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An;.*                           n "Y OUTHI   COMES 11UP! "
An i' Ame(rican sitims   of Jalianpsas Ancrestry 1 inqluires whIat the fultlure hlolds in stomreo fIo




THE HUMAN S DE
O F H- A W A I I
Race Plrodlems in the Mid-Pacific
By
AL1ABI1RT W. PALM Ell, D.D.
1Min ister of (Cenlral Untion (Cthitrch, IHonohtlla
TIt 1  l 'IL(l IG I - 1 RI: E SS
8i( )~FTO N               CHI CAGO




(' OPYItHT, 19.24
BlY S[I)NIEY A. WEiSTON




)DED)I(CATED TO(
AIRTHUR AIRLETT
A (ALIFO)RNIAN WH() LOVED HAWAII AND
D)IED ON IALEAKALA, 'THIE B1EL()ED
MOUNTAIN," N()VEMBER 15, 1921




c
II




PREFACE
This ) ook is the story of how East and( West hlave lmet land
still are mneeting in Hawaii. It is basedl on a series of lectures
which the author had the privilege of delivering in New York
(ity in 1922 by the invitation of Union Theological Seminary.
By perllission of the Seiniarly these lectures were also given
at Placific Sehool of Religion, Berkeley, (California; Oberlin
(oll)ege; Andover Theological Seminary; PoImonall    College:andl, in part, at HIl'tford Theological Seminary and Yale
Divinity School.
l'he( author's lhearty IIapprIc(c'itio)l goes out to Union Theological Seminary for this opportunity to interpret Halwaii (a(ld
fo(r tihe privilege of p)ll)lication; to tohe many friends who hlave
(offered nallterials, luggestions  (Id(l criticislis; and to( the
l)loto()graphers who have so generously allowed the use of
p)icturles for the illustlrations.




I)




INTRO I)UCTION


The PlPrpose of this Book:
Out in the mi(l(lle of the PatCific there is a1 fragment of
America which Amleric'   g:ravely mislunderstan(ls or, at I)est,
regards lut superfic(ially anll( lightly.  The Hhwaiian Islands
sugRgest, to the average American only Waikiki anld i    the lazy
languorous latitude(s of the( P(aifi(.'.  The purpose of this
)(ook is to (orrec't this mlisulllderstand(inlg:ani( to set forth the
real signific:ance of Hawavii.  It is lnot a lanl o f hulal (dances,
grass skirts and ukeleles    thalt is only thfe lmulddy foam  on
the l)eaeh and ltargely:a lmatt(er of a(:rtifi(cial stillllllation for
tourist trad(le and finallnial profit.  Neither is Hawatii merely
a land of sugar-cane andl pinelapples -that is its necessary
ec(monoluic basis, but not its (leeper meaning.
lWhlere Ea, t and lVe.st JMeet
])eeper than: grotesque:(1amusements (r (om()   (erc'ial )1r(sp)erity lies the tre;nll doul(s  lhuman meaning o{f Ha-waii.  It is
one of thel two ablsolutely outstandling p)laces in the world
vlwhere lEast aitn  West have met nd Illingled.   The other is
(Constantinlople.  Butt whaN t a, contrlast belwteen I-Honolulu and
( lonstantilople -   (Ola contrast in ha ckgrouilnd, ilI presentt conditions an1ld abtlov  all in 1o('.  Wlhereas the Stlraits of the
Bosporus have b)een for centu 'ries the despair of the world,
the H1lawaiiitan Islatl(ls c(an allmost a.s truthfully be called its
door of hp()e.
First. Ilmpressionls of H(l<talii
Hope, it must he)( grantaed, is not the illpression whiich first
colmes when the   traveler stel)s off the dlock att Ilonolulu.
After the p)leasanlt exc('itcement of bleing dolecoratedl with wreaths
of flowers and driven through gardel-bordered streets has




HAWAIIAN GIRLS$ SELLING LIS OR WREATHS AT THE STEANIER DOCK




Tntrioductiontx


xi


Ipasse(I away, and the, observer pauses to take in the, hutman
tidele the, impression of brown faees and Oriental eyes, with
the sinister presence of soldliers in uniformn at every turn,
makes him feel that the man must be an optimist indeed who
could describe Hawaii as a door of hope fromi a hum-an standpoint.
A Vi'sltor's Questions8
Is this really a part of Amnerica? Are not the people of
Hawaii slightly (lenenitedl to think of statehood? Is not
white and Christian Amnerica1 sure to lose out here uiltilmately
811(1d lhe overwhelmnedl by this everl rising (-Oriental tidle? The
soldliers may represent a temporary military ascenielleny, but
nmust not the children of its soil, after all, (letermine11 In the
end what the civilization of the land shall be?   And atre not
thiese (children hopeclessly un-American?
Ani Intcrracijal Expceriment ~Station,1
The answer to such natural qutestions ai11( -misgivings Is
fihat H-1awaii I's America's and the world's interracial experinment station and that hie who sees only tile conspicuous hutt
not especially significant soldiers am d the browvn-skinne(1 people
sees only the, surface.  He who would see (deeper must know
some~thing of the history of each of thiese -various racial groups,
somethin  of the traditions of Hawi, somethinig of its schools
al11( the social andl religious forces which are moldling Chine11se
(11(1 Jalpanese, Hawaiians, Portuguese andl Filipinos into,an
Amrcncomniunity.
A n Exotic C~iv~ilizatioln
It is characteristic of Hawaii that many of its most trivial.
antid of its most nnportant things have     jome(, fromt abr-oad.
Th'le grass skirt caine from the South Semas- the aticienit
llawaiians wore tapa, a kind of paper cloth made fromt bark;.
-The uikelele is a Portuguese importation, called ukelele or
jumiping flea " by the Hawaiians in (lerision. So also




xii


nInt od)c)iCti on


HIawaii's religions, Christianity andl Budd(lism, are exotic an(1
its population l:as b)een largely (Ildrawn from overseas, less thl:an
onet-fifth (of it being of the native Polynesian race.
The Arra'nlem-ent of the Book
Ia:t(ts like these explain why parts of this book are historical. One n11  st know the history to understand the present
sit uat ion. If other p1),ges read( like missionar y annals it is
hec(a!lse( t he llissionalLry activity was a fun(damental part of
thle history.  If yet other pages appear to b)e a discussion of
race (1  prolemlls  well, these qare the mrster probllelms which
IHawaii's history Iias inevitllably brought upon her. And if
yet otller pltges seeml lilke a tralct on Americanization -- then
aLg:ain it tmist 1) said( that Amlericanization is the great andt
fascinallting work under way in Htawtaii.
Fir.st l1 stern Itnfluuences
TheI first chapterlt   therefore will (deal with the Ilmissionary
bIackground( f'rom, 182() to 18(60. In this period( the PolynesiLan
race wvas ( 'hiristianizdi a(nd Westernized.  Ethnologists are
not surile but generally i Incline t t think that the Polynesiaills, wilho
ally l'r(ot est ant t(for'  of ( 'l rist ianityv.  This )erio(tl theriefo(re
re)rese'nits lthe first  (ieil g of East ans(1 W(est i  l Hawaii.
1 Peaceful Invl.asion
The secon((l (lchallter will tell the story of the secon(l alien
invaslsioi,   of I:I:twaii  tlhis timine the gre:at flood of (riental
la.borers, ( lhine(se an (lI J apanelse, in thlle periol froml 1860 to
19(0().  1tiltere  l a i' scendent \eCst en civilization was almost
comlll)letelv ilun(llat edl l  the llhuman flood from the East which




In I Io) - du'ct f i oii


xiii


came tt,a time when, in numbers, vitality and morale, Hawaii
was least prepared to receive and assimilate it.
The P'roblTems of Todau/
The succeeding chapters present the Ihuman situation as it;
is in Hawaii to(lay — the raial (lifficulties alnd e(lucational
achi(livements, the i(llustrial po1)b(le   an111(1 the JaaI:)nes( question. In1 each case the ob)ject is to show the forces at work,
tle )recvaililng drifti of )progress and( thle )ea(''ing of it, all on
the larger problems of the Pacific.
H(tat(ii'is Respi)onUsibility
How will it, all c(ome out?  Will Hawaii at last e)( Ameri(can
o)r Japtanese(?  Will it, be (Christia  or Budd1(hist?  East and
West are nelletinlg h:ere  wi(ic ll will p ail?  r      ach
leal'r somethling f'rom tlhe othler?  Will they lmeet to fighlt alnd
snarl at one anlotlher or to appreciate an( und(erstand(l each
othler to the lelping of the world?  The fact that such quesli( ons (call le ask(ld ilnliclates the tremendllous significance of
Hawaii for every thoughtful American. These questions:lso reveal som1ething of the responsib)ility resting upon every
American resi(lenlt in Hawaii to be an amllbassa(lor of good
will to the various braces gathered there --   responsibility
wllich, on te whole, is largely recognized an(l nobly lived up
to by editors, teach(ers, social an1( religious workers an(1 even
the )bulsincss mien of the commlunity.
IThe P)r()blems of the Pacific, while (lelicatt al(l dangerous
('ou01gh, are hopeful i'i colI)ari'so  with those of Europe.
America is (Iefillitely committed to lan interest in theml by the
\Vashinigtoi (Confe'rence' on Limitation of Armaments an(l has
(l(alt benevolently with (.1hina and with the Philippines.
Jatp)an, recelding from its earlier aggressive attitude, has ret rned Shantung, withd(rawn from Siberia an(l given evi(lence
(f a )urpose to play the game honorably. C'hina may be




xiv


In troduction


saved and a new era of international morality may dawn in
the P acific.
I(a waUiis Strategic Im)portance
(f all this H:awaii is in solne sort a symbol and in it she may
plaly a vital patrt. (For is not the importsance of Hawaii priarily e(dulcationlal rather than commercial or even military?
In tI:aw:aii llialy he (ldemonstrated, first of all, an interracial
(ivilizatiol (chara(cterized l)y (hristian good will and free
Almeri(can institutions.  ()ut of this may go back to China
anii(l Japl:n leadl(ers of their o()w  race trained in this atmosphere
of goodl will anld free(dom. And into it, as a vestibule to the
()rielnt, might well come for further training and preparation
those yountg people of America who are (estined ultimately
foir social, religious, diplolmatic or e(lucatiollal service in the
Far last.
I' hlt rcrdlict Fifty Years Hence?
So(mef(ti(es I wo(l(l(dr how this book will be appraise(l by the
tlistoariall whlo, fifty years from now,:macy chance upon it in his
se(archll for tlhe view-lpoint ati(l opinions of anL earlier (day. Will
he s1ay it watls too optimlistic - that the forces of racial inertia,
hlllutan plrejudice and world-wide strife were too great and
thatlli  the ho)pes of HE-awaii as a testing ground of interracial
g(o(l will proved futile n11d chimerical?  O)r will he find in
this )ook a reasolned foresight anl well-grounded anticipation
of the tren(l of progress?
The Fultre in, the Balanlce
It is a ('case whe(e " thl( will to b)elieve" Inay turn the
b)alaic(e. If enllughl peoplele )believe in meeting Hawaii's prob)leis in the (1Christian spirit, there is a reasonable hope of
success. If enough people fail to accept this approach and
try to deatl witll Hawaii's problems by sheer coercion or blind
folrce an(l in a slirit of arrog:l t race pride, than Hawvaii will
only go the elmbittered way that Europe has gone already.




I'nt odct ion                        xv
This l)ook is, therefore, 1both a ldescription of con(litions an'l  a
rallying cry for all (men of good will to help move those conl(litions forwLard in the (lirectionl so hopefully possible.
Race Bdetiween Ed(ucation adld (Cata(stropihe
HI. (:. Wells has (lescribed(t history as "  1 race bet!ween clluc(ation an(l catastroplhe."  It is just that in Hlawaii, and this
h)ook seeks to piromote those social, ((onollmlic, religious anl(
interracital attitu(ldes of mnind( which help 1 lake up) the kind of
educ(tation tlhat will prev(ent catastrophe.  Fifty y(ears more
will tell the story! But, mleanwhile, Hawaii is going to be a
tremllen(dously interestingl social laboratory ill which to obser've
or, bett(er ye't, in which to live andl hlave a l)a:rt il the experie1 Inlts.








CONTENTS


PAGE
PREFACE                                         vii
INTRODUCTION                                     ix
CONTENTS.xvii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.xix
"FAIR HAWAII".XX
Clhapter I
HAWAII's HISTORICAL AND MISSIONARY BACKGROUND     1
ChJapter I1
HAWAII'S MIDDLE PERIOD OF REACTION, TURMOIL
AND C'OMPLICATION (FROM 1860 TO 1900)..   40
Chapter III
PRESENT INTERRACIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS     67
Chapter IV
INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS.85
Ch apter V
THE JAPANESE PROBLEM IN HAWAII.104
Chapter VI
HOWv TO HELP HAWAII.1-33
JIAWAIJANA.145
INDEX.147








LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Youth Comes Up!.. Frontispiece
Hawaiilan Girls Selling Leis or Wreaths at t/he Steamer
Dock..x
A LaIMd of Waving PalI Trees...                    2
Htawaiian Fiisherman 6l.                            6
Statue of Kamehameha the G(reat                      8
()O1 Mission House, Honolulu                        12
()n the Brink of Kilauea Volclao..                18
Hilo Hawaiian Choir.24
The Itoyal Sport of Hawaii..                    28
Kawaiath:ao (hurch, Honolulu...32
Interior St. Peter's (IlChinese Church, Honolulu.. 38
ster   unris  Service..........  44
The Mormon T(eple at Lie( near Honolulll..      52
Thle ()l(1 Royal Palace in Honolulu.56
Mission Memorial Building.62
The Army and Navy Y. M. (. A.......     66
(Chart Showing Raci.l (Composition of Population in the
Haw'aiian Islanl(ls.                            (68
Iolultio    ( aph...........   70
(-irls of Six Ilaces                                72
Te(aching (Chinese Women English...78
Filipino Women Receiving Instruction in (Care of
Children...88
MIbaking Poi in Ancient ItawaiiLan Style.          92
Typical Pl:antation Village....98:jl):panese Field I'Laborers                       1()8
lTe Story of Esther.....                         112
Mc(Kinley High School " Hi Y (Club "...118; Japanese Girl in Hawaii                          120.JItl)panese Fishing Sampans ill Holi(lay Attire.126
I Tl:nds Aroulnd the W\orl(l..                    130
Mli(d-Pacific Institute, a MIissionalry Sclhool for All Races  134
('entral Union (Church Spire..136
(lass of 1922 Mid-Pacific Institute..142




FAIRi HAWAII


Fair JHawtui, land of rainl)ows,
Flashing reef and~ optal sea,
M~auna Loat white, with snow-(Irifts,
Waving p~almls of Waikiki,
( I'oudl-cappedl peaks of mighty Maui,
Clanyon temples of Kauai ---
Nature's G'od in love andl bl.eutv
Lifted uip thy (Fags onl high!
Ftair Hawaii, thinle the story
Of the pilgrim,souls wvho eaine,
Datring seas, enduring exile,
Chitstrue gospel to l)rOetiflli.
Cod of missionary fathers,
Grant us courage, faith and light,
LeJad us out inl paths of serviCe"
Make us vialiant for the righit!
-Faji Hawlaii, we. thy chlillrenl
Our calohia p)ledge to thee,
New-found brothers froin all races
Gathered here in unity.
() thou. G"od of peace and~ justice,
Help) us inl true love to (Iwel-,l;
i\'ake our- thoughts aund dleeds fraternal
Earth's great b~rotherhoodl foretell.
-- A. WV. P".




CHAPTER 1


HAWAII'S HISTFORICAL ANI) MISSIONARY
BAC.KG ROUND
Natural Beauty
Hawaii is a land of rainbows, flashing reefs ', opalescent seas
and waving palins.  It is a land of noble cliffs, mighty mountains and awe-inspiring volcanoes.  It is a land of grass-green
fields of sugar-cane, gray-green fiellds of pineapples, velvetgreen hills crowned with enormous masses of cloudls that
build white fairy-lands in the sky atbove them.  It is ta land
of blue skies and of moonlight, so luminous andl golden that
it casts a rainl)ow of its own and makes niore fatiry-like a
landscape that is already incompar.afbly romanitic.
Cross-roads of the I'acific
Hawaii is the, paradise of the Pacific, located at one of the
converging travel centers of the world.  It is 2100 miles fromt
San Francisco, 8400 miles from Yokohama, 5000 niifles from
Melbourne, 4600 miles from Panamana and, by no Imeans least
important, 5360 miles from  the North Pole!  Just inside the
rtopics it is, nevertheless, cooled by the tradle-wind(s of the
North Pacific so that its normial range of temuperature summer
ammd winter is from 6O to (90. Hawaii is about the size of the
st ites of Connecticut and Rhode, Island combined, aInld comr1)ises, as Mark Twain has so beautifully saicl, ' the lovelicst,
fleet of islands that lie at ancehor in any ocean.'' Or, as we
soimetines purt it, '' We have in Hawaii the, climate they adlVer1tise in Southern Claliforni-a! "




.4 Lt;AN)l~ UP WAVIAt P'AP2AL APPPi N
A:IIIAND 0F WAVINC, PALM~ TREES~E




Jlisfoiical (iInd MtBo   o 1 ~ckpr)() Il/i


I nterracial Lalboratory
On the human side Hawaii is a fascinating interra(ial experiment station whelre, under the Americ(an flag, wit   it whi
leadership and:a Christian llissionary bl)akgroun(l, () the
foundation of a b)rown-skillled Polynesian lbasic p)pulattion,
there is being built up a, (co()mlunity coml)illing representativ'es
of the leading races of the Paciific area -- (Chinese, Japal)ese,
KIorean, Filipino and Ameri(can, with a sprinkling of Porto
Rican, Russian, (Werman, S1)paish, Portuguese an(l Norwegila
bly way of variety. If this sociological experi(ment in race
relationships suc(ee(ls, it, will throw  rays of light to b)oth
sides of the Pacific ()(,Oan. If it fails, it, will seriously set b)a( k
the hopes of those who are sanguine for human unity.
Historical Backl ro u nd
To know anything well, one must know it historicallly and,
so, to understan(i the significance of Ia:walii for ( hristiall
civilization you must know some(thing of its past.   My first
purpose is, there'fore, to ske(tc(h for you the romanItic and( pic(turesque historictal and missi)onary b)ackgroun( so (different
from the Hawaii of today and( yet so ne('essary for an u(lderstanlilng of it.
Captain ( Cook
Although the Hawaiian Islands w(ere )pro)bably visit(ed lby
Juan (Gaetano, a Spanish navigator, in 1555, tlhy relil(e(l
unknown to the world at large until (liscov(Ierel b)y (:1ptaitl
(Cook, the great English explorer, ill 1778.  He foundl theml
thickly populated, 400,000 peolle, acc(ordling to his est ilnate,
though that was probably 1Inuch too large a figure. Alth(ough
l)y necessity still in the st(oe age, ther(e heing t  meitals in
the Islands, the Hawaiians had achieved(( (onsilderable( (civilizatio() of a feudalistic type). There was a sharp line drawn
I)etween the chiefs andl commion- peoplel. 'Thei former lwere
p)1'rsperous and so (eno10rmous physically that so(me thought




4


17te Httinana~1~ Slide of" Ilmva~ii


them to be of a (lifferent, race. The common people livedl a
poverty-stricken hand-to-mouth existence.  All that they had,
including their labor, was subject to arbitrary levy by the
chiefs.
Prlit~ive Ieliqion
To a tyrannic-al social orlder was addledl an oppressive MIcfigion characterized 1)y fierce godls requiring human sacrifices
onl certain occasions and propitiatedl also by a rigorous and
highly inconvenient systeni of tabus.  For example, women
were forbidden certain foods, like bananas, pork, cocoanu ts,
turtles alnd several varieties of fish. Men and wonien could
not eat together. There were times when it wals tabu to
l:auinch a canoe, luild at fire, utter a soundl, beat tapa or )oundl
poi. A con-m-ioner imust not 0ross even the shadow of a chief.
Kahuwnaism
The great gods were worshipeld by human sacrifices at
heiaLus, as their temples were calle(1. These heiaus were large
open-air enclosures with massive walls of stone and great
hideous woolen idols. But, in addition to this major worship,
there wvas a widle-sjpref id popular system of scorcery, incantation andl mental healing carriedl on by kahunas or medicine
Inen --  a system  which still exists subterraneously today.
One cheerful custom of a cert'ain class of kahitunas was that of
praying people to (leath!  To (lo this it was first necessary
for the kahuna to obtain hair, nail-pairings or spittle of the
lntendleld victim.  -Hence the important -and honorable office
of spittoon beiarer in the entourage of each chief!
Fa,,mily Life
The famnily tie was a very light one, polygamy, polyandry
antid  infanticide being  painfully  prevalent.  Belationship
mlder such conditions was naturally reckoned through the
mother rather than the fathei-r, aml a Hawaiian child called all
his uncles and aunts father or mnother indiscriminately. A




111istoJical (t1O  lissii~titi'(   l(' ck(OlvJOUd  5.d
curious relic of this welakiess ill famllily tra'(lition still survives
in the Hawaiian c(ustoll of loaning and even giving away theirl
chillreni to tlhir friends.  This custo)lm has its good side, fo(r
orphans are read(lily ad(lote(l tan(1 1made o(e of the falllily.
Wiith this weakness of family life was coupled(l  sexuld laxity
symbolized and( stiulatedl by indecent hulas, or (1anc('es, in
honor of the obscsenle goddess Iaka.
lIoral l)isinlte(raltion,
There is good evilelnce that the forty years which( elapsed
between the   liscovery y y   llaptain (look in 1778 and( the
comning of the missionaries ill 1820 were years of great moral
-lisintegration. The old sainctioils an(l restrlaints were overridden ruthlessly t)y sailors who counted no moral law existe(l
in the Pacific and to this (lemoralization of the lnatives was
a(led( the curse of ruml. The missionaries, when they arriV('d,
founl a nation of (lrunkarld:s, go(ing to pieces il u1nspe:akablle
(lebauchery somewhalt as the M arlqulesanls alre going todlay:and as any primitive people is pr:actticallly certain to go if it
receives only the externals of civiliza:tion without its basis il
(Christian faith mand ethics.
Ha(t w 1(it  l' 'littlcs
But, with 1luch that twas (legradlilg land htarbal)lrous, the
ancient Hawaiaians h1ad also much more that was noble. They
were great fishermen and( sailors.  Inl earIlier viyars they ha(l
navi(gate(d )y the stars (ven to S:llmoa:and Tahliti over two()
thousand miles a, way. T'ley had nobl e meles or epic songs,
artistic talpa or cloth of poundl(led  1 ark, beautiful illats ui(
ilaskets an(l great calaltashes, anl(l cam1oes which testify to thteir
craftsmanship. T'hev ha(l splendlid sports, Iboxing, surf-lri(lig,
sli(ding (lown hill o() sleds, rI(acs a111t (liscu(s toll()wing. Tleir
helmets and feather (cloaks were supremely )eaitifiul. Their
b(ioties werte also beautiful, thoulgh perhalps too m11(ch gliven(I t4o
co(rpulelncy. There a're few mlore be(aumiflll sighlts to(lay than
a bronzed half-naked H'awaiian fisherman poised upon the




?ii~ns
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'Ij.jJni:BilA yj: r:ar
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a a_
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E;il
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~:i Ci,, .o ~~~I~
~frs  ~Z
r                          -+~ia
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a
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ilM X~IIWXIAN Ii'lRII1'I1B3A1I
s bi-tlljifui:tB S lrorre,otLtl.ll(i~ I)O"i("l UI:,trl) thc? (I()I:II I.c"gl T(iillS lo (:lial; lijij n1




111,,,torlc(d (/),I(/ MISSI'(11M.11 Backlynnold


rcef r(ea(ltV to cast his lnt.  The Hawaii:an, who is a Polyncesiall,
relatedl to the M\aoris of New        ZeIaland and:( the lnatives of
Sa:llmoa., Tahiti anm( the M     larquesas, is an anlmate(d     tri,(oze
stalltul  as beautiful iil form a(ld col(or as (Giovanni (:1a Bologn0ga's
Mercury.     Nor was this b)eauty only skin (ldeep.        Inl slite of
idolaltry, lkahuiaisml,:atd    s(ensuality, the(' Hawaii:an    ha1( a
kinI(ly soul.   He was inot a canIilbal.*      As one of them     said
one(e( (1once(rning (Captain (ook: "k Yes, we killed him           but1)
wc d(i(ln't eat hill!"     ( Only the word " aloha," which ineans,
love an(d g(ood will, can a(lequately exp)ress the affect(ionit e
a1d(l grIacious quality of t he( H1waiiant raIce.
E'Jffect of ForciJ.ncers
Now the comingl of the( fore(igner had a pr)ofoun(l influence((
on this primitiv(e 1ra((.   First of all it l)rought new   liseass -s
most. terrib)le of all syphilis, thelln me(asles, small-pox anll  later
leprosy.    It also br(ought i(tald, wTeapons, ships and 111    ilitary
knowl(ledge.    IK:naehllal-lllmeha: the( (Xreat, through the use of thel
whiite iman's wclapons and(l with two white slailors as sis li(eute(lalts, succeede(l(l ill conquering all the islan(ls and bringinng
tl(hem  for the first tile un(ler onle gov(erimlent.     A third( inevital)le, though at first unco()scious, effect (of the pesece' of
white i(menl was to hbreak ldown( the mative religion.      The mo ost
* IRev... W. I). \\tsterv(elt, whlose(  k Lc('I(.lts!-of H-I(rii is a. r(e'ogrlize'(
((ilthleitv, says ()II this limint  T'hr' Nhvere inistanies,,f eaniuiihalisnix, rea111v
(lluite  a1  numbelll   ill thle  legrends,  nult  tliese  i (istian('es  wi'e   (dell(llnced  iy   tl
Htawatiians. As 1a lationt the Hlawaiitals we(re 11(1ver can.ilblls. I hatve Inever
found ll   lergend ll i evlli(h ' its t  ti-wlism. it tXXWhen(. (a canniIa1l was (isco(vere(l he was driven frmnl his h}oie and the peC()p( ti t oried  kill
himi. This is the icnitilnuois record fromi the c('aniia)l sto'ries of \\ aipio Valley,
Iaiwa ii, Moil kai.i Kauai an(d O()ahu. As far as I recall (eve(r (callilibal was
killed."  The ('raIndlsoln,)f a )ro()ther i)f Hewaliewa tlihe high pricst of (ltlame'a1,1111eha  I)erso ai: lly  tol(l Mr. \We.ste(rvelt:tI out a  hI ant   sa('rifi((  on)   tli:ltlar
ntl tol) of Punchlo ivwl crater, jiust atcak (,f loeiiolnulu where, ac oet ding to nItive
vwriteirs, hiiiima sacrifices hal been } (i offere(( for centuries. This man saidl to ir.
\\ est(rveltr  " It w (old be)( easy t: slacrifice(( a (laru1ike(' sailorI -- 11n e1( miss!
IMr. Westervelt. suggests that a niistakell interplrelatlin )f slich a statemient
llty )be resp)onsible for Rufuihs A:\ndersli'uis t atenei'lnt, " T'h   calnlil)tls i(f thel
Sal(dwi(ch Islandl(s wivloul erexwwhilce coiok and( carve a merchal' t or' 111aine(."
I 'e  i iliht have sacrificedl himi, llt t(he' would not have eatlen him.




TAiITE OFI IA(IMLIANlIFIA ITHEl GRIEAT
Wearing tll( robe o f goldon femltheN a nld the old Hawaiianl:\I feithe~r blelylet so
like a Grock helmeit in design,




Historical (ad Miss io  rjy Bac/ r             9
vital element in this religion was the observan(ce of the various
tabus referred to above. When the native saw the white
man violate these tabus with imlpunity his inherited house of
faith caine crashing down ab)out his cars -- he became for all
practical purposes an athetist. The gods he had worshipedl
were revealed to him as either dea(l or powerless. Moreover
the white Iman's liquor lmade the native, when ldrlnk, violate
the tabtus himself — and nothing happelned. The result was
that, after the death of Kamehanlleha the G(reat, a group of
strong-willeld dowager queens, former wives of Kamehalleniha,
who were virtually regents and guar(lians of Liholiho the
young king, persuad(e(l him in 1819 to violate the talus and
pullicly abolisl them. The next logical step was the destruction of the tellmles anld bllurning of the idols, which
accordingly was (one under the lea(ership, curiously enough,
of Hewahewa the high priest hinmself. A brief civil war followed in which the conlservative p)arty was beaten an( the
atheist, tablu-l)reaking party conl(1quere. This (destlrution of
lancient sanctions alnd restraints was a (dangerous thing an(l
would have been fatal h1tad not the missionaries provi(l(etially
bteen already on the way with a nobler religionl anl moral:ity.
IMists1ionar ies Sail
By a most remarkable coincidence this religious revolution
had happened while a little brig, the Thaddeus, was in the
midst of her five months' voyage from Boston to Hawaii,
1820, )bringing the little pioneer comIpany of fourteen miissionaries, led by Hirain Bingham and Asa Thurston, to begin
Christian work in the Islands. They had expected to come to
a people bowing (lown to horrible idols anlt offering humuanl
sacrifices aind they were prepare(l to risk life itself, if Ilee(l
b)e, in a struggle against idolatry. " Pr)obably Inone of you will
live to witness the downfall of idolatry,". said a friend( to
Salmuel luggles, o(me of this pioneer b:tand of mlissionllaries ()01
the morning before lhe sailed. Yet b)y a I)replaattionl whic(




10


7(h'e HIul1)/ ASidel of Hatwaii


seerle(l to themi Imost lprovi(lentital, even while they were oin the
voyage the idols were overthrown, and when they re:ahed
Hawaii they fou(ndl insteadt of fierce devotees of idolatry a
lntioll te(nl)porarily withlout a religion.
Story of Opukaihaiaa
How the mission:aries hIappened to come at all is a rolmantie
story.  There is still a1n ancient ruiledl heiau or temple on
Ke:llakekua Bay where (Cap)tain (Cook wa.s worshi(ped as a
gol a(nd withil sight of thie monument that mlarks the spot
where he was killed.   In 180)9 a HawaiiLan lad, (pukahalila,
wh() lived there witll his ullnle, who was the priest, swalll out
to an Americ(an whaler, stowedl (away and( was taken to New
Haven by a ( lapttain Brintnlial. Here he attracted the attention of IE.  I. )wighlt, Samnuel Mills of Hayst:ack fL'ame, and(l
othler belilevers iil the then novel randl romlanltic( idea of foreign
umissions. lThe story is that he1 was foundl sitting on the steps
of Yale (College (crying )because there was no one to teach his
l)eol)le. 'The result wLas tlhat he and( four' other Hawaiian
youths were enrolled among the first 1nin(eteen pupils in the
Foreign S(ho)ol founded in 1817 Iat ( ornwall, (onnecticut.
()Opukalhiaia died in 1818 and(l is buried at (Cornwall, but his
work live( on in the b}and of fourteen missionMaries who saiiled
for the Slandwich Islands on O)(tobler 23, 1819.
Miissiotllnry Achi evl ect
I)uring the next forty years from   1820 to 186() occurred
one of the most re'111markable transfolmations of a people under
the ed(luational influence( of nolle teachers and ( hristian
i(leals which tll(h worll Ihas ever' witness(ed.  The pi(oneer
(coi)pan)lv of missi(onarie(,s was ireenfo()ed (  ) others until, by
1860, tle Amneri(cl:n BIoarl lnad( selnt ot aot lout )one hundred
Iand(l forty Iissiolaries, (though 1probiably not more tha
ninety were ever.at work at one timel(') (and had expended(l
about $1,000,000.




IJist"orical and  M1t1ssio y 1 " I i'cI Ba o kg d ou


1 


Tr7) ilct to Pio l cCrI
We mlust pause andl b'ear tri)bute to this n1oble company of
ien aLndl women who left kindred ant(l civilization to serve ail
unknown an(l suppIosedly larbrl)trous 1peop)le in one of the obscurI ('orn('rs of the earth. Their lives 'reI)resent as near pur('
de(votion to (Christianl i(leals as )le c('a find in al l tIhe history
of the (hurch.   It is interesting to comp(aret them with tlh
Pilgrillms )on the allayflolmcr just two hundrell   ye'ars bef()ore
them. Whlile the IAIljjrflocer lmeicsure(l 180 tons th le Thaddcrtls
was only 240 tons -S(arce(ly () )4per (ellt larger 1a,(l the voytage
was thirteen thousadll  mil(es instea(l (of three' tholusanlld amid
over five months longI instea('l of tw()o. The hrdships (f those
carly (lays -- no regularl suppllies of food, floul r caked with sea
water anil filled with vermini, g.rass houses without floors or
wid(lows, p1itiless pl)lulicity f'r()om  the childlike peol)le arun()d
thleml, hatr(ed an(l persec(ution from  the e)(,ch-(colilmbers an(l
lissolute sailors whose( orgies they lprevente(l  - atll tlhese were
part of the pr'ice they )pai(l.  But t(lh  heaviest burden fell on
the women. To c(me: to a wild land andl live and keep ho()se
under such condlitio)s was her(i( ('eioug, but t( 1)bear (lchil( dren
under such ('ir(cumstace's an(d nurtureil  them}, ke(ep them fl'rom
the coIntan1inati()on of heathenism  roun11111  about ani(ld at latst
send(l them  away for, years of sep(ar'ati(on t(o )e edul cated ii
America --- this is moreI( than heroism, it atppl)l)roaches martyrloiucy                               Story
I lc! 7h t77rmsloim' s AS/o!
Several interesting   autolbiograplhies (reinmai allil s 1original
sourlIcs of infolrma ition aboul t tlhe e(x(pri(,ens o( tl('hese eatrly
Illissi(onaries. Prob al)ly the most, vivi(l alln  itnsiring of these(
is The Memoirs of Lmcyi (7. Tb7mrsilo  which lhas recently b)een
rel)rited(l with  tIdd(litionall illust ratiols underl' the ausl)i(s of
the \iIoilmans Boa:,lrd of MIissionls of (Central Union (Church iII
HIonolulli. It is a hook which every woman wvliho re(ls will
prize as a revelation (of the c(p,:acity of wo(manhollo(l for heroic




LD MISSI-ON  oU Si jONOI ULU




1104orlc(d (Ind jlls,,IWIM'Y b'(1cli-promi(I


1:)


end(urancle anll( high adlvelnture. Memllloirs of Laurta Fish
Judl(l (land a slenderl little Ipamllllhlet of letters l)y Silbyl 1llhallm,
the wife of Hiram  Bin3ghalll, nd( manllly other letters, so(1ie
lelver printed(, also remain'(:i to tell this story of herloiC womlal10oo(1.
I csu1ts
WXlhat goo(l (li(d it all (ldo?  What was (acompll)lislled(l y tiese
hundreId (  1(1 forty 111 men111and Wome()11(  and t 111he millill  (ollars
given freely without hope)( of return l)y Allerica to HIawaii?
Let me c atalogue for roll in iiost s111111.aryv flashlion the
achiWev(elcllts of this llissinl.
}i'ritten l ti tnqe
Of course the illissionaries at (illce started(l to lean1  tlhe
language and to redbuce it to writing. But the very first,
teachilg of all hlatl to b1e dolne inl Inliglish altl witllill ttlhree
months tlhe king was readling the New Testamlilent in,English.
)vecr olne hundred ye(ars ago, oni Jaullllarll  7, 1822, tlhe first
printed 1)page Was t taken off thle 1)(rss i  H1ooltulu  y  ('eeauol()ku.  It was a page of Wcebster's spelling I)ook.  Soon an1
iawaiilan p)riIher was printe(l, then the Sermon o(: the Mount
1an(l Luke's (osp)el, later the entire New Trestalln(:t, all ii
HFawatii:an. The c(iefs learned( to read first }ut so()( the privilege was extlende(l to the common(l(  people). Tile restilt was a
verital)e ep)i(l(lei( of learning to read! A whlole nation weCIt
to school out(loors under tlhe trees; those wNllo learll(ed a little
taught that little to others.  In 1835 tll  gov(ernor o(f Manlil
aItll(oulnc(l that none( c(ould hold( officle or be marlriedl iIllllss
they c(ild retad ---  hi(h was (er(ta:lily ta p)rllati(cal w\ay of
stiilllllltilg literacy! laut re(laing an11 writing really 1(lede(
little stimulatiol.  They   colnstitut(edl 1a Iew g:ille whi('ll
(\evryone twantlte  to pla)y. As Dr. Hyde (luaiitly l)lts it:
iThe utter vacuity of the heathen 11i(dil miadt(e thl(e pe(ple
rea(ly to while awtay their tinec in school.'




