagan tribes which inhabit the mountainous districts of Luzon. They are dirty and savage, and show traces of Chinese and Japanese intermixture. But they are skilled agriculturalists and fine miners and workers in metals. When the "natives" are spoken of in the Philippines, it is generally meant the Malayians and half castes. The-latter are descendants of Malayians and the representatives of various foreign races who have intermarried with them. They are called generically Mestizos, although the Spaniards have recognized and have names for thirty-six different kinds of half-breeds. Some of the wealthy Mestizos send their children to Europe to.* -:: be educated, and there are many very refined and X@ charming people among them. ZAY.0S Fs, i::4 32 INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. But the majority of what may be called the domesticated natives, if we are to believe the testimony of an Englishman, who has made a rather exhaustive study of the Philippines, are very difficult people to deal with. He declares that the islanders are an absolutely incomprehensible race, to whom no known rules of civilization or savagery have the slightest applicatioii. Here are some of the results of this Englishman's investigations: "They are absolutely unreliable; they will serve you faithfully for tw-enty years and then commit some such horrible crime as delivering over your house and family to brigands. They are patient, sober, and even honest servants usually, but at any moment they may break out and, joining a band of robbers, pilage your house. If you tax thel with the crime they are not abashed, but disclaim all responsibility, answering, 'Senor, my head was iot,' which they consider sufficient excuse. "They will never confess to a misdeed voluntarily. They will submit to a beating without a murmur if they think it is deserved, and bear no malice; but if they consider the punishment unjust they will seek the first opportunity of revenging themselves. They never forgive and never forget an injury, but-'they cherish no memory of kindness. Genercsity they regard as a weakness. If you give them anything unsought they consider you a fool and treat you accordingly. T'hey are always asking favors, though never directly. Borrowing they think no shame, but they never repudiate their debts.' On the other hand, they never pay back volun INHA13ITAN'rS.AND CLIMATE. 33 tarily, and if taxed with th;.ir dishonesty, look surprised and say, 'Senor, you never asked for it.' "If you pay a mlan twenty cents for - service he will be contented; if you pay him thirty celits lie will grumble. They lhave no words for 'thank you' in their language, nor concept of what the phrase implies.. They have no notion of clarity, nevcr hIel)ing one anothler, excepting in the case of relatives, but they acknomtledge even'tihe remotest tics of relationshlip. If treated bacly they make good servants and never grumble; if treated kindly they are lost and go to the bad. They never stick to an cccupaticn, but are ready to turn their hands to anytiling. They are jacks-of-all-trades and good at notne. They are brave agailnst eqtuals if led by superiors, but a real or fancied superiority in the foe causes tllhem to abandon all hope. "They do not know the meaning of hospitality. They will do vwhat you tell them if you tell them often enough, but they will never do anything cf their own, -accord. They %will answcr questions, but never volutnteer information. They will let y3our horse die for want of corn, and never tell you that the supply has given out. They are confirmed liars, and show only surprise when found out. They are good htIsbands, tl.tough in-; tensely jealous; but tLey do not worry about the couduct of their daughters or eveil their w ives previous to marriage. They have no ambition and nc ideas oi order. or economy, but in the matter of cleanliness they arm: superior to all the inhabitants of the Far East save the: Japa ese." pa ~: —:-:: 4A~"~i:~~~: 3: INHABITANTS AtD CLIMATE. The Chinese, both full-blooded and half castes, form a most important part of the population both in point of numbers and in their value to commerce. There are almost as many Chinese in th! islands as there are natives themselves. The Chinese mestizos are the retail merchants. A great many of them are fairly educated, rich and prosperous. The mechanics, artisans and coollies are also, almost to a man, Chinese, as the natives, although in appearance seemingly strong and robust, are apparently incapable of performing any hard physical labor. The industry and business ability of the Chinese have done much to develop and maintain Manila as a commercial port, but while the Spanish mercantile class hate all foreigners, their dislike is particularly strong for the Chinese, and they have long done everything in their power to restrict Chinese immigration. One reason for this is that the Chinese are the superiors of' the Spanish in commercial matters and keep their business word, which. the Spaniards, procrastinating and false, are very far from doing. -Then the thriftiness of the Chinese and their methods of saving money and sending it home to China, rather., than spending it where it was made, are intensely gal-: V -iniUg to the Spaniards. 'They are able and willing' to perform every kind of t> mmanual labor and to work from morning till bight for - the vergy lowest' of wages, and this is -another cvuse for rievace against them. Between them and the indoleint mill, W - INHAblTANTS AND CLTIMATH; 35 -native "Filipinos" a constant warfare exists, and tLis has been going on for generations. Street fighting is of daily occurrence, and it is said by the way that for some reason or other the "Filipinos" generally come out ahead. Whenever a big fire takes place it is generally agreed that the Chinese are the cause of the conflagration, and they are attacked on these occasions, wherever and whenever seen. Many years ago, the famous Chinese pirate, Li Ma Hong, with a fleet of junks, bore down upon Manila with the intention of capturing the city and its wealth. The garrison in the fort, though small, defended it with conspicuous bravery, and, aided by a storm which chanced to arise, succeeded in completely defeating the attacking fleet. Many of the junks were driven ashore on the north coast of Luzon, and there exists there today a peculiar race, called Chinese Igolotes. They are savages who live in the mountains, and are claimed to be descendants of the wrecked pirates. In January is the anniversary of the fight, and on that day hardly a Chinaman dares show himself in Manila, for, if he does, he is sure to be attacked by a shower of missiles of ^ every description. A writer in the Boston Transcript relates the followJig incident: "Early in the spring of 1893 the Spanish iron steamer;San Juan sailed from Hong Kong for Manila with a; cargo largely composed of kerosene, which had been.;. carefully stowed as near the boilers as possible and ion; ek, Were some 300 Chinese coolies who com sie 'U* k::T,.o ft09: -~ 36 INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. the passenger list could sit on the cases and knock the embers from their pipes against tlem. It is not surprising that the ship took fire when just within sight of Luzon, and the Spanish captain, with most of his officers, promptly took to the boats and pulled for the shore, leaving a raging, frenzied mass of Chinese shrieking at them from the doomed vessel, for no provision is made on these steamers for the safety of the coolies in case of accident. In a few minutes the San Juan was afire from stemi to stern. As many as could climbed the masts, only to fall back, suffocated, into the blazing furnace bclow. Even the more merciful death of drowning was denied them, for the sea was alive with sharks, attracted by the glare, swarming around the ship as mackerel swarni around a bucketful of 'gurry.' "Thirty-six hours later another steamer sighted the wreck and bore down to the rescue. Out of the original 300, some 80 wretched creatures were found alive clinging to the big gangway which hung over the side and to the stern davits and boat tackle, with the iron hull of the steamer red-hot in places, and the sharks leaping at them. The rescuing boats had literally to fight their way through the ravenous brutes. "I saw the s'rivors as they were landed, and a discouraged-looking lot they were. The San Juan, an empty, scorched hall, was towed in and anchored in the mouth of the river to-cool off until the 7c,ooo Mexican i: - dollars in her bottom could be dug out of the debris, a -melted mass. And not an expression of regret did I e from any of my 'Cio' friends over the disaster IN.FABITANTS AND CLIMATE. 37 to their countrymen. 'Palh! coolies!' was all they said." There is a moderately large colony of Germans and Swiss in the Philippines, chiefly of course in Manila, and these are said, with hovw much authority it is impossible to state, have been mainly responsible for the ' present and recent uprisings. There is also a handful of Scotclh and Englishmen. It is stated tlat there are 'not more than 200 Americans ill all the islands, and only about six now in Manila, that is, just before Dewey's victory. Once, and only a few years ago, there were two great American hous2s in Manila, but these have been forced to suspelid business, and they went down with a terrible crash. About tl:ree years ago, they were crowded out by Spanish intrigues, resulting from the animosity to the Americans, who it was declared were the cause of the Cuban troubles. Great and small annoyances from the Spaniards finally compelled these firms to go out of existence. The climate of the various islands differs to a certain extent, but everywhere it is tropical. The north:krn islands are subject to typhoons. The heat is temper*d by great and fertilizing moisture, that is, it is said to be; but it seems to us that humidity is even worse than an excessive rise in the temperature. There are three seasons, a cold (so-called), a hot, and a vwet. The first begins in November and lasts until, February or March. During this time, the winds ate *mostly northerly, and, though fircs are never needed — EL Z-~ ' 38 INHABITANTS AND CLIMATI. even thought of, woollen garments can be worn with comfort, especially in tie mornings. This is the pleasantest portion of the year. The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat is excessively oppressive. In July come the heaviest rains, which not uncommonly flood the soil and cause the greatest damage. In May and June, thunderstorms, often of terrifying violence and carrying awful destruction in their wake, are frequent. The wet season is almost always ushered in by heavy rains, which are locally known as "collas." From the first of July to the first of November, the rain comes down in torrents, and large tracts are often so flooded as to become impassable. From I870 to i877 the Jesuits at Manila made a record of the rainfall and the following is their report: Cold. Hot. Wet. anila I Mean temperature, 72~32 87~26 84~56 ana Rainfall in inches, 8.65 10.47 36.01 Cebu I Mean temperature, 75002 86~23 758C6 Rainfall in inches, I2.54 9.29 26.90 Davs Mean temperature, 86090 887yo 87QII Rainfall in inches, 16.53 39.27 32.15 Su J Mean temperature, 8I~98 82~97 83~o3. Rainfall in inches, 15.74 33.85 35.43 These statistics are apparently official, and yet they -!: -^ do not give any idea of the intense heat which almost. everybody who has spent any length of time im the: bPhilippines asserts prevail all the year round. - pr instance, Mr. Charles B. Howard says: - ';-', during y stay there, the thermeter ^'i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^: '^ "? ' *;^ **-, "*. *.; ' * ' * 1 11'... r.".,*A *^' **'.,*:, ',l '* ^ " ^ ^ INHABITANTh AND CLIMATE. 39 tered 74 degrees, and this was at four o'clock on a morning late in December, which was considered to be something remarkable, as was also the fact that we voted to stop the punka over- the club mess-table that evening, because we were cool enough without it, a "thing which had not been done for twenty years. 'After a sojourn of fourteen months I sailed for Hong Kong, and thence to Yokohama, fever stricken, weak, and fifty pounds under jny normal weight, confidently expecting to be buried in the Pacific Ocean, at the spot where it is seven miles deep, and never to see Boston again, and convinced of three things-that it was good to drink a glass of fresh milk which had not come from a water-buffalo cow; that it was good to hear my own language spoken undiluted with Spanish phrases; and that Manila was no place for a white man." When we come to consider, as we shall a little later on, the daily life of Manila, we shall see that the heat has a large effect upon the occupations and habits of the citizens, whether native or foreign. Terrific storms, and still more terrific earthquakes, areof frequent occurrence throughout the Philippines. We cannot do better, in regard to these convulsions:'. of nature, than to quote Monsieur de la Gironiere, who:. spent many years in the Philippines: ''At a short -distance from our house we could per- - ceive a mountain, the base of which was in the lake and the summit in the clouds. This mountain served as -—:: lightning conductor to Jala-Jala; it attracted the thun-,er. Frequently heavy black.clouds, h ar-ged- l ~s=; 40 INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. electricity, gathered over this elevated point, looking like other mountains trying to overturn it; then a storm began, the thunder roared tremendously, the rain fell in torrents; every minute frightful claps were heard, and the total darkness was scarcely broken by the lightning that flashed in long streams of fire, dashing from the top and sides of the mountain enormous blocks of rock, that were hurled into the lake with a fearful crash. "It was an admirable exemplification of the power of the Almighty! Soon the calm was restored, the rain ceased, the clouds disappeared, the fragrant air bore on its yet damp wings the perfume of the flowers and aromatic plants, and Nature resumed her ordinary stillness. "At several periods of the year, particularly at the moment of the change of the monsoon, we beheld still more terrifying phenomena than our storms-I allude to the earthquakes. These fearful convulsions of nature present a very different aspect in the country from what they do in cities. If in towns the earth begins to quake, everywhere we hcar a terrible noise; the edifices give way, and are ready to fall down; the inhabitants rush out of their houses, run along the streets, which they' encumber, and try to escape. The screams of frightened children and women bathed in tears are blended with those of the distracted men; all are on their knees, with clasped hands, their looks raised to Heaven, imploring its mercy with sobbing voices. Everything totters, is agitated; all dread death, and terror becomes general. N%. '.,,. ii:~ ,. -.1~ -"~~ i'' sii ~I:'~' ::.e -'~ "' n,. INHABITANTS AND CLIMATE. 4t "In the country it is totally different, and a hundred times more imposing and terrific. For instance, in JalaJala, at the approach of one of these phenomena, a profound, even mournful, stillness pervades nature. The wind no longer blows; not a breeze, nor even a gentle zephyr is perceptible. The sun, though cloudless, darkens, and spreads around a sepulchral light. The atmosphere is burdened with heavy and sultry vapors. The. earth is in labor. The frightened animals quietly seek shelter from the catastrophe they foresee. The ground shakes; soon it trembles under their feet. The trees move, the mountains quake upon their foundations, and their summits appear ready to tumble down. The waters of the lake quit their bed, and inundate the country. Still louder roaring than that produced by the thunder is heard; the earth quivers; everywhere its Wiotion is simultaneously felt. But after this the convulsion ceases and everything revives. The mountains are again firm upon their foundations, and become motionless; the waters of the lake return by degrees to their proper reservoir; the heavens are purified and resume their brilliant light, and the soft breeze fans the air; the wild buffalos again scour the plain, and other animals quit the dens in which they had concealed themselves; the earth has. resumed her stillness, and nature recovered her accus; tomed imposing calm." Another authority, Mr. Manley R. Sherman, deg. scribes the earthquakes as follows: "The earthquakes in the Philippines, esecia LX.AE^vi. a-SX: _' : im.;':':'* ~ ':$' -, ' I;. -c:' A.,;. - l ~ V' L..'::::'.. ': 42 INHABITTANTS AND- CLTMATb..Luzon and Negros Islands, deserve a special story by themselves. The whole group of islands is of volcanic origin. There are seventy volcanoes in constant eruption on the islands. Several of them are the most violent in the world and are always being studied by scientists from Europe and America. The famous volcano Mayara is within sight of Manila. An earthquake occurs on an average of once every ten days. I have known small quakes to come at the rate of a dozen a day for a week at a time. About a dozen times a year there are shocks so severe that people will run about in fright and damage will, be done to the buildings. The big bridge over the Passig River at Manila has been so swerved by earthquakes twice in my residence in the city that it has been made unsafe for travel. In 1884 an earthquke nearly ruined the great stone Cathedral in - Manila, razed many buildings to the ground, rocked hundreds more, and 2,000 people of Luzon Island were killed by falling timbers and walls. In i860 the great: earthquake occurred on Negros Island. It has nevter been; known how many people were killed then,'but the numb er is estimated at 7,ooo. Almost every structure on the island was shaken down, and great gaps, yards wide i and miles long, were cracked across the island. The qi unake opened seams in the earth from the seacoast to i:the ocean. I suppose if such a quake should'occur in New York city there wouldn't be one building lefton a;ll Manhattan Island." COMMERCE AND RESOURCES. 43 CHAPTER III. COMMERCE AND RESOURC ES The commerce of the Philippines has been variously' estimated at from $30,000 to $5o,ooo a year, but it is probably much in advance of the latter figure. Should the United States take possession of the islands, they would undoubtedly have a most valuable piece of property. The best authorities assert that the possibilities of the Philippines as wealth-producers can scarcely be overestimated. In this regard, they are simply now in their infancy, for whatever they have done, from any and all points of view, has been accomplished in the face of the most cruel and blighting oppression by the Spanish authorities. Every enterprise has bee* taxed to the very last extent. Witl Yankee push an4 enterprise, with the American's natural bentfor.invta tion, there is no telling to what heights the Philippi':ei; might not attain. -: For some reason or other, best known to the remar;. Able and incomprehensible government of Spaintb i:production of coffee has been kept down by a system i extra licenses,'which it was necessary to obtain:be)fo coffee beans could be planted, and by exorbitant p l t: - duties on all machinery necessary to epare the ':a rot, dEfo r markXds 44 COMME~RCE~ AND RESOURZCES. On exceiletit authiorii.ty it is assearted thAat nowhere do there exist finer facilities for growhiPg coffee,- than in Many of the_ Philippine! Islands, particularly the isl"and of Neg'ros. In1 I397.4 e: XPO rtationi of co"Lec amotunted to $250,000, but, wvithi only a little enconuragcmnent, a little ef-fort, it ought- t6 ha-ve amounted. to at least tenl timcs that amount. Whoever travcls at all iii thle Philippines can not but be struck by the exItraordinary prodigality 'of gifts which nature hans lav~ished. upon the islands. Thiere are millions of dollars or' costly weods, thec forests furnishing miore thiai two hundred varieties. Amnong these mnay -be mnentioned the teak-like molase; the doijon; the ipel, whichi is csr~ccially esteemied. for its L~ardlless; the 1l~anan, a lighit, stringy wlood ofteni used by the Malays f,)r thicii canoes, and the bolongaeta, whichi is invaluable for thez better class of furniture. Rice- is largely grown, but, as it is the staple food of the natives, very little of it is exported, the supply for home-I cD1suniption being oftcii.unequal to the demand.Swetptaos yams, ground nuts and gourds are raised! iti a conisiclerable quanti~ty., and in the higher regions, I)otatoe-s,- peas and evenl wheat are produced. All tropical fruit's are plentiful, including oranges, pineapples, tamarinds and guavas. The mnangoes of the Phlilipp~ines are p~articularly fine. T-he 'agotill wvhich is one of thec most delicious of tropical fruits, is spherical in form, Nvith a reddish-brown skin, within whi'ch is -a white centre, rather *etaud. of most delicate flavor. Thi's f ruit is confinted .COMMHERCE, AN-D RE:SOURCERS. 45 to tie Mal2y pa~ainsula and di-b castern. archipelago. All c i-orts t0 rais.! it elsewhere have proved of i~o avail. Of all Che fruits, howeve, th ~aai h ost prolific aid of the most use to the inhiabitants. The expIendit'ure of lah~r required to raise bananias, is but' sligh~t, and, from- a givcii arca cf land, a greater amiount of nutritious food cani he cbta~incd by the raising of bVn ivms., than from any othecr crcp. Mr. Ililoler, who has traveled extensively in the Phiflippinies, says: ''A strangecyr who hias partaken of -a, meal in a native dwellhing, consistingr of rice, boiled only as tile vaaives can cook it, aud ripe bananias, futll of delicious juLice, melthig in the mouth like rcram, with the cool and f -a:rrant water of the cocoanut as a beverage, can appreciate howv muchi Nature llas done ini these regions to supply the wants of mnan, and howv little of hutman labor is required to supply life." The cocoantit, Iby tile way, is almost sumffcient i.] itsel to supply the by. no i-Acatis extravagant %vaiits of the native. He uses every part of it for one purpose or another. Fronm it hie managices to obtain wvater, wino, oil, vinegyar, intoxicating spirits, breakfast, dininer and'%.-I~ stipp, —r, cord, cu.ps, brushies, house-building materials) medicine and firewood. The Spaniards, with a foresighit which was extrao. dinary fcr them, introduced from Mexico the cacao bean. in f lie Philippines it found congenialsil it grows luxuriantlyflthere anid produices good cx~ From it chocolate is made, but thus far' -prhiii i - - -.. -- A i'<: C.044RC -AND R SOURCIE. I I I %: for home consumption. Indigo is very profitable, and, - in good times, yields fully ioo per cent. on the amount: invested. Throughout the island, cinnamon and pepper grow wild, and the gathering of them gives the natives a:chance to make money. We have left till the last the greatest industries of the islands, sugar, tobacco, and what is commercially known as Manila hemp. The sugar cane is not of the same species as that cultivated in the western hemisphere, but is of the kind commonly found in Malaysia and Polynesia. There are several varieties, some used for food for both men and animals, and some for sugar making. Owing, however, - tothe wretched methods of cultivation and manufacture, the sugar produced is of an inferior quality. There is alnost no high grade machinery such as is in use in: Cuba and the United States. Still, the quantity turped - out is large, supplying all that is needed for home ttse, ~i: and furnishing besides for export nearly 250,oo0 tons a year. With better facilities and better management, this; could be most materially increased. It would be an easy e thing for Yankee enterprise to reduce the expenses of a.': sugar plantation at least one-fourth. To prove this, it is Xi only necessary to state that the cane is crushed by clubs, ['? When machinery would accomplish the purpose better,, Oieaper, and a thousand times more quickly. All industrial methods indeed are most primitive, s has not beea, for instance, ia n the last two cenf 4t p e _of advance-s ia thie.way -w which the indig~o industry is conducted. It is enough to drive an American, with brains and. capital, wild -with the thought of what mnight be accomnplished and what is not. Tobacco is a most important crop, and Manila ciheroots and cigars are famous the world over. Th uatity of the tobacco leaf raised is very large, and.its quality is excellent. But both are capable of vast lii-, provement by better methods of cultivation anid a relaxation of the grfi-ittnt Spanish taxation. Over 20,000 persons find employment in the preparation and mnanufacture of tobacco. Of Manila cigars the yearly product is several hundred million, while one factory alone in Manila manunfactures 40,000,000 cigarettes in a'single year. From 1781 to i 882, tobacco was a government monop. oiy, from which enormous revenues were obtained by Spain, but in July, 1i882z, the trade was to a certain. extent thrown open. All the tobacco plantations aihd cigar' factories at*e under the control of Spaniards, in fact, owned. exetsively by them. The largest factory in Manila~ is' rn by two brothers of General Weyler (the" butcher"o infamous reputation). When their brother was Go,.vrnr. ---ixx-;-l'" Gener'al of the Philippines at a salary of $40,00 a ar, they obtained most valuable concessions, whih b.v since yielded them enormous returns. The celebrated Manila hemp is not bemp at allbt the fibre of a plant of the banana-family. It is the i*0t~ valuable of -all fibres for cordage, and it has been~f0 Aip ssble to rie it anywhr xcp ntieP 48 COMMERCE AND. RESOURCES. pines, althoughi vigoro~us efforts have been made to introduce its cultiv~ation ini several adljoining places. For the foallowing description wve are indehted to Mr. H. F. Hilder ini ail article in the National Geographic Magazine: ''Its nia%'ve name is abaca, and it is thec product of a specics of 1-lantain cr baniana, Musa textillis, whichi differs -very slightly in appearance from the edible variety, Musa paradisiaca. It,; fruiit, liowvevcr; is small, disagreeable to the ta-te and not edible. It grows to the height of twelve to fifteen fe-et. There i3 evidently some Peculiarity cf soil or climate, or of both, -\vhih eniablcs these islanLs to retain a monopiol"y cf this fibre -\vhich hmas -becon'e of suchi ilmmens- conimercial value. It grows be.-t in- billy or motintainoti.; districts, anid particularly ii the volcanic regions in the,- eastern part of the islands. I-t is hardy and suffers l ittle f oml "any enemy except drouth. It lies the advantagec of be!ing a perennial crop, Eke its fruit-bearinig relative, mon01th after month young shoots springing up fro-.: the original root. 'In starting a plantation the tlimber and undergyrowth — are cut clown and all-owe-d to l ie until dried by the sun, when they are burned and tih53' ouing sprouts or suckers are planted. Nothing more is, ever done in the way of cultivation except to c:ut, down weeds and extraneous grWowths to allow access to the, plants, and to rceplace_ tho~se tha't m.ay die froinaccidenitor old age. They rcachmauiyin abou-t three years, and should -l —e.n he etasat~ that age thiey yield the best, fibre. If they are cut - *';,*,-,:8< 1;-~,.: ' <.^^ COMMERCE AND RESOURCES. 49 earlier the fibre i3 short and lacking in strength, and if allowed to grow too old before cutting it becomes harsh, woody and brittle. A large quantity of land is required to form a successful plantation, as the plants occupy considerable room, and it requires the product cf five or six acres to produce a ton of fibre at cach cutting. "The method of decortication is as rude as the agricultural process. It is true that many machines construzte. on s.ie:itific principles have b2en experimented with, but lnone so far liave proved satisfactory, and the crude native implement is still the only one in use; it consists of a rough wooden bench with a ling knife blade hinged to it at one end and connected at t'e other to a treadle. Strips of the plant are drawn several times between this blade and the bench, which removes the pulp and outer skin, leaving the fibre, which is then cleansed by washing, dried in the sun and packed for shipment. "It is one of the most useful fibres known to commerce. Beside its value for making rope and cordage, it is extensively used in the United States for binding twine for harvesting machines. Nearly I,ooo,ooo bales are exported annually, of which 40 per cent. comes to the United States." The imports of the Philippine Islands are of enor-::; mous value, as a 'casual study of the figures we are about to present will prove beyond any doubt. i: The United States has never had its justsbarein, these imports, but the time is surely close at hand whev tl:: all this will be changed. ____,,-. F 50 COMMURCI- AND RESOURCES. Although there are other large towns, most of.the imports are landed in Manila, and shipped thence by local vessels. The latter do an excellent trade. There is one company alone which has 27 ships, ranging ill size from 500 to 3,000 tons. All those are or were engaged in local coast trade. Even in articles in which the United States stands at the head, our share does not amount to niore than io per cent. of the imports. For instance, agricultural implements, which are practically only just beginning to be used in the Philippines, were imported in i896 to the value of $28,240, of which amount this country contributed only $2,000. The annual importation of wheat flour is $i,ooo,ooo. In I897 the share of the United States was only $io,o68, a trifle over I per cent. The principal export article to the Philippines from the United States has hitherto been petroleum. In 1897 our oil exports to the islands amounted to $45,0oo,. whereas the total imports amounted to a value of about $r,ooo,ooo a year. The imports of stearin and paraffin.i are considerable, about $600,0oo a year, but nothing from the United States. Of-course Spain, with her hand ever at the throat of her colonies, has been the chief exporter, but with the: exception of the United States, other countries have;!