HERODOTI
ORIENTALIA ANTIQUIORA;
COMPRISING MAINLY
SUCH PORTIONS OF HERODOTUS AS GIVE A CONNECTED
HISTORY OF THE EAST,
TO THE
FALL OF BABYLON AND THE DEATH OF CYRUS THE GREAT.
BY
HERMAN M1. JOHNSON, D. D.,
PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND ENGLISH LITERATURE IN
DICKINSON COLLEGE.
NEW YORK:
D. APPIETON & COMPANY, 346 AND 348 BROADWAY
M DCCC LVII.




Entered, oerding to Act of Congrem, in the year 18, by
D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Unitcd States for the Southern
District of New York.




TO
WILLIAM H. ALLEN, LL.D.,
PRESIDENT OF GIRARD COLLEGE,
EMINENT ALIXKE FOR HIS VARIED LEARNING AND HIS
QUALITIES OF HEART;
AND SPECIALLY IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE HAPPY INSTRUCTIONS
WHICH RENDERED PLEASANT THE TOILSOME ASCENT
TO WHICH IlIS EXAMPLE INCITED,
THIS VOLUME
is;Eoast especctfulln incribte,
BY HIS FRIEND AND FORBMER PUPIL.








INTRODUCTION.
THE middle of the fifth century before the Christian era witnessed
a new phenomenon in Greece. It was the opening of a new era
in the history of her literature. Already Greece excelled in culture. Gymnastics, poetry, eloquence, painting, sculpture-these
had their schools and their rivalries. The public games were the
theater for their display. The greatest of these gathered the chosen
men of Greece and the colonies, once in four years, on the plains
of Olympia; here was the foot race and the chariot race; here were
prodigies of leaping, boxing, wrestling; here were the contests of
music and of poetry. Some of the finest odes of Pindar-the name
yet unrivaled in the loftier style of lyrics-were produced on these
occasions. Feats of arms and triumphs of art had held the arena
for centuries; but now for the first time a man stands up to read a
prose composition, having the length, variety, and completeness of
a history; and the delighted audience bestowed by acclamation on
the nine books into which the author had divided his work, the
names of the nine Muses. Such is the story of the introduction of
the history of Herodotus to the world. It has indeed been doubted
whether such recital took place, and by some strenuously denied;
there is, however, good reason to believe the account correct; and
it is conceded that some time subsequently, after revising and perfecting his work, he recited portions of it at Athens, at the festival
of the Panathenaea; and so highly pleased was that enlightened
people, that they bestowed on the author a present of ten talents
from the public treasury; —a sum equal to, if silver talents are
meant, about 10,555 dollars; if gold, about 105,555 dollars.
It is said there was a youth, some fifteen years of age, in the
audience which was favored with the recital of this first historic
production of Greece, who became so intently interested that his




Vi                  INTRODUCTION.
feelings at length overpowered him, and he gave way to a passionate flood of tears. That lad was Thucydides, who, inspired from
that moment with the idea of his vocation, produced in his riper
years, laboring at it still in the midst of wars and in exile, that
masterly work of the internal history of Greece, which he hesitated
not, in the simplicity and prophetic instinct of genius, to callan immortal treasure —KTr/La E alel.
The disciple of Thucydides was Xenophon, who both continued
the history of Greece from where his master left it, and also imitated their common great exemplar in treating of Asiatic affairs.
He is even more popularly known by the latter works than by the
former. His Life and Institutes of Cyrus the Great, and his Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, containing the celebrated Retreat of
the Ten Thousand, seem to have inspired him with a livelier enthusiasm than the matter of fact details of his Hellenica.
These three are the great historians of Greece. Herodotus
opened the historic era, and has been called from the days of antiquity (Cic. de Legg. ii.) the Father of History.
Who then, we naturally inquire, was this Herodotus?
I.-LIFE OF HERODOTUS.
Herodotus Halicarnassienses, so called from his native place,
Halicarnassus, a town of Caria in Asia Minor, was born 484 B. C.
He had a brother, named Theodorus. The family, originally of the
Dorian stock, is said to have been illustrious; and the parents of
our historian have given sufficient proof of their goodness and piety
towards the gods, both in the naming and the education of their
children.
But few particulars of the life of Herodotus are known to us.
He was early devoted to the Muses, and was doubtless incited
thereto by domestic example. His father was a man eminent in
the state; his mother a woman of commanding influence; and an
uncle, of the name of Panyasis, was so excellent a poet as to have
been ranked by the ancients as second only to Homer. Having
acquired such education as these domestic resources or native
teachers could afford, he set out in early manhood to improve his
learning by foreign travel. He extended his progress eastward as
far as Ecbatana and Babylon, embracing, on the one hand, Syria
and the Levant, and on the other, Colchis and the coasts of the




INTRODUCTION.                        Vii
Euxine. Southward, he visited Egypt and the northern parts of
Africa. Through Greece and her colonies, from Asia Minor to the
south of Italy, his personal observation and knowledge was sufficiently complete; and there is good reason to believe that he
penetrated even the remote and unfrequented regions of Scythia.
He traveled not for amusement nor to gratify curiosity, but as a
philosopher he sought out every where the history, the antiquities,
the religions, the political institutions, the customs, of the peoples
among whom he journeyed. He pursued his inquiries systematically and diligently. He conversed with the priests and the learned;
he listened to their traditions; he copied their inscriptions and
consulted their records and native writers where such were to be
found.
What length of time he passed in foreign parts we cannot tell;
but if we allow five years for the composition of his history, it will
give him not much short of ten for these preparatory labors; for
the time of the recital of portions of it at Athens, as named above,
brings us to about the fortieth year of his age. On his return to
his native city, he found that his friends who had had influence in
the state were dead, and the reigning tyrannies were too distasteful to his liberal sentiments. From this cause, as also perhaps to
secure a more quiet retreat for his studies, he retired to the little
island of Samos-a spot henceforth sacred in the annals of historic
literature. He subsequently took up his residence at Thurium in
Magna Greecia, and appears to have devoted his life, by additional
researches and revisions, to the perfection of his great work; for
there are passages which a comparison of dates shows to have
received the finishing touch in his extreme old age. The time and
circumstances of his death are not known. The Athenians honored
him with a monument, whether tomb or cenotaph, beside that of
Thucydides.
II.-THE CHARACTER OF THE HISTORY.
On this subject I shall not enlarge, but simply remark:1. On the Reliableness of the History. —Herodotus is not, as
some have imagined, a wholesale retailer of fables and nursery tales.
He was a most diligent and careful inquirer after facts. But the
range of his inquiry led him back into the most remote antiquity,
and out into the most distant regions of which he had any know



viii                INTRODUCTION.
ledge. That the facts were sometimes obscure, doubtful, or contradictory; that they were sometimes exaggerated or disguised by
superadded fictions, is what he felt as painfully as the most critical
reader can; but out of the mass of material around him, he aimed
to educe a consistent and truthful story. That he was honest and
faithful in this endeavor, no one can doubt who reads him attentively. Few authors indeed, of any age, have so entirely secured the
confidence of the reader in their integrity and love of truth. How
far he has succeeded in giving a history in all points authentic and
free from error, is another question. He puts down some things
which to us are incredible; some which he intimates are so to
himself. But these we are in no danger of being mis.ed by, as they
are subjected to every man's judgment. The age in which he
wrote gave large credence to the marvelous; we have gone to the
opposite extreme. Herodotus is not to be charged with a too easy
credulity. In mere human affairs he was cautious, and for his age
may be reckoned as inclined rather to the skeptical. In matters
of superstitions he was less so. In his whole character he was a
man profoundly religious. He had a deep faith in a god; in his
providence and justice; in a religion; in the divine character of
some of the oracles. But here, again, we are in no danger of being
misled; from our different stand-point, the fact or the supposed fact
stands in a different light.
Another observation which should be made, is, that some of
these marvelous tales which seem most incredible, belong not to
the current of the history, but are introduced in digressions, not so
much for any importance of the facts themselves, as for the illustratior. of a principle; and as such, if we reject them as facts, they
may stand as a suppposable case, and will then be reckoned as other
illustrations and digressions are, either ornaments or blemishes according to the judgment of the critic.
In matters of proper historic fact and in geographical knowledge,
the extent and accuracy of his learning have challenged the admiration of the world. Modern researches have tended to confirm his
correctness both in the general, and to a surprising extent in the
detail. The vituperations of Plutarch have had little weight, either
in his own or in subsequent times; and the work of Herodotus, as
the storehouse of ancient history, has been held in highest esteem
by the best scholars of every age.




INTRODUCTION.                          ix
2. Plan of the History. —The objective idea of the great work
of Herodotus is that of an Universal History. And it is worthy of
remark, that the earliest attempt at such a grand design should
appear, not in the form of simple annals, but constructed according
to the most perfect rules of art. Embracing the greatest variety
of detail, it happily preserves the law of unity; reduces the multifarious and complex materials to an admirable simplicity, and
maintains an easy and natural progression, with a growing interest
from the beginning to the close. The prominent object on the
canvas is the contest of Europe and Asia. The shifting scene exhibits the progress of hostilities from the simple provocation of the
rape of Io, embracing as it advances wider and deeper interests and
awakening more determined energies, till it brings in, by a natural
development, the grand and decisive conflict in which the millions
of Persia, led by the generals of Darius and Xerxes successively,
met with those prodigies of valor at Marathon and Thermopylae
and Platiea, as well as in the sea-fight off Salamis, and in which
Grecian bravery triumphed at length over Persian numbers, and
Grecian independence trampled on the haughty pretensions of the
East. In the foreground of this scene stand Hellas and Persia as
the principal figures, or rather, on the side of Hellas, Athens and
Sparta as her representatives. The minor states of Greece and the
colonies on the one hand, and on the other, the states of Asia
subjected to Persia or conterminous to the empire, fill up in their
proper relations the central group. Besides this, we have, on the
true principles of art, Egypt and Scythia on either side, as centres of the two lateral groups, brought into such prominence as to
give to every part its proper relief. Such is the idea of the form
of the history as it pictures itself on the mind of the reader.
Through all these nations, therefore, the story runs on in an easy
meandering course, diverging freely to the right hand or to the left,
but always in a way that seems natural, because always led by some
law of association. The digressions, which thus become more
frequent and longer than comports with the ordinary standard of
historic composition, are not only harmonious to his design but
necessary to its accomplishment. It is the only way in which he
could give proper completeness to the history of the various nations
on which he touched. Besides, so happily for the most part are
these digressions interwoven, that the combination constitutes a
perfect mosaic; and such, with few exceptions, is their intrinsic in



X                   INTRODUCTION.
terest, that the most captious critic would be at a loss to say what
part he would willingly dispense with.
But history was not to Herodotus a concatenation of dead facts,
nor yet the mere product of human acts or human passions, but
rather a succession of phenomena expressing a living principle. He
believed in a Ruler of the world who held the scales of justice, and
who would sooner or later mete to every man and every people the
proper reward of their deeds. The idea of the Nemesis, or Divine
Providence, is the animating idea of his work, and it is that which
gave him a consciousness of his dignity and responsibility. In his
conception, the office of historian embraces that of philosopher and
religious teacher.
3. Political Sentiments.-Herodotus was a stanch republican.
In a rising of the people in Halicarnassus he hastened from the
quiet of his literary labors in Samos to assist in a revolution which
aimed, as he thought, to put down the tyranny; but when success
showed that the object was only to put down the tyrant to make
room for another, he quitted his native city in disgust; and it was
this perhaps which determined him to seek a retreat in the south
of Italy, with a band of adventurers, where he might share in laying the foundations of a new state in the juster principles of equity.
But though decided in his convictions, he writes with great liberality and treats all political institutions with respect. He not only
concedes to every people the right to maintain such form of government as they may choose, but that different forms of government
may be adapted to the ideas and culture of different people.
4.' Style. —Herodotus had the advantage of the softest of the
Grecian dialects, and he wrote in a style which for unaffected
simplicity and ease has few parallels in any language. We have
equaled it in our Robinson Crusoe, and scarcely in any other work
of standard merit. He seldom attains to the studied elegance of
Livy or Hume, and he is the farthest remove possible both from
the jerking brevity of Tacitus and the labored pomp of Gibbon
and Cicero.
III.-PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK.
The plan of this work originated several years ago, when the
editor occupied the chair of Ancient Languages in the Ohio Wesleyan University, and a considerable portion of the Notes was




INTRODUCTION.                        xi
written at that time, but circumstances then prevented him from
completing it. In his present position, his duties requiring a course
of lectures on history, his attention was called- anew to the great
importance of Herodotus to general historical studies, and to the
want of an American edition suitable for students; for, an available
school edition can comprise only select portions of the whole.
The plan of the present selection has been, to take such parts
as would give a connected history of the Asiatic countries and of
Egypt. To this I was determined mainly by two considerations;
first, the growing interest in the history and antiquities of those
regions at the present time; and secondly, that the other Greek
and the Roman authors commonly put into the hands of students
do not cover this ground at all. This portion of Herodotus therefore opens to the learner a new world, from which he is otherwise
excluded.
The present volume brings down the history of the East to the
death of Cyrus the Great. The AEIGYPTIACA and the subsequent
portions of the ORIENTALIA will be completed at as early a day as
practicable.
THE TEXT of Herodotus is pretty well settled, and there is very
general agreement on most points of importance, in the best standard editions. But where these differ, instead of following any
one implicitly, I have used my own judgment, and in any instance
that affects the sense, have given the various readings in the Notes,
that the reader also may judge. It will be interesting to the learner
to know that most of the various readings found in the manuscripts
are merely orthographical; and probably the orthography of the
dialect was not so well established in the time of Herodotus but
that he may have varied occasionally from his own standard.
In preparing the Notes, I have endeavored to keep in mind that
they are intended for learners in the earlier part of their classical
course. Herodotus is particularly adapted to academical reading
and to the lower collegiate classes. I have therefore made the
explanations in the former part of the work quite full, with frequent references to such grammars as are most commonly found in
the hands of the student. To the larger grammars I have referred
less frequently, and to the elementary works, not at all; assuming
that these are sufficiently familiar to render it unnecessary.
The Notes proper are intended to be purely explanatory and
grammatical. Other remarks, of the nature of historical criticism




xii                  INTRODUCTION.
or investigation, are for the most part reserved to the end of the
chapter, where, as occasion demanded, they are placed in a separate paragraph, generally brief and calculated to awaken reflection
and incite to further inquiry. This feature of the work is somewhat novel, and it is hoped will commend itself to the approbation
of teachers.  The substance of these REMARxs  might have been
gathered into one or more extended essays, and might thus have
appeared in a character of greater dignity; but I have chosen to
intersperse them in this way with the hope of securing for them
a more general perusal.
ABBREVIATIONS.
The following are such abbreviations used in the notes as need
explanation. Others are sufficiently obvious, or the references are
written out in full.
A.,   Anthon's Greek Grammar.
Bul., Bullions'         i t
B. or Buttman's  "      "  (Robinson's Translation.)
C.,   Crosby's   "      "
K.,   Kiihner's   "     "  (School Ed. when Jelf's is not specified.)
M.,   Matthike's  "     "  (Leipzig Ed.)
S.,   Sophocles'
Borh.,.  Borheck's Apparatus ad Herod.
Gron.. Gronovius (in Ed. Herod.).
Hoog.,..  Hoogoveen's Greek Particles.
L. or Larch., Larcher's Notes (Cooley's Ed.).
Lau.,., Laurent's Translation with Notes.
Schw.. Schweighreuser (in Ed. Herod.).
T.,... Turner, Notes on Herod.
Tab.,.. Table, in remarks prefixed to the Notes.
Vig. Idd.,   Viger's Greek Idioms.
Wess.,.. Wesseling.
Wytt.,.. Wyttenbach.




SU MM AR Y.
BOOK I. CLIO.
HERODOTUS, intending to develope the causes of the hostility between the Greeks and the Barbarians, in the first place records the
mutual rapes of women committed by the two parties; that of Io, 1;
that of Europa and Medea, 2; that of Helen, 3: in doing which, he
states the accounts given both by the Persians and the Phoenicians.
Then, as Crcesus, king of the Lydians, was the first to attack the Greeks
with arms, 5, he enters on the Lydian history, 6. The first kings of the
Lydians, then, sprang fiom Atys; the second dynasty from Hercules
7; the last of whom, Candaules, having been killed by Gyges, 8-12, the
kingdom is transferred to the Mermnadae. Then follows the history of
Gyges, 13, 14; that of Ardys, 15, under whose reign the Cimmerians
made an irruption into Asia, and took Sardis, 15; that of Sadyattes,
16; that of Alyattes, 18, 25, who expelled the Cimmerians from Asia.
Digressions are interposed, relating to Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus; and Periander, the tyrant of Corinth; contemporary with whom
was Arion, saved by a dolphin, 20-24. Alyattes is succeeded by his
son Crcesus, 26, who subjugates the Asiatic Greeks, and extends his
power over the whole of Asia, as far as the Halys, 26-28. Crcesus is
admonished unsuccessfully, by Solon of Athens, to hold no one happy,
until he have ended life in happiness, 29-33. Crcesus is visited with
great calamity; his son Atys is killed, unwittingly, in the chase, by
Adrastus, a Phrygian refugee, 34-45. The Medes having been conquered by Cyrus, Crcesus, alarmed at the growing power of the Persians, first sends round to make trial of the oracles of the Greeks,
46-52; and then consults about levying war against Cyrus: an ambiguous answer is returned, which Crcesus interprets as favorable to
himself; and therefore undertakes the expedition, first sending to court
the alliance of the Greeks, the chief nations of whom, at that time,
were the Athenians and Lacedaemonians: the former sprung from the
Pelasgi, the latter from the Hellenes, 56 seq. The empire of the Athenians was then held by Pisistratus, 59-64: the Lacedaemonians had
received excellent laws from Lycurgus, 65, and conquered the Tegeans,
66 seq. The Lacedemonians frame an alliance with Crcesus, 69. Crcesus crosses the Halys, and engages Cyrus with dubious success in the
Pterian plain, 75 seq. Returning from Sardis, he sends for assistance
from the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Lacedaemonians, 77. Cyrus
meanwhile follows rapidly on the heels of Crcesus; conquers the




xiv                      SUMMMARY.
Lydian army before the town; besieges Sardis, which he takes, together with Crcesus himself, 79-85. The country and manners of the
Lydians are briefly described, 93 seq. The history then passes to Cyrus, 95. The empire of Asia had been five hundred and twenty years
in the hands of the Assyrians: the Medes were the first to assert their
freedom: their example was followed by other nations. The Medes,
after some years of anarchy, choose Detoces for their king, 95-101.
HIe is succeeded by Phraortes, 102. Phraortes is succeeded by Cyaxares, who expels the Scythians, who had taken possession of Asia; and
subjects the Assyrians, 103-106. Astyages the son of Cyaxares, admonished by a dream, gives his daughter Mandane in marriage to a
Persian, Cambyses: he delivers the child born of that marriage to
IIarpagus, with orders to put it to death: Harpagus gives the child
to a herdsman, with orders to expose it; but the herdsman, prevailed
upon by his own wife, educates the child as his own. Cyrus, thus
preserved, having reached his tenth year, is recognized by his grandfather, Astyages, and sent safe into Persia: Harpagus, however, is
punished in a most cruel manner, 107-121. Harpagus, desirous of
being avenged of the injury he had received at the hands of Astyages,
prompts Cyrus to rise up against his grandfather: Cyrus excites the
Persians to rebellion, 122-126. The Medes are routed in two battles,
and Astyages himself is taken prisoner, 127-130. The manners of the
Persians are described, 131-140. After conquering Crcesus, Cyrus
directs his arms against the Asiatic Greeks: but before the Historian
describes the war, he gives an account of the situation of Ionia, the
origin, institutions, and manners of its inhabitants, 142-148; the same
with respect to AEolis, 149. Cyrus having once more subdued the
Lydians, who had rebelled, 154-160, sends Harpagus against the Ionians; among whom, the Phoceeans and Teians forsake their towns, and
establish themselves elsewhere: the rest submit: 162-170. Caria and
Lycia are next subdued, 171-176. In the mean time, Cyrus in person
subdues Upper Asia: description of Babylon, and history of Semiramis
and Nitocris, 177-187. Cyrus conquers the Babylonians in battle;
drives them within the city, which he besieges, and captures by stratagem, 188-191. The territory of the Babylonians, their institutions,
laws, manners, diet, etc. described, 192-200. At last, Cyrus, carrying
war against the Massagetee, crosses the Araxes, and is slain by Queen
Tomyris, 201-214. Arts and customs of the Massagetee, 215, 216.




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LIB. I. CAP. 1-5.                        3
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4                     HERODOTI
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67rot6VVTO TO              a       b 6  0         7o-aveo~  




LIB. I. CAP. 6-15.                      5
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6                    HERODOTI
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LIB. I. CAP. 24 —29.                     7
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8                      HERODOTI'a; 7rXo0vT) AXXot re o[i )a'vreg e9C Trs'EEXX68os  0oo0
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LIB. 1. CAP. 29 —32.                      9
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10                     HERODOTI
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30 avoXLto9 s3, 8VOF(TL 7rpOEb TOV EVTVXEO9 oLtOVVOLLC, OV'70O
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LIB. I. CAP. 72. 73.                    11
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7'avO7a ovXXac3Ea)v avpoWr7ov.6vTa av.vaTr6v Ec.TT, ('c7rep 40
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Kva4dpei 8oDvat  6b'epovTre1s   w  aypPqv 80Oev,  6vT7Tes 8(E




12                    HERODOTI
7Tv TaraXt&iTv Kco/l4ffeOac  rapa'AXva6Trea Trov XaSvu
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tcera Tt eyEvovo.
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oipov 7rpoOEuevog EvtavrTOv roVrov, Ev rT 8\7 ical EyE vero
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Eyatwv erraXXaryv e7roo-aV'AvXvaTea yap e yvcoo-av
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5 0-TpaTEV7lTat E7re IlepTa9, tKat 8  Kag  a 7rtKOleovov Xp7



LIB. I. CAP. 75-97.                   13
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95.'EIIIzIZHTAI 8\ 81 T6 CpOeivTev idv 6 Xo6yov
Tov 7e Kvpov, o'-rts eCwv rv KpoLtov  ap7v icareEXe,
Kal ToPv FReppas, OTEpa ) Tpo7rl  q]yoaavTro Ts'Acl7q.'nS &'v Flepe-Ev oV LETE  &TEPO  X7rYovcr oti /?1 IovXdpevoL
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14                    HERODOTI
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LIB. L  CAP. 97-101.                   15
/3acL-tXa eveo'T7 Kat ol Ol o-avpoI.  o70    avrv  7ryto-Ov 20
eOTl TEOXOS KaTa T7ov AOlvEoIv IlcwKov K tucXlt0-ca K1q
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ELVWKEPV, OKW) aV /P7 OpEOVTEs O1t 0lo7XLKE9 EOV-e7  0vvTpo0oM TE EKetv9 Kaa OlKolb7 OiV oXavpoT'epsql, ov'& es avSpa- 10
eyaOtilv XeL7roW6 EvOL, Xv'eot'aTo ica' ETrlovXEVOLEV, 2aXX'
ETEPO&0c CoLt OKEOL MeVaL pEL7 pCOL.
100.'Ere  TIe 8  TavrTa 8lEKO6o'v7cr e Kca  EcKpaTvve
EourVOV 7T  vpavvls, 7rv 7' 8'Kcaov 0pvXaoorwv XaXer0oS
Kat TaD T6e &lKa9 rypaoyve6OY 1  Ec0r.O 7rap  EKErVOZV'Oe7rEL7reoKov, icat eKeLovo0   Latcptvwv Ta9 E' 0Epo0JE1a9 EKWprt7rec'e. TavTa!ExV KcaTa Tas &lKca? v6ro6, Ta (e o~1 aeXka 5
cEKEKoYU'EaTo O'  EL TLva 7rvv1Z)OavOLTO V'piLtOvTa, 70T701)
O'co9 /ueTa7r'efatT'o, KcaT aTir7v EKaCTov aK7lfzaTo 70El/
catev, Kcat Ot KaTaE KO7roL TE Kat KaT77KOOL [aav avCa
7rao'av T'Iv X0P17v Tr'7 )PXe.
101. Ai6OK17cs   pE'v vvv T\ MlcKOv WEvo0v o'vv)E-'TpeJre
LOV1VOV, caLt OVTOV 17p e.  ET6 E M8&V TOorac'  yEea,
Bovoa;, llapqraKiqvo[, 27povxa7e9,'Ap4'avroi, BoatoLL,
Mdayo. 7yevea ev' 5 M58&ov y    7Tt  Toca8e.




16                   IHERODOTI
102. Arl;oKer &E 7Zra'a rylve7raL  ipaop7lJc, o  rexev.
7V7rav oro    iblOKEto, /aotXiev-avTro  Tppta /ca, 7rev7rr)K0ovra
E76a, wape(~arTo T'7v  apxv.  7rrapa&fctc/a/vo9 86 ovUK
aC7e6p)T7O /~ouvvv oapXetv TP7V M'r&tov, atXXa  rcTparevo-a5 Levo0 E7Tr TOVw'EpO-a ct TrpO'70LO6 TE TOVT067ro' E7creOja7ro,
Kcat 7rpoTOV9o M 6Oo V V7FrqcooV9 EWro0l'e. /tLE7ra   e(Xov
ovo0 TaVTra  Ovea ica  a'/J4E6pcpa t'Xcvpa KaEr/caT7pe06T0
\-v'Artfqv a7r''XXov &r' IXXo`ov fvo0, 9 0o 0TparevaA, evo9 e'r 70,'Ar ovpiov KIcat'Ao-o'vpv r  ovTroVs od'
10 Ntvov eXov rcKat 7pXOV 7rpOr6pOV  7aVT7cV, TOTE o& r'cav
p/e/pOVVOLEVot /tEl) o-v/1.tiaov are aer6e076,tWv, atXXw
JLEVT,70o  E(OVTVW EV?7KOT7E, E7rot 7070V9 T 7 0 -TpaTEv1Oa/.evo0  0 45paopTr7s avrTO  7e  Le&40apr, a~p~ac  Uvo Icat
ElKOc-L Cera, Kat, o- c7patrO aVT rov 7 roXXO6.
103.  ipaopTreo   8  7eXV TCe7VT?'avro?0  ES&aTo Kva~4pvs 6 (PdpaopTreco 70ov?itoKceo 7rav9. o70ro  X&ye~rat
7roXXOv E70  yevero'Oat aXcXtcoTrepo9 7TWV 7rpoy5vor.v    Kaw
71rp(o7ro  76e eXX,6o' e KaT7  TEXEa 70oV  Ev ) y Aoly, Ka6'
5 7rp1ro07 06ETate %Xwpt_ EKCT7OV.U   elvat, T709  7e a'%LtOOpovS Icat 70VS 70T0(f0pov9 ca't o70V)  or7rEa9  o 7op 70T 
avaput8?t)lv 7rav7a 6,oios'va7re/Vptlcva. 0oV70 o  70T Lt
AV8(oalS E07Tt acaXEtCqa/voOT, 076 VV\ y T7/jEp7 E7EYVETO -obt
poaXvopE'vOW, icat  77 TlV'AXvo9 7oraatiov acvO'Ab'wv 7rao —
10cav 0vlTV caO7 1 C) VTE. OV-XXEaVa  8dX  E 701V)9r' EGO)VTo7C acp-.,Evovs, 7raVTa?  cCTpaTEvETO c7ra t, Tqrw'Ea?
O0[t                                     LV0V9'lCv)7L E07pa76 VETO E7TL 71l N~POV, 7tLU/LPEWV
T7 7To) rarpt Kcat T) lrv 6Xvo TaVT7rv  06Xtv E'6X-Vv. Ical
o0, (c09 7v/3aXoav  EvvKc. trv70  0) A0(vpiov9,  6pt lKaTl"EO
T7nv  N^Vov E7riXOE  wvOe'ov  o7TpaT70  /ekya9, ay oe &  av15 O7V\ /3aoXev9 o  wKVOEcv Ma8vJl, Ilp&o700veW0 7rac9.
od  eOe3aXov,uelv E9 77ev'A-pla ) Kwpepitov? hcKaXov, re'
EKi,r7  Evrp6rwrp, T70OV7TOa   8&e CTl(77trrolEVolt  6V7ov (:L 0V7C0
E9 7T7V MI7LK'lqV X   v7 %1l) awrlT'OV70.
104. "Eo7T  8e& aovo 7i79 al)Vb7    7279 Mat7 LBo  er'
oialv    7r07aouLov icat E'  K6oXXov9 Tp l/KoVTa 2?aeupelov  eV



LIB. I. CAP. 102 —106.                  17
dvt o $o3, e& 8' T&      KoXXios o0v 7ToXXov VWrrep/3ivat
ig r7ov MqjKc v, jXVa' ev rO, &t it&r ov ~Wvo9 a-rcov
dcrti, Xca7Fretpe, TOV7    O &  7apapetioEpvoL   EV *at  v 5
r. Mq8bUC. OV /EV7O  Ol 7e XKvOa o   rye' a avr'E/aXov,
aXXa T tv caLTev7rEpOe ObOv 7roXXhc puaKpoTrpETv EcrTpa7roFLEVOt, Ev 3Fet:b EXoV7TE 7.   Kavclatov OpoS. evOavra 0o
pezv M8ot o'vpfaX6V7e9,TO(tJ Xc KV    b   I& ca -'o'o0oevre
p   a IUXprl  *T p aPX9 IccaTeXvO~7cav, o0  &   icv'Oat Tlyv 10'Aar bv 7rao'av  e7rE'a ov.
105.'Evreve7Cv 8  q'ia'av C7r' Alryvr7Tov  icab w7reb Te
EyhEvovro ev T, IlaXar'Ttiiv  Xvpil, xtraL~p~tTt~x&   odeas
A iyv7rTov /aorXe-vscv a'batdiaa    ptO-t 7Te cal X'Ty-L
a7roTrpEret T  7Frpo0orTp)  77 7ropeverOat. o0l 86 e7t''TC
avazO&peovres 3w&awo TyEvovTo  r^oF Xvpi4    ev'AiactGXaOvtw, 5
rr6X, TCv 7rWXev&v:KvOEv Frape:eXO6v cwv a cov,
OXWfyot TLVE avTriv  vrOXEL~OeVTeIS e-vuXioaV Tz n'   ovpaVl'7S ifOPOUT71 T'T lpOV. STt O6 T'TO  7O    O P-V,  W   c)o/
7rvvOavoLuevo9 eVpliw',o), 7ravTOv apXCtorarov;p65v ao'ra.TaV1rvv7  7.S  eo'  * cai cyap 7.o ev Kvw7rp  ipOv EvOeVrTEV 10
7yEveTro, cv' avTo Xyo0vo- Kt7pto., Cat 7.5 fv KvO jpota~
10otvltCE9 E6io  Ol itpvoaletvot EK/c 7.aavr'l T7s  vpbi~ eovT7E9. T00C' 38' T&'  XgKVOE&V  rV.Xio'acu  7TO tpOv TO ev'Au1cVXod vt Kal TOFL T7. V7T0   altc elKCyovobtat eveZIrcqfe'
Oeo  O50Xteav voloov * o0'ITe aua X'yovo-  -e oi!Kv"Oac 15
ta TOV6 TO c-caS VOcEb~v, Kat opalv r-ap  (O.)VOTO VL 701T
arwbKVcoLEvoV9 Es T)V!XKV6KMIV XJV   (0p  9 &taKE'aTab,
TOiv KaXEOVaob evapeab  o Z XKvOaB.
106. E7r6t Lev vvv OiTCO Icab ELKOcb Ceea i7pXov Ti79'Aol-&    ol  lcv'Oat, Ka Ta'h ra'vra cot Vnr6 7TI iV'Iptos- Kat
OXtyCOplqo   avaoCTaTba 7.v  %pSv pue.v cyap Vopov  7rp7eocov 7rap  EKaa(TT)V To EKaa-TobtC b  c7re'3aXXov, Xw)p's 86
ft          \               \
1OV 00.pov'E77-a ov 7rcpteaV'VOVTe  Tov'  o'o Ta e'O"eV 5
eKao'TOb. Kab T0VT&vv ueov 7T, rXEIva Kva''prs  e TEa 
Mrob  CtLvavTe9 Kae KIcaTa~c ebOV7-av7FIac KaTo,6vevo-av,