14


T'h1   IIlin(1l ASid4( of 11illa'ii


Education
But re(ading and11 writing are' o11ly the itbegitinlg of an1 edctlati)nal system:l al(, afterl the first bt)urst of lea:rnilng to read o)l
the Ilart of (ladults wals ove1', tlhe llissiolultries be)('gl to (rgtt)'lize
ldefiltite, schIools for (chilldten. 'Tle first (co)il)ny of lissionl'i(s contailled'(l two pre(achers at(l tleir wives, two schoolnmatsters andl thleir wives, at physicianl, a fall(r andl a printe:tn11   tlheir wives. 1B(oth, the lprea'ct4ers' wives hlad:maried on
slhort notic(,e right out of thel schoolroom to com(' e as lIission-:trieTs.  ()lOvioulsly the 111(ethot of at tackl was to be (edca(l' tio)nal
a1ndl( tithe ed('li(:11tio11t was to be(' industridil  as well (Ias mental and
religiotIs.
1rotad (O)' 00s1it l iOsl
Altitoughl waitlet ld to ai)5staiin from pliolitics, thelil (0()llllissi()l
was a brotad one:as siltowin by these Inoble p)art ilg words spoken
ry I)r. W\orc(estier, the v(elerable secretary of t(he Amieri(can:
BoIt;)rIl: ' Your views 1re Ilot to be liilt1ited t(o a low Inarrow
sc(,tle; btt yoIu:lre to open) your lhearts wi(le and set your
ltlark hgIt.  You are to aliull at ntothing short, of covering these
islitll(ds wit Il fruIllitful fields, ail I plieas1ant dwellings atid schools
at( ( elt(urel('s, aIttld of ralisig 11up tle whole people to an elevated(
state of ('tlr is ti t  civiliza.tioi.  You,are to o taitl an a(Ide(itatel kntiowletdge of the lanlgiuage of the people; to 1makew thelll
tlcqualitedtNl wit} l(tters; to itroducte (tn(l get i nto extend(ledl
operattiotn and in fltuence attontg them, tlhe arl ts and instituttiots:tanl usa:ges of civilizedlt life."
It        tees  t ree( ous co()li ssion()l lland it was broladly 1and
ol Iyv catrtied i  (out.  By 1835 there wete 900 schools and 50(),000
pl)pils.  In 1831, elev(e   yea'i ts after tlte: 'arrival of the T hml(tclr.s,  I d:tl.tlinalllllt St lllillnr V was 8 fou ll( (:1I1   )(( ecael  tilt
imodel( for o(t ler s(chools (of sec(ondarv g:rat(le.  It wa:s (har:alter
istic of the( resolurceftuliess of tlIl Illission(llries tllhat these earli('
schools were (maal ttal traitlitinlg schools.  This wats a plractie




I104orllcal avd -111-,,,qolmry Backpi-mind


15


llecessity, Iiot a mlre ed uc(atio(al theory.  The pupils ha1ld 11o
way to pay extce)t )by the(ir owni liabor.  Not only agri(cultulre
}but carpelltry, cooking, b)lacksllithing, sewinlg 1an1(d priltillg
were ttaught in these (ealy schools. EIven cpl))er-pl:lte etlgraving of very crelital)le (quality was taulght at ILalillalll
S(emiaiiltlV.
Results in. Americ(t
Just here it is worth while noting how these lIman:lual trainilg
sclo(ols influence(( Almeric(a. IEveryl)o(ty knows the illlportancel of Booker rT. Washington'ls work at Tuskegee, andil:lillost everyone knows tlhat the great Inegro e('ucator was
traied })y (leneral Armstrong at Hampton Institute. But
hiow many people know where (General Armstrong got          llhe
i(leas of inrdustriall e(lucation which he dl(elonstrated so splen(li(lly at Hampton?   The answer is that (:General Armstrong
was the son1 of a Hawaiita   missionary. His father, 1i(lharl
Armstrong, was from    1847 to 1854 Superintend(lent of Public
Instrucltion in Hawaii. 'The mother of Tuskegee, therefore,
is Hampton, l)ut the grand(l:other is the      Hilo  Boardling
S(chool 1and(l the great grandmother, Lahainall   a Seminary!
It is written in the Bible  " (Cast thy bread uIpol the waters:an( this story illustrates the remarlkable rea(,ti(o  folreig
missioIs mally h.ave o() the country that send(s thel(  f)orth.
Social Service
Inl their ildeas oil in(lustrial edlucation the missionlaries Nwere
hlieadl of their  ay   force(l all(ad iby ptractical condliti ons.
But their indlustrial ifluence was not colnfiled tlo schools.
ElverCy mission station bec'altc inevital)ly a center of 'civilizatioll, giving ol)ject lessons in famlily life tand( the ldomest ic
virtues, in  ne('l.chaical arts and the laws of health. It was
the missionary wh() l)redl aninmals a(ld built ro(ads tand found
himnself compelllledl )y force of circulstiaces to he n1i:ason,
carpellter, physician, stock-b ree(ler, surveyor,   ittrse:(1d
1)ec: (le llla ke r.




1(;I


'h 11 c.11 Jl i(tI I Ii (SdI  11(1 / 1'(1ii


A.1ttp11 of JSld'(;
In 1836 the missionaries sent a re(liarkable tappeal to IBoston
for re (nfo(rce, ents. ITh'ey found that no foreign workmanlt
th(ell in tihe Islaltlls would( teacl('h  ta naltive anlythlig anld so
the(y aske(l for lteachers in all the arts of civilizatioi).  Thllis
rem(arkalIle  oc)('ument said amon(g (otherl tllings:  We wish to
see the riglhts of the  ol('()l(e etter u(ldersto(d)(l, )etter (defilned,
b)etter re'spe)ctt(l b)y i thlose ill p)ower ' 11(1  ettte  maint, ain(d 1)
the pe(ople themllIselves..     T..   Ie peole need( comipetent
instruction  inl agriculture, lman lufact tlres, tln (d the v ~arious
met0hods of     odu()(ll(tion... andl com)petl('lit illstructilon illmllediately ill the science of government in or(der to promote
ind lust r, secur ae a l   p|I   means of su)port anl  pr(otect the
just rights of all."
IRe,forcc, cti. of I S37
But, (tdue to a lumblil)er of callses, no adequate help caie in
re(S)(ols(e to thllis:appeal.  Tlis was partly l (cause of the
monservaltism  iii the Americain Boardl, which feared( too great
a comiii)inati(oi  ()f sacred (l ad secular, ail( also) }be(a use (f the
ithard tImlneIs in the Unit((ed St ates.  The reenforcemient of 1837
wa.s, how(ever, the largest, group( ever sent out, andl consisted
()of tliirty-two() peo)(, ()f whoml twen(ty were tea'lchers besides
a p)lysi(cian:l  a1nl(l  s(eculalr ag(,elt Iland( f(ou)r nlinlisters a nd thllir
lwives.  Tills st '(ro  reenfoi(' ce e(( ll(nt sent the inissio()  vigorously al1(a(t a1nd( wvas o()i of Itlie co()-t ilbuting ca(lses to the
great re(viva.l o ()f 1839..1  '..s.w,/o try   Slt(ltes  oen
1h)ougl  te(ir applleatl was hot fully anlswered, Ileveltheless
the ilissionalies fonlltd  mlother way. of heliping the brotadcr
(causell   (  I- laaiia a lm civilization. If t he American lBoar d1
wo)ul(l no(t send( thel  secular leaders they co(uld resign from)
thle Board1 and 1I)(eco(ile( such secular lea( lers t llheisel(ves an i
this, accor(dingly, a 1number o)f them dlid.  It was Io (disl()oyall




lll;"4o)-lc(d ml(l III,        1. B(Ickp)-mol(l


17


to the I* lissional  c(i ase(. It was tlhe mlost effctive way of
serviing it, in view of the shlot-sightedlness of the Board(.  AI r.
Richillards tllheief'ore Ibeca  i  18 iii 1839 interpreter and( a(dviser' l o
tlhe king, g'ivinlg tthat. very year' aI series of le tures to tlle kinig
and (li('f on t ihe scie'lce of governme(' llt whi('  is t(he foundation()
of all c(ostfitltionall governm ient in ll  aw-I\ii. He 1e'a
Minister of Public Instruction till his death iI 1847, and was
sueee(lded in that, office 1,by Icihard Ar istrlong. )Dr. (. P.
J(l(dd resignied to, become for over te'l years Minister of IIore'igil
Aftairus atd(l I'itianeei —l the verit ale 11llmainstay of thle governinent. Lorrin Andrilews.resigne(l to serve as associate justice(
of the first Supremle ( ourt --- einnin     jaudiiary whose
tradlitionlls of uprightnless and leg'al a)ility lv h1ave Ibeevi cOlsist(eitlv  sulsttainedl i throughout Hawalliiatl history. Some of
these resigilltions, that- of Mr. Andrluews at least, an11( others
later, lwere also in prote (st taga linllst the slownIess of the Boa I
to hreak with its slave-holding eoistit uenlv all(d come squarely
to the allolition view-ploilt.
I'ca(ccfll llcr olhi'ioil
The (contribution    l ich tl ('   11m1()issiona10ies m111ade to civil
goverinment is indicated lby the fal t tllat undler their tutelage
on June 7, 1839, tlhe king, Kamnehain(eh  III, issued a Bill of
Righti s 1)pro11ising a e1 cost it litio  a 1nd( i11.ndividuald ownershlip of
tland. This action  ieant the overt urnimnig ()f the felld(lal tyrtanny of tlhe (chiefs over the comillmonl people ald the repilaleig
of (1an al)solulte b  (a collstitut ional 111mona chvl. Where else in
hlistory lhas so 1i1a 1iked(  a revolltioil I"een secured b v tli illnfluence of mioral arnd religious teaching alone withLout Ian l  ui1
of rebellion or a suhow of force?  Not at RIuunovI ede, nor at
Liberttv Hall, nor aIt tl(e IF'reiceh IRe(volutiiOn!
The simple const itulltioll of 184) was replace(ed later IbyV the
M111o   l adequ(late const i-ttion of 1842 written by Dr. (. P.
Judd, John i and (C'hief Justice Lee. (ChanIllged, amended and
expanllded this lias been the blasic law of the land and still




ON' TJHE   BRINK    OF KILAUEA VOLJCANO
Where a:}plilolani thlrem stones into tIhe lake of fire and defied Pole the vootarto goddess,




i.I1Sfi/,c(dl (tn1d JlistSiO(11/lJ l'i( (l'kI('iou}tl  1!)
exists, ill ):prt, ill tle p)rese(llnt ()Organic Aictt of (Conglress Iby
which Hawaii is governed('( t(lodav.
11lht t Abol)t IEva,1/(Jcliztion?
But0 so()n1   oll' says: WXlhat a:l)out ev:angeliz:tion?  These(
p)eo)ple were miissionari:es.  I)id they eXl)end all t heir efforts
on edlucation an(l civil government? lBy no nmeans.       T(heir
(e(lucatiolnal work was the foundation whi(eh    (ad to 1b lai(l
before evangelization was possibll, an1( their influenlce onl civil
government was bec:lauset of their pretvious slccess in b)(tht
edlucation.n11( evma:ngeliza:tion. TtIhe missisonari(s we('r  v('ry
slow and cautious in tlce )beginning al)bout receiving (onve'rts:1(l 1naturally these(l 1l1(1 to be made, unl(er an:tabsolute m1onar(chy, from  amnong the chiefs.  It w:as a gre(at tiurning-l)oilit
wl(hen in 1825 Iaahlum:anu the greal(t-he':rte((l, wise alld (dCterrmined(l queen  lowager, wi(low of IKam'ehlt~~ameha the (;r(eat,
)ectame a c( ristian.  rliere now ensed a period when H 1Iawaii
waLS lmost fortlllllt( y Iullndler the lea('Idershil) of:a r(emlarkal:le
group of xvomenll     of high ralnk   Kaallhunltanu, Kapiolani,
Kinau,,   who b)y sincerely a(ccel)ting (Christiianity, led thelir
peo):le into( the light. The story of how Kapiol)ani j(our('eye
to Kilau.ea. Volc(anlo, the supl)os(edl albode( of tlhe (lrea((l fire
goddess Pele, 1and (lefied her, throwing stones into the (rater
1:t11l eating tlhe oh()lo )berrie,s salre(l to tlhe go((l(less, is (on( (of
the Im()st thrilling an(d dramatnlic tales in missioi)nary annals.
It mov(e( Tenl'nyson to write his lpoe(n ' K:apiolanli,' a p )ortio
of which(, is as follows:
"     (When from  the terrors of Nature aI people lave ftashlion, '
a     on(d w(orshlip a1 Slpirit of lEvil,
Blest 1)e the V(oic( of t(he T(ea.icher who ()calls to( them
' Set yourselves free(! '
Noble) tlhe Saxon Iwho ht irl'( aIt lhis I(l) 1 vlo()rous wep(')(on
in ol(l(en Englan(d!
(;reat and(l greait(er,:le(l gre(test of w(ome(n, islandl he(roill(e,
IKxapiolani




(20


j()       jibeh IHumiao  AS'lIc 0/, HwIomI


(ornbl tlihe inountanin, and Hflung the 1erries, and dared(l the
( (l(oiess,,1n( freed( the p)eCole
Of l:aw-aiie!
A p)(op()1e believin g th1i1 t Peele t he ( o)(d less wonIld wallow ill
fiery riot (and 1d( revel
(O)n  ilahinea,
Dtancel iin a fountain olf fllame with her (levils, or shake with
her tl unders (ali slhatter her island,
lolling hier an'ler
Ilh'' I), lastedl vall(ey an(l(l flaringl forest iln b )loo(l-redl cattarlacts
(Iown\Th to the sea(1!
I Oig t as te l vl-light;
( 'lllaes fr om the(  l ava-lake
I zingl th e st         issarlight,,lonll, s tlie silvery vapl)or iil laylight
Over the olinlOltaill
Floa)ts, Nwill t (e gloiry of Kal)iola mi he mingled with either on
IHIwaiee'
The Rkcivl/l of 1839)
Aft(er yea's of educIationl andl seed(l-sowing, tlhe day of reaping call!   nlotably in the great revival of 1839 -almnost
twellnty years aIfter tl(he airival of the first mnissionaries, vwhell
15,(00()) (overts were add(ed to the church. On one Sunday
in Julv, 1838<, Tituls ( o.a at Hilo b)aptized( 1705 personstihey were arrangedl in rows aditi the missionary passed(l along
sprink ling the Ibaptismal water upon them     with a b)rush!
From   123 to 1S(3 over 53,()()()000  onverts were received. As
early a(s 1852 ov(,r () per ((cent o(f itl(e total )opulation of the
('colntry were (membe)(rs of tt(he church in goo(l an(l regular1
stand(ling!
l1b(t'/ii ('h sl/ tV izd
1(;() t ll('e tsk (of tihe(' missiona()rie's s(ee(el(( t()o manily people
(to b)e (omilp1leted(l. The' Isla(ls hl l)been give'n schiools an(l a
oinstit tiona)l go vern'lent, t(he, pe)ople wvere clothed, literate




/110ii(.o lf () (/l Jii.'.'i(yt(tlJ  B(t/ckg,(rou(dl  '21
an1d showed'l   larger lper,,enltage of church membership tlhan
some of the most religious sections of Ame(riecai. In forty hrief
yeatrs a great missionary task lad been a('complishlled, a nation
(lad ltee'n helped'( to (!Christian civilization anil  the Sailwivich
Islan(ls Awere tle prize (exilbit in tlhe show-windo)ws of tlhe
American Bltoiar(il of ( olnmmissionl(ers fto Froreign i\issions.
( Chri1st i(/l it for Ex.por)t
Not only this, l)ut since 1852 tlhe Hawaiian chur'lhes liad
tIl(hmse(lve(s )(ell (irrying on withl vigor:an( succ('ess a foreign
mission of their own am(ong the other islan(ls of the P)acific.
rl'lThir mission to the M'arquesas leg:an most (dlr:amnticaIllv in
respo)nse to a1 personal:l visit in 1853 b)y MIatunl i a (lhie'f of
Fatuhiva::asking tllt ( Christim  minssiorlna:ries  e sent to hlis
islianI(ls. IThis mission is still in olperatiotion,l though for many
years past it lhas ( been in the hand(ls of the French Protestants,
F'rance tbeiilg in  coltrol of thei( M1l'ar(lqulsan Islanids.  The(
mission to Mic'rolnesia we(ll kinown   il Ameiric(t through its
famlous lmissiona'ry ship t(he tMornitag Sitfr be)an in 1852 with
the (lep(arture of two tHawaiian nministers an(l their wives il
comnpal)ny  withi tlhe I(iolleelr ba:nld o(f Almricta  Boair(l missionatries for the (xilbe('rt, MaLrshalll anid  aroline I slalns. ]Bot;h
lnative an(11  white w(orkers followedl fromt tinme to time, iincIlu(lilg
sulcl  (listinguishetl mnissionaries as Luther(r H. ( ulick and
Hiram   Binhglam  I II who tr:laslatlted tthe Biblle into ( il)bertiese
andl,Jalles Klekela whovl(se nolo)le n:act in savilng a sailor from bei)lg
(at(en  y 1) annibals in tithe Mar(lquesats )roulight hiim tlhe fiamllous
gift of a wat;(h as a personalll testimonial from  Pre'si(ldent Lillcol().  These m1nission fields, (lue to pollitic( l ('change(s, hav(e
largely pa)ss('ed n()  int,: tleha mids of tiel( missio(nary bo)(:r(ls
of other nations.   But during their fifty years of active sup))ort tli, H awa iiai (churche(s selnt olut thirty missi(maries and
over 8112,0()()( for these missions in tile South S':eas.




Thc ilonian, %Si'/   of il(U   Wt


(''iticisnts of Mis sio na,/ries
As is illevitalle ill any vigorous constiru(ctive work like that
of the American Boar(dl Mission to Hawanii, criticisms have ot;
bleen lacking.  Mr. Manley Hopkins, Hawaiian consul at
Loniono (liring tlhe sixties, incorlorait(ed in his book on (Ha:waLii
in 1862 some criticisms intended to justify the sen(ling of
Anglican missiomarics to Hawaii.    These criticisms probab)ly
fairly represe(nt tle anlti-missionary poilnt of view of abtout
1860.  Whalt weret they?
Too Le(ali'stic
1First and funda(l entatlly, that the missionaries had beel)
too legalistic, presenlting a severe, judlicial Old Testamelnt
rightleousness 'rather thll:an a lmore gracious winlSme gosIpl.
They lhair  altt empted-( to reglllate '(onduct by law, th rolugh
Salbb)l)ath legislation an(d pIrohiblJition of liquor. This criticism  soiu(ls fallililar and (loubtless has:a real founllation.
(ur ancestors of a hund(red( years ago were Puritans and( (Calvinlists a(l tlhe stern moral code of New IEngliand was theirs.
We, w}ho have esc(aped )perhal)s too far in tllhe other (lirection:,
vwouldl prot:ably feel sonl(ewh(at crampedl if we were tvrtanspolrtc(l b(ack into) t(he legalistic att.m()osphere of tlheir rcligiiol.
And( yet this is to be saild by wtay of ba)tlane, that historically
the law does lrecede lthe gospel, tan( they vere (dlealing with
at childllike 1)eople who neededl " line( u() lillne and( precept
ul)()ll precept((.  Their (e)conception of thle proper kind of
Sabbat:h-keeping 1may have b)een irksome b)tl their i(dea of
saving the hn atives from alcoholism lias b)een fully justified )by
mo(lernl Imedclia scienece andll tfhe social exp eriene( of the vear5s.
They were far aheadl of their (day, and(l of their fellow religionists in America, in their i(leas ablout prohilbition. NWhIlere
their Pluritanismll nadle mlost (ene('i(es xwas ini their high stan(lard( of sex m)orality. It was ineeld a:   cou((sel (of perfectioition   the t prim iitivre Halwftaiiil: wsith a totally (liftlfere
trai(lition behind(l him, but, a fter all it was either this i(leal or




H1istoric(d a(Id 31 li.ss)M'ioR(Y:/ IJck/iJ)'olid


else (lisCase, (egenellracy alt1d extinction for the race.  And1 the
missionari(es ch)ose the i( eal andl Inoly taught it a1(1d exepll})lified( it.  As Henlry val l)yke sai( most leautifully in lis (',en
tenninal Address at Kawxvaiahao ( Church in 1920()   They hung
the ('i of joy a:l)out the lneck of virtu(:e ad(l kil(le(l the flame
of liollor (on the s(acredl altar of loslpitality.''
Clolt.s Dctrimcntal?
So)me peoplel havel compltlaiile(l th:at thte ilissionlariets llett(le
the a1:tiv(s W(:tirl clot-lhes an(l thus ireluced( the i)ic(tlures(l(lueness
a:1(l il(:irease(l tlhe (l(:tlh rate! There1 are several angles to
thlis.  Und(ou})tedlly the miissiol-a' ies (lid( invent the holoku*
ld prom()ote the w(eaing of clothles. IBut (lothes were in(,evitable from  inita(tiol of thel white iman, even had there
b)ee(n 11o liissIionlries laout.  It was t)h  ( hi(efs wlho de(lmIndl(l
clothes of the mlissio(allries:n(l ()1e ()f the cearly ardu'(ous tasks
of the missionary w(omen)l, (lealy r(ecorded in the memollirs of
Mrs. lllThurston al(ld Mrs. Bingllha:t, was making (Iresses fo()
q(ueeCis 1nd(l rufled(l shirts for kings! What the missionavries
(li(d was to set the fashions.   11They  arefully  ad(le the first
ldresses for thl( (queeni, a:s Mis.  i Thurstoin (tlaitly l(>(()co'(s, in
the style of 11 S  -- t Ihe (  they left 1Boston.  rih(  w(1ere iup
to the mlliiut-(e on( style! TheyI(>. littlel knew they we(re setting
the fashioni for o(ver a  enturv:l1rl( tlt 'lawaiikai w,omen ili
192() wou(l(l still be we(arilg wit  incre(ilb)le grandeur(l   and
digiiity the holokus (utl Ifter the flash ion of 1820!  One may
pause lhere and I ask if mtodern 11 issiona11ies to printitive peoples:11(1e:s we1l ilformed ('1( as to the lalest st yles --- anl(d also (as to
Iwhet ler l t:he st yIes of t od(iy are as wort ly of lper)petual:t io) for
a hundred veaors!
* The hiolokl is a simple row  which is the t)pical dless of Iaw:iii xvwo)e(no
tI  (liy.  It hIlI-rs ftromII  tlIe  slIoIt (l(,ers h: Is ' o y )kI (  I t )I o  Ielt Ia, d  flows I inI aI ple)(
folds  to  the(' fe'et.  It oft(e  ll Is a  tlaiII:It1(l is 11 l(>I ill  11:111ov  (lifefter t  i:t1l(ials
c1oos111.




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Ii iSioi((1 /l (1)01 I/~'~H))rlj b17Jh((1t7JU/0 1(1


IIOIlil'(1nd   Sports
()nO superficia: l critiicisni of the mi issionaries has bee(n tlhat
they destrovedl the ( noble sports tl(ld pastimlllis of thle:tacilent
HIlawaiias -  onily two of wlhich, surf-riding and 111 1  (hula  aing,
s(eemi to hiave survive(l to the )(prese(lt (lay.
Tholse who mlake this (riti(isll alre (:1aresly r(ecommendedl
to rea( t he( (ar('ful I(I a tlhoritative arti(cle by l)I. N. B.
lEmerson( tto 1be foundl il The Fr'intl  of August, 189(2.  I)r.
EIIl(erson, who wtas a H1awaiian s(1cholar of the first rank, brilgs
out the int(erestinlg fl:ac  tlhat the oldl LHawalii:l  sol)rts were(
hlrge(ly ass(ciate(l with a reliarlkable lnational festival, the
Mak(th.i ikiw whiich was obse(rve(' witih grea(t (ere'mo1ny (during
thet four moniths from ()ctobe)r (t) Ja   r. Tlis lp)(eri ( was
"devoted to tlhe pursuit of plealsure; f(estivity:antd gpalics."
Amliong these g^aies, il a(ldditioll t-o siluf-rliding alltd hula da(l(cing, were a kind (of )owlilig o0 (liscus tIhrowilng, foot racilig,
the gl:a(icing o(f lh(eavy d(tlirts (j)hc) alon, g a s(pec(ial road(Iway
a111(d, mos()t thrilling of all, a gaiie (of slidling (d(own htill, ()ot over(
snow, of course, 1but dol(wn a specially prepared course calledi
pap)(1a1 hoat 1iade of Stone with Stonie curbig biut covered 1with111
fresh le(aves to make it slippery for t:he long slender sleds.
Remanins of these holim courses are still extanlit illn IKola ad11
elsewhere.
11hy/ Th/y Di1.ppered
It is interesting to ()ote the reasons I)Dr. El(ersol g)ives for
thel (leca((de:i(ce o(iii     o xtiti  f Hawa:iial sl))ort. ()ne is itl
b)sorptionll ill war far.e which (charateiz( the late Ir palrt of
the E1Cighteenth (('entury ad ob)scured( the occup(at ions of'
peace. \Witlh the acquirement of imuskets anld othler 'llro(ea':  weapons war \ece))11  an e' lloe(' 111 1  flS('illnatilg:In(l still
imore' deadlv sport or rather a de(lstruclt ive  ii1adiess which
everywhere a:nd a:lways t ('(lds to kill bothI spor()lt and( sport tsia1(nship. A second ( and deep-lying v   reason1(i:()1 is to Ie( floundl( ill
it e f1act tll Iat sl)pori, 1)!y their very( associati on(iO   wit Ii tlle:Maka



26)


fli'c 1l. n ian S'idc o/f H    t.'.lii


liiki fcst iv:l, were inltimal:itely allie(l with the( Ireligious an(l tab)u
systeml julst aLs tlhe soiiewli:at similar (r( ek ()klll)ipill gallies
were allie(l with (Greek religion. Wh len the it(ols were dlestroye(l land tlhe ttabluls abl)olishe(l, the system of sports so intiiMately atssoctiate(l with theil invitd)ly r ive(l a staggering
l)1ow.  1)r. Emnersonl pIoiiits out that it is very significant that
the (late ch(os(en )y Liho(liho:andl KIahumlallul for the form:)al
b)reaking of tlhe tabl)us was tlhe very (lay for the olpeingl of the
AIkaLhi1ki festivall se(as)on il 1819. The Mlaott:1hi/ti wals never
c(eleblrated(l again!  "It was the un1happy fortune of Hawa'ii's:a(ci(ent pa:nes to )be t(oo intia:ltely allietd by ties of b)l(od relatiolnship with those twiln 111olnsters, the tabu an(l i(ldol w(-)rship, ian( whell they were (lestro(yed it fareld lha(rd with that
1nob)ler institution whichl had 1man:1   worthy fea'tures tlhatt one
wou(tl gltadly lhalve seen perpetuatlte( ndl lll(l re:hailitatedC ill decellt sl:hape if it h:lad been possible.'"
The New ) Sporl8
Not only we(re tlhe (o)(ls \who lhitad presidedl over the a:ncienlt
Sports ntow (l(efullt but at the same tiim(e new interests (came
crow(ling ill to(, the HaIwa.iian  il lil --- t interests brought by tlhe
white 11mali, somiie of theim good, soiiie bald.
O()e of the l m)ost tabsorbl ig of tilhese wa s t:e acq(uire(lient
of the white man's civilization -- re-a'lig an(1 wr'itinlg 'are la
mo()st f(ascinatiiig game if you stumble on them it, the nidlst
of adlult lifebee itstead  f lavig  e   s   iliatel  associatedl
wit li t lhe  flro() c(hil(hood( that you fail to reallize h(ow  u1ch
they add( to the interest of life. The ilintroduc(tion of horses
prodluced a formil of motion whi(lch made the foot-rae(inlg tand
sli(ling (lown11 lill see('1m t:am':11 d chil(lish. It is worthy of
Ilote( that this islan(l1 people took to lhrsel a( k riling a(s to
the 1iillanner l)boln. No lbetter cowblos ca(Wi he fouind thanll the
tHawaiitans. Blut, allas, the white(' nian brought other gali(es
less beneficial:altlhough t ragically absorbing to the lI awaiian
- cars, dlice andil wlliske.  Ilaiiehamiehal  I andl otlhers after




IIHistoil(Yl   aild JltiOsi hiij I)'(icA(Piroiild


27


lin, nlotablIy IKanlleall(eha III, strulggled( valiantly l agaillst
the ilnt roduetionl of liquor-(lrillking amllOng their people,  ut,
inl a d(ay when 111odern te'li)peralnce sen(tinent was a11111ost
unkl)nown and(1 when a foreign governmenlt forced the admllission of its b)raindlly  y ly lilitary poWer, thely could( hard(ly be)
exec)('te(l to( succeed(l.
Mi.ssiona r lies Not to iBla me
Itt was not tihe missionaries, thenl, who (estroyed( the sports
of the Ha waiitans. They prlob)ly were far from having our
lo(ldernl sylmlathy with athtletlll i(cs t(nd yeot 1unconsciously they
int, ro(lducel what were, in effect, new gaines, to a pe(ople who
liatl lost tlheir o)1(1 ones. These inew gaimes were going to sdchool,
orgalized( government'l, horseback riding, printing, housel)uil(ling, farming aI1(l wearing clothes.  Others, nlot missionari(s, supllel('nte( l hese games with whiskey, dic(e and
cards.
Litir(tij T7oo Cold
The secolndl criticism of the missio()naries, )(beyond their theological and(l ethical i'uritanisi, 1lad to 1do with their liturgical
Puritanis1. Their worship was too cold and barre(n and illa(late( to the warll, cmotional, colorful native te(Il)(rament. This 'criticism is ima(de very effectively by 1. R.   1). )aa,
autlhor of Two Year(.s Before the   last., who (les(eves to Ie
listene(l to bl)ecaus     so w  te he ao W e most appreciatively of the
missionarieis and( their achiev(eennl;ts.  But he was an EpIiscopalian Iand saw thilngs frlolml anl int(eresting point of view. IHe
satid:(1
R/. II. Dan:a's.JIludymeit
1The m1linds of the nIatives of this zon(e of the globe (peculiaIrly re('u(ire( s)mething to re(tain their attention iand interest.
The lmissionaries halve recogili zed this law in tlheir' schools, aind
find it, expedlient to fix the atttelition) of thel scholars il r(ecitatiol b y classes, b)y responsive an( generial r(ea(ing (an( answ('rs, l) the use of figures on i)la.ckhoards, andl(l b)y l1tl)p a(nd




ILi. II. Baker f11of
THEf: Rl(OYA   SLORT OF IHAWAII
S-'o('1'.:i h}.iFtlI(it if'-s




1104oric(d (Ind            B(Ick(j)-mind


p)icturles.  T1he only syste: ll (of worshil) aildl discipline which
thle inissioliaries have introdu(lue( lhas   )een( that whilich is
known at, h)ome as the Puritanl (or Inldepe''lde(nt, and in this
the1y hav     e ha  fi( the field to themiselves.  Thle houses of worship
are plain, nake(d b)uil(lings, with pews and benches an( a large
(lesk, ill which the preac(her(, sometlilllCs (lressedl ill the tweed
sack-coat of the shop a(nd market (or, as I oWie saw, with the
sp)urs o)n his h)oots), st:and(ls to 1rea(i( preac, ( 1and( pr)ay.  rThe(
congregationi sit through the whole serVice, not only niever
kneeling or stland(ing il prayer, l)ut n(ot even hending the hea(l
forward( il token of ~  'reverence.  The inusic is solely' the singing of one or two rhyllilng h1ymns, performed b( y a simall choi'.()
The con(greg:ation h1ave Ino    part in tIhe service..-. they are
simn)ly listeners ifrom 1)(eginning to end; young or old, learnied
or unlearned, the(     are expecte('   to (e at/tentive listeners for(ll(l
so(amc two h()ours, without, a wor(d to say, a thing to) (lo, a so(und
to utt(er for themselve(s.    Myt o(servation, after alttendin
severatl )l:cles of worship) in the prin)'i('ip)al islland(s, is tlat the('
nativ'es, except tle:'e he sor1me sti'rrig passage ill the s(eriol,
are langui(lI ad(l (esasily-(listracte(l listeners a(d(1 irrCeverent
actors.   Ill their family wors hip they kneel, and are 1mo(
reverenlc(t,, eing left Imore to their instincts.  At pub)lic  wo'rslip) tlhey come in at; all tillnes, sit, loolk laboult, easily fall
a'sleel), tand when the last plraye(r ends, st.art for the  )oor a
god de(lal:as a thlIetre b1reaks 1)     hardly ever vwaiting for
the Ien}) lietiti(on.*
(tt/holic ('onltr ast
"It is not diffic(ult, to s( how the Rlloman ( atlholic (Church,
xvithl its open d((oors, free sittilngs, (l:iily mass ta1it  vespers, its
corps of tIeaching anld visiting 11u111s, its sart('l'lil('llet1  System,
*. X'o/:  "Mr. I) a1.a  a:rrived  at  the  Island(s late  ill tlhe:tctive  miissionitIr
period. For a long till( at first the Ilissionll services were new and1 ilnterestino
to tlie HIawaiianls.  i lly younliger (days I thave r'egu1la1rl att(ended( IlliSSiO)I:I'r
('cll111rc   s(rvi(ces aniid  it see(liil  to  illie thalt  tlhere was  re(('erailly  g ()(  attt(lil til  b)
tht ( coigregations. They genlerally joined heartily inl the Sillginig.
Sanllford B1. Do1 )le.