- been allowed a more or less fair share in the trade, a>): although chiefly in such articles as Spain does not prom.;. *.;. -;:: duce herself. Cottonl arns are largely imported into the Philip-.atem nLtua-^ value, $2,5, 5ooo of which $, l75o,0is o:!-; I Y>X..:; -..,-:.; A. COMMURCIC AND RESOtJ1rjS. 5 supplielI by Spai. Paper is nlot made in the islands. it cowm-s citirely fromi Europe. Imports, $475,000 a year. Iron alid steel come entirely from Europe, the imports being quite considerable. Bar iron is imported to the, value of $75o,ooo a year. CroL-ke-ry and porealain always command good prices, the-inl~,orted annual quantity representing a value of $410,000. Hats aiftI caps are largely imported. Annual imports. fro.,n 1893 to 1897 averaged $56o,ooo, of which $200,000 were straw hats. These came entirely from Spin, Germnany and England. The Philippines imported in 1897 beer to the amount of $175,ooo. There is only one brewery in the Philippines, the San.Miguel Brewery, in Manila. Beer is becoming, more and more the national drink in the islands. Wine, however, i3 greatly esteemed. The impoits in 1896 amounted to a value of $1,886,5811. Spain, France, Italy and Germany were the leading importers. This latter was exclusive of champagne, the imports of which amount to about $6o,ooo a year.-` Cutlery is imported-in large quantities, almost entfirely fromi Sheffield (England) and Solingen (Germnany). "In 1897 the.Philippines imported scissors to the amltnto $670. Firearms are entirely supplied by th orau facturers of Liege, Belgiumn, the annual imports. averag — ing about $20,ooo. Wrought'iron, is always- in demad about $19o,ooo a year. I'Uibrelkas of all kands. are among h he i~uo~ articJesa, ther annual sale at Manil~ta aone eig, t ^,. ~.....?:,' ',.?!! -'?*?-;-:' **... * *... *. * ' ' / ' - ' '.. 52 COMMERCE AND RESOURCES. mated at $275,ooo. Germany, Great Britain and France are the principal suppliers. Preserved fruits and vegetables are largely imported. Annual average, $7oo, ooo. The above is sufficient to show how profitable the Philippines cal be made under competent and generous management. An American resident of Yokohama, who has recently been in this country, declarcs: "Thesa islands should by all means remain inl the possession of the United States. Their commercial possibilities and native resources are almost unbounded. "Our firn has installed a central electric lighting station in Manila, whiclh supplies current for 12,ooo incandescent and 260 arc lights. The machinery is of American manufacture. I am now making large purchases of American steam and electrical apparatus to be installed in the Far East, a part of which goes to Manila. "There are about 720 miles of telegraph in the islands, and only 70 miles of steam railway. Manila has a telepolne system equipped with English instruments. All electrical conductors are carried on overhead pole lines with porcelain insulators. There is also a horse railway in Manila which would have been clhanxged over to a trolley road had not the war occurred. The concession for this road has already been acquired. Therk is a wonderful clhance for Arrericars in many industrial undertakings in the Philippines, and I hope i. our government will hang onto them'." ii. Now to consider the mineral, deposit3 of tlle islands. ^e COM.MIERCE AND RESOURCES. 53 It is more than dificult to say wh at tllese are, a'; thlere ls been no scientific survey. But thlere is little doubt but that they are rich in mineral ore of many kinds. Mr. Hilder, whio is an exFert on this subject, is the best authority we can quote: "''Gold has ben. found itl several Mllle provinces, but chiefly in the more mountainous and inaccessible localities, many of which are occupied by independent tribes tlhat lhave liever s:1ubmitted to Spanish rule; but tilat the auriferous formations extend over a wide area on tile island of Luzon is proved hy the fact that in the alluvial deposits of e;very streanm on the Pacific side somre color of gold can be found. The islanils of Mindanao and Mindoro are also equally pro-miising felds for prospectors of gold. In many places the ratives have extracted' considerable quantities of gold dutst by -washing the alluvial deposits; in otIhers, gold-bearing rock is broken by thein with hammzcrs and ground in rude mills, such crude methods of course pro'ducing but poar results. It sneens remarkable that with the knowvlcdge that gold exists the Spaniards lhav-e not taklcn measure. to prosecute the search for it, anld to apply modernl scientific means to obtain profitable results. This, however, may not appear so strange when we consider thlat'. for centuries the gold deposits of California were in their possssion without being utilized. "Iron ore of excellent quality is abundant, but from: lack of means of transportation and machinlery it haS not leen found possible to manufacture iron as ch-eap as it -can he imported; so that whenever works have I? 54 COMMERCE AND RESOURCES. started they have soon been abandoned as unprofitable. "Rich deposits of copper also exist, and m any of them llave been worked in a desulto:-y manner by the natives, and more recently some of themn have been operated by a company organized in Europe, but without any pronounced success. Galena and zinc blends have also been found. Several very promising coal fields are known, and some of them have been utilized to a small extent, but the absence of roads and consequent expense ai:d difficulty of transportation have proved a bar to development of this as well as of other mineral resources. Sulphur is found in the vicinity of many of the ancient volcanoes, in quantities that would prove profitable if transportation facilities could be obtained." As to the manufactures of the islands, there is but " little to be said. To some extent, shipbuilding is carried on, but the ships that are constructed are most of them small, intended for coasting trade between the various islands. The Philippines are essentially agricultural, but.: nevertheless the manufacture of textile fabrics has attained considerable importance. This is not carried; on, howevex, by large establishments, and there is little or no modern machinery in the islands. ~l.. ' In many of the districts, almost -every family is in ';::'possession of a loom, and some of the more prosperous iamiilies have several looms, which are operated by - red hr abor.. What is made are chiefly cotton cloths, sail th, qults. coverlets and other thingsu of the: *e: COMMERCE AND RESOURCEI S, 55. nature. The handsomest fabric is called pena, which, by the way, is also manufactured in Cuba. This is an exceedingly sheer, delicate and beautiful material, made from the fibre obtained from the leaves of the pineapple plant. Hats something like the famous "Panama" are also made. Mats are another product, some of them being marvelously beautiful in texture and adorned with gold and silver thread. Horn is used in divers ways, being fashioned into bowls and other utensils. When it is taken into consideration that the tools of the workmen are of the most simple and rude character, it is wonderful how beautiful and artistic are many of the articles produced by them, articles intended both for use and ornament. There are a very large number of capital harbors in the Philippines, but as the Spanish government has insisted, following its usual selfish policy, il closing these to foreign commerce, the majority of them are of little: or no use to the world in general, or even to Spain her- -:i self. The foreign trade has been confined chiefly to Manila, although something is done at Iloilo, Ceba and SuaL. On the island of Mindanao, Tamboanga is also an open i-,': port, but the amount of business transacted there is.": excessively small. Of domestic animals there are a large number in the:Philippines, and almost all seem to thrive and propagatei t1 there. ^ '* ~-*-* *1** —* *:. -..- *-.*..*..,.,*/*..^.,;./'::;-:c:^^-.^,^ ^^^ I 56 * COMMERCE AND RESOURCES. 'Among them are goats, pigs, sheep and small but hardy horses, the latter introduced by the Spaniards. The main dependence, however, is upon the buffalo. They are very slow, but wonderfully strong, requiring but little food, and that of the coarsest kind. They are caught and trained when young, and used as beasts of burden and for all purposes of tillage and husbandry. There are no wild beasts in the islands, but crocodiles and snakes abound in the lakes and marshes. Most of the snales are harmless, but a few of them are deadly in the extreme. For instance, the boa-constrictors are often large enough to kill a man, even the smallest of them measuring ten or twelve feet long. In many of the islands is to be found the vampire bat, or "flying fox," to give it the title by which it is most generally known. These are enormous bats, measuring fromn five to six feet in length, and with a head which strongly resembles that of a fox. To fruits and vcgetation they do no inconsiderable damage, but they are highly esteemed by the natives as food. Such whites as have been brought to eat them, declare that they are not much inferior to quail. There are many swallows which furnish the famous Chinese luxury; the edible bird's nest, which is made bf a glutenous marine weed, which the birds eat and then disgorge. Certainly some people have strange tastes. In all the islands, parrots and pigeons are to be met i:'-: with, and ducks, both wild and domestic, are very plen. iUL COMMIERCE AND RESOURCES. 57 The sea and rivers abound with fish of various kinds, id the Malays prefer them to meat. Besides snakes, aong the pests of -the islands are' centipedes, lizards id spiders, all of which reach an extraordinary size, id most of them are very poisonous. There is also a species of ant so voracious that it eats up almost anything it comes across. Inl spite of certain drawbacks, which, however, are by no means ineradicable, the Philippines are possessed of more than ordiinary natural advantages, and all that they require are superior education, energy and a degree of freedom, to which, under the domination of Spain, they have hitherto been strangers, to make them happy, contented and prosperous....:-. -:-0: ~; —. - X *. - *, $s be. THU CITY Oe MANILA. CHAPTER IV. TH3U CITY OF MANILA. It has been often claimed, not with exact truth, that Paris is France, but there is much more veracity in the statement that Manila is the Philippines. Although there are two other seaports, which have recently been established (Iloilo, on the island of Panay, about 250 miles from Manila, in a direct line, and Cebu), Manila is and probably will always remain the chief place of international trade. Gem of the orient, earth and open sea, Manila, that in thy lap and on thy breast Hath gathered beauties all the loveliest, On which the sun smiles in his majesty. This verse, which was written many years ago by a poet named Bawring, is to a certain degree extravagance, and yet there is much truth in it after all. Manila had its origin in 1571, starting from monastic settlements, which have always been'potent in extend".. ing Spanish dominion. As every one knows, in all couni tries, the monks always had remarkable sagacity in:? selecting valuable sites, in detecting points which were: sure to attain to commercial and political ascendancy.,:, ''They were not at fsult when they selected the site of ate i8-la.. -*. - CHAPTIiB IVi.:i... \ TIHU.'CITY 0F.MANTILA.,. 59 The harbor of Manila is one of the finest in the world. ntrance is divided into two channels by the islands Yidor and Caballo, the northern channel being two miles in width, and the southern five miles. ^.iver called Pasig, fourteen miles in length, flows into Manila Bay. The anchorage for large vessels is excellent to within a certain distance of the mouth of the Pasig. The river divides the city into two sections which are connected by two bridges, one of which is built of steel. On the south side is the old town, which lies about a mile above the mouth of the river. This has no trade. It is laid out in squares, and contains the public buildings, such as the custom house, the mint, the governor's palace, the town hall, the cathedral, barracks, hospitals, convents and the university. To the north side of the river are the districts known as Binondo and Tondo, which are on the bay at the very; mouth of the river. The principal shops are all in these districts, situated in the two great thoroughfares:: Escolta and Rosario. About two miles up the north bank of the river is:Sani Miguel, the chief residence district of the Spaniards. go: The bulk of the population is on the north side of the^i. river. At Cavite and near that point, where there is Ois erable depth of water, are situated the chief fortifiea: tions. Whoever is in possession of these holds Mai < his mercy. earei' posse sion of tw entirey differet ; ',.; ' ': ' -. -:,;. /.".,: -q V: X.: 6o THFT CITY OF MANILA. tions of the impression received by the first sight o0 Manila. One reads as follows: "The approach to the city of Manila is disappointing. The American traveler, who has heard tales that fellowtravelers in Hong Konge and Yokohanla have told him of the diseases, fevers and pestilences that await one in the old Philippine metropolis begins to have some credence in what has been told as his steamer sails past Cavite into the docks at Manila. The shore line of the city is rows of old, tiled-roofed, wobbly, wooden buildings and wharves that would not be tolerated in any American city. The air is hot and noisonie about'the water front. One has no idea from the bay of the depth and area of Manila. A rather tall dolme of a public building on the square stone steeple of a Catholic church, athwart the towering and serrated volcanic mountains some twenty miles interior give the only ideas of the dimensions of the city of 300,000 - people. "The bay shore line to the extreme left and right of Manila proper is rimmed with stubby palms and tall cocoanut trees that grow in sand dunes. Off toward Cavite to the left it is very shady and barren. For miles all about Manila the land is flat and in spots many -: square miles each it is lower than the bay. In the rainy: season of midsummer the area is submerged. The Pasig,tr:iver always breaks through its embankments and over-; flows the adjacent country. Thousands of.homes ate A 8tirrotindedl by water for a fortnight, or sometimes for a / THE CITY OF MANILA. 6x few weeks, and Manila thereby gets her name of the Venice of the Orient." Tile other, which as will be seen, is enthusiastic in the extreme, was written by a former ensign of the United States Navy: "In my journeyings over the globe nothing has ever roused my sense of beauty as the s:ene o'n entering Manila Bay. Why, the Bay of Capri is not to be compared with it. The heavens were the deepest of cerulean blue, with not a cloud anywhere. The Nwater was smooth as a floor and wonderfully clear. The shore of the immense bay was a mass of living colors. Whole hills were an exquisite royal purple. Away back the great serrated volcanic mountains of deep black lifted themselves athwart the blue sky. Away off to the left a huge volcano was in action. Gaunt palms by the tens of thousands and cocoanut trees stood up amid the flaming 'shrubbery. Banana groves ran close down to the w.ater's edge. The air was pungently fragrant with spices, and the song of myriads of birds floated across the water to our ears." Questions of weather or of temperament, perhaps both,: probably gave rise to this difference of opinion. The suburbs of Manila are said to be charming, and;:: there are many pretty places in the neighboring mou:-tn tnins, which, were they more easy of access, would make: i-: delightful resorts in the hottest weather. But means of traveling are primitive, to say the least,;; in the Philippines. There was no railroad until 1888, whben the fiEr Ji 62 TH: CIY 3O'P M'iANILA. was opened. This originally ran from Manila to Mala-: bon, a distance of about twenty miles, and even now its total length is not more than one hundred and fifty:: n es. There are fair sized steamers which connect Manila with the other principal seaports, but for short voyages native craft are used. Some df the latter are very odd to foreign eyes. For instance, the banca is a small canoe cut out of the trunk of a tree, and propelled by paddles in the shape of a shovel. It has a covering of bamboo, but so low that one can not stand upright beneath it. The carronata is a light, two-wheeled, box-shaped carriage, usually devoid of springs, and drawn by one or two horses, according to the distance to be traversed. This is much in use for inland travel. A portion of the traveling is done on horseback or in a sort of litter with native carriers. Occasionally, particularly during the rainy season, the buffalo is used. Itr fact, in considering what conveyance is to be employed, one adapts oneself to the season of the year and the nature of the country which is to be passed through Manila was founded in x57i by the Spaniards, on the?,:: site of a Malay town defended by stockades. Legazpi, - the conqueror of the Philippines and the founder of its t; chief city, was indefatigable in promoting its growth.:;i He founded the cathedral, which is the metropolitan;-::.: urch of all Catholic Oceanica, and established a ':l munticipal organization, which was confirmed by Philip I.t:. of Spain, and which, until recently, has continued., IL t Iordof municipal goveraitent in Mani.la. ~ ~~: ',;,;'~~ > 't2;'' ''''' 0 z THE CITY OF MANILA. - 3 Two-thirds of the inhabitants are of Malayan or In. dian origin. The Caucasian races are but slightly represented in pure blood, but their half-breed descendants form a most potential part of the population. The indigenoiuspeople count for little either commercially or politically. There are only about forty-five hundred Europeans in the whole city, of whom at least forty-two hundred are Spanish. Manila proper, that is, old Manila, is a dilapidated town, with old walls and battlements all about the city. In the last ten years there have not been more than a dozen buildings of any size whatever erected there. There are, however, some beautiful residences in the suburbs, but even these have been built with a view to the prevailing tornados and earthquakes. Most of the residences are built around an open court or patio, which serves as a dining-room, and here are held all social gatherings. Some of these patios arei charming with exquisite palms, beds of tropical flower: and arbors covered with luxuriant vines. The houses, -:however, from the outside, bear a strong resemblance to: jails with their blinds of solid wood and their heavr y:i doors which are rarely, if ever, opened, save for ingresi i and egress. The upper story, containing the fami ';ly;apartments, is encircled by afbroad gallery, fiom x hiticd the sun (by the way, in the Philippines many peopte gJ blind from the constant glare of the sun) Is cldext by means of large sliding panels wisthi mother o.tC al td:nes which are suffideitly talnspr )i a g& whi.; 64 THE CITY OF MANILA. the ligtit. Sometimes it happens that there are two or three hundred of these panes in a single window. In the Manila houses, there is a total absence of carpets or curtains of any sort. Many of the floors, however, especially in the residences of the wealthier, are made of the most superb wocds such as ebony and mahogany. But then it must be remembered that the most valuable woods are cheaper in the Philippines than any-. Where else in the world. Scrupulous cleanliness is a characteristic of the majority of the buildings. In many parts of the town are airy bamboo cottages perched upon posts in the midst of avenues of tropical trees. Then there are bamboo huts all along the river to which the inhabitants repair several times a day for bathing. The lower classes in Manila occupy as a dwelling simply a small hut with only a single apartment, which has a mat spread over the floor, and a inusquito netting suspended from the roof. This is the common slecping and living room for men, women and children. Even the lowest classes, that is in Manila, have the utmost respect for cleanliness, both in thcir homes and in their persons. This is undoubtedly one reason why they enjoy surprisingly good health, and, as a.rule, live: to a good old age. All along the Pasig river, which, as has been said, runs through the centre of Manila, there is a considerE able population which lives entirely on the water. Al TH; CITY OF MANILA., 65 most all the owners of the sailing vessels have their families with them. As in all Spanish cities, there are several squares or plazas in Malila, the chief of which is the Plaza Mayor, vwhicl contains a fine statue of Charles IV. of Spain, presented by Ferdinand VII. in 1824. There is also an exc2llent statue of Isabella I. in front of the Variedades 'ITheatre. There are several theatres, by the way, but none of them worthy of the city, where the drama is very popular. The streets are narrow, crooked and irregular, but are kept in a fairly clean cDodition, which undoubtedly has much to do in checking the invasion of deadly fevers. The docks, which are usually the liveliest places in other p:rts, are here almost the laziest. The men seem to work wlhen they please, and when they don't, which is the rule, they lie basking in the sun, smoking and drea:ning. There are several ancient churches in Manila, chief among them being the Cathedral, which has already beezi spoken of. This latter has been several times destroyed by earthquakes, and did not escape in I863. It has since been rebuilt, but once more it sustained great damage in i880, when the tower was so shattered that it was found necessary to pull it down.:. The chief export business is conducted by some:: French and German, and a much larger proportion of Elnglish merchants. There are now practically no Amer' icaus among them,. — ~ 6^ &6:THI-CITY OF MANTIA. he business houses are low buildings of brick and stone, with wooden awnings projecting out over the sidewalk. The retail shops are very small, so small indeed, that, like sone of the bazaars of Constantinople, you cannot go inside. You stand outside and bargain for what you want with the proprietors, the goods being displayed on counters stretched in front of the shops. The proprietors are almost all Chinese,, and the shops of various kinds are relegated to certain districts. There.is a different district for cabinet-makers, shoemakers, clothiers, furnishers, etc. The leading bank of the town is an English corporation. The town is well policed, partially by Spanish authori^:.ties, which employ a military discipline, and partially by a municipal guard and watchmen, who patrol the streets by night and are maintained by contributions -from tradesmen. The arrests are comparatively small, and the criminal courts have but little to do, for the citizens are addicted neither to violence nor debauchery.:- Their chief vice is gambling, of which we shall have -:1- more to say hereafter. This is an interdicted vice, or -: rather, the Spanish government has made a monopoly of Ii -: -it, by the licencing of gambling places and the promotion of State lotteries. Another commentary on the character of the Spaniards. Whenever they could find:?:::: opportunity to put money in their pockets, they have iO ever hesitated to do so, irrespective of the source from: —'..ii. it.-was to-be obtained. - I -IT, Y o-0i MANILA;. - ' 1i..iatives of Manila, says a correspondent in the Ne.v York Wcrld, carry on the breeding of ducks upon an immense scale. Establishments for the purpose con-. sist of numerous small enclosures, each twenty by thirty feet, made of bamboo,"which are placed on the bank. of the river Pasig and partly covered with water. In one corner of each enclosure is a small house in which the eggs are hatched'by artficial heat produced by rice chaff in a state of fermentation. The number of ducks of all ages runs up into the millions. The manner in which they are schooled to take exercise, to go in and out of the water and to return to their homes, almost exceed belief. There is an English club house in Manila, which is very interesting to all English speaking people, at least, and of which we shall have something more to say later on. This club house was built originally, by the way, by one of the great American houses, now defunct, for the benefit of its clerks. A very interesting sight of the city is the public mar* ket place, where are carried on various kinds of busi:: ness. Here are for-sale fruits, vegetables and all kinds of wares, which have been brought in by the natives,: To foreign eyes, the most curious things Wbhich are; fr sale are a species of grasshoppers, which are an-article ': of food- and esteemed a great luxury. The Luneta is the fashionable promenade in Manila and here- is to be seen all that is best of the social sid:e^ of the city. This is an elliptical park, where hundreds,o p -lu = : -' 3 THI CITY 01' I.fANILA..: Cr3 were tormerly shot to deathi, but, even if they remember tllis at all, it does not seem to make any difference to thle beauty and wealth of the city. A former officer in the American navy describes the Luneta as follows: "The drive is along the shore of the beautiful bay, and the scene one of life, beauty and enchantment. There are some unique social institutions over tliere. On reaching the end of the drive all the carriages haul off into an open space and stop, and the people gaze at each other and nod in recognition; nude little Philippine peasants dance around and offer you a light; the sun goes down in a blaze of green and gold across the bay; the moon beams forth, silence reigns and you sit gazing at the people. Nothing pleases a young Filippina more, and you can offer her no better compliment than to stare at her. I tried several determined stares at pretty girls and they endured it with perfect serenity. "Gradually the carriages start off and drive up and down for an hour; then the band begins to play, and all stop at the Pasco, or promenade, a broad wall, with trees on eitler side and lamps which make it very light,. even when there is no moon, and moonlight and lamplight in the foliage form a pretty combination. Here all alight and slowly promenade back aud forth; you watch the graceful, undulating step of the Spanish girls, listen to the music and take your only exercise for the day. Naval officers are always held in high esteem in Manila. Little Tagal girls skipped around us and asked ]-r -3us in Spanish to kiss themn; it sounded very pretty and SSaw ME - < -. _.:..* * -1, '". THE CITY OF MANILA. 69 we kissed a few. The carriages used in Manila are small hbronches and victorias, drawn by native ponlies. Whlen tired of. walking we took to our carriage again, leaned - back, put up our feet, and drove to the city by the liglit of the moon. The barouches jingle along, the ladies go by in their white gauzy dresse., and the natives pass in tneir brilliant costumes. We all fell in love with Manila at first sight." Again, Mr. Manley R. Sherman of Los Alngeles, Cal., who was for several years engaged in tlhe employ of a large trading company in Manila, and to whomn we are indebted for much valuable information, gives a description of tlhe Luneta: "The Luneta is the fashionable promenade in Manila, and one may there see the best social side of the Philippines. The Luneta is a sort of Fifth avenue along the banks of the Passig River. The composite character of the population in Manila makes the throngs of people along the Luneta very picturesque. A long bridge extends along the Pasig and the promenade is across that. The shops and stores of the city are close at hand, and at night they are gorgeously illuminated. The street electric lights shed their effulgence on the moving mass.: of humanity, and the music by the band enlivens the scene. I never saw such picturesque throngs in America, Everyone smokes a cigar or cigarette. Tlere are beggars by the hundred, Hindoos and Javanese in their native garments. The Bocals or native Indians come trooping along in bare feet and semi-nudity. There are, the^ l latest Parisian styles and the raggedest, porest peogA ii;,`S IV - l.70 TUE CITY OF MANILA.: imaginable. Here comes a family group with the par^ ents at the head, arrayed in garments of reds, blues and purples. The father strides along with a huge cigar in his mouth, and his wife with a cigarette. The daughters and sons are close behind, and each is smoking a cigar or cigarette. Next follow a group of smiling, chattering padres from the numerous Catholic churches or the great Cathedral, and all, too, are puffing at mammoth cigars. Then there are Japanese by hundreds, Chinese by scores and native Malays and Negritos by. thousands. They all wear tight, flowing garments of gray-colored fabrics, and all smoke. Here comes a company of native girls with raven hair and the blackest of black eyes, set off by fresh olive complexions and the. ruddiest of lips. They wear black lace mantillas on their heads, and some pretty flower decks their hair. Their dress is of loose, thin red and white fabrics. As they go sauntering along behind a parent or chaperon they roll cigarettes and smoke like old professionals. Spanish soldiers and naval officers in gaudy uniforms are always in the throngs that promenade the Luneta at night...:: Here there are Europeans in linen suits and bamboo helmet hats. The parade continues back and forth until..i after midnight. Fashion and poverty go side by side. It ' is the only chance that lovers have to see one another, - and it is always amusing to Americans to see how these I^ young folks in the Orient make their passionate longg;'- s sknown to one another." press orless th.1:ihe h press in Manila is neither more nor less than ab,:i? Terere oe four newspapers published itn-the cty;i THE CITY OF MANILA. '7 but they are under Spanish supervision, and are of the cheapest and slowest class of journalism. Not one of theml contains more than a hundred lines of foreign news. To illustrate their inefficacy, Mr. Stevens says that when he left Manila in March, I898, the revolution was about to break out. This was really only an other chapter of the rebellion which had broken out in the island of Luzon in June, I898. The Spanish government, with its usual fatuity, believed that it had stamped out the rebellious spirit of the natives, but in the latter part of February the rebels suddenly appeared in several parts of Luzon. The old seaport town of Cavite, which Admiral Dewey so magnificently took possession of, this time became the chief rendezvous of the rebels. The intelligent people of Manila had heard of the blowing up of the Maine, but apparently they paid no attention to it. The populace did not seem to have the 'least idea that a war between the United States and Spain was imminent, and that a battle might take place at the Philippines. Mr. Stevens declares that he never even heard such a.