18                     HERODOTI
cati ov   a)veo'-aooaro rayv apX7v Mj8o, Kcai e7reKpaTeo v
TvC7r)7Ep Kai  wrpo6TpoV,  at 7Tj7v Te NFvov cEXov, ( 8 &\
10 4Xov, v ETEpotG- X6yOW- 8/XWo%-o) KaC 7ov)'Auavpiov9
vwroxctptov e'7roQ0' aV7o 7rXIv T7)  Ba3vXcovb79s /,uolp)9.
er  Taa   Kvactp 7s /UEv, /aorvlXe)va9 7E-fepaKovTa
ere0a rvv 7vo0L'L.cvat )7ptav, 7vXev7a.
107'.'EK&c&'eC ab 36'ATvay7pS7  o6 Kva ape)o 7ras 7Tv
i3ai-X7qi1qv. Kal ot EyEvrE70  OvyaTr7p 7)7 oiVroLa E7ero
Mav&arv17v. ivT7v e8o6ee'AarTvafyl? Ev T  iV7rv)ovpio'(at
70(0V701v, (t7re 7Xr)b'a,/LEv 77v  "O)VroV r6lXwV,ertcaTra5  VcXioa  &  K~ ca  T. V'Aolr[v 7r'arav. Ivarep0e evo\T     M   7(rv
Mawov 7ro0o'~ vctpor6okotr 70  VVwrv0ov, e/o370'7, Trap'
aTcov avTa eKarTa taOov..ekr6a  (SE 7r7v MavSavr1v
7a771rv Eovo-av  r7 avopos tJpat)lv, lMq 48Ov pEv 7TrV   cwv70o  atCl)v o'VevSt (8,O   yvvacKa, Se(olKo(  T77V Ort;V'   6
10 & F-Iepo'y WoE TG)0 oUvopa'v Ka43fdoV-q%, T7V 7 EVpol'KE
OLK'L  IV EO6vrTa aryaO, Tpo'rov 8e'%'oV,rr 7OXX
evep0e aeycov av7TOv  pe-ov av(Spo Mri/Sov.
108. XVVOLKIEO'vC79 86 7rT  Kaupfvo-'  ^4 Mavravvs'_'Va 7~/ T~ ~rp&   k7'e6 eoe aXv y'1   a8gee 8~e
Ob e/C 7)1v    QIp~gQY.79 Ov] yap9r7po? aV77r   (bvaC a/LreXov,
7)71) (e a/UArTEX1OV  E7ItGLXEL1 ~77V'AGv 7aTav. t8&0  86
5 70VGO ecal V7repOeuEeo)  7torDt GeLporWXoGol(L pE7EervEreJa7o
Be 7T1V llEpE1v  771v Ova7Epa ctETeKa o'av,'  aro_,uEv/7v S" EbvXa((e /3ovXloe1o)  70 reyvvC/,evov E: a(>7S)
&a4Oelpa~  C/C yap ol 77 O-O1     O  T7(V MCyeov OVeLpOe6ot Cr0Lavov, 0571 pXXoL 6 7)7  Uvar7po0  avrov Y761010 vos' Ia'XetV'e7v arT7 eKCeLroV.  a VTa (7 (1) (fvXao'-,O/evos 6'Aorrv5,y)79, (09 Eyvero 6 Kvpos, K(a1XGa9 "Apwa7yov,
tvpa vsp"    GIL    at W77C7a' 7'E M7r'&ov  ItC a  rav7T) 
ErTl7po7Trov  70v  oV70oV, XeT  ot 7otaee  "Apv ra -e, rp,7yu a        b  Gav  7o E VrpoTOE0o, pr7l[La w7TXapa7%pc7, t)7rE'E'
15 e 7rapal36ap  KTC  \ a OXXovs EXoyevo C E  vc7rEp) oVTV a7(tept7reov. Xai3e 70v MavXBvr)   ET7Ee 7rat(6a, cbpeov (6 &;




L I B. I. C A P. 106-110.               19
etOVUTo'a7rTOIC7TEVOV'   *ET(a Oe daov Tpo'W& oTE&) a.Tro.
/3ovieac. (C0  e apEi/ETac -'2n 3aoctXEv, OvT7E a;XXOTEo 1co
qrapeSes aPcvpl  To'E 8  aapt ov8vEv, 0vXao7o'tEO ea o8 &E
c Ica, E9 TOP v tLeTE7reCTa Xpovov  97q&Pv Et:alapTefv. &XX' 20
et 706  fiXOV TOTOV'TO     l70  yvcOat, Xpr 8" T76 ye  /Pov
vv7qpETCEeoS0a EvT7rS&eo.Af
j 109. Tov'TOL0& aeeLat'Lpevos o "`Apca7yos', to ot wapeo0l To'r ~ra'8t0ov 1eCoCCO'lqEUVO v T97r  ErLT 0avaT'rP,.9.
KcXaitlv Es T' olK/Ea' 7rapeXOcv &P  cppaCe'  e'vwroO
vvaEtcl   OP 7v'Ta  PTC'Ao-Tvayeeo  pOev rTa Xoryov. 9 3e
7rpom0 avTrov XEyeL  Nvv &v'r TI o-o  v vO6  ETt 7TOLEEY; 5b'O 8E aei/3era7CL   OV r7'veT'Xe 7TO'AoGTrvyTh, OV' el
rapacpovPqoEt Teal ctc avdeTab E  caTcLov 9 vv /1alvPETa,
OV OS etoryYE 7rpOoop097ca T' 7,vio,,, ovTe e'6vov TOto1V70v  Wvr7pe6TqG'). 7roXXWov oE EL'veca ov CboveVe7O  P/UP,.ca O'r 7 VT  /O0 av'r  o   V'77EVP'r ET    7ra,'O vAo  ATva- 10
71S kEV EUT' 7rYpwv xc, a 7racTts  epTevos 7ryvov     el, 6er'e  TOVTOV TEXEyTo y'rX TOav' Ero   Tq'v OvryaT'epa TaavwTv
ava/rjva  97 TrvpavvClP, Trns vuP TOP VOPV ICTEeP6    e,
ahXXo Trt 7' XeLe7EraL TO EO EV'rE  E/J'rOe   MLoV!UO3iP 0 t, LoTOIs; aXXEa TO- tEPV aOTa~XiOS   eveica e/ot 8Eiu     TOV7TOV 15
TeXevTa'r v TOv   7rraLa, 836e /ev'TrOb, T'rPv Tv\P  ATrvyEo
av'rov covta 7yev'Eo-ab IcaL f-t97 Trw e/.t'o)V.
110. Tav'ra e7'e, Kal avT'rica aryryeXov  /'te/, rwe 67r,
7&v /O0VKOCXOXeo) TVP'Aorvareo TOPv?7t'rTaTO vozaS' T'e
E77r6C1T ea)TaT  P1-Ovta Cat, ovpea  07ptcotETtaTra, Tro
oivoJa iv M&TpaCraLT    o'F, OVVOiCEe 8E E(oVTov (7v18OIv(,
ov'vota E; 7rO- yvvacl   v 71, TK VO c, Kvv& KCaT  T7v 5'EXx5vP)v 1yXCoco-ap, KaTa 6E T971' M78btCK9  7rtraC0' T7'P
Pyap   Xvva Kaeovot (taKlca M93O0t. aL 8&.vrpEat'E~l
TO v oVpeov, evOa'Tas O/ltS To)P /ocwv'Exe owvros  8) o
f3ovcoXoos, 7rpos  30opcco TE avei-kov ToPV A'yj3a7aov Kcat
7rp:os TOV 7rOrTov TOV E;Vevov.  ravrT7 Ioev  y ap tr M9- 10
iC97 Xwrlp 7po9s~ Wa-rvLcwpcov opetvy' ECYTt IcapTra fat v#rq



20                     HERODOTI
TE6 Ka' La;       uvovper~qs,?5  a &xx   MqtlKcr %cwpn
e     cTc 7raa aWr'e&b. E7re   v o' 0ovKoXos rov~ 8'oXX
KaXE0/cevos w7itKeo,       Xcynle 6 N'Apwrayos T8e'c  KeXevec
15 ee'Av)AC yV T7   7atov) TOvT  xaoo Xa/3vTa OeTvaL OV   T7o
ep~1]Trarov  T)V OV'pEV, OK"c     av  TawTLa  6tacOapetL. Ka' TC&e TOL eKEXEv(Te eeLWEY, 77V 1Lt) ao'KTElV?7S
avTo, aXXa TE   T7por'  77r-p,7ro X,  o      peppeo    Ke KaKcLoT'O oe  ctaXpvo'e'aOa'   ewropav t' EfKE LEVOV  La-TC20 TaE7/xaat'Ey
111. TavZ~a caKOvOcLaS o /OVKGXO9,Ca a   vaXa/3tov 7
Trat&'0v UC     a T'qv avTjv 07rwiow o6v, Kat a'7rVLKVEETaL   T 7'v
C7ravXWv. TN o a3pa Kat avTct )   yVry, ErflTE2  oov-ca 77racwav v1upepT7v, T-OTE K0)o KcaTra    (ova TI'KTel, olxopevov
5'roD /30VKOXOV e' 7r6XtLV.  )oav 8& E'v?poviMtb aJ4&oTEpo&
aXXXoV 7repc,  UEV TOV TOKOV T1 7v1S Cval'KOo aP'..)..  "
o e urnyvv, oT'  OVK oC  0)6sI6 o "Ap7raryos /'UETa7rwfaCT0
avT1ij) ToV) avopa.  aEEl  TE 63r aWovo-TOca?':ETrEOT7, oiac
Ea a X7rTov lSoV0o-a' r7vv I etpTo wpoTEP77, o TL IUVLJ OV7WT
10 qrpoOvst "'Ap7rayo,uETaa7rE/z FaLTro.   o 8E e7e * SL2 yvvalc, eTov'Se E 7T6lV  O'XOv KaC 97KOV0La TO I5'Te f6eWv
O0CXOV, /-L1)TE KOTE fyeeveo-Oat E; 8cvToTaCL TObS 1)/'tETEpoVS'.
olKEcos',ev ws'Ap7ra'yov KXavpO/) KcaTeleXTo''y  3
eKrXaetL7s?LEa'cCo. O)S &..T(C73Ta F.&TY.OOV, 6pt.  -raex>,                 0)    ra  c~'ra, oaew 7ra,15 1ov q7rpOKE//JfEvov car7raipov   rcal K   Kpavyavoupevov, KEKocplytrEVol  %pUvO    c at eao-'Ot TOLKLy.  "'ApTrayo9
6o  ES t eLe, JEKEXEVE 7TV TaXlcTV' avaXa3o6rTa To 7vrat&[ov o1Xreo0Oa6  0povTra,  Keal OBvat, Evla Orlptw8EO'TaTov
Eq TVW OVpEo)V,  as''AaTvayea  EvatL Tov'aVTa E7rLO6E20 LEV6v pJ o, wr6XX' wETreefae aS;c/t woea 7T0wtotacp4.. KCa&.
t aEvahapzv espov,,O0V Nr)V,S Ol          V,a
ov  ayp av KOTE KaTE'ocat, VOev ryE 9v. E0 a 8cov  e
opeOv xpv-cW Te KLat Elca/tJL KEfK0G-,L7UJ/oV, 7rpOS &) Kcad
KXavOpbov KcaTeoTeTcra e/'Cavea Ev'Apwr'cyov. Kal q7rp6Kca
25 re  ) KgcaT' 0o6ov 7rvvOa'volaC  TOv 7ravTa TXoryov Oepa7rov



LIB. I. CAP. 110-113.                   21
70s, ol ele 7rpo7rEwq.Trv e'o 7ro6X9 eveXelpL'rO  T'  pp/o%, d4 aIpa MavasW?9 TEe E'll  ra9 Tqib'Ao-Tv67co OvyarpSo KIcat Ka,&vo'eo ToD Kvpov, Icatc,uv'Ao-vuay7l
EvPTXXETat a7r'o/cretvat. vvv ve oe e CT.
112. "Aiua 8\ TavTa eXLeye o /ovK/cXo Kca6 EK/cKacX\Va,
a7rre8elvve. q} 8(0\ e&8e 7v TrraLa&ov uEEya'e Kcat eVELc&
Eov,\8aKpvwoaca Icat Xa/3o/Cvq,'riV 7yoVvar7ov T0o ar Vpo
eXP7ge6 7,oeg,t7 TEVo EK6&WCaL U )  0  OVEc &'0  OLO 06'Va'    a     a    7lEE    EJlTootT'Eltv ryap EcaTa- 5
/cE071rov0V  E'Ap7raqyov e'7roof0e'vovq,'arroXeaOai TIe KaiCrTa7,  y7v L?37 o4Ea arTroL t?). CS (3 OVKE eroe0e a"tpa  /tv
avtpa, 8eVtTepacL XEyet  yvv\  a'6 e''Erel TrolVVv OV' 8Vva/fa[ 0e WreIgetv au'  OEcdivat, 0V 8\E c&e 7rot''ov, O1  8E i
ra6a^  rye 7avay/cI7'o+0ivat EKKEltLeCO  7ETTOKa 7yap cKat 10
ey7t, TETKca 8E TOe1v'E  TovroT0!\v  E'epowv 7rpoOes, To\v
86 7q'r'A.o'vayeo Ovya7TpO  rrai68a rs C~'cwo' ovTa
7pE(,lUEv. Kca  0 1370) OtgE mT ac(Ewa L L86IECEv' 7096T7ro7rao, ovTe / [LtV IKacKOt   8e/8ovXevAueva'(rTra&. o Te Fyap
TeOVE, o  /3acrtXq6' 7?aq aI   Kcvpri')et, l ca2 6 7errepe6v   OVEc 15
cVEoXEEL r'v frV'V1)-s
113. KapTa Te ~8o0e'r  8ov/c30KXcp rpos Ta 7rapeovPTa
eV XEryev ) ryvvri, Kca2 avTica E7roleE'avTa.'o1v,Uev1
E'cepe Oavaraoacov,wai a, T o0Droyv [V wrapa;oo  T'r  &EovTOD 7vvatKi[, TOV 186 EowVTV  6oVTa evcpOv Xa43t)ov EOrI/ce
I   \,,  I   ^,,                          t el#
E9 TO a7y7o0  ev 7E  ebepC 7TOV 6TEpOV'007o))a0C a o   5
KoU'glo rtavT  70ToV erepov 7raL86&, bp)6o'v p   TO' ep?7LOTaO7P v  oTp) Opov PW 7LT. (0 9   TpT/ 7p7i EP 7/.pT v q7raLt'o C/cKCeql.EVp eryevero, wile E wroXAv o f0ovKoXo9, Covv rLrTa 7rpoo30oa7K)v cv'XaaKov avTrov KaTaraX~rCv )' Xov 8E C,? TroV'Ap7raWyov, a7ro8etKvvvatL`p107 ET70oo  etva  TroV 7rat8lov 10
T7v VeKZ'V. 7rE'  a  86 o'"Ap7raryo? Tc&v OEVTo0D   opvq56p0v Tov 70 rr7TOTaTOVS ECL8 TTE r L  Ta0V'T   KaV  c8a 0ac e
TOV  8OVcOXOV T0 qr7ato&ov. Kat T0 fLEV  ITEOa7rTro  rv
VorTEpov 70TV70tV Kvpov ovolaa-OevTa 7rapaXao/3ova




22                     HERODOTI
15 7'rpece 7 yUvvq 7ov /ovKc6Xov, oiYvoua aXXo Kov Tt Icat ov
Kvpov Oqe.qvET. 
114. Kab O're 8' 2v 87lca2r7l 6 vra?, 7-rp7/y,a Js
avTov T7Otov0e 7yevo6Uevov  veE   ItE c t`LV Ew7ratL  ev T",7 ICdC/.rl 7aVr17T, Ev 7r, av caW  at ( ov/coVaL aVTat, e7rate 8e
e' T aXXtv  XK&tov  Ev o80. Kat o0 7rTaL8e 7trat'0ov7E ci5 XovTo owVTCtrV /ao-X'ca e'va' rorov 8) Trv o 70  /3ovCoXov
ETriKcX27o'v  -rai8a. 6 8~ av'rov 86&7ra4E 70V  [EV 0ilc' a
av 7c0)  o     \aXLv /8acnXeo  Eivat, T7j 863 7t2 t9 a7yyEXa
~c/e'pewv ESOUS0  Cyspas, (09 EKa(77(  EpryO7v 7rp0(77a0 2.
10   ctS 78 7rov 7   7ra't)v ov-1/rwaliw 2)v.OW'Ap7E./3pEO.
7ra1a, tavppo? OK1LOv Ov  M    oLL, ov' eyap    E7orot7atE 7To
q7rpoo-7aXOEv EC/C 70T  KKvpov, CcEXEvEv  av7OV T0V  a'ov9'r8aSa 8&aXa/3r 7rcEt6o1Elvwlv 780 rv 7ralwv, o  Kvpos
7ov 7ra&ta 7TpqXEw 9  cCapTa 7repter7re tcLao7Ttyeo v. 6 &C
15 E7rei 7e [Le7Ct86/ 7aXL-a7a,     O S yE 68, avat~a ECVTrOv waOov, /1aXX6ov Tr 7rept7LqEKT7EE, KaTeXOov  86 6' 7r6Xtv prpo
Tov 7ra7Tpa Ca7roCt,0 7t'E7o T7W V7rO Kvpouv " 2v27E, Xeyaov
&8  ovi Kvpov (ov ryap ICO  V 70T70 Troiovo/la), aXX4 ArrpOs
70o  /30vovXov 70o'AO7Tvaryeo ra8o6. d 8      T'AAp7q/11api7
20 6pCyj, crs exe, e'X&wv 7rapa 7v W'Ao7va yea Ical aIpa ayo-.LEvol  71Ov 7rac8a, avapo-ta 7rpq7yLaCra'~cf7 7rE7rov0evat,
XEycov' 2La2 lr3aotXev, Vr' 70)o O-oD  C oiXov, /ovC6Xov tX
wat8o6s's, Je 7rplp`Ea, e- eepipVa,       O 701)8cV  T  raTosv 70
wcpovs115.'Acovo-a9 8    cat 2t8cv 6'Aor-Tvyl, 0EXo)V TWopOra 7jt   waTra8 7t&LT    7279'ApreTLz3c peco  eElc Ka, LE7TEqrE7E TOrE7 o 7T6   E / ovioxXov icab 70)v ra28a.'ere  7e'e rap7(av  ca[Lko7repot, 8/Xca9 7rpo 70ov Kvpov o'Aa7vTEyvs
5e.n  qb 81, ov 70ve  70L0o70V 670  ra,  7roxt7,,a,
5'  V O7, E\V TOV-8 TOlOV'OUV 6-VTOS racs, eTTXO7a
7r2v 70oOSE raLoa CO7  7=rp70rov wrap"  /o  ac'c'poe'
Epta retv;'0   &  a/E/T3E70 C(Be'd,2   7eqroTa,  y& 8C
7avTa 70r70v 7 erot01a Cmv 8iil2'  O I   7yp / I C:C 77y9 ICCO-KI79




LIB. I. CAI'. 114 —117.                  23
ra2e8~, 7s'rV eKal o58e w', vra[bov're  o-6eov avT'c7v E'r1-aVTro  /aoetXaa  f8oKEeov  yap uo4  eiavt, cE 70TV'TO  7rtl- 10
eWO7TaTco. O 1ev VvV 1 aXXotL rvaLe  7Ta E7rtTa(0o'peva
E7eTE7Xeov, OV7OS 8e aV~'KOV'TEa E  Ka7    Xa yov ete OV;EVva, EC  0 eXafBe 77v  8tKc7V. El WV 07' TOVCS CJvla aE toWC
TeV ICaK0o5 el,/L, o3e  Tot 7rapeLu.
116. TavTa  XE'/ovrTo  ToD q7raLo5  7ToV'AOrTvay7ea
EcoyBLe a/o       a avov, KaL o 0O 7E XapaKlC77p 70o  7rpoO —
d7r0V 7rpo4EpE'o-Ocat 68OOKEE cS 6eO)v70, Kat o   v7roKpto-t,9
XevOCeptw)TEp7? ecvat, 5'Te Xpovo9 Trs E'KECLLO'T'7r tL'roV vraL,;~s0 eo8KEE 0rVlP/at&VLVe. E7I'Xayel OE O7V70T76t 5
e~rfi6 %povov  kOOoIyIyo9 bv   6o'ytlc 8E 8  KOTCE aVE1EtX06EL
ctre, Oe'Xov  K7rEpratL To-v'ApT7Ep,3ap'Ea, va T7ov  eVKO'Xov po',vov Xa,3cv 3ao-avlia'ApIrI3ap e, rc/ 7\aV7a
TrO0277O), COCO7e 0c Kat 70ov 7WraC&a 7ov (O)V PU1e\v c7rtU/1E1eoOat.: Tov puev u'r'ApTepulpea v7r'7reL, 70v 8E Kv- 10
pov 27ov  o'o  oi Oepar0ovre, Ocee'KEX avEroV   TroV'ArArvay'o.  Ire  (\ WXCXEL7T70  f3T  O  0VKOX09 100, 1OvOeyet). e7ret 3e v''          6fowcoXo        v pouvo;, /UoVV6OEvT7a Ta'8e av'rov  E'PpeTro o A'7rvCay7,, KOCEV Xi(ot, 7)ov
7rat&L  Kal TSv eEU7 0 7rapaoovs; o' E c  Ec)vroV  7E  sIq
yeEyovEvaL KcaL 72Tv T1EKcov(av aVTO) Ee7L cLVaL 7rap eov7rT. 15'AoT7rvdC79; /1l1V OVIC e  3ovXecoeOat, gE,  rbOv/ck'ovra
E9 ava6yKa9 ueydXaE aTrLKveetEOatL, apua Te XEyowv 7raVTa
at uae) 70TYL O0pVOp0oLtoL XaqCL3vcELv aavrov. 6 8e a7oueVOq cE9 7LaL avarcyKa9 oVTro  87 ebLatLe 7V 6o7vTa X6yov.
apoo/evoE 827 air ap X27  8&eyie -7  aXi!XO27L) %pE/evE)os', 20r
KaL Kcaarea/3ve  e   XTL7a i e!Ca3,t V7VVco127v ECVTO KCEXevov eXLev avTov.
117.'A-7vary/r17  BE ov TO EV 3OVKoXOV 72)V aXTOV 67)v
cKrya'VaVr0o  X~Oyov "8;2  K&a, e'adco e VroULeeTo,.Ap7r'aTE
8e KaiL/E7X0 /1eE/X1UfO/1-E10  KaXeEL1Vt av'rov 70ov;  0opv6tpovS ccKXeve. (S 98 o;0. 7rapriv o "'Apraryo%, d'perO /u1v o'AoTrvay27n *'Ap7raeyc, TrE 8r\ /~ p?)'3ov T raO 2a xa'rexpf- 5
Trao, T01V 70T  7rapeooa ec Ovya7poq 7e7ovo6ra'7is e/l9;




24:IE R OD )TI'O 81 "Apwraryo; cs ee8c ToPv 3ovlc6oXov ge'ov 6zrvTa, ov
Tpe areTaeer~    oaor, t.    w dl eXe7Xoo''~ fx
C-pE7i-e7-aL E77t 4fevE a 06Ov,  (a /e EXE~yO/LE"'0C 6Xto-Ic1KTat, XX6a XEyet Ta68'd2 ]3a-~cXe, E'7rei Te " rapEXa/oz;
10 To vraLtOov, J,3o6Xevov  co7rcov o'CeO9 0o0 Te r'ofcO   icara
rya'rpt y oj  /uzTe avTo o oie E'iv avO'evTfl. Wro&Eo  0r c0E.'
KIaXEc-a9' T O\v  ovKoXeOV  TO6P  7rapa1v0t  T\ 7ra8tiov, "as
e -e eWvat TOP KEXEvovPTa a7roiCTEcvatL avTo. Kcat XE4yow
15 TovTO76   OVK E 1 E#+EV86OIJ)v  0V 7yap evereXXeo ov'To. rapaB468C0lk  LEPTOL T40e ( KaTa Tace, JVTeiX6[L/evoq OdE6val' 1
El Cp7710ov   oVpo0 Kcat 7rapaEqCvovTa OvXaicretv, a'p ov
/,,,,,
rTTOT7aTOV9S KatL ELOV UO(  EKElV)V Kab 60aeLa /nl. oV/To
e0ex, co RaCLtXev, 7rEpt 70T  7rpl-Yqy/aTo9 TOV7TOV, cat TotOVrTtt6po eXpqG-aTo o 6rav.'Apwraryo9,cv P   TOPv 10viv
c.aLve Aoy7ov.
118.'AoTva'y? & ECpvT7rTcov Tov OL evetXe  Xov 86a
TO rye7yoPoo,  trp&ra eLEv, IcaTa7rep cKovce avrTO  7rpTo
TOV /3ovKXO'ov  to 7rappevyoua, 7rdXLv a'7rflAyer0o   7'Ap7rat yo
ueTah 3e,           a    y, KaTE!,ra'E Xraryov, aa,  7rep'5 EoTI ToE ra0 t KcaL TO fyeryovo\ EXEL KaXO?.         Te r yAp.r.EroT.l7EV., ro  Xe7ov, E  To7v 7ra  TOa, TOVOV eKaLevou0ye(Xaos, Kae Oviryatrp\ T,`    8tLY (a/3qE3Xq/k'EvPo OKC Ev' apE.o      a         t    ep qa,              v      T out 
(pS Er'TOtCEVOLV. CU  (V 7Tn7 TVa79 EV   ETeEF  TOVTO
ePv Tov cecoVTOV 7raLoa a7ro7reuoi'v7 apca ToPv 7rapta
10 Tov vEfiV(Ca, TOV7O 8e (aiao-Tpao rytp rTOVT ratL8os  pE'XXo
OVElV, TOlS0L 0'PV TLja7 awV-7 7rpO CEETap) rptao0oi,Obt
c7r  tL7rPVOV.
119.'Ap7ravyo9 fe'v, (09' r1cove V a TaVTa, v7rpo0eKVvP7a
Kcat,LcryaXa 7rotr-afEvoe, O'7Tt TE 17 oLapTa'  Ol E9C COV
cEyefOvEE Kac  OTt E7-t TVXY0- %17P0TfC7L 7T6  ELT7VOV KIEKICX7TO, i'e Eo Ta a otCla. Eae-CXOQPv 8e \)V Ta%? kTPv,   v Pryap




LIB. I. CAP. 117 —120.                   25
of'rav e lo pvoo 67ea 7pta Ical;&a cov    diXtcM'a -ye- 5
o1y1o%9, TO70OV EKK7rE/L.rkt, ievat 7T KeVXeVoy ~e  A7Tvaycos
icat 7roleetv o Tb  Pv   E    E 0. / aC' 09  rK' epXaprjs
E0;W Cf~p('6t 7f lYUZC 7v1v     Ta o-vyKvp?)-aiC i-ra.
(0' o,' OlKCcT 0'A fp7U/OV W       Jov   ais,  J6  avTol ca KL
ca~a IL Xca c;e>    7 t /L!C                  -  \!'U
cpcaa, (euX v  ia    e 7Wo700YILUvo0  EtX6TO/Jt. *"TEt' e.
77 WtP?7( 7L/VOIyV0J1   ro V  el7rVOV, r'apqo-av o0  76e  XXoa
8aL7vb0v)E Kca6 o'Apraryo9, TaOut ltep aWXXow-t Ka avT7)'ATvaTvye 7rraperL0earo rpa7reTaL e7rL7XeaL /1Xeatov rcI:pec&y,'Ap7wyp  V6 70)oi 7rateB;  TOV) to)V7oV, 7r)XV V 1ceofdaX)79 15
7e K~aL aKCpcov XeLpOJ  Te icKa& ro0c. ), 7a  AAX. a 7Ta(ivTa
7Tava V7 \ X( pLt e~KELTO E7rL KaE(  KaTaaK6KaXVtu/t EVa. (0
6  7T0'Ap7ra'yp e(ocKE6 a6Xt EE'l) 7)79 qop)79,'Aotvady)7
fEpETO A"1), 61 )70'06tr 7tb? 6t1 Yp  ( /a/Evov 8' Aprayov
CaI KcapTa  a))O)vat. 7rapc)epo1v,  70     TrpOCEKETOL7, 7vTV20
KeaXyv 70o  7)rat8os0 Ka7raeKKaXvuLteVv Kab a  7Ta, Xepa9
ocat 70TV  WoSa&,'Ap7ra/yo      EKEXO     7 a ovadroKaXv7rvLre, 7Te ga,  tai/3ev 70 /3o0XeCrat av7rv. 7ret06o/)epo
&\ o "ApWra7yo9 cat a7roKaXVW7rTev  opa  oV 70 ra)s7Ta     Ta
XeqiqLara  ZlSv 8\ o(Ere'V  E67rTay'77, CvO76  76 ECOVOv 7 y- 25
leTat. elpevTO &  avlTO\V 6'A7vTay/7, EL'y'VO'CKOK  orev
lOV 7p  pea poa A36/3pOKOt. 6O 86 \KaL 7t1)C00Kitv eVf, Kca apeoa7v    arrfy 7ra1 70 av /3a0-Xe6V   p8(F.   oToro't, 0 e alket,1)a0eVo  KCat, avYaXa&co\v T7\ XoLWa 7'0)V pcpeo)V, 2i'e 6F 7Ta
ol/cta. ev1e)0e67v (y,( eXX,  e XeX6 o (9C~o, (    OEe, cXa9 OfeLv 30
ra 7raVTa.
120.'Ap7racyT uEyv'Ao'rvayT'r l3t'7v 7avT27v er7EOcqKe.
Kvpov 8B 7re'p f 0VAV'o0Xeo eaXE' 70ov avT70ov TCOv Ma'yowv
o6'Ao7vy), T  EpLav, 061 77) (V.  0 & Ka   a
e&7rav, X7C/eovre c6 83a0Xicraeva Xpqyv 70ov 7rat8a, el ErC- 5
0')o'e Kat P7u al) EcavE Oa rpo7Epov. o6 8  a/ket/erat a'70ro
70o8'-6e  Eo'E7, e (a 7ra9 KCa\I 7T6pt6l-Tr, Kat Ap" 6w" a&CpOv