I)()


Tlo, 111ton(In" Sil.Wc       of         I 1, it


its worship a(ldrelssCd to the llilnll a1ild llheart throughl l the (eye
talld  ar, tas well a(1s by thle w(or)'  the ut lllerstan(lill; with
its service, which gi ves (1 Ia lrtt to all, and( especially its systeml
of ('olnmelorations      (l, i, il the m lodern sense, its ' spiritualislm ' of angels andl (departe(l staints, ihas strongly enlist(ed the
tallmost v aclrlt 1ltive f:aculties.
i    1he subll)j(t is aIttracl(ted attention  i  the Islands.  I
fou()ndl( tlat 1iany wh(o agi reedl with ll( iln ta high estaiimate of
thle goo(l the nlissiorlna:ris have (do()l, yet felt the d(efects of
the pubIelic worship; a:nd one( of the mlissionaries told me lhe
ha'd long thought thtat, ch:nges must be nade(l itn thelir system
ill tlhe (lirecti(on of thll(' ifill and( liturgy of the English (h11ur(ch.
('rit ic i.sm   l  ortlh Po, lIeri/nlq
We who t(odlay frl'ankly and gladly recognize tlhat our Puritai antcestors went too f:ar ill tihcir r(ejection of the b(eautiful
ill worship and wh1(o atre striving to rc((ovCr the (lignity and
lbeaulty of:a richer litliurgical service witlhout losing the freedom
a11(1 spontanell ity of free worshlil, mllay well lponder these( wordls
of DI )ana ctaref lly. 1, tce to face( with IheathenIisll, the C( ristiam  missionr sshould( not present ( Christianity aIs a religion
of barlrelln ugliness, of )repelllent laritc(ture and un(ligntl ifie(dl
ob)servanlces. We still need a:~ nobler, more worshipful church
lrchlitecture, (a lit urgy with 1(re (on(gregati(oal part ic iptationl anl(1 p)erlal)S it is well to be relinllded that NVWilliam1 B]radford wore a gown illn p)reaching to the little Pilgrim colony at
llmouth iland thllat, processionials of vested choirs and.l  the uIs(e
of printed as well as im)(ou) Ii prayers il:t ay promote the
ilIll)(rssiveNless (of ( i istiall worsli) t od(ay.
The O)ther Sid(l
But tagainl, in all fairness to the l:missionaries, it should be
noted tlhalt the religion of our HIawaiian lchurches Ilas nlever
b een 1bv any mean s the (cold, joyless, austere thiling one minght




II/0to4(,ic~l  (IldH'lf LU(I 21/0Wrd  2


) 1
rt)


ililagine.  Anyone wlho 1has ever visite(l a hoike* will re(o((gnize that joy, M1usic, rec(itation in concert anl (vell (Iraia
a:11( h1umori ev(eltually (li(l ellter ito this grilm  Puritan religion of the Iiissionaries.  It is to the ere(lit of thle mlissionlary th' t lhe tlaught the ilawaiians to sing.    This was not at
first a p1)romising task.  I ylan saLys in Hatwaiian Y) est'trdiy
that, as lite as 1841, " sollmetillle s there would be aulible
attempts lat singing a 11hymn but such efforts usually illulstlrtted
pliety rather than Ileloly!     C:ompare that with the wondlrful chorus work of our Hawaiian choirs of today!
It may also e)( saidl by way of Ilitigation of the charge that
the religion of the mlissionaries was too severe antd cold, that
11o great (defectioln towardl either the Catholics or Episcop)alilLans
occ'urIred upon their estab)lishing work in the islan(ls.  I)efection to tlhci  (li(l co('(m  later but it was on )politic(al, not litugical oi thelological grouni(ls.
Ml issionayriecs Too Secul(r?
The thlirdl criticism  launche(l agatinst the Iliissionilries was
thallt they left their religious functions andl     ontrolled tlie
gov(ernmlnllt. IThis needs no     further refultattion  thanl1 1as
already bceen givenI in what has 1ben said about tlhe splt)(li(d
service reCnlered by men like )Dr. Ju(ddl, Riciards, Alrmlstrong
a(ld Andrews in entering goverinnent c('l)loy.       It was abs)ollt ely necesscary to protect the natives from( exploitlation by)
the unscrupulous, or coniquest by the gre(ly.         Here again
som(e qtualificatiol should be llad(e.   From   the earliest (lays
s(iome of the miost useful wlhite miin in governmient service 
nien like lRobert Wyllie and C(hief Justice Lee-        were not
missionaries.   Moreover from 1854 to 1872 no miissionary was
* T'le l(oike is a characteristic feature of Htawaiian church life in whi('h tlIe
Sund.ay s(hools gathe(r in a sort of (convei(ti0on, often lasting all day, ill whi(lch
Iy r(c'itatiion, song or silille plag(eantriy theyl review the lessons of t1he (uarter.
A feast, or luaut, (rowIns thle occasion ani(l makes it a gIreat social event. It
slhouldl 11l)e  Iot(e(l  that thel  Sullnlay  s(chool (' ntaltins tlhe  whole( family  inl 11)ost
cases,  lott jist thlie child(ren.




a W                       asW " 
Engad  lidlIdy




H04olwwl (Ind         Bacli-Prolold


)') 


il) the tcabilleat and I (ll  for (comp0 )1aratively blrief lpelriodls are
IlIission1arv (lesen'('ll( ts found in the cal)bilets of iKalakallua
wllo) reigli(ed flrom  1874 to 1891, whereas during this period
gre(at influence w as held Iby  such (lefillitely a lti-ission()llry
lead(ers as W\alt'er IM. ( ilisoll, Iush,   1I, oreno ad ll(l (las
Sprec((tkels.
1)1il 1i.S.o1r/(i. E.xplo/)lit Natl.es?
T'e 11(osiT s(erious charge:agaillst the illissionllaries, hiilt ed aIt
1, ' Manlev l-O})lkils, and growinl ill volume withl thl(e' prospe(ity of the isllan(ls  1nd(1 the colise(quentlt prospterity of tilie
missionary d(1escel (dants, is that, as Satan sai(l of Johb, t hey
dlidl not serve ( (ol for la.ugllt -- tlhlat tehey  Ild  l(i (1 desce((i(alits 1b)('(ile(' il1iielliselv w(ealthly a tt th  (()st of ('xl)l(iti1g tlhe
natives a11(1d cheating 1t(11m outi of their handis. This accCusation is llot often pu)t in lprillt lbult it is a whisperedl gossipyv
ilnsinliuation whichi (  (deserves -to bIe b)rought outl inlto the open
and (dealt withi S(q1 trely. The answer is tis: with possi I ly
i'e except ion, none of the olriginlial illissionarie('s ever beca((me
rilch.  Up to 1876 Hawaii wav:s a land of relative poverty and
all wv('I;(' 1)((r   to(gel(her. The mllissiolnaries (did, however, get
legislation fro  i tlhe king (ivin  to the Hawaii1an p('()eople, for
tl(h fitst tilll( in tllei ' histiory, the ldefilite private ownerrship
of t heir lands. On( )  the  as  of tis legislation thle  issioaries,  ec('( sells('hey had tli t(I echi(tcal skill, largely m11ade t(he'
stlveys,.aild helped l ('11)('  l 1t:tis se(' lOre thelir i  omellst e(as.
L('litil(c Bte  Sl(sil(s EtlrprliSc
Aft(er 187(  ti I( rec(iprocity t1 (rat  witl t1 he Unit(ed Staltes
111al(de sugar' l)(lc('tiol1 profital)l(e, a:lthlough at first, and(1 ind(1eed eve(n no, Ilhe sugt'r busilse(ss lad:  larg1 e eleg( eI('t of risk
alld adventure i'II i it. II tIie I(evelol(pmenit of this sug'1ar id(llstIy s(mIl of t le ldesc(nd'(t(i t  s o(f Ilissi(1,tlries took a proper and
legitimante(' p1):'t:1l(ng withll other1( I (lisitly ol( r  i)-llissio()i:iry
business men like Jannes ( 'nImphell, (Inlls Spreckels, Theoph1ilus D 1 avies andl ot (lers.




g4


Th/e lIf(t Side of Ha II((ii


Iawaiial. BRu.siness qSt, 1ada d/s
()ut of this iln(lustrial enterprise so me of theml gaille(d w:ealtl 
noll)t all. T(le wealthl thus secured w:as the legitilmate' re-.xvarld, ill(ler thel  cp( italist ic and( c(ompe)titive systei whviiicl
obtlained,  fr their  ntrprise, inlustry, fotresight alnd iiven11 -t ive1(ess.  hlley t1unneled mountlains, built irrigation( (1it(ches
to brilg wafite fro tmr(  the wet to the (lry si(le of the isltal:, ('eve(lopel sugar 111(achillry, risked moniey, lost money (and 11na(le
110mey.   Tll(e )prosp'ritey they brought to the country raisedl
thle economic level generally and imade it possible for lmany
iiatfives t(o ('ent tl(heir lan(1s ta(l live o() tlhe i 11ome.  The1( ilprovidlent soldl the1(1  lut, so fatr as I (can tlrace, undler no presstrle orP un(lue( influen(ee.  But it shouldl be renmemlbered( that
(a very ltarge part of the la(1nd brought int(o cultivation by irriga:ti(o hl It(l ee  al bsolutely luseless landl  valueless l)efore.
I 1here wa s  (no rea:oson whyv tlhese ni'en should no-l:l t indu(llge in
busiiess ent(,erplises just becaulse their fiathers or grlan(lfatlhers
hadt  1ell llissionllarlies.  N'ither 1the i11n11istry nor the raissioI:tary servic('( is hleredlitallry.  We lhave n1o castec systemil.  In
1894 The Friend 'ave the 11ames i     (of eigllhteen men 11(1 and tell
woe11111, ((escend(lalnts of the missiolarlies, whose voc(atio(l was
reli'gious work -- a very   commenti dable 1)troportilonl. Those
who vwentl; inlto industlril:activities, judled byh the sttlndairds of
their d(ty, Wet(re upright bulsiness menl. There is l)pract ic(ally no
wVatered(l stock iln iIawaiii (and its b)usin(ess (thlics Ihas averaged(
higher than11 on the nlainlandl.
About l'ialua l'lihatlion
A story rI(llte(l by1 r.  W. y..   (astle liias ploillt justs here.
Ile says: "   lMr. (o)odtal(e, 11manager of )\Vtal111 a P>lan1tioatio)lA, was
on the traill to honolulu wit ll lhis renlt (andl ot(ther I)books to
report t1o th1e  're(asurer. There wavs ta fine a:ppearillg gentleIman  1( tle train, looking ou1 of' 11the car iwildow, quietlli ly but
earnestly, who su(l(lenlly exelainled, turning to Mr. (Goodale
These are wonderful lanls!     What an awful shame that the




11i18oiic(l a(ind 11/5/ 1W /y Bck(i'ou


missio()aries stole all of their lanl(ls!  The Hawaiians might )e
in(tlepenlently well oftf if tihey only had their rightful )roperty! '
Mr. (:ood((ale s8ai(1,  1 h'ere must b)e some m(listake atou)()tt wll:lt
Vyot say. Iv)ortullilatelyv 1:1all jlust goiln  111) to, Honolulu to
t:alk over r(lt lalltte(rs.  I lhave my looks (here and( there is
no rea] soln why yo()lu should not look at theim.1  So he openedi
his b)ooks 111(1 the svillipathetic genltlelitall eagerlyv sat down
Ieside Mr1. ( oodalle atnd looked( on with surprise as he turlne(l
page atfter p)tge( filled with Hawaliianll nameln(s of land ownelrs
with the record of their lal(ls a:n(l the amounts to be pai(l
each year to t hem(l, a total each year of over $30,000!    He impatiently a1d(l suspiciously exclailme(l, ' There must be some
mistake, for   11iv infoilrmant is atn ol(d and relia:lle white resildent
who has been here many years and( knows whereof lie speaks! '
' May I ask,' said Mr. (oodale, ' who your informant is? for
I mvay b)e a1lle to convil(ce himI of his error, at least, so far ~as
Waialua is con(Mcernel! '   But the gentlemain refused to na:me(
1him, sa yilng that lie ha(d pa)rticularly re(queste(d noot to be
ilname((l!  Mr. ()(odale then told the man that what he sai(l
ab)ouit Waialua w:as gen(erally true with regard to tile p)lantations thr()oughout the clountry.   But, as Mr. (toodale toldl    e,,
the gentl(eman (?)     )(looked 1unhatppy and(1 s(eemed inclilled to
stick to the factts a:s irelated b(l   ) tlv:hat ' old and relilable vlwite
resident.' 
Pltattion L Ibor
Of course, from   t lhe st.anldpoilit of our mnodelrn socilal colnscicle    loi te labor poliy of the pllaita:ltiolns ill days gol(:e y,
like the labor policy of New 1England(1     f(actories, is sulbject to
('riti(,isml.*
*   rIn refe(rence to li(h liator,poli(y of the lplatitatiols in dlays rgole by,' as
le(ilin   subject  to  criticisil, it  ratlher  seesils  to, 111  that  tli, e  aliIse  of the  thell
existing laws of the lnldl Miiigrht be 'onsidlere'l the suilljectt of criticism. The
labor laws were tlie fruiits of thle work of t(he king and(l his counsellors aw'ay
tback  in  tIlle '3()'s  efore 'Iplantations ' existel d  t(s they  ar( tolday, anl(d  whether(
guo(od or evil, those whio remployed lalbor Nwere lI) itl d by such laws. The laws
were made for the lablorer aind if he cho('se to rmake a \vic ious luse of the law, he




:6


7T7/  Iliunat S11e of.Il(icaNi


But, as M     \r. W     a. (Castle points out ill the note below, it
is oNlly fair to sugge(st that this criticismn should he dlirectet(
not so,muc(h a t the poli(cy of the plantation as at the laws of
the( governm('l lnt, for the phtlallttions, of (ourse, h(adt to operat(e
u1(1der thesl('e lws.   Labor il primitive times had been forced
la1)or at the (co(llallltl   of the king a(nd the ('hiefs.    The adoptionl of labor laws modele(d affter shipp)ing laws of the (day (the
only latbor laaws with which they ha:( aniy experii'n(e) was both
natural.md a de(lfinite step forw:Iar(.     The seco(nl note printe(l
below gives the ju(lgilent on this legislation of Paul Scharren})urg who visite(l the islan(ls in 1'922:as seciall repr(ese('ltativ(
of Samnuel (Gompers,* anl        gives anll interesting re action upo1
it from   the( lLabolr poilt of view.
cmul(l (accompl)lish u11(ch ev(il. It is ei fact tlht s(l1 use was  t(e'; such as
' shipping ' (t a  la.i' ('clt-ac('t, to get the large advance wage, and( tlhel shil)-!ping away o r (de(lih)er'ati'ely vi(ol ting th(e algreement by pretending to) work while 
il fact( ((oilng alrmost- neothii.  TI hei( result of tlhse condliti ons produceld a
t holr'igh iaversio t t    o t  ie hi  eti Ii(ar lt o)f miost erriiloyiiers.  The laws of 1 Si2,
found(i in 'l'rsltn's F'.Inda(1('1ldl La(1( s of Ha/ a'(Li, allre w(ell worth stud(ly and ar'
imst inlter'esting realdlini. 'Thl  set forth clearly the gr(owtlh  f Hat:waii from a:
dlesp)otisil t(o, gover(,'inmentli t of Ilaw\. It is no tidoubt ( fact; that the wlhole syste('l
of lahl)or c'itraclts ill writing sigl((d l) the I)trtie(s is thle oitgrowth of tli'
' shipp)l)ig ' laws an11(1 customns wi('h c'trolled(.(I the relaItioits of th(' ovwne(rs:a111
ii:sters of ships with tih shilps' ' hd(ls.' "
\W. R. (':astl'.
*" 'As ('1arl aIs 1S4(6, t1l lie iister if the iterior of the kinlgdtl of I-Iawaii
\\was Il()l'ize(' to seize agralllts nd111 () apprenti('ce the('  (llt for( a teri (of lut
1li(ie te Ihaiin ito  year t. Two-thliirds ()f thl(e wagrs werei to be palidl to the vagra t1i
antdl itie-thiriid wNas to goi  t he' goverinmenit.  lie' imaster was petrmitte(d to use
' co(erive force ' if th'e Nvi grailt refused to wvo'k.
" I  1S5() it was 1made (l'  lawfuil for a luative if tlle islandls to 'illig'rate to
('alifornia. At the( sameI tiel' tlh legisl'ative asse('lllyl l'egallized t wo formils of
la)bor comitr(acts thllere(tofore' unkllowtl ill tli islaiilds, 1ian('1ly, (a) Apprentice-''
ship, for l)os andl girls t(under 20(; and(1 (1)) Indenttiliue'(l s('rvi('(', fo(r:a1y l)(i'r)s
ve, r ' () 2 1 years ()f a:g('.
"Thl(s(' 'otra t(s we're h:arsh, 1111just and,'litire('ly vo(e-si((ded(. Thly prl( vi(lded
f(,r  ' ('a)ptllr' () (mId srti(snl  a  ' a d   implrismil)ient  and( h 'r l:blor  un) til  h(..ill
('()Iisen('t t() s('rve  ccori(' liig  t() ('()t  a(.'  Stra'nge(, to(' rlate, the' liistori:ls agsr'('
that tli('s(' lpe)(' l c('oltrac(t lai\s  we\'r  ' l  In:i(da)t: tion  o)f tlie  A.\meriic('   shli)ppii r
" In fact, when, ilt 1573,> ill the cases of lJolilt IH:. W dl rs. oo fo, t   li vllidity!
of this ii(quitolis contract la:lo' s\yste  wa(' s at tctt'kel' itn tlle ('(oilts altl (calrri'ed
for ia finall r'ling t tt ti( 1 liaw:iian suplrellti court, thatl atugust  (ldy said:




II1 /.P)ifIl(1/( jIh~/ i /71I (A11)l 0(1 d:17


W\ith allexatiea  l to0  i the Unite('( States tlhe geler('tl  iiAmeri(an laws with rega (rd t o) 1111I immigration aiInd( (ot ra(t; labor 1 -(c11nl  of course oplerltive in Hlawa:ii also while the awake ningl,
of ti('he pIlantatlti(os in recent vearsi to wel-lfre wo(rkl (of a1 modern(l(
tlype and( the w(on(lderfully ge(nerous Spl)l)rt given t ( all Iforms
of so(ital and 1((l igious work bv tIhe (Idescendantits of tI(he miissioin-:tries, have l)laee(l Hawa:ii well to the front in the list of
Al(er''ican('l   ('colilllliti('ies with a wllolesoi(  social co('i(ll('('.
It is a vlery (lefillitie  it of evi(lence('e t  ohat on tle lpresent ('e-,(hahilitiatsioll (  loiitSsoni we h   'ave tlhe  I-law:saill pa:st or of
lawaiiaho, tlhel oldest iitissi:tlliar  ci hur(ch kl(  in the(' islalnds, and
1as execiutive secretadiv a lescend(ltait of Amos5 Stla'   (ooke, 11(he
illss'io / r (1r  I)c'.scce1(1d 1 tis
While some lfew     dlescel(lantis of the iiissionlllaries have deIparted from   tilie id(leals of their fat(hers a nLd have beein recreailt
to their respolisilb)ilities, onl t 1le whlole these desceindlints aire
todayL  a group of rIemarkrably conscienittious, pub)lic-sp)irited,
religiously  al(d  morally    respolisive people.     Most of' tlhem
I IIis  s/lt ' iti I II Is eIw(t0( ed,  of  om  Is-,  iII lr(f(l,] (I  1() t h ) I  (m0s0  oe f  h II(
(o0I1t1 r.  ilo pr(odu(t Ol Ios of tI(e (,milt\ lv Iooist he gIt herel Inld secure(r,.1.allufactlIre(l Xi(elI s(11(1urd,  itoh  if oleglecetol, t/hev  (l(teliorltei  01)(I n1rc ess
tiilly  (I:loinged(,  (11(1  1l' 11a inw   (il (5ti)l1i is " I(sigi((l 1) t io(prve   persoos  flmil
wilfully v iolMItiiv  t(heii (colllr: (ts:1i1l (1loitig  (hIlloai(c  to  ltheir emp(i )loy(.  It is.,
il (1(d10ive0, ns -(sse11ti 1 to() 1li so:(r il" a pitib ther/1  hlis (em1/)lov(s Amsl d lill mlsill
wiltl  himl  to  I)lerforill ti   servJi( (t   Is 1(:r1'((dl 111)(:1 r (1 i1   ' lit e  (rol)p, is it is  fo   th}
se0nnui to roonulill on1 Ill ship (Illitig the1 voyage.  A suogra plli ta/ti oll elleiltls l(OIs \ i((1l(Idv ' wuill(5 1) n v'ss5(, (11 (d it is 1ulute (s lilikv to hii i ndimred
111(1'1ro   til l/('. IS n1 v\('s  iS 11.1 (lie ti (' S} r10, w(i'1( 1.1ll 11/l1l(Is 'Ire' 1((11il'ed IIl 1f if l or
(olltrie(s l wh(er' e  lib)or i:; plent-y:1( 11d  e v:I':tdv' ince(s;ire Iot 1(e.( ( ss:ll.v  to  pr)oSlis(li't(or lt  ((iti i   (l\  isii)ts  lpeel('(i   thlis  sitgl(' lr  i eif. s1ji:s  ltei ' ti s is9o12
th11 logrislature cIi olfl kc  th,, plmlitis f0 ) 1(0 dlsirtimlj fromll se(1v0  i e ste Il
rto r(lty t  ights  (':(111, first  -- lr:  fre o(lilt   tI:iledl  e'hill.
Il(ioe.11(1  1l()lor  listixiv   811t11(l01 the  wirlil  swas s minred  for i11io ligrt:1i1ts  toi  rep11ac0  t1os(  xshiii 11101 0Id (111/1/t(1  th1(ir 1   te(111 (If s(Jservice '  alld  ioveid It) (c(lil(
swhlero eonilit. iis of s(ei,  we'(re(' less  oierils.




citTy -Phoia iE,                                                           i Cr.
INTE1RIOR ST. PIETER1'S CHNIES:E CHfUll(:H, HOt)NOIUTLUFuneril servies oAf Apau Kaa/I a Halaiihan-Chinese boy killed I action iln France.




H1i s/,oriedt (ui1  ssim.s' l BrI) ckfpromil:,()
sill1l(iyV l)elicvT 1Ind exelmpllify ill their lives the nmottio (,f
HIatwvaii, polkenl 1y the ood( king, KaIllehlmllie   I1, in an
lhoul of lnational (lelivela ciiee;  hUa lau ke ea o ka aina i ka
I)ono!     The life of th le 11(1 is preserved y righteousness! "




(   I I A  I 'II   II


IIA\\AII'S AII))DDLJ I',     ( )I) (   )I'E' AC'TI()N,
ltrI T M( )I  AN I) ( '( )mI'II rATI )N
1 Ncql'/clcd 1'rilod
Periols (of  l(r fct 101 IT o '1t s10   t0h1 r illig  (1tor  su1 (e1fictiilll   as
d(lif'yinlg  s  periidi(ls  ( t' ro(mI1lllti(' c ' a lchi(,v(i:lle( llt, Vet  tll'ey  IiIa,
have (very imprta1 1 t: 1(1S) less, to t  1each  ( t1(y ( IV of( te )l t( Il he
1ke  t() a tter und( 1 1 ers ta (Ii 1 g o(f t11e subsequent(1 H m t I vemenits
of lhisltory.  H1aving glalncedl  t a pit're of the rom111ant0ic and(
c0 )str 1(ct iT V  1   11 ie I  a ai il 1111 *ist   which c I lmn (  at e(( 1a)ut1
1 86(), w\e mus, 1 lSt 1o1 g(o I to) the V(1rY 1111Mc  less leroi( period(1
of(' ie a    r 11ctio l (11  il(creasiig co()p,1 10li tio  whichl followed( it.
Ma1    of( the hooks which are avaoilable aot1Vi.  Hawaii it veat;
til'e ' 1.1iv rl omallti(c perio(l very fully 1but 1   \(AIe( uate Studyl(  of
tle' alo(1st equtl11lV i        re)tioar     peridl 1('  ('et
appeatred(1. AIl\st pub1lic (addresses 10   ignoe it altogether o s11lr
overI it veX' speificialily. One)11 wild he led to t1hink thilat
othingll  ipolit)111llfnt 111')1appened e( we1 enli the e(1r  lly issiolllarv
t iilimphs 1and tlie IInIIexa')tioIl  o t)e Un it(ed StItles.  1ihis
lmV b, e 10'ec0(10se the evenlts Iref t1(o recen1 t t1 o be dealt with1
frlanllv, (o' ecas1e1i170 Io I (11(11' lia(ke Prof. \\. 1). Alex(nder 1)as
v(ot as11  to og0lrglizie a011d 1lIIVze thle (ventIs of this (lifficllt
tr1 oib)le(l tie1 a 11  'the evenits o(f t110( (0 liier days have (been
a1al1Vzell 11(1d (a g oaliized.
Ihccdmcrm Sc('( J
Be th:t as il -mIlay," it will 1e in 1creasinoly clear1. tI(o anyl caref'll studl(l'ent (of lt\w:vii t1111t, heI('iiligin a:lou11t ISo65,., v(ery
interesti l ln ' a111 (d i1sti lii 'lve  peri))(l (f  lrel 'ti( I  1111 (' deca 'ldence
seO ill, lt Ihle ('1(1 (f lwhichl, atoltf 1900, we filnd, inistead of o




JiddlI   P r)('iod,/of  (,l1{(' )it (,11  Tt/li'moli


41


homllogeleous uillitr(l p('eople xvithl   11o.01111 ( llrist iIl (civiliz-,stion  ll ovn ( l tltVii a  of(' t1(': I,:le  oulltiiO 1po11ei111e'is of ('11l1('ues,.a natio:ln Which hal s I b(ee' 1n'e r ill')   (l vI I11   i (y an inundation of  n-111 -( hriistiall, p)(te l)l(,s,:1tl( 1Iy tl el( iftl,('ce (of tolt-( lChistial N xvites
1s well, wlhile thle H aw: 11s tlll tiils t'slve's l 1have pi t il rll y  ev(erlt(l  to  lheatl( lll(lisil,  tld (l (list iust tla(l  r e  pe)i' ji li(('e  xe(
r'eplacel(  much former kind(llille(ss  d 111(1 )(1ood wvill.
lPoptltlon I)c b crmsc
Wthat veri tu' (livisive and( (ldesti rl(ctive gei t('i('s th lia (caused
this p1eriod of reaction(? IThere were 1ma11y suc( agelciees iand1
t4ey were oi ft oi curiously inIteltw i1(ned. One( )1 s 1   -i" (c11 c of
trouble was a ser0ousl1 de1creasing population. ( 0111t act wit 1I
civiliz:tiolil, ('slc1'i:tlly  its (lise ses ('S:11  vi('(,s  xtw i(en   ((l co>i biniedl
xwith t leir o(xvtt vi(es  ( w ('eakness(es, pi'oved t(0oo lch111   f11or
t11( Htv1awiialt 1) people. (Cap)taint ('Cook il 1778 estimiatl:(edl tihe 
1)opultlioll of tlhe islt(ndls at 400,0()0) butl1 tillis was pr1ob'(,y;
t-oo high. W\\len thi(e m1issieona1 1i(es  'iar'rived( tll(e e(,-tilde oft
lpopulat>ion xavls alr1e(1ady o(In.  Int 18231 they estiiitatd('(l t}l(, pop))1 -lationl at 142,)(000. 'The1( ceniss (,f 1 832 sli',owed o1()nl  130,(000),
t:hlat of 1836(, 1(8,0)()00, a111l 1y 1VS(it, thlirty yVe rs lIt(e1', it wa:s
('redu(e( to,() 58,00)(0  onlyl  a little Imor(e hlillt la:lt (If xllhat it
11ad 11ee(('l1 tlirty yA(,il's le(foi'(. T1'he low-waltetr il po)pul)llatio() was reachle(l in 1872 when }l(ire were onily 5,800 pe)()('op)le
iii tle Isla: ids of whioml 47,500 were Ha}':l:iian s.  (Not (, 1!v
wxny (of c('ontra'tst, tliit toda()(y, ty }t(', cens(u' s of 19)2, th('e '(e
over 250,000 (people in I H laaii (of whom I   on()ly 23,000 ()(  pu(re
HIawxaiilan 1111l(1 1S,000 111ore par)lt-tllawaiiall. ()Of If' (he r111 -ilg 210,000 lie great bulk are ()rielt als.)   Noxw Itlis CoI1 -stantly- declillilln populatioll mu11stl have had a most disheIrltening a1nd( (dep)i(ssil(g (effect on IIll 1loi'is of 1111011m elnte'rprise,
and it: lad(1 tile very prac)tic'al r('sult of so ((decreasinlg tl1e' 111111 -1(r' of the tlax-pa'ers tIhoat tile government   mener 1111g1' n111d
i)ovelrty-stric(ken little gov(ernm(ent t11lat it xvas - bo.all 1o
fi(nd it self llmentIaingly ill (de't.




42


T'4le  II ln i  f,,   11A, l, ' ((  i,,Not I)Wce to 3;i ioi/ (l trif
It is prol(l)atly l(ncessairy to ('eplliat iesize thle t':tt tia.lt tlhe
coming of tll tnhe issionalriess waUIs illn n  wise respl)osible) for this
(ldeclile in popula:tion.  It too(k plae e,  en more rapily inll
isl:,t(ls to whxic(h no11)  issiollnries c(,ll(, an(tl it was atlr lea(l(  well
in(l(er wat  ill Havwaii b refore tli(e  nissssionrllri s a:rrived.  If
nfission'Lary  adlvo() v of  (lotles  la(l somle(e small a(lv(erse
(ffec('t o(n hlealthl, -  tle (cl(otll(es (being vwori. wet or d1'ly, cl(ea'
or (lirty whelln (on(e acq('ire(l -— l thiis is (more, tihan offs(et by
tl( (effietivene(ss ()f missi(olary influencel in (l(erea('sing (runk(ene1ss,:11([d rendl(ering  ed((li(al atssistal('('.  Th'le real c('auses
of tlhis (1ecreasing )popultll.ion are a comp)lx of the whlitVe man1's
we(:alons whlic(h ma(le war mlore dlea(lly, the(' white( man1's runm,
the white man'rslls (lise:ts(es:1(1l the( whlite( maI'ls influeice' in
lcestroyinlg tal)Ius, sorme of wlic(h w(ere ulllconsciously )ase(l (IIn
so()und sallitlarv expel(rin('(e.
IT da.".'t'riaCl 1)c')ZCe.ssiotI.
Along with, tlhis lpopulation (t(decline( w(tent an ec((onomlic (lep)ressioii.  r( sto)ry of Iawtii's ind(lstry, as Professor Ma(( Cu'ughey has po)ilnt dl   out, has bee(n tlhe sto)ry ()f 'a tree, an
~lanimalnl 1an(l a plantl. The i  tree was s:(ll(llwoo(l  -- the grealt
tarticle ()f export whiel(lv was shippedl to) ('litna in gr(eat (.uantities in the early (days.  S(o feverishlly dlid thlle c(hiefs (c()mpel)
the p)()Iole to cu(t san taltwlw( -oo  tlhat 1by) 1825 it wvas e)(c'omiing
extie 1(t a, i( it is 1n(w (coli(mmercially un)l 11tainlab le in the islat Is.
Then11  came the period i(  when pr()Sp)(erity deplended ()n an an imal -- the' whale wli(ech, it may be it)(te(l inidelntallly, is a
11111mammal land Inot a( fish.  From  1820 (onw1ard g'reat fleets ()f
whlaling ship)s, l(mostly Atnmrica'ti, b)ro(iught l)rosl)perity to tlle
Islandls I)v t}heir p)ur(ch}ases ()f sulpplies.  But the ( ivil War,
and a later (lisaster in t lie Arctic ()Ocean, wruiiight h:voc withl
the wl:haling fleet and1( tll(e ke(r)senle lam:11) illm(l(e wliale-()il allrmost
1 (curi(osity, so   t   that,!y  1870 te whall:ling fleet 11hal ce((asedl to
)be an e(,(Conomi( re(so(iT ce 1n  t lie Islan(ls were left witoli(:lt,a1




Middlel PIeiod of' I  tc'iosl (iul 7L T1urmoil


4:-'


occupation or:a market; for the pllant, tlhe sugar-cane, upoii
which Hawaii's thirdl era of economic lprosperity (depeIns,
(li( not l)ecomeC the do()lmiiint indlustrial factor until the r(eciprocity tre.aty of 1876 opened the American market to Hawaiinan sugar free of duty.
Rufu ws A nderson 's MIistatke
On the mlissionllary si(ld the mlost unfortullate event of the
sixties was the (lecision of the American Board to withdlraw
fronm active work in thet Isl.ands and to turn the churches over
to their native nmenlmlers an(l native p(astors with the exp)ectation that, being now completely Christianize(l, they coul(d
manage their own alffairs along the usull lines of (:ongregational c(hurch organization in America.   This movement was
not made( without misgivings 11nd vigorous protest by a
majority of the mIissionaries.  But Iufus Anderson, an Iaged:ll((l strong-wille(d sec(retary of tlh  American Boar(l, ca:nme out
to Hlawa:ii in 186(3 andl,.fter studying the field, dlcid(ed the
time l(l (ad come to gra(luate the Hawaiian Mission into a selfg()verilinlg, self-)lperp)tuating group (of churches. He w:ls an
a)ble In:11l, nd( hi waXs p)r(essc(d 1)y the crampling con(litiolns of
the ( ivil War and the urgent ne(eds of the greater poplulations.
in the vatst no(n-(lhristian worl(l beyond, Ibut nevertheless the
policy whic(lh ie p)raictically forced on tle mnissionaries was
premalture andl it resulted (lisastrously.
Preml(ature 1ndepen1dence
(Completely successful,as the missionary work seemed to a
sulperficial olbserver, it was in fact not yet thoroughly root(el.
It Ineed(lc(l many years of careful supervision and guildance.
This was practically withdrawn in 1864.    The gre(at churches
\Twer subd)ivilded into sma.ller ones unlli(r native p)astors ad1(l,:as the el(ltrly mission)aries (lro)ppedl away, their places we(re
filledl ly natives.  Things might lhave gole tbettcr, even so,:l(ad the rulers remained staunichly(l  (Christilan as in tlh (arly




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ididlc fcriod of)f licciou (1ad(1 Turmoil


45


(l:lys. Trlll  remalrka: ly swift conversioll of thel Hawaiian
people lad b(eet l partly due to tlhe fact that they followed their
rulers into tflhe (Chlristian churc(.  But when, in tle persons
of Kamlnehalmella V andl Ka.lakalua, rulers arose who were nlot
at heart truly (Christian, l)ut wvere themselves inclinied to) revert to lheathenism, then it wa:s easy for large numb)ers of thle
people to follow the royal ex:ample l)ack to heatlcthenism..Ic)ersionl to Heathen isim
Tllis r(eversion to lhea:thlenism was not a revival of the( ol(
temp)le worship of tlhe h'iaus or of the gre.at go((s, llut ratlher
a revivall of the undlergrowthi of sul)erstition whichl goes under
the gene:ral name of klahunaism. The Hawaiian " kahuna "
is a sort of med(icine man. 'The " kahuna lap)aau " weaves
charms, foretells events, gives advice an(ld cures d(iscase an1(1,
nmost sinister of all the " kahun:a alna ana" Iprays pe(ople, to
(i'eathl. 'The k:ahuIna's work is e(ffici(ntly co((mmercialize(l and
1he rcquires to )he well fed a(nl paid in order to work well.
Now the hlealrt of lckahurnism in its grip uplon the Hawaiian
people was its program of mental healing -- though it (lid not
us(e qany such(l at)stralct terminology.
IAlahil  o /S/n (01nd  edicineiCl
As the Rev. James Bicknell, at stalwart crusadler against
kahunaism, has brought out, the po)(wer of the klthun'a lay in
the fact thalt his religion was a religion of the body, that lhe
set out to cure (lisease.  So long a:s the Hawaiian wavs well,
('hristianitvy satisfied his mortal anld religious lnee(ls, )but when
lie( got sick the ol(d lheatlhen fears and(l lathen practices (amiic
trooping in.  We canl see now tlhat one fatal shortcoming in
the (early missionlary proglram was the lack of thorough-going
medical instruction.   Tlhe(r  wer( (loctors illlnllg thl(e missionaries an(l tlhey rend(lered heroic service, l)ut there were, not
enough of theim to reo(rg:tlize the medical customs of: ntation.an(l train them in hygiene andl scientific medlicine.  But tlie>