-: possibility discussed in Manila. He says that the Span,- i ish at that time held the islands in such complete thral.' dom and exercised such censorship over the press and, telegraphic information- that any one in Manila not in' the diplomatic circle knew very little of what was hap:i-pening in the outside world until the foreign news-. papers atrived. We shall see more of the social life of Manila. in ti><e -*-... *:... ext haper!. -: i:~~~~ 1.:I:,: 72 ~ MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. CHAPTER V. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The day in Manila begins at four or five o'clock in the morning. At this time the entire population rises, and most of the daily work is finished before eight. During these hours, merchants do their business, children go to school, servants perform their household duties, and the civil and military officers attend to their functions. Then, when the sun begins to shoot down its fiery rays, every one retires to shelter. The Philippines have been called, and with the utmost truth, "a land of siestas." Every one, who is able to do so, sleeps there all day long. Slumber can almost be called a science which has been carefully studied and -well learned. In all houses, as well as in all places of public resort, hammocks are everywhere in evidence, as are also bamboo couches, both cool and most comfortable resting places. Servants are instructed to be always within call to bring cooling drinks and trays of smoking materials between the naps of their masters and mistresses. But still the servants are not forbidden to slumber them' selves. In fact all day long, Manila might almost be said to i ^.: MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 73 be the palace of the sleeping beauty, so well known in fairy lore. But at sundown, as if at the kiss of Prince Charming, all Manila awakes into life. The heavy window blinds are thrown open, and there is a general exodus of the inhabitants into the streets. The merchants open their doors, and where there was drowsiness, now all becomes life and animation. Between friends, calls are always made in the evenings, and the streets and plazas at that time are at their gayest. Even the cock fights, for which Manila is famous, take place after the sun has disappeared beneath the horizon. The theatres are always crowded, particularly on Sunday nights. The old theatre holds about fifteen hundred people, and is forced to pay the Spanish government a revenue of five thousand dollars a year. Operas are very popular, and plays with plenty of villains or a vein of immorality will run for weeks. During the progress of the play, boys go about selling cigars and sweetmeats. Smoking is permitted, and clouds of smoke, to-, ward the close of the evening, often obscure a view of the stage. The audiences, while anything but critical,: are exceedingly enthusiastic, entering with heart and soul into the plot of the play. Firemen, with hose inu-; hand, are stationed throughout the theatres in order to: give confidence, for the buildings are ramshackle affairs, and the oil lamps on their slender brackets are apttoo fill the timid with alarm. Then there is always the po sibility of a tornado or an.earthquake..: —,,,:i 4 ~y 74 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. As is the case in Spain and all her colonies, everybody who chooses to do so, is peirmitted to go behind the scenes. An amusing incident is related as a consequence of this practice. It is said that one night in Manila, during a most pathetic scene in "Faust," an American sea captain, who was somewhat the worse for a shore dinner, walked across the stage, smoking a big cigar, and raising his hat saluted the audience, many of whom were in tears as a result of what they had just witnessed. Imagine such an occurrence in an: American theatre! But the Manila audience seemed to take it as a matter of course. Frequently the opera lasts until two o'clock in the mornibg, an opportunity being given to the audience to obtain refreshment between the acts at the numerous restaurants in the neighborhood. Besides operas and plays, at the lesser theatres are given variety performances, and occasionally a circus turn up from Hong Kong or Australia. Chocolate or coffee is taken early in the morning, i then comes a sort of breakfast or luncheon about ten, when the business of the day is finished until sunset. At about eight comes the chief meal of the day, dinner, which among the wealthier classes is a very ceremonious X;,' jfunction indeed. The streets of Manila swarm with carriages drawn by a-st band very lazy ponies. Nobody walks there, that is, obody who has any pretentious to be anybody. The W t would be to proclain yourself a plebian, a person | y of no fQtite. It only costs a copper to ride id i 0b.:._s:* L_.as MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 75 the mule street cars. But every family of any importance whatever keeps a carriage. This is not so expetisive as it sounds, for a very respectable horse anj carriage can be kept in Manila for about two dollars a month. Beggars are everywhere to be seen; and the stranger is revolted at the sight of ghastly stumps of arms stretched out pitifully toward him, or of old people sitting on the steps of churches, exhibiting frightful running ulcers for the purpose of obtaining sympathy. A most absurd monetary system is in vogue throughout the Philippines. This is best described in the words of one who knows from personal observation of what he is speaking. "The man who carries coin about with him in the Philippines is a newcomer or an eccentric. On the greater number of the islands there is no currency or money of any nature. All deals are barter. Millions of the natives of the remote ural regions have no concep -i tion of money and never saw any. The coin of the lrealt -X in Manila and throughout the intelligent parts of Luz2i:;$ and other large islands consists of Mexican silver dol;:g lars (worth about 50 cents each) and Spanish pesetas, beside a motley variety of copper coins. Every.;cn i wears the thinnest, lightest clothing there, and $ o::: f't the current coin would tear the clothing apart. tBeside. it is too heavy a load for any gentleman or lady to carri about. Winners of the seventy-five thousand: dli~ _: grand prize in the government lotteries have their twC*,.in B -vbrought to them kegs.ilver . 76 MANNERS AND CTUsToMs. money. Every otne of aiy l:menils uses the clhito systetn. Tle butcher, tlh baker an;d the ca:ndlestick maker, all use the cllit to pay bills. All purchases over the value of a Mexican dollar are p aid for with a chit. Thiis is ~ simnply a blantk note or an agreelment to pay in teni days from date. Men go with blanik chlits ill their pockets and fill them out wlhenever they buy a thiing or hlire a person. Stranlgers' chits are lnot accepted until their financial ability is demonostrated. Once every fortnight thle chits are paid. Tlhe bu3iness manl gets out a sack of coin aid he does a la:d office business in paying cash for his chits. Pay day in the office of a manl wlho does a good business and gives out many chits is a very funny scenie to all strangers inl Manila. The business tman will be putting his chlits on a stabber as fast as lie can reach into his sack of coin anld pay thliem. Here and there are ignorant men wlho are studying their coins to make sure they have received their dues. Several doabting:: Tliomases are biting aind sounding the silver dollars in test of their geituinencss. Some large business concerlns ' in Manila employ men solely to pay the clhits issued by 4i: ' the firm and to collect chits that they themselves have received.":: Everywhere, throughout the length and breadth of the Philippines, i; tobaccatused. Men, wonmn and chilA dren all smoke, either cigars, cigarettes, or a certain: -smnall cigar which is seldom seen o'..Lside of the islands atnd which is known as a cigarillo. Smoking goes on, everywere except ill the churches. And tobacco, from:te American standpoint, is excessively cheap in Ma-:,~:~~ ~t C~~ —::, "" ~*-: ,SP j,,; IF -. I W, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 77 nila. A cigar that costs ten cents in America sells for a cent atnd a half in Manila, and twenty-five cigarillos can be bolulht for about three cents. All people of any mleans whatever have standing orders with a tobacco dealer to furnish so many cigars, cigarettes and cigarillos every week. There are no people in the world more hospitable than those of Manila. Their houses literally stand wide open for the reception of guests, a:d it is tileir joy and delight to treat these guests in the nmoSt cordial manner. When a stranger eirters a hous?, betel an:l tobacco are instantly offered to him, together with sweetmeats and a glass of water. 'It is the custom to place fruits on a bamboo stand outside the windows, and anybody who happens along is free to help himself, without compensation, if he is too poor to pay anything. In aIlmo;t every house there is a handsome bbox containing cigarettes, to which the occupants andl guest:; are expected to help theimselves when they so desire. The tobacco factories are a very important part of-:; Manila. They are mostly sttuated on the sduth side of, the river Pasig, and are absolutely under the control of S.:: the Spanish government, thel overseers being sent to?; Manila from Spain. In some of the factories more thant?i,:%' three thousand people are employed. - The men average about fifteen cents a day and the,? wonen about ten. But a man nlho understands tobacco: and is an expert cigar maker can get thirty cents a da besides ten cigars for his own use. The workers:-;. 7-: MANERS: AND CUS AOS. tobacco all sing at their labor, and, at the larger establishtnents the din is more often than not deafening, As a rule the citizens are very temperate. The native woman retains the graceful and becoming Malay costume. She wraps herself in brilliant silken folds of a garment called "sarong." Over this is a narX ower gown reaching to the knees, while her neck and shoulders are covered with the shimmering, exquisite? fabric known as pia. Her black hair is unconfined and ripples down her back. Her good humor is admirable; she rarely, if ever, loses her temper. The native men of the better classes, who are lithe, not over-sized and of a ruddy-brown complexion, dress in loose shirts or blouses and a pair of light colored trousers, belted around the waist. The dress of the children? Well, as a rule, they wear nothing. ^ The women sometimes imitate Europeais in their I dress, although they seldom wear stockings, and their;:. arms are always bare. The rich classes are remarkable:i: for their jewels, which are often exceeedingly beautiful. and of great value. Most of the tine the women are:: lolling about, combing their hair and discussing their:;dress. They never read, write, or do work of any kind. ei- With all classes, rice is the chief staple of food, serv— i- ing the same purpose as bread does with us. I:: There are many other uses to which rice is put, one f the most curious of which is that it is used as a razor. Jincy itt! You ask how? Well, we will try to tell you.: grains of rice are selected and held between the '' -MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 79 fingers, and with these the hairs of the beard are nipped. and pulled out. rhe natives are very fond of -social gatherings, in which dancing predominates. To quote once more from the American naval officer, to whom we have previously alluded: "I heard the older officers, who had been in Manila years before, talking among themselves about the Mestizo young ladies and their charming companionship. The Mestizos are the creoles of the Philippines. They have Spanish, Malay and native blood in their. veins. In many the Spanish blood predominates, an I then the Mestizo is a most attractive human specimen. Some Mestizos are very rich and they go in the best society in Manila. Commonly, however, the Spanish look down on the Mestizos. The Mestizo girls are uncommonly beautiful. Robert Louis Stevenson has told about that in rhyme. All the naval officers who have.: ever stopped a fortnight have much to tell of the charmsi *-A? of the Mestizos. Well, the second week the Powhattani h was at Manila I happened to be among thoses invited tbo. a ball given at the home of a rich Mestizo rice merchant *% by several of his English and American customers. Promptly at 8 o'clock we drove-into the basement of tei' house, ascendeftthe stone stairway, and an array of bril* liaut colors and black eyes burst upon our view. Th Mestizo girls were sitting in a row on one side obf ti room, about forty of them, some decked in gay *plui::: age, yellow, pink, and green being prominent: e0ol r; others dressed in sombre hues. They- ere very. ".. * '; '.,, -, -. I; > f - ax,- -/ - ' - - 80 o MANNERS AND CUSTOMIS. with lithe, graceful figures and eyes as black as coal. The men hovered near the doors of the grand sala like hawks eying chickens. There were a few informa' introductions and solme of us were presented in whole squads, no namies being used., At the first note of a stringed orchestra concealed behind a lattice, all the men made a pounce for partners. Seeing that pouncing was the go, I made a dive for a pretty girl in yellow and green, rattled off a sentence fro-m. the fifteenth lesson of Ollendorf-''Will you do ine the favor to bailar co1ingo?"-anid started off on a dalnce I had never seen before, but which was easy to learn. It was the ' abanera, a-sort of walking embrace to slow music; Vyou take a step to the right, risa o-n your toes, step to the left, rise, swing round, step to the riglit, rise, and so on; then,when you wlish to balance you wink at some!.' fellow, stop in front of him and go through the ladies' chain, then clasp your partner's waist and take the other lady's riglht hland. The other fellow does the same, and now with the lmusic you sway up to the centre, ~- sway back, and revolve in an elliptic at the same time, after the umanner of the planets. Aftzr swaying six times, you drop tle otler lady's lland atnd gradt'ally sail off again with the step and turn. The girls cling quite: clostly and gaze up occasionally, Spanish fasliion. ''T "he girls had a funny way of Ikissing each other all the evenling, and thle fatlciest kisses I ever saw; first, i both kiss to starboard, anld thell both to port. The first hetihe I noticed a 3-01mlg damsel kissed nmy rartlier goodby aso slhe started to dallce with me. I was astonished, ~:d -.. ... ~: ~. -.......... MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 8t and said we were not going far, which made them laugh. I found that the girls in contiguous seats kissed good-by before ever dance, as if to say: 'You will elope this time, sure.' When the time for supper catme I fell into line and escorted a blooming Filippina to the table. I asked a resident American what I should help her to, and he said, emphatically: 'Ham and turkey; give lher plenty of ham and turkey!' I gave her a full plate, which she soon despatched, and then she called for more. Everybody ate ham and turkey. The gentlemen acted as waiters, and afterward sat down together. Spaniards are terrible eaters, and no wonder on this occasion, for they ca;me to the ball at 8 o'clock atid danced until 5 A. m. We held ourselves in dancing trim by refresln:ents. The ladies kept even with us and deserved great praise. "I was dancing with a young Mestizo when her mother atd three sisters beckoned to us from the staircase to come to them, which we obediently did, and I was asked to escort the party to another ball. Findi1ng - myself captured I surrendered at discretion and replied that I was in for anything. Taking Miss Blackeyes on; my arm, I went to the van of the convoy and obeyed sig-.'; nals given from time to time by the Dama,who occupied t the position of flagship in the rear. We soon arrived at.: I a very handsome house, through 'the windows of which:.lI canme sounds of music, laughter and soprano voices. We:: entered the basement, went up the broad stone steps, and met the lbost at the top. He moved his hand tow, 4 the row of forty pretty girls to whom I gave oie. 4;... -... - ~5$ BB..'MANNLMS AND"CUSTOWS.''fS:; eral bow, which was supposed to introduce me to every I+-: one. They asked me if I would dance a Beerheeneea.' |- -I replied that I was sure I could net dance such a thing:;i. as that. What was my surprise then to see them com-: mencing a regular Virginia reel. 'Beer.heeneea' being:;- simply their pronounciation of Virginia." Everybody without exception gambles in the Philip-:;:. pines. The lotteries, which are numberless, pay to the government a revenue of over one million dollars a year. It makes little or no difference how hard times:::may be, the lotteries always prosper. And why shouldn't they, as they are under the protection of the Spanish? All along the streets and plazas are erected booths where i lottery tickets are sold. Even the very poorest people scrimp and pinch to get enough money to invest in the |:- lotteries, and each one, the coolies even, buys dozens of tickets a week. It is the custom of all business houses:: - to lay aside a certain shareof their receipts to be in': vested in tickets. The days.of the drawings are awaited with the most I intense interest, and there are hundreds of superstitions as to luck and ill luck. Another form of gambling in' the Philippines is a giame which bears a strong resemblance to what is.kown in the United States as "crap." This game is i' played everywhere, at all times, and by all classes of - Veople. One authority states that there is a Spanish club in M ana, where the national game, as it may very proply be called, has been going on for ears. As fast as goi..onforas P1:F~?ndbhiCh~X isE"I1FZLFi3 -r v - - MAENR'S -AND CUSTOMS. one man drops out his place is taken by another. Not infrequently a number of men will keep on playing for twenty-four hours. It can be said.with all truth, that the game has continued without interruption, day and night, for years. But the most popular amusement, by all odds, in Manila, as indeed throughout the Philippines, is cock-fighting. Hundreds of thousands of dollars change hands on a single main. It has been said that everybody in Manila smokes cigars, carries an umbrella, and has a fighting-cock unader his or her arm. And this is very close to the plain truth. This amusement is licensed by the Government. Great care is taken in training the game cocks, and it is almost comical to see the tenderness with wwhich they are treated when it is considered that perhaps they are destined to be destroyed the first day they fight. Very often all the lives of half breeds are devoted;ii to the breeding and fighting of game-cocks. These lat-. -i ter, when about to fight, are armed with formidable gaffs, curved in shape and with double edges. i3 All classes attend this amusement and watch it-with ' i a s3^ight which is positively ferocious. Their attention X is so captivated by it that during the progress of: fighft not a word is heard, for every pne is following.:itabsorbed interest all the most minute details of the cl4-Si I flict. Admission is not expensive. If-one -has no oneyai ohp cigar will buy a ticket. A '.s"eturn chetcki, c awi, ll buy:Y-A?<.k...rI:.j 84 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. can be so called, consists of a stamp upon the naked arm. It is unnecessary to say that this can by no Fossi- bility be transferable. ' The stakes are often extremely high, but it is said that failure to pay in case of loss is absolutcly unknown. No matter how ricl or how poor he may be, it would be difficult to find a native householder throughout all the islands who does not keep as many game cocks as his means allow. Monsieur de la Gironiere says, in his most interesting - remii:iscences of the Philippines: "There is nothing. more fascinating than to witness a cock-fight. The two proud animials, purposely chosen and trained for the day of contest, come upon the battlefield armed with long, sharp steel spurs. They bear themselves erect; their deportment is bold and warlike; they raise their hcads and heat their sides with their wings, the feathers cf which spread in the form of the proud peacock's fan.: They pace the arena haughtily, raising their armed legs cautiously, and darting angry looks at each other, like two old warriors in armor ready to fight before the eyes of an assembled court. "Their impatience is violent, their courage imwtuotis; shortly the two adversaries fall upon and attack each other with equal fury; the sharp weapons they:wear inflict dreadful wounds; but these intrepid com-? batants appear not to feel the cruel effects. Blood flows; | the champions only appear the more animated. The '. o'le that is getting weak raises his courage at the idea MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 85 o~ victory; if lhe draw back, it is only to recruit his strength to rush with more ardor than ever upon the enemy he wishes to suLdue. At length when their fate is decided, when onle of the heroes, covered with blood a:id wounls, falls a victim, or runs away, he is declared vaiiquislhed, and the battlc is ended." Of all tha institutions in Manila, the Engl.ih club is the imost interesting to Americans, says Mr. J. 0. Stevenis, froml whom the information in regard to tii3 club is quoted. "One1 has only to journey to that capital in the Far East to find out what an important factor ini the life of tlhe foreign resident that same English club is, which so:nehow binds the commlunity together and makes a side-tracked capital imuch more livable by reason of its existence. The Englisli club is not only a sort of social centre and bureau of information, but is also a trade > centre, at which sales are made, contracts closed anddeals consummated. If you want a man and he is not to be found elsewhere during business hours, sznd to the club for him or go there yourself at about noon, and you are sure to find him slaking his thirst and talking to somebody. In Manila the club afforded shelter and cocktails to. its members at two widely separated points of the coi'n1-: pass-one just on the banks of t.e Pasig, where itsi:. I waters, coming down from the big lake at the foot of the mountains, are first introduced to the outlying sub.. urbs of the city, and the other in. the heart of. tb: business section. The same set of ibtive sertvant..... 86- MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. tically served for both 'departments,' since no one uses up town during the middle of the day and no one down town after business hours. As a result on week days, after the light breakfast of the early morning was over - at the up-town building, the staff of waiters and assist^ ants furried down town in the tram cars and made ready for the noon meal at the other structure, returning again to the suburbs in time to officiate at dinner. At the suburban clubhouse in Nagiajan were the - dining-room, parlor, billiard rooms, bowling alley, bed* chambers for members and guests, and a boathouse for those who had the energy to "buck" the muddy current of the Pasig in heavy working boats. In the downf town or tiffin rooms were merely the 'breakfast parlor' and library with a billiard table perched out in the hallway; the w-iole establishment was modestly located on ij a permanent corner in the main street, over the offices - of an English bank. "At io o'clock in the morning the brokers and heads ' of houses used to assemble at the tiffin rooms as a sort 1 of chamber of commerce, and discuss the news from 9 home as related in the private cablegrams. At noon the m:embers of the foreign business community stopped:: work and most of them returned to the club for the ' hearty breakfast which was served below the lazily - W swinging punkahs. This was the first square meal of;?ldte day, and consisted of so many varied courses that; ig sleepingchairs were provided in the library for the e rt:ofe s,: most of lwhom foi.d in our, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 87: rest absolutely necessary after a battle with Chinese curry and canned plum pudding. "Tiffin was supplied on every business day in the month to subscribers for $I3.50 Mexican, or about $7 in gold. If there were few holidays in the month, the price per meal was cheap enough, say 25 cents; but when those ever recurrent church feast days came along -sometimes two a week-meals were suspended down town, and the club got the best of the bargain. At such times the body of servants remained at the suburban establishment, and the 'tiffin' cost a dollar. "The library in the tiffin rooms was excellent, consisting as it did of somle 7,000 volumes and a set of original Arabian Nights kept in a big tin box near the door. All of the latest papers and magazines-six weeks old though they were-could be found on the tables, and nothing induced sleep so easily after that hearty breakfast as the slowly swaying punkah and the perusal - of stale news. The punkah boy slept with the rest and pulled on in his dreams. If he awoke, the cooling arrangement generally stopped, and some one would:throw Sir John Lubbock across tile room to put him to j sleep aga i." There seems to be a sort of a charm about life in: ' these tropical islands-that is, if you stay long enougha,,:ifor Mr. Stevens goes on to say that to live in Matila:: for a year is to want to get away. To stay there two::S years is to have exhausted every resource of novelty ' To remain three is to resign one's self to^the ine'at!! able and.to put up: with five' is to find that i`fe lie*. : 88.MANNERS AND CUSTOMS: Western world is almost distasteful. Five years in the Philippines, and you have only to visit New York or London to wish you were hack again, and probably to go back again. The young Englishman goes to Manila on a five year contract, with the option of staying two more. He always goes home after the first spell is over, but somehow is always glad to return, and grows up with the little colony in Manila, satisfied with its limitations and content with newspapers five weeks old. Mr. Stevens met General Blanco several times in Manila, and his opinion of him is of especial interest to Americans. He says that General Blanco impressed him as one of the most kindly of men and reservedly genial; as a man who enjoyed a good dinner and good music, and who seemed to wish not to be thought exalted on account of his position. He seemed to be a man who would not willingly be cruel or despotic, but who apparently would do what was expected of him by the government when it came to questions of discipline or authority-perhaps rather because it was expected of him than because he relished the performance. Recent events in Cuba, with Blanco as governor-general, have borne out the truth of Mr. Stevens' opinion. Marriage in the Philippines among the natives is conducted on almost the same principle that it is in France; i that is, most marriages are what'is known as marriages;. of convenience. Such a thing as a gentleman proposing to any one i: but the mother, or of a young lady engaging herself of oi her own accord without consulting her parents, is un-, & >, -8,t,eiv^.A^. : - iM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 89 heard of. To whomever seems to be the most desirable match, the daughter is given. It is said that the young girls themselves prefer this method, and if they were approached directly would most certainly refer the suitor to their mother. Among the lower classes, it is by no means an uncommon thing for the ceremony of marriage to be omitted, and nothing is thought of what among most nations would be considered a grave breach of decorum. However, when there is sufficient means, the union is almost invariably solemnized by the rites of the church. In the Philippines there are one hundred and fifty-one holidays in the course of the year, the vast majority, if not all, being religious ones. Constantly there are religious processions through the streets. A certain writer describes one of these processions as follows: "At dusk one day a large procession of the chruch began. First came a large golden image of the Virgin, borne on a gorgeously trimmed and illuminated platform and drawn by little Indians carrying torches. There were other images equally rich, and as each passed the I - people knelt and removed their hats. The procession;,:: chanted as it moved along. There were little tots of: Indian boys dressed like priests, with tiny false cowls,:: i:::i who toddled along and looked very funny; then little t: files of monks with long dresses, who also toddled; then -: girls with veils walked hand in hand, and little girls, ' - with little veils, carrying tapers. The houses all al;ong | the route were illuminated in a simple and effective wq < ~~~if '.''';.._:, '1 -. i':.' _'w-...', i....dg 4: ~.