26                    IHE1OD OTI
tOat'LE'0pevov o0 EKt 7T9 Ico/pq7l  waLte9 cTv17o-avTo /a9tot'kL a.
6 86 qravcTa, o'a7rep oL jXi06e  Xo6y  /3aotLX&e, &EEXEoe
10 7roLtroa'  KtcaLt yap  o0pvcOpov9 Kcal OvpWpobv  Kat JayyeXtlOopovS Kal Tra Xot'T7ra  rcvct LaTa/a   eL%. Kca vvv
E 7Tt ViV 7avT7a oalVE7ac  bCpetv; Ebwrav otL M/OtL' El
pEV rep7toleG7  Te cat El3aTiXeUvce o 7~ravT P7 EK 7rpovojS'
~tlV,    pEapL r7e 0oVTroV eLve= ca ta6  uov   exe a'ya' ov
15 ov yap E'rt  7   eVT7Epov apet. p  rapa o  aLLLcpa yap tca''rv
XoYtwV  7UV evta KEXO0pl7Ke, Kab 7a 76e TrOv ovetpaTrO
eXopeva 7eXeco9 E adoieve       ra. APX L.ra'Avei/r3E -aL'Aofy)  70stTO6e    Ka`8 aa'rog,       ayoL,  raVry WrXeU70o 9 yTvt-!Lrn1 eld,, 3ao'tXleo9  voopuaoO~v'vro? Toy raLtos Eft'e'Lv Te
20 To701  vetppov Kat pOl 7TOv  ra-8a 70o0rov eWVaL t  LetlOV OV8E
g7,T. Ollo. fEV 76 TO' ('v/povXev('are [otl, ev'rpLYKE*a-.ILEVOLt, Ta [EXXet    Ca(fETra earat oK( Te T 76       Kal
vkWi.  ET'wav 7rpOs? Tav'Ta o 01n ayot        aLXEv, Kcat
avTroiaLct  7[tv   -rept' 7rXXov eO'r7  Icaopovo'Oat apXIv
257 Tv \' V. KEIV)o? pEV Cyap aXXOTptLoVTat 7ES  rov 77aia
0o0rov 7repLpttoa 6ovTa lVe6p-rv, Icat ri7eEL  opvre? MO7 -
IIepoECOVP, &'vrEST 4eLVOLt  (0o 8' EVCe1're7T0^)ro7 3,acLtXE'o, Eov~     fo i., ~,          ~'               I p  o
70T 7FroXt7r7eCo, IKalt apXoev 70 /eTpo EIca? 7tLTa 7rpo9 ceo
30 peEyAXa9 eXopLev. OVT70) Cov 7 ravTCO7O  U6L1V CEo 7T  Kat 7)T7
(ci? apxri? 7rpoo7rTe0v Co7T. Kca  vv'v el )op3epOv  Tt Ecr)pcoLev, rav av Lot 7rpoeopap0op ev. vvv;8e a7roo-CK7jfav'ro
T70  evu7rTov es? OXatpov, avroi 7e OapoELopev Kcat Co
erepa TroLavTra 7rapacKeXeVoeLEa. Trv 7   e 7ra8a Trov
35 E6 ObOaX[uC v a67rowrep/%at e  Iep'a- l  e Ta    Ka' 7ovS yetvapcevov..
121.'AKov'aUs  raV7a 6'A7VTvaEyq? e'apq7 76E Kat IaXEo'a9 7O1v Kvpov  h'Xeye o'raie'   4l2 ra, oe Tyap EyO  &'
pt'l Oelt' O' O~V ~v        V'80'   I-E0, TpO''\ o',
iifrtv Ovctpov Ov 7EXE)71' )7&K601', Ty CCOVT701 (3 fLOpY
vTepELtL  vvtv dv G OV t %altpowv Es FIlepca, 7roLrrov'  8'
5 eeyo alua 7rw   0o). e'XOWv 8E\ ece1b 7ra7repa 7re eca}l L/q7Tepa




LIB. I. CAP. 120- 123.                  27
Evppo-EL oVi KCa.a M7rpaa7r7V 7-T 70Te 7OV /ovoXoV Ka& TrV
fyvVaLKa avTov.
i22. TaDTa ctraas o6'AGvcTyi s aw7ro7rwetwe TOv  KV'pOl. voTra —avTa 8e /lAV e' T70  Kalt,3ie  Ta ol0rOa C8egavTro  Ol'yELMIatevot, Kal oe&tcavoL c)s C7TV0CVTO, LLEyaXCO  arrT'aTovro ola  1\7 E7rt 7-taEvot avt/cLa TOTe reXEvfna,                     t,,.,             atc t
70a-at, 1TOpEoV TCe OTE  T07pO7T-  7rEpL7EVOTo. 0 tC C4) 5
eXeyeC,  a\?rpo  oy /epv o0V c EL&VCaL, -aXXa 7/LUapr17KEvab.7rXEFT0v, KaT' do3v    7TrvOeo-Oab 7rao-av 7'v )EOVTOV
rOr17rv  C7r'trioaoOatb,  tv yap Js /3ovKO6XoV T70'A'TVa'yyeo el? 7ravS, aO7rTo 3E 7T7 KeFOev o30v 7Tov  7a'vTa X5oov
7WV 7rO/7rrCOv 7rv0e(Oab. 7paofrvat 6 A'Xeye  v7ro v70 ToD 10
fovlcoXov ryvvatcO,  i TE TaVT7V    atvEOv 8a 7TavTO,?'V'
7T  Ot eV 7T0 XoryO, Ta 7ravTa X  Kvvc'. ot KSE 7o0KEE9 orapaXa/3ov'reS To ov/vo/La To7o70, tva OE0lTEp09 8OKE' 70T0-&
HIepoyl0t 7repteevaa c[ o6o 7rals-, KaTe/aXov obaTtV Wc  EK-.cKELEVov  K3pov KV'ov C4E'Opee. CEVEVO EV T LrEV      bFraTt9r 15
avT'q KEX6op1gE.e.
123. KVprp 8eE a3(vS)pev orTvc Ka, Jo'VTt 7-ov 91XKOo)v a'V-;petoraTaT  KaI 7Tpo0-/XLe-Ta'T  7rpOcCEKElTO   rAp7rayos
(A)pa 7re/l7rov, Tto'acOat''Aoarvayea C7TLOV/Leco7 a car'
e    v-  \,'         Aa, -,rv'V,
CvroVT0  7ap covTo0    t)WTEO) OCVK eveopa T7Lt* )ptp7V'Oop'Vv es'Ao-Tva yea, Kvpov rS opEov  ErtLTpEOLEVOV E2OL- 5
PETq0  0V'1,4taOV, 7a, 71  \raa  7aspe  Krpov  pTdfoL    eV 5rO1[,                 W         T,,,
0 060TVEVOS. 7TpO O   6c   TOVT0V TaSE 0o KcaT'~pC 
6ovr0o9 7      rvaYeo ATV l) 7rtpoV es 70!V MT 5(Sovs, crvlpktlyro0v Ev& eC' at7'   0'ApTraoy0o 7Tv) 7?rptrcov M11ov'- E
nretOe, (J  Xp?) Kvpov 7rpo'717-aLoovE V  Tv'A Tvayea 10
7r-aDoa b t7-7 /0-tXL1t79q KcaTepyao'-evovl6 (E 10 TOV7OV ) ab
EOvTo9 E70otUov, OlVTI) 0b1 7() Avpp otateTOLE70 Ev IEpuyo'i,/ovX6,eoto  o  "Ap6raayo9;VXWra0 -ra v E7ovro)  V yvt     XLVv, aOX pe) /Bv ov5a/c1   EZe  Etre 7-v  c8&v 7bvXa0rroaeLvrOV, 6   CE Er7tTEXvaTarTOtOVSE?, Xayov uL1XavCaILvO9, 15
Cal acvaai0a9 7-0t7OVOV 7T/qV yaCTepa EcaK  ov&ev a7roTiXa9,




28                    HERODOTI
(09 e 8e Xe, ovo a e'eO7Ke /3ti3Xtov, ryptifa9 Ta Ol Ceotee
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20 7ov0  II'epa- c, eTELEaoXCo/UEVo   Ol a7r  yXCo-arjQ     &LvTa
Tov Xayov K6po E6WeLTErLv aVTOXetpt'7  LWV 83 XEWv  Kat
pqeva o0 Ta'aTa 77lO0eVVTL 7rapeival.
124. TavTa Te 87\ cbv  7rr1-leXa erlveTro, Ka, o Kvpos
7rapaXa/pov or v Xayov TaveOe re. eVp(o)v  e e'v av'TA To
LtXLt'OV EVEOv Xa/wv Erye'76TO. 3TC   7YpatpaTca eXe7e
Taie'd2 7n ra^ Kab43l reo,, cE      o 7yp  eot EwrOpEeoa'I OV
5 ayp av KoTe 69 TOVOVTOV TVXI79 a7rtKlev  a-  vvv'Aa~rvaTyea TOV oVeuovTo  OVELa ToL-at. KcaTa,LEV yap 717' oU' ov
7rpOvtvld7v  TEGOV'7Ka9, TO 8\ KaTa\t OeOV9 TE Kat E/Je 7rEpLel9. Ta Ce- KaC, 7rTXaL, OK6C) 7ra'VTa IEK[Le/zaOIKEPVaL, cero
Te avTOV 7repL,  P EXrp017, Kat ola e7() viro AG-Tva7coq
i0,re7rov0a, o'T ce OVK a'7TrEKTECL, aXXa\ &e)ica T(O /3OVKO6Xw. 0V VVV, V  ovoX  Eo 71 tret'OeaOa&, Ta7TEp'AaTva-,.,,,,, 
7yr] apxet XOpr179 TaVT7  7 a7raows apSctg.     a  ryap
avawreuta'c ra-T -O atre  7paT1Xaree C,'  Mrj ov89   cal
177v TE ee7( V7ro A  a7et avro e( X ) a-rpaTqL7o&  a vT ta
15 a-e, 67r-Tt TOt  a- v ovXcat, v  7oT 70v 1, 79 I OKI LV  XXo, 1M183eov'  7rpTo)70Ol ap OVTOL a7rov-TavTe9 a7e  EKELbVOV
Kat 7yevopevobt rpo oc'o AOrvaryea Kcarapeeltv rEctp?7aOvTaL. (0 CgV ETO UOV T70V,y e vOae8 e6ov'o9, 7roiee TaVTa,
CKa, wroEc iCKaa TaXo.
125.'AKOVo'a9 TaVaTa O KVpoS CepoVTtC7 05TC7E  7TPO7rCT  aoqo$aT'TaC  IHIpoca-   avaretLaeE a7ri-Trao-OaL, OpovTO)V 76 evpLt-CKe Te TavTa Ka LplTaTa el cvat   TO/Ee;
TavTra. ypaa   69 /3l/3,XOv Tr   e'/3oVXeTro,!Xi/rv Tvc
5 rlepveov e7r otr a-ro, 1LEcT     a &vaLVrTva 7TO LL/3Xlov  ca
c7rXeyopevo    V'Aa-TV'      ap           Epa'
e7FlXer/OUeVOS E+1 )A0~'mvay/ea pbLV OTpaT~]o~)v  l'lepCO'v!7ro8eCKVv'vaL.  Nvv,`107q TE XEy(Ov, ) IIepeaL,!rpoaEyo-,    e    "  PI   ft                  I 8       T 
pev(o vp1,v 7rapecvat eKa-TO   ovw Ta ope7ravov.  KOpo9
cEv TaVTEa 7rpo1qyOpvcve. Co-T7   \ FlepO-Eov a-vXvt va7yeea,




LIB. I. CAP. 124 —126.                  29,ca Ta pEV avTeov o XKipo9 cvvaXUTe Kat av'EreuOe a7rw- 10
oCao-Oat at7ro Mrowv. "rt 8& Ta&e, T Cv J JXXot, ravTeS aprecTa&r J llpo-at, FIlaaprycaau, Mapailtot, MaC7rtOtL* TOV7TV l aclapcya8a6 elt ElSt6 aptt0oT, eV T70ca KCa'AXabtev[lat eo't cprTp7O, EVOEV o[ o3ao'XCes  ot IlepLosEaa  8yryOLva1o-. aot 3& FIE'poat, ELl ot'3e, IHavOta- 15
Xalot, zlApovo-LtaLo, FepavtoL. 0 TO ULeV 7vaVTES apoE'TEW~lc~, ot  ~ 8\XXot VO/LCL E, Ad ot, Mcp Ot, IAfOWLKOI,
p1v CUo', o; ~  aXo~ voprtes,, 4' Mdp8o~, a  1oT aco[,
acvy/apr'tOt.
126.'dn  &e 7rapiCav a7ravrVes e%ovTe        7vb  rpOEtp7lpuvov, EvOavtra 6 Kvpos (ryap T7tl XW pO9 ThS' IEpo'L6IK,   \   n  t.   \    -3  f xs,I
aKavOo60JS OJOP TE E77t OKTclat(el  OTatLov? ELooL
7raVTve;              0    w~oprov vert, otEoccattca  [o i  e'
iaVTy,) T70OV76OV'b  v  %Xpot 7rpOElTE CEo LxEpC'Ja      Elv,rp E7pLTE XECr aTe V  8\ To V IIEp(7E0  70)' TrpOKCeI/ElVov 5
aEOxov, 8evTepa Co-t 7rpoe7re  ES- TV vo-TepatIvv 7rapecvat
XeXov/uevovv. EV (E ToVT6) Ta Te al7ro6Xta Ecal Ta 7vroi/jpcas.ca, v  /3ovKoXta 6 KDpo  7T'raVra TO' rarp   o vvaXi-as
E T'OeVTO cove /cat 7rapeoEeaeve o4 S(e0opeVoE    7Tv  IHepCe&ov T   ov TpaT6v, 7'rpoS 8E o'vc) Te Kca  t'lT'otL (09 E7rt- 10
T78Se0TaT0offL. a7TLKOJEAVOV   8E Tv7 vTepaTT l TOV9 JieLpo'aa
KaTraAlva     Xet /t&)va EO')XeE. E7rEL TE 8e'  a7To  etTrvov
oav, E'lpETO  -ceac  o Kvpos, KOTEpa Ta T  7r rpoTepatl
EcXOV y Ta 7rapE6vTa  otL E'l) atpEr6TWTEpa. ol' e&aCav
7rOXXOV elval  avTc)v To    uov'~ *E0 v,/V'Eyap 77povepfIv 15
keplv 7rarTa 7 - avca CeTe KaK\ eEWv, T7lyv 8S6 TOTE 7rapeovl)av
~rarvTa ayaOa. 7rapaXaf3&v 8E TOvTO To &ros'   6 Kvpos
7rapeyv[Lvov T7v 7ravTa XOQyov, Xeyaov ~"AvSpe; IIE'poaL,
el                          - e^  E!                EYIt
OVUTO) UVIV exel. VOJOEVOLt  V c0 ttkeqab ECTI
Ta'6e Te  cat aXXca pLvpta ayaa', ov&eva wrvov 8ovXo-20
T~ofrr~a ~ Xova L~                ~       va 7rovov'7rpe7rEa EXOV6] * /3OVxOEVltQt S  /E60 7TeOETOC  ETL
VI/kLtV 7nVOt Ta) %L~  7TrapaTX rloLot a'vapt'ir7TL.  lvlv
v  ECLEO 7Er6ELL0uEVO7L ytVEcOe e'XevOepoL. avTOs TE yap
owc&o  Oelry TV'X   7E7oryoV   Tao8e Ea   XELpa9 &yeoOac,  tKa
viueaa r1yqrlkat avSpaq M8joov eEva& ov ]avXorepov9 oVTre 25




30                     HEtRODOTI
ra aXXa 0V76 T  T' 7WX4               VTCO  (0(6,
Ta a~t~a ovre          lkrokema. cot coV exovTaov$8c7rtTaoOe a7r''Ao-7vayeo  7'1v v7aXICo7Tv.
127.   lepac  Luev  VVI  7rporTaTeCo   CrwiXa/360ecvot
aruLevot eXevOepovrro, icat w7rcXat 8erov 7r0'LEV LEV0  V7wO
Mj83owv apXeyoOa.'ACTrvvayrqlv 83  Cl EQrv0erT  Kvpov
7rpr2)c-ov7Ta 7avTa, 7reultas  ayryeXov eKaXEe av'ov'. o6 (8
5 KiVpo  EKE'XVE To'v a'yy7eCXov JarawyyEXXcv, o7t vrp67epov
O1   r0ap' EKElVOlv   ) avros A' Tvavry f fovX4erat. aCKOV0a9 86\ 7Tav7a o'ATVvay. M-jov   e 76 Cr o7rBt'e 7ra-v7a,
ica, o-7pa7'oy0v   avTco) y0CT7  OEoIa/32)9 eOv a7rE(8e'e
Ap7rapyov, X )Oqv 7rotev/ero0'va LaV  &Sopyee. &9 8' ol
10 MjroE aT7pa7Evwrt Telo 0  ro70ff ITIHpoce r7vv1ELC070ov, o
uev 7fever av'rTov euaVOV 7o, oOL /) Tro) X7)a yov \,uEco-xev,
ot oe avo70Uxoeov 7rp0  701V  FIEpa,  ol (6 7re'vo70L
EOex0olcalc6EOv Te tca ec/ev'yov.
128. LaXvOrro9 8&' TOD M3I8KoOv  c7rpaTe6V/a7ToS
aiXap&C, (CO e7rvVeo70 TaXTa'o"  6'A-'TvaMy'rs, e7 a7reL&ov Tr^7  Kpco''AX' ov'8' &`  o Kvpp6os 7  Xaep?)re.
To-airva e7Ta9 7Trp0T70V 1UElv 7T0IV 1LafyCV T70)o   ove6po7ro5Xovs, o0' plv a6c7yvoo-av'ETWeivatL 7T    Kvpov, 7TOVTOV
av1e)oKXo7rL(e6, U~E7'a 8o 7r      v roEeXLOWe vTal rT7ov
M8V eVo  v T7  a'-erT, vEov9 7Te ~Kab  -rpeC60jra  a'vWpa9.
Earyaraw&v 87 To)0vTov  KCL  o-vp3aXA)v  70 TOL  IEp-P?7)o
e(oo770, Kal avo'7'  Te   Ao7va7ryip  Eeo)7p rq, ical T70o
10 etAyaye  TC7)V Mx8&ov a'7rElaXe.
129.'Eo6vr 86 alxpLaX)r(T  7T'AOTrv6aye; 7rpoCT a 6~
"Ap7rayos KCae7aXpe e  a KCaL KaTeKepToefee, Ka atXXa XE70ywv 6E av7ov 0Ov/Xua y   e7rea, Ka6 87(7 rca elpeTo 11v 7Wrpos'7  (Ov170o  8e6wrTov, T7  eLrV EKEV0ot aapt6 T0o 7Tac3&0 C0o05 tE, 07L T6 e7   CK6EtV0V               7"0VXooV29 aP 79 Tq a S.
0  6 /V 1Tp0J-t8p V aTeITC  O 6peTo    E V 70 T0la6  T\ Kvpov e'pyov.  "Ap7rayo  8e(6 Eb2J, avo 7 ryap 7padaL, 70
7rp77yp/ua  7;71 C(7ovTov  LKCalt'  eLvaL.'Ao-Tvy,27?  o8,urv
aw7raw6e  c' Xoryp oaiccauorarov Te ca 3 aCo7K 70TaoV eov7Ta




LIB. I. CAP. 127 —131.                   31
wravmTCv avOpc;0wwov, cccKatoTaToV -v  yv6, EL rapeov avT79 1
lpaoLE'ta )yevEaOaL, et 8&77 &' ECOVTOV 7y E7rp77rplO Ta7 7rapeovTa, aXXc  7r'epLeOrlce 7  KrpaTOS, a'KucoKTaOV, b5T, 
To  86eTr17v10V 6tV6KEV Mn8ovs  KaTeOvooc-E'    et rytp  y)
SELv 7ravTLOS 7rEpLOELvat a'cXcXp TUE  T7v         Ka"lXf9)c  I-u'
avmor eeLtv, tKLatovEpov eLvaL M'i8t0v'TEo 7rwept3aXdEv 15
OVTO TO  ctvyaOOv 77 IIpOEWv  vvv 3E M4jov9 hzv  ZvaLTLOV  70TOV701) COv7aJs I ovXov9  "VT" (SEcrtroTecov ye7yoVEvat, I-lEpoac  8&'  3oviXov' eovc'mx9 T'O TptV  M'&o8v vvv
ye7yorepvaL 8eor7roTas?.
1~0.'Aaorvyva7,LEv vvv pa)'ev'c aL(E' (7 ea 7revTe
cKat TpLrcKOvTCa OVT&O T7' /3actX7t7l KEcaE7T7rav'o-0l, Mj8oL
8E V7rEKvfav IIEppL tLa &a v 77  70V70     rL tKpoTorpa, ap~avTrE  7rS  act) 1'AXvo  7CroLraIuoV'Actils E7r' ET7Ta 7ptjKovTKa  EKaToV (EVOC 0v 8E'ov0Ta, 7rapE  77 o'ov o 0cKVOaLt 5?7poV. VYTEp() /.LEVTOt~ XPOV'P /UETE/hEX7q E TE   t TaVTa
ap6 \  Ap    v -          
7rOt770aCt Kat a7rEOT7,av a7ro  apEov  arOTaE 
rotLOr M otGLaL 7pXOV To atro TOVTOV 779'A 1trS.'ATrva- 10
fyca     K  P pos KaKo\V ovev IaXXo'o0tca9, ei'    7 rap
EOVT&, E. 0 ETEXEVT7C-E. OVT) oq KvPo9 yEVO[LEVC6  TE
Kat TpaLfE' e/3aoItXeVe, Kat Kpo'oo'v VOTepOV TOVTO)V
aptavTa cELtct?79 EcLaTe TpE#aTo,  (  Etpr77ai [LOt,- To  p67TEpOv. TOUTOv  ec3 KaTao-Tpe-faueLvoE    oTo  Wcrat/S 7s7 15'AA     7 p E
131. HEP7A2  8E o28a v6looL6 t TrotLO'86E XpECOI/eVOVSr a/yaiXLaTa [tzElV Kcat V]o}OVS Kaa /3wuoVosl ovlc eV v6u/L
ro'ev ~ov [Pveo'Oat, aXX\t cKat TO't 7'oto'EV    wpV
7roLeV[L VOV9 u pVEaTOaL, aEX    2?lv
frtpOepov'Lt, (9 /.LEV e[OL OKE'CELV, OTt O1vK avOpow-rOcveas
ev6loc-aV 709TOVES OV9S KaTaCtrr p o0 "E[XXrvE ewvat. otl 8  5
vo[lovt ALL PEvl E7't Ta V'qJ77X6oT7aa T&iV oVpEov avaaCLvovPTE6  OvCt'asp ep6SeL, TOV KVccXOV    T avTa  0o vpavoVi Ala  caXEovmTE' ov'Vt  E\?X7Xt' e6 TE caa  o-EXvD ica2




32                    HERODOTI
%y0, Icat 7rvp, icat v/3aTt tca2 ave' oto.. ToKjoto. pE v 8~
10p uovoto.     O9vovo  c apX10e7, E7rCqe1AaO/17caaot  e ca K   T7
OVpavlv OeEv, vrap6 Te'Ao-ovptowv PaO6vTe9 KaY'Apa-,8tJiov. IcaXEovo-t 8'Aoaao-pLo T v\rv'Acpo831Tv MLXLTTa,'ApciEtot 8& "AXLTra, IIMpo-at 8 MiTpav.
132. Ov-Ln &o T ot Mhpo.lo. 7TEprp Tow eTpl7 pEEVo v
Oeo\V i/6e IaTE'aoTvK6ce. OVTOE /3 W03     7TOLEvvTaL, OVTe6 7TVp
avacatlo  _peEXovTE9 HvE&v   o  CT7rovU3 %pE;vTat, oVKc
3'-v    I ovecU  Lc ao.7 v s 6   K/ca-T  OVet.v
5 0EXet., E XcpOv  Kca0apov  a/yay/ov v TO ICTvvoS KaXeEL TOv
GEov, Eoaveaoav1.e0vo    70ov Ttapav FLvpoivp,u tTa a. &ov70,uLEV  178 fT() Oov7t tl  [LjOVVt 0) OV  lEyvpETat aptaOatb a cyaa   o'   7ra'o-t TroToL lEpo. cL KaTEdeXTat eV
yiveo.Oat IcacL Ta) (J3acrtL' Ev ry/p 8q1 TffoCC a7raGt. IleplOop0 f Ical avo 0  7ytvETat. e7reav  86 tapaL-TvXa9 IcaTa,wepea vO l'pltOV'F'J'a  ICpa, V7roWvaoa9 Trot97V (0
a7raXco7ac77v, pu4X-T-a ~ TO \TplbvXX0ov, E7rt Tal 7Ta    EOqlce
7v rravTa Ta cKpea.'taOEVTo9 8e3 av0ov /.ay:O'  av''p
7rapeCeTCCO e67raetleC Oeo/yowvlV, otlv  80 3) EKclVOL XVeOVCat
15 elvaa 77v E7raoLt8?v  avev yeap 87.,uaCyov ovi abt vo6.,os'Tt, Ovo[a9 7TroCeaB.'ralE7rLo v e oXl'yov XpoYov,'arocEpaF   0 60o a9a TLa Icpa, ecat XpvTac o' T,  uLv  o X6fyo
atpeet.
e/                    \,,
133.'H~mEPqv &  a'7avEcDv /IACTa'Kelp  T' a'v
vopt ovo-c TV egacvov eyevevo.   Tv vavv rl   7rX. w 8aba
~T'V aX/cDv 8uKateV^0ot 7rpo'OeoOat,' ev vT ol eSatove
aaa    pqXov Icai 0vo0 7rpovtOeaavcov,Bovv v ca\L t7r7rov Kal Eca~Ueov Kaab ovov a rpo LLTLa5 Tat bXov  07rT700Vo E1v iCaL  voL-tl, O 8&\ 7rEV177E9 aVUT7)V Ta
Xe7rTa TC1)V Wrpo/8aTWov rpo0LOeeaTat. C0lT7OLt 0   OM $ 7OWyJECOVTat, Teqrltcoprljact 83e 7roT0XX-Of /CaL OAK oA/XeGo-  /caK
8t 0V 7T oaot IHepo-at Tov"; EXXqIva9 e7TC0OIIEVov 7Et(0)7as 7raveCoOat, O',Tt -bt  a7ro\  eCr7rvov vrapapopeeTat
1t0 OVov   ryov atLov'  el,e 6e  vr7apac>E'povoT, e.rOioovra  av
ov 7raveCoOat. oht'vo &  EcapTa 7rpo0Ka-vaTa, Icat ort oa!c




LIB. I. CAP. 132 —135.                  33
eeLcat e'EOrw, Ovflc6 oUpaca,   vt'riop iAXXov. TafVTa ltev
vvv OvTce OfvXaO'-Te'Tat,,  eOvcoIClevot, 86 COaa Oat  ovXevecc'Oat, Ta  r'ovatLe'TaCTa T  o T    7'rp77kCLTcOV. To 83 av
a     -y o' t / VXovxevo IXoo',  TroTo T T VoTepa[LI vmrov't 15
7rpoTeTOe  6e o'Tiryapzo, V TO70  av  oVTCe9 jpovxeovATa&t
Ka6 7v p uv a-y,Oca? Y)fvcr t o pO)YTat aVTC, 97V)        I
c8L?, /ueTLeUoL. TC 8'3 afv vWrovTrec 7rpolovXEvo'rVTat,, pceOvrvo 6     rEvotb et86atvtc)(O KovO't.
134.'EvTvyXavovTesv 83'  XXjXottl ev TnT' 080Woo',
rooe  gv Tt, [kayo & e" Ttlo 8y'  t o'  [
T(OE av TL9 3a7YOi Et.O/JO&O EMT& Oat 7VvTvrXavo)TEs
avTb yap  )OV 7rpoCCa7YOpEvEtv aXXjXovs ctX'ovat TOWLC
oT6.ua't, iv?8, o Tvepo  V7Troe~EoYrepo9 OXLyp, Tas rr7apeLas OLXeoVYatL'     )v 8&  iroX" x,  otrepos ayervEo7epoV, 5
7rpooT7r'7rw )V qrp7OOCVVEEL TOV 6eEpOV. TLC"OJt,  8EK e rravTOV TowS atyXtoTa EOVTCtV O      wCKOVTat tLLETa rye eo)VTOV9,
8;evrepa    TOV' 38evTepov',Aera &a icara Xdoyov 7rpoI,3aVOVY)TE Tt/OOtL' 971KO-Ta 8Tt   TOV9 ETOO')V E'KaG-TaiTO  O K1))aOVS ElV T/p ayOvTa, VOutktOVTE; EWVTOVS etvat av- io
Opo7rcov lkaKp) Ta 7ravTa apLOTOVS, TOVC 8 aXXovs KaTa Xotyov TOv XE'yoevov Tr TS apeT7  Ct avTexEcOat, TOVsb &
EKcaoTaT(o OLCeovTas arro eOVTcOV KaaKtCTovt elvat. eW7r
&~ M~8ov apXOvToWv Kcat?pXe T7A EOvea aXX7'Xcov, ovv1a7ravTWv /LEv M o&80C Kat Tvlv ayXLtGTa OlceoVTCE vt)tV t'i-t, 15
o1/Tt &,'                  o[ &   dX a T,     E"',"E''
oUVTO  8' KIca  T COV o',uOjpo, OTl O. hXa ov   xolevv.
KcaTa TOv) avTov 8   XSoyov cat oi'Ilporat'tkuC,0'  7rpoE3atve'yap 037 To Evo aCpXOv re TE Kalt ertrpo7revov.
135.,evtKca &e vo,aata Ilep'ata rpoLtevrTat avSpcov
paXtT.ra. caal ryap 83  Tr7v MJt3Kqc~Tv E'0r.7Ta voptl'avrTE
rt eCWVTCov etvat KdalXXt'O  OpEOVOt, Kat ESa TOV  7roXE-,Lpou  Tovt  ALYV7TtOVU   Ocwpn71Ca9'   Ka, ev7raOect's   TE 7ravTro;aL7raS 7rvvOavO6levo E    E7rlTre/v'eovTtr, Kcat 3\) icalt c7r' 5'EXkXvwv v/LaOovTTet 7rattl /ult'oovTat. yaltEovoc, 8' eica~7TO0  aVTi7O  7roX7ttaS  6Ev Kcovpt8t'a( ryvvalca  7, woXX   3'
eT7 qrXevvaq 7raXXaica9 icTco)VTat.
2*