46


The 11,,ummt Side of Hmilw'i/t


idea of well-organize;(l rmflical mnissionls lhad( not ait tthat tilme
appeare( u)pon( the hlorizon al()  the IHawaiiian work sufiere(l
greatly for lack of it.  If tlhere is one tdefinite contril)lution
our Hawaiian expelrience has to malke to the techni(que of
foreign missions among p)rimnitive peoplels, it is the fundament.al imnlortlance of rmelicall missions. IReligion Iand Ime(licine
are intimnately related( in the primitive mIind(l.  James Bicknell has very keenly ol)serve(l tlhat KI.amnhamellha IV gave the
p)eople a hospit all lld all would 11have ('een well ad(l Kamehlameha V given theim a medlical school' to provide traine(l
(loctors.  But, inlsteadl, that vigorous but, alas, reactionary
king autholtrize(l thet licensing of kahlunas in 1 8i5 and from
that timne tlhe reversion to heathenism was on. Every missionary now htad a villagel kahluna licensed by} the government
working over (against him.
Ko h1 1      nis 1 ( t I)e mon oloqy
One canno(t but wonder if the failure to (deal effect ivel(
with kahunaisml \was not also (ue, in p)trt, to the tlheory of
Biblical infallibilitv which the missio(naries naturally held:and
taught to their c(onverts. If (ou hold to the verlbal inspirtation and literal infallibility of the Bible yvou are pretty clearly
forcd(l to (accep(lt a large al(l comllplica'tced(l (dlonology. What
the mlission11ary's theory of the Bible compelled hi  1  theo(retically to( sublscril(e t), the kahll una dll eoll (nst rated 1and usd(l for
l)ersol:al profit Iby working ()o thle suplerstitious fe(ars of the
cre(lulolus. ()f course it should he clearly lunderstoo(1 that, the
missio(nari es to Hawaii are  ()not in any sense, to be b1)lamled for
theiir faillure to )oss(ss a Ilmodern colnce ( (ltionl of the Biblc.
They usled the best: scholarship) and the truest doctrline of
Script ure they  knew. They     were   )rogressive, forwardlooking, schlolarly Itlen, the kild of l(eni who, if they were
living t(odlay, would gladly acc(l)t an(l welconme mo(lern viewp)Oilts. They (were not c(reactionaries ()o tilli(l traditionalllists
in their (lay an(l would( not be in ours. Here, theln is )(ossil)ly




."lliddIc Pcrlod ()/' Rc(101,041 (IM/ T)UMMI


47


another co ntributionl whichll Hawalii ca:ll make to tIlhe techni(que of mllissiolls, 1nalle(ly, tlihat the modernl Mllissiol ar should
1)e (elnancipate(l fromn  te od 1(1 n:lrrow i(ldeas of verbal is11 )ilp ation, should( rec(ognize thlat the( Word of ( o)( is progressi(ve,
growilng atd (contempl)orary, anld incluldes the best modlern
sceiitific truth.  We no longer believe in demons eveln if
the (men wh) wrote p}ortiolns of th IBil)le (li(l )believe in t:heim.
But, on the other hlandl, we believe that what the l)est Inedicine an(ld best psychology hiave to say atl)out. insanity, I(rvOlus
(lis:eass, obsessiolns, Ila,)its, suggestion an:d hlylpnotisin is (ni
imnportant part of the inissiolary's equipmnent.
Thris revival of hieatlhen(isml, begunll  y I amltlnehamneha V ill
licensing kahunas il 1865, was arl'ried (l nuch further iy Kalakalua who in 1886 cred(leltial(l( what was (elpholiously  all('(
aln " Hawaiiallsn Bloar  of Healthl," lut was really anl offic(al
organization of the kahullnas.    a.lakauall t  also organizedi a
secret order, a travesty on illiiasnr calle(l the " IItale( Nlaua.
This orglanizationa, a:ccor(ling to W. I). Alexander, ' lappears
to thave leenl intende(l prtly a as an a:ge(ncy for the revival of
t(eatheillisil, lartly to llpander to v( to vi(,  l( idirectly to serve
'as a political nIachinle."
IPrince.ss ltlith ((1 I Pole
Hflow (danIgeIrous and wi(lespre(ad this revival of heatllhellism
wais cai l)e illustrated )y the (draltlatic s Ce ena('t('(l (near ilo
it 1881 when a terrible lava flow was approaching the city.
For three hund(red dlavs it had been pouring down the limoulltain si(de. Almost to the edge of the (it v it eame. T''eti
Princess Ruth arrived from   Honolulu, att platforil  was  ilt
ill the very patith of the flow, the Hawaliian priincess, wom)
weiglhedl about 30()0 pounds, mioui:ntedl it, sacrifices of pigs,
(li(lckens and b)hra (lyv are sai(l to have b)(eel offered to P(ele,
the volcano goddelss, land( the priness o) her knees appealed) l
to P1le to sparel Hilo. And( theln flie flow st(opped an(l t!l('
town was saved! 1People who like to test (tod        v (lirect




4S


4Th8c  l// nti  Si/(c  o/ '1/  '(tii


alnswers to praer have 11111(uch food for thought in an illci(('llt
like that.  But it w(ent:t long way towllar  neutralizing in
peoplle of childlike miil(lds the rltve (eed of Rlapiolanii some
fifty-sevenl years 1before whien she threw stolnes into Kilaluea
1anl d(lefie(l Pele to her face.
A notihr lVers.,ioll
The story of Pri(ncess Ruth's stopping the l]ava flow:t Hilo
in 1881, just given, is the current popular version. As an
itcrest ing si(le-light orl the difficulties of the historian in
gettin'g at the extact (Ietails of events even as re'cent Ias 1881,
it may bl e a),(ldde(l that a well-known citizen( of Honolulu insists that the brand(ly was not really sacrifice(1 )but that Si1mon
Kaai (llalnk it up tanL filled the bottles with water! The most
circuinstantill a1d( aulthoritative account of all is containe(l in
the following (exti(ract of a letter to tohe author by I)r. Arthur
(C. Alexandelr:
" I Ihave just hal1d (tn interview with Oliver Stillmilan, an old
s(hooll) ate al(l friend of m1ine who was an assistant to Silnon
Kaai, })usill('ss lilagel f(olr for Ruth K(eelikolali.  He related to
me( the incidenit of the so-(calle( ' Stopping of the lava flow of
1881 ' at(bout as follows:
The old( lt(ly took a notion into ther head that, she
would go() ll to the flow  nd(l try to stop it.  At her rteluest,
I hired a htack from all old 11native 1na1(ed Hao and also
purchased for her a b(ttle of brand  andl all the red b1an(1lalt:n h1an1(1kerc1hiefs I could at Aiona's store. There
were about 15 (or 20 of us who w(ent up. We tied the red
handkerchiefs ah)out our hea(ls an(l ndecks. The old lady
rode il the hack with Sillo( andl Iyself. We dlrove up
to the Hialai Hills ats far ias we could and then walked
ov('er a short distance( to t the flow.  She praye( in Hawaiian
to )(Ple, asking iher to stIe( the laln, e(tc. While she was
praying, Simlon asked me for.a corkscrew tand I pulled




Middle PeJ)iod o/f IReact(ion (1d TIu' 1 oil 4


4!)


the stopper out of the b)randly b)ottle -it mllade a loud
pop " which she cvidently lheard and1 as slhe was a womanl
of violent telnper, I thought I was going to cattch it, so I
quickly took the corkscrew oult of the cork and pul t the
stoppler b)ack iIl the bottle - all(, we (li(l lot d(rink any
of the b)randy.
'She kept (on praying Ian  wlhen she had finisledl, slie
took the bottle of randly and poure(l it on the lava and
took the re(l handkerchief off her head an:l threw it on
the flow an(l gathelrel all the other lhan(lkerchiefs and(
threw them' oni also. Ther(e was no sacrifice of anv white
pigs or chickens as conmmonly reportedl.
After this, we went to the Halai Iills where a c(:llp
of tents had )been set uI) for us and( where we had a pig
that hadl 1)cl bnprvi)ously roaste(l in Hilo for us.'
I have n()t quote(l this in Mr. Stillilanl's exact word(s land(
ha:ve omittcd someic of the ldetails of the story, blut I hIave
statedl it practicallyl as he tol(l it to II  and I think I can,~
vouch for the truth of the story.  Mr. Stilllman ad(led: ' By
golly, the flow stop)ped at, that l)(oint andl (lidl not flow:a foot
farther.'
Kal la 1.a's ()'Opinio n
It was ab)out this time that Kalaakaua, just returned from
his trip aroun(l the worl(l, is reportedl by Screno It. Bishop to
have said: " I have seen the Christian nations and ol)serve(l
that they are turning avway from Jehovah. He rlepresents a
waning cause. Shall we Hawaiians take up the worship of a
god whom foreigners are (liscar(ling? rThe oll gods of Hawaii
are good enough for us.' KIallak:tua's revival of he:athenlislm,
which was largely for political pur)poses, was by n)o nimeans
theological alone -- one of its most vicious mIanifestations,
still here to humiliate anl misrepresent Hawaii to tlhe worl(l,
was his revival andl patronage of tlle h1ula in its most ol)scene
and repulsive( forms.  Pr(actic(al hleatlhcnislm nmeans a vic('ius




5)(


Thc lhtnmu Sildc of 11(lical't


trinity of suIpersttiiion, debauc'lhery al(l ign)orae:l(.  It is to
the cre(lit of the lc\Hawatiian chlurchels tlha1t, wealkenerl and( torn
withl lissensions as s tlhey were, they dlidl lmake a st. and aIgafinst
K1al~akaua's lheatlhenisml an.1d delauc}) herv.
('ctholic.s Arti ic
'liis Trvival of heathl(lenisnl wa:s imet less effectively tlhanl it
oulght to hlIave  )(eenl )ecllse of tl(he unfortunatet (livisions in
( hristilanitv c(aused(1 b  the com(illng in of various (denolin:.tiolns. 'The Itlonal: ('lat liolics ha(l c(onme first as ea:rly as 1827
)ut were unliavora:lly r'egardedl )y the natives who, having
destroyed their (ownl idlols, were pr(ejludic(e(l against the ('athlolics' use of:inlmages, counlting it al form of idolatry.  It is to( the
cre(lit of the missiolnaries thalt they rlenonstrate(l with the
chiefs for piersecuting the (Cathlolics an(l finally, lundler Mr.
llichards' influencel, ln (ict of toleration was issued June 17,
1839).  Less thlia  a:monit later a Fr(en(h frigate arrivedl (demlandiig (a (   (hurch' site }be given to French (Cat holie lriests andl
$20,0()() b)e del(losit(ed as at guaranty- tflhat they woulld 1) well
tr:etedl.  Susel) uenllt Fren(lc  warshipls ldemanledl repeal l of
laws p)rohil)iting ilil),ortatioll of winls an(l liquors.  Thus the
('attholic iissioni startlit(l il 1840 wit}h a: show of force an(l  un(ler
condlitions ma1king it unpol)ao)llr withi the chiefs.  It }has overc('ne thisi (early thInd(ica;l), ho)wever, ai(dl is to(!lay a luseful and(
gr(ea:tly res)pected(l ('elementi('   in our Hiawaiila (c'()lllmunity life.
It is intere(sting to nlote t}hat this (Catiholic mission, )begun unlder
'r(e 1ch pr(ote ction, still remains largely foreign.  The priests,
usually very faithful and (l vote(l mlen, ae mostly Belgiilans
olr ((ermanls fromI t    The Unliv(ersity of Lou(tva.in, thllghi the
sch(ools  re ('carri(ed oln  Atelwrician tea(ehing b)rot(hers from
)aytton, ()}1io, an(t   sisters fromnl Syr(acuse, N. Y.  By the census of 189I(, 32 per cent of the H:-awaiijals rep)ort(l tlhemnselves
( at(holi's, () per ('ent Protes(tatdls and 17 )per ((ent l{Mormons.
The growt It   of tlie (C'attolics andl Ailm(rmi s was rapd11  in the
IIev(olutionallv pe)riotl of thtle iineitie(s (when  lefinite prop)t



Middl(ie Period of/ Rea(tic  an1(14 Iariiioil 5


51


gani(l was made I)y tl(e royallists to win the Hawaiians away
from the historic missionary ehurches. The ('atholic population tod(lar is claim(ed I)y them to be 68,000()() which inlu(les
racticaly ally  the Portuguese and Filipin(o colonies and( 12,00()
Hawa1iiJans.  No H:waii.nn lias ever been ordlained a priest,
so( far as 1 kn(ow, and very few Orientals are (Catlholics.
loor rzon.l Il.issio n( ries
'Te Mlornolns, arriving in 1850, were the next missionlry
movement to reach the Islands.    They worke(l with varying
success until the Ioliti(cal trolubles of tlle revolution turned
more an(l more Hawa.iilans toward( themn. 'Th( Mormons in
Hawaii, thoughl a mission from Sallt Lake ( ity,   ave nlever
sought to estal})lisls po)lygamy heret ln(l a have (onfinled tlleir
(fforts exclusivelv to the iHawaiians who thl(ey ('luim ar1e so15S
of Ilchi, being Lamanites like tlhe Amellricllan In(li:ns.  (onsi(leral)le prosperity hlis collme to tl(em  of late y(,:ers tl rough
the )possession of a p)rofitabl)le plntation at their colony at
Iaic whl(ere t hey llhave erec(te(l a bl)'utiful temple l o('sting  ve('r
$200,000. Tlheir influlencel on the H}awaiian  peop)(le  n(lder
their sway seems to have b)een good, on) the whole, tendlig to
sol)riety:and industry. There are now estimte(l to   e  1,00)
MIormons.   Their reslonsill(e leade(rs:are all whlite( men and
their worl is ruled(l b  an: iron-cla(l syste(m 1and r(eenforcled b)v
a. (on0stant stre(am of young missionalries s(elt out from lUtta
on three-ye'ar terms who live among tl(he Hawaiians tnative
style, learn the llanguage ad(l ('tarry on a persistent p)roselytizing ('ampalign. There is mnuh(, in AMormon missionary
m(4thods that is worth stu(ly I) othel(r blodlies.
1 'h1y MIormon isnm?
Here( ag:lin,:as in tflhe c(ase of kahlunaism, al mnodelrnist iIl
religion lma:y w(ll in(ltire wlhether the emphl)asis l(ld on lBi)li(,l infalli)ility may not have h1ad something t)o (1 with t(he
large defection of the native Hawaiians to AMormonisrm.   FoIr




THIE iMORMOaiN TEMPLE A1 T IAIE NElAR HOtOLULU II l'LF




.3-IlddIc pcrtod of Rc(1c/1W1 Mid Turmoil


Mormonisml is essentially a )arl'asiti' religion.  It never p)ioneers into non-(Christianll regions an(l it only seeks to converi
those wh}o aL re alreadly co(nvertled(l to some( form of ( hristi:nit y.
With its great (emphllsis oin Iira'cles, t}he lost ten tril)es, se(odl(l
coming of (rist an(l tlhe literal fulfilment of l)rol)(hey, MIormnonism hlas a:l great lever:ge with people blrought 1up to I)believe
in a, literalistic typ)( of Bilblical intterpre ationi.  The only
really adl((equlate guard against MorIronismn, Is I see it, is a
tllorouglgoing un(lerstan(ling of thle history anl(t nature of the('
Bible is m1adel,  p1lain l)y mo(dern historical sti(ldy.  HigIher
criticism of an equally hon(est an(l thoroughgoing sort applie((l
to the( Book of Mlorinon would make short work of its (chil(lis}i
ho)cus-)po(us nl)out gold( plates writt(en in " reformedl Elgy,-,tan  (' chalracters and would reveal the fraudlulent (hara'ter
of (locuments like its alleged ":3 ook of Alrahaml." (Giv(en: theory of veral)l infalliblilitv, anl thl e IMor-mons have the
best of the argumrent, for t tley  },vc all t(he S(ripture anylbody
elset has an(l the( inspir(ed l)ook of Morm(on I(esides --- wiit all 
the para)phernalia of sealing and h)aptism for the( dead(1. lBut,
if one lhas some mo(lern scientifi   und(lerstan(ling of how tlhe
Bible grew anld what it, really is, and(l of the nat(ture an(l source
of its author;ity, as not, in thel letter but in the unfoldling Spirit
of ( o)d m(lade malifest also iln sc(i(en(e andr(l iln eve(ry ((dep)artmlent of truth, why thlen the Book of Morlloin also cones 111up
for aI c(landi(l examllination anl appraisal whi(h it sillly caln11i
sullrvive.
Thec A!ylic(ttrr.'
T(he next missionary arrivalns were( tlh(' Anglicans whlo cme1(
in 1863 (on invitation of KIlimhlimineh(a I  who 11ad(1 travel(el il
Europe tI( an  was mulch impressed( with the Anglican forms and(1
liturgy as )etter suitedl to a monar(hy tlhan the severe Puritan worship of the mInissiona(ri's. Thlis Nwa1s (do()l)tl(ess (iite
sicl((ere. The( king, who wa() vs s()miething ()f:a nmystic, lmal(e
wlhat is a(ccounte((l )v HFa. waiian sh( olars to be( a really V ibeau) t i



54


7h/Ic u/!mtfH., Si(ld of! 1(u(tii


fill trailsl:ltion o(,f ti 1( Boo)k of (Common Prayer into I:lawatiilal.
Hiis (qtuee(n, thie bel(love(l 1anrl  noblle Queen  tiEmn:a, was talso
llnder Anglic:an influence, lhaving leeln blrougllt up Ias a ehill
in the ll( hon-e of D)r. Hooks, an English phlysician in Honollul.
T'he (o)ling of thel Anglian missionI was, h(owe'ver, a (livisive inflluence in tlh(, missionary situlation, partly through the
ullta(tlful personality of thl( first bishop, the RIt. Rev. T. N.
St:illey,:anl (also (partly through the loss of prestige< to the hiistoric( c(lhlurchels of the mission.aries wlhen the king was n1o long(er
of tlhir col(mnunio)nl. 'Thet( grea:t ol(l Coral ( Church at Honolulu, thitherlto pro(ully c(alled the " King's (Ihpel,' be)ame
knlownll il tlle sixties simply a" s "  Th( Stone (lhureh,," the n:amen
i    Kawaiahao.tNV:   (1 Chur(h " whliehl it now )bears not coming into
ge(,(nerl nuse,until more r(e(ent vyea:rs.  But,:as with the (Cathlolics andl Mlormons, the greatestt i(lde of Hawaiian members (li(l
not set iin tow(ird the Ainglican c hurch until the Revolutionary
syvni)pa:tlhi(es of thle mlissiolnary (l(esce,(l:alnts malde tlhe royalists
favor othe(r d(l(eolminatioins.  It is a hall)ppy thing to record
hat relation s between the historie missionaivy churches and
4th(e  piso)iseol)ainats have )become more friendly with the passing
()f tle(' y(eals:an( are l()now m()st ('ord(lil ndl oo))perative.
lu cc Fcclinq
Iln a ( lition t tto the( ( ivisivie ag(en(ci(es so falr e(mllller:l(tel,
tI here 'a ppeal is in lhe( seventies a mlore sa(l and( sinister thing and
thatl is a t( e(l(ney towaIrd(l a( ial suspicion, b)itterness andl d(islike on thlie I)part of it(he I-: awaiialls toward l the( whites.  Tllis
aro()se, in l p)rt, ats resen( t(ei(t against foolish, t (houghtless I ut:alas (lnit( ( chtara('t(eristi(c Aneri(cal  s)pre(a(l-(eagle talk ')about
ann(exatioln.  It slhoul(l )('e (listi(itl v ntotedl that aIt this time
su1l agit:ation was (lisall ro(vedl of b y the nlissionaries.  IsaI,(lla lirdl Blishopl) il her c1(  tcr s  oflom tIh Stomdnich ISI(inds(s
writes inl 1875: "An antagonismll to foreign residents, or
ratelr t to thelir Jpolitic('al infl(uence(, lias grown ral)i(lly.  Some('
of t 1e Aimericaills had beenll unwiise illn their language altid the




liddlcle  P'eriod  of lfc(IM/ift)f  ((hf  7',.,'l T oJil


dlisciussiioon oIl the I)pOPOs(l (( Cssion0 of Pearl Itiver increased
thel I-Ol)Llalr discolntellt andi(l thll  j('elolsy of forcignl inte'rference in islani(l affairs.  '      Ameri(a gave us ftl  light,' sa.id
a na.tive )pastor inl a sermon wlllil was rAIeport('(l dover t 1he
islands, ' )but now we lthave the light, we shouldl ibe, left t(o use1
it for ourselves.'  This sente('ce rep)resellnte(l the b1ulk of tlci
national feeling whichl, if p:articularly unenliglhtened, is intensely, passionately, almost fanlti(clly, patlrioti'."
SqeIreU(jtiol of' Lepers
This anti-foreign or, as we say in Hawaii, anti-haole ee'linlg
was aggravate(l lb    thl(e n(,ece(ssa:ry  )uti pinfui l  (policy (of tlh
segregation of lepers oln Aloloka i, b1(eg'n in 1866(.  I l )r( osy
I)rob)al)aly c(ame from ('lhinall  t}he I-Iawaiillns c,('ll it: t/ I1 p)'c,
tflhe (hlinese sickness.  While segr'egatio(n was In(c(e(sssa:ry a ntl
was ostensibly )   s:anfita ir matter, it,)ore( espelc'ially onI thie
Hawav:iial ns, for tlley w(ere t lie greait sufflerers from ll epr1(sy,
while very few vwlit(e p(eople ever collntractedl it. T'huls whlt
was sa:itlarly lprec:auttioii see('c((l il its ol)('pertioll to 1(e:a r:aci'ial
)ersecutioin.  Iapl)pily t ils feeling (li'd away i;n time as t l(
Molokai S(ettlement c(ame to b(,e more wisely Ianl (ffi(i(ently
(ldminiist(ered.  Now in our own day, through thle se('Ipratio(I
vy 'Prcsidelnt 1)ean of tle Inliversity of IHawaii of wli:t is
known as 1D)'ean's Derivative of (     thalmoogra O )il, results iii
the arrest an(ld probable c(ure of leprossy arce ( eing oh)tiinei'({d
whichli are (daily reducinig tlls ancienit scourge of hluinaiity to
scientificl mle(lical l'control. The pIopulation  of tlie  Leper
( olony on I( loka( i is stea dlily decreasi g a 11d, inst (ead of Ihiding victiIms of the (I-cise,:tse(, tl( i, Hlawa:ii:ans lnow }bring tlhei,
children wh(o develop leprosy to thll(   Ie KlilIi Receivilig Staltiioni
for trieatment and il   e ((.  It is one,of the great t  itriumlphs of
Iodernl Inedicill scienlle  and ought to be' a mighty a Illl'llt
cagainst kahlll aism in tlie H' a-waiiliiall dlild a11(1 aIg iailst tlie' Ilore
faiunatieal phases of iuenital healing land C( hristiai Scienel iII
thel  A erica\n11 mIilnd.




THIJE OLD RO1YAI) PAIIACE i* IN    HONOLULU
Bulilt b-y Kahaklaua, njowc the eaityl of the Territory. Tile thirone ruom is used by lhe House ue Repreenttlses.




lbd(llc Pci-'(')(1 of Rc(Ict,  I Tlfrmo'l. I                     MP (IW


Kal(lkal'a.s ( har (tcler
This anllti-foreign feeling onl the part of the naIti(vs was lso()
sedulously fannedl into a flamell  for political lpurposes b1v KIalakatua who reigned from 1874 to 1891. Here is onel of tlhe Ilmost
interesting and at tlh same tine most hlarmlful tpersolnaliti(es in
all Haw'iian history.   P'ersonally affable amn(  even charming
on cca(sion, lhandsorme antl kingly iln appear anc(e, Ke:alak:a:la
was nteve(rtheless a liclentious, selfish, ilnt(enleratte, dislihonest,
politically medd(lesom(e and utterly inefficient ino(narl(c.  In
1881 he mar(de a tri) aroundt the world, imml(ortalized( ill olne
of the( funniest ) ooks of travel evcr written, Arolnd the 11 or/d
with a Kin., by William Nevine Armstrong,:lnd camine back
with a lot of foolish notions abtout royalty. IHe implortedl a
useless battery of artillery from Austria an(l a   arr:alg(el  spec —
tacular coronat ion of himself to impress the H:1awaiians. Ill
1887 lhe acquired a warship an(l sent it to Samoa to make:a
treaty with those islands and thus be(gin a fantasti po)licy of
"Hawaiian primlacy in the Pacific."     This ri(liculous opera
bouffe )(erforlmance( went to pieces t lroughi the (drunke:l revels
of the officers and crew and tlhe whlole thling enl(ded as Ca f:rl('e.
P)olicy of I)Dbauchery
All tllis might 1ave b)een tol(erated, as the vagaries of kings
have teen toleratedl tirme andl agalin, ha(ll not Kal:lakuaa sought
to reestabl)lishi the absolutism  whicbl Kaimll(hamlleha III |1:had
voluntarily resigned for (onlstitut ion:al governmenlt.  KalIakauat was an elected   onllarchll   and not originally popular witI}
the highe(r chiefs an(ld conselrvative people(.  In order to )promote hlis design to destroy all co(nstituti(onal limitatio()s K(:Ia-1
kauaI ( tlherefore plroc((eed(edl( to (e)(auich thle IHa:wii:a  people.(
Fromn early Inissionary dlays, an(l  also ulnle(r hKanIme(.lm:'eh
the(' (re('at, before that, there hlad beein prohi)itiion against
selling liquo           r to ntivs.  Tis, u r Kalakaus influene((e,
was r(epealed andl tlhe incre(,asef of li(quor conlsunmption ma11y  e)(
II(measur((ed b) tlie ilncre(ase in r1evenues fromni eustom, (lliltes 0oi




)8


7/' i   l/IItl/(an kS/idc of II(1,t'aii


li(ull(r; $5,000()() ill 1875 whel(l (pr)hibitionll to ltnatives watus still
in for(e tand. $1'56,00(() i  1880 atfter it t1a(l tbeen removed.
An (eye-witl(ness tol( 1nme of visiting ta Ktalakaua political hea1(1 -(tullarters wvihere stronlg liq(lu0' was serve(d b)y tlhe( tumbllerful
out ()t a wlshl-tubl) nl(1 tll(, yiardl was full (f Hof awaiians lying
arounllll(l (((d d  runk. Tl 'lru11's Anlllnul sa(ys tltlat tlhe ((orI()ation ill 188X3 " v:s followedl by: )e rio) of d nightly hula, festivals tlhat were( (:t ritro(gra(l(e st(ep) to hiet(:lllienislm:11( 1  (lisgrl(ae
to the age." 'The official progrinm of these orgies conltai:lne(d
xwor(ls o(f li1il:ts so( indlecent tlthat t le plrinter was actl ally
t'rrested(l t(ndl fined( $25 for lpub)lishing ol(scene liter:ture.
Recolution of I&SY'7
In 1886X ( (cculrred( the lotoriolls oplpium  )ril)vbery case ill which
it Xwas )r(ove(l that iala.Illkl lrama )r(o)nised( a (linallalian (i im oil
li(cense for $71,000, received the money a(n(l then sol( the
licen(se t(o ai Hawa:iii: l favorite o(f his.  Such impossille conl(duct b  till  king', especially in 1 colntrllytI  whose p)rosl)erity
w:as going st(ea(lily fowalr(dl 1n1l(ter thle l(evelol)lmenltt f( the sugar
indltustry tan(ld v(whose( fnd(llamental. needl was statlle, enlightened
go()ver(tuen('lt, gave rise to the revolutio)l  of 1887 by which
K:ll:aklialu wIats compl)elle(l to p)rorlise to.abstainl fromn trying t o
intfluence cit her electorat('e 01' legislature(, a1( t1( to take In  actiolM
witlliolt the  ut llloriz:t;ion of his cabint, t ' which atl the sa nte
time( wAos mIdl('e res(onsible iot to tlhe kling tut to thle legislltt re(. 'TI'le upper Iouse, insteadl( of be('ig  lppoil(nte(l )y the
king, as hi('eretofore, was t 1from nw 1 n 1 to be clected( by t()hose:having a mIodl(erat(e p)rol()lety (111alific(:ti(on.  Thus:a conservative, genlllliely (()Ilstituti(onll gov()e'rnmlllt w\s  lssured(l. }The
king ('(col(l reign b)ut lie co('(1ld( not rule.
oI(o /rchy! Orcrthro(/i
KIllkatul put 1l1) with t lhis restraint.,s well as lie c(uldl b)ut
when hlls successor, Qu(een l,iliuokalani, p)ro((eedel(l to licen(se




11(1ddlI Period of Uea lion und Tirmn oil 


5


lotteries an(l p)roclaiimed her 1)lpurpose t( ov)'ertlirow the ( ConstituttionI, a revolution again broke out vwhichl in 1893 resulted in
the end of the imonarlchy, tihe estalblishilent of the RepuIll lic
of Hawaii and finally, inl 1898, inll anniexation to the Un1ited
States. Queen Liliuokalani continued to live at her home,
\ Washington P1laee, ' and toward the end of her life 1ecamne
apparently reconieile(l to the situation and mellower in spirit.
With the outbreak of the World( War she dlispll:aled thle Amnerican fltag, subscrib)e(l to the Ited (Cross:and( (ve:n applleared( in
pIulblic on the same pli:tformn with Judltge D ole, former Plresi(lent of the IRepublic.
llctolutionuarij Lcdcrh ip
Now, whiile there were many Htlaliia ns whlo heartily lisatpl)proved of Kalakaua's chiatrat(e and liliuokalaini's ati(on,
the leadership in opposition to the imnonarchy was white aInd
predominiantly it was mnade hJup of dlescendlaits of the missionalries an theirt friends nl ASlnj)pat hizers -oniito  the whole the
most ho norale, upright, law-alidnoing element in the Islands.
They combined t to a remarkalble dlegree a prepondera ' ele of
the blraills, the wealthl, the (f\haracter and( thie enterprise in
Haw:s I. There was no leadership on the side of rovai itr  talll( lit
could cope wNith them.
Mv candid judgment, from     personal acqiacinitance with
m iany of the    he an:d creful study of lihe history of 1I'vtse 1 troublous tiunes, is thait Lymani Abbott wavs oquite correct w.hen lie
would i have proved themnselves unworthy to be descendenits o(
Cromwell and Hamnpden, of Washington and lHiicock."       So
far as I ean see they sought 11 selfish preference for themselves
-they (did seek the aIbsolutelv necessarIv preservation of free
institutions as against corruptionu   anld arbitraIry mnouiarchiil
rule. They sought t his freedoml for all   hliwa:iiias:s wvell
as hlaoles. To have sublmitte(l to IKalkaua 's fo(islisiss or
Liliuokalani' ' anrbitrnrv wishes could have ledI onilv to (disaster.




(;()


7'i'  Il, 1/1 1i1(  r ( Sil fc of/ (Ilt(fjii


Thlley served the fiuture( well by) reme(m)erinlg that " resistance
to tvrtants is o()t)blielnce to (,()(.
Not (a ltace Strl(J(Jle
There are those who inter)pret thel struggle with Kalakaua
a1n(l overthrow  of liliuokalani as a rac.e struggle pure and
simple.   They think tlhat the Hawalliian monar)llchy went (down
ec)(a(:use it waIs:a (ltlrk-skinn((l governmelnt in a com('muInity
where the white mani was gailling tle pre(l)po)n(lderant influene(',
comnllTercially, filnancially and(l edluctatiolnally; that it goes to
show  thlat white peop('le will not e(llllre government by,   a
colored(( race.
A careful studly of contemprorary dlocuernients dloes nrot be)(ar
tiis tll(eory out and(l I:mn strongly inclinedl to (question it.
There:was an element of race prej u(li(, but it was on the('
otll'her sile.  K talakaua an1( his party playe(l it for all it was
w(orthl a1s a: lolitic(ll means of getting tllhe Hlatwiianl peop)le
away from   missionary inflluence. But the pre(julice aqainst
the Hl, twaii njai  monarchy was (lue to its i1mm1orality, inefficiency:1(1l  ( menacillng reac('tio(nary spirit t — ot to to tle (olo)r of its
skin.  It must never b)e forgotten tlhat tlhe king's most sinister
an1( influential a(visers - men like M)oreno, WV. AI. Gibson
and P11aul Neumann -.    were whit( men, while a majority of
the I)astors of tlhe Iaiwalii.all missionary churches stoo(ld with
the llt  Inti-monllrchial p)arty. The at t('l)t to explatill this
periodl of I- HIatwaiitn history Its simply an inevitabl)le ralcial
struggle is vitilate(l hy te(' flundam(l ntal fallac(  whi(ch is also
Iat t(he bottom (of su(h sinister h(ooks ias The I/'ssinq of the
(Gret lacc and The li/silj Tide of (olor, namely, tlhat a race
is a unit and(l lis a rlt(e( (}arate'r.  Thils is not so.  Every
race l(i s in it elemelnts good(l land(l b)a(, weak atnd strong.  The
goo(t eleme(nts in all rac(tes ht've (a1 cotmmon c('tase anl shlould
standl togtlher.  It is t(he evil ele(ents tlhalt raise the cry of
racial so(li(larity an11(1 tr l l to( rIallv t(h race to one side as a clever
})it otf plirtical 1)olitics, eveln  s KIlalaka:ua1 triedl to do.




MiddlJI c Pcrlodf11 of Reactwn avd (~);r Ttvmmroi


(61


'Churches I)eclil'e
But all this politica:l upheaval was not accomplishled without a great templorary setblack to the Hawaiian c(lurclhes
which, by the withdlrawal of the American Bolard, had been
left (luring this critical perio(l without a(de(quate twhite leadership.  ()n  canl traice the religious difficulty of these times by
extracts from the Amnnual Reports of the Hawlaiian Board of
Missions.   In 1875 we red(l that, tihe churches are everywheret
(leclining.  In 1879 )out of 57 churches, 20 are )pastorless and1(
the report says: "I' he cry of leanness, of ' dry-hones,' of
blarrenness, worl(lliness, stupidity an(l unl)elief comens up like
at wail of woe into our souls....   '1The c(auses of (leclension
in many of our Hlawaliia:n churc(hes are obvious: viz., the
spre(:ad of skeptical sentiments, the rush after things that are
seen an(l trmp)or:ll, tilhe physical fatigue of illcr.ease(l labor and
the increasing in(lulgence in hab)its which w(eaken and d(emorallize thl  higher plow(ers of man.'"
(r;dtlertot of He cthct e,'.sm
In 1880 we rea(l: " From    almost all the churclhes of the
Western Hawaii Association there( is reported the same story
of in(lifference upl))on the part of church Iember(ls an(d prevailing (drunkenness amlong the 1people an(l too general in(lifference to religion.'. (This was the year after Kalakata
secured the repl)eal of prohil)ition.)
In 1887 we find, out of 51 )palstora:l (charges, that 28 aret
without ministers an(l thlat " tthe hin(lrances to the dlevelopment of ('Christian growth among the (churches lhave )been
steidlily ilncrecasing."  In 1890 we rea(: '  The past y(er hlas
b)een one of politica.l agitation.  There l'I 1as )been a: relaxiiig
of general interest.  A certa:in spirit of antagonisnm lias )beell
b)red(, race prejud(lices fostered and the un(lertow of th(e hecathel
spirit quickenedl."  In 1896, for the first time in sixty yea(rs.
the total number of converts fell below? o(ne huntldred.




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M1idd1e1 Per'iod of Roaction (Ind Ti urmoil


(,.)