#...; J 'a ::-':'-g90 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. s~. * * by red, blue and green tumblers half filled with oil and having floating tapers in them. Later in the evening the music and dancing began in the largest part of the city. As we walked along the bright little streets senoritas stood in the light of the lanterns to be looked at,? and laughed and flirted and threw at us bits of cotton with flash powder, as they do at carnivals. It would nearly reach us, and make its jump, and then go out, greatly to the amusement of the girls.".. It would not be fair not to refer here to the enormous. powers, both temporal and spiritual, exercised. by the priests. Their influence has become something marvelous, and their authority covers everything, both big and little. Mr. Elliot, who was United States Consul at Manila for several years, speaks as follows in regard to the domination of the church: "'The churches are enormously rich. While I was in:- Manila, one order alone sent a branch in America: $1,500,000. While the church has absorbed a great deal;. of money from the people, still it has been the civilizing factor, and has built schools and churches all over the Philippine Islands, where the poor as well as the rich s areaelways welcome. It is said that the civil authority, in many respects, is actually subject to the religious, ~e — and that a large part of the real estate of the city is in fi! the possession of the religious orders. The personal libE;erty of the common man may almost be said to be in:their keeping. ltw ' -: [ is undoubtedly due in a great measure to the MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.. -- oppression by the church that the planters and natives have so often risen in revolt. And yet the natives still retain a large number of their old superstitions, and have by no means' abandoned the fatalistic doctrine of the Mahometans. For instance they attach extraordinary virtue to the images of saints, and they indulge, voluntarily and publicly, in the practice of flagellation. In reference to this, the New York World says: "The Tagalas entertain the highest reverence for Nono-the ghost of an ancestral hero that inhabits mysterious places, which they pass with awe and horror. "Large, isolated trees and certain mountain slopes are believed to be the dwelling-places of wicked persons, and nobody ventures to intrude upon these dreaded phantoms of the dead, without previously asking permission and bringing offerings. The banyan tree is held sacred, and incense is burned under its branches. "Tibalang, another ancient ghost, performs the fun:c tions of the orthodox Christian devil, constantly pursu-:1: ing faithful members of the church and preaching to? them subserved doctrines. He is, however, kindly dis, i posed when information is desired about some object x? that has been lost, and in frequently invoked by losera j of valuables. He also has the power to introduce hitmsef: into the human body and fly off with the upper part:of-; it on a mission of mischief, while the lower portioli;. remains behind.".;:i -. 92 - SOMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. CHAPTER VI. SOMETHING ABOUT TIE NATIVES. Outside of Manila and! one or two of thz other larger towns life a:id c:lsto:ns are considerably different from what has already been described. But, before speaking of this, som:ething should be said of the executions, which at one tirme were of frequent occurrence in Manila. We cannot do better than to quote Mr. Josepli T. Mannix, in an article in the American Monthly Review of Reviewvs. "The deadly work was generally perforImed in the cool of the morninig. That these events were fully appreciated was shown by the prcsence on the Luneta of thousands of people. Hundreds of fashional)ly dressed ladies and gentlemen 'graced' the occasion with their presence. For the most part these fashionables came in their equipages. These ladies would stand in their velicles, determined not to miss any part of the ghastly show.: The\'ignal fromi the commanding lieutenant that the victims were also dead was the signal for these delighted lady spectators to wave their handkerchiefs or parasols as evidence of their satisfaction. '' "As a general thing, these were frightfully gruesome 7. affairs. There was a firing squad of five for each tunforturate. This suad of executioners would be stationed -... t - SO.METlHING ABOUT TIE NATIVES. 93 about ten paces immediately to the rear of their hiuman targets. In mnost instanc2s tlh soldiers constituting the firing squad were natives. They were s.cretly il favor of the rebellion, and no man in the squad cared to fi:e the fatal shot. Cons2quenltly each man would aim for the arli or leg. This of course only added horror to the affair. There was one oc'asion where thirteen lading melmbers of the secret revolutionary society, the Catapunan, were executed. Til.re was lnt a sinigi instance at this execution where the unfortunate was killed by the first volley. In a majority of cases, three or four volleys were required, and in one instance five volleys were fired before tlhe surgeon declarcd the maan dead. The annlounceme!nt that all were dead was the signal for music by the band —gay, triumphant music." A ghastly descriptionl, is it not? And a spectacle that would only be witnessed by those having Spanish blood in their veins. For Spain has ever been cruel to lier own as well as to others. To make a slight digression. The soldiers who sacrificed their health and lost tleir lives in Cuba and the Philippines, are still the unpaid creditors of the nation, while the money which the government ex-'; -^ pressly stipulated to pay them has been handed over to; ^ the rebels as an inducement to keep the peace. Every one knows lhow this has been kept. A correspondent of the Lond-on Telegraph relates the "^ story of a sergeant decorated for hlis bravely in the col- b: " onies who walked about the streets of Madrid; beggifng; '| for a crust of bread, until the crowd gathered about himf S -I ss;, - * 4, ES. -zS f 4 SONMETHING ABOUT THE PATIVES. and took pity upon him. The widows and orplhans of thousands of brave youths who lost their lives in Cuba are dying slowly of starvation. The same correspondent goes on to tell something of:? the condition of Spain, which is decidedly interesting. He:ays: "The proportion of women to men in Spain has become very unfavorable for the former, and in Madrid 0 alone there are about 88,000 more women than men. And few can realize the meaning of this terrible fact. The soldiers in Cuba at this'present moment have unsatisfied claims against the government for six months' pay, and entertain scant hopes of ever receiving it. "Throughout the whole peninsula and in every; branch of trade and manufacture the same dismal story is told. In Cadiz the population is face to face with blank ruin. Ships laden with Spanish cargoes for the c-; olonies are obliged to deposit them in that city, where: 'trade and commerce are already dead. Barcelona, whose rapid growth and comparative wealth were dependent - upon-the markets of Cuba and the Philippines, is suffering incalc-ulable losses. Works and factories there have - been:closed, thousands thrown out of employment, to::.whom forced idleness is equivalent to starvation, and.: beggardom is assuming proportions which dismay and:.: baffle the police. To make matters worse, other occupai:-. -tions which seemed independent of the war are suffering;at the hand of Nature, and everything seems hostile to: pain. In Xerez, for instance, the ravages of the re-:doutbable phylloxera are such that in a couple of years SOMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. 95' more the native vintages will have entirely disappeared, and sherry wine, in the good old sense of the term, will have become a thing of the past. "No wonder, if under such appalling conditions of existence, the people should exhibit no enthusiasm for the hollow phrases of glory, honor, patriotism, etc., which are being trumpeted abroad by eloquent young men whose heads are filled with names from Greek and Roman history, and whose ambition yearns for a place in the Cortes. I could give many startling instances of this realistic current among the people, especially in those who have to bear the brunt of the war. But I have said enough to make it clear that Spanish politicians who have ruined their country are not the Spanish people who only ask to be let live in peace." Remember that this is written by an Englishman, who is entirely unprejudiced. Now to a brief consideration of life in the Philippines outside of Manila. " Upon the plantations much the same conditions obtain-l as in other tropical countries, and not much that is:::i new or interesting can be said in regard to them.. But the Spanish laws which govern the Indians de- f serve attention. They are extremely simple and even- a:ss patriarchal. '. It may be said that every township is a little republic f in itself. Each year, every township elects a 'deputy governor who acts as mayor, Justice and magistrate. X: This deputy governor, in affairs f -importanme, i::dpendent upon the governor of th:tr?" w:, $ i~Li P the 90: 96 SOMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. his turn, is subservient to the captain-general of the islands, whose seat of government is at Manila. At the time of the election of deputy governor, the electors, gathered together, choose all the officials who are to be under him. These are alquazils, whose number is apportioned to the amount of the population; two witnesses, so-called, whose duties are to confirm the acts of the deputy governor, for, without their sanction, none of his acts are valid; a palm judge, who is a sort of rural guard; a vaccinator, who must always be provided with vaccine matter for new-born children; a schoolmaster who is at the head of public instruction, and finally, a species of police who are supposed to suppress the banditti and to look after the state of the roads in the township under their control. Men who are of age and who have no regular employment act as a civic guard to watch over the safety of the village. These guardians mark the hours of the night by so many blows struck upon a piece of hollow wood, thus showing that they are attending to their duties. As a distinguishing mark, the deputy governor carries a gold-headed cane, witl which he has the right to strike such of his fellow-citizens as have been guilty of petty misdemeanors. Every Indian township is divided into two classes, the noble and the popular. The first embraces all those who have been collectors of taxes (cabessas de baranguay). This position is purely an honorary one,.-::: Every native, rich or poor, who is more than twenty-;. -one years, must pay, in four instalments, an annual sum i~l 4 -'~_ SOMETHI-NGA BOUT THE- N'ATIVES. b -97 -of about sixty cents. le must also give forty days' labor every year to the public works department. Besides this, the coolies must cultivate tobacco for tile goverunment, but they are permitted to purchase exenmption fromn this service. An excellent authority has the following to say of the native population: "The natural disposition of the Tagal Indians is a mixture of the vices and virtues of good and bad qualities. A priest has said, wllen speaking of themi,, that they are great children, and must be treated as little Oiles. "It is really curious to trace, and still more to read, the moral portrait of a native of the Philippine islands. The Indian keeps his word, and yet-will it be believed?-he is a liar! Anger lie holds in horror, lie compares it to madness; and even prefers drunkenness, whichl, however, lie holds inl horror. He will not hesi- — ' tate to use the dagger to avenge himself for injustice;i:. but wliat he can least submit to is all insult, even whefn; merited. When he has committed a fault, he may be:.:I: punished with a flogging, but lie cannot brook an insuit. He is brave, generous, and a fatalist. The professiotn f a robber, which he willingly exercises, is agreeable to:: him on account of the life of liberty and advxenttire:iti': affords, and iot beiause it may lead to riches.:::: "Generally speaking, the Tagalocs are good- fatle-ef:i/:iY' and good husbands, both 'tlese qualities are iheilI Horribly jealous of their tvives,' but not in the:. leaft i:.:. i the honor of their, daughters;a. d it matte:litt woei a~ mary, halve comttederr previou'st terunion TheY. never ask for adowry, the~ them - eleprovide it, and make presents. to the parenuts of their brides. They dislikecowards, hut willingly attach themselves to the man Who is brave enough to' face danger. Play is their ruliing passion, and they delight in thle combats of animals, especially in cock-fighting." The natives consider buffalo hunting as the most dangerous of all wild sports. They say that the horn of a buffalco is sure to kill, and they r 'r loathe to engage, the amnimal. De la Gironiere gives a most graphic account of a buffalo hunlt; in which he -was fortunate enough to participate. "The wild buffalo is q uite different fromn the doms t.icated animal. It is a terrible creature, pursuing the Jmnter as soon as it gets sight of him, and should he transfix him with its terrible horns he' would promptly "expiate his rashness. My, faithful "native,was much pore anxious about my safety than his —own. He ob~etdto my taking ga gn;, he h-ad. little confidence inmy RI with, the lassoj and prefre t ha t I should -eeysi nhorseback, unred and unencumbered in. u4y 'wmns codingly I set out with. a dagger foqt, lay swlt weapon. We di'vide u atb thees, and ~ oegnl bu he, '-plains,,, taking care to keep ati '~aw rmthe' eOdg of the wod lest we should. be r~iadn~ h mimal we wer seking.~ ~ riding Lotabu an, hou weatls>eadM Ing~tth duaadudrtdtat Isthet~ forced from its for retreat. We watched with the' -; deepest attention the spot where we expected him to break forth.. He required a great deal of coaxing before he w-uld show. At last there was a sudden crashing;. noise in the wood, branches were -broken, young trees: overthrown, and a superb buffalo showed himself -at about one hundred and fifty paces' distance. He was of a beautiful black, and his horns were of very large..: dimensions. He carried his head high, and sniffed the - air as though scenting his enemies. "Suddenly starting off at a speed incredible in so - bulky an animal, he made for one of our groups, com:posed of three natives, who immediately put their-horses to a gallop, and distributed themselves in the form of a:. triangle. The buffalo selected one of them, and impetuously charged him. As he did so another of the natives, whom he passed in his furious career, wheeled his hotse>..i and threw the lasso he held ready in his hand; -but hlie was not expert, and missed his aim..-t "Thereupon the buffalo changed his course, and pn:i:. sued the imprudent man who had thus attacked h-itS, and who now rode right in our direction. A detachment of three hunters went to meet -the::'liOne of them passed near him at a gallop and th tVi: lasso, but was as unsuccessful as his comrade.;.:,S.::::... " 'T"hree othrer hites made the attempt. -Uot e N i/ them succeeded. I, as a mere spet tabt,- o'o ik _ -: admiration-at this combat-~at those e '"it 0:: d psis, executed with stch 3eder ad::. : xoo SOMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. "I had often witnessed bull fights and often had I shuddered at seeing the toreado s adopt a similar method in order to turn the furious animal from thle pursuit of the picador. But what comparison could possibly be established betweeni a combat in an incloced arena and this one inl the open plain-between the most terrible of bulls and a wild buffalo? "After much flight and pursuit, hard riding, and imlminent peril, a dexterous hunter encircled the animal's llorns witll his lasso. The buffalo slackened his speed, and shook and tossed his head, stopping now and thlen to try to get rid of the obstacle which impeded his career. Another native, not less skilful than his predecessor, threw his lasso with a like rapidity and success. The furious beast now plowed the earth with his holns, making the soil fly around him, as if anxious to display his strength, and to show what havoc he would have - made with any of us who had allowed themselves to be surprised by him. "With much care and precaution the natives conveyed their prize into a neighboring thicket. The hunters utterea a shout of joy; for my part I could not repress a cry of admiration. The animal was vanii^.: squished; it needed but a few precautions to master!im -completely. I was much surprised to see the natives: excite him with voice and gesture until he resumed the:l offensive and bounded from the ground with fury. What I s:.,ould have been our fate had he succeeded in shaking.;::)-off-or breaking the lassos! Fortunately, there was no: r nger of this. A native disnounted, and wjth great;~-~ -,., —;. *-r.^ -.:i';: T' f E '- ' 0 i'-'**.^'****" g-'-:-' *y^^r^;^;i SOMETHING ABOUT THE 'N TIVVE S;: 1 agility attached to the trunk of a solid tree lie two lassos that retained the savage beast. Then he gave the signal that his office was accomplished and retired. "Two hunters approached, threw their lassos over the animal, and fixed the ends to the ground with stakes, and now our prey was thoroughly subdued, and reduced to immobility, so that we could approach him with impunity. With blows of their cutlasses tl;e natives hacked off his horns, which would so well have revenged him had he been free to ise them. Then, with a pointed bamboo, they pierced the membranes tllat separate the nostrils, and passed through them a cane twisttd in the form of a ring. In this state of martyrdom they fastened himt securely behind two tame buffaloes and led him to the next village. "Here the animal was killed, and the hunters divided the carcass, the flesh of which is equal ini flavor to beef. I had been fortunate in my first essay, for such encounters with these shaggy sovereigns of the plain do not always end so easily." There are two other sports which are also very po-pu -- lar with the natives. -: One is the killing of wild fowl, of which there are-a large n:mber of varieties, pigeons, ducks, pheasaints, and so forth. The method of procedure is pecun i ir..;., There are dogs trained to raise the game, and the spsrtsmen, generally mounted, strike at the birds with whip. 11 To knock them down witih a single blow is not sueti 4iffieult feat as might be imagined.:;; -: - Thenstag hunting, oa hoseac i ots f - '* anuetet. The 'horse are capialy traine4u-and when they pecive a stag, it is no longer necessary, nor even possible indeed, to gu ide themn. They rush na h top of their speed, and. seem iiterally to fly over every obstruction in their way.- The hunter is armed with a lance, some seven or eight. feet long, which lie holds in readiness to hurl, when- he thinks the stagr is within range. It is rather a dangeru tn ~ int, for beyond the, falls to which one is liable when. galloping over rough uneven ways you must take great care to avoid coming in contact with the lance in case it misses its' aim and sticks in the ground. In, this way very often either horse. or rider -is wounded. Among all the -various races, something should be said of the Tinguians, who, while uncivilized, are po&. -sessed of much natural gentleness and many of the qualities tha ar rinarily attributed to civilization. The' me r al oey dark, with straight, hair, reular features, and aquilinenssuhl oeo h,women are really handsome. The sole clothingof the. muconsists of a sash and a sort of turban. constructed fothbark of thefitre he women also wear a sash and, in addition aMOPl iarwaro4 whch descends to the knees. In their arae, twisted pearls, gold beads: and bits. of, coralJ~'i ape at ftheir' hands 'are painted blue, and,. t~e~r ear bacel ets wihextn tohelbwed treethe ar'all out of shae Ihilatter cor1tes to the-evlomet 'f6 h4 a TOITUN 3 IJTOZi.NATI-JVES. Wark of beaut asa bnormally sm'all foti Imn rhe Chinese. There are seventeen villages in the territory occupied: by the Tinuglians. Each family is in possession of two dotniciles. The one for the day is a small cab, oStructed of straw and bamboo, wvhile the One for' the uIight is perched upon lofty pdsts or upon the top. Ofa tree, some sixty or eighty fect from the ground. This latter is to enable themi to defend themselvesfrom their enemies by throwving, stonies down upon them:." Of the Visavas aind the Igolotes, two most prominent tribes, we have already spokein. Amiong other tribes ther-e may be mentioned the Ilocanes, -Panipangos, Pangasiunanes, Ibatiags, A payaos, Catalanganes and Vico[;. There are more thami thirty languages spoken by the, inhabitantsb of the Philippines.' It has been estimated that Visaya is -spokenl by upward Of 2, 000, 000 pros Tagalog by i,3oo,ooo, and Cebuano by 386,000. The Chi nese have penetrated everywhere where it wa11P pSsible, evcn inlto the interior of the islands. They ar and probably -will coiitinue to be a dominatijg force*~ 4 Frnh author tills a strange legend concernin UfeHe. says: At au unknown epoch, a Chinese who. Iwas-on aiig in a canoe, either upon the River _Pa~g of St. Mateo, sntddemmly.perceived- an algtrzai for his- frail. bark, wh'Iichef it Aimmediately c4apsie4.Oz a K.iniu himnself. titus Plunged, iJn tewtte truaeChinese who*eoiy rsetwsTaofAW t -S4 SOIMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. 5tr a meal for the ferocious animal, invoked the aid of St. Nicholas. You, perhaps, would not have done so, nor I either; and we -should have been wrong, for the idea was a good one. The good St. Nicholas listened to the cries of the unhappy castaway, appeared to his wondering eyes, and with a stroke of a wand, like some benevolent fairy, changed the threatening crocodile into a rock, and the Chinese was saved. "But do not imagine that the legend ends here; the Chinese are not an ungrateful people-China is the land of porcelain, of tea, and of gratitude. The Chinese who -had thus escaped from the cruel fate that awaited him, felt desirous of consecrating the memory of the miracle, and in concert with his breathren of Manila he built a pretty chapel and parsonage in honor of the good St. Nicholas. "This chapel was for a long time officiated in by a bonze, and every year, at the festival of the saint, the:rich Chinese of Manila assembled there in thousands to give a series of fetes, which lasted for fifteen days. But it happened that an Archbishop of Manila, looking upon this worship offered up by Chinese gratitude as nothing.,but paganism, caused both the chapel and the parsonage to be unroofed. - "These harsh measures had no other result than to. i-::.admit the rain into the 'buildings; but the worship due to St. Nicholas still continued, and remains to this day.::-: - Perhaps this arises from the attempt to suppress it.?: ':::. ':At present at the period when this- festival takes ethat isabout the sith of November every year is m -: SOMETHING ABOUT THE NATIVES. — a delightful view presents itself. During the night large vessels may be seen, upon which are built palaces actually several stories high, termitating in pyramids, and lit up from the base to the summit. All these lights are reflected in the placid waters of the river, and seem to augment the number of the stars, whose tremulous images dance on the surface of the waters. It is an extemporized Venice. "In these palaces they give themselves up to play, to smoking opium, and to the pleasures of music. The pevete, a species of Chinese incense, is burning everywhere, and at all times in honor of St. Nicholas, who is invoked every morning by throwing into the river small square pieces of paper of various colors. St. Nicholas, however, does not make his appearance, but -he fete continues for a fortnight, at the termination of which the faithful retire till the year following." It must be remembered that many of the islands are absolutely unexplored, and the inhabitants are as wild, and uncivilized as were the American Indians in the: days of the colonies. It is said even that some of them are cannibals, but this is not well attested. What the people of the Philippines really need is: mild, enlightened, but "firm despotism, something likei that of the English in India. As we shall see later on; the islanders are notyets capable of governing themselves, and a republic is simi: ply out of the question, at least for many years to oteThe majority of the people do not differ in matny- e:pects-from the Hindoos.. They are gentle, dodle' *.,- ei ts —from I.'::v* " o re,* 'V.' - -^/.^ ^;'-,'::' ^^ : try obedient to any government that may be set over i::them. If they could have a just, fostering rule, which would not, as the Spanish have done, squeeze every cent possible out of them, it would be to them the greatest blessing in the world. "THE LADRONI. AND OHRISLANDS. r0 CHAPTER VII. THU ILADRONUS AND OTHER ISLANDS. Although we are chiefly concerned in thi's book withthe Philippines, still, -as events have developed them. selves, soinething should be said in regard to islands' which are not a portion of the Philippine archipelago. The most important atmong these in the eyes of Americans are the Ladrones, over which the Stars and Stripe are now hoisted. The taking of the Ladrnne or Mariana Islands, as they are variousfy called, was certainly the easiest~ of all our achie-vements in the war with Spain. It savors almost: bof comic opera. There is certainly something vryl humorous in the story that when the Charles~ton, ne the command of Captain Glass, bombarded the fort i the chief harbor, the Spanish governor, Don.Jmi Marino who had heard nothing of the war betweentb, United Sitates aiffi Spain, believed that a salute,,J being fi red i'n hi's honor, and sent a courteos gl-4V -th at he wsnable to respnd, being outopwd. heCarlesto thre 'only ml ubro h~ from her seconctary battery, but' no response-wRIs.mae( showing that, the pla&e" was: abandoned The-~ a nothing to doexc toA-ept toland ~ taeofh astu ~govenet nd snie ixtyete Spaottid ;:.18 tHS LADRONES AND OTHER ISLANDS. ^ The American flag was raised above Fort Santa Cruz on J1un1 21, I898, and tie Charlestou saluted it with twenty-one gunlls. An Americain officer was left behind as provisional governor of the Ladron2s, wit' a detachminent of the Fourteent! Infantry to aid him, and to keep our flag floating over the place. Ih Te group of islands, which we captured without sheddilg a drop of blood, and added to our domain, is well worth keeping. The case with which we have acquired the foothold does not make it the less valuable. It will be very important to us as a capital coaling s'ation ald a port of call. The Ladrones as spoils cf war cannot be disputed to us. The islands are located approximlately in llngitude 150 east, and latitude I8.north, being about 500 miie3 due north from the Carolines They are about 1,700 miles from Manila, and about 2,300 from Honolulu. There are seventeen principal islands in the Ladrones, but, besides these, there are any number of smlaller ones, I ranging all the way from small rocks, on which penguins roost, up to little islets which are neither more nor less: -than poetical in their loveliness.:: A broad channel divides the islands into a northern and southern group. There is no question as to tlieir W T-volcan ic origin. In the northern group the rocks are entirely igneous in their character,' and on two of the ^- islan'ds, Paganl and Uraccas, there are smoking cra-, S -^ Altogether they stretch over 600 miles,. but with only tbyi t oo iles of area.;. TELADRONE AN OTHER ISLANDS. 10 109 -Only five of the islands are inhabited, anid the eiitire population is ab~ut 8,ooo. At the time the Spainiards first 'took possessioni, the indigenious inhabitants numbered about 50,000, lbtt they were.so~i killed off, and to-day there are probably noi more thani i,ooo (,f them. The natives are related to the natives of the Philippinies. American missioniaries at one timle made a certain headwvay in converting the natives, but their work wias interfered with bY the Spaniards, and in 1887 they were practically expelled. The natives of the Ladrolnes'are said to be descended, from a rov-ing banid of Greeks, aiid, in support of thi's thecory, it may be said that many of the words in their vocabulary are pure Greek. To-day, however, they are of the usual miongrel class of the Spanish colonies, negrito natives at bottom, with. all sorts of admixtures with Spanish blood. The people are naturally amiiable and hospitable, 'but-, they have been bled to such an extent by the Spaniards.' that their condition in general is onie of e~xtremnepv erty. Up to a short time ago, to every three perEoa there wvas one Spanish soldier on the islanids, an d thisi. fromn a business point of v'iew has proved disastrousb.~,-~,-..-':~ The 'islands have beeni the property of Spainh elver,-' since their discovery- by Magellan. The Spanlish nai410~e for the group is Itle 'Islas des los' Ladrones,"wk means, 'Islands of the Thieves." Th ey were so taUid~ by the sailors of Magell'ai 'becahise Of th thevhig 1z,9 peuities of the naivs. ~ci~ ~~~ 2 ~ NZ - One authorit of unohe bfiyhstit say of the naming, of the islands: Tegreat exlrrdeclared that the natives were natural thieve.,;, and hie dubbed their homnein accordance with that opinion. In reality, the simple aborigines who went on board the ships and who had never seen utensils made of mnetal, were so-enchanted by the bright blades and cooking utensils of the sailors that they_helped themselves to' whatever they fancied, though to their credit be it said, they were ntgilty of atepInig to conceal the fact that they had violated the law. of mneum et tuutn. They, simply knew no better, and did not -realize that they were doing wrong.'' When Magellan discovered the islands, there existed a republican form of government-' which was liberal -in teextreme. The few who transgressed the unwritten laws were tried in the open air by the entire male popnu laT mson.eqe aa The island of oscneqnce is Guahan, GUajn rGuara. -This is about a hundred miles in circumferWie, and is surrounded by reefs iind shoals. It contains an excellent harbor (the one, indeed, taken by the Charestn),wh ich hffords safe, anchorage, except duringthe hburricane seasou. -The chlief town and capital1 of the group is situated on W$thi Island, and is called Agaua. Its population is aboiA The_: 7Ladrodnes- are very. fertile and-'are weall. wooded. ~ ~i~r ehif prouctios arecorn, cottonreidg> ~ fritbananas ~ eat~ In 1885, the.,Gelrma-nS attempted toseize the- Ladroe and the Carolines, but Spain protested, and England camie to -her rescue'. The Pope was called upon toac t as arbitrator. Ile gave the: Carolines and Ladrones t Spain, the Albert Islands to England, and allowed Gr many to have the Marshall. Islands. The Ladrou~es have paid no revenue to Spain', but their value as a coaling station is very great. The climate of the islands is humid but healthful., The average temperatute is about eighty-one degrees,~~.