34                    HERODOTI
136.'AvSpayaOil 8' avryT a7ro8ceKra- c I  aerTaT'  p. taxeoOat ewvat a7yaO6v, os av 7roXXovs' a&rowo&y wraZSa~.
TO3 8'E T70O'u 7rEL(7T0oS a7Tro8ELKVVVT  8&opa'E're/7rEt o
3ao-tev  avat  racv eTo. TO 7r"OXXoV  3' q'    wy-aarat i6vpdov[!    a, bfi                        ~ ob, \,I   -
5 eCvat. 7ratSevovo't 8  TOb; 7vra&Sc, a7O 7EPVCTCO' ap;
auEvob /lExpe  eElcoaCTEreo%, Trpla /ovva, i7rT7EvEWv CKa
TOteieve  Ka& aXcXl eoa-Oac. wrpwv 8\ 71 rev'Tafe' ryevrpat,
ovK a7rwtKVecTat E'; o'ltV T9 WacTpi, aXXa 7apa TyL 7vvaltt 8ti&iav EXEt. TOV  8    eca TOV'o o oVroV7     wTot eeVrat,
10 P'va  jVp a7ro8av  TpEcEvo';P,1Etlav ao7  7TN 7Tarpt
7rpo'f/3atX.
137. AIveo  1tuev  vvv 6ov(8e vSv voPov, abveko 8\ Kat
o6v8e, To I47 [LL   at )j W'gfPvKa lkq7TE avv TO v aTO Ca.uq8Eva povevewv, /,L're Tc7'v  XX&aov  Ilepc'ov uq8E'va'7vc
EO)VTOV O.KETCAoV E7Tt /L  acTlv aPv7KeOroPv 7aToO,p(Setv'
5 a-Xa Xorytacquevos'qv eplaz I rCIC'  XEW TOal EUV' TE K2ticiua ra PovTa 7c)    Vovpyi7rlpkarov, ovTr)  T6 6vIj3o xpaTat;. a7rOKTECVaL 3e ov'Uva KC) XE70ovTL TOV EOCVTOV rarEpa oiv3  pr)TEpa, aXXAt 6ocKoca Te7'  ToLavTa  ryevETO,?raoav ava7Kcl7v Jact a'var7)TEopLEva TaVTa aPvevpEOivat
10o 7TOL iVo/oXkptaCa  &ovTa 9 p*otxt'am' ov ryap 85 0aoat,   \   s,,.    /,f    \  r 
OWOS eVat' TOV 76/ a  eeot'oKea v7ro Tov E&VTOv 7rat3d' a7roOV7(TKcLPv.
138. eAaaa 8o   Cob 7rOLELVP OVK eCEC7TL, TaVTa ov8S
ryetev  ckEcTm. atfXtOTTov 8& avTo6cn To  E'4eveSo-Oat vevoutcGTrat, 8e6Vepa 8' \ CXEL' xev Xpo, rO\XXCV LEV Kcat
IaIXXv etvEKca, iL6XtOaTa &8  avaylKcatlv daoL ewvat TOv
5 3elXovPTa Ica[ TtL'/eV8o     E XyePv.  S a'v 8e Trcv aPrTa ov
XE~rpyV i) XEvIC'1)P Efi, C 71e0lOVtP OVTOS; OV KaTEpXETCtt, OV&
M~rrpvlv i Xer~lvr~v k'X27, v~  rr~h~v   P70t oao, I&kt erS~  o''
tXO6trv p'oe7'a    r&iet  TaXvota.I-Xpt.   ~aPo' &~ wdv T? OPv
IoXopri7' Kat Tcas XEVKac  7repIaTEpa'S, T?)v aVi'Tv acLT'7Pv
C7TtLoQpOVTE. EC'; 7oTa0Tv 8K oVTe EVOVpEovol OVT7 eJp7rrTV



LIB. I. CAP. 136-154.                     35
ov v, ov XEpca  Evacrov'OTvrai, o08E 6XXov ov8eva 7reptooDeooC, aXXaa -eAovra3  7rotra/ o  a/Lo uacXtra. 
139. Kat 7To8e cXXo 0/t WC8e vtL7rvrrETWKc ylveoOat,
To lIepTaC  El  aVTOVus XECXrOe, )7LEa~S /LEVToL OV' 7T  0Uvltr [tr cot E6zrTa o/LoLta tO0-L coY L(Tt KCl Ty,'tyCaXo7TrpE7T67 TEXEVT Lo TroaVTa ES 70TV7TO  papLtca, TO zltEopClE
[evy -av KCaXeOV0ut, "ImwVE  SE Yt'y/La. ES 70TV70 To  L/LEVOS- 5
EVpl0-EtlS TEXeUVTWvTa TO)v IIEpC0Ewv   7t oiv3o/a-ra, ov  7a,e   \ &' o,, a-XX,,'V'po'.
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avetlt 6\ e Et 7TOV 7rporepov X&OOyov.                      15
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"E IIocvas atXXov 7re/J7retV  r-TpartTyOV.
154.'2S 8E a7Trr7ctXae o Kvpos EK 7Tv:capt'lov, 70ob




36  ERODOTI
1i  ~'. "'
Avu ovi aq7rcoT7c o IlaXrTv1q  a7ro6   e TaT3dXov cxab Kvpov, /cara/,3a'  E 7rb OaXaoacav, aT  TOP.Epv  exo xw
7rTvra ov T /C  TQV      t'              TE "/' "    " T:'
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Orij7Yuara,rape  qvrev Kab av~ro  e ovrBv.       p o p
5 aplersov: etvYpcpalrovaaCbao6~,ceas^. ott K  o, tya    p - o
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avTOOLp    Lpl7rO-aTov, cO, ti-p cEIro7TEoc a.VrU7te Leivoap'tP
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156. KpoTqoa /tev    ) raTa ot.VETfIC,, acpeT'eoTepa
Tavra evptYgtoP 4UvOg'o   "v aPop.8CI'O~EPrag  Pr?70vat 0)c, o'Eea    7'lT Ko'"",  v   a' o; 4 pe 60oCv,'rpvP6caoevL
y a apa   Ilp    a  e'v-'     V'"




LI B. I. CAP. 1655-163.                37
7IjbX$eT1vp, oVc avaw7e'et, /Y ueTa,/ovXevoaaoLOat,a''
8ov &8" luq Kcal iv"rTepov ICorE ol Av8oI, v TO 7 rrapeov 5
v7reKCpaLcOC,   ori'W t avre' C7.,Tc) HEpoEoV a7rOXovrat.  Kvpos 3s 7O.L&  VT 7roO17KV IKCa.UvAw    7S'  op6S,i
ebo  ot, areieo-Oat. oca'~a's aeo Ma'rp ea, tevpa Mr8ov,
mtiird~Z ~oi  EvETel?XaTo 7r~poE47ceW  Avoiat T  6' Kpo-oo'
VreT'e70ro, Ica, wrpko  etav8paorocaoaOat To'vo  aXXovs 10
7iav~ra o 0'' peara  Av86v Ervi rapr&s eEOTpaTevoravTo, avTov 86 HaIcaTV7V W6vTWS7v  v coovra a7ya7yev vrap' EOwvrOV.
157.'O /ev 87 Tav-ra EK T-79 0'08V ETEVCtLaeVOS a7r?)Xavvue E?I.a. Tha Epc11Yp(EO),  1a'TUvr   &'UiEvo9 a1EyXov
cvat o-rpaTov E7ir COvrTOV ovTa, oE'ra'      9 pXeTO roevyorv C
Kv/rvj.  J*  *  *                /
161. XioL pEv vvv HaKcTVVv e~e8oorav, Ma'MaVpi  8\
e.cira Tavara eerpaTeveTo Eb T vo9  VUrwo;XipKo-avTas
Tc6/aXov, KcaL r ov'ro Uvy fIpLvveav  Ea7qv3pavro&SoaTo,
rTOVTO 86 Mat6v~pov 7re8'ov  7rav TreSpat/&e XV` v TrroLee46elV0o9 T} ~ Cr'pa%,L  MaYVl7wi7rv.\ ooavTcoo. - aera  &  5
Tavra avTtlca v6ovi c) reXevT-a.
/'1
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o Mijwv) /3actxve9'AoTrva7yis'r   Tpawrey e'atoe,
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TOSg covp TOTE vro.Kvpov orpaTryo9  ro3exeB', C  5a
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fyapTel%?7peag rror?7jeYe, TO evOEVTE7v  xwIara xv  7wrpo.aC TE9Ea 7rp pOeE. 7rpcoUy SE (Polcail flv 7fl E7TE%6p?7c7e.
163. O6 8\E iOl)KaLee OV7Ot vavTtlXLyot palp.y'ot 7wp&TOt CEXrvvcov EXp4roavro, Ka  To6v re'Apir            IcaT TrOv
Tvporvl'qv Kcal Triv'IpirlP'v Kcal T0v Tapitqotov oivrot
e6l't Ot Ka~TaOeaVTE   evaVTNXOvro 8\ ov cT7pOy77yXAfO
7vovIT, aXXa 7rEVT7lKOV7EpototL. arTKcoLevo )    esd TO'V Tap- 5
vrrTI ov rrpoCaltXEe9 e7EVOVTO 7tZ /aoXti Tov Tapr77o0o'CV, Tw OvVO/JXa btue vv'ApryavOCIvtov, ETVpaCvvLeve &e




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Snoi.n S  oo X vF              3 c d?3   o~ s so3/3 0 \3 og   io0 vt,,a.o IL..ody I 0, noa    3 nodgnn nv  o/.ivO.d?
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3S)91V2 QC   S9i.O0L 59X3;3y0od   id7 oL 0Xc?3L lQ 0) L 4aL7 vx iV91
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I  0 QO'dH Ht




LIB. I. CAP. 164 — 167.                 39
TO 7rOXtV, T7 owv ota rv'AXaXgi.'ApyavevWoe  8' eV
av^a 787 7ereTeXev77Kcee.  T EX...vo      E&    t r-v Kvpvov,
7rpoora  aT    eav7e$ vTEc  271v cORawa71V KaTEefloy'ev0-av
TCoV lEpoEtoy  Trv fvXaK crv, i EppvE..apa.ea/evv 10
7rapa'Apwraryov T~7v 17GroXtV. /UETa  c,  o 70 70 TOTO (L Ep-,yao-To, E7rotrcavrTo 0o'XvpaP  KarapaS 7(o  vXroetrro/1Levc
EoV7oV         TV oy Troov.  rpos Qe Ta;Tp7fl tca6 /vopov ct8orpEov KacaTe7r0vTO 0caV, Kab  tocav,  CL? 7xrpiv Ck IwOKa4v'EtV 7Tptv 97 70TOV IxV8pov TOV70TV  avaor'1aL.  7EXXO/lUE- 15
VoV e& av'rTov e7rl9 T7v Kvpvov, iv7rep a7ol/ea9S TcWv aJ0o7v;Xai3e 7r6o s~ TE Kat 01KTE09 79T7 7r0XLsO  Ka i rTwv 06Awv
T79S XwP979, kEV80'pKtO0  6\ rEyVE10ZEV0OL arWE7TXEOlV O7rtGo. E9
T7)V PcOKtaltv. o'6 86 avT)r 70 O'pKLoV eeffXaa(ov, aep0ev6 7E EK T70'  OLvOV(rEo)V erXeov.                     20
166.'E7reI 7e 8E Es 79rv Kvpvov aCrL 7oTO70, OlKEOV
KOtVy [L7Cta 7cov 7rpo7repOv arTwKO/Ea O V oE7r e7Ea 7rE)7e, Ka,
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T7EPL EeCt0ovTa. Ot      c                     KaO avuo&
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UtacIy Ka8pE'l9  7    lK7 t TOff vt cl)KatEVffl C7E7E'TO  at,LEV ryap TEOcOepaKOP7Ta (0(  V7E9 &LeO0ap7ro'av, at 8&  e'- 10
KootL at 7repLteovoat  av atXp-70-To  t avreTpair aTL'o yaLp
TV'S,/gX0AovI. KaaTa7rXooavTef 86 T? 7'1v'AXaXt'v a'veXa/3ov  Ta Teva tKabT 7'r 7yvva)cal  Kat, 797v  ) XXrv KTe7rLjtv.Orl    o    e    /o   o,.,           \,,
009V Otat TE Ey)t'VOV1TO at Pee, ot aryetv, Kat e7tretTa
a7rEVTIeT 7Tvv Kpvov e7-Xeov 1E'Pr/rywov.               15
167. Tov 8\'LtaoapEtcLte    vev 70v    v avSpa9 o' TE
KapyX8Or6vOb Kab ot Tvpvovo... A'Xax6v Te avrTv T roJXX
7rXEIOV, Kat 70V7TOVS9'eaay0e)7E  KaTeXevoav. /aey7a'E
AryvXXaowtrt 7rrtavra T'A rapt6ova  o'v X)pov EV 7T' o0
5oWcaLeE KaraXevO-B)evre EKeaTo, ElryEt'vro &aoT'pocfa Ka[ 5




40                   IHERODOTI
eulwrrqpa 1,at a7ro7rXqrKca, r  oiottos 7rpojaTa Kcal b7rotvyta
cab dvOppo7rot. ol &'AyvXX0aiot ~E ZeXovS 67e/r7o V,
/OVX6o/Jevo aEa/cUOaL 7T\v abUapTrdBa. 7&  8,e IvOli oW&a
EKCEXEVU E'TOLEEwV Ta cKa,  Vv oL'AtyvXXao  TL E7TT67lo Xovob  KaI  7acp'vailb''ovo-L crb  eryEaXo,,at a' ywva
KVa1,1)tV TOicaT PrttKltY) WLOTW7,L. icat 01T0&,U8 v -Civ To10Kawv  roaovvorp fp(rP  &~l7qo-arTo, t1    a      ECO9  O'PyLov KaTaL6V7VjTES EV0EVEV O'p/JE@C/JEVOl, CKTtcavVTr
7r6XV eyJS T?79 OlWvoTplIJ TaVrTv'Tsl vvv  TrXI KcaXe15 Tab. e"7to-av 8ye Tav'r'v 7wrp6\ aJvpos\. H oEL8(VLL7JT60 E
600r1s), c  Tov  Ktvpvov cb      l q HvOb1 EyEcTt-cab &  pov
Eovta, aXX0 ov T\r 1Vrov. @wCKcat17,s ue'v 1vv r)Ept T'7S' eV'IClOVa oV70) (XE.
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5 Ical ata'r Oy7iTopTa7r& 6a70, TO V  t6rrtlvrm c vjoat. - --
178. K                 apo9 EWEt TE Ta \Irav poTa 7T7 p-7eopov V7'eoX/'pla &i-rou-aro,'Aoo-vp toLL    -'7iOrr o. T7r    \'Ao-vpir79 e&Tb /tEV KOV KLaL aXXa roXLot~LaTa [teyaXa 7voXXa,
To  E ovoua7aTOTaTOV  cab t6XVP0?aTO', K.c..vOa.  ab
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7r&'cp /eyza~Xt,   Eocov06a OET(V CKaG'TOIV EtOG't
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Ti71 7,rept060v                       ra-TC w6Xto9 ryivov~ct  aVVCLWcLVTE9r oy'oKOVia
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15     4ejKpOC   7%ov  0   fLoA7orat  7FV Te  t o,LTLov
ECrf \' 7'rnXC  11(VT:PIG-l.vv'a.T  ^1'o1




LIB. I. CAP. 177 —180.                41
179.,4~ 87 PCe-?po  TOVTOw'b e6W Opacat,'va -re -K
7'T  TraJov      il a   X bI te at, To TetXolo  ovrtva'po7rov 7'0 oyf 0o.  u op 6  a&o vtr    e T9 p op7apv   lveeaov
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6 qrX~v'Ovs ttcavas wc. av avoTa   ev I4 asot' /ae'7a 5
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42                     HERODOTI
70av  8 Kcal avTat, XaXKccaL, cpov-cat Kaa aVTal  0E aUVTO
15 Tov 7roratzov.
181. Tov'7o ILEV 87\ vTo vEXOs 0cp75: Eo7-, eTCpov
3E CofWeeV TrCeLXO  [7iept0d], OV' 71-OXX( TEN a'0-eVEYTEpP0V
TOV ETEpOV TEtXE0o, o7TELVOTEpOV eC. fI E (gfapoeL'ECaTT'p
j w6Xw~LO; TIETEIxEYTO CV Ev lwmcp eV 7T9 /JI\V Ta \3cLaotLX Ia'ro 7'rer e[~,to t v  Eeo'~ dv re ta t          qatrtba
5 7rEpL30oXc /LIeyaX  TE cal IcX-vp%, ev 8&  To) e epp AZbO
B4Xov tpov XaXKOc7rvXov, Kcat e~'-E TOgTO Er7t r  v,;vo
OrraUtWv  7rayvTr  Cov Trepay)ovov. ev LEcrt    TOV cpoG
7rVpy0yos oTepeO  obKcoUo/iUrat, CvTaOtov icaL TO /tK:oS Ktcal
To evpo0', Kau C7rt TOVT"  T6) 7irVpyp- AXo' wripyo w E7rcw10 ie/8qKCe, Kai ETepod, /a4Xa E'W  T0VTQ,  LEp 0o5 O'ICTC'rvp7ryv. avwa/3ao't  & CS av0      7ov           E 6 0T Sp 7a
TovW 7nr pY'ovS Co voa 7'rE7rotlTaL. /ec'OEVVTr  8& KCOV T
ava/3acto'S, CerT6, KaTra7y6oy  Te KaL o t'a, L71ravrrr-T poLt,
EV TO~LS KaTWvT~E  a aOV t0/r aVaov  VaTat oV a OT.'V &
15 7r  TEXevTaCl   7rvprypJ vr]o\ E7reT' ~ya* Ev 86 TCo vr"1'
KXLV7q /,LeyXr KCEETaCL c) CCTp(OV1,EV), KaL 0oL TparevCa 7rapaKCeeTra  %pvreq. ayaX/ta 8E oVx EV OV8EV av'rot EvLopv/tevov,            ovv'&e' C evavXt'lETat avOp7rcrov, ort
Ij 7yVV?7 l UOVVl7 TcoV C7rLXOwplOv), Trv av o Oe   Xrat K
20 7rao-Eov- co XEyov[rt 01 XaX8atotL eoV7ES IpEES TOV7OV TOD
80eOV.
182. Pao, 8& o0 avrot OVTO, Cot LEv ov 0  7rt'TL   XE70ov.'rS, rTOPv 0eov avTOv cOtTrav TIe eS TO'v voOv /cKa aL#-.raveo-Oat Ec7rt TrS KtXI'VS, KTa'a7rrep ev Otr',p3L 7r0-,
AtyvwrrTrit Kcara TOv avTov rpO7rOV, OS' XhEyovot ol Ai5     yVrr7o' cat,yap 8~ cKeOL KOt/lJaTat eV 7T0 To) /tlOS TOD
eat'oS ryvvj, a/l46OTepalt     avwTat XEyovTra  av3prov
oVtato Sv CS' OLtiXUlv qborTavV  Kca KcaTarrep Cv HIaTapott'
T7Sg AvKlt       T poTrrP avT7  TOt) OeOV, CECaV y7Ev/Tat~ ov)
ayp covatet e-Tt XP770-T7ptov at7o  0    e,7r'eav 8  yEvrrat,
10 TOTE  v ov7KaTaKt'aaXlerat       vvKTraS' eo ev Tr(t   vrTO.




LIB. I. CAP. 181-185.                   43
183. "Eo-7 8& TOD ev BaflvXcvt ipoV Kaict aXXo  a'TO
of  " Oa d/TaX       /k'  TO   A.V'
vls, evOa ayVaXLa,-eya  70  ZLOI, e, KcarL4Evov XpvocEov, Ka[ ol Tpa7reTa LeryaX)q 7wapaKc'Erac Xpvo-'7, Kcal, T\
3aOpov Ol tca0   o 6  povo, Xpv cos w co-Tt''at, c  ex cry
ot XaX8auot, TXaXavTo)7v OKCTaLKOcwtov Xpv'tov WreTrol7Ta6 5
T-avTa. et     ro fo v1oi fiow/L  con %pVdEoS.  orb &e Kca
dXXov /3fOo/S  /L Eya9, 07roV OveTa Ta TeXea TiV wrpoIa3T0V'  67ty Tap TOV Xpv-oCv /3i)LLOV OVK E' E0TL OVCtiV 07&,U) yaXaO1qva' puolva. e7rL, 8 ToD  01,'ovoS /0/oLvo tca1, IcaTaeytifovt, Xt8avcL)Tov %LOXLa TaXavTa eTeo   eKaCTo70V Oe10
XaXatoT 7TOTe e7reav T71v opTv7v ayoow TO) 06O 7TOVTC).
1)V 06\ EV 70T) 7/LEVEL TOV7T  E&  70  %pOVOV X KEVOEVC ICKaLL
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01T70) 7o avoptdavrtL,   Aapedo9,u6v   o'ToTa07reo   w7rt3ov- 15
Xedvoa9 OVK E7OX/L.70,'e Xa/Et1v, 5ep7:'   6te o Aapeiov'Xa/3e
Kat 7TOv tpea a7reCrKTve a7rayopEvovTa,u C KLVEL1 7iTO
avlptavT7a. 7o [ELV 3) t(po\v 70Tv70 oV7T) KEKOO7TP97at, eTb7
B3 Kca, 1'8a avaOr!uaTra 7roXXal.
184. Trs 8e\ Baf3vXc)vo0  7avT7rq 7roXXol, /ElV KoV Kat
daXXo, EyEVoVO f/aotXe, c T&V 7 V TOL'L'Ao-ovpLtoat X6roto'- pv/ 171771v 7ro0t7O7paa, o0' Ta TEX Ea  e c7reloo'p-70av
Icat  Ta ipa, ev )E 8E Kca, ryvvairec   8d 3vo  0   g.1ev 7rpoTepov
apdao'a, r717  V7tEpOv  7yeve0T 7rTEvre  7 rp6repov'yevo),vkE7, 5
Tr V o0vo/Ja 17v ):elpaqlu, av'rl7 /1v  aEr3e4earo Xc'kaara
ava Tbo 7r'oov 0ov16a a4toOe.1a  7rp  epO           Oee 6
7roTra-oa   ava T7 7r'e0tov 7rav 7reXaytl'ltv.
185.'H 38   8eV 3eTEpov yevo/0LEvv  7aTV71s iaat[Xeca,'T
ovvotia lv> NI7T)KcptL, aVT1  8E ( ovvertoWepfl fyEvo/LEv7T 7T17
aVTO,   t7evop  e
7rporepov apcaOr79, 7070o   LEV [tVlU6o'Uvva e'Xlrer0 Ta
d/7) a7ryryf70/o'oat, 70V70   8E 71v M~8,1v op-oca apX)7v
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ao'Tea av7rot'L, ev 8E 81q ca  7 T7V NIvov, 7rpoc vXada7ro
o'T,..v1varo ttXctraTa.; lrpcoTa [Ev r)7v EV)pr7)v rV 7roTra



44                     HERODOTI
uov peovTa 7rpOTepov    i 0vV, OS cb  ata T& n   O-6Xbto t.4
fl7v peet, TovTov avo0ev'8&ppv(as opv?)cYa eOVT 87T)   TI
10 eTrotlcqO  o0oXLoV,'JTE O87 Tptl EC TOV Twva KtIoerv' T)v
Ev 7jI'Acrvpip aWLrKLEETa ab pEO)1. Ty O  Kbq OiVQ
OTt, 1T aV rtKvCCTat o E0    pt -,'Ap'eptlKKa. cat vvV
o'v Av KOJtotVao t a'7ro\ TT're T"r' OaXdo'orVV ~ Bai3vVX7va, KaTra7rXEOVTeo   es To\  EVfpd7T9v rroT7a/uto? Tpi  Te E
15Tlv avT'?v TavT7?v LKw"97Pv qrapaylvovrTat Kaa ev )rpl)to
y/LEproLb. TOV7O /E)V J17 TOtLOV7O,rrOvoE, XX /-     7rapEXO(e Yraap' ecaTepOV ToV 7roTa0/LOV TO XeoX t atov tovlaToT9, j/Eyaao0  Kcat ivAJros O'0(O0  Tb E(Tt.  arTv7repOE &8,7roXXj3 Ba/3vhXcovo?p voce'XpoTjpOv Xapp, oXMYOV  L rTa20 paTebrovv-a (7rO TOV 7roTrapov, i3ados' /VB   E  TO i\Weop
as E opvdcovaa, ecpos 8E TO\ 7rEp'ltETpov aVrov rotevo-a
EtICO0L TE KaCLb TETpaKOO'W) (TTa&(iwV  TOY) (1E O'PVL)0-01bE?)O?
XCVV EK ToVTOV TOv opV7/JaLTO9 avaboluOv   7rapa Ta XeI
cea Tov 7roTaCLOV 7rapaXeovaa. Qei  TE oe o0 C(opVKTO,
25 Xiovs ayayovcq KIcpql7ria KVI dc/X   rWpE  aVTyr)v'iXae.
c7rolee 8e acu4oTrepa TraVTa, rTv Te WroTraulov  YKoXtOIv Kcat
To opvm}//a r7av WAos, (0 o0 Te  WroTaClkO' 3pavTrepo09 Ei7
Ept Kafvra, woXa a7tvveVoU,  teaO,    ol 7rt Xot eXoo'Cb'CKOXtot? T'rv BaSv/Xova, EEc Tre TOV 7rX0o &eIC&scTraL 7re30pioto' 08 s Tg)'u; VX    fbaKpi. KcaTa TOVTO 8r3 fe etpyaEtOr Tqi)
XC.e0'7 To at' re e/&oXa 9Cav )-   a K   Tra rvvTo.ua TIr) ec
M wov  0oiv, t'va pu) E7rqrkto-6fpevob Ol M8ot e'/ic-avWOavo6ev avt.1 Ti a Trprly/aJTea.
186. TacTa pev 82) ecK /3dOeo; 7rep6E3aXCero, TrovISe )SE CS  avr4 v 7rapevEO4Ecl7V E7ror-'aro. T'; 7roXto's
Eov'(qs 8tvo /apo-&ov, rTO? 86 7rorapoV  Ev0-ov  EXOvTOS',
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Kca, TOVrTO 7rpoeSe S  re ri Te'yap. Cpvo'0-e STO EXvTpov'T
Xl4v-wy, Ikvr1.4)oAvoVO TOe aT Xo Ea7ro TO0  avrov ep7ovy cXi



LIB. 1. CAP. 185-u 18.                   45
7reo70.X-CeLraE70  X'0ov  7reptb lcea)a, )9 8  ol?)a-av ot
Xi0o6 &itlLOL Ks    %7 pl   Op CjpVK7O, EK7pPEaca TOV 10
7ro-rapuov 7o peCEOpov 7rav E9 T0 wpvoUe Xoptov, ev 7TO
7rt/7rXa7ro 070ro,'v TovTcp a'e cflpaoC'yevov Tov apgatov
peEOpov, To0ro70  u-v -   xetEa To0v  roTrauoiv  caTa T7v
7rowXtr ca Tca r carao'ta9 7ra\ EIc'v 7rvXt2oYV Er\ 7T7v  WOrapnv Oepov(7ac  avotrKo(o/uq7G-e 7rXtIVOLt-t 07rT710L  aat 15
TO7V  aVr7   XO6rov t70     TELXEL, 7070  e'8a\c "T6 LaT Cav  KOV
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80Lp. e7tlT7EiV7C(KE  SE e7T avTr7v, OK'SL 1/ev 7j1pl 7'Evot7O,
dvXa reTrpadyova, e7r' cov 7Trv 8tLd8ao-w 7L roLEvv0o    Ba- 20
lv~  ot I06  t 7a  8e vvc7a   7Ta\ 4Xa TavuTa awatpeelcov
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7rap' zXXXWov. 69 8e   T0 7e opvxOev XipLq 7rXjp1S Ey/e6.OVe V7O 70 ro  qroTa0oV caa& 7  7r ep  7177v ) y7vpav eKceK6oy-J;i70,     Ev Eiv"p)Tvi 7rorapov E9 T7-a apgaa pCeOpa 25
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187.'H  8' avTwrl\  ) avq 8aoea KaS awrairjv 70Tl 6Se
Tvwa e/AJav)oja70. vr'ep 7r07v pua6Xt-ra Xe opoov 7rvXeov
70) aoTeo7  Tacov eCOV7U7 ca7TeKCevao-aTo IJcTeoApO)V   tLvroXX   avrecov 77v 7rvXEwv, eveEKoxafe    esE rov E  a707 ov
ryp4apuaa XeyovrTa 7raSe'   Tciv 769v -LeVE VO'TEpOv yt7o/pe- 5
V)Vo, BaflvXw(vov /3axE)ovv  o-7ravt'o- %p7ua-rcLv, avoia9 70Tov 7raob0o  Xa/3ETO) OKlo-a /O eXrata %pr]jnaTa. ra/v~7o0  7yE /L a-rav/'ta  7ye aXXw vog aot':~ ov ap *paewvov.
OV7roS09     TaQo   71V acKt'vTo0  kEsXoL ov 6E Aapetov 7FepWJXOe     a I3ao-tXqt7.  Aapeit 8& lca  8(etrOv   e8doSKee  elvat 10
TyL WVgXIt 7rav7170L-t /178E)V XpcecOat, Kat Xp7IaT07v
KcetLpeov Ka2 avat v TriV Xpl7UaO)7V ErLKaXeoLevmv, p
ov Xafev avra. 7?',6 8$e wvXat 7ravT 7otc ovev  eXparTO
708e  et'veca, 07t  V7rEp Kc(PaXg) t     o  E' lV7 EO   ve lKpO




46                    HERODOTI
15 8LccEXaVY0orVt. avotla'  8a6 T0Pv Ta'fov  6Epe Xp?7iara /-ti,
oiv, TOPv a  VE8 poP ia' rypa/upra XcEyov0raC ea6  Etla'
a7rkr]qvoI 7e ea6W  XpiuadcTv cat altXpoKiepS1),r oVc eiv
vPKpwv 07)Kcas avtP7eX. aV.T? /x Ev vvP V  /3aet'Xeta TotaV7T,
TtL XT7Eecat y/evmE0Oat.
188.`0 CO &r~ Kvpos E7rb 7a'rav 7W  Tnr  fvvalKOS TOPv
7ra6aa eCT7paTevETO, eXOvTCa T7 70TV  ra7pO  TOV ECOVwov
70vvo/.ta AaI3vv4Tov  alb 7Tq'v'Aoovpicov apXqv.  -TpaTEVETat  8! qa7 83aCTLXevS 6o' pya Z Kat (TtlOUb Ev erCKEVCa5PCL~vo~ et o'6ICov Icat 7rpo03avTOtf, Kac 867 Ical vI&op 2a7r o
TOV XOaCo-'7re  7or0Ta/.tOv apt a   yera  TOV'rrapa:'ovo'a
pEOVTOSo, TOV 1OVVOV 7TL v   a3LXEv9 Kca6 aCt  ovoe)avo9
vrora.uov. royro  07rEO TOV Voa&oS a' re v7-OTaOV.  7070      70  XOa(rreo            ao    E.uevov  7roXXat iccapTa aitta&a6 T7rpaKCVK'XO6 ljULto6evtab KolrrO~h~C    \
10 bovao,  Ev apyE~~ota tL pyvperotn 67Tro7/Tab, o arr   EXaVv,
ECaUrTOTE.
189.'Erei 76e T&  6 Kvpos vropev9o/evosL L Er   7v BafIvXiva el7'vETO'7T rlbvY,  r'o7ra/, T70,   ai /Lv'rrlTya, \C
MaTtqvoZGb oVpE6t, pEEb 8e oa  Japaavsov, eKl8LOt 8& ES
ETEpov 7'roraJov TitypLv, o  E. wrap' An 27tl  ro6Xtv pEPv 
5 77Vv'EpvOp2v  OdXaoro'av EK88tot;, 70V70OV    TOV r1Yv8r7v 7roTraJoPv   ~   at3a8atveLv e7reLpca7o o Kvpos EOV7a
PJVoltWEp'7TOV, EvuOaVa Ot 7T7V T7t tp&jV L7r7Trv 7Tv  XevKW 7 vo VptO  E'o3a\ e6 TOV 7roTalov 8a a8alatvc  E7ELpaTo, 6o  e J  tLV ovtrr)ca9 v7ro3pvXtov OL C OKE'   E'epwv.
20 KGCapa  re 8  eXaXE7raLve TO) qroTa/u2 o Kvpos 70oV70
vipLoavPTL, Icat ol c7rrTElr 0E OVT  6j L at'cevIa TrotvCELV  7T6E 70OV XOLt7OV^ Ka IcaJvvactKaD  Lv  ev7'7rTEU7, To
ryoUv ov /3peXoVo0a, 8ta)aB3eoOa. fJETA 8,E T7v7 a7TELX?jP
etL7Et riV T7rP Ba/3Xiv~ a C7pareV rtP $aipee T)Pv -Tpa15 7?7V PXa, 8tLEX\   86 KaTE'ELPE cOLVO7ET aL  vvTO8e'Et
abt(pvXa9 oryaKoVoTa icat EKavTv  7rap' ecarepov TO %etXo9
TOVi rveo6  TeTpa1y.va9 7ravTa TpO70vo, 8taTataa  8\
OPv eTpaToS  Ope O'e P cCEXeve. ola 8\ 61tdXov iroXXoi