Ebb-Tide
()r you caln measure this ebbing ti(le inl another way. In
the forty years b)efore 1864, when the Amlericanl Bo:.ard turne(l
thel churches over to native control, they 1had rIceived 53,500
converts. During the ne xt forty years tlhey received only
12,000 converts.  In 1862 over one-third of the total )population were memnlers of the missionary (chulr(hes — in 1902,
forty years later, only 10 per cent of the  lawaiians were memb)ers of the historic churches - to sayv nothing of the vast
mnass of noln-(hristian (rientals who.a(ld c(ome crowd(ing in,
replag:aizing Hawaii in a generation.
Bri I hter )Day (?,
But let me halsten to a(l(l that:t brighter (lays were alrea11(1y
(lawnling.  tinis first gleainm of d(awll l(gIbega in the later eighlties
with the opening ot t le Kamlehalllmleha Schools, the omrganization of ((entral Unionl (htlurclh, and the awakenig of the Hawaiitan Boarld to work for ( Cirinese and JI):Iapanese(. After
t1annexatiol, ias t}he Hawaiians found(l they had the franchlise
11and  s 1Ii}lcl po)litical )power as b}efore, togetherl witlh ta p)r()sperous an(l stable social order, t}he old 'aninlosities of revolutionary d1ays gra(lually (liedl away anil a: new era of goodl
feeling between the races canme in.  Un(ler more active leadelrship  and( a more aggressive policy, the Hawaiian Bo(ard
began to recover somIIe of the grolund which hlad bteen lost.
I)uring the five years from 1904 to 1909 a, gain of 23 per cent
was ma(le in meml)ershii), and in the l)urely Hawaiian ('t1ur('che's
the gain was 26 per (ent. In 1909 the to)tl a(dditions were
727 or 10 per cent of the previous total memlbership, the
largest ad(lition on confession of faithl since 1869. In 1915
the b)eautiful Mission Memorial 1Building was (dedictatedl as:,
headqualirters for missionary work amnong afll the races an(l inl
1920, the Hawaiian Boar(l churches report a total 1emllbership of a1ll races of 10,473. (f these 4,632 are Hawaiian or;part-H4awaiianl -- 11 per ('cent of all t}e pe),ople of I:Hawa:iin




64


4lThe funtan Sidle of Hawaii


blood in the Territory. It should also be added that, though
depleted in membership by this era of turmoil and reaction,
the Hawaiian churches have wonderfully retained their comnmunity leadership and today furnish a very large proportion of
the strongest and most hopeful 1 eaders within the Hawaiian race.
The Sugar Industry
()ne otler element in the complication of this period remains to l)e dealt with - the sugar industry and the vast
immigration, largely Oriental, which resulted from it. The
reciprocity treaty of 1876 with the United States made sugar
a profitable industry. It had to be carried on in a wholesale
fashion. Large companies wee necessary to clear the land,
build irrigation systems an(l erect and operate sugar mills.
This meant an industrial revolution. From a nation of small
agriculltlurl ists, fishermen and sailors, Hawaii became a land
of big sugar corporations. One pIressing problem  was to
secure labo)r. The total pop)ulation in 1872 was only 57,000
1and the Hawaiians were not well adaplted temperamentally
to sustained field labor in large gangs.
Oriental Immitgrationl.  Fromi this need of large gangs of unskilled field labor resulted an immigration policy whichl in the twenty-three years
from 1876 to 1899 brought into the territory over 120,000
immigrants at a total cost in government appropriations of
$1,500,000. (f these 120,000 new members a(lded to Hawaii's 1happy family in practically twenty years, 35,000 were
('linlse, (;8,000 Ja:tpanese, 3,000 South Sea Islanders, 11,000
Portuguese, largely from tle Azores Islands, and 2,000 Europealns.
Add to these figures the facts that this mass of immigration
was madr c up of contract laborers, mrany of whom became discontented with the labor condlitions they found and left the
p)lantations on the expiration of their contracts, and also tlat
they were, except in the case of the Portuguese and Euro



Middlo Pc)-lod of Rc('u'llow mid Turmoil


(65


peans, largely single men without their wives or families, Iand
you cani see what a tremendous social complexn ity and overwhelming religious probllem   w as loadledl onto a little lnation
quite ill-e(uippedl eitlher religiously or governlment'tlly to deal
with it.            H       iI0i) ii 7    J
iHawaii Hopej",,l Today
Yet out of tlhe turmoil:anl confusion of tflawa:ii's milddle
i)eriod has come the faiscinating an(l hopeful Hawaii of toda(y.
The races have learne(l to get along together, partly b)ec(aise
there were so many of them tlhatt none could afford to refuse
to others the respect it (lemandle(l for itself.  The labor (onlitions on the' pIlant:ations hatve change(l greatly for thle )etter
and are todlay undergoing nmarked( improvement. The pulllic
schools, sounl territorial governnment aln(l the unifying influence of tlhe war with its " (rives," Red( (Cross work.and
e(luc:ttion in patriotism  have promnote(l Americanisnm.  An(d,
})b no Inmeans leacst, thte religious sp)irit lais risetn iup iln ntllaifold ways to m     eet tli  1chll(eng(e of modern condlitiols ill a
way tluatt is worthy of the missionary pinoneers.
The Mi.ssiot ary/ Sipirit
( refat credit for all this is (ue to th(e )persistenc(e of the
essential missionary spirit in the (lescen(dants of the early
missionaries.  In no part of tlle lUnited(l States is there a: greater
feeling of responsilility on tlhe part of empIloyers tand managers for la:bor -  spe(ially for the lal)orers of an alien rac(.
Thle o1  mnissionary t ralition of helpfulness manifests itself
in plantation welfare work and socialize( medica(l care, in
endowed schlools es)peci:ally for Ha:waiilans an(l ()rienltls, irn a
remarrkal)le programi of sociall work in settlementls, kinl(ergarttens an(l churc(hes, an(l in "an tannual United W(elfare (amnpaign whicli raises ac('.   fall soImet three hmundredl tllousanlI
dollars in Honolulu aloine for all mannier of social service iiistitutions.  All of tiis is largely sul)l)orte(l fi:manc(ially h)y ldescend(lnts of the missiolnaries:1and is all conducte(l witlhout a
trace of racial prejudice or tlie slightest dliscrimiination  )ecause of nationality or color.




i'<E
Go, ) i d
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ig '
Z,.R I me, '.,.g
X




(CHAPTIER III


PtIlIESENT  INITEh I IRRACIAL  ANI) EI)U( ATI( )NAL
P'ROBLE)IMS
I''lte iml)ortai((ce of Hawaii  is not in its past but il its plr(
(ent. Thel I1)rc(:edling chlapters Lhave em(r)iasiizd(l its rloianil
missionary history and(l its troubledl period of reac(ti(oln (:
turmoil not for their own sake so much as to( prepare the w,
for a, better undierstanding of the living problem of to(day.
by some cattaclysmn of nature, Hawaii had dist)appe:are(ld f(
ever l)eneath the waves of the Pacific about1 1900, th? histo
sketchedl thus far might be ilnteresting andl instrucltive but
wou(lil have nothing like t(he p(oint. wi('ch it now lihas as forl
ing the b(ackgroulln tlo one of tlie most cu(rious and congloin
ate civiliz:ations to be found anywher on tlhe face of thle:ar
today.
In tet(rrt  t I Lt)0Abor (or(.
As Prof. M. M. S(ott lias said, " Hawaii is:ni ethllologi(
imuseum:and a sociologicall tlaborat(oryv.  HeIre is a c(atallog
of the c(lltnte(s of this museum and the human raw Imateri:
of this laboratory accordling to the cenlsuses of 1910 andl 19.
I (. - _nl;      1 l ( I ScI ras('nreats
1t ace                     1() Pe 1920 9 Per    Since  1910(
(Cent          Cent    1'  ( 'en
Ilawaiiai,......  2,()41   13  2.r:3,72:3 ~ 9.3  2   * 
Asiatic  -twaiian...  3,734  1.}9  6,955  2.7  3,221  8
(Caucasian Hawaiian.  X,772  4.5  11,072  4.3   2,300  2i.
Portuguesse... 2,301   11.6   27,002  10.5  4,701  21.
IPorto lic(:an...  4. 90  2.5  5,602  2.1   712   14
Spanish........  1,90  103  2,430  0   440  22
()ther (SCaoicasian  (i. e.,
w h i t (  Aimerican
|laSgely)......  14,8 7         7.7 14,7  7.,S41:32.
hlie.es.....   1,74  11.2  23,5)7  9.2  1, 3.
Japanese..       79,()(;75  41.5  1 09,2() 74  42.7  29,599  137.
Flilip)iIno.       2,3       1.2  21,031  S.2  1 8,(;7(  790.
Korean..           4,533    2.3   4, 9     1.9    417   9.
Negro.....r... 69!5  0.3:348.1      47  50.
All other...... 7  1      31()   0.1    6(    17.
Toltal popullation... 19.1,(9_())   255,912  64,00:  33.
*Decreaise.




c
0
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lsr/w// / 1) lc/ '1 o( iol ( milm(1 l l if W (( ) M(imi1 P) oblcms  (


T'll(ese figures mllay  Ie b)ronuglit more nearlylip ll) to (late b1  t
loard of Healtl (estillmate of Ju ly, 1923, that th e tot:Il I1pop
lation is 298,500 of whom      thlle J.ap)anese number 120()59
Chinese   23,714;   Iiil)ipilnos 3(,199;  tHawtliian:s:ia  1):
Halwaiians 41,,356;  KIorelans 5,608;    Porto   Iican   (;,37
Portuguese 26,377; otlhr (C'au(casians 35,744 ((not inclluli:approximrntely 15,000 in militar'y anIl lnaval service).
This is a: very interesting lot, of raw material for a1 soci
logical lal)oratory, the numbers are large enolugh to be signi
(ant an(l at the same time smatll enough to )le ob)serve(l:
stu(lie(l intinlm:tetly 'a(l the l:l)oratory is locmated on a gropll
islan(ls, 2000 miles fromn shore an(l as isolate(l as possible( frc
the grteat coltinlents b)or(dering on the PaI'clific.  It is n
exal(ttlr Oa vacull1, for our labora)( torw is jalledl 1llld (isturb
I I mlu inlal I haIppenings, a 11d vet we lhaive a flairly i lepe
dent chatact(er and Imild of 0111' own.
('hr/.s'i.il B(Sc,'k.lroundl
Moreover Hawaii s a          O soiological laboaoly wlilh at (I
tiuctlc' ( Christian bac(kgroudll, d Ime to tohe heroic nlld successI
lablors of trlle nlolle group of mIissiollnaries who caunll tlo HII aw
far (as theyt c(ldL( tell, it illia(le little differlencel to u11innan li
tory whethler they suc cee ded or failed.  They little dream(t
these(' islandtls would oul d(1  Ib:e at the focal poinlt of the l'Placif
workin.g on plroblems wAhose hpll)efll solution would go far
esta)blishl the )peace o(f the wo(rld (or wlose falillure mligit sI'
olsly  (listullb it. IBlt they (li(l tllheir work " iot a:s 11
p)leaserls but as serving the Lord ' alnd, am1lld o()bscuritVy:I
1ha rdships, t 1hey tlmanllsforlmedl -I a br llbric (des l)otismll i 1nto
civilizedt  ( Ihristi:a  state( witth a B1ille(, )pubi)lic'-sch'l, l systci
c(istitutional govirn'lment a n1d a 1 deep'l-root(ed I nat ive ch'lll''
Any' o(n   seeking a: con(cret(' aIr'gmllellnt for foreI ign missi(o
woul(l do(1 well to come, to II:awi:rii, s(e( wIha:t the mllissi()n:ll




American, British
R u s s i a n, 1no
Army and Navt
Japanese
Chinese
Korean...
Filipino
Hawaiian. 
Asiatic Hawaiian
Caucasian Hawaii
Portuguese
Porto Rican
Spanish
Others
Total


(,errman,
t including
v.... 35,774..... 120,590..   23,714
5,604
36,199..21,468..... 7,374
an           12,514......  26,397.....  (6,375..... 2,105
402.....298,500


~10


According to estimate in Territorial
Board of Health Report. 1923.




Prcsld  0c)r~lwit(11(i 1'du~diml  robcm"  1 -

fatl('lers dli(l d(l( tl(' (n co()li(l(d 1erhow (lifferent wohll(l,e HIawaii's
situaltioi(  t(od(ly if Iall Ameri'ai'l ( lristiansi l1(1d sai(d ill 1819),
"IThere is work (lenough to do at thome. \Why wast'e 1money
oil foreign missionis? '
('hat0(1i ('(  ( 'o) inotti
o(lav XwV lve I     iI Hawaii a very (difft erent peple fr1(11)11 tI hat
with i vch ll  the 1isi,   11I(e  a 11 t( ) deal.  11Thev 1et *ii, p1(1 -heaIrt(ed, lchildlike ra ce. its ol( d religion l aIlea dy d ise'el((dited allid
dlisc(1r(ded, stadel nl:1g ready to I(ccept tIlie Iliissiona11(iIs as IesCeiinge(rs of () (l.  \We (dleal Iint withl one race, lbut lhalf a: (lozen.
Trlhe majority of olr p1)o)lation  (loe (of a ra(ci1l clttlire as
old or ol(d(r t1llhan onll owni, xwhich feels. adl(l aekllloledlges, no
infelri)ority.  l'i(T  r eligi()o w\\e tace ( t(,(l:1y is:1 grea: t ('tllli(t fiilt 1,
Buddhllismll, reeI(lforced((l 1y aa all('ert p)riistho1)(1l 1 (l 'nd active
orgaiizationl, wit h a po werful   tol tiia Icoinsciousess in tIll 
1,: ckgroullll.
801)0le ()/) pos/1)1t
The 1  ission()rli(es liad(l (o)piositio(n but it wavs tlihe (l(tiniit(e,
()pe('n11  Il easily (lisred(lite(( ()pp)lsitio(l  of the e)('(lch-(c(milllr
and1( tlheil (liss(,te sai.  Our iol)p)Iition is 1001m 5til: (1 atll(d
Iliorie siiiister.  It 11I1s good cl(ltle' 1111 a s(sial standing, but
it poisol tis )i r com:t an1it t)11 ('yllv is xvd1, its ('cvll('icl collt('lllmp:t 
suspicii(  of tiin t rae sl sithi 11 hi N wstligt lieal  t() lie aC l
(Iliesti   s IlI)rot() eIlers il.  a I IIIoI is 5i0I1can. c1i iliztion.  It
me''   r our task, repudiates it and tlri(s to rlusll us all heaIdmlon
1111e1 1(  er)lI', 1 lilt it is 1e1e a1111d gien tIII 11,ightl o1d11( it 11s11,
would go ioto ('rul)tinol.




_~~~~ g3M,'_ X1    t.     /   3 
_~ _i               iXz e            i f           3::  3 _
_  _:,.   g~~~~:3 11 1 fW 11:d_  j           _CE~
c-riWrs ~.IIl-4?tC' I"9(R1 33n;liin; c)tc liX-n:IrlI'3ll~((  ' "'-rxir  a~upe  cl




rl-. )
Po".('111               and Edu'caflonal PI-obleMS            i.)


No Race Prejudice
One valualble result of our missionary blackground, however,
is that there is in Hawaii a minimum of race prejudice. Tis
is, of course, the very quality one would seek in a good interracial experiment station. It is also a very fortunate thing
that Hawaii's basic race is neither Caucasian, Negro nor Mongolian but the kind-hearted, tolerant, loveable Polynesian
whose most characteristic contribution to present-Iday Hawaii
is the spirit of " aloha."  Aloha means love, friendship, goo(l
will, how-do-you-do or gool-bye as occasion (lemandl(, so pervasive and all-embracing a word it is! The fact that the,
Hawaiian race has never l)een (legrade(l or enslaved, but that
its social standing has been maintained by kings and queens,.and( that the missionaries relspectedl and inculcated respect in
others for the native government, also contributes a very
important favorabl-e element to Hawaii's interracial mlental
attitude.
'R ace AMixtures
The Hawaiians are tle basic rle in more senses tihan one,
for they have intermarried freely with both (Caucasi:as anld
Chinese. The Japanese do not generally manrry with otller
races but there will prolbably be an increasing mixture )etween(
the Hawaiians land the Filipinos, our latest strata of imnmigration. These interracial comblinations have been remarkalbly
successful 'rnd, although the pure-blooded Hawaiians are1
slowly decrea.sing (the rate of (lecrease was reducedl last deca(lde, however, to 8 per cent, from  12 per cent thl (le dctlde
before) the part-Hawiinans are rlapilly increasing land are
chalracterized in general b)y a hopeful combination of (Chinese
or Ca(ucasian enefrgy land ab)ility with Hawaiian beauty an(l
a loIha. Rev. Akaiko Akana, p)astor of Kawaiahlao, our largest
Hlawaiian church, an(l grd:luate of Hartford Tiheologic(al
Seminary, is a1 striking example of the Chinese-Hawaiii1an c(ombinlation whlile Rev. Stephen Desla, a ( ongregational minister




74


'/Th e JlHu.1an  ide of  (wi..ai it


of Hil(:and( a: senator a:s well, is an outstandling HawaniinAmterican.
Here by Invitation
Tle interracial situation in Hawalii is also favorLably influe(ncedl iy the fact that all of tlhe racial groups here represente(l lhave (com0e 1y invitation.  None halve push(ed thenmselves in.  And you may add to tllis the fact that the very
va.riety of races which we lhave makes it necessary tha't they
shoull all accordl to one another the tole rance an(l respect
which tlhey would claim for themselves. There is often safety
in nluml)ers 'and the very fact that we have half a d(ozen races
insteadl of two )pro )al)ty sinmplifies our p)rol)leln more thanl it
comp)li('cates it.
Inter)racial A thletics
Athletics also conltriliutit' to a wllolesoime feeling of racial
fellowship.  A  cetrtainl plantatti{on starte(l the season with
several })aseltall tetams on strictly racial lines.  But, when thel
te.ram was rma(le up att thl end( of the season to play thle champliOnshil) game with the next p::)lalnt'ation, it was an interracital
comnl)osite) l)asedl on athletic al)ility rather than racial origin.
In a I)relilminary prlactise the captain a " hapa-pake " or
('ihinlese-la:Twaiia:n called o(ut:  Hey, Lee Hop, you pitch
antl, Fuji, you c(atch, you Portugee on first base, Filipino on
sec(on(l, K:anakal on) thlird anl you haole (white man) play
short!    Then, tlurning with a grin to the plantation welfare
worker, who   wXas umpiring, lie re(marke(l philosophically:
All mix upl like lhll! "  Some of us (hope it will lbe tlhat way
ill heaven too!
Iespect for Oriedtals
( erI'taily no open-mninded American can live in Hlawaii
long without learning a de(eper respect for the races of the
()rient.  The stalwart en(lurance( of tlhe ( 'inese, the courtesy
and( sensitivenllss of the Japl)anese, the plassio()lte national
loyalty of the Koreanlls, 1and t}lhe c(,apacity for h:ardl work andt




Irsenft l  ()r  l (l( Ul (l 1(Id cttio(l I oblml,,,,   7).


utIluelncl' hal le t hirst fo r  o(111 t(ItIct io  wIlict cI aill(  te( (riz'  ill
three, )put us Am(ericatllns to( sh11ie11, 11l( 1so()ltiiet eS 11:kl(e mu
young people se(iem  very easy-go(ing 1an1 super)ficil. 1  ven ill
Pullahou Sllchool, wvllilh is 90 per (cent (allucatsian, the ( )rienti:1
group often lea( [ in scllolarslli.  I well rl(lem lber I'm " or:toricall contest" wWhere tlth plrize went to a( ('lin'ese,y ov for:
negro   dli(.le(ct selection!  \Vhiat chianlle di(d  r(ed-hte:ltded
Ameri(cai youtlh hlve againlst comlpe(iti til lilkI tfl:lt?
A nm1(l l m a(tltion
Th( l)1rocess of fulsing all thiese dliffer(et r 'l   s to)g(thler inlt
ic1 (       Cs111111011 (t'istita'nllI commuiltitv iS o(ie of t (e most4 interesti n
soci'al slpectacles ill thle worldl.  It nee11ds to Ibe) seel to i1(e
understood.    It illvolves, of coullse, ob stacles 1i(id (leleellt s of
(liscoulragemenllt.  But in spite of all sliort-comiings an(1d liita:tions the great work is going ()oi.      The )public sch(ols aire
maiking the English langulage al(l American i(leals and1( w:ys
of thinklking thl(e (conm on heritage of all our chil(dren andl(, i.
spite of )t(bou1t eighty Buddh(llist t emples 1and( S1hint() shrines, it
is Christianity that is ta(lvatcitlg il its alppeal to tll( yonlger
generiati(on.  There is no lack of opl)olrtunity   r -resl )(1siveness to the -w(ork of our0 Hawliialn Board of MNiissions.     Thel (
luestions are '11l with 1us, thel (Christian lelders of Htwii
our wisdomll, our powe(r to secure finall(eial b)acking  nd(l tril( edti
workeirs, our:aIilitv t(o irlouse tli(, (Clhristian1 (comnl1lllity tov
see thle visions 1and the opportunlity.
7/Three A mlrci(t' iniz(t1ion Storio.s
I1lany stories might b(e toldl of this t(uew,\Amerlic( ist.  I
will give just three.   1n June, 1921, it w:s niv lprivilege to
give tl( gradua(lttig ad(ldress fPor a lpublli( s('chool lIt 1,la:1ii}:,.
The}l vale(lictotriman, a (hlillese l (iv, salid ill ('closilng: " Most ofi
uis comle from homles of aliell par)lIelts. tBut we are Aimericantis.
Thlis is our col1tt'  and our (1.lass l()ot(to ' l'o sterve1 ll' ((citl try
lbetter ' is tihe( personall motto of every le(Iil( er."  I judillg'(l




7( 


"h7e   I111;mil"~r l   SW(l,   ol, 11mrr(I'i '


the racial mlake-up of the class t)o )e HIltwaiians 6, (C hinese 2,
Portlguese 2, Norwegians 2 andl Japanese 12. lBut when I
inquiredl tlabout it from  two (lifferent memnbers of the class
thely (oul(l not tell le. They were all thinking (f themselves
simplly aIS Americanos and(l I had to go to a tea'cher for an:answer to my question.   Another story liasL to (1() with Jo
the ch'auffeur for Kula, Sanitarium.  A friend of mine asked
hlin: " Jo, you aren't pure Hawaiian, are you?"   " ()h, no,"
he replied, " my father was part-(lerman and p)art-Portuguese
1111d(  my  mother was plart-Hawaiian 1an(ld plart-(Chine(se.
" Well,, o, wltt (loes that maike you? "  "Me?   Ol, I'm
an American! "   It was also at Kulat that aln orchestra. composed of three Filipirlos, two Hawa.iians, two ('hinese-Hawaiinans, one.JIaptanese an111  one. Porttug(use nmarcthed in an
impr)omptu Armistice Day pral(de singing " We('re going to
show thei K;aiser lhow the Yankee boys (co(me t hrough t!
Thus, in ' g(eneral way, the outlook of our interra.cial cxperiellient station is ho)peful.  But I want to go on now to say
somethliing nmore in ldetail:b)out our educational, economic and
religious p)robl)l(ems:anl point ou t more (ade(lquately the d lic(acy an(l Imuagnitul(e of oulr task in this Midl-P'acific social
laborato ry.
J biilic Schools
Edluctiona:lly our p)rolenm is this: ()Our public schools are
crowde(l with 48,730( childlren of wholmn 55 per cent are (Oriental
- 23,947 Jalpanese alne. The Hawaiian anl part-Hawaiian
chilldren lmake 1ul 18 per cent anl the PI)ortugulese lanotheIr 18
per cent while the American children in the )pul)lic schools are
only a fraction overt 2 per cent. Tills small Ipercentage of
American;s is (lue to( tlhe fact t:hat the bulk )of the( white chil(lren, esp)eciallyl in HIono(lulu, go to p)rivate schools like Puna}hou and the H)ionolulu Milit:lry Acadenmy, which aire allmost
entirely white, though  ullahou, f)or the ((uca(:tional vatlue of
tleir presence, a(lInits 10 per cent of slAcctel (Orientals.  It




Pr')sc)t I terracial a(nd Educa(ll al Probl)J1;S 7 7


should b)e pointe(d out that the al)sence of America'n.chil(lrenl
from the public schools is altmost enltirely due to tlie l:llnguagge
problem 1and is not due to race prejudice or sno)bbishllness.
Oriental Morals
Most emphatically, it is not due to anly fear of moral contamination from   the Oriental chil(lren.  As former suIplerintendent of schools, H. W. Kilnney, )bears witness, the ()riental
pupils give less trouble through offenses against decency or
good morals than the average wlite chil(lren oni the mainl:la d(:l.
And, as every teacher in Hawaii knows, the ()Oriental pupil is
docile, eager to learn, easy to (liscipline andl very respectful
to and appreciative of his teachler.  If thlis were not so someI
of our schools, like McKinley High in its terriblly over-crow(le(1
condition, wouldl be a veritable bed(laml.  lgut when I tell youl
that, according to the Fedleral Survey of our schools ma(de in
1919, not more than 3 per cent of thte chlil(lr(en entering sc(ho1ol
at the age of six or seven can speak tile Eniglish langutage at all
a(lequately, but use instead a p)i(lgin Elnglish whlich is so)n-l
thing wonderful to un(lerstandl an(l terrible to ta tlk, thenl you
will rcad(ily see what constant (drill, (Mrill, (lrill in En'lglish must
be given in the schoolroom.   Now the Americ(an wlwite child
does not nee(l this (lrill and, on the othelr han(l, is il (langer of
substituting p)i(gin English for his native tonglue il its pIurity
and power.   What this 1idgin lEnglish is can be illustratedl by
the following sentence: "P)lease 'scuze 1no c((ome schlool —.
mama planty pilikia, moem() no can, kau-kau no can,:lianahana no can, wikiwiki she go nake."       Which being interpreted means: " My mother is in great trouble, she canl't
sleep or eat or work and she may (lie very soon!"   It's tragic
but it is not Shakespear(len Englishl, is it?
Edi c.tioa (Il Sta dar(rts.,
Now the public schools, consi(lering all their hand(lic(aps, are
wonderfully efficient an(l are malking stead(y progress under




city  tACIN C                             WON 
TEACHING (CHINESE M+W)MEN ENG68LISH
AYi. WI C'  A. Inlteirbiational Instituite




JPr escidt lnlerr'-(M1 auin IEducatioaal IProblemns 7i f


the enlightene( leadership of Mr. Willard E. (Givens, tlh
present supelrintelldent of public instructioln.  " Haw:ii lia
ha1l a compulsory sc(hool law since the '40's, in this resl)ect fa
antedating nmany of the states,"  as Mr. Riley H. Allen poilnt
out in his a(dliral)le article oin " lE(duction an(l Rlace P'rol
lehms in Hawaii " ill the Rcicuew of Reciet<ws for I)cemrl)ncr, 19 21
Mr. Allen also calls attention to the fact tht " I)r. Leonl:ar
P. Ayres int his aut(horitattive study, ' An Index Ntulmber foi
State School Systems,' )pullished b)y the Russcll Stage Fountdal
tion, ranked Hawaii twenty-third in tlhe list -Haw:ii's p)ubli
sc(lool system I})ing given acs suralssing tllhose of Illinois
Kansas, Wisconsin, New      HLamnpshire, Virginia, Tellilessee
Missouri, Vermont, an(l otller states."       Thils rcl(ort tool
conlsitlerlation of suchl factors a' s lnumler of child(ren a:ttendlin
school, amiounlt of training they sc('ure, p)rogress mad(l, (lamoulll
expende(l for buildings anldl suplie(Ls, saltaries pai(l teatelers:la
sinilar items, c(ombining these faci'totrs into (a single inl(lx lnuml
ber which shows the( genllerl stall(li:g or efficienlcy of the sys
tein. This sameil   report also (de(lar:(d tlhat "( educ:at io(a
opportunities tare mlore wNi(l(elly istributedl throughouti th
entire ar:ea of the Territory of ftawaii thanl in a uy Imainllam
state."
olt (ill IWhite
All this is the mInore nloteworthy whe1(  you relllellr)( t: ha
these pupils are pre(ldominantly not of the white race.   But
for that matter, the tea(clhers are not all whit(e either. Trl'
Federal School Survey hlis a very inlteresting clllrt sllowin
the racial origin) of the (elementltary s(chool teac(hers as follows
Anglo Saxon, 40 per (e (it, Po()rtugluese 12 lper (cent, Hawa:ii:l
9 per (cent, ( hinese 9 per (cent,.Jal)anese( 5 pl('r  t a(l1 mixe(
race(':s, like HIawaiian-(lhinese or Hawaiian-Amenrican, 25 p
cent.




80


'he iHu'ma n S'ide o/l Ha uwaii


Pritate Schools
The public-school system is supplemented by priva:te schools
whichl enroll 8470 children. This includes Punahou for white
childlren; the KiamehaIneha Schools endowed especially for
those with lta waiian blood; missionary schlools, like MidP'acific: Institute, Iolni School, Maunaolu and( Kohala: Seminaries andrl Hilo Boarding School, which seek to train (lhristian
leaders for tomorrow lamong the Orientals and Hawaiians;
and the (Catholic parochial schools which enroll 2765 I)upils
of all races.
Foreigln Language Schools
Another curious supplement to the public schools is the
foreign language school system, maintained b)y the Orientals
to teach their very (lifficult written languages to the rising
generation.  There are 155 such schools with 367 teachers
land 20,352 pupils.  Of tlhese 241 are Korean; 1170 Chinese
dlll  18,920 Jal)anese. Thlese schools formerly required atten(ldlce t)efore and after the p)ub)lic schools an(l were severely
criticized as un-American in tleir influence, with the result
that they have( now been placed under the control of the
(delp:rtmelnt of publlic instruction. This question  al)out
language slchools will be taken up lalter in the chapter on "' TIhe
Japanese I'rolem in Hawaii."
One Product of the Public Schools
An un(expecte(d and somewhat (Iramnatic demionstration of
the effectiveness of Hiawaii's public schools was made early in
1923 b)y tlhe a(nnounc(ement that the American Legion's frst
prize of $750 for tfe best essaty on " How the American Legion
('an Best Serve tlhe, Nation " hlad been awarded to Ah Sing
( ling of Ewa Plantlation School. Ah Sing is an eighth gradle
b)oy, thirtteen y:ears oldl, a son of (Iantonese I)arents, his father
l)eing a boolkkeeper in: (IChinese store at Waiplahu. He won
tihis first prize in a nation-wide contest against over 50,000




IPr'eset Interr'acial and Educational Problem1s 81


competitors, the second prize being awar(led to Pauline Virginia Chastain, a seventeen-year-old girl in Indian.lapolis.
-Would this Boy 3Make a Good Citizen?
One phrase in this essay is an epigram nespecially aIpplicablel
to Hawaii: " What we want in our nation, we 1must p)lt il
our schools! "  The essay which follows is first-hland evidence
of what the schools are putting into the rising generaltion for,
of course, what Ah Sing writes he learned first of all at school.
Incidentally there is a gentle irony in remembering that this
boy of Chinese parentage woullld }e (lenie(l his l)irtllriglit of
American citizenship by certain anti-Oriental measulres a: Ivocated somewhat widely on the I'aeific (Co:ast andl even onl tIl(
floor of recent conventions of the American legion itself.
Here is Alh Sing (hing's b)rief (essay in full.
The A merican Le(qiou, Prize Essoy
'The America:n Legion, wliich is composed( of men(l a 111
women who enlisted for the (l(efense of our coluntry (luring fith
war, stands for unit, d    cry, (mpeccy  ee, e ani(l service to (1od
and our country.
"The slogan of our country is, ' In union tlhre is strenlgti,
an(l it is because of this unity our country is so strong; b)lut
during the wvorld war we found that we lhad(l ilternal as well
as external enemies.    Bolshevismn, (CommunYi sm 11an,\1narchy are as real enemies as may we h1ad to figlht o(verses,: 1d(
much harder to con(uer.
" The American Legion can (do a won(lerful serviceto to the
country by encouraging a sI)irit of unity an,( cloo)pertion, a(l
by teaching foreigners who comc into the [United( St.ates 11ho
to live under 1a Republic(an form of governm(ent, nld by )h1ll)ing them to un(derstan(l that ou)rs is a gove(rnen(lt of ti (e
people, by the people and for the p)eople, land it sliall (lot )perishl
from the earth. Ma:lny foreigners come frolm coluntrit(s where(
they have been oppressed, andl tlhey do not und(lrsta:llld tlh




82


The Hu, maln Side of Hawaii


word liberty, lut think it is a license to commit crimes.
These people must be taught ond the American Letgion c(an
ail in (loing this.
We learned(l at the beginning of the worl(l war that manny
of our citizens were un(e(lducated, and thlt not netarly ernough
mone(y wass teing s(pent for schools.  Here is a great work for
the America'n Legion, to see that every child in the United
States hias a chance to b)e ed(luc:te(l.  What we want in our
n:ttioln we must put in our schools, so that nee(l for sclhools:lal(l well traine(l teach:ers is very great.  Night sc(hools for
tll training of men and women who work (luring the lday help
to (ed(luc ate our citizens, ainl those who wish to become( citizens. 'Thel American Legion is on the side of education an(l
wAe believe will malke every effort to see that the schools of
the UnIit(e  States rank first in tlhe worl( and that every citizen lias the opportunity for le(alrning.
I)uring tllhe worll war Itmny of our solliers were woun(lel
aln(l returned(l home suffering from slhell-shock, sick and(l na un le
to care for themselves. They foluglt in a great (cause an(l
ldeserve well of their country and(l their comnrales. The Legion
cani give these returned( veterans ai(l and( comfort, an(l after
they have sufficiently recovire(l, help them  to l)(ecole selfsul)l)orting.  Manty of them will b)( unllable to follow the saqme
occul)ation thallt the(y dlidl b)efore( thlt war, but sonm  kin (l of
work (can )be foun(l for themr to do.  The Legion shoul(l see
thalt their (comrtra(les are alwvays c(are(l for.
'i r'e lUnited States is n not  mrilitnry nation an(l believes
in w:ar for lefense andl I)ot for conqulest.  At the clos{, of thel
war (our country:skeld( for no lan(l an(l no indemnity.  Not
lmalny m(onlths ago Presi(lent.iar(ling c'alled( a conference of
the naLtions to <liscuss a: reducltion of armies inl n arin:mernt.
Tlhl  Ameri(ca'n Legioln (cn ai(l )by fostering  nd(l encouraging
1pe'ce a(:'nd goodl will:among naitions:an(d by stalnding for a
fair (deal between large and( slmall lnations, allowing the snmll
nations to decide for themselves how they shall be governed.




PrcS('sct ICnt(rracia(l an1d EdJ(ttC1ional(ti PLroble,s 8(3


"I hereby ple(lge my wor(l of honor that I have written
this essay nmyself. I am thirteen years old(."
(Signe()  "Ali Sing (hling,
(ra(de 8, Ewa    ( School.
" EwaI, O()ahu, T. H. October 5, 1922."
Opposition to Higjh kSchool.s
If this chapteri seeIs too optimistic, it Imay be well to
blalance it with one ominous fact in the edu(cational situa.tion
in Hawaii — the facet tl:lat there aIre p(eople, edlucatedl peolle
proud of their America(nism,    o who,  ile ready to allow simple
elementary ((duc(ation, look with disfav(or on free High S(chools
ac(essible to all the peoplle.  They feel that the( High Schools
add too great a l)ur(ln of taxation, )produce too many c(andidates for " white-collar '" j(os a.n(l will result in social (lisco'ntent.  ()One cannot but sympathlize with this as a eriti(ism on
the content land method( of se(con(l:ary educa1tion, but) is the
denial of secon(ldary elllution (at:all tlhe riglt answer?
1.s a( Helot (la.ss D)esiraxblc?
If HawLaii is to )be truly American it must (ontinue to conform  to American (educational stlan(lar(ls.  Sha:rply to limit
second(lry educlation is to enter on a policy of repression whiich
can only result in a Ilpermanently hlopeless helot (lass or an
explosion.  On the other h11d, the High School, which on the
rmainlanl is often ca'lle(ld " the people's college " a(ln which is
consequently ldear to the p(eo)le's hearts, repr(esents an open
o     foor of ol)p)rtunity for the  }est (llulifil (children (f even the
poorest p)arents to rise into the middle andl pIrofessional
(latsses.  Is it nlot both un-Ameirican 1n( (dlangerous to (lose
this door?  Although ta:xes for edlucational purp)ose(s may l(e
higher than if free publi(c High Sclhools were sharp)ly limitedl,
whlat albout the fiuture cost of ignorance, hopelessness, retsentment and rebellion?