-:~' There is a dry and rainy season, but all the year rou2!nd`1.'. there is a good breeze fromn the s,-a. The Caroline Islands, or New Philippines, composea great archipelago of the Pacific Ocean. They:are claimed by Spain, but are practically independent. They are, regarded as including the Pelew Islands in.,, the- west, and the Mulgrave archipelago in the exltremhe-,-~ east; but the Carolines proper lie between these elXtrenies and contain hundreds of small islands,aragd in forty-eight recognized groups. In its widest sense';i name Caroline Islands is nearly synonymous. vtit Micronesia. The natives of the Carolines are mnuch more* than are- those of the Ladrones,_ and severAl time tei jhv reeldagainst 'Spain' though with i~nog: o success. The New York Sun relates the following:, '9 Soe yersago, wle Jae.Blamei Ws tay&State, th ftnselling ofsmt '2..:;..2.:: ': ~,- ' U ' - *....., i TH-E LADR6NE S AND OTHER ISLANDS. tional complications. A missionary was sent in irons to Manila, where he was promptly released by the gov1 ernor-gereral and all possible reparation made. The natives, who are fond of all whites except the dons, got even a month later by killilg every Spaniard on the island of Yap, from the governor down to the humblest private. "Butcher" Weyler then held forth in the Philippines and he sent an.expedition, which the Caroline natives promptly cut to pieces. Then a larger expedition was dispatched, and the 'Butcher" hlad the satisfaction of causing blood to flow like water." The Carolines are fertile in the extreme, and land is.. so plentiful that one may take all he cares to cultivate. T!ere are one or two towns which are partially fortified. The area of the archipelago in square miles is about.10,000o, and the population in. the neighborhood of 30,000. The natives belong to the Malay type. They are iiir:.dined to work, but their naturally industrious habits h -:.ave been ruined by the Spanish, who have done all - they could to encourage them to drink. |-i. On many of the islands there is a public debauch:-..twice a week, in which participate men, women, and lli:- even children.. l-::: It is by no means an uncommon sight to see large I- ltiumbers of the natives reeling to their homes after one ' ^;?i;of thiese-drunken bouts. 3~- -Theo only missionaries on the islands are Americans. here-.isa fe 'field in the Carolines for capital and THE. LADRON'4ES AND OTHIER ISLANDS. -; II'3. enterprise. At present, the business there is controlled'-: by the Germans. The Canary Islands, intrinsically and commercially, would be of littlz advantage to us, even as a permanent possesssion. From a strategic standpoint, they would be of no consequence to the United States. They lie off the coast of Africa, about 3,000 miles from New York, and about a thousand miles from the Spanish coast. They certainly would not be useful as a naval base.: lThey are a group of mountainous, volcanic islands, reaching iin Teneriffe a height of I2, I80 feet above the sea, and are given up to agriculture, cattle breeding and cultivation of the cochineal insect. As to thle Sulu Islands, it is a question of no small illportauce.' These islands are so to speak an annex of *the Philippines. They are an archipelago, consisting of sotle 140 islands, most of theim very small, and divided into three groups, Baseeland, Sulu and Tawu-Tawa. The whole: chain of the Sulus is practically a continuation of thei'i southwestern promontory of Mindanao, the secodii largest of the Philippine Islands. The area is nearly 2,0oo square miles, and the pop lation is about 75,000ooo, mostly Mohanumedans.::T islatids stretch thirty-five miles from east to west, &i have a breadth of from five to ten miles. For decades Spain has declared sovereignty ov er ti' islands, although t'le inhabitants have alwa.ysv'laii'a that they were independent,: The Suluans, who are excellent sa1rs,. hj ~4 #fJ~ ~ ONEK~t~P O7V~'inSLANDS hist inets, have constantl ravage':d the coast4 'of the neihboingislands in'the Philippine groups. Ti-me and again did Spanish fleets swoop down upon -thes Sutan at -Sulu, and timie and again were they victoriou s. But it was impossible for the sultans to keep the treaties. Finally, in 185 1, the Spaniards conquered the Island of-Stil", which they have held ever-since, and, in i8j8, they added the rest of the archipelago to their possesSIoS.. Since the Spanish conquest, Sulu has been the capital of the group. The' Sultan has been allowed a nominal authority, but Spain has really been ~the- master. The Sultan gets an aiinual income of about' $2,ooo, and with this he seems to be contented and is able to k-eep up a certain amount. ofState. His, subjects, however, hbave always been tineasy Wmeder the alien yoke, and always are longing to retur tb teir favo rite business ofpiay?i1The pirate of Sulu have ever been famous.Thi vesesare propelled by both oars and sails, and are able PtO piced either backw'ard or forward at equal speed 'utdthy used to be greatly dreaded throughout all ~seiwaters. Indeed this dread is not yet entirelyr-toefor boats of thi's kind thlroughout the oriental se~ag:w)aS a the6 lokokut for such craft 'as ar unred A titrhite t LusGlobie-Dein.ra spDeaks' 'of ~ piate an thir ethods ofrocedr Ofn th Tu% —*UXO*q~~ AND ~OT*{IR 1MA1MtS. ".It may.be said that there is no. piracy int the ol nowadays outside of the Southern Asiatic watetS -fi6 thug a century ago such maritime offehses against i fe V"And property were common all over the globe. 'CaptuTes-mof vessels by the, Sulu pirates have always been followediby scenes of butchery 4nd outrage too dreadfulf~ description. "The biggest of the Sulu proas are of twenty. to thirty tons burden. They. are swift vessels, and the< natives who manl them are excellent seamen. ln forkr days the whole nation may be said to have been engag.ed_.', in -piracy'as a business, an'd the neighboring seas Were: scoured at all times for prey. Twenty-five per cent. Of the booty obtained belonged by law to the Sultan and Council of Nobles. The nobles furnished the powder, and~guns. receiving payment in the shape of captives., who Were employed as slaves. "Happily,. the predatory inclinations Of;these tr. barians have been restrained to a great extent wi1th-inc recent years by the vigilance of European navies. ~l pirc business is no longer what it was in thegoo1 days, though -it is still a live industry. The Sulu, PE411 pie are -warlike and cruel;- they are.-brave, but tOVAtl. erouis, unscrupulous and perfi~dio-usi Born lI.ars,' -hey#1 exceedingly proud and addicted to osteutatiOr6 ad4 i play. Revenge for- an ijrisregarded. by tbg a`sardduty, At the same time6, there arental ir ences jm -the -disposition -of thec iuhabittsovii island Qf th rhplago; those o i~iIla 6 THE LADRONES AND OT-IER ASIANDS.:Each one of tlhe islands has its own despotic ruler, but all are supposed to be under the dominion of the Sultan!i ' of Sulu. As a latter of fact, however, the "datos," or noblemen, hold the real power. All the land is in their hands, and 'the common people are treated with the utmnost oppression. All wlho can afford to do so own slaves. The latter have a hard existence, for the master: has power of life and death over t4hemi, atd, if he hapu lns to be offended, is as likely as not to cut off the: ead of one of his human chattels. A Sulu nobleman never leaves home without being armed, and indeed, arms form a part of tlle natural costume. A strangely shaped sword, which is called a kris, is carried by all, both high and low. A blow-pipe may be called the national weapon. This is a hollow tube of palm, and through it, by means- of - the breath, small darts are propelled. They are driven: -to no inconsiderable distance, and the aim is.marvelously accurate. This instrument is used mostly in the:.kiilinlg of birds, and sometimes the darts are poisoned. i:The chief food of the inhabitants consists of rice and f sh. -A decoction made of chicken and eggs, cooked with i;?cocoanut oil, is in high favor. Then, another odd article;of food is a little square cake of sago, mixed with fish and citron juice. -, There are many splendid fruits in the islands, such as duriatn cuaard apple, mango, nangosteen, and a sort of:ljud which is called bolonla.. i:th ti'Inamn and ginger thrive everywhere. g ~~~~~~~~~~~i 07 ea 0. -. I,:~ ~~'~.:"". ~' i'!.F i~-. THr-, LADRONE —S AND OTHER ISLANDS.11 til Brcad fruit is a most important produict- of the islanids, and the chocolate b:ah is rcniatkable for its size anid abundance. Of bamboo and rattan there are innunicrable specics. Dk The principal exports of the archipelago are blaCk and white sea slugs, beeswax, pearl oyster shells, edible birds' nests, tortoise' shell, seawceds, rattans, sago, d-ye woods, pepper, camphor, pearls, ciniiamoni and cloves. The pearl fisheries are sources of much wealth. T he' slaves dive for the oysters, anid the onie who is fortunate enouigh to sccure a large ]pearl obtains his freedoml. Although smiall, the pearls are famouis for their beauty. The niobles own -propedty rights in the banks, and claim all the largest pearls, Domestic animals are found everywhere, and wild deer are common. Wild hcgs, which are hunted for srort,, are also numerous. The inhabitants keep a large nunitbe of goats, anid raise and train. some admirable trottlig liorses~' There are also elephants in the islands,whc were imported originally from Inidia. Mr. Featherman, whl~o was formerly coninected- wlith the Smithisoniani Institute in Washiington, thus describea the costume of the inhabitant of Sulu: "The dress of a Sulu man consists of wide "cott trousers and a Jacket, of cotton or silk, with] irl arounid the waist; a piece of cotton -checkt:draper5' l. thrown across the shoulders. The nobles, on esiv occasions tVear gorgeous mandarins' tobes of silk m, -bro'idered gold, and pink satin tr0" u's ers decora gold -dragos The' peuirsod aldak - JZJ — 4- ^ - — '::.... t: iredby.lt classes. For a headdress a re hhanderchiel; -h;;,'o is arranged turb an ' e or - clotha is arranged turban fasion. The men let their -: hair grow long, pluck out their beards, dye their teeth.iblack, and shave their eyebrows partly, so as to leave a: fi;ne crescent arch. The womnen wear drawers of white: cotton or flowered silk to the knees, and over these a i-:petticoat, with a short jacket of vari-colored cotton cloth Wi; that fits closely to set off their fine figures. A scarf hangs over the shoulder. The hair is tied up at the:.'. C' ' erown of the head." As they are Mohammedans, the men are polygamous, I: amd the prominence of the individual is often due to the:.: num' anber of his wives. Those who can afford the luxury;::i maintain a large number of concubines. ll -. - The stave trade is still carried on in those islands; i i wShich are practically beyond Spanish authority. 11 i:' The rules of the Koran are not too closely observed. II:;. The Malay Mussulman is very fond of strong drink,,: an does not hesitate to indulge in it freelT The t~; Cwotmen are not forced into the seclusion that they are in ue-key, and there is but little pretensed made of veiling 1 ite form or face.;Asin the Philippines proper, both men and women i passo natey fond of gambling. i e favorite ausements of the people are music and, -ngE ' arid] almost everybody, whether notbl or apPlipays upw some muns inssstrumen -: "E't~-;, o ie peculiar custom which obtains in: -t e: i a serves espeion,.:eoi; 1 *: ~"-. '....; '- * THI I.ADALONE AND' OTI -1 M- ~. who-are bound- to them body and soul. By these- laws ati. insolvent debtor, together with his whole family, beconme the property of the creditor. The M~alays are excee~dingly shiftless, and it is by no means diffcult to make theme: contract debts which'are out of all proportion to their resources. Then the miserable debtor ceases to belon to himself, and his family can be dispersed all over the archipelago. 'It is not unusual, however, to ask him tQ purchase his family, by taking a vow to devo'te himsl to the destruction of the Christians. When he a~~t those conditions he becomes what is known in Malay as a sabil. In Spanish hie is called a juramenta~do, that s 'one who is sworn."' On the whole, it cannot be said, unless at civiliziui and educating process were first brought to bear UPonI them, that the inhabitants of.the Sulu islands would Make desirable citizens -of aniy of the great woder iwat ions. ',e -" I120 DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. CHAPTER VIII. DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. In war, new situations always develop themselves, and questions come up for solution which have not been dreamed of in times of peace. This has been the case with the Philippines. The war began with a demand for the freedom of Cuba, a demand which, however, it must in all justice be said might not have been made so soon had it not been for the wanton destruction of the Maine. Of course, the Philippines, after tlle declaration of war, became an objective point, and Admiral Dewey, with an American fleet, was sent there, in the expectation, as afterward happened, that he would meet with a Spanish fleet. The result is well known. The first victory of the war was won, and a most magnificent victory, too, a victory such as in all history.had never been heard of before. Without the loss of a single man, Admiral Dewey destroyed the entire Spanish squadron, consisting of the following ships: Reina Cristina, Castilla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Marques del Duers, El Cano, Velasco and Isla de Mindanao, the latter a transport. -. -It was an achievement tat a tat caused the whole world to stand aghast in amazement and admiration. ~,.1, " DEWEv'S GREAT VICTORY. 121 A poet wvho signs himself H. E. W., Jr., has the following verses in the Philadelphia Times: MANILA BAY. The first great fight of the war is fought, And who is the victcr-say — Is there aught of the lesson now left untaught By the fight of Manila Bay? Two by two were the Spanish ships Formed in their battle line; Their flags at the taffrail, peak and fore, And batt'ries ready upon the shore, Silently biding their time. Into their presence sailed our feet, The harbor was fully mined; With shotted guns and open ports, Up to their ships-ay —up to their forts; For Dewey is danger blind. Signaled the flagship, "'Open fire." And the guns belched forth their death. "At closer range," was the order shown; Then each ship sprang to claim her own, And to lick her fiery breath. Served were our squadron's heavy guns, i With gunners stripped to the waist; ';' And the blinding, swirling, sulph'rous smoke i:i Enveloped the ships as each gun spoke In its furious, fearful haste. S. X Sunk and destroyed were the Spanish ships;:Hulled by our heavy shot, For the Yankee spirit is just the same, ' -: And the Yankee grit and the Yankee aim;::-? Arid their courage which faileth not. ': The first great fight of the war is fought! l: V X And who is victor-say-:: -:' Is there aught of the lesson now left untaught: /3i.:;. By the fight.f Manila Bay?..-.:.;:- ' ' 'Utdoubtedly, t he "grea t reaso of orupedented tiriuniphat 'Manilia was our superb gun-nery for which, since the d~ays of 1 812, the Am ericans have been. famous.. Vast stuns of money have been spent to bring about as near as possible perfection in the afin of our gunners, but, as -vents have shown, this money has been well spent. Lynk Smith, who, was a gunner on the Olymipia, the flagship of Admiral Dewey, wrote -homie a long, account of the battle of- Manila. After describing the voyage from Hotig Kong past Corregidor Island, he goes on to say: "At four'o'clock in the morning, after a slight shower, the moon shone out hazy, a great point in our 'favor, as-we could keepe.a sharp lookout without using -our searchlights. "At ten minutes, past four o'clock we took our stations. at the guns, m~agazines a'nd shell rooms. I was in the eight-inch shell room, aft, twenty f'eet below the * ater-line, And immeiately above me Was a hatch openr_,ng six feet square, which led to the spardeck, through whic-h the shells were hoisted. It was just breaking day, and- I saw our battle, flag goin'g up on the mizzenmast. 'T7here were three chieer's as it went up, and immediately the nemyopened fire on us, and from that timie until `a quarter past seven there was continuous thundering of, thrN HotchkCiss guns. "The heat -bet"w wstrible. The thermometer ~in' th oo egistere 127.. The perspiratin poured dw ~ *e -backs ancohing w.o-uldhRAdcl hve teen intolerabie. ~' ~We ere e1is-deatbly exeite i first, ~4d I beli*v N4 1~WEY' GRJ VICTV - we should havie been 'quite as warmn had the' shllro bee'n encaseed in an iceberg, but gradually we becam accustotned, and, afteer ten- minutes, surrounded byfit tons of shells that a six-pounder would h a've -touched:, off, I did not have tlime to think of the heat. "The call was unceasing for shells of all kinds', shrapnel, arnmor-piercers, and cannon, and Iwas kept bus selecting the projectiles, dragging theni to the hoist, and4 attaching the tackle. The shiells weighed from 250 to, 260 pounds each, but by the end of the fight they seemed. to me to weigh 1o,ooo pounds. "It was about. half past six when I took my place at gun NO. 31. It was a six-pound ocksbti a be handled easily, and is almost as accurate as a cor-M -anon riifle. I was. second gun captain, and it was mny duty to -eject the exploded sbell, drive home the fresh Charge, close the breech pliug, and adjust the sigtt the range called out thog seties eery twoiii utes by the range-finder One cal 'Would be fo3,0 yards, another for 2,000 yards, and 'another f or'Io yards off the port beam. "I adjusted thirty shells. "When I took my place at the gun,, I Staredthog th6 dense smoke, an saw hpaedo n slre -the -oncord. TIhw rangze came, 'x,7oo yards!'al itto her. BeOre' I had ~tim to fire a secondso ln — tecall, 'Torpeo bot 2 ard! Whle IwsWi -igfor her tocmefust wit!h ~my qaterth b0at1 W*1 Ci yt ight-nch shll. -from theturtgi# 124 )DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. "I saw the most wonderful shooting at the Castills, * hich came out from behind the masonry of a fort. The range, '250 yards,' was called, and almost instantly two eiglit-inch, seven live-inch and ten six-pounders had plugged her full of holes, wlhile an eight-inch shell a moment later actually tore its way through hir entire length, burst her boilers and sank her. "'We were struck quite oflten, but were not hurt. The Spaniards could not get the range, firing Iighl and sendinig most of their shots through the rigginig." This is certainly a most graphic description of what trained gunnery can do. There was a certain mystery, a strong element of uncertainty as to what our warships could accomplish. They were such ponderous structures, weighted with such complicated machinery, which was subject to fearful strains, that it 'vas predicted that they would be their own worst foes, and might, as likely as not, prove to be self-destroyers. But this prediction has proved to be false. Our vetssels have shown themselves to be of tremendouts effectiveness and of marvelous endurance...:. In relating some of these facts, a competent authority concludes. "; '!:': '-'All this to the world-at-large is impressive; '-to -:;.' machinists it is inspiring; to our navy it is honorable;,":and to American commerce and prosperity it will be, usLeful.': Te Criterion, of New tork, in a som. whbt optimistie article, says, however, with consicerahle degree of;.i::' that 'in al oUr wars we have never once signed a. A. l o ce sig.. u1 -::4 is6~;~:;: Y:512~.;LLE-r.*~- ~ Y DEWEYS -GREAT VICTORY. 1 25 treaty of pea2e that left us worsted. It concludes, therefore, on the score of success, although we have been laughed at by Spain as a nation "cf shopkeepers, we surely stand approved as warriors, for it is noteworthy that, in our wars, we have had on the whole a far smaller.percentage of casualties than our enemies. _The Criterion goes on to call attention to Bunker Hill, Bennington, New Orleans, Lake Erie, the City of Mexico, Manila and Santiago, declaring that our successes there are due to the reason that we are cautious and ingenious, and above all because we shoot straight and hit hard and fast. But this acuteness and caution do not go with pusillanimity, for no soldiers have ever dared more or compelled victory under more adverse conditions. Our history is one long beadroll of commanders who with small forces have defeated great, and with great forces have routcd greater. We surpass the French in dash, we surpass the English in persistence. Our, fleet was considered inferior to Spain's until after those |; two miracles at Manila and Santiago. Our invasion of Cuba was laughed at until Santiago was quickly and inextricably throttled by a small army in a new counttry. We prove our science as rule-breaking artists do:,i theirs, by success. No one denies our ability to shoot:!: straight; the world has never seen our equal in thisa;' respect. Our foot soldiers can shoot, too; from either t? side of trenches-in front or behind. Tie most itote*~ worthy quality, however, of the American soldieris, what Rochefort called a particularly American ttait,::: 'contempt of death." It is true beyondavil tl:. ' *i,.1 i...: ' W t ' The writer in the Criterion is undoubtedly correct in;, all that he says to the Philippines and even as to China, if our states-: mien show themselves equal to the o casion. - It is opportune to quote here a letter from Presiden Fillmore to his Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan: " Great and Good Friend:-I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an officer of the oighest rank ine th e nay of the United Staes, and commander of the squadron now visitingyour Imperial g Majesty's dominions:.' ":l -:. I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your.;'',:Imperial Majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings II.'; ' toward your Majesty's person and government, and that. I haveo no other object in sending him to Japan but to mropose to your Imperial Majesty that the United States "i Seand: Japa should live in friendship and have commertiter course with eache other. 4-TheConst itutior n and laws of the United States for-: i: all:i: nterference with the religious or political con; el Ars of. other nations. I have particularly charged:nosi:ir b othe s raqu ility i your Imperial lMaje -:...:.,...,, D.. iniog._ "The United States of "America reach" from oent ocean, and or Tertoyo Oregon and Caiforilia ie directly' opposite to, the- domnijuons of your Imperia Mjesty.- Our steamships can go from Californi to Japan in eighteen days. "Our great State of California produces abot $6o,ooo,ooo in gold every year, besides quicksil1,ve Ivprecious stonies and many other valuable articles. apan. is also a rich and fertile country-,. and produces mn very valuable articles. Your imperial Maj~esty%,'s7sU'b-. jects, are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that —" our two countries should. trade with each- other, for-thle benefit both of Japan and the United States. "We know'that the ancient laws of vour Imperial. Majesty's government do not allow -of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the Dutch; but as the state of th~e world changes 'and new governments are formed,~ it seems to be wvise, from time to time, to make: new,, laws. There was a time when -the ancient law's of your Imperial Majesty's government werefirst made. Aboit the same time America, which is sometimes calledth.,New, World- was first discovered and settled by tbi. - EUropeans. For a. long time -there were but a few-'peo. ple, and the'y were poor., They have now, become: quit numros;their commerce iquite extenieadt~~ tink that if, your, Iperil Mae Tywres f: t -change the. ancient, laws a~s to, allowo:fe rdeb~pe the two, countries it woul be ~ext eely beinega' Imper~! J . 1 28 DEWPT'~S GREAT VICTORY.:- would be safe altogether to abrogate the ancient laws which forbid foreign trade, they might be suspended for five or ten years, so as to try the experiment. If it does not prove as beneficial as was hoped, the ancient laws can be restored. The United States often limit their treaties with foreign states to a few years, and then renew them or not, as they please. "I have directed Commodore Perry to mention another thing to your Imperial Majesty: Many of our ships pas; every year from California to China, and great numbers of our people pursue the whale fishery near the shores of Japan. It sometimes happens, in stormy weather, that one of our ships is wrecked on your Imperial Majesty's shores. In all such cases we ask, and expect that our unfortunate people should be treated with kindness, and that their property should be protected till we can send a vessel and bring them away. We are very much in earnest in this. "Commodore Perry is also directed by me to repre-: '- sent to your Imperial Majesty that we understand there is a great abundance of coal and provisions in the Empire of Japan. Our steamships crossing the great ocean burn a great deal of coal, and it is not convenielt to I - bring it all the way from'America. We wish that our I:. steamships and other vessels should be allowed to stop. I i::i; in Japan and supply themselves with coal, provisions:-'-: and water. They will pay for them in money or any^:i:thing else your Imperial Majesty's subjects nay prefer, i:, and we request your Inmprial Mnajesty to appoint a connie tort in the southern part of the empirewhere ^.%.*^-'.'.: ---,".v. the., - to th.. pir - *,-* * h.*.;* ,DV.WJYYS G-REAT VICIORY.2 1,2 our vessels may stop for this purpose. We are very desirous of this. "These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore Perry with a powerful squadron to pay a visit to your Imperial Majesty's renowned city of Yeddo -friendship, commerce, a supply of provisions and protection for our shipwrecked people. "We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your Imperial Majesty's acceptance of a few presents. They are of no great value in themselves, but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles manufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of our sincere and respectful friendship. "May the Almighty have your Imperial Majesty in his great and holy keeping. "In witness whereof I have caused the great seal of the United States to b! hereunto affixed and have subscribed the same with my name, at the city of Washington, in America, the seat of my government, on the thirteenth day of the month of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. Your good friend, Millard Fillmore. "(Seal attached.) "(Signed.):.; i:1i,!;,_ 1 "By the President. "Edward Everett, "Secretary of State.'"::;: The result was that Japan has been ever since, i: to-day, and probably always will be, one of our strongu: i est allies. As yet there have been no land operations on our pat nabX pWpi'rn 'GtR; n VICtOY - ir the Philippines, and perhaps there will not be, as peace has been declared. But it is well to know what: the Spanish military forces of the Philippines were. These may be stated with accuracy to be as follows, that is, in August, I898: There were, in the Philippines, seven regiments, of two battalions, with 372 officers and 11,368 native men; 15 expeditionary rifle battalions with 46i officers, 20,149 Spanish regulars, one cavalry regiment with 3i officers, 161 regulars, and 453 natives; one expeditionary squadron, with i Spanish officers, two artillery regiments with 6i officers, and 2,196 regulars; Maes-: tranza, 4 officers and 72 natives; engineers, 31 officers and 1,266 natives; three Tercios de Guardia Civil, I55 officers and 3,530 natives; one company of carabineros, 4,officers, 415 natives; one transport brigade of 15 Spanish men; one sanitary brigade of 4 officers with:- 345 Spanish men; two regiments of marine infantry, o9: officers. 3,577 Spanish men and 130 natives. The grand:,r: total amounts to 44,8 1 officers and men.: The London Spectator, a paper of considerable influ-.i:: ence- both in its own country and in others, and which:-! thas not always been friendly to the United States; but:rasfbeen conspicuously so of late, has this to say in:iregard to Dewey s victory at Manila:: "^!'-We prefer, like most civilized persons, peace to war, -; t- i 'some of- the arguments just now employed to induce i rica tomake a quick peae with Spain strike us as t:it: ufou ounded but profoundly immoral. -What did ric i rgo' to war for:First Of all, to terraiate C"" -; ' ''fi l^ _ 8,ooo,ooo dark persons whom she has for 300 years so Spain's authority over her colonies, which Americaus believed to be tyrannical, destructive of human happiness, and in all ways bad. Whether their evidence in support of that belief was good, as we believe it to havebeen, or-as bad as average Spaniards assert, or as accidental and temporary as many thoughtful Spaniards maintain, has little to do with our present subject. The Americans believed the charge heartily, and so believing went into a war which, to all human appearance,; will end in giving them the power to terminate the misrule which so affronted their consciences. A moralist would say, one would think, that, having begun so great a work, they were bound to carry it through; that they had contracted weighty, even terrible, obligations toward the colonists of Spain, and were bound to discharge those obligations without thinking too much' of therconsequences to themselves. They can, if theyi:^like, being Anglo-Saxons, give the colonists firm.ani: lenient government, and, as the historian will say, /ii.: the merest justice, and out of a decent care for the/ir; own self-respect, they ought to do it. i': "That, however, is not the opinion of most of oiei contemporaries either in Great.-Britain or in E'-R m. They are crying aloud to Washington to be "ge'-'i" in the hour of victory," to restore to Spain, ifi noti ' Rico-the value of which as a naval station they 'riid:'i stand-at all events the Philippines. We will tellthi:i: what <'generosity" under such 'circumstances:ia.