1 IB. I, CAP. 188 —191.                  47
epyaCob/eEVov  Ye/vrTO /LEv T0 epryo, o/LoN /-EL7To  T 717 Oe
peLiiv 7rarcav av-roi Tavry &eerpefaV epyaf5/evoi.        20
190. c'J2s 8' rov Frvv8v 7roT7aq/v ETt'caTro Kvpos iE
ptL7Keco-itas Kacat er1cKovTa /L.tv &wopvXaS 3aXaq/%)v, Kat To
&cvTepov   cap vrX[ap/wre, ovT) B1/ "Xavve E7rt 7'rv  BapovXc'va. o0 8&  Ba/3vX'Ltot EtcoTpaTEvcaL/evot eJLEvop avrOV0. 6 OE Uee7VTO ECXavvov ayXov Tn  6XtOl,' -vVE3a- 5
XOv 7E Ol Ba/3vXw'vtot Kaa ECTow''OEVTE9 7Tv  SaXy /caTetXOrcTav     To aGTv. ola o8 eerC o'rTa/CTevot eTb 7rpoTepov
Ovv Kvpov ovec arpet/bovTa, aXX' opeovrreS avrov 7rav1T
60VZE& OikOlS EaTXLEtpEovTa, 7Tpoec' avTo  crta'    Teov,            T
TaevveO, oT    ervr  6      3tXeotV a KE,'pota t tO'to o VtS' 77
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X7Eop/EVV)  oSeva,  K'apoV7  ES' 7V1  O tv.'VPeC   7TE 7T Xp6-, avrope ter'
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Etre Icat aZ''qaOCe T5 mrotnT'ov o;' q',  evoke 8?l' Totoptc. Taxrcal 70?) 0-TpcatT0  f    rtKO aLE1)O v E CI ep)X P  OrOTa7olE,' p cv 1?  rS3a/ v oa-fX et, Oca i7rr7Oe Kc aTEv 70  10
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48                    HERODOTI
20 /evov, ol 8' a'v 7repLLuOVTE9 ro&S Hepaaa   eeXOeiv   es
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25 arwpoo-o0Kcr ToV o'   mr tapo-rlerav ol IEpoa\ir 7r      8, xeEaOeo9 T'i-  r'6Xtoq,    X&yTe7TaL VWO 7TWV 7TaVTy OCKfI/.LEVWV,
7COPV 7TrepT -   -Xavaa' i-iv Ti Xtoo'aX)K6e0Vtra. vT70o 7T ted-ov
ObcUEOVTa9 icov Ba/3Xovo~vw  ov' /1av~avvev edXoO6a',
I          ~         I               f          %!
-XXa TvXE6 r'ya/p cOL EIov1av'opTrv, XopeveCv Te TOVTOi
30 7ToV Xpovov KaV Ev ev EV7ra0elt    vat, E9 8    K KaN 7T icpra
c7rVj00vT0. cat Ba/vXo\v L pv oVTro Troe rppjrTov apatlpipo.
192. T~v &   vrvapLrv'cov Ba/3vXovlov qroXXoa-'t,ev
eca    a AtXoat v  F O  00'1 o7r TS EOTTi, Ev &8 8K\ Kca TsOe. /3aLeTX   TCO /EkEyaX() E9 TPOoWv CavTov TE Kat Tqi, o-'TpawrLt
86apa'prip-a&,  rdpet ToD 106pov, yir rO-aa oo'o   o a'epe.
5 (s3v&eca  &v /W1v6r)vo C6VTWeV E' TOV eviav'ioiV To E 7TEoepas,rqva9'peje't ILv i Ba/3vXov[17 Xp'P, 7-0ovs oe KcTi  TCOv,uvv    Xob-rri  -aoa'A'lv. oVew-o TpT17r polp'Aacvpb'
X'rjq &V7 4vL EL Trs d^X1'Aa-lI7. icai t2 JpyX,7j'rI Xvp(L
TavTrl,?pv ot Iep-raL OaTpa7rw7"V Kca~Xovct,'rTti arwa10 arGv'iv atpE'o 7roXXO6v  T IcKpaTtTi7l, OKcOV TptLravTa'TXiL 0~'Apirac3ad'ov eK  a3aa-tXeco eXOVT TOV V'O/1LV TOVTov apryvpiov,.tv 7v rpOO-eta eICo79 WepT79  ap79T/   /ep/  IECT. Be aprTaI3r  "eTpov 4v IlepULKOV, %opE~e ~ e8elvov'A-T
Tt K^j -IXeWv Xo-pt~t Tpi-pt ATT-i W'A'i-'iqa-LTT7IOt O  Oa aot vroi.5 aTrav  8l p, _rrape, 7 zv -WroXe/.to-'Trpeov, Oa  EV atva/alvovTee, Ta9 OIXe'a9 OKM C'iaKOOtt', a \ 8& 3awvo6'evat E'aK[co'Xtat icat pvptau  acvtE/atve ryap e'KacToI  TOV EpEPv
TOV7TOV ELK0O7 tLTWWOVS. KVVCV O& I1VtK&)V TOOVTO  7' 7t
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Ba/3vXJcvo9 V71rrpXe.Cvra.




LIB. I. CAP. 192 —194.                 49
193.'H 8 r 7  T&'r'Aavptov ve-rat pev 03Xiy, Kcal
ITO EK7pEcOV 1V ppiea1' 70P1v clrOV EOTL T0V70  ap olLevov1
LEPoTV7OL EK TOo r7oTatOV aopVvera[ Te TO X[ jov ca' K 7raparyiverat 0 CiTo70S, OV Icatra7rep eV AlyUT7rr  aVUroV ToV 7orapuov avac3al'ovoro  e7 9  Ta apovpa%, caXXa Xepo-l r-e Tca  5
cnxovlwVotl  a p8o'EvvoOS.   1 vya'p BaI3vXovt&w %xwp-q raca,
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TeTpa/LF,'E1v  Tov XetepwVov, EQcXE 8& ES aXXov  -orra/.ov
vEK TO'  Ev'prj're, e9 70v Tlypwv, 7rap' ov Nlvos r6X, l 10
o'tKrTO. O' 7c 8E X&opEOv avr  arraeowv.alcpw capi&,rT
TiOv ulLet9 q'Lev1  pl)7rpo  c Kap7rov EbE'pEw'   Tra ryap 80
dAXXa &8v&pea ov8,E'etpaTat a pX\7v c/pew, ovre avKE~V
ovie t/rWeXov ovSre e'alb)v. 7rOv 8E Trg dIltlp'rpsO' Kcap7rov
T8e af7a6r E7i\ pecv  EaTv Jc fl   67e /tlco6ata  e\v TO 7r Ta- 15
pdwraav Wro33Ot, ir Ecv w     apt-Tcra  tr Eavr vTvrp evenlcy,
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~Lat, ~E Ei6(80S OTl TOUL lq aw7-tryEVOtLOt ES T7v Ba/3vXwvlr)v Xwcpjlv gKaa Tr ELprJLEva Kap7rrov EX6ueva eq a7r'tcrvTqv
7ro\XXv a7r7KTal. %pEZoVTa8' O7aVple  O al, a'o XX   EK T]ov
nl'r/Oov 7roteOVpr7a. eLt -E       /OVKE TEVOTE a8'va
7r av Tr?7E8'OV, oG'rXe EVVE avTOrv  PKapiro(/opot, EK 701V Kac 25
LTtca Kat OWVOV Ka,!LEat 7OrrLEVVTaL  TOV   VKEOw TpO7rov Oepa7revov0,- Ta T aXXa, Kal /ol1lKov  TOV9 Spo-Ea9'EXXlv9 KaX-Eova,-t ToWVTrov Ov Kap77TOv 7trCLp8EOV(L Ta-b
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TaVT?7 Lee  yE arv T71 7rOlXv, e p3oat Obpa'aov. 7r
3




60                     HERODOTI,7rX ta avTooi, cxb Ta xa ra 70v  7r0oTa uov 7ropevo/,6eva e
T v Ba/3vXkcwova EoV)Ta /cvK/CXoTepa 7ravTa 0c7VTLVa. e7reav
5 7yap ev To01''Ap/uert'oL0  TO0'c K!avT7repOe'A0o-vpt'cv oiIcurevot rouea  iLTE7 TaLcoL6evo0L 7rrot?)0-v7Tat, 7repL7TeVOVy7' 7OVTObLX  8&c00epa9 c7Te/yac7Tp[&at  e~coOev e6ado
Tpo7rov, ovre orpvl/vqv a7ro/cpLV0Ve6 oVT6 -7rpWcopfv avva70oVT)6, a    XXa' 7r'o  7po7rov KVIXo 76pEa 7rot0?ar(T. Ta
10 caXakX r') 7rX0avrT6 qrTCv 7r qTrXoiov 70VTO, aruactL KaTa
T7Ov 7roTapov  ep60EcOac, Cop7rioV'rX?7ave6  buaXcr-Ta 8'
/8Coov; (otvtlc:l/ov KcaTa7y      otvovV 7rXcOV. tvOve7Tat 8.}
V7rw0 76 Ovo 7rX?K'/Tp(CV Kat Ov'o av(pcoAv opOc0v crec7'r()rv,
CKat O0 /   eV 60(0 AXOCEL T a 7'A7-pov0 Ov   E 0  (0 (OVEElO. 7rt0ee15 Tat 8\ Ica  KapTt a  uya Xa'   7aviT7a 7.a 7rXota o cal cXac'o -o
Ta  ef /LWeytcTa aVT7OV /CaL qreVTaIc0Xtt'oXv TaXdavTCov
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y6otov eXeL. Ev ECaO-Tp OE 7rotp ov0   O0 E7vTL, O       0
ToaLC/' bbo'L/ wXeDv6vE. E7reav (C)V a7r[/C)OvTat 7qrTXforTe 69
7~i  Ba/3vXcOva ca&  LtaOe(OaTat 7O)v fOpTTOV, vo/CJa? /pEv
20 TOv  7rXoov Kcat 7tYv /CaXad/l7)v raoav a7r (v ~Ecpvtav,
7ah 8&  8L30b6pa  ev7r/ta avT77 6 7r Tov' ov' o   a7reXavvovL 69 70v9 A'Appcvtovv'. arva 7rO  q7roTra/ov yap 83 oVfC
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195.'E0-W7/T 8\ T0oLl.e XpeovTat, KLCtOj)Vt ro8Vfve/C&
iveco  Kat 7r V TOvT70OV aXXlov elptvov KCtOrOwva e7revv67Vet
Kat XXavSatov XevKov / rept/3aXXo6/.evo, v7ro SuaTa E3c)v,et=xcpa,  7rapa7rXqata 7T7o- Boor-ipo't c'u3o-tC. GOC V5 7.6  8\ Ta\ tcecaXa4 putTpr'/'va8'ae,   telqzvUp/''Uevot
7rav T7o a-tUa. cfpqrprylta   e'  eg/ca0-7Xo t /c ~a aoKci'7rTpo0
XetpoW7ro0vov'   E 7r Ec07aT) 8\ 0/cK?7rTpW 0Ere07t reWrot')-'vOv' 1Xov bX7  P)6ov        t CpWvov  ) ateCr7O' 4EXXo 7Tt




LIB. I. CAP. 194 —196.                    51
avev ryap e'rLOcr)/V ov OcV t Vo'LtO9 coTt eXcEV a'-c"rTpOv.
avwrz,LLEV 8i' a8Pbt a -p Tt9 prept To  c-,ua. CoTL.       10
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aXX\4Xovs eTvorevroo'rs KcaXXo-rTevovo'as' o-os 8\ TOV
8n5po v'EK OV e7iLya/Lot, o07'b &  E\ieo0 yLEV oveEv Eeov-ro
prao'rovi, o[ 8' 1av Xpj7aTdr 7e ica. alaxi)ova   r vapaOvovs 15
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7v q    ec TLv avTe r)v el7117po9 7vy, Kab TavTlv aveKca pv7-oe,
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7re'Te?yap AX6Orev I'eEcaKg6rlcav Kgat oloCpOoprjr71oaV,




52                    HERODOTI
7raS TvL T ov  yLov U  /tov O7ravtceov lcaTraropveveL Ta Or
Xea TEKCa.
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7raOdvTa a  TaVTa 7rpoLOTves  vtEovXevovot Kat arapaLveovot, af'oa  av'os 7otr1'0as EEfuVe opoi)v voVo'ov 8
hXXov MELe EKfevyov Ta, T     \yp S'7rapetEXOE)v 7Tv  Kcavov10
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e(ovrov T av.  p Ba/3vXcvLto, 7repl Ovtliytca KaTra7y4O6JelOV
et:E, eTEepWooL SE\ I 71 yvvU  T)VTO T0VTO 7rOECL. OpOpov 8\
5 ryvo/uelvov XovVTaL Kal aq/4OTEpoL'   a7eryos ryap ov(evo5s
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7roXXaL 8\ Kaa oVK aotev vtevaat ava/tkTyeo-Oatt T'TL IXyo't:
5 o'la 7rXov'T vWrepppoveovo'at, Eqr'  Ev7yEov Ev Kca /apyroX-aoaat: 7rpOS 7TO tlpOv  COTacat, Opa7r-ifq 8( C/t 0t7rFtO0el
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TpO7rov 6' Wv geov   6 (SA Ta70V ryvvatlKv, (S' (v o0:evot
SLweLtoVTESe CKXEyovTat. vlOca E'rEav  l7'Tat 7uvvq, ov 7rpOTEpov a7raXXao'o-eTat es' Ta OLKt't', 7 vLs o0:EIvOv apyv'piov  3aX  v es' a fyoIvara -ox'O  ve''EtO ToD ipOv.'4,3ae.
15 X6ova 8E 86e  eiEh7rrv  Tov6ov8e'E7rTlaXkJ Tot 7TPl  0eO\l




LIB. I. CAP. 197 —202.                 53
MivXtra. MIXLtra 8 tcacXovft vrv'Appo&tqlv'Aoov —
ptot.  v5 8; cJpyPOV'' tryCaOS Ea7-L Oov'wv   ov' ryotp /?'i
a7Wrcr7a1at  ov 7yap ol OpLv' cT7   rylvEvat rTyap cpov.0o1ro To apyvptov.  To       T 8  7rpc)T  e8aXp.XOvTo   e7rerat,
ove aW7rO8O0CKLLtt  Ov8vEa.  7rreav 8& IuLXaO, a, rovtoffa0,eV7 20
qOo  aX~aoo~a,' Eva'''
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VVVu e1'eov Te eratLLevat eloI tca2 Jpeya'Weos, TaXv a7raXXaoovTrat, ooaL eo aluoppoo  avTeco&v  eilt, Xpoovo6  *roXXOv 7wpooc'/vovfft, OV.vva tevato 70 v'or ov eKTrX? a-a  25
Icat ryap TpLETEa Ka, TerpaCrea  ereTerepa& Xporov Ivovcrt. EvtaX?,     ica\ Ta 7  Kb rrwpov  ffV ET raparXtcfto9
T0VT(7) V0i4O9.
200. N6L.ot,kL  t; TOti Bai/vXaWio-c r OJ7OL KaTEOTEafo- *e'l;;  6 av7wv Tra7pta2 rpEbI a' ov8ev'XXo toTOVT7at EL et   IXO0'o poOtvvOV, TOS E67re TE 6av (OpevTcavTeS avl)vcoe 7rpoS rijXtoP, 7rOteVO-t Ta3e'' /aXXOU- E'
oX/, ov, Kcat Xe7jvaVTES VWEpOLttL 0CotL 8ta -Vt8OPOS"' Kat 5
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ef apTOv 7p07rov  o7rTr)ca?.
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ro70      Evo9 TOV'TO Ka\or  1trya XEYETa'   ewvat Kat adXKtcjov,
OlKf/?J&voOV 8E 7rpo  c 7.) TE Kat XlOV cavaTroXacs, *repflv 7vo'Apa1eo *roTrapov, a'vTov''I/ocBo3rov  vb'pcjv. Elai 86 5
OM7TVTE Kxal CKV0lKO\V XEryoVo- TOV7 TO T Oe0vo elvaL.
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F54                   HERODOTI
ovvzc)OWto t KaT'Xa  Kal 7'vp avaKa ovTra,  KvX)o 7re
10 pLtto/Evovs e7rL3aXXcELv  7rr T  7r-'p, oo'patvo/uvovs 8E
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7r/t3aXXoEvov 70To  Iapvrov  paXotoV acOvcKecoOat, e o
E9 O'pqo''lrv  TIe avtErao-Oat K/a e9t a    7o78v  tcveEo'0aL.
15 TOVTCOV p/EL aV"rr  XeyeTatL t[atTa eWvat * o 8e'Apid4  mroTa[Lo p3EL /ev EKv e Mat?7')VcV, 650EvWrEp 06 1 iV97, 7o'v E
Tas' 8tcpvXas 7TaLs E4cozKv Ta TE Kal TpqKo7:otSlas 8E~Xa/3e o
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yoITr / 0                    I, El/xo
20'vOp w7rovs KaTroLKOe-Oat XE7yovO-t tX6VN WIu0VS 0LvTOT Evovs, E01'T'L 8e vouotl'ovTas Xpao-OaE wicOKE&ov 8&ppaou.
T7  8E Elv T0&v cTo0/'aT&oV TOV Apcweo pEEL 8aa k/aapo3's
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evpos o8, T- eCp'VarqL  607' T aVr C eOVTq7], OETc(o /,uepecov.
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5 Tav'Tql7S o KavKcao'o  7rapaTeiveL, E&WV oip IwV Kal wrX0O
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Keara7rep TO'LE rrpo03aTo0LcL.
204. Ta [udv 8n'rpo\F Ewre'p'v Ti   OadXahrCir7  TLavT7)S




LIB. 1. CAP. 202 — 206.                 55
Tv}  Kacr-vlq9 KdaXheo/tc7V, o KaviKacaos  a7Trepry,  a 8E
7rpo, }S) TrE cKat qXov aVvaeTXo7'ovT7  we&tov EIC8KE'erat rWX80oS aTrepopv E  a7rro tV. T70  O&) 8  rTE&OV T70O  /.eyaXov
OVK EXaXt T7?V /ttopotv iteTEXOVwL 01 Maocayccra u, &r' ovs 5
o Kvpos CoAXe 7rpoOv/dqv  -TparedcvaaOat. 7roXXTe 7ryap
tLv Ka eca  LcyaXa 7Ta e7aelpov7a  ca; E7roT7pvrov0Ta q~v,
7rpcTrov tEv  7 ry eveL9v, 7o BOK3 ELV 7XEOV 7t eLvaL LvOp(7rov, 8ev67repa 8E   EVT7VXil 27 icaa T70o  vroXeovs fyevo-.EV' o1   K r 7ap lOvo'eLe 7TpaTeveaOat Kvpos,''avov 10
)v CCEKVo T7)0   ovo0 8moavyEetv.
205.'v 8\ TOv abvSps ad7roOavovros  7fyvv? 7rv
Maccayeareowv I3aoiXeta' Td6vpl9 o rv ovvoaua. Tav7r)v
7ru7rov 6 Kvpos Ewvaro e'      X6y, OeXov,yvvatKca 3z,
eXW. X o&  To',uvpts  vvtLevta OVKc av'rqv,utt /Lvco/evov
aXXaV.rv MaocaryEr7&v /3actXqt`'v, a7ret'7raTro rV  rp6- 5
oo8ov. K-po   8s\ per&a roiro, 6js Ol 8~0X)  OV 7wpoexopeE,
AaX'aa  E7rrt 7ov'Apca'ea'eroce7O EK ToV     av0os  e7
l7ov Mao-ariy~Easo aTpaT7)voo, 7CCdpaa  Tre evyvvy v'e7r
V707  WoTaLOV &a/aC(v 7-co c7pa7, Ktcalt rpryovs  vrt
WXXolov 7(0v  aOa7popLuEvOV7)7V TOV T7aCL/ OvKOuOcOJO- 10
206. "EXovt     O''       7arovav T 77rovov o A7re aaa 
T6uvpL K1r7pVKa ~eXe 7aE  & ar 2  3aa/LXEv M'rvjov, raivva-  (WeV78)V 7\a (7rEVLE(   Ov yap aV Elo&la El 708 o E' S
caLpotv *co6avra T8w'oe v        TrTaSuvO 8o\a-cl-1
XEve T"7oV  ECOVTOV7  Kat 7lToea  aveXev   opeov  apXov'ra    5
7o)vWreop ap'AXovL. OVICcov'  0E6X17peiL  V ee7t'OL'  Tro EE.pEpva, aXXat 7ra'vTa,uaXeov  /'  ovXs Elvat. av
8\et 1weraywEs 7poOv1.dac Macaryaye7S&OV webpq7O1vaL,
0Epe, LLkyOO00V lEPV 7TO)V 6EXlSf NEV7)VVS 707) 707aOLraP, aobes,
\   rf eo,              I      I'   I          I...
v oe,  o[LCeW     aevaXoC)p17av7)Tv (rto 70V 7or7aoV0 7Tp(W)V 10
rLfepO p'6v,  o3ate       77lLE7Cpo' 7. E' o,   \V[lCLE'[e,po'OXea, ea&Xa-Oata  LtXXov e 71T7v'vlTErp1v7,  V 70VTO
7roile.  TavTa &e alcov'ae     Kavpos o 7voVKeaopE  Tilp



56                     HERODOTI
(TEvCov   T0VS  7tpC;oT 0 vvaSeyL(aV o1 )CvES &  TTV   ev'oC
15 otL VrpoefTlOeE TO 7 rp?7flya, ovpLovXevoebVO9 OrKOTepa
7roE17. T V 8  KaTa T7vTO( at wyvcat OaVVE4t&l-TOV,
ceXevo'VT(v ecre-Eo-Oat T'ovptiv Te Kal Tov orTparov avTq  E9i T77v %copqv.
207. FIapeC)v 8&  Ka ca/ ue/poevo0S TJv 7yvck/v TavT71v Kpooso 6o AvKsb a7TreelcvVwo EvawvT7-v Tp qrpoeeCLEpv7 7VO(A)?7 XMEyCov Tve''2   aaLXEV, e7rov pv icat
7rp6TEp6v Tot, OTC E7teL / e ZeV'  C ocKE TOt, TO a'v opwc
5 oqDatXla c"v obc  T( o( 73, KcaTa &vvaclv a7roTpefeLV. Ta,ot 7raOrj)PaTra, E0vTa aapOr a, /a  /lqhaTa 7reyovee. et
e\} /e dvao9't             \       o          / ee
LE?)v aO6 o V  OaTCOES eaL vltca' 0-TpaTtc79 ToLaVTw7S apXerv,
ovo'v av ea   7rpirY/[a ryvctag Ele oot a7wro alveoOat  C6
er/vCoKcag, o'T avpcO7Trvo Kcal (V evS Kcal ETE'p ) T70lCVOe
10 a~pXetL, ceLVo 7rTpC&ov.LavOe, CSo KVKccXO  7TO  a'v A Opco7r7'Ucw v
eGTt~ 7rpny/u/aTJov, TrcpCP)cpo1,Evos'    OVK eC al6C TOVS avTovS e6vTvxeeLV.      O(v   Cr)/C fyV(/AL171 EXCO 7rEpt TOV 77-poKELLLEVOV 7rp7pao/.kaTOS  Ta E/7raXLv 9 oVTOL. etl ryap EOEX?co/uev eoe&ao'-at TO' ov' roXe/LtovS Es Tl  X"Cp7v, o58e TO&
15 ev aT(cO KlPV. VVOS'. EC O-eS /EV 7rpoc-a7roXXVeS  7raoav T7V apX —v,/,7a ory-p &rj, OT' VL- C V7TES' Mao-o-ar&aov TO O7-LrCo CEVtOVTat, aXX  E57r aPpXcaS Tas' (aS' E'XCfo('1   e
VLKOlJV  0) OVL KvlS aTOO7OVTOV 0(701V Ct  Ctq13?AS eS' TJV EKEIVCOV, VLK6IV Ma-ar/yEraS', e7rOLO cvEyoVO-t  TCOVTO 7ap
20 a1'TLO'CO eKetVL, OTtL VLt Kc1aS' TOVS evavTOV/Uevovs e'aNS
OVO TI'S a(1p%  Tx 7' To,"UpboS. XOpitS' TE TO  a7.rey-oE'vov atoxpov Kac  OVK cavacrXCTOV, Kvfp6v ey7 TOv Kali
3V7E~CO 7VVatK~ cE'taVTa vO7rCo0p-rab Ts XA''pfVVIJ
fiereco ryvvatlct et'~avra  i Troxeop7rrat, v   Xo) p I?. rot
wCV /t  )oKcee't (3ta]3aVTa? 7rpo'eXOev p oE ov C av 0 c0eLvo)  aKe25 LCOwrt,  EVOevrev e; T7ae 7roLeUvTaS 7retpacOaL e'ce'CO
7reptryeveoOat. (cO' 7ap eyCo 7rUvOcavo/aL,'Maorary&at,
ec' arEyaOCLO  Te Il6p'tlcKWV aC7reLpoL Ktca  KCaXOWv /.eyraXov
a7raOees''TOVTOLtL CtV TOt7t aL vpda'7 TWV 7rpopareTov
dCet&OE S' 7'roXX~a KaTaKo'raqc avTaS Kcat   KevtaoavTaS 7rpo



LIB. I. CAP. 20 —209.                    57
Oetvat e'v T   o'TpaTa7rwe' & r7 /y,et7'epp &aiTa, 7rpo  86 30
zat  KflTp7~paL  ac~be&8ecw  OluOV aKYacprrov   raL cLTLa 7ravTroa' 7rot)oavTa9 8c TavTa, V7roXEL7Tro/JEovOS T79 orTpaLql- To  XaCvporarov, ToV XoloroivS avcrtl-s eava~ocpeeLv
E7t TOV 77rorcatLOV. 97v yap E7 oo vO/)I7s' /17 c/LLap7Tw, KCelvoI
o6pEVo0 acTaOa 7roXX\   pE4otla' TE WpOs avra,:a? 35
7/,bV To EVOEVTV XEtlrETaL aJ7ro6ct~s' e'pywov  eryaXov.
208. rvmcat -LEV avTat oVvevCtraoav. Kvpos 8\ pLETEt6
T7-iv rpOTEfpql) eyv  L7)vV,'nV KpoL'ov &e  oX6pevos, 7rpor7yopeve Touvpt cavaXwpeeptv (6 a;-rov 8Lao'-o/LEvov v Er'
EcetWvJv. 0 /iev ~o  e:avaxc pee KaTta V7rErXero  7rpC7ra.
Kvpo9 86 Kpo  Kpoov E Tars Xepas eOEv' TO) ECVTOV 7Jractt   5
Ka/,t3vi-, cOW7rEp Tr9v /3a7Xr7t-'v 71ME ov, Ecal 7ro-Xa \vTreXaLevo9 Ot TLta'v Te av'Tov Kaca  eb 7TOLEE'LV, Iv y &t4/3a~o-,5 c~rr  Maaao —cyrag,u} 6po4 7, TaT'ac evTetXa/4Levog
KaT -cEroreXala   Tovrovs  EH IE'po'as avr'os 8esatve Tvov
WroraT4o0v  Kat o oTpaTO9 av7ov.                           10
209.'E7rel TE &  ErepacoOl  o7V'Apa  e, VVKTOS
f7re6XovGodo    e~8e 6oijtv, eVU8V eV TCZoV Mao-o-ayerov   ry
XLpmP, TO4rjv86.  WOcKEE O Kvpos Ev &T   v)irvw opav TWv?TaT 7reTo 7ralt'ov TOv 7rpeC,3vTaTov'XovrTa e7'r  7cov
Lz,,W 7rrTEpvryaC, Ka,   TovreWv 79 ILEv T7V  Arriovr, T7, $E  5
T7v EvpTw7r9v ErLo(KtaKC4V.'TOrTa7re 8E TO''Apo-apeo9,
EoVTt avdpt'AXatLevtL2p, Wv T^ov 7ratiov Zape~o9 rrpeo3lvTaTO, CWv TOTE ~XutmC7KV    e Ei COTl IcOV paaXUTlra Erea, Kat
0ovT0O KaTaXEXEL7rTo E IlIepon-  or ayp EjC ICo 7ji5KT7)V
oTpaTreveo-Oa.  67re  JOv 8r\ EreycpO97 O Kvpos, E185ov 10
X6Oov EO VTp 7 rept T797 0o5ifto. C, 8E Ol E86cKEe eLEyarXl
etvat q o'0J, rcaXc ra  To C 7aorea Icab arro-Xa/3c.v /uoivov
e7T'e  "rTo'rao~res, rais \o0  erTt/3ovXE'ov    e/LO  TE K ail 
e-IPI apx   MXtcoKce. co o~ ap'peKE'  TaviTca oola, eiy  or'~av.E. ~EFEV  0COl K778eaTa-t, Katl'L irvra rpooLKTa r VVOVl 15
Ta E7rTtepoLevaC' 987 7   ~vW E   7T rapoV Xo X evLT r   VVkTt eCV8&V
e2soV ToWv o'cv 7rai&wv TOv 71rpeTOpvTaTov e Xova E71-T rTOv
3*