84             ihc IIonan)11) AS~(IC' of 11(aficaii
A qrEu ~r    lucdatoior Needed
On the other h~and, there can lbe no question that secondary
education requires specilal sttily and adlaptation to the agricultural life o)f I'awaii. All our schools should give more care
to vocational tratining to gear them into the great indlustries
o~f thc IS1an11-ls.  This,-, inl turn, will require some ch-anges and
adaptaltions on the part of these industries in order to use andl
lholdl the niore initelligent type of l'alor which the schools can
fuirnish. It is a hopeful fact that soine p)lantation managers
b~elieve this catn he done.




( HAP'TER IV


INI)ITSTRIAL     PROt()BLEi\S
The Social Tet
The vitality of the nissionary teaching of a hlundred( years
ago was demonstratedl b)y its l)eneficial social results.   It
blossomed out into ()constitutional government, emancipation
of the common people from the tyratnny of the chliefs, universal education and the )ermianent l)rivate o)wn(rship of homesteads.  There is no question buit thalt the aci(l test of (hristianity in Hlawaii to(laly and in the years that lic allead( will
be the social test.  The (Christian lea(l'ers of to(lay will not be
judged b)y the eloquence of thelir preach(ling or fervor of their
prayer-meetings so lmuch as lby their al)ility to secure the
application of ('hristian princip)l(s to t he c(on(luct of industry.
HTl' cf(rc A. ctivi(.S
Honolulu is a veriit.alble hive of social vworkers.  Settlements,
Y. M. (. A., Y. W. (.., y.issions, kin(dergartens, scouts,
playgrounds, dlistrict nurses, clinics, cleca'gues an(ld institutions
-- all the mIachinery of social service   l)oun(ls. Too l much
cannot be sai(l in praiise of t he unflagging 'anl (l(vote(l volunteer service which, le(l b)y:lle and well-train(e( Iprofessional
workers, carries on a ceas('sless watrfaire aigainst disease, lo)verty, ignorance, race prejudl(ice a1nd( vice.  In (dd(lition to thll
direct service whichl tli(ese social woIrkers, both laty 1and professional, render, t(hey have an iln(lir(ct val(ue in ((luc'ating the
public cons(cience a(in k(eeping it c.iistIantly focusled uplon
social an(d economic prob )lemns.




86


7The ZHulman Side of Hawaii


HigJh Intfanrt Mlortality
The need for this wi(le-spreadl interest in social welfare work
is clearly indicate(l by Hawaii's surprisingly high infant mortality.  The mainlan(d infant mortality rate, in registration
areas, for chil(lren un(ler one year is 76 per thousand births.
In Hawaii it was 120 in 1922 andl, more startling still, it arose
to 139.9 in 1923 accor(ling to official Board of Health figures.
The Boar(l of HeaLlth had these figures classified and segregate(l by districts an(l by races with the following very interesting result.
Infanlt Mortality by Counties (tand Races
tfonolulu  (city  only)...  97  ilii.......  366
O()ahu (outside the city).. 158  fawaiila......304
tlilo.                  269      Asiatic-Htawaiian..    135
lawaii (exclusive of HIilo).  1,55  Port uguese......  133
IKal:lwao (Lep)er Set tlene(nt) 200  Japanese.....       120
Ilai........ 141          (aucasia n- awaiian..   96
M aui..........  175  ( )tlher (aulcasian..  55
Maiinland jUnitled States.  76  (Chinese......65
A glance at these figures revealls that this is a rural prob)lem quite as much or even more than it is a city prol)lem.  In
the country responsibility is divided between the plantations
an(l the local aulthorities.  The plantations can largely determine hlealth con(litions within their bloun(laries but they
cannot atlwtays control condlitions in towns, like Waip)ahu or
Wl:iluku, whichl are not on plant.ation property.    Many of
the plantlatimons are alread(ly (loing excellent welfare work an(l
the hiope for the( country situatimo s(eems to lie in stimulating
them  to yet greater efforts.  Led bly the organized welfare
work of the,plantations, the local conmulnities will eventually
come   pl) to higlher stand(lar(ls.
('tuses of I.nfant D)cath Rate
Social workers a:gree on the following causes of Haw'aii's
abnormally tligll infant mn(rtality:
1. Lack of plre-natial care and instruction for mothers.




In'du"4ria~cr l   ProbTlcilmr s


87


2.  La(ck of proper medical care for mother and( child at 1)irth
an(l afterwards. Babies are generally delivere( 1)y
ignorant, untra:ine(l mi(lwives withlout loctlor or nurse.
3. Ignorance of mothers as to the proper care of children.
Children play an1(1 sleep on (lIdal an1 (lirty floors andl
are improperly (lresse(l.
4.  Improper feeding ldue both to absence of milk, poor
quality of milk, use of cond(lnse(l milk an(l largely to
sheer ignorance of mothers as to proper food for b)abies.
5.  Venereal disease an(l otthr sickness on the )part of p)arenlts.
In other wor(ls poverty, ignoran(ce, l)al milk and( inatdequate social and ime(lical service are the causes of our humiliating infant dleath rate.  Children of the wealthy, educ(atd(l,
prosperous c(lasses (lo as well in Hawaii as anywihe-re un(ler thel
flag   prolbably (better - it is the poor a(nd ignorant who see
their )babies dlie at the rate of from 100 to 30() a thousanld.
Howl to Meet the Problemni
Without good( pure milk no great reduction of iinfant mnortality is possille. Hence the nee(l of reenlforcing the Boalrd of
Health's corps of insl)ectors.  Honolulu's milk sullly comes
largely from  small (lairies using obsolete mnetho(ls. I)airymen must b)e taught to wash their co(ws, use clean than(ds,
clothes and small top) pails, n(l sterile eq(uipmenlt.  ()1tsilde
the city somne plantations:arc lead(ing in this direction, but not
all.  Twenty mIode(rn (lairy plants lthave been installed in thl(
past four years makling twenty-eiglht in all. Twxvo otller plantations supe)rvise (lairies they (1o nott own wllile the re(m:iniing
ten or twelve are supplied(l by outside parties. /But th}e presence of a (dairy (does not 1mean1 that all childre(n in ll11 cl-Tamps
ihave milk.  A man high up in the plant:ation welfa:re work
tells me that there are in rteality ten pl:antations Vwhere there
are sufficient visiting nurses and milk slupplly t( inslure t}e
furnishing of milk to all chil(lren who n(eed it.




R. J.aer lN Iuto.
FILIPANO tWOMEN
ReNeivia insrucion in eare Of khildren Y AT W(C A. c;  iii nh teeneme,




Jfl(IU.'4rf     Pr11Ioblc ins                 8


89


Mlorc Nurfl'c8, a iu Soci'allized Mc-l diCibti
Pure milk is helpless to cope with the infant mortality Iprohlem if the p)eople are ignorant of bow to care for it anil use, it.
Filipinos now   outnumber Japanese on the plantations a-i i ( I
their terrific Hinfant mortality rate is largely due to ignorance.
All the plantations have hospitals with a staff of doctors anid
resident nurses but the next great need scems to be for more
visiting nurscs to edlucate ignorant mothers in the elements
of lbalby hygiene. On Jan. I1, 1924, there were 21. plantations
which reported 27 visiting nurses on full time and 11 more
which emnployedl a visiting nurse eaich on half time. rphis
makes a totalI of 321,' full time, visiting nurses on 32 planta -
tions leaving 1 0 plantatioiis apparently without any visiting
nurses at all. If the b1)asic industries inport ignorant lalborers,
they must, either edulcate them in chilld hygiene, or be lprelparedl
to contemnl~late an infant mortality rate utterly un-American
an~d appalling to thei (- hristian conscience. Next to the Hiipinos, come the HawattiiaimS as victims of high infant mortality.
Very few I-awaiians live on the plantations, so this is a Tprol)1cm for the general community. The greatly lowered infant
d~eath rate in Honolulu itself is })rol:albly (Iuc to the efficient
work of Palamna 'Settlemnent withi its b.aby clinics, milk supply
an~l district mirses. This work should Ibe carriedl to all nonplatitation cominunitles. N urses shouldl also be sup~plemnentedl
by trained(l and li censed mniolwives.
Al M1caua11c of IProgre.c,~s
Some one, shiouldt watch carefully year by veat lith tremld of
Hawaii's infant mnorttality, and bring it homie unsparingly to
the conscienc"e of the comm iunity It is aI falirly acecral (' inldex of social efficiency.  Is thiere any insuperable reaison whyli
Hawai     ight, not, attain to the( standlardl of its neighhbor to)
thle south, New   Zealaind. whichi has anti jinfan1t mortcality of
only 42 as over against Haw~aii's 139.9?




90


T'he 1H'.ttuman S'ide of itawaii


IHauwaii's Economric Basis
Hawaii is norimally a I)rosp)erous comunrnlity. Its total
exports for 1921 were $131,000,000, of which sugar made uip
$94,(000,0()0:a(l p)ineapples $30,000,000.  The imports for
1921 were laout $90,()(0,000, leaving a favorable net tradle
bala:nce of $41,0()0,00(. TinleCs were hard in Hawaii lat, r on
tecatuse of the low price of suga:r anl always will b)e hard
wh(enever the wholesale price for raw sugar drops under 4
cents:a po1undl.
The Stlgar tImtdstry
Now the sugar in(lustry las always been run on a wholesale
Ibasis --- b)ig corporations, big pIlantations, big sugar mills - a,
few white men (lireting the industry an(l a great mass of unskilled lalor, lmostly (riental and Portuguese, living in plantation   ca( ps "  an(l (loing thet work.  In (lays gone by labtor
was brouglht in untler contract an(l there are persistent echoes
of harsh treatmnent, ilnal(l((luate an(  unsanitary housing, an(l
cruel lunas or field bosses in those old( unh:appy dlays.  I)oubtless the(,:1S now, condlitions varie(l greatly on different plantations; somei  managers were just and (considerate, some
harsh a(ld arb)itrary. An(l it should( also be noted thalt contract labor was not so much a Imatter of cho)ice as of necessity,
for tlhe honm governments from    which1 the laborers came insisted  1 o,1 a contralct system )before the emigration woul( be
p(ermitte(1d. Tills was to guarante'e tlheir nationals continuous
em)iployme(1t t t (definitely agree(l upon )  wag(s.
IPladtationl, 1tWel/ tre  rOk
But, leaving the past to t:le care of itself, we can rejoice
that todlay a very (lifferent sp)irit p)revails. Tihere are a few
plaltantionls, rleportedl recently )y tihe Japlanese (Consul-( eneral,
where t}he housing cond(itions are still very )bad but, on the
otller handl, mIany plalntations tod(ly are )putting in operation
a most comrmndan(l)1le anld enlighltened program   of welfare




Inldust ial IProblle ms


91


work.   They have excellent hospitals ant( constantly improving housing and s:anitaition.  Recreai:tiona( l (enters are growing
up) alnd trained( welfare workers are on all the larger plaint:ations.  The wages tlhat are paid, while small fronm a mlainland stand(ar(l, are reasonal)ly ladequate when one considers
that they are supl)lemente(t b)y free houses, lights, fuel, water
and medicall atten(lance andl thtt a profit-sharing system provides a bonus proportioned to the price of sugar.  It should
also l)e noted that plantation lailor is not seasonal but is
constantly employed all the year around.    Neither wweather
nor the conditions within the in(lustry itself ever compel the
lablorer to carry himself through a period of unemploylment.
This fact should b)e remembered before conmparing wages paid
in Hawfaii with the higher rate per (lay commonly paid( casual
agri(ultural labor on the mainland.
Criticismn oln Housinyg (and Sa,( nitationL
As an iexamplle of prolbally the most critical ju(lgment possible on plantation housing conditions thet following extract is
given from the rep)ort of PItul Scharrenburg who stu(lied lal)or
conditions in Hawaii during tlhe summer of 1922 as personal
representative of Samuel Gornpers.  In the Am ericr n Federationist of Septemnler, 1922, he says: " Aside from the usual
htoard of health regulations, there is no law in the islanls
regulating sanitation and housing on sugar Iplantations. lThe
Sugar Planters' Association, through its welfare (depalrtment,
has in recent years furnished the various p)lantations with
blue prints of mnodel lablorers' cottages, h)ath houses:mn(l sanitary toilets.  But the nurnler of plantaition Inmngers wlho hatve
taken the hint from the welfare departrment is comnl)araltively
sintall. The old( whitewashed ba rrack type house in which}
the contract laborers were once herdedl is still in evildence,
and fully 75 per cent of the toil:ts on all tle cami)ps visite(l
were in disgraceful con(lition.  A still greater p)erc(entage of
the plantation manafgers would be subject to arrest for failing




W   EIN 110 IN ANCIEN  HAAIA   STYLE




Industr ial P robles


9 3


to ob)serve  linimnium  sanitary stan(lar(ls - thallt is, if tle
California law should apply to Hawaii.
" To be sure, there are honorablle exceptions. And tllese
exceptions prove what can be done to est:l)lish (l(tecent:tndl
homelike living conditions for the workers. Tle Hawaiian
Commercial and Sugar Co., Frank Baldwin, imanager, on tlhe
island of Maui, is perhaps the most noteiwortly examlle in
this respect.  Nearly all the laborers' cottages are surrounded
by private gardens and there is an atmosphere of that cleanliness and neatness which together with a sort of communlity
spirit goes such a long way to make things agreetlale even for
the lowest paid (lay laborer."
Rebuttal fro,)r Plan terrs' I 'w-Poit
An interview with Mr. 1). S. Bowman, ihe:ad of tlhe sugar
planters' welfare bureau with regard( to Mr. Schalrrenburg's
statements just quoted )brings out, however, the following
facts in rebuttal: Inlsteadl of b)eing slow to follow the recoImmendations about better housing, the plantation Inanagers
have heartily acceptedl and followed these suggestions in all 
new building, according to Mr. Bowman.     The t)1ad conditions Mr. Scharrenburg complains of are p)ractically all confined to a few plantations which are not able to pay expenses,
but on the plantations which are financially su'ccessful we(lfare
work goes forward in hearty symrnathy with the recommlendations of the bureau.  Not only on M:ilui but all over the
Islands on all paying plantlations "l honoratble excep('(tions
could have been found. It is only on these few unsu(ccessful
plantations that the sanitary conditions complaline(l of would
reach 75 per cent. As to the California law, it is very stringent and somewhat technical. Failure to conformr to all its
details does not necessarily mneltn blad sanitary conlditions here.
Hawaii must be judge(l by the best loc(al standardls, not bly Can
arbitrary unknown standard from somewhere else. Duiring




)4


Thlc _111unminlr Side~ of Ihtu.'aiii


1923 alone the I)lalntations exTIende(ld over $900,000 for new
aniId improved housing for employees.
PIropo.sed Latbor Iumportation,
And( yet, in spite of all this weTlfare p)rogram, p)lantattion
work is not sufficiently attractive to hlol(l or recruit its own
lh)bor supl)ply anll( freshl iml)ortatiols h:ave to b)e brought in -
mostly from   the Phlilippines, just now, though the planters
hlave l)(een rt(c(ntly seeking for a special d(ispensa.tion of (Congress whl(ereb')y th( Secr(etaroy of,labolr maly autllhorize( the imiportation of (Chinles( for five-yealr,perio(ls to meett the present:1and any futllur s(hortage of l1)0olr.  The sugar planters (uite
united(lly feel that this permission slould( be granted(l and that,
if it is, it will gre(atly helpl t:he prosperity of the Islan(ls andl
save( the sugar in(lustry from   grea(t losses through laek of
sufficint lab})or to plant and( harvest its crops.  Because we
are a ):part of thlle [rUnitte( Staltes -  a full-fledged 'Territory and
not,a me(e "I) possession" or " dependency," -- we are governe((d by thell salm  immigration llaws ais the maintlant.  But,
becau.se of our trlopical (limnate andl the nature of our industry,
thel pllant(ers argue, we need a r(ather (liff(ernt type of laborer
from t(he maintinlaln.  In vi(w of thel presen(t I)r(e)oi(lderance of
Japl'n)a('ese tthe m':easure is urged:as one tha:t will even 1u the
raciail b)alanee(, in popul)lation.  Wl')at is even more' to t(e point,
tlhe mere Iossiblility of (hinese al:or being b)rought in for
(iemergen(l(  ('()n(itions will )reven(t the Japanlese p)lantation
lab)iorers ftrom organizing to control the lal)bor sup)ply and( thus
(lictate to t'he pllanltations.  There( wouldl always be a reservoir of (locile labor to be dlr:wn upon in case of a strike.
A r(tltciicflts Ag (yti.s It
It is only fair, thowever, to( statte some( of tlhe arguments:made
lby tlhe o)lpponents of tihis lprolposal of (lChinese short-termn labor
immigrattioi.   They olbject that, inst(at(l of helpling American;ize the Islandls, it might be use(l to perpetuate just those




1  u, ii - I)a I( i 1 rob/ // I95 i,


9))


fe(atures of industrial life whichl  rc least Ameri(ca,- that
is, the system  of large plantations opelrate(l t) foreign nonInlglislh-spel)king lal)( orers withl a stll-A erll('ican st:anlll:ar(  of
living   while the chil(lren of Hawafii, born here, e(lu(ate( i
the public schools a:nd( AImnricianized( iin tlhought 1and( id(leals,
will l)e (rivceln  y suc(,l co(imlpetitio(n eitlher into alII attitud((e of
profoull(ln social (liscontetnt or into wholes'ale ('e1igraltion, to tlh('
mIainlan(l.  The nlet result would )be ther(efore to crowd out
the very   eol)le (Iwho have b)een Ameri(lanized(l.  ( )ther minor
arguments hlave t)o (do with the evils of b)ringing in larg(e 1numn)ers of single menl to live in barrackls without normall f:laily
life and( witl the (lifficulty of controlling tl(hem an(l g;luaranteeing their return to their native co(untry.
ToH Ideias o' A. t'rican( l izatio(
()Obviously, two luite (diff(erelt coneptions of what is Ilme1(ant
by "I Amn(e'i(canizattion " are ill ('(onflit here.  ( )One argument
cont(emplatelt(s tlhe ac(lcuiremenlt of lEnglish s)peech a ind Amneriean
i(leals, lovyalties an(l stan(lardls of life uas Americanlization,
while the( ()thelr me(ans b)y it the contilued control of all pha)ses
of life 1)y the p)rcesellt whit( Ame(ricans and their l(escend(n(l lts.
)ne 11se of the ter(ill Ill(eans the perilmeation of all 1ra((s lanld
(lasses I)by American staind(ars an(l i(leals, the(' o(tiher m(ealis
first and for(emost abso(lute c(ontrol a:t the tol) by wviit(
Amneri(ca:s:iand then (Is much of American educ(1t11 (tio a nd
living co)nlditi(ns (as will n(ot; imllperil this ( om)plelt  whitle
Amneri(can colntro(l. '1T'  sharlpness( of thlis distinctioni is (11i
p)rilmaily to featr of the(.J..p)alleSe -  (1-A  the Japl)anllse (qle('stilon
will )(e (ealt with as a spe(cial prob)l(em in tlhe next c(hlpter.
JL(dtbor ('ot/.t r.is','o. I/elcpor
)During the winlt(er of 1922- 23 a Fed(leral ('ommlissiOIn ap)poilnt(el by tlhe S(c(re(talryl of Lat(or visite((l HIawalii an(l Ireporlt(ed
onl Jan. 25, 19.23, that, (lue to( impolrtatio()n of Fili)inos, (no labor
shortage (existed(l in the sugar tand pineapple ind(lstri('es.  But




( C)


96        i~~he Ifumnaw Side, of hlawaii


the (Xonnission atipparentfly did feel that the large preponderanRCe of Jatpanuese might, prove (la-ngerous to Amierie~an eonitrol
inl ease of a strike of a nationalistic rather lthan eeonomini
chai1,trae ct er.  it therefore recomniended that ''In the (vent of
ailwhen an laeute, emnergeney of labor shortage shall arise,
catused by other than bona-fidle labor dislputes, the Secretary
of Lab~or shtall subnmit for the consideration of the Congress
of thie United States the. necessary evidlence, of such an emergency with a request that the President of the United States
shiall lbe emp~oweredl to authorize the temporary importation
of any atlien labor in suhel lminted numhers as will lbridge any
such lacute emergency, with the nnderstandling that such alien
labi.or will he, returned to its honle country as soon as the,supply can lbe sub~stituted by importation. from the United
Sftates andl its territories or at the discretion of the Secretary
of Labor.'' flis possibly foreshadows thie atctioni of CIongress
iii this matter an(1 wouldl seem to afford amnple protection
Iagatinst Jatpanese labor getting a strangle hold on the plantat.ionls  were it inclined to do so --- in thie interest, of Jap~anese
(lomnination.
ForecastI of (Changes ain. Sugar Industry
Beca-use of facts like, these, it would seem quite. evidlent to at
clear-headed and imipartial olbserver that there wvill probably
c'omye, sooner or later, sonic very important andl interesting
chianges Iin the orgatnization of the sugar indlustry.   One, forwar(d step will be the (levelopment of ltabor-saving machinery
for cuttinig anid loading canle; anmother will Ibe yet more intenSive cultivatiomi, in simaller units, which will call for more
tratinedl lea-dership', imore intelligence onl the p)art of the laborers
ati~ld consequent (loser relationships lbetween superintenclents
an(Ie mnen.  This would     unquestionablNl lproduce     a  better
morale in the laborer. That suc-h intensive cultivation will
receive inicreasing em-yphlasis is indicated by the remarkable
increase in toniiage of cane per acre Iproduced in scientific cx



Industrial Problems


97


perimental projects carried on under direction of Mr. Iiamlilton Agee, the Planters' Association expert.  Another levelopment may be a large extension of the " contract systeml 
whereby the worker cultivates cane on an area a1ssignel(l to
him and b)ecomes not a (lay laborer but, in a limite(l way, his
own hoss.   " By common consent, cane-cutting an(l loadling
is rated as the most disagreeab)le work in the fields.  Virtually all of this is now (lone by contract.  A given numbler of
men form a gang 'and arrange to (lo certain cutting or loadling
on contract.  Obviously, this eliminates all (lispute over the
basic pay.  The more work is (lone under the contract system, the more money is earned, and according to all avail:able
information this arrangement is coming into general use oHn
all lplantations."  Out of this may grow at length (definite
lease or ownership of small areas of land, the planntation tenling more an(l more to become simply the scientific supervising
bodcy, operating the central mill where the cane is groun(l.
Evolution, Not Revolution
But, while progress must inevitably be made in the (lirections just indicated, it is very important that any suclh c(onomic transformation should not )e forced or ab)rupt. It
should be an evolution, not a revolution, for revolutions are
always costly.  If the plantations were forced into a l:lasty or
premnature reorganization it would only meanE great finan(ni:al
loss which would set back all community progress most (lisastrously.  It must always be remembner(l that it is oullt of
the sugar industry, and because of the community sl)irit tn(l
social vision of many of its leaders, that thllre c(ome(s money
and leadership which make possible Hawaii's great progr'Iam
of educational, social and religious work. ]Econlomic (lisalster
to the 1)a1sic in(lustry of the Islands woul(l me:a  an (eluc'ational, social andl religious back-set as well. PIersona-ll y, I
have absolute fith in the economic future of thei Hawaiiall
Islands.  But I also believe that the same indomitable scien



TYP[[CALC PLANTATiON VCILAGE
(f liie 1wtter Sort ( iliuour   Tiauai)




I'll (Irish f).1(11 Problcms1r


(9


tific spirit, which has perfectedl the finest sugar tec(lli(lque in
the world(l, the best sugar m:lchinery and the most l)roduct(tive
mannipullation of fertilizer, irrigation an(ll  varietiies of c(ane,
must now )be turnel uIon tlhe humlan f'actor, th:lle 1problemll of
how to secure morale in lablor. Tlis si(entific ability, combine(l  wit tll  he high ( 'ristian chtar:(acter anI(l  mission1ary
inheritance of many le(aders in the sugar in(lustry, gives us
hope that there will he no failure )ut tllhat tle future will
show an a(Ilvancle a s marke(l ean (comllmendab(lle ais thliat of tlle
past.
A  Mlodel Pla(,ta(tio1 lVillaqe
Wafimallllo Plantationl, just across the p)ali fronm Hlonoilulu,
is an interesting illustratioll of the trenl(l towarl better things
in tlhe (lominant industry of the Isl:allds.  This plantation
use(l to have aI very bad reputation so(,io()lgi(,allv. I(ousing
conditions were notoriolusly b)ad:nd ( l:hbor unlhappy. This
was p.artly be)ause tlhe lea'se was soon to expire a1l(1 tlhe plantation (coul(l not afford la:rge investments in housing ulntil it
knew the lease woullld b)e renewed(l.  Now tlhe le(ase lhas be)en
renewe l and at splenllild new $500,000 sugar mill 11as been
built an(l, just b)eyon(l it, a mo(lel vill:ge.  Well built eottages
of four rooms ea(lc, win-(low screenls, rinning w:ater, excelle(nt
sanitary an(l )bathing f:teilities, aIttractive arc(lhitec(ture an(l even
hibiscus hedges, make this somelthing very (lifferent from the
filthy old camps which still remain to tell of the plast. They
will soon he torn (lown, however, and(l tle lab)or will (be lhoused
in the new village -- some workers are living there arlrea(ly.
This village will have its social center, store a:l(l nmoving
picture thelater an(l pub)lic sch(ool.
A  Model IRtral School
This Watimanial:o publlie scl   wilool ill e oe of the most a1(lmiralle social Machievenllme(ts of IIHawaii.  It will have ample
space --- ten acres, if nlecessalry, of fine saindy soil for playgroundls an(l gar(dens.  It will be a, new, (lean, airy lbuildling on




1-00


The Hunman Side of Hawaii


the outskirts of the village, within walking distance of the
finest beach on Oahu. Already, in its present dreary buildings, new spirit is being instilled into it because it is a teaching
laboratory for the territorial Normal School. Seniors are no
longer to prepare for rural school work by teaching in the city
schools of Honolulu alone - relays of them will also teach at
Waimanalo which soon will be a model rural school adjoining
a 1moldel plantation village.
A Constructive Labor Program
Is not this the ultimate and truly American solution to the
labor problenm?  Although for the present Hawaii may have
to continue importing labor, the ultimate goal should be to
grow its own. A plantation village attractive to live in, a
rural school emphasizing vocational work and interesting
children in the soil, an enlightened plantation policy seeking
to build morale among the workers and enlist their enthusiasm
and their children's enthusiasm for Hawaii's basic industry
-- here is a program of constructive vision and power.
Other Industries
Sugar is so predominant that, except for pineapple canning,
the other industries of Hawaii are relatively small. Excellent
coffee is raise(d in the Kona district of the Island of Hawaii
and rice is raised in low fertile spots on all the Islands by
Chinese who use primitive ancestral methods of agriculture.
They employ picturesque water-buff aloes to plow their muddy
fiel(ls. There is also a small )banana industry, and some cattle
raising on large upland ranches. Except for the latter, these
industries are carried on by individuals on small pieces of land
either leased or owne(d in fee simple.
The Pilcapple Indutstry
A little over twenty years ago, in 1900, a young Harvard
graduate interested in agriculture came to Hawaii. His name




Industrial Probles             101


lot


was James 1. Dole, son of a well known Unitarian minister
near Boston. He had the, vision to see the possibilities in
canning pineapple andl organizedl a Inodelst little company
capitalizedl at $20,000, with twelve a(cres of pineapp)le plant'ation. The first velar's output was 1893 cases. Today, this
company, while still the largest, is surrounded by fifteen other
companies an(l the total pro(luetion for the Islainls is six
million cases, representing about 140,000,000 caIns or more
than one can for each inhabitant of the UTnited States!  The
value of the pineapple export business is from $25,000,000 to
$30,000,000 a year, and the area' of pineapples under cultivation is continually expancling. All of the pineapples are
canned in a few large canneries owneld by the pineaplple coinpanies and most of the fruit is raised by the companies themselves, though there is ain increasing niumllher of individual
farmers who raise " pines " on owned or lelased land and sell
to the canneries.
ThuteopJpic Phtlodation Problells
The chief problem is that, as M\ir. Dole says, " No matter
4   ehen you pIlant a pineaplple it will (10 its level best to get ripe
on the 31st (lay (f July!  The I)ineapple industry is therelfore a highly seasonal one as comnparedl with sugar raising. It
is interesting to note that the pineapple people have bad very
little labor trouble. This is (inc to a, number of causes. For
one thing, the laborers consider work on pineapple plantations
more (lesiralale because it is lighter, there being no heavy cane
to lbe cut andl loaded, and b(lcullse Pineapl lc  are usually
raised on the high and cooler uiplands which are imi)OsSible for
sugar on account of lack of irrigation.  1hineauip}les requilire
no irrigation.  Moreover the pineapple idustry has a somewhat more fortunate lpycpiologic:d aroa clh to thfe laborer ii
that it has no inheritance of ol0( afld unpopular traltitions in
dealing with thle work-ers.




102


7The Ilumsn Side of IHaI (aii


Model Caniieries
The two largest c(anneries in Honolulu aIre marrvels of efficiency nm(l cleanliness and of provision for the welfare of the
empnloyees. The Hawaiian PiLneapple (ompany, the original
companly, for exa:mple, has the largest fruit cannery in the
worl(l with over 2,000 (employees at the height of the season
the majotrity of them women and girls.  (lean white aprons
an(l c:aps are provi(le(l an(1 also ru)hher gloves. Light anld
airy rest rooms and shower b)aths, an outdoor re(relation
groun(l of two a((res, an emergency hospital, dispens'ary, and
nurse, Lan(l a' great cl(an, airy (cafeteria where meals range
fromn five cents to thirty-five cents, represent 'a(lvanced ildeas
in welfare work.  The five cent meal consists of a large plate
of rice and wholesome metat stew and is served below cost.
The Company invests $18,000 a year in the cafeteria over
and above its receipts but considers the return in health,
efficiency anll morale well worth the cost.
Emiployee Partnaers
rThis (ol)mpany (en1coulrges its employees to ltecome partners
b)y p)ulrchase of stock which is sold to them, on certain con(litions, at 8a pric *well lelow the market rate. There are also
rewards for inventive ideas an( helpful suggestions an(1 ther(
is an old(-age pension system.  It is noteworthy that the pineapple industry seems to have solve(l the problemn of using the
labor and securing the interest an(l (cooper:ation of the secon(d
generation of (rientalls. Its employees (luring the height of
the I)acking sea:son in the summer are many of them High
School an(ld tniversity students, for the p)ineapple seaso1n alnd
the vacation perio(l coinci(d. ( omfortal)le seats.re providled for the hundreds of women and girls employe(l and every
effort is m(lde to make the cannery sanitary, well lighted and
well ventilate(l.  Feder'al and Territorial laws (lo not aidmit
the employment of children under the age of fourteen and




Lud~usfrial Problcms                    I 013
those 1betweefl fourt een and sixteen may work. only eight
hours a, dayv. For' a short timie at the petak of the season,
older workers are employedl ten and1 twelve hours a (lay lbut,
with over time of fifty per cent inerelase per hour.