-mn-: ethat Spain should-;:reov ierll A;"1' i 132 D. EWEY'S GREAT VICTORY, governed that, as Mr. Foreman testifies, the children fly with shrieks if they sze a 'Castilian,' and should recover it at- the very momlent. when every virtue as well as every vice in a Spaniard will incline him toward severity in ptln'islhment. He will be full of loyalty to his country and fulll of ventgeance against rebels who have insulted lier, and in tile strength of both feelings he will strike as Spaniards struck in Peru. It means that Amlericans, having encouraged them to revolt, are to hand over the two millions of Tagals to a nation which regards their rexvolt not only as a crime —that is usual-but as an unparalleled insolence calling aloud for chastisement. It means that the United States, which of all powers should keep engagements.because of her relation to the two continents in which she claims hegemony, are to betray Aguinaldo and the whole tribe of Tagals, 2,000,000 dark people who have accepted Christianity and display many considerable qualitiestlhough mercy, we fear, attracts them as little as it attracts some Spaniards —into those Spaniards' hands. "America may be compelled by a Continental coalition to do this thinig and yet be blameless, for there can be no sin where there is no will; but to do it voluntarily under the false plea of 'generosity' would be noth- ing less than a bascncss. Slhe had better even partition the islands among the great powers, tholgll, as we aintain, she is bound, having upset a bad civilization,;1: to provide a good one, and not to shirk responsibilities:; - which, from the m-)ment Admiral Dewey broke into the rbor -of EManila, she took upon herself." ~ -;sr AGUINAL DO AND THE INSURGENTS. CIHAPTER IX. AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. It is now tinie to speak of the reasons of the continued uprisilgs ill the Philippines anld to discuss ill a frank, ullprejudiced manner tile character of tile insurgents themselves. As has beeii intimated before, the Philippines ever since their domination by the Spanish, havre been in an almost constant state of upheaNval. There can be no question of the fact that Spaini.sh rule has always been an oppressive, cruel, debt-burdened failure. The wrongs of the natives have been manly anl unjustifiable, and no one, least of all Americans, can blame them for endeavoring to shake off the yoke which had become well-nigh insupportable. There had been squeezing and peculation on the part! of every Spanish official from the governor-gener:l down to the lowest aquazil. Everywhere the people were despoiled of the just fruits of their toil. It iS noT wonder then that they hated the Spanish, and resolvedto have no more of Spanish rule. The Church, which everywhere hcs held the ttmoSt power and received enormous sums out of w11at wa wrung from the people, did its utmost to provoke a re: ligions war like those of the sixteenth century. -:fl Arcbbishop of Manila even went so far as to issueia; _;.:I-::~ wr::. W; itl.,- 5C ; G.. -134 AGUINALDO AND- THN IN-SUtGEN::.: plamiation in which he stated that a large Spanish fleet ';f -,was on its way, and that God had appeared to him, informing him that in the next engagement Spain would;: a. be victorious. The oppressions and exactions of the Church have had much to do with the various revolutions. A well-known writer in Collier's Weekly makes tha following assertion: "The 'Siglo Futuro' ascribes the native revolution in the Philippiues to Freemasonry. The statement has seemed quaint, but it has the merit of being exact. At Cavite there is —or was-a lodge known as the Primera Luz-the First Light. Affiliated branches are encounterable throughout the archipelago. In all there are:-: — nearly 200. Each branch is a revolutionary centre. In Xi earlier days the fragmentary state in which the tribes: subsisted precluded any idea of national unity. The - solidarity which was lacking Freemasonry brought. To the natives the rites represented a form of sorcery i!-:: fresher and even more mysterious than ancestral super'' 'titions. The enthrallment of the unknown, attractive to: tii:!:l-but irresistible to primitive natures, captured the:;i most influential among them at once. They found in:.: i-the brotherhood dignities which they craved, ceremonies i:- appealed, and there with unimagined opportunl^|t:ies toi rebel. 1 "In her 300 years of dominion Spain failed to tonch: e native heart. There is one of her oversights. Where li.'!als '-not massacred:- she has alienated. She repels E- e a -rB As a-0 c nsequence, when it w*s AGUINAILDO AND THE INSURGSNT$. found that Freemasonry, in addition to other chairxs offered opportunities at table-turning,-the latter we-re, not suffered -to go to waste. Once introduced-and intro!. duced through processes too complex for recital here-i-Jt,,spread, and, in spreading, developed -into a vast association known to-day as the Katipuan, which in some, respects presents a cui'ious resemblance to the Ku-KluzXKlan, and of which the watchword is Hasta la nuert, and the significance Hatred of Spain." Aguinaldo, who is at the head of the insurgents, is'.a mati of considerable ability, but of no less ambition. It asseed all along. -to. be his secretwihtfona republic with himself as president. Even before the Spanish-American war, he was resolved -to revive the insurrection, and he hada right to do this as Spain's violation of her agreement absolved hiM from all obligations. In April, i898, Aguinaldo, who with several of h191"is associates was then ini Hong-Kong, met te United,.,States Consul-Genieral at that place. He described in this interview the causes ofth aK rebellion, explained in case, of war what a id he u1. give",,and, promised to maintain order, and conduct 1i tiite o hepiniles laid down by civil'zatio. e. declared that he was able to establish a rsosbeg~ ermient, and said that., he would be willing to ccp for the Island of Luzo'n.- the same terms as' ~thetzid States intended to give, to Cuba.I The6re is no dutbthaAguinaldo ha as n1i euce, andan.enormlo-0 nwibier offlt#ra, *4 - 4 o I i6 AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. moreover possessed of considerable pluck and personal bravery. About a month later, after his return to the Philippines, Aguinaldo issued the following proclamation: "The great North American nation, the repository of true liberty and therefore the friend of freedom for our nation oppressed and subjugated by the tyranny and despotism of its rulers, has come to afford its inhabitants a protection as decisive as it is undoubtedly disinterested regarding our unfortunate country as possessing sufficient civilization and aptitude for self-government; and in order to justify this high conception formed of us by the great American nation, we ought to disapprove all such acts as may fall below that conception, such as pillage, robbery, and every class of outrage against persons and property. "'In order to avoid conflicts during the period of our campaign, I order as follows: "Article i-The lives and property of all foreigners shall be respected, including in this denomination Chinese and all Spanish tradesmen who have not directly or indirectly contributed to the bearing of arms against us. "Article 2-Equally shall be respected those of the enemy who shall lay down their arms. "Article 3-Medical establishments and ambulances iJ Y shall be respected and persons and effects attached |- thereto, unless they display hostility. -: f"Article 4-Persons disobeying these preceding artie *s shall be summarily tried and executed, if their a7iis ~ -a, '.i ~i — ~* ~..r;?;~~;1: AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS.' disobedience leads.to assassination, incendiarism, robbery or rape. "Given at Cavite, 24th day of May, 1898, "(Signed.) Emil Aguinaldo." At thistime it was estimated that the insurgents numbered 30,000 armed with rifles, and ioo,ooo armed with swords and other weapons. The Hong Kong Press, in the words of a well-informed correspondent, furnished the following details in regard to the insurgent leader: "If any one in Hong Kong doubts the strength of the movement he should go within their lines nearly every day for weeks, as I do, and the facts of the case would soon be demonstrated beyond question or quibble. Aguinaldo has more able-bodied volunteers than he can need. They come from all over Luzon and from every section within a few days' journey by land or water to the insurgent headquarters. To-day I saw 500 men from Bataanga, and yesterday 200 men from Balucan, who had come -freely and wanted arms that they might go into the field. A rich man in Pampangas has sent in great quan* tities of rice. Another in Cavite supplies cattle and still another brings actual cash. The sum of $5,ooo arrived to-day from men living in Bataanga. At first they would rot accept any receipt, but Aguinaldo, who is:-;apparently trying to do things in a business way, in-: sisted on giving them one, saying that when the war i was over the amount would be paid back. These are? passing incidents that indicate the earnestness ot*: r:: t of.the people.,.:^.:^ * *:-. * -.," -.".,:: -~._.: ~^ i::::::..:,:~::;~ 138 AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS "I asked General Aguinaldo the other day what he hoped would happen when the war was over, and did he anticipate the establishment of an independent Philippine republic. He said: " 'It would be very indiscreet for me to express my hopes about the future before the war is over, and when matters are so unsettled as now, but I will say that we Filipinos have the greatest confidence in the fairness of the United States. We trust the American people, and we know that if they are back of us we will be able to obtain and hold our full rights and be respected by the great powers of Europe. Americans have righted wrong in Cuba, and they will in the Philippines.' "The general has fully 6,000 well-armed men in the field whom he is massing as fast as possible around Manila, bringing them in from lesser places as they are captured. Had he arms to equip them lie could send the force into Manila and take it in a single daay." The Spanish troops, at least in the Philippines, seem as a rule to have exhibited the most extreme cowardice. Many amusing stories were told of the insurgents and the Spaniards. For instance: Four insurgents who had been out scouting all night were returning in the morning, carrying four rifles, two of which, however, had been rendered useless by some accident during the night. Suddenly they saw about twenty Spaniards coming in their direction. The insur-:0: gents crouched behind some bushes and set fire to a bunch of Chinese crackers which they were carrying. S,: - The Spaniards were deceived into the belief that they ' " ' - ';'- ' * * '.: AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. 139 were near a large band of insurgents and ignominiously bolted in the direction of Manila, the rebels reaching their camp in perfect safety. Indeed, it was quite a favorite ruse of the insurgents to send one of their number with several bunches of crackers close to the Spanish post, and the crackers having been ignited, the fire of the Spaniards was drawn in return, while the insurgents proceeded to fire volleys against the enemy. Soon after the naval battle, in which Dewey was so conspicuously a victor, General Augusti offered $25,o000 for the head of Aguinaldo. Soon after, the captain-general's family, who were living in the little town of Pampangas, was surrounded by the insurgents and placed completely at their mercy. Although Aguinaldo refused to allow them to return to Manila, he declared that they should be treated with all kindness. One insurgent leader who proved himself to be a daring fighter was Colonel Eugene Blanco. It was he who, with a smaller number of troops, defeated the forces under General Monet, the Spanish governor of Pampangas province. In the action General Monet himself was killed. Almost as often as the insurgents met the Spaniards, they were successful. Aguinaldo's forces fought bravely, and it is said that they treated their prisoners in a civilized manner.. On June i there was a desperate struggle for the pos-: session of the stone convent at Old Cavite. Garelen '-K ". f 14) AGUINALIDO AND TIHlE INSURGEN'I'S. Augusti, the Spainish commander, sent 2,000 regulars fromt Mainila to attack the enemy and tile fight lasted all day. At last the Spainiards were repulsed and fled, takii'g refuge in thle convent, whiclh was a substantial building, with walls some five feet inl thickness. Aguinlaldo besieged this convent. His first plan was to starve out the beleaguered foe, but, as lie hleard that provisions were being smuggled into them, lie attacked the buildiiig, openilg fire upon it with Iiis mountain gulls. 'Wlhen General Atiugsti heard of his soldiers' pligllt he sent 4,000 more of his regulars to relicue tlienm. Aguinaldo attacked these re-enforcenimelts, oele of his methods being to liarass the flanks of the Spalliards, with detacllients of tliree or four hlundred each, armed with maclhetes. After repeated engagements, the Spaniards were routed, with a loss of about two thousand men, and retreated. The rebels pursued them to witllin siglit of Manila. Tlihn Aguinaldo stormed the convent, and of the Spaniards who remained there, he killed ninety and captured two h undred and fifty. It is perhaps only human that after these successes Agulnaldo amd his adherents became somewlhat swelled with pride. Their successes continued, and they managed to capture the Spanish governors of the Batangas and Bulacan provinces, taking five hundred additional prisoners. About this time it was said that a dastardly attempt AGUINALDO AND THE INSI4RGENTS. I4I was made to poison General Aguinaldo. He was taken suddenly and violently ill after a ineal, and the symptoms clearly indicated that poison had been mixed with his food. He was ill for two days, but finally recovered. If this story be true, and the probabilities are that it is, it is only another instance of the savage and cowardly methods of the Spanish in waging warfare. Later, there was a continuous fusillade all around Manila, one projectile striking the cable company's offices and another just missing the English club house. In July the insurgents proclaimed their independence of Spain and organized a provisional government, Aguinaldo declaring himself dictator. Tlhis proclamation was issued in both Spanish and Tagal (which, it will he remembered, is the chief native language), and closed with these words: "These people, who have given proof of their patiellce and bravery in a time of trouble and danger, and of industry a d studiousness duritng peace, are not meant for slavery. Such people are called to greatness, to become one of the strongest arms of Providence to control the destinies of humanity Such people contain resources and energy enough to free themselves from the ruin and annihilation into which the Spanish government has thrown them and resume the modest but honorable place in concert with free nations." This insurgent government was undoubteily the government de facto outside of Manila and Cavite. The rebel forces were in possession of the greater part of the island of Luzon, and it was for this reason that by right 142 AGUINALpO AND THE INSURGENTS. of military occupation Aguinaldo declared martial law within the terrritory over which he had control. Aguinaldo evidently thought that he had Admiral Dewey's support in his scheme for a republic; but although the Americans treated the insurgent leader kindly, gave him two modern field pieces, three hundred rifles and plenty of ammunition, Dewey was too much of a diplomat to conmit either himself or his government. There was no trouble anticipated at Washington over Aguinaldo's proclamation, although it was thought that it would have been much better for all parties had Aguinaldo not organized a republic, since he must have known that General Merritt, the official military governor of the United States, was then on his way to Manila. It must be remembered that one-half of the inhabitants of the Philippines are savages, and the other half cannot be said to be more than half civilized, as Spain has constantly kept them down. Only two per cent. of this latter half can read. Only about an eighth of the entire population is Spanish or Filipinos, and to establish a republic would be at once to plunge the better class into barbarism. It would certainly seem probable that with the conditions such as they are, a semi-indepandent Philippine republic, even under American protection, would be most unwise. A correspondent of the London Times, who was at Cavite, -wrote that the Americans never made a greater AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. t43 mistake than in bringing Aguinaldo and the other insurgent leaders to Cavite, and giving them arms and ammunition, for Aguinaldo, fearing annexation, openly opposed the Americans. This same correspondent then discussed the situation, saying, among other things, the following: "The city, with the aid of the fleet, might have been already American. I am convinced that the Filipinos will never capture it if unaided. If the Americans withdraw, the fate of the natives under Spanish rule will be worse than before. The best solution of the political situation would be for the United States to administer the islands, insisting upon the immediate disarmament of the natives. Five half-breeds whom Aguinaldo captured have been condemned to be shot, and it is said that the condition of the Spanish prisoners in the hands of the insurgents at Cavite is deplorable. "The situation at the front is most extraordinary. Each force is guarding its own lines. The insurgents are little better than an armed rabble. They pass freely into the American camp, but they do not assist the Americans; indeed, they rather hinder operations. I am reluctant to believe the report circulated by the insurgents that, a prominent American official assured Aguinaldo that the Americans came simply to support the insurgent cause and establish a republic; yet the attitude of the insurgents particularly since Aguinaldo's proclamation concerning the plans for a future republic, seems ample to confirm the report. The leaders are aggressively arrog-, ant. They do not pretend to recognize Amnerica 144 AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. authority. ' Whatever was the original purpose of the inisurgents, it is now a fact that their only incentives for continuing tle conflict are revenge and plunder. It is therefore evident that the Americans mustsettle with the insurgents first. I am convinced that the only means of controlling Aguinaldo's rabble is to disarm all of them. This alone will make life and property secure." If tlese words are true, it is a very sad state of affairs indeed and compliates matters exeedingly. But only future events can throw full light upon the subject. Manila, under the blockade of Dewey, was in a desperate and pitiful situation indeed, only to be compared with that of Havana under the blockade of Admiral Sampson. The streets were deserted, business was at a standstill a:nd provisions were at starvation prices. Horseflesh sold there at a dollar and a lialf a pound, and other necessaries of life were in proportion. There is little doubt but that the majority of the population would have been glad enough to have surrendered. Early in August natives of the Philippines resident in England and British subjects who had interests in the islanlds became alarmed by the reports that the terms of peace would restore those islands to Spain. They therefore held a meeting in London, and after consulting with the Filipinos in France and Belgium they cabled both to the President of the United States and to Senator Davis, the chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. The message to President McKinley-:read as follows: AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. 145 "The Filipinos resident in Europe pray you not to abandon the Philippine islands for the sake of peace with Spain. Our loyalty to and trust in the honor of America entitle us to your consideration and support. To hand over our country again to Spain is contrary to the humanitarian proceedings of your noble nation and the wish of all classes. Civilization, trade and order all will be lost if Spanish authority is re-established in any formll In the message to Senator Davis occur these words: "A cast-iron agreement binding Spain to form a government satisfactory to the inhabitants is preposterous. To retain her sovereignty means deception, oppression and bigotism. We placed our rights in your hands and pray you to induce the President and Senate not to abandon in the hour of peace a people, wlio, trusting in American honor, fight for their common interests." Thlese messages were sent in consequence of the fact that Spain at last had recognized her powerlessness and through M. Jules Cambon, the French ambassador in, Washington, had made a formal proposal to the United States Governlment for ending the war and arranging ternis of peace. This was on July 26, I898..Spain had already been advised by other countries that it was for her own best interests to end hostilities. Otherwise the catastrophe which was threatenilig her would be overwhelming. She had already suffered enough, and there was nothing to be gained by stubborn pride. It is often necessary to amputate a limb to save 146 AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. the body, but, if amputation is not performed in time, the result is fatal. The Times, the most conservative paper in Great Britain and which represents the proverbial common sense of the British people, said: " We ventured at the outset to counsel Spain to settle her quarrel without fighting, which was cAtain to be useless. We have urged her since to be content with what she had done and not to sacrifice her domestic well-being and her place in Europe, as well as her colonies. We can only now repeat our advice to her to make peace before an American squadon upon her 'coasts inflicts upon her fresh losses and increased humiliation." The Paris Temps, with the utmost frankness, warned Spain that France had learned her lesson in the FrancoPrussian war, when she declared, with the finest and most patriotic of motives, that not one inch of territory, not one of the nation's fortresses would be given up. The Temps went on to say that if once an American fleet should appear off the Spanish coast something more than the Philippines, the Ladrones, Cuba and Porto Rico would surely be expected, and if this exaction on the part of the.United States should prove to be' the torch to light a general conflagration, the responsibility would be upon Spain's shoulders. How long would it be before Spain, stiff-necked in her obstinate pride, would recognize the situation and bow before it? Would it not be, the Temps asked, until the last seaman of the last crew of the last slip of: Spain's last armada had gone down to the depths of an AGUINALDO AND THU INSURGENTS. 147 ocean in which lay-the bones of so many gallant marines and so many fine Spanish fleets? There is a higher patriotism than that evinced by shutting one's eyes to the plain facts au l rushing upon certain ruin as the bull rushes upon the espeda's red flag. After M. Cambon, the French ambassador, had asked for terms of peace acting as an intermediary between this country and Spain, there was much criticism in Madrid that there was not an immediate cessation of hostilities. But the President and his advisers were too well aware of Spain's policy of ''Mandana," that is, a constant procrastination, which the Spanish consider to be diplomacy. When an important decision is to be taken, it has long been the policy of the Spanish government to institute a long series of Cabinet councils devoted to what is known in a phraseology that is semi-official, to."exchanging impressions." This simply means that there is a large amount of talk at large, that recalcitrant members are whipped into line, and a decision is postponed until the mnorrow, and then again and again untili the morrow. Our own Government was determined, and rightly determined, that nothing of this sort should occur. So the war went on upon exactly the same plans that had been formulated before, just as if no proposal for peace had been received'. But, nevertheless, the terms on which the United States was willing to conclude peace, were promptly submitted.: S:';:i 148 AGUINALDO AND THE INSURGENTS. These terms were in substance as follows: Tai- President did not put forward any claim for inde:mnity, but required the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title to the island of Cuba, as wll as the immediate evacuation by Spain of tile island; the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands under Spanis'l sovereignty in the West Indies, and the like cession of an island of the Ladrones. The United States would occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which should determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines. If these were accepted by Spain in their entirety then conmmissioners were to be named by the United States to meet commissioners on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on the above basis. WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? I49 CHAPTER X. WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? Again and again has tlle question, " What shall we do with the Philippines?" been asked throughout the United States by all sorts and conditions of people, by those high il power and by those with no power at all. In the light of after events it is both curious and instructive to note whlt were some of the ideas expressed. It seems to have been the general concensus of opinion that the inhabitants of the Philippines were unable to govern themselves, and this considering tlhe heterogeneous nature of those living on the islands, and that a large portion of the territory has never even been explored seems feasible enough. Spain has made an utter failure of it. The one thing that the natives want and that the whiole civilized world ought to demand is the establishment of a stable, responsible government. It would be impossible to do worse than Spain has done, but there was more than probability that the Americans, with their practical calculating nature, would do infinitely better. Now, did we really want the government of some seven million savages ten thousand miles away from our coasts? Would it be common sense to take them and to attempt to colonize the islands? Andrew Carnegie has declared that Am ricans cannot 150 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? be grown there. If this is true, do we care foi possessions that cannot be made American? And yet there has existed a vast diversity of opinion upon this point. Let us examine some of them: In a speech delivered in St. Paul in July, 1898, Senator Davis spoke as follows: "Next to China the Pacific possessions of the United States are the most inviting objects of attack. -Under existing conditions their defense would be difficult. Had Spain triumphed at Manila as decisively as did the United States, her navy could hav seized Honolulu and have operated from there upon the entire coast of the United States from Mexico to the Yukon. An overwhelming European force in Asiatic waters could do the same thing; so could Japan. The situation is plainly one of alternatives. The United States must become an efficient element in the Asiatic situation or it must entirely abstain from any participation in it, return to its own shores, receive the smallest possible share of its commercial advantages, and prepare for its own defense against the same aggressions which have reduced China to her present condition. It may be objected that all this is without precedent. So it is. But all great human evolutions must precede precedents in order to create them. "The present war has restored confidence to those who feared that the spirit of our people and their patriotism h:ad been enervated by a long and prosperoes peace. Tf'F-hat they would support the Government no one A~', -. _ A *'! R ' ' *' ' '':' '' WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? 151 doubted. But it was only faintly hoped that a war, not onerous when compared with our resources, would completely fuse all political and sectional differences into unanimity of support to the honor, dignity and safety of the nation. "It is now manifest that the United States will be at the conclusion of this war a great and actual naval and military power. Many thousands of her citizens will be trained to modern warfare on land and sea. The military spirit has inspired the people. They have been raised to a higher plane of patriotism. The additions to our fleet have been very considerable, and that fleet will never be less. The appropriations for its increase, already liberal, will continue to be so. The astounding victories at Manila and at Santiago have convinced our people of the vital importance of the sea power. The organization and operation of a great army and navy will teach them their own strength. "The heroism of our soldiers and sailors will be a heritage of nationial glory and honor. Our people were carried to thle highest top of national pride by witnessing at Manila and Santiago (to paraphrase Napier) with what mnajesty the American sailor fights. It is also perceived with the greatest satisfaction that certain exponents of European opinion, who until recently spoke. with a condescending assumption of- superiority of in-. tervening in the present contest, have abated in their hauteur of expression. "The Monroe doctrine, in the sense of an intent'l; by this Government to intervene to prevent encroach1^ ^ ^ ^.^ 'N^' i^ s-l;^^.." ' < ^*;:.-./-:*'.;< ^'." *v^ ^-^,,^''l'**^ *.