58                     HERODOTI
coLuov 7rrTpvryas, Kal TOVTev 7   v, oV    v r'v'Aolqv, 7  e
Trv Evparw v erLtO'tcta e, OV. ovKov  f'-7L /XIav   o a'
2() ofr Tos 7av~7 ovzeita 70 /Ly KELeOv  EW&rLovXEVEL o);i.
0V 7OlVV  7 TX7V TaXoirlv TrOpEVEO O'tCO    S Hcpas, Kab
7trole oKcs, ereaTv ec/Tco Taie  Ka7aaoTpe'fiC4evo0 EXO  EKEc,
9.UOL tcarKaTwTrp, r v 70` rai ca e  hc eXeyXov.
210. Kvpos,Ev;olcQeov Aapeov ol E7rtfovXEvetv'Xerye 76e' -7 r   8\ o 8aLwcov 7rpoEbatLve co  aV'rOS' p4v
7EXevTrrFetv avTrov Tavr-p JEeoXXt, i &  flaatXo'~ aTroi
7.~EptXwpEot E~ AJapeov. aLLEt'IEiTa[ ol 8) w)v  To-rc -
5'7rl)o 70TF'&e  f*J2 /acrLev,    elx)  aevy\p Ie'po'7)9 7eyOV(So
OG'Tt,9 TOt E/7TIovXevoEL, El t' E-7T, eJTXofXO70... Tae -7a 
09 alTI pLhV 30vX(i)v e7rol7ro-a9  eXevOepov  Ile"paasv ehvat,
aVTtr 8E a~pxerOat vr' aXXwv apxe   v aa7ravw7ov. El 6 e  7Tt
Tot Ot9 a7ray''rEXXE 7ra8a T7v e\ ov v\eorepa /ovXEVEtv
10 7rep oC0,  ro 70o T   rapa88cp coa p XpP Oat- av0 T c ToTo o5 T7
v:b 8ovXeat.   Torao7'ar7Ws /E1v To7roVTOc  aL aelCa,4e1evo/ KCl,
8taa/%a  7Tov'Apca1ea riLe iE E-lpaca%, bvXaco)v KvpOT \0v
7rat'8a Aapepov.
211. Kvpos 3& 7rpoEXO\ov'7 ro ToD'Apa6te'    /Jdp179
Jo\bv C7roite  Tar  KpokLrov v7roOrjcaS.  eTEa 8e\ Tavta,
Kvpov 7e Ka, HTIepYeov 70v KaOapoV C7paTro   a7reXacravro1 ) 7rrco ero,rv'_Apatea, XeltqSCEvro 1 )7 o O ar TO -
5 itov, eIreXOovira 7r)wv Ma-c-aryE7ov 1Vtr77L0pt 71O a-Tpa-O Tro v  TIe XeltOv'TVas Tr  Kvpov 0-rpa~rt,~   d>Oveve
Aexopchvovs Kca, Tqrv 7rpOCKEtlVlEvv 185VPTe~ 8a-tra, &~ eXetlpcooavTro 70TV9 eva7loV0, KX0E1V7E  8aLvvvo70, 77-Xlpt0EvTevS 8& cpop/39 Ka} o0LV'OV EV8OOv. o0 86\ clpo-Cat E7reX00v7Te
10 voXXob's  E1 0'V CoeOV E0oveva-av, 7roXXj  t'  7Lrt 7rXEvva9
~]'r/p7aroav, Kcat   XXTovs  ca[ 701v 7r19  /acrtXe'l?7 Toppto? 7raitia, -Trparlry/ovT7a Maoo-a-er/Ceov, T7O oivopa qv
V      7rapKya7r7lr7V.
212.'H  8E rvvOopuEvq Ta,e 7rept, T7V or-part]v 7eyovra tca,,t  wep), \ov 7ra?8a, 7rE'U7rovraa IcpvKa  ~rp
70V Ta Ka Ta 7r ~  ~    q'e/ xvToo'        7r~p/ap




LIB. I. CAP. 210 —214.                  59
K'pov'XeEye Ta8e' "AvrX7'rTe aL',ar'os Kvpe, prlkqv Erap8O   T" rYf)yOVO't Tp63E 7rp qLyaTL el aJt7reivpO Kap7rw,
Tro7rep avTro cE/r7LrXatevoLt /alvecrOe OV7Cto o)fTE KaTLOv- 5
TOS TOV OlVOV ES  TO oC'/lta c'ravawrXcoet vtv' c"7Ec La KaKa,
TOLOV7Tp (fapiatcao oXco'as~'cEpToa   9 7raLtoS 7oo e0 ov,
aX' ov /X~y KicTar& TOr Kcaprep6v.  vvv 0v )/ev eV 7rapaLveovorVs  vr6xa/3e r'v X6yov.  iwro6oiv,pot  Tbv 7ra1$a
a7TrLO EITc Trfo'e S~  X'%SpVS  a'/j os, Mao-aEyeTroV TptL- 10
rT'/xopLOpt ToV 0TpaTroV  carv/po' aS.   e EO  /U7 r aV7Ta Ev
rotoa'se, \lXtov ETOr6/JrVV/  Tot T'V Mao-oayeTov  8eo7vro7r17v,'7 Lkrv  r EryCO KaC a7rXo-r1-orv EOvTa atyAaTos? KopEO'o).
213. KVpoo Iuv vvv 7 v'   rECo v  ouveva O LTOVTCW( aveVELX0E'V7T(V ErOLEETO Xyov  0 o  T8 S r O /ao-eXet7s   ToV'ptowS
7ral x7rrpryartLar7, co u1P Iv0 TE oLVOlS aV7)Ke tcal KEaJe ~va
Pv tcaKOV, 8e)rG0L' Kv;pov EK T')v (8e/lOJv) XvOjvaL evvxe,
&S 8cE EXV'O  TE TaL 7oT'a icat T'Pl XEL/pv  EKpaTo'-e,  8Ep- 5
_yceTa; Eo'VTOV. KcaL,7 0  TOS LEV TpO' rC TTOLOVT  TEXCVT~a.
214. T6pvplo  8, ~C'  ot Kvpos oUK  O-r7K:ovo'e, o-vxXc)ao-a 7ra1rav TIv EOVT)s~  (va/Luv, o'vvE/3aXe Kivpco.
TaVT'7v  7)'v'a77v, o"aL &rj 83ap/capov av~pcov  aXat c tyeVOVTO, Kplto oXvpoTaTrV77  yevEccaL, Kcat 6 8  Kat 77rvvdavo/at OVToJ  TOVTO Yro Eo yeveov. 7rpOcra uev lyap XyeT-at 5
avrTOvS &La0TatVTaS' El aLX-XXovs TOtEVELV, JUETa oE, wS; obt
Ta8 E3EEca EfTErTOEVTO, 0-V[L7rECOlVTaS T?)a -LXI.47,T7 E TEat
7TO0-L,E7eXtptLOtC'Y o'vvxEEo-OaL. Xp6ov TE 6 E'7 T7-OXXO'v
-vvEo'Taval paXO/I'lvoS Kcat oVee7EpovU  E6eXELV  bEVyetvL
TEXos 6E o0 MaEo'oa'ETaa  wepteyevEaTO' i Te 87 vroXX? 10t
T7S FI EpLKfcS c7parTgL aT roS  T aOV rT p 86c0fLOpy, Kcal 86: Kat
avros- KDpos T'EXevTa, Cta'LtXEev Ta  7T-raVTa E'vos' 8eovTra
TpL7KOvTa 6CTea. aKcoP 86E w7Xqrao-a   at/La-ros  aCV0p07r'1V
T6ALvpts- ESt'7Tqro Ev  TOI- TE'eOveo(7- TCi)V ITp(E'oW 7ov Tvpov vEKuv), s &E  eVp,  77ravlcKE aV.roT   7v   -c KE(aX]v ES- 7vP 15
cr/C6'  XvjtatVopal vr/ 3~ e TO' V)CKpJ)  E77rEE7 E  Te'  bU /LV
E/LE oIOv-av    c TE Kat vLKCCo'av ece /LaQX7 aroXE-aS- -rawoa




60                   IHERODOTI
op Czolov eXcov 86X   ae 8' cey) IcaTrarep'7rrerXlXqa, a'tla
o709 IcopeOa. Ta piV v   I KcaT A 7)v Kvpov reXeV717V ToV Piov,
20 7roXXCiv X6ryov Xeyo/LEVtoV o68e pot o m-0tavoarTarTO ed'plTrat.
215. MaorrayeTrac 8\ errcOrira'e oTIE,01o vy 7-":cvOtc
OopEovuL Kcat 81atav C`ovat, t7ro7r0rat 8  lft Icai6 aVL77rwo  (forcpvw fyap  kUETCX0ovoL) Kca  T0oTa  TabE  Kar6r
aiXjuoooppot,, raydplS vo0ulovre9'Xew.  Xpvao 8p Ka\
5 %aXc( Ta 7ravTa Xp&ovr7a'   ora tev ryp de a'Xya  Kab
ap&s, Kab arayapts, xaXX   Ta 7rvTa XPCEWV~a, ooa 8e
rept xcefbaXrvv KaTt oaT'oc pai lcat pafLcaXYTrr- pasT Xpvrr
KoOJLEOVTaL.  n 8' aiVTO9 7(T'V L7r' OVW Ta L ev 7 repb Ta'-TEpra XaX/ceov  Ooprtlcas w7rep/a3XXovot, Ta 8c Srepb
10 Tov0  XaXLvoiv ecai raToLta Ical qa/Xapa Xpvor.'8-pt) 8E
ovo' capryp, %pepOvaL ove'v ovoe 7ypp oviOe rPqb eOrTL 6
oopy, 6 &e %pvros    6cab o %aX coR a7 To.
216. N6,uoltot 8  XpECorat Totoe'&   ryvva'Ka /tcv
yapueeL etKaoCTO, TavrT7rt &e e7rb Kcowa XpevrTat. TO 7yap,cvOa;as fao  " EXXqrve 7rtoeetv, ov' XcvOat e'Lrb o0 wrolCovTre JXXa Maoraryerat'  7s7 7yap  7rtOvp4ret 7yvvacKo
5 Maxccrtryarr   avqrp, TOV oapeTrpewvta aroIcpepuadra  7rpo
"Ti7  a/itdql9 /,UOE6Tat a&9ECo. Op' o po&  X EtLw  0-6p 7trpo-. C!;\ o''' 8~''    \
KEETat a^XXo      0V Ov e  re7av a e yE'epOv fyevNTat KcapTa,
Ot 7rpOj)KOV7TE    7raVTEre9 cVVEX00ovTE  06ovaOi ILtv, ICKa
aX\a X rpX aTa p i3ua  av'T, e'rravrTe6s 8e T-a cpea cKaTeMvc
10 OvTaL. X Tavr'a  aLE a   oV' XLtwlTaT'a ct veropEIt-Trat, TOv
o0e vov0) TeXewvTrlamTa o0  KaTa'otTO1at a)XXa 7rp Kp0v7rT0ovO, trV/JopXv f oV' e7tbEevot,  0 T6 OVK LICETO E  TO TvOvat. crrrepov6 &oe oivev, CXa'' wO'rqV'kV ~OVOL Icat
ixO0Vov  ol 8& c`00ovol cabt ec TOV'Apateo wrora/to3
15 raparylovTa' yaXaKTcoro-rat &  elot. OetWv 8  /potvov
iXtoV o'3ov7ab, T' r VOVO6 L'77oVq. VOoD 8e OV o7Io TO79
Ovo-'b77'    ~ Tj  OecJv c'3 TaXt'(T  7rvT'TWV TWV Ov'qlr'v  o''a(to0rov 8a7Teov'Ta.




IONIC DIALECT.
THE Ionians, according to Herodotus (i. 145. vii. 94), were originally Pelasgians, and previous to the coming of Danaus dwelt in
the Peloponnesus, and subsequently in Attica. They were called
Ionians fiom a distinguished chieftain of the name of Ion, son of
Xuthus (viii. 44), who was son of HIellen and brother of Dorus and
_/Eolus. Whether the names are real or not, the legend indicates
the near relationship of the Hellenic tribes.*
The name Ionia is found applied to various parts of Greece, and
particularly to Attica and the northern part of the Peloponnesus,
extending as far as the western coast, as we must believe from the
perpetuation of the name in the sea and the islands which are still
called Ionian.
It was a son of Codrus (Pausan. vii. 2. 1), who, quarreling unsuccessfully with his brother about the succession, and determining
thereon to seek new seats beyond the seas, set the example of those
emigrations which distinguish that period. Various expeditions
from Hellas, composed mainly, but not exclusively, of Ionians, filled
the LEgean coast of Asia Minor, the adjacent islands of Chios and
Samos, and the intermediate station of the Cyclades. The limits
of the Asiatic Ionia were, Doris on the south, and ZEolia on the
north. The confederation of colonies continued for some time to
acknowledge Athens as the common metropolis. Separation, however, and diversity of circumstances, at length operated differences
* The more probable opinion is, that the name came originally from the
East (though it may have been repeated in the person of a son of Xuthus)
from Javan, son of Japheth (Gen. x. 2). The argument is drawn out at
length in Boch. Geo. Sac. P. i. lib. iii. cap. iii., and recently by Pococke
(" India in Greece "), who locates the original seat of the Javans on the
upper Indus.




62                 IONIC DIALECT.
in their habits of life and modes of thought, and, by consequence,
in their forms of expression. Still the Attic and Ionic, from their
having flowed longer together in the common channel, bore a nearer
assimilation to each other, than to the other Hellenic dialects. The
characteristic differences may be referred to two heads:1. The Ionic retained more of the simplicity of the earlier
common language. This stability it possessed from  having had so
early a standard literature, and from its making less subsequent
improvement. The language of Homer and Hesiod differ but little
from the modern Ionic of Herodotus.  Attica was distinguished by
a higher intellectual activity. Strenuous rivalries and earnest endeavors to realize the highest forms of civilization, left no resource
undeveloped. Athens was the university of Greece. There were
not only the theatre and the bema, the porch and the academe, but
there also were the schools of rhetoric and grammar. The language
was carried to the highest point of cultivation.
2. The amenities of the country, the fertility of the soil, the
mildness and salubrity of a climate tempered by the blandest
breezes, all contributed to that luxurious easefulness of life in the
Asiatic Ionia, and that voluptuousness of manner which became
proverbial. (Vid. Hor. Carr. iii. 6. 21.) The language partook of
the same mellowing influences till it acquired, in the softened articulation of its consonants, and in its profusion of vowel-sounds, a feminine charm of unrivaled elegance and sweetness. This appears: —
a. In the prevalence of the more attenuated vowels. There is
in all languages, with the growth of refinement, a tendency to pass
fromn the more open and masculine vowel-sounds to those of a finer,
and, we might say, feminine quality. A ready illustration of this
we have in our word bleat, from the Anglo-Saxon blaetan, pronounced with the open sound of a, nearly as in far. And so our
ancestors said bldht, which was purely imitative, without any disguise of refinement,-a pronunciation which is preserved in localities till the present time. But the sound bliht has given way, first
to blcte, and now to bleet. The name of the animal is another illustration equally pertinent, which is, in German, schaf, in Low Dutch,
schaap, Eng. sheep2. The Doric, the rudest of the Grecian dialects,
abounded in the plateiasm of the broad open a; the Attic had a
happy mixture of manly strength and refinement; the Ionic wenlt
to the extreme of attenuating the vowel-sounds, substituting, for
instance, r for a, and the close long o sound for the diphthong av.




IONIC DIALECT.                           63
b. But it is not more the quality than the number of its vowelsounds that gives character to a language. The ruder languages
have comparatively few vowels. Witness some of the Teutonic and
Sclavonic dialects, which abound in the ruggedest combinations of
consonants. The open page looks like a field of rocks. We are
willing to admit of them what Byron has said, not so truly, of the
English:
- " Our harsh, northern, whistling, grunting guttural,
Which we're obliged to hiss and spit and sputter all."
The language of warmer climates naturally has a more soft and
liquid accent; and the Ionic particularly delights in a confluence of
vowel-sounds, which gives an oily smoothness to its current. It
seeks to secure this:
a. By neglecting the elision where it is commonly used by the
other dialects; as, be ev, instead of 8' Ev.
/3. By neglecting the contraction, particularly in nouns and
verbs; as, vdos, rroze, instead of vosr, vroco.
-y. By dialysis of the diphthong; as, ei for eL.
8. It, further, inserts or prefixes a vowel where none belonged,
especially E before the flexible endings; as, dSIEX/EiE for dieFX00,
daraXvcov for rraXvQov.
e. Nay, it even displaces a consonant by a vowel, particularly
v by a in the third person plural of the objective form of the verb,
making -aTo and -araL for -vro, -vraL.
c. In their choice of consonants the Ionians were equally nice.
They put a softer letter in place of a harder, sometimes where it is
difficult for us to see any connection between the two; but particularly they used the smooth mute for the aspirate of the same
class; as,;KoltaLt for E'Xotatm, dar' 7 for ad' 7r'.
Any language, having a moderate degree of refinement, naturally eschews two aspirations in immediate consecution; and in
seeking to avoid the harshness, we instinctively soften the former.
This, I think, is a universal principle of language, which our orthoipists have entirely overlooked. Even Webster, following the authority of Walker, would have us pronounce such- words as transubstantiation, consociation, with the double aspiration, she-a-shun
(instead of si-a-shun), which the cultivated ear, untrammeled of
authority or habit, would hardly tolerate. In such matters, the
Greeks had fine feelings, a quick ear, and a taste whose standard
was rather the inspirations of nature than the dictates of authority.




f64                  IONIC DIALECT.
Hence they said Exco for EXco; rp;sEo for OpEqco; and so of all similar
words.  When a verb began with an aspirate, they used the tenuis
in the reduplication.  Even our heavier ears can perceive how ungainly to say ofrvKa instead of 7re;pvKa, and how unnatural to say
b6ETVKa. The application of this principle-that, namely, of softening the initial syllable in preference to the other-the Ionians
carried so far as sometimes to transpose the breathings when they
followed in the inverse order, and said KLOCv for XtrlJv. So in 67revOEv, where the aspirate is preceded by two tenues, the rhythmical
or musical force of the alternation of soft and hard breathingsanalogous to the recurrence of short and long syllables, and having
so far an element of poetry-led them to say evOevrev.
The following tables, not aiming at all at a complete analysis of
the dialect, will serve, it is hoped, to facilitate to the student the
acquisition of a familiarity with its orthography, and so to remove
at once the perplexities he would otherwise be likely to suffer.
NoTE.-The references, when not otherwise specified, are to the
paragraphs in these introductory remarks, intending to point out
the principles on which the changes are made.
SYNOPTICAL TABLES.
I.-OF VOWEL CHANGES.
A.
a is put for e; as, /xsEya0os, rdtuLvw, KrdVIW. (1.)'... ".1; as, a&upo-flbaaoq for & p 7ac7frlt. (1.)
- is prefixed, apparently as a mere euphonic element (2. b. 8); as
a&saq~is for a7rapfs.
- stands for the diphthong at; as, EiTdpos for &Eralpos.
e is put for a; as, Epob-7Y for &parlY-and particularly in the pure verbs
as, 6pEco for o6pdw. (2. a.)
- stands for the diphthong ei; as, a7rd4e&ts for a&IrdSelts, es for els, AEdwt
for efC'owv, and in the oblique cases of XEtp.




IONIC DIALECT.                                     65
e falls away,
1. from  the beginning of a word; as, opT' for Eopr1T.
2. from the middle of a word,
(a.) after L in lEpbs and its derivatives and compounds,
which becomes ~pds, etc.
(b.) in the penult of the feminine termination -eta; as,
evo0,7q  for Eoi0e.[77.
- is inserted, (2. b. o)
1. before the flexible terminations of nouns and verbs, thus
rendering many impure verbs pure; as, prTr-E'c   for pt7rTWo.
2. more  rarely  in  other places; as, aeh.ovpos for ai'ovupos,
aeKcov for 6Kowv.  Thus we get ae~tw for aow, and Eraetpw for
e'ratpw.
- is prefixed in the participle of the substantive verb, a'ov for &iv.
ea, cc, Eo, by resolution stand for 7, EL, ov; as, in ye'a, wotee, e4o.  Also,
before the long vowels and diphthongs, in the pure verbs,
it stands uncontracted. (2. b. 8.)
H.,? is used for a, (2. a)
a. in the termination of nouns of the first declension;
as,'juepn1, o'rTopt77.
b. in the contraction of verbs in acw; as, o6p.v, porTy..
c. in beginning or middle of many other words; as,
irply-/a, 7Dps
-'..   c. ~; as, 0,l77dr4vEzos for 0e rcd/xcvos, which for Oeao'd4evos -and
particularly in the dialysis of the diphthong el; as, &vopcorWi'os for &vOpco7reos.
- "  "   "   vw; as, Mati3'rts for MalTriJs.
- is inserted in the middle of a word; as, rokXLT77s for 7roAT7ls. (2. b. 6.)
I.
~ is used for e; as, 1bareT for eo-Trt.
- is dropped from the diphthongs at and EL. (Vide supra, at A and E.)
- is inserted, (a.) after the short vowels, transforming them into diphthongs,
1. after a; as, ame'rbs for acETs.
2. after e more frequently; as, KIELvds, 0aTEvds, el3. after o; as, ~ror/7 for 7rda.
(b.) before the case-ending; as, lavXwos.




66                      IONIC DIALECT.
0.
o is used for a; as, 477 (the accent drawn back) for C.
T.
u is used for L; as, in 6v$xos and its derivatives, opi'7es for pp5yes.
-"'   it oi in Evvbs for KOLIvS.
1.
w is used for a; as, Xpecb for XpEdcl —and commonly in the diphthong
av; as, 6cwvaa-Tbs for Gavbuaozls.  Some write only the
co, Owp-; others with diaeresis, Owi)-.
- "  "   " /t?o; as, XXwpbs for Xxoqp~s; by contraction, as in the regular verbs in ow.
- comes also by crasis from oa; as, &r'vsp for A6 avp; S'e0rb for -b &7r4,
which some write  s&'IrJ; als( from  oi a, as  sveOpwrol,
TAB. II. -DIPHTHONGS.
1. CHANGE.
as and Es lose the subjunct vowel. (See Tab. I., A. and E.)
as is inserted before the termination of nouns of 1st decl.; as,
vartKa[fl for avy'dKOc. (2. b. &.)
as becomes wv. (See Tab. I. 2.)
Note.-All the principal editions, following the Aldine,
point with the diaeresis, cwi. Schw. agrees with Hermann
and others of high authority in condemning this, and
claims that the best Mss. do not countenance it. On such
authority I accede to this punctuation; yet it is proper to
say, the analogy of the other diphthongs forbids us to be
quite certain that this is correct. (See below, 3. n.)
ev stands for Eo or ew; as, AETJVXL'aS for AeoTVXL'ans or AEWTVXL'081s-and generally where eo suffers contraction into ou; as,
wrix'ov, wrAevO; 7roLEUIEVOS for rOlOVoEyos.
os is used for EL; as, o;K4S for EKdS.
-'.'.. fot; as, OKIcS for dOlKaS.
ov is used for the vowel o; as, YoiVos, uoiyos, for vhrvos, 1yuVos.
This comes by the insertion of e first (2. b. 8) and then con.
traction.




IONIC DIALECT                                   67
2. RESOLUTION.
The diphthongs which result from contraction of the short
vowels, suffer resolution; or, better to say, the vowels remain
uncontracted. (2. b. B.) We have, therefore,
EE for eL: as, P4EOpo,, 7rolE.
eo, oe, and oo, for or; as, XpaoEov, ayaoaoEpybr7, v6os.
8. DIALYSIS.
The i diphthongs, to wit, a, p, %, El, ol, suffer dialysis and
at the same time a and e are lengthened to -7; thus,
q becomes Xi; as, Op7iKEs for OepicES.
7          7"'   "  X7'r1i-  for X70pToSr.
) "        wc' "  r'a1pC6'os for 7ra'rp os.
et  "       z'  (  &rOpw7rios for avOpn7reLos (and so for the class of
words in ELos); KicXts for Kir's, and some others.
ot             " or  "'s for oTs.
Note.-By  analogy of these, should av become wi?
or does the difference of class destroy the analogy 8 (See
above, 1. n.)
4. CRASIS.
Diphthongs arise by crasis at the meeting of vowels between two words; as,
ov from o E; as, oUvTEpos, -ovT-epo,.
- "  ov 0; as, -omAUoD for ToD E'/lo.
-  o o; as, TO'yOl a for ib,o/ya.
TAB. III.-OF CONSONANTS.
B.
Bpfyes is found in Hdt. (vii  73) as a Macedonian form  of pp6yEs.
(2. c.)
A.
8 is used for o; as, 08/u. for $obCz.
Note.-The full primitive form  of this word must have been
Kju =-  okaksi   fr.'ow (cf. 5Oi), which was softened by the suppression of one of the consonant elements, and differently in the different dialects.'IM/ev and IYaEzv are not orthographical variations;
they are derived severally from eY'a, and  ro7,ui.




68                      IONIC DIALECT.
z.
Cis used for 7; ase7rEpvCs..c    CC  CC 8; as, CopIcdtes (='-8opKdpes) for 6opKd6es.
Note.->- initial was a movable element.  (See below, under X.)
K.
K is used for v; as, KOeWy for voeiv.
7-  r in the entire class of relative words KOIOS, 6KOLOS, K&-T,
etc. for Tro7os, etc.
-.... "X, its cognate aspirate (2. c.).
I is used for K; as, uvvos, i. e. aoivbs for KoLVJS.."  "    "  a  in the prep. 5bv for aev'; which also the Attics use.
- "   ".. a.-; as, 8Lbs for 8L-ods.
II.
r is not changed by an aspirate following (2. c); as, &7r'?s for &a' is
a&rKPlcEo/ua for &P LKVEoluai.
aa is used for 0; as, 3vaa-bs for BvOds.   Cf. rdt0os patior, passus, passion.
-  "' it   "z Tin the numeral rElaaepes and its derivatives.
a is prefixed to /cKpbS generally in Hdt.-a form  common also to the
Attic.
Note. —2, as the rudiment doubtless of a particle, is found as a
prefix very extensively. Cf. mash, s-mash; plash, s-plash; traho,
s-traho; force, s-forza (Ital.); rE'AXco, tollo, a~-e'XXo; pE'ror, a —pwpco;
tego, a —re'yw; labor, lapse, s-lip.
T.
T is used for 0 its cognate aspirate (2. c.); as, KarXE7eiv  for  OaOexhev.
- is interchanged with 0 in EvOeTEEv, e'OaDTa. (2. c.)
TAB. IV.-NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION,
1. In all the cases of the singular (except the ace. of nouns in as),
and in the dat. plur. a is changed to Xq (2. a.). The gen. plur. of all the




IONIC DIALECT.                                 69
genders inserts E before the termination (2. b. 8.); the gen. sing. also of
masculines, of which ov becomes c.*
2. Feminine nouns which end in a in the common dialect.
S.      P.
t/#ep-,,      s, god
yNev0-          7IV      as
3. Feminines in 71 are inflected in the same way, and have the
peculiarity, many of them, of being lengthened by the insertion of the
diphthong aL before the termination; as, &va'rKat7l, yaxrlval77, etc.
4. Masculines in as and 7rs differ only in that the former more comrn
monly, but not invariably, make the ace. sing. in o7v, and the latter on
ea. The plur. is the same as in the feminine.
POpE-             77s 
8,Eo-7r6T-      j EO
KayuPv'a-         7 7
M1t-      f        a, 7it
KaoavSX-        L 77
5. Adjectives in a and X conform  to these inflections.  Of those in
-vs, -eLa, -v, the L is dropped; as,,BaOea, 7Jl/EaoE'.
TAB. V.-NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.
This declension makes the gen. plur. -ecrv; dat. -oirt; and the gen.
sing. (besides the common form) in -oto, and rarely (perhaps it is confined to a few proper names) in -eco; as,
hxy-os, o0o, -~, etc.
Kpofo-os, E'w, I, etc.
"'AOpwcr-oi, E'Wv, oLrI, etc.
TAB. VI. -NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
1. Nouns in -eus (rarely those in -as and -is) have X7 or e for the
union-vowel, and do not suffer contraction; as,
* Perhaps the true analysis of this gen. sing. is, to say that ou is resolved into eo,
and then the o lengthened.




70                       IONIC DIALECT.
fcacrX-evs                 BaoaX-L-es, -1Es
-71os, -eos                 - cov, -Ec,)
-7i, -e'                    -ev6L
-ra, -ea                     -ias, -eas
-eV
Some  Mss. have 7roAiwv  in  Hdt. ii. 137, but the reading is not approved.
2. Nouns in -is, with a pure stem, retain  the t throughout, with
which the i-the case-ending-of the dat. sing. coalesces; as,
(rarely)                       (rarely)
7rdoAs,                   ro'XLes,  -is, -7res
ro'Aos, -7jos            iroxtwv,       (V. supra, 1.)
7ht,  -l                  ro -tcr, -1L0.r4iM, -la                ro'dAas, -ro, -7,as
3. Linguals in -is and -as drop the mute, and a is changed to e; as,'O~,pis,'Oo[plos (like 7r4k's) for'Oa-pSos; Kipas, Kepaos (for iCpa-ros), KC.
peos, which form it retains throughout, uncontracted; as,
Kep-as                Kep-ea
KEp-cos               Kep-ewi
cEp-e!'              fCp-eol
4. The contraction is regularly neglected (2. b.,.); but neuters in
-os, gen. -cos, sometimes have -cvs (Tab. II. 1.)
5. Nouns in &o make the ace. sing. in -oOv;; as,'Iov,, Hdt. i. 1.
6. The word vais is in Ion. Mv7vs and zv',s, and has in the inflected
forms, 77 or e, as zvJs, veoS, except the dat. sing., which has only 71. The
dat. plur. has v7uva', PeEyoi, and ve'Eotr.
TAB. VII.-THE PRONOUN AND ARTICLE.
1. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.
1st P.               2d P.              3d P.             Neut.
EtE0, E., iE         oEo, a-'e          Ot, EO, eV
CAOL, LOL[           Tol, rTO           oL, EOt
CAC), /AC            ( I                   i
Leeiir             z1Ui~a e'er          -
~iZ'                1u5A                (1is, a ~~
leas               iufas              0peasi, Goe         apia




IONIC DIALECT.                                71
1st P.               2d P.              3d P.,VW,, ~v'w         0,6o4,,'4pcr    G. D.'ptyv
yI^P, yVijY        a0tv, a-i'iYv    A. aft%, mpwe
2. THE ITERATIVE aGrrds.-This pronoun inserts e (2. b. 8.) before the
termination in the Nom. Sing. Fem. and in all the oblique cases, except
the Ace. Sing. Masc.; as,
avTos       avrerl      avcd
avrEov      avT471r, etc.
aLTEWJ
avTeoLOL    avrTs, a.rTl,, aurTE', etc.
3. THE REFLEXIVES. —The reflexives change the diphthong av to CL
(Tab. II. 1.) almost uniformly, and are inflected as aVTrds, except that
the epenthesis of the e is rare. In the first person, e appears between
the component parts; as, EIeOEV-TOV; oEWUvoV; EWVUTOV, eWVTEov.
4. ThE ARTICLE AND RELATIVE. -The article has the inflections the
same as nouns of the first and second declensions. The forms TE'I (HIdt.
i. 11.) and TE'OLOT (Id. i. 37.), which Mattaire ranks as articles, belong
to the indefinite Ti's. (See below, No. 5.)
The relative also follows the same form, making gen. oto, ~Es; dat.
plur. oors, Var, etc. Besides this, it had-and in Hdt. more commonlythe form of the article in all the oblique cases, and in the neut.; that
is, the article, in the generic sense, retained a common form, both in its
pre-positive relation, and in its twofold office of demonstrative and
relative, in its post-positive relation; as,
Os         X         s
To0        ris       etc.
o?         a'tl      Cd
fTOrL'Pgo      etc.
5. THE INDEFINITE.
TLS'TI    TIV7VE'S     OOCa
TEO, TE)          TEWI
ECp, T,)          TeOLO'
TIVC/             TLVas
The compound OaOTs drops the', and in the Epic poets the T is doubled
in the neuter and in the gen. sing.; as,
~IEs  O' TE, oTTL
OSeo  9TEV,'iTeo, STTEV, etc.