CHAPTER V


THE JAPANESE PROBLEM          IN  HAWAII
" What About the Japanese? "
Sooner or later every one who becomes at all interested in
our remarkable interracial experiment station in Hawaii asks
the question (sometimes in an ominous whisper), " Yes, but
what about the Japanese? "
Well, we have our Japanese problem in Hawaii. By the
census of 1920 we had approximately 110,000 of the Japanese
race out of our total population of 250,000. There are four
Japanese daily papers in Honolulu and upwards of eighty
Buddhist temples or Shinto shrines in the territory. The
dominant labor group on our plantations until recently and
nearly half of our 48,700 school children are of the Japanese
race. It should be noted, however, that only about half of
our racial Japanese are Japan-born. The other half are
native-born American citizens and are being educated in our
public schools.
Contrast with Pacific Coast
Naturally with so large an alien group there has been some
friction, even in a land with such favorable traditions of racial
friendliness as Hawaii. That there has not, )een more friction is due to the fact that the problem has been deatlt with
otherwise than it has been on the Pacific (oast; an(d, also, it
must be stated in all fairness, because the social psychology
of the Japanese and their position in the community is free
from some elements which have been sources of irritation in
California and elsewhere. It must always be remembered
that here in Hawaii we have no white laboring class for the
Japanese to antagonize by competition and that the Japanese,




T[he Japanle s Problem in Hawaii


105


moreover, never pushed themselves into Hawaii. They ( cme
by invitation  although, of course, they come no more sin(e
the " Gentlemen's Agreement."
Not Inscrutable!
As a result of these conditions the Jlapanese have never felt
that they were looked upon with hostility and the effect upon
their psychology is marked. They are distinctly more approachable and less inscrutable than on the mainland where
their situation and, consequently, their psychology sometimes
has an Ishmnaelitish tendency. They are also less isolated.
More and more, as school children, clerks and( workingmen,
they blend into the community, even though they seldom
intermarry with other races.
Little Intermarriage
This tendlency of the Japanese not to intermarry with other
races arouses much comnment from Americans who come to
Hawaii for the first time. Those who know Japanese civilization, however, point out that this is due not only to a high
degree of racial consciousness and pride but also to the Japanese marriage customs by which parents select the matrimonial partners for their children. This means that the control of marriages remains for the present in the hands of the
older, more conservative and least Americanized members of
the race. Another generation an(l this control will have
passed away. Then we may expect to see Japanese intermarry much more freely with the other races with whom they
have grown up since childhood. If there has been more intermarriage on the part of the Chinese, that is because in the
early days Chinese men came alone and, having no women of
their own and being " good providers," intermarriedl freely
with the Hawaiians.




it 6


j'Th JJ'u WoIL S(/c, of 11a1 waii


The RI Pcture-13ride " S?pstent
The " Ipicture-bride " system, 1)y which young women are
brought from Japan to marry men whom they have never
seen, though much criticizedl by many Americans, has this
social value that it has m~a(e the Japalnese home life as normal
ats possib~le I)y I)rillging in for Japanese lab~orers wives of their
owni race. Moreover, the lpicture-b~ridle system, albnormal as
it seems to Americans, is quite in. hiarmony with Japanese
customs, according to which the Iparents of the contractinig
parties andl not the parties themselves arrange the inarriage.
There is a tendency, howeverl, for a (lishpro portionat e numl)erl
of picture-l)ridle marriages to Ira   up in dlivorce.  This is
dlue to the fact that such marriages have to meet the str~ain of
at growing spirit of American indlelpendence unconsciously
absorbed.( from  life in Hawaii whereb~y young Ja~p-tanese hexre
are less la-i less inclinedl to accel.-t with entire (locility the
judlginent of their parental mnatch-manlkers.  Onie of the sa~ddest evidlences of this growing spirit of independence is to be"
found in the occa,-sional reports in Honolulu newspa-11cr1' of
Japatnese girls wh() have committed suici(e rathe thnmar
the choice of their parents. It is for this reason, rather than
fear of picture-l)ridels caursing an undhue increatse of Jap)anese
lpopulatioii that mnany soc-ial and religious workers who are
w~arin friends of the Japanese (heplore the picture-I )ri(le systemi for obtaining wives for Hawaiianl'-b~orn Japaniese youth
a~ld urge- its dliscontinuiance.
Labor TroUbles
The 1)rinleilal lpoints of friction with the Japanese in Hawaii
have been economic and educational. In the spring of I 92()
the Ja-panese Labtor Federaition staigedl a strike of plantation
lab-Ior which greatly hiarmned the Ipreviolms good-will towardl the
Japane111se.  The moveinent was cleverly organized.   Only on
one island did the laI)orers stirike.  On the others they kept
working andl out of their wages paid( strike b)enefits to Support




7'the Jal)(lpal(.S    Prolble)), in, 11 a t' ii


107


the strikers.  Thnus the sugar planters were forced p1ractically
to finance tbli' strike  against themselves! The.lJpanese
lal)orers ha.l somein  real grievlanees, they (lidl dleserve a better
l)asi( wage, a bolnus adjustment andl improved living con(litions.  Blut theWy went about things in such a' nation:listic
fashlion, (even  r(e)orting non-strikers to  their holme-towi
offici'als in Japan, that it seeme(l as if Ainerican (control of
Haw.aii dlepenledl on blreaking tlhe strike.
Ef[fects of Strike 1920
The strike finally collapsel aLs at strike but was )pra'ti(ally
(ontinulled for some time in an undlerground way b)y:a listless.anl. indifferent aittitu(le on the part of many l:laborers and a
general exo(lus of othelrs to Ja)pan.    This whole sitiuation
p)robablly was due inl part to thef short-sighted policy of the
Hawaiian Pilalnters' Assoc(iation.  TIhe Planters were right in
refusing to dleal with the nationalistic Japanl(ese Lal()rers'
Fe(ler:ation l)ut were l thy not wrong in failing to I)rtvide, as a
sulbstitute,  some  ad(lequate  ma(hinery   for representation
whlereby  their elmploycl(s could   deall with them    through
mutlually recognizced(l a1n   acceptedtl c(hal els?  Morale, therefore, b)roke (lown in tlh sugar industry, as it must dlways
break down wlhire labor feels it is not consultedl or given a.
fair opportunity for expression. lBut, in fairness to       the
Plnters, tlhe c ritic(lly inclined should remember that tlere
are peculiaLr lifficulties in estal)lisliing an " attralctive lallor
policy ' wh(ien you Iare (l(ealing  with intensely nationalistic alien people behinll  wh1om  is always thlie specter of their
poten(tially aggressive andl militaristic hoIIm government.
Lang.quae School PIrobliem
The second( plac(, of friction with tihe,Japtlanlese has )eel, tlhe
Jap')anese language sc(0oo(ls. ITheset schools, organized and
suppol)rtedl b)y the Jap.)anese ttlhemselves, though ailde  by the
plantations, took the JapIanelse chil(lren b)efore and after the




R. J'. BakerNES Photo.F
JAPANPESE FIELD,ABORES
Dressed for work in pineapples OF sugar-eane




"w pi.(blcm )I Iblic(m,
Thc Japan(l. '.            I


1()9


lpubllic school hours an(l taught them the Japanese llanguage,
histor y an(l ot(her sul)j(,cts.  ManI y of these sch(ools were n11lller
1Budd(lhist control.  In line with the generll Ameriean nawakeling about foreign llaguage sclhools whichl resullt(l froim  t l(,
war, a m(vem(ent (ldevelo)ed(l here to a)bolishl the language
S(chools )y legislative enactlenlt.  This problem, whi('l t one
time tlhreatene(l to (embitter our situation lhere beyon((l r(eml(edy,
w:as helped)(l a long way t(owa:r( solutioni 1b) an infolrmall (,(11 -ferenclle of the lmost l)road(l-nindel leadelrs of the c(ommulnity,
b)oth A(meric(an and(1 Jpain(ese.  the' result was a, law, suggested(l
l)y the Japtlan('ese thlemselves, p)lacing tlhe languatge sch(ools
lundler control of tthe Board( of ld(luc(ation, red(lucing tlhe hou('rs,
tanti requiring all language school( teac'hers to tak.' co(urs,'s ain)
pass examilnatioIns in Ame(rican listory an(l i(deals and tlhe institution:s of d((locnracly, and in the IiEnglish lanlguage, tlough
this last requrirement was to be li)berally construed( for the
first two years.
The result has )been, s:atisfa:ltory on the whole an(1  l as 11:
a dlistinct A mericlanizing effect.  The self-respect of the JaIp::anese h:as 1)een preserved( a.nd their ed(luc(ational le(aders:re
being exl)(ose(l to wholeso(mei instruction in vital Amer1(i(a'll
principles.  It shloul(l Ibe nIotedl t:hat tthe l(ea(ders oii b)Iotth si(](s,
both in plroposing this plan and ca:rrying it out, hlav(e b((en
(.lChristians -- (Cthristian Japanese, returned missionaris 'from
Jal)an, Y. -:I. (C. A. and Y. WV. (C. A. s(cret:atries and d(escen(lants of ol( mlissio(narry families in Hawaii.
lRestriction<s on La(nultlc(0  S'chools
The Territorial Legislatu re of 19)23 c(arri(ed the1 (ontrol of
language schiools olne step further by p)rovililng tl:ht no ch(lil(l
should attend a language school until after the (comple)'tion of
the seco(nd gradle in the pub}li school Cand that all l:aiig:lage
sch(ools shouldl ) pay a: l annual lie(lnse f'e (calculalt((l (ed:1 I:bsis
of one dollar ptr p)(r pupil. 'The pupl)los of this legisla tioll w:as
not to perse'ute or hamper the tea(lching of Jal)pall(se (:111




110


T0'he ILUJUUU Kli(Sdc of Ilcii tHfYi


C(hinese bult to insure a better commallnlld of English in the
rising generation by eliminating the coinrm)eting interest of
another language ulntil tht   el children 11h( conlcelntrated( on
English sspeech for two years. 'I'le I)rlpose of the tax was
simply to filnance the prop)er supervision of the language schools
an(l the good faith of this was lmade evident at once( by the:)appointmcent of a traine'(l elducator, a friend of the JapIalnese.andl foreign missionary in Japan, I)r. Henry Butler Swartz,
a:s a full-time paidl offic(til of the (lepartment of public instruction, clharg(ed with the exallmination 1an(l oversight of th:
langulage sch(ools nti(l tll;ir text-books:1(l the editing of textbooks for further use. Although1 this measure met with
consilderab(le olpp)osition by certaini el(eentrts uamong the Jap)anese (and was challenge(l in the courts, it rep)resents a control
so rteasotn'aL)lb  an(l nd ece(sstary that its accep)ta1:nc  hlas been
generally urged by the more e(nlighlten(ed le lers among the
Japa)nesle, inclu(ling thet (Clonsul-(leneral himself. In spite of
this more thllan hlllf of the Japanese language schools have
takelnl legal steps to test the c(onstitutionlality of the law.
Thely were insp)iredl to (do so by IU. S. Supreme C(ourt (lecisions
lhl(linig unconstitutionlal tlhe laws in cert:tin states forbiddling
the teaching of- (German. The1( Ha:waiian law, hlowever, is not
p)rohibitory lbut only regulative a(nd supervisory.
l) iver.sce,s a p/an c, Opi nions
rhere 'are, of (ourse, two) parties an()11ng the JIap:ti(ese -
p)rogressives whio fa:vor Americaniiza t   ion andl ra()llatonaries who
(lrea(l (and op)pose it.  Some Japanese, for exlml)le, lre very
telnacious al)bout r1(-iining the kin(dergarten gra(les as a p:art
of their language sch(ools whlile others recognize( tlhalt tlhe
kindlergartlen wAork sho(uld he il English. The Nuanu kin(lergarten in IHoiolulu, built:andl financlc(l in every way b)y
Japl)ae:i'se, )but a(linieilstearc(l ()on stnll(lI(r  Almlrican ki(ldergarten lines by the Free Kinldergarten Association, is a splen(lid illustration (of the earnestness and practical l)urpose of the




[Iiic,JaI )anc~sc  IProblemI)? in 11( Ira ii       111:111


progressive Japalnese. It is a striking fact tlhat tllis Englishspea'king kindergarten for Japanese chil(lren, built (and supporte(l l)y Japanese, is locate(l in the very compound where
the first Japl)tanese langu'age school was opened by the Rev.
T. Okumlura sonmei thirty years ago. The two institutions
side by side mark the direction of progress.
Buddhist Itnfluence
lthe langualge school probl)em   is  omplilica.ted(, thl(ll, )y
extremlists on )()thl sidles.  On the Japl).anese sile there is d(lobltless a sub)tle b)lt i(lefinllite an(l hidd(l(len influence on the p1art
of the Bu(ddhist organiza.tion. The Bu3ddhist 1and Shlint()
priests and(l templles are natural centers of nationalistic setltinmeit mo the:part especially of the (lder, non-lEnglish-sp)ealking
anid un-Armericanized( Japanese. The language school oftce
b)ears a relation to Buddhism in soime ways analogous to the
relationship) of tihe 1)plrochial schools to the (atlolic ('11lurcll
on the, In ainillan. At all e(vents since the Jap)aniese l anguaige
is t}he langutage )of Budd(lhlism a1ln( Englishl is thle lallguage( of
(Chlristin1ity, it w(ould be only na:tural that (coservative
Bu(ldhist influence should dlelore any weaken(ing of the
Lanlguage S(cllool system. At the sllame time this influelnce,
in the nmature of thilngs, is never expressed openly andi remalins
sul)tle, hidden, impon(leral)le.
IIcsy Coercion Undesirable
But there are also extremists on the Anmerican si(le and,
wlhile they many work sec(retly, they are also at tiilmes (mllbarrassingly voc.al and insistent.  These are the peolle( wlio t:lk
shallowly al)out "one hlunldrdl per cent Americanislm,' " o(ic
)eo(ple, one language,," an(l wh() w(oul(l wipe out all tIhe Japlanese la 'nguage schools with one grand gesture o(f a(milililati(on.
Thlese 1people fail to rec(ognize tlhat so(me things cannlot be(
untuly hurrie(d but that t;ime is of the very esslence of the
process. They imistake an extern1al unity of language( for an




THE STlOR Y OF ESTHER
as kingi Daiia. girl ai quecn, two C
at Hfonolulu Da<ify Vmacation Bible Sehoo




1  F     1     1~~~~~~~~~~~~  t
1Th/ JapanoSC ProblC iU H 11(1 rl i


11:I


inner unity of spirit, forgetting that Great Britain an(l Irelalnd
had one language but two peoples, while Switzerlan(d las tllree
languages but one people. Unity of lanlguage wouldl ble a
poor thing at the cost of perrmalnent estrangemen lt and bitterness of spirit. They also fail to recognize the (eeper lpolems of freedomn involved.  If they were living in Jlapan would
they welcome, towar(l schools they might estal)lish to teacth
English, such action by the Jlap:anese government as they
urge by ours?   Moreover it is highly desirable that the Ja)panese language should be well taught in Hawaiii, both now andl
for years to come, in or(ler that family and c(ommercial relations may be maintained. The great lifficulty of written
Japanese is that it is not phonetic but is largely expresse(l by
arbitrary characters which convey ildeas rather than sounds.
Consequently a knowledge of spoken Japanese affords very
little clue to written Japanese. Hafwaiian-born lchildren in
Japanese Ihomes may pick ilup tlhe sp)oken langluage from theiri
parents, but to speak correctly and esl)ei:ally to;know land(
use the written langullge they nee(l c( icare(ful an(1 thlorolugh
instruction either in sl)ec(,i:l s(chool()s orl-)y comnlpe'tllt teachers
in the public schools.
Expa(,nd the I'1hlic Schools
The solution of the languai:ge school )probl)ler (calls for great
-patience, t'act and svlml)patlly.  As fast:as possible the pubitlic
schools lmust be enlaIrgedl by the a(l(lition of ki1ndlergalrt(ens,
organized play, manual tra:ining and1 the teaching of.Japau)(es'e.
As fast ias this is do(ne tlhe language s(chools will (l(ecr('ase rvwhile
the pub)lic sc(lools will incre'a(se.
The Tcachcr'.s JIfl1.1iecc
A year or two ago a loc('al Japt)anes(e plivsic'ian, who)) is a
graduate of the Boys' Hiighl School and (oop)())('r Mc((1icl(l ((ollege in San Francisco, pi(ckedl up a1 little Japan:l es( sch(lo1lloy
for a ride in his autolmobile. "Which d( v(ou like     est




]114          ITh7e HuIman Side of IfHaaii
the American or Ja:panese schools? " the doctor queried.  With
true Oriental (liplomacy the b)oy shyly ad(mitted that he likedl
thlemr both but finally, on further acquaintance, expressed a
preference for the American public school.      " But why? "
sai(l the goo(l (loctor.  " Oh," sai(l the boy, " in the Japanese
sc(Ihool we htav  a man teacher an(l he is very cross but in the
Anmerican school Awe lilave a kind lady te(acher an(l we love
her! " And my friend(, the Jlapanese doctor, said, as he told
nce the story, "I wondetr if you Americanls realize the won(lerfiil wlay in wlhich your women te(achers commland the love of
o(ur J1tIJa)alte c(lilldrerl? "
No Merely iNceative Attirtude
Here is light on the.Japa,:nese language school problem.  No
merely negative attitul(e towLard the( language schools will
solve the psychlological problem   involved in bringing the
Halwaiian-borin chil(l of Japanse l)parents to full and complete
Amirnric:lnizlation.  Ind(l(l(l, 'a ruthlessly  n(egaLtive:attitul(de
mighlt blo(ckl tihe process by se(minng to make martyrs of the
langualge schools andl thiereby en(learing them  to those who
otellrwise would have )become terribly bored by them     in a
few years.  Whlatever st(els in control of the llanguage schlools
may p)r)ovec wAise, t:actful a:nd just, 1thec most fruitful approachl
to thle prob(le)m will continlue to b1e p)ositive, no(t negativesub)stitution miore thlan repression. Inlformedl opinion )believes
that the language schools:1are inevitably destined to (lie out.
Meanwhllil(e we mnust create( m(ore tla.  we tal(:tway.  We
must win )((eca use( ourt sc('lools andl kin(delrgartells in themselves
win the love amnd lo)yalty of the ch(ildren of all thle (liff(relt
raci:il anlcestriles iln Httawaii.
T7'b    Jtapo (sc Nc,si,)()Cper.
It was inevit:ableh that, following the schoo(ls, the lngualge
press should come 1up for consi(ldertion.   Here aga:in more
consi(l'rate counsels preTvailed anld, instead of abolisling the




The Japansc.e      r Pro'ble   in  aw(aii      115
language press, a strong law penalizing papers for )publishinlg
material inciting to (lislovalty, violence or race antaggonism
was passed. It is worthy of note that the Nippu Jlji, the
lea(ling Japanese dlaily, publishtes one plage entirely in lEnglishl.
DIal ( itizen.shi'p
Another potential source of friction is the maomallous an1,
uncomfortable fact of (lual citizenship.  Fedleral laws lo iiot
permit the naturatlization of Japl)anese l)ut their children born
in Hawaii are Americlan citizens by virtue of the Fourteenth
Amendrment to the C(onstitution.    This Amendment, adop)te(l
primarily to protect the negro in his citizenship rights, (declaires that "' all persons (born or naturalize(l in tlie IUnited(l
States, an(l subject to the juris(liction thereof, lare citizens of
thel Unitedl Statte s awnl o'f  e Stnts wei       teyl(  r(si(l'.
But these young people.are: also subject to the jurisdictioni of
Japatn, for, in most casess, tlhey have been registeredl at lirtht
at the Jlapanese ('o(nsulate. This is the customn of )rlacticalIly
all nations — ceven Ame(ricans living a:>roa(l register tl(ir'
chil(lren at the American (o(nsulate.   Japanes(e parents }here
in Hawaii ten or twenty years ago, largely ignorant of Ameri(:ca
and( counting the(mselve's Jalllpanese, naltur:ally regist(ere(( t(hir
children at tlheir country's colnsulate, an(l continue: to (1o so.
But this mnakes the child, if:a toy, liable for nilitalry (lluty
ac(or(ling to the Japanese univers.l military service ltaws.
Andl. unless before lie arrives at the, age of seventeen lie files
proper d(locim(ents:at the consulatel making requetst for:aninilment of his Jal})anese citiz(eshipl, (' is iln ldue course of tilme
given notice to appeIa.r for se:rvice in the Japanese( armylT.  If
he (lisre(gar(ls this sullmmlns, a.s plractically all (1), thle Japanese governmlent tlakes (no further action unlless he visits.JapaI,:,
when, if he stays bevond la certrain period, thre(e )monlt s I
unlderstanil, het is lial)le to be seizc(l for milita:ry lduty. IBut
all this timne }lie is a: fulll-fledge(l inltive-lborn America(ni citizen
with all the rights an:1(1 rivileges appelrt'aining thereto)!




16(


The 1I'lu nan Side of ltiatw(ii


In ter n(ttiol(na A (/rceient Nee(ded
It is )perfectly clear thtat this is not a, problem whic(h can )he
settle(l loca:lly.  It should b)e settled as s)oon as possible ) by
diploniati  ('onlfer'lle })(etween the American and(l Jap'anese
governllments.  It is:1l. anomalous situation whicih grows out)
of tlth unusua'l genetrosity of our American ('onstitution ill
granting citizenship) automatically to all Ameri(an-b)orn chil(lr(el regardlllss of tia'rentage: antd it shoul(l 1), not(e( that the
JaplI)tn('ese gov'ernllmellt, is not the only government with which
it p)rolduces (colplicatiions.  Several lEuropean nat3(ions with
corml)ulsorty military s-rvi((c tlake thl samne atttitul (l(:1s.Japa
to chilldren bon )  anr 1o atd.
Local (C'omplicattiotMs
HIow great is thel, n(eed for i)rompt (liplolmatic stettl(Ilment of
this prob)leIm will e)( seen l)by the faet't that Hawaii h(ad in 1(922
over nine hunldrel r(egister(l voters and potential officials or
1)pu1lic slchool te:che(l(rs who, thlro(ugih 1no faitlt of tlheir owxn,
we(re in tl(he iln(,coillfortalble situation of 1)being claiimed aSs citizen(s 1)v two( coullntri(es.  ()f course all H:awiian-1})orn Jt)apainese entering Normal School an(l High School sign (a statem(en't rellouncing tlheir.Ja.anes, citizenshil), which is good( as
far:as it goes, )but (dloes not affect their st:atus under Jap)an(ese
law.  It is:also interesting to know t hat the vital sta:isti('s
for 1922 show thlltt 'more births of Japanese )parentage are
reportedl 1)y tl(he Bola(,:   of HI(:ealth tlihan )by tile Japanl):llese (CoDnsulate.  Th is iindlica('tes a very wholesome te(ldl(lency on the part
of:at le:ast s((ome la11):inl(se pl)re(nts to cut loose) (entirely( from
Japan aln11(1 renllounce for their chiilldren any (111i111 to J)Iapanlese
(cit izeinshi}p).
A  (rrttrdlLtingf (C'(t.s
Meatnwlhile, in spit( of all (difficullties, the )process of making
good Ameri(can citizens of t le( Hawvaiian-lborn Ja)panelse )boys
anll girls goes( stea(lily forw sar  tihrough pu)lic sclhools 11nd(
churc'lies, lboy s(colts, girl scouts, Y. M. ('. A. and Y. W. (C. A.




/h/ J(IJ)MfICS~c Ii~oblcni. 'I- JIi(UiY'


117


and the welfare work on the plantations.      For example, a
recent gradulating class of McKinley High School numbere(l
nincty-one. (f these, thirty-six were Japanese, thirty-five
(hinese an(l the remaining twenty were Korean, part-Hawaiian (andl   aucasian.  Of the fifteen " honor gra(luates,'
eight were JaIpanese, four (Chinese, three (1Caualsian and olne
Scotch-H'awaiian.   A melal was presented( thatt evening wlhich
hald been compl)ete(l for at a pub)lic-spe.aking colntest some
weeks b)efore.   It is significant that it was presented to
Ernest Fujinagal, a, Jlapa:nese boy.  But it is still imore signific(ant that his subject lha(l been " My Ideal of (halrater " and
that }his laddress was a tril)ute to Jesus as the suprenme il(eal
of characlter.  Her(e it is:
A Japu nlcs1e Boy/'s Speech
(haracter, it seems to me, is the most important factor
of an in(livi(lual.  It is whatt he is; not whatt others know
(l))out him.  However, it, seeks o(utiwlr(l expression tllrough
the mediums of his 'actions, Intner, and s)peech, so that
others, to a. very great extent, can judge his character in
termis of whatt lie says and wh'it he does. (Let mne (lep)ict to
vou my i(leal (haracter.
I like to think of a simi)le person -- simple, in malnner,
simple)l( i n slpeech, simple in (tress.  In such a person I find
lhonesty, kindness, sympnathly, willingness, lhappiness.   lis
honelsty is not a Ipaintedl olne, but it is a true expression of hlis
inwar(l self. His kindness Ian(l sympathy, too, are real and
true.  He is kind to his inferiors, as well as to hlis c((luals an(l
sulperiors.  Even to tihe lower forms of animals hl(e is kilnd a1nd
symplathizes with tlherm in the time of their (listress.  l-ie is
willing to help. He he}(ls others clheerfully andl jovfully.  His
hiapl)in(ess is reall  (land permanent.  By lb(ing happy an(l (co)ntent himself he makes otlhers h1appy and contenit.
"I esteevm  highly a religious character.    By a religious
char'acter I (do not, nean thatt he goes to chturch every Sun



ARKILE HGI,COO  H YCLW
OaW  hsgoir   aaeOby  vn h   ibi-paln   rz  n M   da
of Clvaracter!'   His Ideal wae;  Chrilllt i




Th(he Japanlese Piroblem, in' IHf(1 oaii


I1 )


day, knows all that there is to be known of the Bible, cand( observes all the religious formalities; but I nmean tha:t h1e practises his religion in what he says and what he (1oes, that he is
filled with the spirit of Love,( that his life is one of service as
that of the humble c(arpenter of Nazareth was. Before such a:
person wealth, honor and(l pleasure all (lisa)ppelar, tand hef is
re(luce(l to a simple and humble ) einlg, reatdy to (do service to
others.
" He who is my ideal character must possess high idleals 
always striving upward, alwalys attenmpting to attain ita new
and( higher level in life. This, indeed, completes my ildeall of
character --  a simple, religious person with high idle:ls.
(IChrist of (Calvrvy w'as such a character.  Iilat( saw no
fault in him.  The world sees no flaw in his )person:ality.  I,
insignificant as I 1Im, (m, cn (ldetect no spot in his c(lr(acte'r.
Into the family circle h(e b)rings joy, sa;tisfa(ction, lapIl)inless,
love. Into community life hle brings the spirit of phil:lanthropy.   Iie is the ideal of the nation.  Before him class (listinctions all vanish away, a:nll }he be)'comes the i(deal of the
world.   Is not he your il(eal character?   He who lead(s the
~army of the world, not with swor(l, buti with LIove; he whiose
personality an(d character have survived two thousain(d years;
he who was simple, religious andl with high ildea'ls, ulnl)lemislhed
an((1 spotless, is my i(deal character."
The G(lf Bettween the )Genecr6tiolns
During my seven vyears' residence in Hawaii I lhav(e c(on()mi to
feel Ca great 'alolla for tlhe Japal)nese. They are (lea n, col)urteous,
thrifty, law-l)ililng, intellectual, eag'r to learin ani very':apl)reciative of kin(ll(ess and(l hlono)rabtle trealtlent.  I latv(e
no lquestion that tlle yoiung Jlapanese born in H:waii:.and
educlatd(l in our publlic schools are growing iup loyal to the
b)est ildeals of Ameri(ca.  The J.al)p -born,Japanese recognize
very clearly that these childlren of thlirs are( inl somle mysterious way (lifferenlt Iand there is a: deep) gulf betw(-een the




A JAPANESE GIRL IN HAWAII




TIhi e J(i/)Ufl Us P)-oblc inl Hmc1(m01i  2


1 21


Hawwaiian-)born and the Japlan-born Japanese. Two Hawaiiallnb)orn J()apanese girls recently (lr(owle(l thllemselves ill the sea
rather than m1arry Japlanese-lo(-r1n lhusb)an(s selecte(d for tthem
by their:arellts.
A  Japaot.iec (I irl's Ess(/j
",laps don't know    how to treat a wife anyway," slaid a
HawaiiLan-lorIl,JotJapantese girl recently after getting a (liv(orce.
To her a, husbanld bo1)rn in Japl)an awas:a "Jap.''
A  more    l(heerful evil(ence of the influence of American
ileals is to be) found in the following esslay written in 1922 by
Asayo Kuraya, a junior in the Hil(o High Scho)ol.      It took
first Irize in a, territory-wi(le contest open to stu(lents of all
raeCs Lan(l sl)onsored(l y the l)aughters of the Amicnrie(l Revolution.  All essays liad to deal with how to be Ca goo(l Amenrican citizen.
"T r  realize tIhe idleai of our country I must ble honest,
brave, industrious, intelligent a(tl (l(emcl(ratiec a:it (coista:ltly
strive to promote the s)irit of goo(l will lamong all ( lasses of
peoplle. I must )lac( ll my cotuntry as to love an(l ad(lmirtiilon
a bove all others and(l be ever real(l to (contril)ute miy all for
the integrity of my country, for its glory and prosl)erity:are
mine.
"I must sylipathtlize with otihers and resl)ect their ildeals
1an1(1 love for their own c(ountries, thus helping to bring albout
b)etter untderstaldlings an(l to strength(en the ties of friendship)
with other natitions.
"To be of better service t)o my ('ountry In(d tl(e peop)leI I
must study t(he in(achinery of our govrllnment.   I mIust red(l
newsplapers and( the leading perio(licals to acqu(lait myself
with the current events so th:at I may be ever ready to (1o nmy
shatre to a:),ccompnlish my country's un((ertakings.
I must (be pro(ud of my citizenship) an(ld lways remn(l)ber
thlat I amn not a1 subiject, lbut sov(ereign in my rights; that lthis
is a: governmenll t of tlhe people, by t(he people, for tle I)peoplel."




122


Thlc, I~~uittait Slid(,~ of 11'awaii


DI)fTcre'tnt Sh.ades of 'Emphasis
()f course it is inevitable that, in a situation involving so
many variable fiactors as the Japanese prollem of Hawaii, a
little different shadling andl emIphasis will change the picture.
1Much (lepends(l on the econormic, social, temperamental, racial
an(l religious background of the writer in interpreting so coIlplex a social situation. 1Perfectly honest observers will rep)ort with es)pe(ial emphrnlsis the things which have come into
tle focus of their preju(lices or pre(lispositions.
Statcecient by Corneelius Vanzderbilt, Jr.
But, with the utmost recognition of honest differences of
interpretation it is hard to b)e patient with such a false an(l
1)rejudiced( statement as that which appeared under the name
of ( ornelius Vanderbilt, Jr. in the San Francisco Exanminer
of November 26, 1922.     The following extracts from   this
sensational article illustrate a type of (langerous misrepresentatioll against which( the Aimerican people shoul(d be on their
guarl(l. "Hawaii is lost to the rUnited State.s! Hwaii can
never )be a state now. It mInay soon cease( to be even a territorial possession of the UTnite(l States. Hawaii is already,
l)arring only Formnosa, the greatest insular colonial outpost of
tihe Iml)perial Ja)panese (overnment. Its affairs are indirectly
controlledl nlow bly the Japantese C(olonial (ffice. The day
when it will be controll(el bly the Colonial Office (lirectly, not
to mention the War Office, is not (istant in the exp)resse(l
olpilions of Japl)ane1(se authorities themselves.
"Americ(ians! Do yvou kinow thalt:
There are  ore  ( Japanese in Hawaii than there are either
whites or Hawaiian natives?
Japanese caIn l)ec(ome citizens (of the Unit(ed States in
Htawatii and then migrate to tithe States?
" By 1933 the Jap)an(:esc (lectoratl )body in the Hawaiian
Islands will decid(e at the polls whe  rthr tere shall be a Republican or a )emoc(ratic forln of government in the Islanls?




Y,11c Ja(Ipucsce IProb1cm n  Hawf( aiit.2


123


"Twenty per cenlt of the entire lolpllationl consists of
Japanese citizeils of the ItTlite(l Stiites?
"I lTe  IJalese fully  eXlpee t to gain atl solute politic:l
control through their voting privileges.   For the present they
are contrent to colmttrol the Islands eeononmieally....
1 iedl by the, inriglrati(o laws, thtle land(s of govewrnment
are unal)le to ehteclk thle mad rushl of alien unassimilable )loo(
to the Hawaliian Islanlds ad(l its in(or)poration( int(o the bo(ly
politic.  The onlly tiling the Unit(ed States ((overnm(lent (c1an
(lo, ant(l is lnow (l(inlg ill a (quiet )but force(ful waly, is to ('cntiinue tlhe (dispat(1ch ()f arnmedl troops to Schofield Barralcks,
Honolulu, tihe great Ililit:lar  omutpost of the Unitedl State's in
the Pacific.
W here tihe   ( entlcllemanll's Agreement 7 between the TUnited
States and( Japlm failed( to Nwork o( the Americain contiineiit 
fail(edl utterly to check ftil ilflotw (of (Orienta:ls into the I:lit: ed
Stfates - the   ( Genlema I m's Agreemenlt ' (oes inot operlate in.
Haw'aii.
"In c(onsequ(ll(ence J(apa 11l:,l is:at li)(erty to send infto  t::ht,
islandl( t(erritory l  1n:iay  os  f  e1(r people as shle \ill givte pa)ssports to.
iHawaii is 1l(ider the Anmeric(an flatg hu)t it lias been )pra -
tically con(lquered by tlhe,Jalpan(ese.  It is to:1ll intents andi
l)urp(ses ' a(dmiliiiiste(red as 1nul(ch I)y the lml)(eriail.Jat)an(Icse
( overnimenrlt as it is by the F((edelral ( ove(rnilent."
7'he( I'1. I' l'acts irn th/e ('S
Now, OV(I aga iust tflie e(mot ional 1and( Ilislea(ding statemmelint
just (quo(ted(l, whalIt are( tlhe( facts?  Just tlhese: T11awalii is a
self-gov(ernilg terrlitovry  f the:Unit:ed States with its own
legislature,  anll  complete   governmenlta lhl mcinierv.    No




124


hl' Jittlntan Sldc o) IOf /lU 'ii


other section of tile U nited( State-s exceeds it in loyalty 1and
lpatriotisrm. Japanese cannot become citizens of the United
States in Haw'aii anmy more thian they can:anywlhere on the
rmainlandl. The Supreme Court (lecision in      the famous
()awa Case, halned (   lown in November,:19)22, lleld that
Japanese are not capIable of naturalization ) eca.use of the
Fe(eral statute limiting thllt privilege to " free white p)ersons
and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African
(leseent."
The " (entlecnlam''s A gyrecment 
As to the ' (Genltllman's Agreement " it is operating in
Iawaaii precisely as it loes onl the mainland. There is a
rumor that it contains a clause by which, in event of a lal)or
shortage, tile Japanese (G overnm(ent is authorized to issue
passports to blaborers to Hawaii but not to the mainlanld.  If
sucIh a clause exists, it wa1s prol)al)ly inserted( at th( behest of
American c(apitalists, not of the JapanLese; but the simple
facts are that no passports to laborers haIve been issue(l since
the " (Centlemnan's Agreement " went into effec(t.  No onel( in
Hawaii questions b)ut that the Jap)anes(e (overnment lias
honestly kept thaLt atgreement as far as Hawaii is cornc(rnedl.
There has been no( Inad( rush of unassimilablle blood (l  here.
Japatne(se lconom ic Domination
As to economic domination, the simple fact is that the great
wealth-p)roducing ilndustries of the Islands, sugar and pineapples, are organize(d and controlled fin:ancially by Americans.
They employ Ja'panese aInd, increaisingly, Filipino    lablor,
although Chinese, IPortuguesse, Koreans andl othler nationalities
are also emlployed( in consi(lerablle numbers.  In the small
retail tra:les, the Chinese an(l Jal)anese find their largest field
of opIerlations lan( the Jal)panese (lo most of tlhe lighter tyl)p of
building. The large buildings, however, are usually 1 erected
by citizen labor - of Hawaiian, Portuguese an(l various otlher
racia:l origins.  Household servants are la.rgely Jlapalnese.




ilic Ja)palc.,se Il problmn, i 11((iiiIl


1A 25


The large numbl)er of Japanese shlops, restalurlants, an(l otlher
enterprlises is quitec natural in view of their propo)Irtion of thel
total populalition, an(l not r(latively so:largte:s tlhat of tthe
( hinese who also ar(e efficient in inllustry.  Some o(f the largest groce(ry stores, (lry-goo(ls stores, nmarkets  rndl( Iplaning
mills are Chinese. The one illullstrl      which the tJl)all(ese
seemt to control most comlnletelly   is fisling, anll (even here tihe
retcail lend is all in the han1lls of (Chlinese.
n1. CaIse of 1War!
(f co(urse any o(n (can see at oncet thlit, in the (evenlt of war
with Japan, liawanii wouil face a: peculliarly difficult situattion
with ab)out ttweinty Ipr c((,lnt of thll(e Iopu)l)titioin Jap)anlese-I) orn
an(l anlothlr twent  per cnllt of,Jll)llanlse p) arent age. Just ingine what would happe)'n in New Yo(rk if the l  nlite(l Staltcs got
into war with the Irish Free State!  llBut the WasThington (Conference on Limitation( of Armam,   ntlt, whlich ha.ts g(one so f.:ar
to clear up tho, prob)lem(s of the Palcifi(c,:and thlle evidentlly
d(eclilling prestige o(f the ilnilitary pl)art y il Japan I otll give
hope that pe1ace andl not the lmlnadlmess of war will preva.il.  if
now the sensational press and( evcrybol)(dy else (c()(cerell(d will
((ceas this foolish and disturl)ing war-talkl so t}hat 1our youll
Htawaiian-l)orn Jap.anllese may not be madel(  conatinla:lly a)(1(l
uncomforiat)blv self-co)nsciolus; and if WN ashingtoln and Tokyo
will      t     pc   ilutu        rsct         oo   ill ke  tte  ace i  utul r t al  wl 
then in the vyars that lie ahead we can proilmise y'ou here iM
IIawaii young Amnericain citizens of Japan(,ese ancestry ((l:l to
those of:any other foreign stoc(k il int(elligenlce, tihrift, civic
pride, reslpect for law a.nd loyalty to Americanl institul lions nid
i(ldeals.  In the m(eanltime it should be reme(  bel>(re(l that lno
olle (ever (qustions tll( completeu( loy:lty of t1(e Portlullese or
of the b)ro wn-skinnedl young people of the 11aw:aii"an, ('hli1(1ese,
K'(or:ean iand Fililpino races.  h'len o(e talks Iabout " o(ly
15,323 Ame(riclan-born citizens ill tlhe Isla:nlds " (he forgets,  t ll
41,00  Hawlaiians, 36;,()000 Filipin(os, 2(;,()00() Portug(uese, 23,0()()()