^-'.:*^ ^ ^ ^^^ - 152 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? ments by European nations upon the republics of the Western hemisphere, has been confirmed, and has received a steadying force. The press of Continental Europe has adopted during the last few years a fashion of resenting even any theoretical assertion of this great principle of American security, which was recently characterized by Prince Bismarck as a doctrine of 'uncommon insolence.' It is now probable that any European power will deliberate before acting upon that assumption." Ex-Senator Edmunds delivered the address of the day before the Pennsylvania Society of the War of I812 on the Fourth of July, I898. Hie said in part: "It was not territorial aggrandizement or the spoils of the war that led our Government to begin the war against Spain, disturbing our trade, greatly increasing our taxes and public debt, and more than all, sacrificing the lives of many of our citizens. It was solely to relieve the neighboring people from the 'abhorrent conditions' imposed upon them by Spain and which had become a disgrace to 'Christian civilization,' and which had culminated in the destruction of the Maine, with a great number of her officers and crew. "Neither what is called imperialism nor jingoism was allowed, even by implication, to play any part in this great and terrible drama of war. Indeed, no such declaration by Congress was necessary, I should hope, save to dispel the suspicion and discontent of other nations whose own careers might lead them to think that the ulterior object of this war must be the increase of terri WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? 153 torial dominion; for Congress and the people of the United States perfectly understood that an essential element in the nature of a republic is that all its citizens shall have a voice in its government. "Under our system States having by the Constitution equal power in the Senate with every ether State naturally and almost inevitably developed out of territorial governments. Hence Congress and the people, having in view the principles and history I have before mentioned, could not think of taking into the family of States separate peoples not homogenecus with our own to share in making laws for this country. "But whether integral equal political parts of our republic or not, the possession of distinct territory continually involves, as all nations have found, the maintenance of great standing armies and navies, with the enormous expenses and other evils attending their existence. The termination of war must, of course, be follovied by indemnity to the victor, but the victor should be very careful to see that the supposed indemnity does not prove an injury rather than a satisfaction." Senator Hoar, in a speech in favor of the annexation of Hawaii, said: "If we are to undertake to govern millions of people at a distance we must change all our constitutional methods of procedure. We will not acquire any territory and annex any people; we will aspire to no empire or dominion except where we can reasonably expect thb people to be acquired will in due time and'under suitable i54 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIIt'!'INIS? conditions be annexed to the United States as an equal part of its self-governing republic." There is, it seems to us, much good common sense in these utterances of the venerable Senator from Massachusetts. But still, in the case of the Philippines, there are other things to be said, peculiar conditions which must be considered. Let us pass on to the opinions of others. Now, to quote from a few of the leading newspapers. The New York Sun said: ''If even in the days of Washington American statesmen recognized the usefulness of islands, considered as stations for repair and for re-equipment, how much more should it be recognized to-day. That which in neighboring Atlantic waters was not unreasonably coveted a century and a quarter ago on grounds of convenience, has now, in view of the breadth of the Pacific, and of the limited coal capacity of steamships, become absolutely indispensible. If we desire to protect our commercial interests in China, which even now are large, and which, under favorable circumstances, will become immense, we shall hold fast the Philippines, which the God of battles has given to our hands." The New York Herald maintained a similar view. "The United States owes it to civilization as well as to itself frankly to accept the responsibility the fortune of war has thrust upon it. The very object of the war, as publicly avowed by the nation, was humanity-to put an end to Spanish misrule and disorder in Euba.. Circumstances rendered necessary the telling blow WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? 155 which Dewey dealt at Manila. Now that it has been struck; and Spanish authority in the Philippines doomed, we can no more think of delivering back the people of the islands into the hands of the Spaniards than we could think. of restoring Cuba and surrendering the Cubans to Spanish misrule. The responsibility imposed upon us is as binding il the case of the Philippines as in that of Cuba. 'Our national duty is as clear and its performance as inperative in one case as in the other. Only by loyally discharging this duty can we show that we are worthy descendents of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, and maintain peace both at home and abroad. To abandon the people of the Philippines to tie oppressive rule of Spain again would be simply cruelty-the very opposite of that spirit of humanity that inspired the war." The New York World, however, was diametrically opposed. "Every bit of territory annexed to the United States was acquired primarily because it was for the best interests of the United States as a nation. No plea of pseudo-philanthropy, no dream of a world-girdling empire, and especially no scheme of private ambition or jobbery, has shaped the extension of our boundaries. "To set up Satrapies for the Sons of Somebodies in the far Pacific and in Oceania, and to convert a war for freeing Cuba into a war of conquest for the benefit of spoilsmen and adventurers, is foreign to all our principles and traditions and is dangerous in its possibilities. We do not want these islands in any event. r~ iv+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"Aq'',-U.y~_^.s.;..........,'.:;.'';i 156 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? Can we afford, for our own sakes at hom!e, to engraft the despotic military principle of government upon our reptublican system?" The London Daily Graphic spoke tlhus: ' If America doesn't take possession of the Philippines Spain wvill be too feeble to reconquer the arclipelago, and nothing will remiain but Malayan pandemnonium, which will inevitably attract the attention of the Europearl Powers and!.-ad to serious complications." The Arliy and NTavy Journal had this to say on the subject: " As to the Philippine Islands the question of their return to Spain involves otler considerations than those relating to our own colonial interests. We cannot, witlhout a betrayal of trust, turn over to Spain the insurgents who have confided in our good faith and leave ller to revenge upon them her quarrel, not only with her revolting colonists, but with the Yanklees who have given them encouragement. Nor can we consent to leave the Philippines a derelict, as it were, upon the ocean to be taken possession of by any power that may have less fear than we of the assertion of imperial rights and the assumption of colonial responsibilities. "It is very doubtful whether if we were to withdraw from Manila, Spain, weakened as she is, could re-establish her authority over colonies which have been in an almost chronic state of revolt. The real question is not whether we shall restore the Philippines to Spain, but whether we shall abandon them to Germany, or some other power less squeamish in the matter of foreign WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES? 157 conquest than we, tlus re-enactinig the roles of the lion and tlie jackal when they hunted il comlnany. "It would be absurd to listen now to those who having opposed the war in the beginning are disposed to make themselves heard in detcrminilli g the purposcs for which it should be conducted. Had tlis class of reasoners been able to control Abralham Lincoln, as they so persistently sought to do at the time of our Civil War, we should still have the problem of Africati slavery to deal witli, and instead of beiing unitcd in a happy acceptance of the results of that war, and in tlhe enjo3yment of the conditions of enlarged prosperity that followed it, we should still be divided into contending and hcstile factions, disputing to the death over a great industrial and moral problem which every other civilized nation has settled forever. "It is not the fathers who should be called upon to settle our policy with reference to Spain and her possessions, but the sois. Not those who linger in a blind devotion to an un!developed past, but those who look forward with hope and confidence to a more glorious future. Not the snarling pessimists, but those who are most representative of the hopreful and progressive spirit of the new and greater America." In conclusion, Mr. J. E. Stevens, than whom there is no better witness, and whomn we have had occasion to '"quote before, has this to say: "Now that the Philippines are ours, do we want them? Can we run them? Are they the long-looked-for El Dorado which those who have never been there sup2^ '.,,"-0 -; t; 0 *,;'. \ - x., T58 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES pose? To all of whichquestions-even at the risk of being called unpatriotic-I am inclined to answer, No. "Do we want-them? Do we want a group of 1,400 islands nearly 8,ooo miles from our western shores, sweltering in the tropics, swept with typhoons and shaken with earthquakes? Do we want to undertake the responsibility of protecting those islands froin the powers in Europe or the East, and of standing sponsor for the nearly 8,ooo,ooo native inhabitants that speak a score of different tongues, and live on anything from rice to stewed grasshoppers? Do we want the task of civilizing this race, of opening up the jungle, of setting up officials in frontier, out-of-the-way towns, who won't have been there a month before they will wish to return? "Can we run them? The Philippines are hard material with which to make our first colonial experiment, and seem to demand a different sort of treatment from that which our national policy favors or has had experience in giving. Besides the peaceable natives occupying the accessible towns, the interiors of many of the islands are filled with aboriginal savages who have never even recognized. the rule of Spain, who have never even heard of Spain, and who still think they are possessors of the soil. Even on the coast itself are tribes of savages who are almost as ignorant as their brethren in the interior, and only thirty miles from Manila are races of dwarfs that go.without clothes, wear knee-bracelets of horsehair, and respect nothing save the jungles in which they live. WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINM 159 "To,he north are the Igorrotes, to the south the Mores, and in between scores of wild tribes that are ready to dispute possession. And is the United States prepared to maintain the forces and carry on the military operations in the fever-stricken jungles necessary in the march of progress to exterminate or civilize such races? Have we, like England, for instance, the class of troops who could undertake that sort of work, and do we feel called upon to do it, when the same expenditure at home would go so much further. "The Philippines must be run under a despotic though kindly form of government, supported by arms and armorclads, and to deal with the perplexing questions and perplexii:g difficulties that arise needs knowledge gained by experience, by having dealt with other such problems before." On the twelfth of August the terms of peace were accepted by Spain, and a protocol was signed at Washington, M. Cambon, the French ambassador, representing the Spanish government. This fact, however, it was impossible to communicate immediately to Manila, and, not knowing that peace had been concluded, Admital Dewey, on Saturday, the I3th, advanced with his fleet toward the city and signalled a demand for surrender. This demand was refused. Admiral Dewey then at once proceeded to bombard the forts, and the city Was taken by assault, surrendering unconditionally. Augustin, the former captain-general, who had re-; ' I, -... * 1 o.,. * A * 0 J. ',,,,:' *.; * 0 ',, i60 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES linquished the government a week before to the military governor, was taken away, with his family, on board a German cruiser, the Kaiserin Augusta. The surrender made the American hold on the Philippines stronger than it could possibly have baen had the Spanish troops remained in the field. General Merrit's duty was now to proclaim the island of Luzon a military poss-ssion of the United States and to enforce the tariff which had been previously agreed upon. The capture of Manila will undoubtedly greatly simplify the work of the Peace Colmmissioners and place the United State3 in a position to demand the cessiol of enough territory about tre city to enable it to hold the latter. John H. Reagan, who was formerly United States Senator, and chairman of the State Railway Commission of Texas, declared that'the Philippines lelonged to tllis nation alnd that we needed them. His idea was to lhave an-Amnerican protectorate establislied over them, leaving them a local governmnent of their own, which they might conduct so long as it was consistent with the laws of tlhe Republic. He acknowledges tliat to maintain the protectorate, the United States would bz oblige: to keep strong garrisons and a large fleet at tlhe islands for years, but we would extendll tie boundaries of constitutional government. We would hold islands whicll are a necessity to our future progress, and we would raise one more barrier against any further encroachment of imperialism, WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE~ PHILIPPINE~S xi~r is, monarchical government. In conclusion, Mr. igran says: 'if what I advocate- is imiperialismi, then Thom2as!erson must have be-en. one- of the rankest of imperial-;,and the. D~emocratdic party must be indubitably boutid to stand now for whiat not ouly lie advocated, but what the party worked for through presidency after presidency preceding theWar. 'Otr comati-:rce: needs'-widening. The islands of. the -sea oiler uis tlhc! opportunity. Our navy will be increased imtnediatelv, so that evea the combined Pow-.ers of Euirope- wilil respect its strength. Then wvill come natural devel6pment of our marine interest, and our internal developments wvill contjnue." As has been stated, it was impossible to notify Admiral Dewey and General Merritt of the conclusion of peace, and they therefore followed out tbeir plans as to the capture of Manila, which meant practically the whole of the Ph1ilippines. On AuguIst 7, they jointly notified General Jaudenes, who lacf succeeded G,-neral Augustiti, that they might attack"r the, city forty-eight hours after their note to him, and ~gave liini an opportunity to remove all non-com~bat-. ants. On August 13, after a nomikal defence, Manhila sur-, rendered. The Spanishi flag was lowere'd, and the Stars and Stripes raised in its place. Th'- Americans captured ri,ooo prisoners',700be uig* Spanish regulars; 20,000 Mauser rifles, 3,000Re1ngti~si8 odern cannon and nianyf obso ete pten 162 WHAT SHALL.WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINE, The day after the surrender, the insurgents entered sone Spanish trenches on the outskirts but were repulsed. General Merritt notified them that they would not be permitted to enter the city. It was after the raising of the American flag that the German warship, the Kaiserin Augusta, slipped away, without being courteous enough to offer to carry dispatches fromn Manila. The terms of capitulation were as follows: Officers allowed to retain their swords and personal effects, but not their horses, during their stay -in Manila. Prisoners of war surrendering their arms are to have necessary supplies provided from the treasury; wl en that is exhausted, the Americans to make provision. All public property is surrendered. Future disposition of Spanish troops surrendered is to be determined by negotiation between the respective governmenlts. Arms may be returned at General Merritt's discretion. Banks will continue to operate under existing regulations, subject to change by the United States government. Manila's capture meant that the United States was now the absolute dictator of the future of the Philippine islands. The fact that the capitulation occurred after the official declaration of the cessation of hostilities ought not to be considered, in view of the fact that tlhe commanders of both the American and Spanish forces re WHAT SHALL WE DO WITII THE PHILIPPINES 163 ceived no information of this before the fighting began. Still, tlie American government was bound by the third article of the peace protocol; signed before the I battle took place. This article read as follows: "The United States will occupy and hold the city, ^ bay and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines." There is one point just here that must not be overlooked. After the cessation of hostilities, thie Philippine colony in Madrid petitioned the authorization of the government for the expulsion of religious communities from the Philippines as a sine qua nan. The priesthood had dominated everything both civil and religious, throughout the islands, and this was one of the chief causes of the continuous uprisings. A trustworthy correspondent had an interview with an influential prelate at Rome, and this is what he had to say about the matter: "You must know first of all," said this representative of the Valican, "that the Philippines are the centre of Catholic missions that are extended to the neighboring islands and to Tonkin and China. The foundation of these missions is very ancient, but the most important is the Dominican Mission of Santo Rosario of ttjiseventeenth century. It is very rich and has liar: es: sious and great influence. Close to the INr1tft:l{ Mission are several convents of the Franciscan and Augus. tinian missions, but the Dominicans are in the first place...;..*.* "..". 164 rWHAT SHALL-WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINIES. "T ie service of the Cathol ic clergy of the Ph illippilnes is effected entirely by friarsanid afew priests. Thle friarb are S~paniards. The Do-ainican cliergy inumber 530, with nine bishops, amnong whom is the Bishiop of Manila, Mgr. Mozaleda de Villa. They have seventy vicars. The professors of the Manila University are Dominficauis, exczpt those2 of 'medicine. In regard to thle education. of childreni they possess at Manila St. Thomas' College, and St. John Lateranu and St. A'be-rt the Great at, Dagupan, in Pangasinani province. For gir~ls there are the schools of St. Catherine, Sanito, Rosario and theVirgin, directed by Dominican Sisters resident at Manila, and at Lingayen and lin the city of Fernandina there is an orphan asylumn, and similar establishmtnents, and missions haive penetrated into the savage couuitries of the Phiflippines and thence reached Tonkin, China, aind Formosa. They are sixty-six in number, divided into twenty-five apostolic vic rates. "As you may see, the&Vatican is right in giving such importance to this question, because hithei to the friars. have not only devoted themlscelves to their missions, -but have' had in their hands the mnoral. and political gov — ermntment of' that land sand have bad great influence with the, population in the cities, villages and throughout they tn t ry. The, Vat ican believes that timeUie ls ifterest. to conserve inobangth frexfd~iip tUNhose friars who cant help pacify the pep& ple." - 'o tuy objection that they are Spanliards ad will setvie Spanish interests,'he replied: WHIAT SHALL4 WH~DO WITH THE PHILIPPINI. ix65 'We must take into consideration the fact that conditions a-.e now transformed. Ce-i-ainly the Spanish, friars, espe-1iaily the Dominicans, k~d-dcontinuous relatioa3 with Spain, and possess two mnissions and a '~ol, leg~e In the war of thLe Cuban rebellion thjey gave one million, but we cannot deny the fact that tl:eir great, poer has lonig beeti contested by the insurgentsiith struggle for liberty. They know that the Domiiiicaus of Santo Rosario heave secured the Spaniards rs, instru. m ents, of government, and the United States could obtain the same services by respecting them." I then asked, ''If the Un ited States, while respecting.their rights, requests the Vatican to substitute by degrees for the Spanisli friars others of different nationalities, do you think the Vatician would agree?" "I do not kniow. The Vaticai has done the samne favor for France in Tunis and for Italy in Abyssinia, and it is niot said that the Vatican will, not agree. to do the same for America..-Nevertheless, the difficulties are many. When the' destruction of Cervera's fleet was known, and seeing the end of the war, Mgr. Mozaleda de Villa sen t a long statement. to Cardinal Ledochowski, the Prefect Of. the Propaganda, sztting forth the sad situation and their fears for the future., The Cardiiial 'visited 'the' Pope, praying him to op&-i' Jiptlomatic negotiations-. T~hey commned immediately, and we expect good resu1(sshortly. -The first steps were take n in regard. to. Presit dent McKinley by Mgr. Ireland and Mgr. Mardn-eU*l t ipostolic delegate at. Washington;. i66 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES. "The United States government would not at first enter into any engagement, but after urgent solicitation from the Vatican it declared it was disposed to recognize the rights of the Catholic missions of the Philippines on condition that the Spaniards would not create trouble for the United States and would renounce Spanish protection. "The Vatican called upon the Spanish Ambassador to get the Spanish views. Firstly, it appeared contrary to the policy of Spain to renounce her protection over her subjects, and the negotiations thus proceeded with great difficulty, the United States maintaining its conditionsa and Spain refusing theml/ Finally the Pope succeeded in getting his advice accepted at Madrid by demonstrating the dangerous position of the clergy and the Catholic missions and the possibility that the United States might take vigorous measures against the missions, with the danger of persecution. The Pope also promised Spain his intervention with a view of getting the best conditions of peace. "This advice has been seconded by Austria, and Spain has manifested a disposition to be ready to accept it. "Mgr. Martinelli should have already informed the government at Washington that Spain accepts its conditions and renounces her protection of the friars on condition that America respects their rights and does not oppose the practice of the services of religion and of the Catholic hierarchy." It must be said, however, that the friars showed every WHAT SHALL WH DO WITH THE PHI1I1PPINES. 167 dispositioui to accept the new condition of affairs, and did not appear inclinied to create any difficulties for the new government of the Philippinles. There could be no, (lisposition of the islands without the consenft of the Amnericaun counimissioners and the approval of the Seniate which w7-as necessary to ratify the treatv. In the latter part of Aug~ust, President McKinley named the peace commnissioners. They were as follows: William R. Day of Ohio, Secretary of Sitate; Ctushmian K. Ilavis of iAlinntesota and XWilliam P. Frye of Maine., United States Senators; EdwNard V. White of Loufisiana, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and W1-hittlawv Reid of New Y-ork, editor of the New York Tribune. As Mr. Reid was one of this important body, it is interestfing to note what lie has had to say editorially in regard to the Philippines. Onl July 31, the Tribune declared: "Let us be generous to prodigality in relieving poor old Spain from any money payment.... Let us take nothing in wantoness. But let us yield nothing which ire are bouuil for civilization's sake to hol4. Generosity is a fine trait,.but to do justice is an inalien-. able obligation." From the Tribuine of Auigust i tbe following paragraph is taken: "Just a coaling stationz and nothing. maore in thePhillippiiies wou~ld doubtless be suifficient -for the ljnitt4 States to re ta in, provided i t were big enough. Auid there z-68 - WHAT SHALL WE DOI WITH THE PHILIPPINES. are-those.who think that such a station, to be big enough, would have to include the whole archipel-ago."' "Two Basic Principles" was the title of an editorial in which Mr. Reid, in his paper of August 7, said: "The Philippine problem is confessedly a difficult one. Many dispositions of the islands have been suggested, and every one involves vexatious questions which are not to be lightly answered. But whatever we may finally decide upon-whether we hold permanently one city, or one island, or the whole archipelago; whether we annex or protect-there are two principles of action to which we should hold firmly.... The first is that the United States is the sole arbiter of the future of the Philippines, and that no other nation shall be pernitted to come between us and Spain. The other is that the Filipinos must be protected from any re-establishment of the tyranny which they rose against on our invitation aid with our aid." Under the caption "The Spanish Islands as Payment" the Tribune of August xo said: " The whole body of Pacific islands, if taken from Spain as part payment for the expenditures of war, would be held by a title which no other power could rightly question or would care to assail." The Tribune on Augut 12 said: "If the-United States takes the islands it will have them for all time, if it desires to keep them, though, of ti ctrser it will be able to get rid of them at any time. If.t wraives its natural rights and declines to take them it WHAT SHALL WE DO WITIH THE- PILIPPINES.- 169 will never have another chance to get them, unless in a war of conquest such as is not to be looked for." Whlile the war was not begun in a spirit of aggressicn, and.there was no thought in the beginning of any.quisition of new territory, circumstances arose whith-': seened to make the latter an absolute necessity. Press' and public were unanimous that thle fruits of victories so magnificently won should not be allowed to pass out of our hands. P6rto Rico was legitimately ours, Cuba was under our guardianship, and the Philippines should certainly remain under our rule until the native population should prove itself capable of self-government. The latter was and is most problematical. It must be remembered, as has already been stated, that the islands have never been developed. Under Spanish rule, or misrule, moreover, they never could be. The experiment was tried, and the result was a notable failure. The insurgents were entirely beyond the control of.: the government, filled as they were with.a bitter hatredfor the country that had so long misgoverned and opf: pressed them. Anarchy had reigned in most parts of the islands for:: years, and the hand of Spain was powerless to clheck it,:: But the JUnited States is competent and strong enottghl - to perform a task in which the weaker nation has failed.: The New York Sun says, and with the- utmo.: truth:-. "If the United States takes chargeof those i >lnds::i " X will be an act of justice to the woriscommer. -_:4 ma 1;; 7o0 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES. will swiftly give way, and that kind of order which is the foundation of prosperity will prevail. The very soil will itself rejoice, for it has heretofore been so interfered with that it has produced little when it would have been, glad to produce a great deal. Business men have made their ventures with trepidation, for the air has been thick with suffocating rumors of revolution. One does not show his mettle, his financial mettle, when his success depends more on the possibility of massacre and conflagration than onl his own brains. "Our government will begin as General Butler began in New Orleans-with the commlanld, 'Come to order ' Everything will assume a stability hitherto unknown, and the very best results which enterprise can achieve will soon make themselves visible." Agtinaldo, although now he seems well disposed toward the Americans, may prove a stumbling block in our progress, clever, crafty and ambitious as he is. Here are three press opinions which it is well to consider. The Boston Herald says: "If Spain takes her hands off, there is still Aguinaldo to deal with. We know little of Aguinaldo, and what we do know is not in his favor. He is youthful, and there is reason to believe him reckless and irresponsible, while there is also evidence that he is corrupt and venal. Suppose we do obtain the islands from Spain, with::Aginaldo on our hands? Have we not seen enough of wat guerilla warfare can be made in Cuba to give us - rning? Are we willing to accept the Philippines as a WHtAT SHALIL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES. I71 graveyard for United States troops on the same quest for many years? Are the Philipipine Islands a sufficient prize to compens ite for those risks and this sacrifice? We discharge any duty that may be itcumbent on us toward the people of the islands by leaving their case to arbitration, and there is slight probability of our nation being injured by any verdict that may come from an arbitration board. The following is from the St. Louis Republican: If Aguinaldo were eliminated, the natives would be easy to deal with. The natives have no plans, no policy or cause. They have only Aguinaldo, or rather Aguinaldo has them. It was probably tle discovery. that Dewey would not do business with him at any price that started this venal revolutionist to hobnobbiing with tile Germans and mystifying the Americans. Having failed to entice either into a deal, he is now suddenly anxious to propitiate Dewey and at the same time get recognition for his rabble by asking for American officers to lead them. General Merritt seems to realize that the problem of regulating the natives would be simpli-: fied by squelching him. "It might be a harsh proceeding to hang Mr. Aguinaldo from the yardarm, but it would be the surest way to settle the annoying situation at Manila, and would be. a blessing to the foolish natives to whom he has been a Judas without the remorse which suggested the halter. to Iscariot. There could be no reasonable objection W: banishing or imprisoning the rascal, and news tha Merritt has done so will surprise nobody.':. ~-",.? I:i? 1'72 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIPPINES. And the New York Herald makes the following declaration: ''To tle American conmmissioners in the first instance, thili, the country will now look for the maintenance of the just rights of tlhe United States aLd due protection of its interests. These commissioners must see that the Fhilippines are not restored to Spain. That would be to contiinue Spanish misrule, encom!age Malayan revolution and ilnvite European complications. 