72                    IONIC DIALECT.
TAB. VIII.-TIHE VERB
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
a. The augment and redulplication are omitted; as, 7roleov for
o7roeo/; EXov for edXoV.
(a.) The Perfect sometimes has the simple augment; as,
IKcT7puaL for KeCKT771a.L.
(B.) The Pluperfect sometimes has the simple augment
without the reduplication; as, $oAxevvvr'o; and sometimes the reduplication without the second augment;
as, lielot6XevAso for,fBeBo6AEvsro.
b. Pure contracted verbs omit the ordinary contraction; as,'rozi'w,
roLEo1z1l.
c. Impure verbs often receive e epenthetic, and are then inflected as
the pure verbs; as, rs7rTew; Tu7orTEW, Tv7rTroW; Xaip', Xatp~w.
d. Verbs in -do change the a to e; as, 6petw, 0oLTreo'.
e. Verbs in -E'C retain e as the union-vowel in aor. 1; as, erd0eoavy
from 7rooEw.
f. Verbs in -cdw, and rarely those in -&ec, have i in the contraction
in place of a or EL; as, tlppv, 4pOLQlT, KleVa-OaL.
g. Verbs in -do and -f' preceded by o, change o?7 in the derived
tenses to ac; as, 8odaw, fo1(ow, LScoW, fBcLaL; vOEW, voqoow, vLaow,
2. PECULIAR TENSE FORMS.
1. The Iterative or Continuative Form. —A new imperfect is formed
by adding -doc- to the tense-stem, with the indicative modevowel, of the impf. and aorr., both act. and mid.; as, TV7rTE~K-O,, TV'rT-eo't-dC-y1.  In Hdt. this form is made only on the
stem of the impf. and rarely that of aor. 2.
Note.-The grammarians fail to explain this tense, or to
designate it properly by the term iterative. I have added
that of continuative, as better meeting the sense. It contains the former. A continued or complex action may be
made up of the iteration of the same act or acts, which
taken separately may not suffer protraction or continuity;
as continued striking is an iteration of blows. So of what
is wont to be done, on occasion or at intervals;-the repeated acts constitute a series. This form is a legitimate
development, by that principle of language which seeks
to express the continuative state of an action by protract



IONIC DIALECT.                                 73
ed utterance, as in the present, which is always lengthened from  the root; as, Ore, OrKcoW; apa, a8spdTKw; Xan,;a/L.84dvw. The Latin verbs in esco we call inchoatives,
which again is included in the more generic term here
used. Cf. also  ldw,  cdiaKcW; UeOdco,!eOh6rKcw, etc. If Buttman means, as he seems (~ 112. n. 7), to deny thle relation
between the -aKco and -aKov, he plainly errs.
b. The Perfect.-Some verbs with a pure root which have mostly
the first (or later) perfect, have certain forms of the old perfect instead, in which the vowel of the root is not lengthened,
because followed by another vowel; e. g. arTec;s, r'Tracts,
rEOPe6s, Oejacds, OGejSdaaer; regular from the roots ore or Era,
Ose,,8a.
Note.-If we adopt the language of most grammars,
and, starting with the later perfect, TrelsvtccFs, etc., say
that K is dropped and the penult shortened, we arrive
at the same form, but we have invented a process through
which the Ionian mind never traveled.
3. PERSONAL INFLECTIONS AND SYNOPSIS OF PECULIAR FORMS.
(1.) Verbs in w.-a. Active Voice.
Pres. 7rot-Lo, -Eels,  -eL.   Subj. 3d sing. srotl-ep. This paragogic -or-eeroY, -EEroY.    is not confined to the present.
CoLEV,  -eTEE, -eOVuL.
-eULET.
Impf. (e)-rot-eov, -ees, -ee; -ET70Yo, -e47z'; -eo'e0v, -   -e.
-EVY.                         -EvjLev.     -E' V.
Ionic  vrT-e          i -(o, -CS, -e.
Imperf. Tv4/     -e K  j-er, -E771
TvirE)          -O0LEV, -Eve, -0Y.
Aor. 1. of verbs in -'o.  rdO-eo-a, -as, etc.     Inf. 7rdOEo-al
Perf. re'OvE-a, -as, -e, etc. (for vTef0oqca, etc.).    Part.'reOvE-&S, -&Wca, -ds.
Pluperf. has -ea instead of -eav, inflected like the aor.?eyeydv-ea, -eas, -ee.
Plur. -4ave.
Fut. of liquid verbs: /BC;-Ax4,   -es,; -e'f evro; 4'.QevY, ECTC, EoUOL,
4




74                       IONIC DIALECT.
b. Middle and Passive Voice.
1. In the 2d pers. sing. -oYaL and -oo in the Pres. Impf. and Fut. and
Aor. Mid. drop the a', and the vowels do not suffer contraction as in the
Attic, except Eo sometimes is contracted to ev; e. g.
Full form, BovXe6-eraoa.   Ion. -eat.   Att. p.
-ErO0.        -EO, -UV.    -OV.
-aro.         -ao.         -W.
2. The 3d pers. plur. -v-al, -yio, changes v to a (2. b. e), and a preceding union-vowel to e. This enables the impure verbs to take the
regular forms in the perf. pass. instead of the periphrasis of the par
ticiple.
Pres.,BoX-ojuat,  -eat,   -e'ai.       Subj. 2d sing. -, -71at. -
-Ceao', -aeaov.
-4lueOa, -eo-e,  -ea'at.     Opt. 3d pers. plur. B3ovXo-aTro.
Verbs in -ac,'.           it    ".'rq —a'o.
Impf. 0BovXA-4,rv, -eo (-cv), -eTo.           3d plur. -eaTro.
Ionic  (e)-T'rvw-e )           i       -Co, -eo.
Impf.  (e)-'rv-a  -K                       -
(e)-Iv7Ir-e  J          -    -   — earo.
Fut. Mid. TrEiv-o/uai, -eat, etc.
parv-Eoat, -EEOatL, etc.             Subj.  dv-~nai.
Aor. Mid.'e&e-L7rn, -'o, -aoro.       3d plur. -e'aro.  Opt. -afaTo.
e'yc,-47rVy, -Eo -ET-o.         "         -          "a'ro.    "   -ofaTro.
arlcK-oly,u   -so (-cv), -Ei'o.           -e.a'o.        ofa'ro.
Perf. reI-'L-71aL,  -1(ra, -7iTaL.       3d plur.'re'rqL-4a'rca.
co-Tpa —,i/Aa   -*at,  -rTai.      "          - (rpd(p-aTal.
ecpBap-lzat,  -orat, -Tat.                  4p"   "   e0dpp-arat.
T6Ta-YuCta   -ta,  -Ia, -.:'  "    IETcX-C-aai.
KEXCpL-(ruai  (fr. Xcp[tw).       " "      KcXwep-aiaL.   (Tab. iii. A.)
Pluperf. 7retPX-I4cLqV, -rlao, -71r.       3d plur.       -e'aro.
WraTp-LnY  -r0,  -Io -To.           "   c'  ridc[c-aTo.
osrcpd-jAu7 s, -00, -orT -o.     "   "    roipd(p-ao T.
TETcd —'Y,1rq,   -tro,  -KTO.    4   cc  TEfd-aT0.?0'11Erd-0'a'VU    -ao,  -a(o.  cc  It  irceUda-aTao. (Tab. iii. A.)




IONIC DIALECT.                                     75
(2.) Verbs in jzL.
a. Rcgular.-Verbs in -/u1,  -wcoz are frequently inflected as from the
forms -ew, -oco, particularly in the pres. and impf. 2d and 3d pers. sillg.
which are generally contracted.  The subj. of verbs in -//uL is likewise
resolved by E, and remains uncontracted.
The 3d pers. plur. reduces Y7ra, by the change of v to a (as above),
to -aoi.
Pres.  r0t-rYlL, -EELS, ES, -EEL, el -e    -EaGL.  Subj.,7rL-W, -e's, 4j, etc.
ia-coWLL, -dELs, o7, -dEL, o? -   -daoL.
8EIKY-V/L1,                     -vaCLt.
Impf. i-tIO-7o,, -EES, ELs, -EE, eL.
E8/6-W, -oES, oGs, -oE, ov.
The Imperfect has also the aoristic inflection -ea in the 1st
and 3d pers. sing. of those in -vl/t; as,
E'[O-ea - -eE.
Aor. 1 has sometimes the regular characteristic ao, as if from the c
form; as, 7rdpnr)a for 7rcpcrKa.
Perf.   TE-'e-a, -as, etc.    Part. ELTE-s, -iG-aa, ocs; gen. -cios, etc.
Inf.'Eo'rava, rarely eri-dLEaL.
Aor. 2.-Subj.  Te-co, T   e'-,s, d7T-p; G'E-OATeV,    TE —7TE, GTE-WGOl.
b. Irregular.
Ei/, to be.
Pres.-Plur. ElUAE' —EaioL.            Subj. Eco, E S,    E f7G.; fcoU/e, etc.
Impf. i'a, gas fns, r'v Je;- LEaTE, tra,,,ao'fa,.
fIYK-o,, -es, -e, etc.
Fut.-2d pers. go'eaL.
Inf. LLEYvai, EI/emEaL; not found in Hdt.
Part. &6, /oiUha, E'v.
EL'L, to go.
Impf.,ia, --   iE;        a — ja.








NOTES.
4 
BOOK I.- CLIO.
PROEMIUM.-Thc simplicity, directness, and brevity of this proemium commend it
as a model. In comprehensiveness of design and felicity of execution, the world has
seen no historic production, which, compared with its own age, surpasses that of
Herodotus: none has been proclaimed with less ostentation of its author.
1.'HPOAOTOT... ~i5e. For the inflections of'AA. and ia-. see Tabb.
VI. and IV. -'A7rdetLs, I. for &7rdeELLS (see Tab. I.). -  lropir/ properly
signifies knowledge as the result of inquiry; also inquiring. - &7ro&.
lit. a showing odf, i. e. publication, exhibition. - ~ie generally refers
to what follows; o'Uros to what precedes. The sentence may be translated-This, (is) an exposition of the historical researches of Herodotus
the Halicarnassian.-   2. &s, so that, in order that, introduces the
author's apology or reason for publishing: That human events (T&
syevsiera et &avOpe6rwv are the things which transpire among men and by
their agency.  aye. gen. caus. eff. C. ~ 339. and 380. K. ~ 373. Rem.
1.) may not become effaced (ZlT'lqha clean gone, fr. lfeyvat) by time, and
that their deeds both great and wonderful; those on the one hand (-r& Jes,)
exhibited (&wro&eX0E',ra fr. a7roeSKlvjult) by the Hellenes ('EAA. dat. ag. A.
R. 81. Rem. and R. 97. K. ~ 384. (11.) C. ~ 417.) and those by the Barbarians on the other, may not be uncelebrated-(to wit) both other things,
and for what cause (i. e. those things on account of which) they warred
on one another. This sentence is remarkable for its distinctive particles,
which I have endeavored to express fully, if not elegantly, in the translation.  The two clauses commencing at Trd Te 4E;a are specific appositives to Ep-ya. -  Owv1aao&, I. for 0av-.  They err who point with the
diaeresis -cou-.
CAP. 1.-1. vyv- = oiv inceptive, and distinguished from yviy by the
accent. -  ol X4d'oL, the historians, or in general, the learned men. -
2. aligrous, authors, i. e. first in the fault to cause the enmity (8&aqopis, I.




78                             NOTES.
t7 for a) that arose between Asia and Greece. -    3.'EpuOpis. The
learner must not confound the Erythraean with the modern Red sea.
a- &Trtoueyovs, I. for &,Ic. C. ~ 69. I. a. A. Cap. II. coming from.  The
separate &7rb with the gen. object here shows the full construction of
this verb. When these are omitted the compound a&rrLc- is still used,
though the English reader, where the connection requires the rendering
arrive at, would expect the simple verb; and in this case the avo- has
reference to a place of departure, necessarily implied, with its own idea
of motion from, though it cannot be translated. -          4. bv Kal vvy olbc.,
which also now they inhabit. The rel. pro. in the oblique cases takes the
form of the article. (See Tab. VII.) oliceovLJ, for olcoolv. -     5. PavuTL-,p70- /cLaKp. L-r.-dat. endings.aL for ais.  (See Tab. IV.)-    6. a5rayLvELoras fr. &7raLyvwc, I. for a7rdyw. 7 —. eora7rLKceEOaL.  The learner
will observe in this word three peculiarities of the dialect; ec- for eta-;
amr- for ap- (1-); and ee- for el-. -  ial 8  icat.  This cluster of particles,
of frequent recurrence, seems to direct the attention upon a particular
instance, after a general statement. This use of it rises legitimately
firom the meaning of its component parts. The first ical is connectiveand; the second is superadditory-also; 84 may be defined as a particle affirmative, relative; i. e. it is confirmative of, and relative to, a
known fact, either previously stated or of supposed notoriety. In the
former case it is equivalent to, the said; the above; the aforenamed,
and such relative phrases; in the latter, to, the well known; the celebrated, or some corresponding phrase.  Render then, ri Te &ZAA.p...
ial 8c Kal es'Apyos, both elsewhere-and, which-is-notorious-and-speciallyconcerns-my-subject, also to Argos. -      8.'b  e... X. py, now this Argos,
-(Be is elegantly used in narrative as a particle of transition, like the
Latin autenm, and the Eng. now)-at that time (C. 0 439. n.) had (itself) before (i. e. excelled) in all respects the (cities) in the region now called Hellas.  The ace. of time as used here comes properly under the principle
of ace. of specification. The ellipsis of the reflexive pronoun with e'cw is
common, as with the Lat. habeo;'rcv is demonstrative, those, the idea of
the genus, cities, being implied by the individual, Argos, as subject. -
10. es 8 T-b "A. -roiU-o, to this Argos, as I said; or, as aforesaid. -  8a'[BOeoaL ar'b, 4xprosT, were disposing of the cargo. The historic inf. always
depends on some finite verlb; Xeyovuv is often used; here it is pao-1 in
the first line.        11. &ar' (I. for &qp') sr, sc. /fpm? -abS =- &it-  s rU e'pr7s p.
12. api. The dative in such a place seems to perform the double
office of the agent after the verb, and the dat. possessive;-their goods
being nearly all sold out (and by themselves, of course). -- E'Ae...
OvyaT'epa.  See above on iKal 86  Kaf, 1. 7.  There came... both nmany
other women, and-also  the king's daughter, which circumstance is




BOOK  I.  C. 1.                         79
pointed out by the 68 as matter of notoriety, and that to which the
author would specially call attention. -     14.'b...'IdcXov. The
inf. still depends on paoal. They say that the name to her, according to
the same thing which also the Hellenes say, was lo the (daughter, C. ~ 447.
B. ~ 125. 5.) of Inachus; i. e. the Hlellenic account of the name agrees
with that of the Persian historians, whose authority he is now following. -     16.  rEfeaOat... pAdLrATa, that they purchased of the wares (popr[iWV, gen. part. A. R. 62. C. ~ 366. K. ~ 273. 3. S. ~ 178.) those things
of which there was to them especially a desire; i. e. what they most
desired. -       18. 8LaKEXEvoaaLYPVous implies a scheme previously agreed
upon-having enjoined one another (aor. mid.), and might be rendered
freely, at a concerted signal.-   &.s....rXeiEas, I. cont. of wreoras
(Tab. II.) the more sc. /yvvaKas, i. e. the greater number = the most. So
in some modern languages, the only way to express the superlative is
to prefix the article to the comparative. A. R. 39. Rem. 2.  20. EoBax-... Ais5yioTv, and having cast (the women) into the ship, they went
sailing away upon Egypt. In such phrases as o2X- alro- the inf. expresses
the generic, and the participle the specifwc action. The tendency to this
kind of circumlocution is natural and universal; also the use of verbs
of motion and abstract action to substitute defective inflections; e. g. do,
did, as auxiliaries; l3]j 8' rEvat, I. passim, he went to go; so in Eng. he
was going to do; and Lat. amabam = am- (a, union-vowel),8v, I went
loving; amabo = am-a-,8eo, I go to love. In Italian, venire and andare,
to go, are used in the sense of essere, to be; e. g. vien riputato, it comnes
(is) reputed; mi vien detto, it comes (is) said to me; vo faciendo, I go
(am) doing; andrcl rovinato, he will go (be) ruined.
REMARK.-This chapter presents several facts of great historic moment; as, 1. That the Persians had at so early a date learned men, and
specially historians, to whose works Herodotus had access. 2. The
migration of the Phoenicians from the Erythrnean to the Mediterranean
sea. 3. That in those remote times commerce flourished on the great
inland seas, of which the Phoenicians were the principal merchants.
This Inachus, father of Io, founded Argos about the middle of the nineteenth century B. C.; 300 years before Cecrops founded Athens; near
400 years before the Trojan Dardanus; about five centuries before the
similar abduction of Helen, and near a century before the exode of
Israel. More particularly,
Argos founded.                         1856 B. C.
Exode..                          166"
Athens founded...           155 
Dardanus.                               1482 "
Troy fell.... 1184  "




80                           NOTES.
2.-2. obic W&s'olyKacEs, not as the Phoenicians.  Duae nobis de IBo
in Egyptum accessu exponuntur sententiae: Persae a Phoenicibus raptam; Phoenices sponte se advehendam dedisse adseverabant.-Schw.
Some editions and Mss. read "EXAvyes instead of 4oivKces, incorrectly, as
I must believe. Wess. sums up the authorities, and apparently all in
favor of 4otd-, and I suspect would have adopted that reading but for
the occasion it offered for a witticism. The temptation was too strong
for him not to say "Sed suum cuique judicium.  "EhxAAyas sedibus evertere nolui; neque enim  omnnia Herodoti editori licent."-  Kal... rpci-'rov, and this first began the injuries, i. e. this was thefirst of the acts of
violence. - &aLrK- depends on &pSai. S. ~ 184. A. R. 59. C. ~ 350. Rem.
The tautology in &ptat 7rpro70y is common in Gr. and in colloquial Eng.
and is not unknown to our classics; as Milton-" Who first seduced
them?"  Cf. the compound  iradpXw, which passed quite into the sense
of the substantive copula, to be. — 4. pwaaf, they say, indefinite subject, to denote the common tradition. — TS 4ot[C~7/s, sc. 7rkAwl, in
apposition with TWpov. C. ~ 361. a. K. ~ 373. Rem. 4. (a.) --  5. 7rpoo —
-Xv~'ras, sc. vavy, putting in, touching at. --  6. etcraav... Kpi'res, but
these must have been Cretans, i. e. probably were. --  7.'raiTa... ye/eGe-al, these things therefore (or as is evident, as you see, 68) were to them
but just retaliation. The illative force of ~8 arises from its relative
character as explained above (~ I. I. 7)-affirming something which is
now made evident.  Of time, 68, like jam, includes the past down to the
present, and  rav'Ta-B-   in this place might be rendered, thus far,
haec- adhuc. -  2Yaa bopi 7rpbs 2a, quid pro quo, tit for tat.  The text exhibits the order of these words found in most Mss. and Edd.; but some
place a-,p after the second BCra. It seems almost impracticable to break
in upon an idiomatic phrase like this; as if we would say tit to them
for tat,-quid to them pro quo: and if Herodotus was, like Sallust for
instance, fond of idiomatic quaintness, this argument would be conclusive. On the other hand, it is probable he wished to break the severity of idiomatic expression, to make it harmonize the better with his
flowing narrative style. -     9. icararAco'avyTas, I. for i- 7rAevo- from
rAe'w, for which Hdt. commonly uses wrxcw. -  v/i' fr. vais, I.:,r/s. -
AMd.  -'a was the capital city of Colchis, on the river Phasis.
10.  Larp7lalebvyovs.... irearo, having accomplished also the other things
on account of which they had come. -     11. abtca'ro, I. pl. pf. pass. 3d
pers. plu. B. ~ 103. 22. C. ~T 32. ~ 50. and 46. 1. Tab. VIII. - 14.'robs...d.eKeowio. A strict rendering of this passage is necessarily obscure,
by reason of the paucity of our pronouns compared with the distinctive
variety of the Greek. The sense will be plain by observing that the
leading subject refers to the Hellenes-they answered; and that icetSvo




BOOK  I.  C. 2, 3.                          81
designates the Asiatics, and the aLp reflex. and abTol emphatic represent
the main subject:-that as they (the Asiatics) did not give satisfaction to
them (the Hell-) for the rape of the Argive Io, neither therefore (&r, I. for
oiv) would they (Hell-) give (satisfaction) to them.-   16. &p~racrys, gen.
of crime. - -&aeiL, Inf. w. sub. nom. C. ~ 627. K. ~ 307.  So in Lat.
ipsi... narrare, Tac. Agric. I.; ipse ditari, Liv. I. 57.
REMARK.-The two great events related in this chapter were prolific
themes for the ancient poets and satirists.  Of Europa, the popular fable was, that she was carried off by Jupiter under the figure of a bull;
and in this form it is made the subject of a most humorous satire by
Lucian (Dial. Deor. Mar. XV.).  It is also wrought in as the main part
of a beautiful ode by Horace (III. 27.). The ancient tradition-founded
doubtless in fact-is preserved by the historian.  The later fable was
such a corruption of this as was likely to grow by the license of ignorance and superstition among a people whose religious sentiments introduced freely the agency of the gods into human affairs.
The story of Medea was not less famous, and constitutes the fable
of one of Euripides' most powerful tragedies. (See Class. Dict. arts.
Argonauts, Jason, and Medea.)
3.-1.'AXiAe'yapov, called more commonly Paris. Alexander is said
to be a cognomen given him by his rustic neighbors, while, a shepherd
in Mt. Ida, he was not yet discovered to be the, son of Priam, for his
courage in protecting them  against robbers,-fr. a'Xe'Lp Trobs &WYpaS.
-        2. fbY, sc. i'ov. -  &KucKo04-a, Part. 2d perf. Att. redup. fi'. &Icoil,
agreeing with'AXd'as'pov, which, as the leading subject here, is ace.
subj. of the Inf. IOe0iIaaL, desired. -  or...'yereoOat yvYacKa, that there
might be to him a wife (i. e. that he might have). -     3. e'7rLT'derov
rdjTrws, knowing full well, the part. agreeing with'AAe'-. --    4. &loet.
See K. ~ 327a. 2. and 345. 5. --    6. ~84at, Impers. Inf. with the historic
ellipsis of xe'yovuc, it appeared (good) to the Hell-, i. e. they determined,
after deliberation. - 7reyavPra is an instance of that mixed construction in which the inf. by virtue of its generally taking -the subj. acc.
draws th9 adjunct into that case when it would otherwise properly
have some other, as here the dat. to agree with "EXXNla.  -  7. Trobs
e.....ylveaat, a sentence too concise and complicate to be expressed
at the same time literally and clearly in English. The sense is, that
when the Hellenes preferred their demands (7rpoo'iaXogrlwv r a'Ta) they threw
up to them ('rpo6peiv aqOL, i. e. the Hellenes) the rape of.Aedea —as that
they (the Hell-) not giving satisfaction nor making restitution (i. e. of
the person, giving her up) when others demanded, would now wish satisfaction to be made to themselves (acr  the Hell-) by other&
4*




82                            NOTES.
REMARK.-The date of the fall of Troy is placed, by general agree
ment of chronologers, at 1184 B. C. The abduction of Helen, then, must
have been not far from  1200 B. C., and the  evTre'pp yeveie would place
the Argonautic expedition and the elopement of Medea near the middle
of the thirteenth century B. C.
4.-1. MEXPL... T-oVTov sc. XpbYov, thusfar then, vy — oUv'; 1E' correlative with be serves to render the disjunctive relation of the clauses
more distinct. B. ~ 149. 11. -i5ov vas, I. for /.yvas (see Tab. II.). --  2. Tb
Be &arb rovTov, C. ~ 478.?y. S. ~ 141. n. 1. The real construction of this
phrase is, that the prepositional clause a&rNb. is substantive, to which
-b is article, as an ace. of spec. of time. - "EA-... yEv'Oat, the Hellenes
evidently (o8f) were greatly atfault. --    3. 7rpoTEpovs is correlative with
f; before that. The learner will observe the tendency of the Greek,
and more especially of the Latin, to attach the modifying word directly
to the subj. instead of the pred. which causes them to use the adj. where
the Eng. would use the adv. qualifier; though in this case the Gr.
sometimes said 7rphl —1, and the Lat. generally priusquam. --    4. Tb
ueLy vu v... Ei7vai. For subj. of voudeLv  supply pro. referring to the Asiatics, and make'b... &p~rdt evl subj. of eiva, —to carry off women they considered to be the work of unjust men. -     5. ib e', but, corr. with ib /uds.
— appra0erOEecv, sc. -yvvalcYv, gen. dependent, perhaps the grammars
would compel us to say, on or7rovhv, as TqUsopEeiv takes the dative. It is
in fact the gen. of motive cause, C. ~ 372, to which follows, to make a serious
matter of it (crov- 7rog-) as the generic, and to avenge it, as the specific,
consequent action. -- 6. cavoorwov. Supply the ellipsis, and construe
same as &[IcKWY. -    7.,nmqbe/brl, &5prjv, no care, or concern. Cf. A XyWopiE, to give little care or time, i. e. to neglect.  This word (t&prv) is the
same etymologically as 9p?7. Usage made a convenient distinction by
aid of the spiritus. The sense of season seems to have been the primary
one, which marks the word as probably cognate also to Eap (in Theocr.
e'ap), YEAR, spring, Swed. aor; and secondary was that of the business
or task of the season, care, analogous to the Fr. journie, signifying
either the day or the day's task —journey. The Lat. cura and hora
equally imply the aspirate as the primary form.  Cf. also 6pdaw, the
primary idea of which is still preserved in the idiomatic use of the
imp. o'pa, take care, look to it. -     8. 4SovXda'ro, I. for -ovro, Impf. Ind.
-   9. pbEas... 7roOoaoaOat, themselves indeed therefore (o4), to wit,
those from Asia (roVbs in appo. with ope as), the Persians say, make no
account of the women being carried off.-    13. Ka'EXE7VJ fr. caOaLpewo,
a. 2d. - -'yoaacrOaa depends on xAEy- nIepoa.  The Per. say that they con3idered. --   14. Tb'EAAruIvlJcv, sc. EgOos or y&,os. - Trl~},P..... KeXW



BOOK 1. C.3.-5.                               83
gaOai, for the Persians claim as their own (otCeLev'TaL, I. for -oUVTaL) Asia
and the barbarian nations dwelling therezn, but Europe and the Ifellchic
race they consider to be separated from themselves.
5.-2.  pio-is eogV-av, was to them.  For this use of the dat. see C.
~ 310. note, or else take oapo-i as the dat. poss. and looking rather to'X0prls as its object: the enmity which they had and exercised towards
the Hellenes. The part. is used instead of the inf. to denote " the actual
existence of the idea designated by it." IK. ~ 311. 18. Rem. -  eiov-, I.
for ova-. -  vs EXeO7rs A'rs.  The article postpositive retains its original
character of a denmonstrative, and then only it performs strictly the office
of an article, articulucm, dpOpov, a joint; binding together related clauses.
4. &p~ray,7, by violence.-    6. 4d[oyeTo, Impf.  The form.dLrOyw
prevailed in tile old Epic and Ion. dialects instead of uLt'yvvUl1, which
mostly supplanted it in the Attic. -          7.  er l... Eiova, and when sihe
learned that she weco pregnant;-novit se gravens esse.  The construction
is idiomatic.  We consider the reflexive pro. understood, to which in
Eng. and mostly in Lat. we refer the complimentary clause. In Greek,
however, this compliment adopts the grammatical subject of the principal verb. C. ~ 633. and 614. C. A. R. 107. K. ~ 310. 3. -    11. lpEwa,
part. fut. denoting purpose.  I coime stot to say, i. e. with the intention
of asserting. -  &XAws Kws, otherwise somnehow; Kws, I. for 7rws (Tab. III.),
has the office to render the word or clause which it qualifies indefinite.
-  by...  X&you, but whom70  ('bV) I myself knotw... hin having designated,
1 will go forward to the subsequent (part) of may subject.     14. aystKp&
is the proper form  of this adj. in the older language, and especially in
the Ion. though some editors write for Hdt. ctKp4s after a final s.
15. E7r'etiv.  Literally, coming-out-upon, i. e. describing. - ra& yap...
yEyOYE, for what ones (sc. o''rea) fomlnerly (Tb 7raXatr sc. o'v. The art. is
ace. spec. as to that wehich was of old. C. ~ 47 8) were great, many of themn
have become small. --    16. erV' 4.ee, in any tisme.  irl with a gen. of a
person or event signifies upon, in respect of time, i. e. in the time of.
A. Syn. Prep. 14. --    17. a&vpw7rt77rv, I. for -7rEiav.   18.'vwbr =
Tt au)T7
RErmaRAs.-After mentioning these general and uncertain accounts
of the early causes of complaint between the Hellenes and the Asiatics,
our author commences now on what he considers reliable history, by
introducing Crcesus as the Jfirst foreigner who made encroachments on
the Grecian states.  But, according to his manner, on approaching the
su)ject, he runs back, by way of digression, upon the previous history
of the country of Crcesus, fetching up a brief, general outline of it, fiom
the earliest times, as preparatory to the more amlple discussion of the




84                           NOTES.
subject that lies directly in his way. It is thus, by a well-connected
series of digressions, he manages to compass the entire range of ancient
history, and to weave, as it were an epic song, the countless variety
of time, and place, and character, and act, and incident, into an unbroken story of ever-pleasing diversity, while he still keeps in view a single object, and intends all this preliminary array to the aggrandizement
of the final issue-the decisive conflict, namely, of the Greeks with the
barbarians. Judged by the common historic standard, this is loose
composition; judged by the standard of art, it is regular; and combines, in the style of artless narrative, the grandeur of the epic with
the artistic power of tragedy.
6.-1. ye'vos, acc. spec. -'AXvdrTeco, I. ending for -ov, 1st decl. —
2. v'6pavvos... 7ro-a/.uov, ruler of the nations within the river Halys, i. e.
on the hither or Grecian side of the river.  The term'-p. primarily
signified, one who, by revolution or usurpation, established himself to
be king in a country which before had been free; and the successors
of such a conqueror, though they received the crown by regular inheritance, bore the same title. Hence the kings of most of the nations
around them, whose governments were less stable, were by the Greeks
called'rpavoi, not necessarily implying the odious associations of
tyrant. The Persian king, who, in the imagination of the Greeks, belonged to an unchanging line of ancient monarchy, and the Spartan,
whose succession was fixed by the law of Lycurgus, were always dignified with the title of aaatAevus. -     3. ^s.... &veyo, which flowing
from  the south (yeoEa/u-, I. for /ueaosy-) between the Syrians and Paphlagonians (naming the people instead of the country), goes out towards
the north wind. The conception of the abstract notion of the points of
compass, was subsequent to certain concrete notions which served to
designate them; as the midday position, or the rising or setting, of the
sun,-meridian, Cteo,7aBpfa, avaT877, ortus, occidentalis; or the direction
of a constellation, septentrionalis; or a particular wind, Bopeas, Aquilo,
Notus, Eurus, etc.-   5. BapBcopwv, gen. of the whole with the partitive
-rpos.. -.v-,  rel. in gen. by attraction. K. ~ 332. 6. C. ~ 526. -
6. robss /Av, some, limited by'EXA4jwov as gen. of the whole. - KarEo.Tp4/aTo...'s'p. a7r., subjected to the bringing of tribute. --   7. robs be p.
7rpoo., others he attached to himself as friends. -     11. -pd'rEvuca is subj.
of?dye'vEro, and Ka'Tao'podp, subjugation, the subj. pred.
REMARKs.-The inroad of the Cimmerians here alluded to is probably the same as that mentioned in c. 15, in the reign of Ardys. They
are there said to have been driven by the Scythians from their accustomed haunts into Asia, and to have taken Sardis, except the acropolis.