JAPANiESE FISHING /SAMPANS IN HOLIDAY ATTIRE




Th1e Japanese Problem( in Itf~aiai


127


(Chlin(ese, 6,000 Porto Ricans and 5,000 Koreans - ul)wrls
of 140,000 people who, no matter wha.t course the Japanese
took, could b0)e dep(lended upon as beyondl question loyal to
the UnIited States.
VWill the Japranese UTltimately Control?
Visitors from tle mainland, however, are apt to feel that,
with the large numiners of Japanese everywhere in evidence in
HIawaii, they will ultimately b)e absolutely in control. It is
generally assunmed(, by superficial oblservers at least, that the
Japan.lse have an overwhelming birtll-rate, and that they will,
therefore, sooner or later crow(l all other races out an(l tlhen,
bly their voting strength, caplturr the Isltla s for J:l)mn.
Before tils would be pernmitted C(ongress would, of course,
repeal tle p)resent " ()rganic Act" t)y which H-taw:aii hlis the
status of an autonomous self-governing territory and cand(i(date for stLatlhood, and coul(l reduce the Islan(ls to the rank
of an "insular posscssion" governe(ld  y a comm ission froml
Watshington l)acked(l bly military pow(r.
l'rofc.ss.or A (dam1. ' Stwt1ies
But is it l)prob)abl thlat such1  a necessity will arise(?  Are tlhe
Islands likely to  ecome " japanllized "?  A very interesting
si(le-liglt is thrown on this question by sonmc recent stu(lies i)y
Prof. lIortmazo A(lams wlhio holds the ch(ltir of econoillics ill
the University of Hawaii and who has )been making Ca scientific
sociologica:l study of the TJa}l),anese situation. Thllse stludics,
as lpulished( in the I-Ionolulu Star-lBullctin during August tand
Septemb(er, 1922, an(ld iln Foreign, Affairs for Decemlber, 1923,
show that instrecd of lhaving the highest birth-rlate iln 11tHaw.ii
the lJapanl)(ese tbirthl-rate is lower than any other ra(ce(s exclpt
the whites an(t the Hawaiians.    Birth-rate figures:r(e notoriously Inisl(eading unless b)iased on the numlelr of women
of child(-b):ering 'age iln a given atrea. On the Inainl:an(l tlhe
numbn)er of births per 1000 women )between the ages of 18 and




128


[I/ic hlit  Sid elYC of  awalii


44 is about 100 amIong Inativ(e I)orn an( 175 among foreign
born.  H-ere iln Hawalii on the same basis, the birth-rate for
the diiff(erent rtaces, as figlurled y i'rofessor Adams, is: American
randl Nortlh lEulpea:n (97;  awaiian and Part-Hawaiian 236;
Japanese 238; Portuguese 240(); Chinese 257; Filipino 267;
1Spanlish 8316;  01Ko(re1an 326; Porto l1icanl 351. Concerning
these very illteresting figures, Professor Adams says: " The
Hawa:iilan race is not a (lying race )but an amalgamating race,
ani( in tle (tlistant years to co('(n: t(e )blood( of the old Hawaiians
will flow tlhro)ugh the veinsl of gre(at nnumbers of people and in
imnporttanlt (luallltiti(es."  lThle fact tlhat the Japanese have a
lower ratet tlhal the lPorttlguese:m(l Chitnese who have lived
here l(olger, is dlue t t tll( mre a(lvanced( in(lustrial and educatiolnal (leveloplimellnt of their lnative country. The forces
that reduce fecun(lity are already operative in Japan.''  Professor A(l:dls )pre(licts tl:at " tle birthl-rate o(f the Japanese
will l)e re(lucled( raI)ily until it al)pproxilmates the average rate
in the iUnitedl States " a;s the Japanel)('se take on mlore and more
Amneric:,an i(l(des andl stanld(tr(lds of living. He also notes that
the blirthl-rante of all race(s excel)t the Amnerican 'and North
]EIurlopean)(l in Ha:waii is thigth, th, net gain over deaths in 1920
b)eing 56(;() or 2.2 )pe(r ce('t  -  a()out (dollle the rate of gain
ill Japan..".J(tlp)(e(:sc Ral(t  of IJcrIae.8
Butt 'even' tlhough tlhe(ir bil'thl-rate' is not so high as some
otller r(acs, will nlot the Jallp:anese ldolinate l)ecause of their
large head(l-staIrt ill numbers? DIuring the decade from 1910 -20 tile,census shonws tliat,:Jpl)lnese inclrelasel 29,599 or 37.1
per cent while:all otlhe(r ra:ce(s incre:lsedl 34,404 or 30.6 per cent.
If this rate conltinlues the Jal)anlese will be 50()i/ per cent of the
tota:l popula:tion in 19)75. IBut, as a st(lent of sociology,
Professor Ad(la.ns believes tllis rate will not continue because
of tlese factors: (1) An increase of (lealth-rate will begin in
ten or twenty years when our present Japanese population




The Japanese Pro blen, in iIa waii


129


now largely between 30 and 55 years old (men) or 20 and 44
years old (women) approaches ol(t age.  (2) Considlerable emigration to the mainland is b)ound to tlake pIlace among the
better educated Hawaiian-born.Jatilaneseo who will find too
limited opportunities in the Island in(lustries an(d who, as
native-born American citizens, are free to live anywhere in
the United States they choose.     (3) This process will be
further accelerated by the comlpetition of otlier races with
lower standlards of living like the Filipinos 'land (Chinese coolies,
if permission should be ob)tained to blring these latter in as
plantation laborers.  Professor Ad(ams' findings on this point
are startlingly at variance, therefore, with the popular impressions. Hie says:  rThe Jl:qlanese will continuel to incrcease
in numbers but at a (liminiishilg rate. They will be a (iminishing factor in Hawa.ii. Tllhe  constituted 42 per cent of
the population in 1920. By 1930 tlhey will b)e less than 40
per cent and then their pe(rceeCnt:ge( will fall ralpidlly until they
constitute not more tlhan 25 or 30 )pe(r c(nt of thel total poplulation."
The Japltatcc ( 'se   Politic(
A similar statistical stu(lv )based on the Initc(ed States (Census figures and other local dalta, makinlg allowan:\ce( for (eath
and immigration, indic(ates tlhat " th( v(ote of citizens of
Japanese ancestry will con(stitute al)bout 29 per ('(ct of the
total vote by 1940, if the Filipinos andl tlheir su(ccessors are
left out of account. In(luding such voters the,Japanese percentage may be much smaller ithan 2!9 per ce(it. At no time
will it approach 50 per (cent aInd there is no p1)ros)(pt of thelir
dominating the territory (olitically."
ITill.JIopante.se 'or'i a( Block?
Of course it is imp(ortant to remember)(rl tlhat 'even( a minllrity
group may dictate if it hold(s the balance of powe1) r by forming
a solid block in a (divide(l communnity.  (re(at int(erest, therefore, attaches to the ten(lencies of the THawa:Tiia-l-b)orn Japanese




City Phowt Cet.
HIANDS AROUND THE WORLD
Centlal Y. M. C A. Street-boys gymx c4ass Honolulu




The' Jt(apaIncse Problemn in JHawu1aii


1 31.


to divide along other than racial lines.  It is significant in this
connection to note the cleavages in the Japanese community
already mentione(l in this chapter.  As time goes on the )ondll
of language will weaken, for the coming generations will use
English with greatetr ease tha:n Japllanese, in spite of tthe
language schools. T'he tendlency also is for eclonolmic (ifferences to arise:al( crealte comrnrmor   economic interests with
similar groups in the generall population.    Statistics show
clearly that the unskilled laborers are (lecreasing Ilamong the
J:lapanese ra.cial group while skille(l workers and(l in(lepen(lent
operators are increasing in all lines. An incre.ase in the
property on which Japanese plaid taxes from $4,502,536 (2.18
per cent of the total) in 1916 to $9,419,773 (3.29 per cent of
the total) in 1921 indicit(tes atn ecmonlmic p)rospterity which will
inevitablly bring a (ldeeper interest in general plrol)l(ems of
communlity well-b(eing.
Iml)ort(ti(ce of lFair Trreatment No\w
Probhal)ly thle (decisive inlfluence, in eithe(r soli(lifyillg the
Japanese into a raci:al i)lock or (listril)uting them ammong tll
normal:parties and groul)-interests of the community will )be
the treatment they receive fromn the other racles.  If now in
the (ltay of their voting weakness they are trelated with fair
play and Imanifest goo(l will land if, as increasing numniers of
then   llualify as voters, they are rc(cive(l with charac'teristic
Halwaliian hospitality into the p})olitical life of the commulnity,
encourage(l to vote and(l run for office, appeale(l to as }hum:an
b)eings and goo(l citizenls, the cha(nces are ldecidedly in favor
of their blending in tlo our total (citizenslip.  If a contrary
spirit p)revails among those of us who are already voters, we
shall hatve only ourselves to b)lamlle for a solid Japlanlese b}lock.
The exigenc(ies of r:actical politics will plrol)ba)ly co)ntinue to
break ac(ross race lines in the futur(e a:s they have in the past.
After all a vote is colorless an(l raceless x- which b)asic fact
all goo(l politicilans can be truste(l to rememb)er!




13',,2         '7The IHunman Side of Hatwaii
The Problem is Ours!
Ou()r )roblem, then,'' to (Jluote Professor Adams in conclusiorn, "is in large mn(easure the prollem   of ourstlves.   We
Amieriicais — wh ---- wtlat will we (lo?  My own firnm belief is tha.t,
whate(ver the telml)orary manifestati(ons may b)e, the permna(nent t(cmper of Amnric(a: is favorabll e to a broLad generous
po(licy. America -. the rell America -- is not given to excessive sluspicioll, featr an(d distrust.  America is just.  America
is:a(d c(':  a ffor(l to h)e g(enerous.  America, is confilenlt andl,
if ce'r'tali unf ort ulllnte meni(dtail attitultdes in(ltucedl b1y w:ar catuse
ius to m{ove toNwlar(l (a policy origilnating in feaxr andl suspicion,
it; will not, be l)'rmanelt.  It will lbet )  )an(londlt  wlcIn we
retturn to lhaliits of tlhought a1(l atction that have characterize(l
thle America l people)l    throughout nearly  all our n'ational
lhistoty."




Cu APTR1~ VI


HJOW TO HELP HAWAII
IHau'aii'8, BtI'dc Influcnce
It is to be hoped that every thoughtful American who reads
this book will fee(l a hearty imnpuls~, to help Hawaii in meeting
an(Id solving the prolblemis herein. lrescnted. Hawaii is
America'Cs interrae'ial labJoratory landl our success or failure is
vitald 1oth for Amnerica herself and1 for Amnerica's contribution
to the hirger p)roblemns of the P~acific. Not long ago one of
our p~romiinent citizens, returning from     IR (d Cross service
albroadl, was invitedl t~o add~ress the youing men's club of the
Second Ch1inese Cougreg~ationlal ( ihurch of Honolulu. ''Where
are the fellows I uscil to tailk to here(, four years ago? ''he
aked.  Th'e,answer was that half of them  were back- in Ch1ina
two in governmenit service, onle edlitinga newsp-aper -andl
th-' others in commnercial lpositions!
I~ero ur ( omljress~ of Nations
Mawanis Th 8 sort of lperlmanent, congress of the nations bor(lering on the Ptacific aind it is always in session. If ChristiaInity fails herel, not only in mnubers but in its essential spirit
as cre~ator of peace, interr~acial goodl will and industrial
u1stice anoll human(.1-ity, it will fail most grievously, for the news
of its flailure will resoundl throuighouit the Pacific world. But
if ( 'hristilanity succeedls in Hawaii, then it will be easier for.It to suicceedl everywhere else in the Pacific area.
Still (a Stri'tcfj ic Ji s o'u Field
One way-\, thierefore, to help Ilawaii is to remember its
pecuflilar strategic significance ais a mission field even todlay.
This does not mea-n that more denominations ought to rush




AIID ---PAFI(' IN'STITUTE
A missionarv eLhool for aill ra~e's.




Ilow, to H1elp Hlwuail


1 ) 5


in andl multiply machinery.    The area is small andl we have
too  nlmny denominailtions filready.   ]-utlt it d(oes metn thlat
those   rancllhes of the Christian cllurch alirea(ly at work li:hve
a tremendous responsibility to push tllheir work att a imaximurn of efficiency andl in the utmlost possib)le cooperation with
one another.
hleliq7io'us Forces
The present situation of Hawaii as:t mission field is, in
outline, as follows:
Total population..................  2 4,00()
(f these half are entirely non-hri,stin or.........  142,000
The half under some (:histitan infllenc'e inchludes (Catholie(
(po ul tion)...................  (,00()
Hawaiian Boardl of MIissions (memers)......    11,()()00
(Congregational in goverimenlt, and li rgely (Congregatio nal
andl Presbyterian ill origin)
Mormons (neml)ers)............        11,14(
Methodists (menihers)..............      2,559
1Episcopal)ians (Imemliers).........2,250
Minor -denominations ( nl)ers), (st.)........ 1,
(Includes Seventh Day A(dve(ntists, ('11ristianl Scientists anll( 1(eorganized Mormonts)
Populattion affiliated w\ith above 1)tt not Ile nl(nier...  46,)())
Iooking ait these figures somewhaltt mnore in (letail, tlthe (different (ChristiaIn bodlies rep(ort the following ra('ial elements.
(It should he noted tihat the (Catholic figures are for popullation whereal s the otlher figure(s inclu(lde melbcr.s only. Thl(ey
would l)e possibly three times,as large if b)ased o(n population.
Some of these figures are only Iapproxilmate hut all ar( offii:al
and relresent con(litions in 1921 22.)
(lllie          lis'. -M. 2..jMormon
Amenricans and North l' Europeans 3,5100  2,147  1,94  424   1)00
lawaiians an; d Part law ariilans. 12,630  4,8()   424     11,0()(
Portuguese........4,0(00    3                       2
Splanish..........   00
Iorto Ricanls.....        000
Filipinos.........  2,(00  599  696   5
Japlanese.......         6)   2,09)5   03     573      4
Chinese....   674    783     416             7
Koreans...                    57            113    866
rotal.........  821 10,607    2,250  2,559  11,148




I-NT    INN CIC 
CENTRtAL UIOT~N CHURCTt(H SP>IRE




11,, t lo Help Ha waii


1  7 ) 


A Challenge to Chri.stilanity
The missionary chllllenge of H:wa.ii is, therefore,   ve very
serious one.  Take tihe Jtaptanse situation alone..  Here is a.
population of Japanese )1ood of over 110,000 only 2,835 of
whom, or alout 21}' per cent, a1re Imemblers of (hristian
churches. Yet their children are il pul)lic schools perlneatedl
with (hristian teachling and are ltearning English, the l:anguage
of the greatest bodly of living Chlristian literalture in thle
world.  A prominent Japanese fromn Tokyo, when in Honolulu
recently, sai(l, in private ('(l ersation: "I  tave o)serve(l th
young p)eople bo)rn here of Jal)panese p)arents. They 1  1 n(ot
growing 1up t(o be Buddhists.   They ouglht to he (Ch1 ristiasll
})ut unless you redoul)le your efforts I fe(ar tlhey will not be
anytling. I calnnot urge thlem to b)ecome (hliristi.ans for I
1am n1ot a ('Christian llyself, but I (can say wlhat I 1Ihave just
said to (yo)lu a:nl urge( you to  llmake them goo(l Cllristilans! 
Whl'yt Not a Traitning tStation?
Is there not in this rem'iarkatbl(e interracial civilizatioi under
(Christian Ame(rican infllue(lce somlething which woulld m11ake it
a valualle training st:tion for sociall an(1 religious workers
(lestined for the (rient?  Prof. ('. A. Johnston Ross of lnion
Theological Seminary, New     York, after 'a visit of several
months, h(as 1malde the very stimulating suggestion that tlhere
)e estab)lislhe(l in IHawaii a Imissionalry instituteP, )ossibly in
connection withl tile:niversity of  -tawaii, wlhere studenlts
could comp)lete their tra:inilg fo(r missionlary work an1d at tlhe
same tim(e be in ac(tuall conta('t with the various Oriental races.
The Y. M. (. A. is already lenlcuraging a sort of c(adet service
in Hawaii (as 'a prepl)aration for foreign service an(l six of our
secretaries iin Hlonolulu to(lay atre ultimately ldestined for the
Orient. ImI tihe l'memaltil(me thley mrre hlaving bel)(fore their eyes a
working (demlnrstratio(n of whalt a: transformna.tion1 can )be
wroughlt in ('tChinese, Japlanese and( Koreans by favo(ra)le
contact with a ( Christian civilization. Time University of




1:~38


iThe ifu.,an. Sidc of 1fal;aii;


HawaLii alreLady  las excellent dle)artments of History anl
Sociology, Elnglish, ('Chinese an(l Japanese -— the latter most
ably oc(cuplie(l b)y l)r. T. Ifara(la, a graduate of Yale an(l
fornmer plresident of l)oshisha University in Japan.    If to
these coulll b)e a(:(le(l a strong (le)partinent of Comparative
Religions and these courses in History, Sociology, English,
Chinese, Japanes(e and Comparative Religions grouped together to nmake up) an. Institute for Foreign Service, the result
woulld l)e a very attr:active center for study, combine(l witl
pra:ctical lal)(oratory experi(ence right here in the very midst
of our interr'acial (experniment station.  Such a school of missionary prep'aration might well attract the best and strongest
can(li(lates for foreign service from all America.  Two hundred and fifty thousand (lollars woul(t endow such anl institution Lan(l )ring to Hawaii a strong man as its dean and
)professor of conl)larative religions.
IlH.waii's.' Bill of Rights "
P('op)le on the mainland can also help Hawaii b)y r('-em)bering that we are not an " Insular Possession " but a, fullfledge(d  Territory ia(l a tc(lan(dida(te  for statehood.  Tle
Hawaiian Legislature of 1923 went on recordl very clearly as
to the status of HIawlaii by enacting wha:t is called " Hawaii's
BIill of Rights," the lheart of which is as follows:
" 'Te Legislature of the T'erritory of Hawaii hereby makes
forlm:l lassertion)ll aniil (l(claration of the clfims of said Territory concerning its status in the American union, as follows:
1. Thalt the Territory of Hawaii is an 'integral part of the
United( Statets.'
2. Thlat as such ' integral    )art,' Hawaii cannot, legally,
equitab)ly or minorally, lbe (lisc(riminate(l against in respect of legislation Iapplying to the Union as a whole.
3.  That law^aii is a Iunit within the American scheme of
government, with rights an(d powers (liffering from those
of the states, in so far as certain fe'atures of a territorial




Io,)1 t(o Il(lp Hawaii(t


139


governmentll dliffer fromi those of at state; b)ut Hawaii
carrics:all ttle financil:d resl)onsihilities and(l burde( s of
a st ate, so far as the Fed'(er(al ( overnment is (olmcerne(l,
and functionis praetic(ally as at, state inl nearly every
otlier respect.  It slholl(l, therefore, b)(e a:c(or(dedl a(ll of
the t)enefits:1a(l 1)rivileges (ljoyed(l by states, in respect
of matters wherein its functions an(ld resl)onsil)ilities are
the samtre as those( of a, st:ate."
The reason for tills explicit (decllarationl was a growing tendency in (Congress Iland elsewhere to forget or misullderstandl
the true status of Hfawaii:anl (lass us:mong tlhe "insular
possessions " of the Unfite(d States or at least lea:ve us out of
alppropriations in whic(ht the states generally shared.  Some( of
these appropriations are a: s vitally needed( in Hawaii as in
any state, notlably those for education, good roa(ls an(l faIrm
loans from tlhe Ibenefits of whicll the Territory is now shut olt.
Not (n " Insltdr Ios()S  s.,ion "
The reasoins whty Itawatii " should b1) accorded  ll the be)nefits:and pIrivileges e(Jioytel by states " ill t(hese regards an(l
should not le classed( as a mere " insular i)ossession " are two,
the lhistorical:am(l thlce equitlahle. Tl'e historical reason( is
a.ldmirLably given in tlhe Bill of lights whic(h shows tlhat in the
negoti:ttion which p)re(ede(ldl tlhe treaty of annexlation tan(l in
the tretaty itself,:as at((c(epted bly the Hawaiian government
-and inclorplorate(l in the,loint lResolution of AnnexaLtion tpasse(l
by (Congress, it was lexpressly st:lt(ed tlhat the Isllands " slhall
t)e incorlporat(ed into thle tnc ite(l States as an integral:part
thereof.'"  Moreover tth ()Organic Act by which ('ongIress
organizel I'Hawa.ii as 1 T''erritory expressly provi(le(l, in Sc(tion 5, " 'That tthe (Constitution, an(Il except as otherwise p)rovi(de(l, tll thle laws of the Untitiedl Stt(tes, inct(ldinig laws (Irrying
general applropriatiolns, whi ich a:re not loIcally inapplic('lale,
shall lhave the same forcce anl effect within the said 'Territory




140


The hu'man S(ide of Hat waii


as elsewhere in the United States."     Unler this law   the
Territory has received Federal assistance und(lr the " Morrill
Act " for the University of Hawaii and lhas also receivedl aid(
from the Treasury Department for topographic andl hydrographic surveys.
How a Territory Differs Froom a State
The equitable reason why Hawaii " should be atccorded,all
the benefits andl privileges enjoye(d by states," so far as its
territorial form  of government permIits, is that "Hawlii
already carries all the filnancial burdens alnd resp(onsiIilities
of a state so far as thel( Federal (Covernmllent is concerned1( and
functions practically as a state ini every other respe(ctt,.  It is
recognized that HIawaii (lifers from a state in these five lparticulars: (1) ()ur governor and certain officers are app)ointed
bly the President.  (2) We h1ave no vote for President. (3)
We have in Congress only a non-voting )elegate inst(ea(l of
Senators and(l Represenltatives.  (4) O)ur constitlutio  is (
Organic Act enacte(d by Conlgress.    (5) Acts of Ha:waii's
legislature can he repealed or amended by ( ongress, 'althoughl
this hlis never been done. Except in tlhese five regarld's, the
status of Hawaii is (oeq(ual with that of the regularly organized( states.
lHaaii'. NatioTnal Service
Now   how (loes Hiawaii meas're 11) as a mnelln(er of the
1F(1eral Union?   We share (eqully with the st:ates in the
national (lefense. I)uring the war the (lraft law applied in
the territorv exactly as it didI in the states antl olur N.ationtal
Giard' an(l Naval Reserve w(ere' als( calle(l into the servi('ce
of the  (ederal (Goverlnment pll)oll1 the samle 1basis ais those of
the states. We also maintain American stand(ar(s of living
anil e(ducation. As alre(ady noted( in this book, our pul)licschool system, sul)ported l)y local tiaxalttion, is ranked twentyfirst in the UInion - ahead of over half of the states.




H1 ow to Help liHawaiti


141


Hawaii Pays Her Way!
Moreover Hawaii pays her own way and more. In 1921
our internal revenue contributions to the Federal Governnellnt
amounted to $20,680,103 -a sum larger than that paid by
Maine or Alabama, twice as large as that pai(d bly UItah,
Arkansas or New Hampshire and twenty times as large as
that paid by Nevada! In fact there were seventeen states,
none of which paid as much internal revenue as Hawaii. In
1922 there were nineteen states below us, although the gross
amount was smaller, $15,515,063. Do not our contributions
to the Federal household therefore entitle us to share fully in
its budget?  In addition to internal revenue, Hawaii also
paid import dulties:amountinlig 1o $1,426,71( in 1921 rand to
$1,076,163 in 1922. In1 thle case of " insular possessions "
this sum would be retlurled to the local government,, but not
so in Hawaii. The whole w lamoulnt goes to the Flederll treasury.
It should be note(l also that Hawaii herself pail these dulties,
whereas the (tlties paid at iainland( ports are largely s}lared
by inland( states hltving no seacoast.
Some one may say, "Y, Y    ut hts't the IFeder(al (overnment spent large sums on the seacoast defenses llan  Pearl
Harbor Naval Station in Hawaii? "  Granted, lut for whose
protection?  Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard University stated publicly in Hawaii a few years ago, " I consider
your fortifications simply a part of the defenses of New York
andl Boston! "
Liberty Loan and Relief Work Record
Hawaii has not only paid her proportional taxes, she has
done free an(l volunteer service to the nation equal to that
of any other part of it. "Every call for subscriptiols to
Liberty Loans and War Savings Stamps was apl)ortionedl to
the Territory of Hawaii upon the same b)asis as to the several
states, and in every instance the Territory of Hawaii ' went
over the top ' in the front ralnk with wide margins to spare."




-1 W




How to H elp HIawaii


143


The same statement is true of drives for Red Cross, Y. Mi. (. A.,
Belgian Relief, an(l Near East Relief.
For these realsons HLawaii feels that she is entitlel to protest agaainst the careless tendency to class her as a mere
"insular possession," — she is emnphatically not a possession
hut an " integral part " of the UJnited States; an1d she feels
mloreover tlhat in all approplriations for e(lucation, Americanization, maternity benefits, roadl bluilding an(l other matters
where hier needs are equal t to the neels of the states she lias
a right to e(lllal considleration.*
Keep P'ece Wvi'th.J)Jap1)!
Finally maiilanll   Amniric(a (1an h11  elp iawaii Suplremely by
cooperating with us and( with l: e11 n1 of good will everywhere
in keepting the peace with ( Japaln by the eIlm)loyl(ellt of all
onoral)le llmeans,l,   inc'llillg  patient self-restrtaint, careful
cultivation of 'all chl1an1els of international good will and coolperation, all  ll(e fair:and symllatlhetic studly of Japlanese
history, art, civilizatio n and charaecter and ideals.
Panl-lPaTc/ic I t 'ion1
()n  of the most useful organizations in promoting such at
better un(lerstanding is the Pan-Pacific Union of whi(h Mr.
Alexander Hume Ford is the director.       This organization,
though it li'as its he.adquarters in Honolulu, lhs branches and
officers in all the countries bordering on the Pacific.  By its
promotion of frequent international gatherings in Hawaii
suchl a's the Pan-Pacific Edu'ational ( onference, Scientific
('onference, Press Conference an(t (Comn  (erc(ial Conference, it
is (loing foundation work il (levelopling that mutual understan(ling an1d dlesire to work toget her for the (omnemon needs of
hlumantity on which the future pe(ce of the Pacific (epend(ls.
It; is a )leasre' to record thll.t early in 1)924 the 1United States Senate and
House of Rleplreselntatives passed(l tle Ilawaiianl Bill of Rights sul)stantially as
outline(l heren, a(l that IPresi(ldet ('Colilige signed the bill on March 1, 11924.




144


7'he Human aSide of 1Hauaii


An Appeal to the Pacific Coast
Keeping the peace also involves a definite policy on the
mainland of giving to the Japanese now in America courteous
treatient, educational opportunity andl Christian teaching.
As a resident of California for over thirty years, I know conlitions there andl I am, therefore, not an advocate of the unrestricted irnm igration of Oriental labor. But I (lo plead for
generous, walrm-hearted, blrotherly treatment of the Japanese
alreadly in Anericat. The presence of the Japanese on the
Pa'cific (oast is a challenge to the (Christian churches, at
least, to give them not merely formal (Christian dloctrine, not
merely mission Sunday schools and( preaching, b)ut to continue to give them aln exhib)ition of that (Christian brotherhood,
fair play, hunlmane treatment and sympathetic good will which
1are the realities of (Christ's gospel without which mere doctrine and ritual are vain.
A Bridce of Good W1ill
A school man in San Jose tolhd in( tlhat fifty per cent of the
pupils in his district were Japanese. I said to him, " You
have probably the most important school in Santa Clara
County, an(l it ought to be the best school! You ought to be
giving these little ()riental children the noblest possible interpretation of AWestern civilization.  You are building a bridge
between Japan an(l America! 
After atll that is just what Hawaii means -- a human bridge
of international good will andl  nderstand(ing between East
Lanl vWest!




HAWAJIANA
Bibliography of Sources Used in the Preparation
of this Book.FIRST PERIOD- HISTORICAL AND MISSIONARY I3ACKGROIJND
Ellis, William: Tour Through Hlawaii'int 1823
Malo, David: Hawaiian Atitiqaities
Fomnander, A.: The Polynpesian Race
Jarves, J. J.: fHawaii
Dibble, Sheldon: history of ha~waii
Biographical Memoirs of (1) Silbyl lBinghiam, (2) Lucy Thuirston,
($3) Laura Fish Juddl, (4) Titus (iloan, (5) W. J)* Alexander, ((5)
Sereno Bishop), (7) L. H. Gilulick, (8) H. P'. Baldwin.
Articles in The Friend, Thruim'S Annual and Historical Society Proceedings
Bingharn, Hiram: History of the ASan(1n'ich 1Islands
Alexander, W. D.: Brief History of the Hawinaian Peop~le
Hopkins, Manley: hrawaii
Anderson, Rutfus: The Hawtaiian Islands
Lyman, Henry M.: ha waiiana Yesterdays,
(Gulick, 0. H.: Pilgrims of Hawtaii
Blackman, W. F.: Makingr of Ha wani
Westervelt, W. D).: Legenids of HawaIii
Gowan, H. Hl.: The Na pa/coo of'the Pacific
2. SECONI) PERIO()D - i{RACTION, TI'IMOIL ANI) Co.PLICATION
Alexande~r, W. D.: The Later Years oJ the Ilawaiian Monarch!]
Bird, Isabella (IBishop): Six Months int the Sandwichi Islanids
Armstrong, W. N. A round the World witilh a Kingf
Liliuokalani: HawaiiUs Story b!I HIawniii's Qtieen
Young, Lucien ITh( Story of the Boston.
London, Jack: The houtse of Pridie
Annual Repoirts of the Hawaiian Board of Missionls, 18(18-1921
Articles in T he PFrlend th hrinn's Annual and Historical Society P~roceedings,Johastone, Ai thur: Stcveuson ia the South Pacific
Stevenson, It. IL.: Father D~amien Letter
Palnier, Julius A. Memories of Hawtaii
3. TIII111D  PERIO1,1D - HAWAII'S STRIATEGLC IMPORTANCE TOI)AY
Clastle, WV. It., Jr.: Hawaaii, Past anid Presenti
Relport of the Federal School Survey
Allen, Rtiley: The Putblic Schoals in Hiawaii; (In Review of Reviewts
Dcc., 1921)
The Centtennial Book~, pilblishedl by the, hawaiian Boaid of M~iissions
(.Centennial Edlitions of The Friend arid the Star-Ballet in
Reports of Federal L~abor C1ommissioner
Miscellaneous local pamphlets aild articles
Mauritz, A. S. St. AI.: The Path of the I)estroyer
(Acrouldl, Katherine F.: Hawraii
Taylor, Albert P.: (1n(i~er hlawaiiaa Skties




0




INDEX,\Adams, I'rof. liomaiizo, 127
Akana, Rev. Akaiko, 73
Alexander, Dr. A. C.. 48
Alexander, Irof. W. D., 40
Allen, Riley 11., 79
American Board, 10, 16, 21, 43, 61,
63
Americanization, xii, 65, 75, 83, 94,
95, 114, 121
Anderson, Rufus, 7, 43
A nglicatns (Episcopalians), 53, 135
Annrexation to IT. S., 37, 5!, 63, 139
Ar\mstlrong,, Gelneral S. (., 15
A\rmstrong., William Nevinle, 57
Avers study- o(l sch ools, 79
Bible,  13, 46, 51, 69
Bicknell, Rev..lames. 46
" Bill of lRights," 138
Birth rates, 127, 128, 129
Bowman, I). S., 93
Buddhism, xii, 71, 75, 111, 135, 137
(Cannibalism, 7
Captain Cook, 3, 5, 7, 10, 41
Castle, W. R., 34, 36
Catholics, 29, 31, 50, 80, 111, 135
Chinese, xii, 64, 67, 74, 75, 80, 81,
86, 94, 118, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133,
135, 138
(Churches, xiii, 20, 21, 29, 41, 43, 50,
51, 61, 63, 133
Clothing of IHawaiians, xi, 23, 42
(onstantinople, ix
)ania, 11. TT., 27
IDean, President A. J., 55
1)ecldent period after 1860, 40
D)esha, IRev. Stephen,1 73
Iole,.James 1)., 101
I)ole, Judlge S. B., 59
D)ual Citizenship, 115
tElducation, 14, 76, 84
Elmerson, D)r. Nathaniel B., 25
l'ilil)inos.  3,  67,  69.  86,  94,  95,  124,
125, 127, 129, 135
IFord, Alexander 1 lumle, 143
Givenis, Willard E., 79
}-arada, Prof. T., 138


11awaiiain Bo()ari  of M issions, 61,
63, 75, 135: lawaiians, characteristics of, 3-9,
64, 69
i- oike, 31
HIoloku, origin of, 23
H1opkins, Manley, 22, 33
Hlula dance, ix, 5, 25, 58
Idolatlr, 4, 9, 10
Immigratioln, 64, 73, 89, 94, 123,
144
lifant nmortality, 86
lapanl, xiii,  122, 123,  137, 138
Japanese, xii, 3, 64, 67, 74, 79, 86,
94, 96, (,hap. 5, 135, 137, 138
Ju1(dd, l)r. G. P., 17, 31
Kahulnas, 4, 46, 47
Kalakaua, 33, 45, 47, 49, 57, 58
Knamehamileha the Great, 7, 26f
Kam;rnmemeha I111, 17, 27, 39
Kame(hamieha IV, 46, 53
Kalmehaineha V, 45, 46, 47
K1apiolani, 19, 48
Kawaiahao Church, 23, 37, 54, 73
Kinney, H. 5W., 77
Kolreans, 3, 67, 74, 80, 127, 135
Lab)orl plroblens, 35, 90, 94, 95, 100,
106
lanpguag( schools, 80, 107
Iaws and c(onstitution of Halwaii,
16, 17.  35, 36, 127, 138, 139
Leprl)osy, 7, 55
Liliuokalani, 58, 59
liiioiur question, 5, 22, 26, 42, 50,
57, 58
Ma:('(ca u hev, Va ughan 1, 42
Makaliki festival, 25, 26
McKinley Ili gh School,  77, 118
Mlethodists, 135
MTicronesian mission, 21
Military matters, xi, 3, 57,;9, 8'2,
115, 116, 140
Missionaries, 9. 10, 16, 22, 31, 42,
46, 69, 85. 109
Missionary descendants, 37, 65, 109
Mormlons, 51, 135
News Zealand,( xii, 7, 89




1/i dc x


(Ipukaai ia, 10
Ozawa case, 1.24
P'ai Pacific Union, 143
Piclture brides, 106
Pi lgin English, 77
Poirto Ricans, 3, 67, 69, 1128, 135
Pineapiple industiy, 90, 100
1Popuilatioin, 3, 41, 67, 69, 127, 128.
1 3 5
loirtugutese, 3, 64, 67, 69, 76, 79),
12 4 1 2 8 1135
1Punahou School, 75, 76
Race m-ixtures, 67, 73, 105
11tice Prejudice, xiv, 54, 60, 73, 104,
1132
Ross, Iliof. (G. A. Johnston, 117
Itevolutions, 17, 58, 59, 64, 97
Ruth, P~rincess, 47
Sa,,iiioa, xi i, 5, 57
Scharienbu r-, Pa id, 91
Schools, 114, 15, 76, 77? 80, 8:1, 99,1
Schwaitz, [)r-. 11. B1., 110


Spoits, 5, 25-27
Sugar industry, 33, 64, 90, 96, 106,
107
Tabus, 4, 9
The Thaddeus, 9, 11
Ttiurston, Lucy, 11, 21
T Iulele(, iX, Xi
[Tiiive:rs~ity of I la~walti, 55, 102, 117,
V8 nderbilt, C'ornelius,.1r., 122
Volcano, 1, 19, 47
WaialOua P lan tat ion, 14
Wa iirna~nalIo, 9 9
Welfare Work, 1 6, 65, 85, 86. 89,
9 0, 9 9, 1 02
Westervelt, Rev. W. DI., 7
Whaling, 42
Worcester, DrI., 144
Wa shiiigton Coinferenice, xiii, 82,
1 25
Y. Al. (C A., 85. 1091, 117
Y'. W. C. A., 85, 109.






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