'They nimust see that the islands are not handed over to alny European power. That would b, to foment European war. "'They must see that the archipelago is not given into the 'hands of the Filipines That would mean Malayan anarchy and European conquest. The Philippines, with the Stars and Stripes floating ever them, are to-day American territory. Oulr gallant tars and intrepid troops led by Dewey and Merritt have cured the one weak spot whicl diplomacy had left in the protocol, and there will be no need of long and hair splitting sessions of peace commissioners to decide upon the future control of tlie Philippines. They are ours, and the overwtelmling voice of the American people declares that ours they shall remain.":I The Filipinos themselves, reared as they have been:i-11ti ignorance, are liable to give us a certain amount of - itible, if they becomne American citizens, but still this tr-'ldfie will probably be only temporary. Civilization ~iS^ tb eSecent government will do much. WH4~T SHALL WE DO WITH THE PHILIIPPI.NES.. 173 A xvitu~ss Milo Is worthy of credeaiz12 gives this testimony as tu the Filipinlos: ''The Filipinio is, just now, most enithusiac'tically in love with the Ame,2ricanis. Out ini the country there is~ 11othii-ng too good for the Aniericaii. I have lived wit the tiative in his hut, and I have had the- best tie hut containted put f re-ely at my d isposition, the best to eat~ the kest split bamboo floor, soft and springy, to, sleep. uponl, eveni the bzst of his weapans, the. pride of hish. hezart, his loved machete, keeti enough to shiave with and heavy eniougrh to cleave a manl's skull at a blow, offered to me as a free gift. "And yet there has always bleen in my m ind a lurk-' ing- distrust of 'My host. There is something of a glint -a s~iggLestion of the Malay drop in his mixed ancestry -ini thez soft brown eye, recalling to miy mind those old stories of dark mien runininig amuck to kill, and kill, and,' kill, until they have themselves been shot in their_. tracks like dogys as they deserved. "I have recalled the fact that no wise sea captain WMll; ship a Manila man as oile of his crew, and that natie Filipitios have been takeil, as children, inllto Saih families aiid tenderly reared, onfly, at the la-St' o put poison in the food of the entire family, and to ma1ake lio excuse for the atrocious act other than, to sayl~ they had.-; grown 'hot in the head.' "Whethe~r- such a people' call ever b'e trfthted:o~ governl tleie~selves, as the _Filipinos clerl exp~ct the Amiericaus to trust them, is uesto.fors' e~ men-but I would motrsetul Uggs o tq 174 WHAT SHALI WE DO WITH3 THE PHILIPPINES. statesman, -before attempting its solution, that theycome out here and take a few practical lessons in ethnology." Mrs. Lucy Garnett, an Englishwoman, who resided for several years in Manila, makes this prophecy: "it is an ascertained fact that the increase of energy introduced into the Philippine native by European blood lasts only to the second generation, and, left to himself, the tendency of the Mestizo is ever to revert to the maternal type. The native is too indolent, and the hold of civilization upon him too slight, ever to make anything higher than municipal self-governments possible in these islands.... Under either British of American government these islands would undoubtedly have their immense material wealth developed as it has never yet been, or ever will be, under such an effete power as Spain."' What the future of the Philippines may be no one can predict just now. But that they will be happier and more prosperous under American rule than they were under Spanish is certain. They may yet become one of the brightest of our stars. i Beyond doubt the destiny cf the islands is pregnant: with possibilities. They are ours by right of conquest, and in the words O - of a former assistant secretary of the navy:; "Wherever the American flag has been raised in;:;..hoor, no man shall pull it down!" /;. (Tr D. - ' - ' ' (THE END.) 5-6,;.;t0. Mrs. Georgie Sheldon Has to her credit the sale of more than a million copies of her fascinating, romantic novels. These stories positively cannot be bought 'under any other imprint. Their irresistible charm is traceable to the admixture of romantic fancy with scenes and events taken from life, with which page after page is adorned. It can be safely stated that no Amrn rican authoress of the day has captivated and controls such a vast army of readers of all classes and conditions, who keep pouring in a steadfast flow of letters, thanking and praising the novelist for the high intellectual pleasure she has afforded them. These volumes are handsomely printed and bound in tastefully illustrated cover. In The Eagle Library, at 10 Cents. Audrey's Itecolmpense. Witch Hazel. Queen Bess. Edrie's Legacy. That Dowdy3. Ruby's Reward. Tina. Thrice Wedded Two Ktys. Virgie's Inheritance.. In The Clover Series, at 25 Cents. Brownie's Triumph. Earl Wavne's Nobility. *:; 'I'lle Forsakeni Blrde. Geoffrey's Victory, His Heart's Queen. Lost, A Pearle. Malrgnerite's Heritage. M-x. M-(o1a. Nanueless D)e = Si iyl s Influence. Stella Rosevelt. Trixv. A True Aristocrat. Wejtded b- Fate. Wild Oatus In the Rose Series (cloth), Geoffrey's Victory, 30.ceu4: mail postpald..: For sale by all booksellers and newsdealers, or aI postage free, on receipt of price, by the publishers.,: — ||| STREET & SMITH Ne: -.. * - 1 - *:;.;^; HAVE YOU.'READ AINSLEE'S MAGAZINE? ~IT HAS MANY POINTS OF EXCELLENCE over any other magazine published, and costs but TEN CENTS a copy ITS MOTTO 1$ QUAL14rY RATHER THAN QUANTITY. We give our re~aders a good big ten cents' worth tover too pages ot redngt:tter every monigin 11th). ARTICLES OF INTEREST to the evety-day man aned womain, written by the best auhos Anyone ofordinary Intelligence will read Ainslee' front cover to cover, andl be inter-ested and instructed b)y every article. He will not find pages of dry scientific discussion of Whiclilie c.tlprhends little and cares less. Neither will he find -the articles so trivial in character as to be unworthy of his time. Wit,ARE CYINO THk PUBLIC THE BEST MAGAZINE for the aver~age man land woman, and ini the selection of outr literary -naterial this ''average" individual is always kept in mlind as the one to whom we are caterinig. We do not claim it to be the largest, the most scientific, the most profound, or the mlosthlum-rous;.but WEV DO STAND FIR'M -ON. THE ASSERTION. that it is the very Mat magazine published, for the enter-. taimnent. anid instruction of the euttire household in our AtmericaW homnes. BU A COPY THI MONrHt read it, have your wife read it.. let the old folks read it, and thenr -pass i~t ovet to the children, and you wilt all like It so well yo ill Iever thereafter be withouti it. *Q.O B4Y.ALL -NIWSDEkALERS._ * T E T 'S IKPublshrs New York. Complete Authors? Catalogue OF STREET & SMITH'S A O-W* — *: Al ff ( 1 i2mo Books X (PAPER COVERS) These books may be procured from all newsdealers at the price mentioned, or will be sent by mail, postpaid, by the publisher, for the same price.,... '; <,-..v... -:::..::: STREET & SMITH P.t.i shez,: 8. * FULTs 01 _. ACIIARD.9 AMEDEE Belle Rose. IParis No. AD)AMS, 0. Li. Detecdive's Clew, The. Magnet No. AL1ISON So Near and Yet So Far. Daisy No. ALLEN, GRANT In All Shades. Arrow No. ASIIBY, H-ON. EVELYN Illegal Marriage, The. Select No. A SHLEIf, ROS E 9. 66. i6. 25C. Sc. 22. I C. 6i. 25c. "n If Widow's Wager, The.ASMR.ANI Bea~utiful Rienzi. Bride Elect, The. Swect Sisters of Inchvarra, The. AUGUSTA, CLAR1A is 13 '4 71. d ( Nobody's Daughter." Lost Bride, The. 21I BkRRETT, FRANK Great Hesper, The. BRIJM.Arrow NO. 31., oc-. Little Minister, The. Eagle No. 96. iroc. BAXTERq YOUJNG Old Mortality, King of Detectives. Secret Service No. g. 251C. BELIAXY, CHIAS. J. Moment of Madness, A. Select NO. 46. 25c. 11 6 " BEIiOT, Al)01,PHE Tragedy of the Rue de la Paix, The. Arrow No. 32. BIS.`O1P, JULIA TItUITT Kathleen Douglas. Primrose NO. 4. BOUMNICAULT, D)ION Forbidden Fruit. Drama No. r6. rnOuuGFT, PAUL1 Living Lie, A. Arrow No. 8. BRENTFORD, BURKE Flo rence Falkland. Select No. 14. Gold Dust Darrell. Secret Service No. 30. Lost in New York. Select No. 84. BROOKS, EDlWA1LI) S. Soldier Lover, A. Flag NO.2. BROWN,9 G. WALDO DaughteIr of Maryland, A. Clover No. 68. Stormy Wedding, A. -Select No. 6. BUCHANAN ROBERT m'Matt, a Vrale of -a C.aravati. 2a y -N.24. 25c:. loc. 25c. 25C. 25c. 25%:. 25C. 25C:..I;a BUNTLINE, NED Dashing Charlie. Sea and Shore NO. 25. Z&C. Naval Detective's Chase, The. Daisy NO. 3.2. S 5c. Red Dick. Sea and Shore. N o..26. 25C. BURGESS,~ NEIL Country Fair, The. Eagle No. 6o.. loc. BURTON, FREI)ERIC 11. Mission of Poubalov, The. Criterion NO. 20. 50c.. CAFFYN, MASNNINGTON, author of "A Yellow Aster9 Miss Milne and I. Arrow N O. 4. loc. CAINE, hIALL Bondm~an, The. Model NO. 2. 25C. Deemster, The. Model No. I. 25e.. Shadow of a Crime, A. Model No. 3. 25C. She's All the World to Me. Arrow No. 2. -ioc. Son of Hagar, A. Model NO. 4. 25c. CAR1EY, ROSE NOUCIJETTE, Only the Governess. Model No. 15. 25C. CARTE1R, NICROLAS Accidental Password, An. Magnet No. 53. IOC American Marquis, The. it 7. Among the Counterfeiters. 39.Among the Nihilists. 43. At Odds with Scotland Yard. 49. At Thompson's Ranch. cc 56. i Australian Klondike, A. 8. Caught in the Toils..14. Chance Discovery, A. x. Check NO. 777. 46. Crime of a Countess, The. ~ Deposit Vault Puzzle, A.21 Diamnd ine ase The 71 Double Shuffle Club, The. " 68. Evidence by Telephone. ix,3 Fair Criminal, A. " 62."4 Fighting Against Millions. 'Pound on the Beach. 's Gambler's Syndicate, The. " 18. Great Enigma, The. 2 I Klondike Claim, A. I Man from India, The. I a Millionaire- Partner, A.. Mysterious, Mail- Robbery, The. 1.3. Old De'tective's Pupil. The. 0 Piano Box Mystery, The.17 Playing a Bol2Gme 'S4-len Tdentitv. A. 'Vitled Couinterfeiter, A. 3LI T'Packo'rl Acro'ss the Atlantic. Wall Street Haul, A.,.# Woman's Hand, A. 6.' CIAY, BEitTUtA X. I:-: — Another Mai's Wife..Another Woman's Husband. Belle of Lynn. The. Between Two Hearts.; Between Two Loves. Beyond Pardon. Bitter Atonement, A. Broken Wedding Ring, A. Claribel's Love Story.-: ora Thorne. Duke's Secret. The. Earl's Atonement, The. Evelyn's Folly. Fair but Faithless. -Fiery Ordeal. A. For Another's Sin. For a Woman's Honor. From Out of th, Gloom. G insy's Daughter, The.: Gladys Greye.:: GGolden Dawn, A. Golden Heart, A. Heart's Bitterness, A.;~ Heart's Idol. A. Her MartyrdOm. Her Only Sin. Her Second Love. His Wife's Judgment. deal Love. An. I n Love's Crucible. Lady Damer's Secret. L.ad v Huttor's Ward. Lord Litle's Dalghter. ' Tord Tvitne's Choice.: Love Works Wonders. )a. ' d LIove. A. M'ariorie Deane. Prinee Charlie's Daughter. -.Put Asunder. i-^ PP -P< nted at Leisurp.:',xhdnw of a Sin, The. -.~::5, ^ r uFnire's Da-lr;'. The.:i +-,tv rf the W,-ddini Ring, The. t;g P#. rle for a Ring. A.:::,-:;:ft"shivre and RPses.:., e 0:;o n in Hfr Heart. A.!;iti rM'nas and Oranre Blossoms.: Jrown on the World. % i.-:., rdaen. A.:?:/T;tAtove and Hate.::::,/atder a Shadow.. 4 Eagle No. 48. Ixe. Eagle No. 42. Ioc. Clover No. 93. 25C. Eagle No. 84. Ioc. Clover No. 33. 25C. 31." 107. " 82. " E 38. " "( 76. " 35-. "05. " 26.. " 78. " " 98. " Eagle No. 4. Ioc. Clover No. 84. 25c. Eagle No. ir. ioc. Eagle No. 59. ioc. Daisy No. 9. 5c. Clover No. 30. 25c. Clover No. 18. 25C. Eagle No. 21. Inc. Clover No. 92. 25.. Daisy No. 18. 5c. Clover No. 99. 25C. Clover No. Jo. 25C. Clover No. 83. 25c. Eagle No. 70. ioc. Clover No. c8. 25C. " 9t. " " 87. " Io6. " " 40. " Eagle No. 79. soc. Clover No. 91. 25c. E 32..36 " d 70. o02. T04. "d Clover No. iro. 25c. ", ' "t 1,. 8R. Ed M85.E -Eagle No. 9S. Soe. C- over No. 34- '25C,t CLAY, BE Violet Lisle. Weaker than a Woman. WVedded and Parted. W\ hich Loved Him Best? Wife in Name only. WVoman's Temptation, A. XVr^n1-n'c Wnr A iRTHA. I.-Conltlinud. Eagle No. Clover No... 14. 37..rrq AMJ. 95.; 77. 30. S' -. IOC. 25e. -6 COBn C. W. The Mountaineer Detective. Magnet No. 40. C'OIB, S 'YLVANUS. Jr. Ben Hamed. Sea and Shore No. 8. Golden Eagle. The. Sea and Shore No. 15. King's Talisman, The. Select No. 25. Yankee Champion. The. Eagie No. 78. COIINS, iltS. E. BURKE Bonny Jean. Select No. 4. Debt of Vengeance, A. Select No. 42. Married for Gold. Select No. 3T. COMFORT, LUCY RAX)DA1) lOC, 250. 25C. 25C. 250. 250 IOC. Cecile's Marriage. Gratia's Trials. Widowed Bride, The. Select No. 35. Select No. 7. Eagle No. 86. COIRELLL. MLARIE Ardath, Vol. I. Ardath. Vol. IT. Romance of Two Worlds, A. Vendetta. WVormwood...., _ Arrow No. 2,. "i 2". " I8. " 36. " 47. loc. is -- -- ---- CIOFTON. CARL Peyton Towers. DA Grinder Papers, The. Winifred. DJ When London Sleeps. D.1 Jack. Partners, The. Sappho. DE The Choutans. DE. G Germinie Lacerteux. Sister Philoncne. Daisy No. 27. I.LAS, MARY KYsLPt Select No. 74. Select No. 27. RIELL,., cIIARlEiaS Drama No 33. LUDET, ALPUONSE Paris No. r. - Arrow No. I. 1BAIZAC, H110OlO.1U Paris No. 2o. ONCOURT, E. AN D J. Arrow k. 4. Sea and ShoreN*. ss. Rqfq~1111P W^ m t'41blmt:"......"'4: 11orv!?.: — I:-.- J 1So Orphaas, Th*. i::.. - * IFJ.^. Esilrt1q DEANE, EDWIN 8. Bob Younger's Fate. Secret Service No. 28. s5. I)E TINSEAU, LEON His Fatal Vow or Sealed Lips. Arrow No. 23. lOc. DELPIT, ALBEIPRT Coralie's Son. Arrow No. 35. ioc. DENISON, 1MRS. MARY A. Daughter of the Regiment, The. Select No. 56. 25c. Late Repentance, A. Select No. 19. a5c. Man in Blue, The. Traymore No. 20. 25c. lDEY, MARl ADUKE Muertalma; or, the Poisoned Pin. Magnet No. 58. roc. DONNEILY, H. GRATTAN Darkest Russia. Eagle No. 94. ioc. I)OUGLAS, A, M. Midnight Marriage, The. Eagle No. 6. Ioc. I I)OYLE, A. CONAN Beyond the City. Arrow No. 6. Firm of Girdlestone, The. Model No. Io. Gully of Bluemansdyke, The. Daisy No. 22. Man from Archangel, The. Daisy No. I4. Micah Clarke. Model No. 9. Mystery of Cloomber. Daisy No. i. Night Among the Nihilists, A. Daisy No. 8. Sign of the Four, The. Arrow No. 17. Study in Scarlet, A. Arrow No. 3. Surgeon of Gaster Fell, The. Daisy No. 26. White Company, The. Model No. 11. DRURY, CARL Three Blows, The. Traymore No. io. DU BOISGOBEY, FORTUNE Blue Veil, The. Magnet No. 44. RhvralAI~vrI Peavey Post rGa (1 A is IOC. l5c. 5C. Ce 25c. 5C. 5c. 5c. IOC. 250. lt11CVai&litl kaaste LV.UU, 11T. Convict Colonel, The. Crime of the Opera House, The. Vol. I. Crime of'the Opera House, The. Vol. II. Hsis Great Revenge. Vol. I. His Great Revetre. Vol. II. Mataaran Affair. The. 'Red Camellia. The. Red Lottery Ticket, The. Steel Necklace, The... V. 35. I" 36. a 54. 55. " 38. " ~64. 31. sy No. I3. syNo.. w No. 40. sv NO. 3L sv No.. sy No. I Duchess. Ti Haunted C1 L; tvs Lord. Mldred Tre Passive Crii Sorrv Maid, l'','; Tlroubliesomi he. hambter, TI Berresford.:vanioln, me,. A.'.A. e GrlA. A DUUWIIEPSNSj THE ie.. S.Arro Dai. Arra Dail Dais Dai Dab IOt. SQC. ', <|1. Gentleman from Ga Saved from the Sea, I): DIKhYo BICkNISlLL tscofly, A. Eagle No. 89. ioc. DUFF-f, RICHARD, Drama NO. 29. 25C. DUMAS, ALEXANDRIE Drama No. xII. 25c. The. Drama No. 14. 25C. s to,. The. Paris No. i i. 25c. Drama No. I3. 25C. Paris No. 10. 25C. amille. orsican Brothers, Count of Monte Cr1 Danicheff s, The. Edmond Dantes. Louise de Valliere. Man' in the Iron M, Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After Vicomte de Bragelh Fontleroy. Her Royal Lover. ask, The. rhe. )nne, The. IURIVAGE2 1L5. I" 12. it 1 3. it 14. 4 a i 4 64 4 C, FRANCIS A. Traymore No. ECIILAW, ARY EI)WARDS, JULIA. Paris No. 14. 25c. 21. 25C. Beauti~ful but Poor. Eagle No. 8. ioy. Estelle's Millionaire Lover. E agle NO. 27. boC. Hie Loves Me, Loves Me Not. Eagle NO. 3. soc. Laura Brayton. Clover NO. 45. 25C. Little Widow. The. Eagle No. 13. sNc. Prettiest of All. Clover NO. 41. 25c, Sadia the Rosebud. Clover No. 44. 2S.s - Stella Sterling. Eagle No. 62. IOC. Colonel's Wife, The. FWA KWRENEagle No. 39. 1 Ot. Dispatfch Bearer. The. Eagle NO. 56. Toc. War Reporter, The. Engle. No. 97. xW.. ELLIOTT, HUMPH]IEY Adam Kent's Choice. Traymore No. 2. 25C.FENN, GEQUItR MAIN ILLEN Rag of Diamonds, The. Magnet No. 3o. loc.. PEUILILE'l' OCTAVE tLed Astray. Drama NO, 1l7. 25c.19arisian Romance, A. Drama No. 12. 35c., Rovwance of a Poor Young Man, The. Arrow No..46. roy, FITCH, ENSIGN VI1ARJR V. S. NO Court Martialled. Columbia No. Flghting Squadron, The. if Prisoner of Morro, A.It Savred by the Enemy. Y 9 2. 4. I8. M~odern Miracle. ftuggh fn'r ma' FITTS, JAMES FRtANKLIN, A. T'ramore NO. 3. 2 rerick, The. w ryto o. xi., u1 T ~f )?J'T:,:? *i', ';,::?!'::.', '', — ': ':;; F PLEXING, GERALDINE - Only a Girl's Love. Clove. -.- 1 ~ ri-1*.-,. - *A.ellv rNo. i24. 25c _l.... __ - Iless -rlmeii, A% l - over iNO. 133. 25c. FLEXING, XAY AGNES Virginia Heiress, The. Eagle No... - F'..CILLON', IC. E. King or Knave. Arrow No. 7. - GA~BOItIAU, EMILE Caught in the Net (Slaves of Paris, Vol. I.) Magnet No. 20. Champdoce Mystery, The (Slaves of Paris, Vol. II.). Magnet No. 22. Clique of Gold, The. Magnet No. 29. Detective's Dilemma, The (Mons. Lecoq, Vol. I.). Magnet No. 24. Detective's Triumph, The (Mons. Lecoq, Vol. II.). Magnet No. 5. File No. 113. M o. Widow Lerouge, The. " 15. GbARICE, CIIARLES Claire. Eagle No. 98. Elaine. " 22. Her Heart's Desire. " 41. Her Ransom. " 50. Leslie's Loyalty. " 7. Lporrie; or. Hollow Gold " 85.. Marquis, The. 73. Wasted Love, A. 24. GOODE, GEORGE W. Post Office Detective, The. Magnet No. 52. 11AGGA.1D, II..ID)Et Allan Quatermain. Arrow No. 33., Maiwa's Revenge. Daisy No. Io.;IALL, A. *D. -. Cattle King, The. ' ~ Drama No. 32. a Cuba: Its Past, Present and Future. Historical No. I. V Fatal Card, The. Eagle No. 16. ]Hawaii. Histrical No. 4. - Mavourneen. Eagle No. 76. - orthern Lights. Drama No. 28. P ippines, The. Historical No. 2. t.- *;: Port —Ric. Historical No. 3. I -, * HBNALPnIrE,. MARY GRACR! rde. ' Clover No. t26. Ko te.^^ - lrWSBEW, T. W.;^ tt^e oif treachery, A. Eagle No,. edtd Widow, A.; Seect Wo. 2. ^ owgMrss. Chrigh * * trayvmorc No. i. Y-aw. -..' —^ -':.la'C / ' 'Cw. ''j:4i-. *, -,.3, 9. 0 onrl7~ Iloc. Oc. loc. 10C. IOC., IOC, #IO IOC. ~OC IOC, 'S.. 23C. * 5, Pt, - A 1. I 4ii~ -. - J -': ":-i ---.:I;.!.I U,,~:$,::~iI,':.:' -!. jM-;S M-:,'s',^<w;,:., - D:,,. ' Xv,+S r - ',,._",: MIARL.AII XAfl1ON stepping Stones. Select No. 57. 30 At the Green Dragon. Daisy No.35 5. IliTTON,. JOSEPh1 John Needham's Double. Magnet NO. 41. c. IIA.WTIIOILNE, JULITAN Kildhurm's Oak. T raymore No. 196 230. I[AYIhEN, XII1S. SU3INEIL Vella Vernell. Select No. 3, 250. IIEIM1BUR(#,. Martha, the Parson's Daughter. Select No. io6. 25c.' II ILL,9 K. F. Mysterious Case, A. Magnet No. 32. 100 Mystery of a Madstone, The. Magnet No. 67 10Ot. Twizi Detectives, The. Secret Service NO. 4. 50 hIOFFXAN, MRS. II*. C. Broken Vows. Clover No. 127. 25C. -' Harvest of Thorns, A. 125 Leah's Mistake. 1.30. Miserable Woman, A. 123. ROWLAND8,9 EFFIE ADELAIIE Wonman Against Woman. E —agle No. 52. loco 1101I2XIEYER, GENIE (Mrs. Sydney Rosenfeld) Proud Dishonor, A. Select No. 76. 25c. HO0PE,9 ANTHIONY Dolly Dialogues, The. DiyN.7. 50. Sport Royal. Daisy No. 17. 5C. 1hOWARD, A1)AI NO. 'Child Wiife, The, and Only a Governess. Clover No. 132. ~C HUGOO 'VICTOR H-an of Iceland. Arrow. No. xg.?~ H4unchba'ck of Notre Dame, The. Paris No. ~ 5 Ruy 1B1as. Arrow No. 37.tc, Toilers of the Sea, The. Arrow No.~.Ie 1lUME, FERGUS Mystery of a Hansom Cab, The. Magnet NO..4 ie INGRAMINA, REV. PROP. T1. ff. Prince of the House ofDavid, The. Arrow NO.- 43.to TAXES, POLICE CAPTAIN, 'Littlle Lightning,.Mge c e e Rvenue eDtictive 4h*Mge h.,~ JAM&S.I JONES, EMMk GARRISON Lady Ryhope's Lover. Select No. 32. 25c. Terrible Crime, A. Clover No. I31. 25c. Wedded for an Hour. Eagle No. 8I. IQC. Will She Win? Select ITo. 8. 25c. KIPLING, ItUDYARD Ballads and Other Verses. Arrow No. 49. roc. Light That Failed, The. Arrow No. I. Ioc. Phantom Rickshaw, The. Arrow No. r2. Ioc. Second Rate Woman, A. Daisy No. 5. 5c. LAWSON, W. B. Dalton Boys in California, The. Secret Service No. 58. 25C. LEON, LEWIS Silver Ship, The. Sea and:' ore No. 2. 25c. LEWIS, MRS. HARRIET Belle of the Season, The. Clover No. 59. 25c. Heiress of Egremont. The. Select No. 29. 25c. House of Secrets, The. Clover No. 57. 25c. LILLIE, LUCY C. Roslyns' Trust. Traymore No. 4. 25c. LISLE, ANNIE Whose Wife Is She? Select No. 59 25c. LOUNSBERRY, LIEUT. LIONEL Cadet Kit Carey. Medal No. 2. loc. Lieutenant Carey's Luck. Medal No. 4. Ioc. LUDLUM, JEAN KATE At a Girl's Mercy. Select No. 40. 25c. That Girl of Johnsons. Traymore No. 9. 25c. LYALL, EDNA Donovan. Arrow No. 50. Ioc. Won by Waiting. Arrow No. 45. Soc. McKENZIE, DONA LD J. Under His Thumb. Magnet No. 28. Ioc. Face to Face. Secret Service No. 55. 25c. MAITLAND, 0. O Society Detective, The. Magnet No. 34. oeC. M SANLEY, MARLINE Old Specie. Magnet No. 45. IOc. Poker King, The. Shield No. 25. 25c. Rube Burrow's League. Secret Service No. 40. 25c. Vestibule Limited Mystery, The. Magnet No. 57. Ioc. 'AN*NEI RS, CHARBLES T. Octavia's Pride. Select No. o1. 25c. ISilver Brand, A. Traymore No. i8. 25c. 1^ M-NARLEY, CLEMlENT at. Al Richard Forrest, Bachelor. ' Criterion No. i6. 50c.:. -Social Meteor. A. Select No. roS. asc. I 10 I:?a t,...:..,ee,:. tv O;a, s; i MAIRYATt FLORENCI Her Lord and Mas Out of His Reckon Mabel Seymour. ter. ing. E Model No. 13. 25C. Daisy No. 25. SCt. MAITTIIEl'W, CHARLE'S Secret Service No. 41. 125C. MIERIMEE,. PRCOSP"ERt. Carmen. Drama No. MEIRILICK, DR1. MARK Great Travers Case, The. Magnet No. MdERRILI,J.. Fair Pioneer, A..9J. Flag No. XIDDI)EitASj, IEAN Maddoxes, The. Arrow No. '5. 3. 38 25C. lot. 25C. loc. 3t] Bonnie Dora. Bride of the Ton Bruniette and BP( Crushied Lily, A Dreadful Tempt; Dora Tenney. Lillian, My Lill,Little Coquette Lit le Southern Old Man's Darl Pretty Geraldine Q ueenie's Territ Rosamond. Senator's Bride, Senator's Favor~ Sweet Violet. Mr. Lake of Chi [LLER, MRS. ALEX. McVEIGII Clover No. 118. 25C. rib. The. 4. 120. )nde. it 49. 44 71. ation, A. 117. Eagle No. 64. 1bC. an. Clover No. 75. 25c. Bonnie. Eagle NO. 43. IOc. Beauty, A.. Eagle NO. 25. lbC. ing, An. Clover No. I19. 2`6. Eagle No. 34. 1bc. dIe Secret. Clover No. 121. IOC. Eagle No. 57. The. 20. ite, The 5. - Eagle No. 91. xnc. MTLMAN,. JIARJIT DlU BOIS cago. Eagle No. ig.. loc. 3MONTA(GUE,9 E. IT. Face of Rosenfel, The. Traymore No. i* 2c.' MURRALY, DAVID CHRISTIEI{ Bit of Human Nature, A. Daisy No. 19. c Dangerous Catspaw, A. Arrow NO. 20. ic MRURRA.Y, LIEUTENANT Dog Detective, The. Secret Service No. 12. c. Held for Ransom. Sea and Shore NO. x2.,~C Masked Lady, The. Sea and Shore No.6.. MYERS, P. HAMILTON Roxy Hastings. TIraynmore No0. 7 J4ORRI8, W. R. Chris. Arro`W No. *. Wj~. Rogue, -The. ArrowN. 9.M II /. I OPTIC. OULVEI -All Aboard.; Medal No. 3. Ioc -Boat Club, The. Medal No. i. loc. PI'ALMER, EVA PEARll Dresden Shepherdess, A. Daisy No. 29. 5C2 'PCK, PROF. WM. liIERIt Fortune Teller of New Orleans, Tihe. Sea and Shore No. 14. 25c. Locksmith of Lyons, The._ Eagle No. 83. ulc. Siballa the Sorceress. Sea and Shore No. 16. 25c. IEMBERTO,. MIAX Iron Pirate, The. PHII,IPS,- F As in a Looking Glass. Dean and His Daughter, The. Jack and Three Jills. Little Miss Murray. Lucky Young Woman, A. Margaret Byng. Arrow No.. C. Arrow No. Model No. Arrow No. Model No. Model No. Model No. COR WNLIv Clover No. Select No. GEOlG(<E 48. Ioc. 13. ioc. 19. 25C. 14. loc. 12. 25C. 17. 25C. 18. 25C. 63. 2=C. 78. 25c. Badly Matched. Vashii's Fate. PIERCE, HELEN RATIIBORNE, ST. Baron Sam. Eagle No. 30. IOC. Capiain Tom. 26. Colpnel by lBrevet, The. 47. Dr. Jack. " 15. Dr. Jack's Wife. " I8. " Fair Maid of Fez, The. " 80. " Fair Revolutionist, A. Criterion No. 21. SOc. Great Mogul. The. Eagle No. 35. oc. Major Matterson of Kentucky. 58. MAiss Caprice.. _ 28. " Miss Pauline of New York.( 2,$ Monsieur Bob. " 40. Mrtr. Bob. 33. Nahob of Singaore, The. 8. Spider's Web, The. 71. T REID, CA PTAIN MAkT E Lone Ranche, The. Select No. 104. gc. RICHARDSOX ILEANDER P. Ptairie Detective, The. Magnet No. 37. -Ic. e{Zl.6.0ft "~' If A" m..:rg&d A SC. ROIINOESOX. X.- - "" n.:: Tr'Tymore No. Iboad. 1t 'ei Sea and Shore No. rtrei. Sea and Shore N; Tai.,. Trayore,..:.TraL:i. -.n'9..... A"l It~lU~ODL.It. House of Silence, The. ~'-Trayrnore No. U9STA.Nl1) E1)3l 01NI F Cyrano de Bergerac. Arrow No. RWYLE, EDWIVI MIIT.TN Captain Impudence. Eagle No. RUPPIU'S, OTT'O Jose. Sea and Shore No. ItUSSELL WV. CLA UK 13. -42. SOC 8z sc. 57. 25C. { nn-y Harlowe. Darriage at Sea, A. Daisy No. 30. Arrow No. IL. SC.. WoC. SARDOU, TICTORUAE Cleopatra. Fedora. o ismnonida. La Tosca. Eagle No. 54. soc 36.. " 67. " " 6i. to I IIUUU 4.SAWTER, EUGIENE' T. Los Huecos Mystery,.Tihe. Magnet No. 51. i Maltese Cross, The. Magnet No. 6i. S11 EL)ON, MR1S. GEQ1EGIE. Audrey's Recom pense. Eagle No. 99. 1 Brownie's Triumph. Clover No. ios. Earl- Way ne's Nobility. Clover No. 122. Eldrie's Legary. Eagle No. 12. 1 Forsaken Bride, The. Clover No. si i. Geoff-ey's Victory. 15 6. His Heart's Queen. 8o. lost, a Pearle. 1 Marguerite's Heritage. 62. M~ax. 6 Mona. Nameless Dell. 55i6 Qtieen Bess. Eagle No. I I Rmby's Rewvard. Eagle No. 2. 1 Sihvl's Tnfluence. Clover No. ~ S;-ella'Rosevelt. Clover No. 2. That Dowdv. Eagle No. 44. Thrice Wedded. Eagle No. I5 Tl~a.EagleNo. ~ > Trixy. Clover 40., 4. True Aristocrat, A. Clov er N.5 T"vo Ke-~ Eaglet No..1 Wv'ddd 1w Fate..lv' o N&r~tei 'Hazel. EPnoleN.66 Wild Qats. Cl over No, 134. 'SHERLBURNE. NRIE Wful Winnie. 2 o0C. loc. t~sc. loc. loc. S-JEUTrH, OLD Brant' Adams,: I Bruce Angelo. Van, the Government Detectiwe. SMlTIIT, YRANCIS S. Shield No. 16. 25C. Shield No. 17. 25c. Shield No. 8. 25c. Clover No. II5. 25c. Clover No. II3. 25C. Eagle No. Io. Ioe. Clover No. 114. 25c. Alice Blake. Bertha the Sewing Machine Girl. Little Sunshine. Maggie the Charity Child. ( ( ( SPEIGHT, T. V. Traymore No. 8. 25c. Hoodwinked. STAUFIR1R, FRANK H. Darke Darrell, the Boy Detective. Secret Service No. 13. 25c. STEVENSO.N, ROBERT IOUIS Bottle Imp, The. Daisy No. 20. 5c. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Daisy No. 28. 5c. Kidnapped. Arrow No. 15. Ioc. Master of Ballantrae. Ar-ow No. 5. Moc. Rajah's Diamond, The. Daisy No. 12. 5c. Suicide Club, The. Daisy No. II. 5c. Treasure Island. Arrow No. 24. IOC. STRONG, HERO Beautiful Woman's Sin, A. Clover No. 66. 25c. Born to Command. Traymore No. 17. 25C. Found Dead. Secret Service No. 53. 25c. TAYLOR, JUI)SON It. Chosen Man, The. Masked Detective, The. Old Stonewall. Swordsman of WarsawThe. Tom and Jerry. TAYIOR, R. M. Shield No. 21. 25c. 20. 1 9. 23. 2 2. " Detective Bob Bridger. M TI'IOMXPSON, )ENMAN agnet No. Eagle No. Old Homestead, Th( e. ] 69. 53. TRACT,. -PERKINS 4 IOC. oc. it.c $~ Blockade Runner, The. I Heart of Virginia, The. Shenandoah. Won by the Sword. Sagle No. 32. " 37. " 87.. " 65.: 'I'TYLERl, ROUERT LEE ' Lawver Bell from Boston. Eagle No. 63. oc. None but the Brave. 49. Siren's Love, A. 31. Yale Man, A. " 45.,:-UR.W NIR, lITATW DI. n ' igomar. Arrow No. 25a IOC. Infmar. _ ';:7" ~. Akw7 YALLENTINE, JAXES T. Winning His Spurs.' Clover No. 70. 25C. VA' Cotton King, The. Humanity. I~n Sight of St. Paul's. Span of Life, The. VAN Life of General Grant. Life of General Sherman. Life of General Sherman. NE, SUTTON ORDEN,j W. H. Eagle No. Drama No. 74. 92. i8. 30. loc. 25c.:25C. Flag No. 8. Flag. 12. Flag. io. VERNE. JULES Around the World in Eighty Days. Hector Servadac. Arrow No. 21. 10C. Arrow No. 39. 10c. VICTOR, MRS. M. V. Born to Betray. Gay Captain, The. Brown Princess. The. Guilty or Not Guiilty. Off with the Old Love. Phantom Wife. Select No. Clover No. N Sea and Shore No. Select No. Eagle No. Select No. 63. 25C. 66. 25c. 3. 25c. 49. 25c. 46. Soc-. I2. 25c. WALWORTH, MRS. J. H. Strange Pilgrimage, A. Traymore NO. 5. 25c. True to Herself. Select NO. 52. 25C. WAILWORTII, MANSFIEL1) TRAVY 'Married in Mask. Clover No. 64..25C. WA.RNEq Ph1ILIP S. Goddess in Exile, A. Select No. 8i. 25c. WEIR. MARIPOSA Chase Around the World, A. Magnet No. 6o. Soc. WELLS,9 DOUGLAS. Courier to Gomez, A. Columbia NO. 3. so0c. i1'or 5panishf Lolci. IOn the Firing Line. Secret Service Detail, A. Yankee Lieutenant, The. WERNER, E. His Word of Honor. Master of Ettersburg, The.. 9. '4 7. '4 5. 4 ' 5. Clover No. 6i. Select No. so8. Vn a~li NMAC 25C. 25c. She Fell in Love w House of the Wolf, Man in Black, The. Vor 'Fair Virginia., ith Her Husband. Select NO. io9, IQC. WEYMAN, STANLEY 3.1 The. Arrow No. so. sJo. W H YTAL RUSS D aisy N O. 3.. Eagle No. go~ Aocj,. *WTIA1XS XR 1. X*C Won on the Homestretch. Select No. 6o. 2,5c. WINFIELD,9 EDX A Little Cuban Rebel, The. E agle No. 68.- -xoc. WINTER,9 J01llY STRANGE Beautiful Jim. Arrow NO. 41. W. WO0l), 11AZEL On the Quicksands. Clover No. 1528. 25C. WUESlIl.N, ELINOR If She So Abide. Daisy NO. 23. SC. MTS-CELL1ANFOUS The Strarnglers of Paris (from the play). Arrow NO. 28. loc. Abijlal Beantiole in New York. Select No. 83. 25c. His Perfect Trust. E agle No. 69. soc.;1 2 a j I t:i I j t P -r. .z r-: I I-' ~.~; 1. A monthly publication devoted t., good literature. Ily subscription, $:.oo per year. September, 1898. Entered as second-class matter at New York Po-st-offic'.. Street & Smnith, 8i Fulton Street New York J) l's Vegetable Sicilian.. Restores color to faded or gray hair. Makes the hair grow. Stops falling of the hair. Cures dandruff. Prevents baldness. If your druggist cannot supply you, send one dollar to R. P. Ilal A Go., Nashua, N. IL.