BOOK  I.  C. 5-7.                          85
In c. 103 they are again mentioned as being pursued by the Scythians
out of Asia into Europe. This was in the time of Cyaxares of Persia,
whose reign was contemporaneous with that of Alyattes of Lydia, from
634 to 595 B. C. Under the name Cimbri (a term which may be consider'ed as etymologically the same as that of Cimmerii), we meet with
a people in Europe who united with the Germans in their attacks on
the Romans, and whom Strabo identifies with the Cimmerians (Strabo,
1. 7. c. 2. Liv. Epist. I. 68. Tac. Hist. 1. 4. c. 73.). They seem to have
been the pioneers of the old world. They have left traces of their
presence in western and central Asia, and in Europe, from the Palus
Mreotis to the Irish sea, and from Naples to the wall of Severus. They
left their name inscribed on the peninsula of Jutland, where Tacitus
(Ger. c. 37.) testifies they were once a powerful people, though in his
day nearly exterminated. That they not only passed over into Britain,
but constituted the main body of the nation, seems evident from the
name Cymry (Kumri) retained by the Welsh as descendants of the
ancient Britons. The modern title of Cambrian is probably from the
same term, as certainly is the more ancient Cumbria, now Cumberland,
in the north-western extremity of England. (See Turner's Hist. of
Anglo-Saxons (p. 41. et seqq.), cap. ii.; also Donaldson's Varronianus,
cap. ii. ~ 18.)
7.-1. 2jy7e/ov,17, lit. leadership, commemorates the time when the
chief office of ruler was that of captain. -'HpaKAhel6e'v, gen. poss. C.
~ 384. 390. K. ~ 273. 2. (a.) He narrates how the sovereignty which
had been in the hands of the Heraclidae was transferred (lit. came
around) to the family of Croesus, who were called Mermnadce. As to
the origin of this patronymic, the ancient writers give us no information. --    3. MvpoIAov, dim. of MSvpaos = son of Myrsus. --  4. Zapscosvi,
Ion. for zap~4wy. This name is plu. and has the nom. and ace. Zadp~s
in Ion. (K. ~ 213. 19. a.), which from our familiarity with Hdt. has
determined the Eng. orthography, Sardis, though it should be analogically Sardes. - a&7ryovos, lit. offspring, but genr. descendant, though of
remoter degree than son. -    9. a&r' 9'ev, I. for a&' o'7Lyos. --  10. 7rap&... Oeo~rpo~riov, by these (i. e. the Lydians) the Heraclidoe being intrusted
(therewith) held the supreme power, according to an oracle.
REMARK.-The method of computing the lapse of time by generations, so common with the ancient writers, is exceedingly loose. Here
Hdt. makes the generation to consist of 23 years, within a small fraction. In B. II. c. 142, he reckons 33j years-or three generations to a
century.




86                              NOTES.
SuMMARIsu.-The five following chapters join the history promised in the ofTct
of c. 7,-the substance of which is:-c. 8. Candaules, madly enamored of the beauty
of his wife, praises her to Gyges, his most trusty minister. Fearing that his words
do not sufficiently waken the admiration of Gyges, he proposes that he should see her
for himself, divested of her garments. G. remonstrates against so abhorrent a proposition.-c. 9. Cand. urges; Gyg. yields.-c. 10. Cand. conceals G. in his own bedchamlber,
whereby the queen is exposed. G. in escaping from the room is discovered by the
queen, who conceals all emotion, but plots revenge.-c. 11. The queen, next day, sends
for G. and proffers him the alternative, either to assassinate his master and take her to
wife and the kingdom, or to die himself.-c. 12. G. chooses life, obeys the queen, and
becomes king.
13.-1. BaaoLA'Xi7v, I. for  a(rAetEav. - i'pa7rv''O77, was confirmed, i. e.
in the kingdom.  From the root Kpa — KapT-, HARD, comes the intr. form
KcpaerW, to be strong, and the trans. in -vvow, to strengthen. Such derivatives form  only the first aorists and perf.-forms which belong to a
comparatively recent period in the history of the language. The Aor.
and Fut. 2, which belong to the primitive verbs, commemorate the time
when the Gr. like the oriental languages had only these two tenses,
and the root of the verb was monosyllabic, consisting of a single vowel,
or a consonant and vowel, as &-or; Ti-oY, or at most dissyllabic, as
Odv-oz, reckoning the consonant as a syllabic element. -  E... Xpvor'iplov, by the oracle at Delphi. The learner will observe that the prepositional phrase between the article and its subj. (so common in Gr.) has
the force of a compound adj.;-it is a qualifying phrase, as here, the
Delphic oracle. --    2. rs?y&p 84, for when now; taking now in its illative sense, it comes near the sense of 5h, meaning here, as you would
naturally expect from  what has been said. -   ELvbv... 7rdOos, mnade to
themselves the loss of Candaules a matter of violent indignation, i. e. were
Pnraged at it. Construe  etvby as attributive pred. of 7rdOos. -      4. ovvdG- sav'....Avoi, both the partisans of Gyges and the rest of the (Xoa7rol)
Lydians came together to the same thing, i. e. came to agreement.
5. )v /,ev,, namely, if on the one hand.  "The intention of 37 in this
passage seems to be to mark distinctly the terms of agreement."  T.
&cvcs7, a. 2. fi.'va~ipe, lit. to take up; secondarily, to give response as
an oracle, authoritatively, =  to appoint, or ordain. -- 9. cs... rvadE,
that, for the Heraclidec, retribution shall conme upon the fifth in descent
fromn  Gyges. The dat.'HpaK. would be construed by most; grammarians
as dependent on  JteL.  It is rather, however, the linmiter of the noun
TanLS. S. ~ 197.  ifs.....r. &ir. must not be rendered in the fifth generation; the ace. after is denotes the object towards or upon which
the action of the verb is directed.  The prep. also expresses Tmotion
of itself, ElS part. of E/iU, to go. -     10. 6reor, I. uncontracted, depends




BOOK  I.  C. 13, 14.                          87
on xAyov.  E'ros is a saying having completeness, as here the response;
hence our use of epic sc. poem    t-ob i'ros. -      11. X&yov...'IroLEvro.,
made no account of.
14.-2. a&erEx.LEyoL, fr. &cpafzpf, having taken (it) from the Heraclidce;
-double ace. obj.  Observe also the force of the Mid. voc. --   4. boaa... &.exooi. The sense seems to be, that of all the offerings of silver
at Delphi, those consecrated by Gyges constitute the largest part. If
this be correct, then join goa with &vaO., connect ev to ~ErL (separating
of 7rA. by commas), and supply & rs as the copula between rTrAseTa and
o1, and it would read literally, whatever offerings of silver are at.Delphi,
most (of them) are his. -       6.  xxov..... fa, both other (se. Xpva-J, i. e.
other articles made of gold) and that of which (roO) it is specially wuorthy to have mention. --    7. o0, pro. dat. limiting IpIrrIpes, which belonged to him. -  &pLOt4v', ace. spec. in?number. -  &aaKitaras, I. for &aaIKe7V'a. -       9. Xpeo~uefo, I. for XpaouL-, to one using, etc.  K. ~ 284.
(10.) (a). C. ~ 410. -  o...'HerL'yVos, this is not the treasury of the
commonwealth of the Corinthians, but of Cypselus son of Eetion.
12. Tcrv, rel. gen. by attraction. K. ~ 332. 6. -  t/LeEy is referred to oksa,
the plur. 1st pers. of which would be ohacsesv, instead of which the Att.
generally has Y'o'/ev, and the I. always Yt2/ev. See B. ~ 109. iii. - es...
ayve07tce is an instance of the constructio pregnans. We cannot translate
es A., at Delphi. (See note, cap. 13. 1. 9.)  The verb ayv- expresses only
the act of consecrating the offerings. The act of bringing them to
Delphi is necessarily implied.  The fact of motion is indeed expressed
both by the case form (ace.) and the prep. es, and we might (why
should we not say ought to?) fall back on the literal sense of eis as
part. referring to the subject of the verb, and render, going to.Delphi
he consecrated. This view of it fully explicates (and it may stand as a
general instance) this peculiar construction. -         14. es....E'iKaCa, on
which sitting he was accustomed to dispense justice.  Observe the force
of the Impf. tense; also, how irpo, in the compound, carries with it its
primitive local sense. The seat of justice was set forth in some public
place, in front of the palace, at the gates, in the forum, etc.15. a&'toOe01ov, from  &6los and O6olatu, worthy of admiration. --   18. rv-'yadas is adj. masc. Sc. Ooqa-avp4s. -  irl governs the gen. TroO &va-, after
the one having dedicated it; and ircovv/l'7v is ace. absolute. Cf.'AO87vaits
i r icK A X - v'Aoo77alots, cap. 19,-a common construction of these words,
as also of the monopt.  I'rlKiv. It may have arisen by ellipsis of
Xac. -  eZo;/aXe... a'rparrlv is highly forcible-hurled an army against.
The transition here is abrupt, and the expression Ere te'ip- e, and
owhen he was established in power, almost harsh. -          21. &Ax'... ydp,




88                            NOTES.
sea enim.'yap connects a parenthetic clause showing the reason of
the aXh&, which connects the next clause, ToV'roy js4y, but this one
indeed we will pass by, having mentioned such things, for no other great
work, etc. and we will make mention of Ardys, etc. -       22. Sviuy... &'ea,
forty years lacking two; duo de quadraginta. C. ~ 140. K. ~ 99. 4.
B. ~ 70. 3. n. 1.
15.-The first sentence of this section is in close grammatical connec
tion with the preceding, by the correlatives /fy' and al. The division
is therefore harsh, but to make it (as some) after IroLrotoaL is no better;
and the introduction of the new subject here may justify that which is
sanctioned by the best editors. -   2. Ilplre'as, ace. plur. of rIlplrvevs,
the Prienenses. Cf. c. 161. and b. 6. c. 8, where it can be taken only to
mean the people; also c. 27. Suidas gives both rlpLoYevts and -'7Iv7 as
the name of the city; but adds, that the former of these terms is
derived from the latter. The plurals as names of places, of which
the ancients had such facility, must have been originally Patrials or
Gentiles, or Patronymics,-a form which accords beautifully with their
vivacity of conception; to go, for instance, to the Delphians, instead of
to a place called Delphi; as if they would see the people rather than the
walls. --    3. 7r[. See on c. 5. 1. 16. --   4. KqzLte'pLoL.  See Remarks
on c. 6. -  iOeiov; the orthog. fjOos is I. and epic, =- Eos; cf. rcow, rOvos,
and  8os, kS'-o!ac. -  Noz&dSov. So called fr. vozds, rather because they
lived by pasturage, than (as Lidd. & Scott) that they roamed about
like cattle. -- 5. ravaacTdvres. This compound, like the simple YOVf7uLL, has in some tenses a trans. in others an intrans. s. In the trans. s.
to make (others) get up and out of a place =  expel; in the intrans. as
here (aor. 2.), to get up and out of a place, may be voluntarily = to
emigrate, or by compulsion, as here, v7rb o. -=  driven out by the Scythians. -  a7rlKfaT, I. for ap1KovrTo.
16.-2.?Je8caT'o fr.?K and SEXo/.aZ, to receive, TAKE. -       4. A77i4iew, gen. 1st dec. Dejoces or Deioces. --     5.?i&aioe fr. 4eXaavw. -
6. Trv'... crTLaecrialv, the one founded from  Colophon, that is, by emigrants from Colophon.        7. a7r... &arXAAa5e, from these (wars), however, he did not come off as he wished. A7r{AA-, lit. turn away to something
else, fr. &rb and  xAAos.     8. aireoe'fa7o fr. a7roetKyu'LL,  to show off,
exhibit. - 9. TSd5E refers to what follows.
Synopsis of the Reigns mentioned in this Chapter.
1. Ardys,.....               49 years.
2. Sadyattes, son of Ardys,.               12  "
8. Alyattes, " " Sadyattes, succeeded.




BOOK I. C. 15-24.                               89
17-22.-SUMMARY.-Alyattes continues his war upon the Milesians, with various
success. Peace is at length concluded, through the influence of the oracle at Delphi
and the counsel of Periander, tyrant of Corinth, to Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, to
whom he was bound by ties of private amity as well as political interest. At mention
of the name of Periander, Herodotus, like a good story-teller who says, "And this
reminds me of-," strikes off upon the marvellous tale of Arion, which I give as a fair
specimen of those improbable or fabulous stories which have brought on the author
both vituperation and ridicule.
23.-3. Tip.... b.-o fypr, tn whose time.  The relative 7t- limits the
noun,Bi, not the verb  rapao''svaL.  The author wishes to say, not that
the great wonder happened to him, and to add the circumstance that
it was in his lifetime that it happened to him; but that at that time,
there occurred, etc. -       6. d4p'a... 8ETspoV, being a harper second to
none of those then being.  TrOi, gen. of the whole after the parti. obrevds, which, gen. of inferiority or comparison after 8E'epov. -7. rp&,ToY... iev,, first of men that we know. Tr7  in gen. by attraction.
24. —1. Ti-... Xpd&ou, much time, not, much of his time, in the sense
of a large portion of his life. - 2.'rap& primarily seems to denote
nearness, proximity, spec. by the side of, side by side, and probably with
the associated idea of fitness or agreement in the things matched; and
hence Lat. par, = peer; also pair; and par-are; compar-are, compare.
This word illustrates well the fact, that what seems to be a rendering of the preposition is often only the expression of the signification of the case-ending. With dat., as here, ew.e have simply the idea
of presence with; joined with the gen. we render from, which is only
the significance of the case-ending, and with the prep. means fully,
froms  being in the presence of, and hence is distinguished from  a7r6,
which refers rather to a place as a starting-point, and denotes the separation therefrom. With the ace. we render to, which again is the significance of the case, and the proper sense of'rap& adapts it to be used
rather with persons, and elms or 7rpbs with things, e. g. ~ 30, below, is
ASTyv7r'o... 7rap& "ALaoaav, and E's VpSLs Graap& Kpoorov. - 2. 7rXco'ai,, I.
for irevto'ai, as fr. 7rxcow instead of 7rxow. --  5. 7ritorTeov'Ta... ~, trusting to no ones rather than, i. e. having more confidence in the Corinthians than in any others. -      7. -olus  e', demonstrative, meaning the
Corinthian sailors. --   9. aovvE'-Va fr. avv',71lq, a. 2. -  rpoi'vTa fr. irpot71OL, offering to give tup (his money to them). A —    UA&....piv, the sailors comnmanded (him) either himself (avicdsT, subj.) to dispatch himself (ptv,
obj.). - 13.,-Vy Traxtcr71V, sC. 56dv. K. ~ 263. (3). C. ~ 447. B.- -arearI0YTa, a. 1. pass. fr. a&rELXEo; driven by threats. - 14. &aropqpv,, prop. adj.
(se. Mbsv) fr. a priv. and,rdpos, a passage, lit. impassable way; inextricable




90                             NOTES.
difficulty. -    15. ErepltfeLv, lit. to look round, as expressive of unconcern,
hence, to neglect; also, to permit, suffer. -      16. vire rceTo, I. for V7reae'XIeo, lit. undertook; i. e. promised. -     17. Kal....avaxowpoa:.  The
clause between these two words is parenthetic-and they retired, etc.for pleasure came to them, etc. -       19.?V6JvTa, lit. going into; we say,
putting on. -- 21. v4rZov 7. Vp0. "The Orthian strain was so called
from being performed in a high key, the voice of the performer being
raised and clear, as Baehr explains, who refers to Bloomnfield zEsch.
Pers. Gloss. v. 395. It appears to have been particularly intended foI
the flute or cithara, and to have been played in quick time."  T.
23.'s etXe, sc. wv0dU6Y, as he was. B. ~ 150. m. 39. C. ~ 555. (a.)24.,vroAa$Sr4a. Mark the appropriateness of the 67ro in the comp. as
also of a&ro, a few words below. -        25.  Evr eZKal, attributed as aor. 1.
to e(pIEpco. -      26. a&rvnyeeoOat, lit. to lead off, hence to relate; so egsya remarkable instance of which occurs in Eurip. Med. 744, where Medea has demanded of Egeus to swear to her; and lie consenting, would
ask her in the name of what gods she would have him swear, he says'e77Yo  Oeo's, lead out your gods, i. e. name them. --    27. 67rb &ari7Ta"7s.
under suspicion: 61& c. ace. would imply deliberation and decision for
cause; v7rb c. gen. (as the gen. of the agent) indicates that the act is
rather compelled by his suspicion. -     28. ueseTL'ea fr. /ueE-, I. for /E0ol7~.zL, permit to go. -  &vaatcs... iropBOce'ov. K. ~ 274. 3. (b.) C. ~ 372. y.
30. aCUe'vowv, pretending, i. e. saying when the say is not founded
in truth-a common sense of this word.          31. e>.... At7rozev. Mark
the force of the opt. B. ~ 139. 2, that he should be safe, i. e. one should
suppose such to be the case, which however they do not positively
affirm. - repl'I'., wandering about Italy. -- 32. e7r'pav/,vaz, 2. a. pass.
appeared. -        33. EXoY, as above, 1. 23, reflexive. The use of this verb
is quite various and peculiar, and sometimes idiomatic; as just below,
OVK EXELV, followed by an infin. not to have to do a thing; i. e. not to
have it in one's power, to be able, or to know how. K. 306. 1. c.  So the
Lat. habeo dicere, affirmare, etc.
25-27.-From Arion, Hdt. returns abruptly to the thread of the history. Alyatt&e
reigned fifty-seven years, and was succeeded by Croesus, who subdued the Hellenes ol
the continent of Asia, and was dissuaded from attempting a naval expedition against
the islands of the AEgean by an artful representation of Pittacus.
28.-1. Ka'rerrpanulAE/ovv fr. KacaToTrpEpCo, subdued.  -  2. e'vTs "A.
i. e. on the hither side of the Halys.  -  4. e'Xe icaT-. C. ~ 637. K. ~ 31e
i. (k.) B ~ 144. n. 18.




BOOK  I.  C. 24-30.                            91
29.-1. rrpowe7crtw1zE'ou Kp. Av. The middle voice here shows that
while Crcesus made the acquisitions as accessions to the Lydians, he
acted with a view to self as an ambitious monarch.  -  2. &KUa5o:aoas
(cf. rad. as&zIS, acme) expresses not merely that Sardis was flourishing,
but that it was then at its greatest height of prosperity in respect of
riches. -- 3. AOXo.....rcaires. This phrase seemed to Valckner so inapt
that he conjectures e7rulavelEs for ol vr. but without support from Mss.
In some, re is wanting, but evidently by error. It is demanded by the
correlative Kal —both all the other... and particularly (see c. 1. 1. 7)
Solon. -        3.  opo.Tral, wise men.  This term had not yet acquired the
contempt which the school of the Sophists subsequently gave it.
4. Xp'ov". C. ~ 439. n. Though the grammars say the cases were
interchanged, the Grecian mind doubtless always discriminated; and
here, though we may render, at that time, the ace. denotes the run of a
considerable period; the gen. denotes more precisely the idea of a
point of time. -  er5'yXaov  IY'Tes. B. ~ 144. 5. n. 6. K. ~ 310. 4. (1.) S.
222. n. 2. -       6. Kekesoair,  a. 1. part. agreeing with'AO. which together with the ace. vrJ. is obj. of trokljoas. -  &re2/A7ta1e fr. a&rb and 8/ALos
(cf. bV4xos, house; sE'1uw, to build; Vew, 4ysas, aztlAdw, oduap, a wife), went
away from  home.-   7. Kaa T... 7rpJedpai,, under pretence of observation; to which is opposed 68, truly; but in fact. --         8.'rva T. v',r.,
partitive construction. -  TrF&, rel. gen. by attraction. --    9. aTrol...
naav, for they themselves (the Athen.) were not competent. The common
distinction between ol4s Te, and 8vvaT4s, is that the former expresses
moral and the latter physical ability. -       10. KarE[XOVrT, mid. voc.
30.-1. abv'&v and OeWpqrls depend on e'eEKfV. -   1 dV, now therefore,
i. e. in accordance with the arrangement previously stated. -           2. is... rapd. Mark the difference in the use of these prepositions. (V. ii.
c. 24. 1. 2.)-  3. Kal o8  Kac, because Sardis was the place he was
particularly interested to introduce. -- 4. 8aLX-A71ttoLt, I. for jaGtrXeLots,
prop. adj.-sc. &841oos, palace. -       8. Onrrl4derovs fr. O7E'OjuaL, I. form of
OedopuaL. -   s... &jv, when there was to him  (ol, i. e. Crcesus) a proper
occasion.  (KaT& K., on occasion, idiomatic.) - - 11. crs ptLAoopE'wv, how
that being a philosopher.-  12. i7reaXAvOas fr. i~re'PXo/a1, old perf.
with Attic reduplication. B. ~ 85. and 114. K. ~ 124. (b.) C. ~ 191. 2.
A. p. 270. -- 13. EIregpe0rGa, I. for e'7rp-. -  e Tiva = quemcunque,
whomsoever. -  oXSA,8z-aTov is predicative to Tiva. The sentence gets its
great conciseness (not inelegant) by ellipsis of the copula, whereby two
clauses are condensed into one, and might be rendered fully, whom of
all you have seen hitherto (do you judge to be) most happy? -    14. ohtLc(6TaTos has acsiT- understood, subject of eai. --    15. i7reLpcdra. The




92                            NOTES.
diphthong ei is not to be considered the form of the aug. but the Ion.
orthography elpo- for pcorTdw. --   16. Tr' d'vz7, the simple fact; lit. the
thing that is; as Gulliver makes the Lilliputs, for want of such a word
in their language as lie, use the phrase, the thing that is not. -     17.'rb
&EX0Ev, the thing said. In such phrases the art. is demonstrative subj.
to which the part. is predicate: the said — that which was said. -
18. irur'pEpe'cos. An ancient Ms. has ErL-TpocpE's, which is more conformable to analogy, using the stem-syllable of the pret. The Gr. has
a facility in making adverbs from participles, which we cannot imitate.
The compactness of the expression, bodying forth the action of the
king, forcibly expresses, not so much earnestness (as is generally interpreted), as surprise mingled with rebuke and a sense of authority; as if
he would say: Look well to your words-remember you speak to a king
who believes himself incomparable and who is accustomed to hear no
less. -  Kolp, I. for 7rolp, sc. 56w, and by ellipsis the adj. becomes adv.
B. ~ 115. 4.-  19. TroToo iezv....'roTo V, on the one hand-and on the
other. The construction of the demon. is that of the ace. spec. this
indeed-and this. C. ~ 490. and 441. B. ~ 128. n. 5. K. ~ 322. 5. (a.)
-  ri's... jKpo0671s, the city coming on well, i. e. being prosperous.20. Kal... wrapaqel[avTra, and to them all he saw children born and all
surviving (him). --    22. sroi 8ov E6, well or prosperously in respect of
life, i. e. the means of living. -  &s... jt1TAv, as things (are) with us,
modestly implying that their wealth, at the best, was moderate compared
with some others; which shows that Solon could act the courtier too
when it did not conflict with truth. -     23. udX77s...'EAevoi7L.  The
battle was at Eleusis, though the war was with the Megarians. -
2d. airou Tp-7rep, on the very spot where.    ree, a. 2. fr. 7r1'ro.
31.-1. Ws... Kpo-Tov, when now in the things (or by the things -r&
K. ~ 278. Rem. 1.) concerning Tellus, Solon had roused the curiosity of
Crwcsus. —rpoe7pe/ar-o, lit. turned forward, i. e. incited.-b and'rn, the
article of renewed mention = the aforesaid. --    3. rv[a... Mot, whom
second after him he may have seen, seems tautological; but we say next
after him, and second to him. -  7rdyXv, I. = — 7rtv, by all means, cer.
tainly. ---    4. oiroearOa. Mark the force of the mid. voc. to be about to
obtain for himself. --  5. yc'os, ace. spec. - Adios, as in c. 30. I. 22,
means of living.  -  6. v5rive, lit.. was under, i. e. in their entire power
and control, expresses more than iv, which would signify simply possession. - &eOxooppol, I. for a0x-, prize-bearers, i. e. victors in the public
games, which was an honor next to that of gaining a battle for one's
country. --    8. ar SHp- TO7LL'Ap. Both these datt. are predicative to
Op-TS; the former by the copula folbors making it the dat. poss. (C.




BOOK  I.  C. 30 —32.                          93
~ 408); the latter by a copula understood: there was to the Argives (i. e.
they now celebrated) a feast (dedicated) to Juno. -     10. aotL 4es.
This dat. is not for the gen. as grammarians are wont to say; but the
aat. poss. as above, connected to its subj. by the substantive verb understood. --   11. iKKXq77iF4EVoL, I. for iKixeio-; part pres. pass.-a form
which our language wants; we can, therefore, express the idea free
from ambiguity only by a circumlocution: —being likely to be excluded
by time; as being excluded strictly expresses the state of the act completed. -     16. BLe'Sele fr. LaaedXyvuFL. -   17. cs.....&ev, that it might
be (i. e. in a supposable case, as now) better to die (English idiom requires
the present, though to have died precisely expresses the idea) rather
than to live. - TrtE~dac fr. OJyjKW, —rad. syl. Oay-; perf. inf. -     20. oideo
TeKJWV. An elliptical form for Tro0otorwv  eicKvwv, od'wv, in which the antecedent clause is the causal gen. after?C/aKdpLCov,-pronounced her happy
of such sons as she had; i. e. happy in that she had such sons. K. ~ 332.
7.     22. K.AoBL... BIrcowl. A fair instance of that wide latitude in
the use of the dat. which often seems to defy technical rules. The mere
grammarian might say that the words here limit io'vac, and that the
object of EfXero is the sentence following-prayed that the goddess would
give to them; or that they limited directly etXETo and a pro. was understood with  ogVvai,-pray for K. and B. that the goddess would give to
them. In the more liberal interpretation of the Grecian mode of
thought, we should give a slight variation from the last construction,
and say they limit the former verb primarily, and the latter secondarily,
but that there is no need of supplying a pronoun,-she prayed for her
boys —that the goddess would grant, that which, etc. -     23. Td, re]. with
ellipsis of the antecedent; that which. -     27. ave0eaav Es AeXPozs.
Constructio pregnans, which arises from the prep. els retaining its original sense of motion, as part. of e/l —going to Delphi they set up (dedicated) the images.'s (ELs, EisS, E1V(Q)S) AeX4.ois = euntes (ion-(ts), eunts)
Delphos cannot be rendered, at Delphi. (V. c. 14. 1. 12.)
32.-1. evbSauLoYl1s 8EUrepeZa, the second place (or rank) in respect
of happiness; not the relation of gen. poss. but of explanation, which
C. (~ 395) refers to the head of constituent cause. -- 2. 7rrepX8els fr
vre'pXwc; being roused;-a forcible imitative word. Cf. expergo; and in
our language, in local and vulgar use, splurge. -   3. troi. An old
form of the pron. dat. 2d pers. which degenerated to an adv. and which
in Hdt. lies in the transition state, but retaining, perhaps, mostly its
original character. The sense, therefore, can be explicated fully, only
by viewing it as a pron. used to express those various indefinite
relations of the dat. which seem to defy classification. (C. ~ 410.) It




94                            N OTES.
in some way refers or appeals the matter in question to the person ad.
dressed; as, to you, sir, I appeal; to your judgment I submit it; to you
(i. e. in your estimation) it is so, or the thing seems to be so. In this
place, then, it is not dat. agt. after the pass. verb, —' thrown away by
you'-but, in your estimation (for you) my happiness is cast away for
nothing. --  4. atSovs, of-as-much-account-as; like tantum; so much,
implying not more; hence, only. -     8. es... 7rpo8ril'ty.  For es, see
note, c. 31. 1. 27. The idea of at is expressed by the ace. ending, as
denoting the object on which, or the point where, the action terminates; and thus having the idea of so far (as in tantum), that of no
farther is implied. It may be rendered, then, strictly-going on (i. e.
counting up) to seventy years (there) IJix the limit (oupoy, I. for'pov)
of life to man; i. e. the life which by constitution of nature pertains to
man,-the relation of the dat. a&'-. -    11. e'ABox[Aov fr. ev and 3dxxAo,
intercalary,-no intercalary month reckoned.        12. T'o'Epov for -b
CT'epoV, the other, and as above, by implication, the one, not: so we, by
the single term, every other, express the alternation-if any one shall
wish the other of the years (i. e. every other year) to be made longer by a
month. -        13.'Iva 54, in order that thereby. --    15.,rap3& -&... ErEa.
The various uses of 7rap& is a great philological study.  From the origi
nal meaning, side of, juxtaposition (V. n. c. 24. 1. 2), how do we arrive
at that of separation. Months that lie by the side of the year, are not
included in it; hence besides, i. e. apart from.  ~  16. X[XLat is plu. to
agree with  ps'ufpal, though we say, one thousand days.  The Greek is
the pure adjective construction. Our word thousand, like hundred, and
dozen, and few, is strictly a collective noun in partitive construction by
ellipsis of the preposition; e. g. a dozen of soldiers. This is made evident by joining an adj. with the latter noun, as: a few of the same sort.
In this view, the anomaly, as our grammarians have called it, disappears. So the Latin mille passuusm, a thousand of paces; from which,
because mille, though a neut. adj., has acquired its substantive character, we are able to say a mile. -        21. 7ra.v... vcruppopi, man is altogether a chance; i. e. his life is composed of accidents-occurrences
which he neither appoints nor foresees.  There is no reason that veupopQ should not be taken in its generic sense, though when you descend
to the species it is used only in the unfavorable sense, as also the adj.
avpujopds; quite the opposite of our luck, and lucky; hap, and happy.
E-  Io, dependent on (pavtEa. -     22. 6e, disj. but. -  Kal... Kaf, corr.
both-and. - 4arlveaL, I. for cpalCdp, of which, however, the full form
would be 4a[iveaaL. -  9BaLAeis, subj. pred. of elsal. -   23.'Kewo...
Ue, but this which you ask me. -  edpeo, I. uncont. -  EXpov. -  ot4cow, I. for
oAUrw, not yet. -     24. reAXevCioravra (sc. 0Ae) KaAXs, having completea




BOOK I. C. 32                               95
happily, Tr'v al&va, your term of life,-allotted period of existence.  Cf.
Lat. aevumz; Heb. tAl.  See Meth. Qr. Rev. Apr. 1850, p. 272.)-  7r6OroIuat, a. 2. subj. properly means to learn by inquiry, and information.
25. Tol (v. supra, I. 3) elegantly softens the rigor of the remark by
deferring delicately to Crcesus' own sentiments. -  ToD... E'Xovros, than
the one having (sc. wealth, or all good things, 7rdv'a iaX&) for a day. -
zaXAov....XlStOEpos.  The pleonasm, common in Greek, is a relic of
that early simplicity which disappears before a refined criticism. B.
~ 123. n. 8. C. ~ 460. (a.) K. ~ 239. Rem. 1. -     26. 6rir7rolto fr. Ere'Ir0,
I. for p&row.-    27. eXoyra, though having for its subj. the same person as oz, and might be put in the dat. to agree with it, is attracted to
the ace. by reason of the inf. preferring that case for its subject.  See
c. 3. 1. 6.       28. (d'rXoVToL fr. 7rX- and Ca an inseparable particle, intensive, perhaps a variation of &d. -          29. EXoY7es, sc. eCaVUros. - alov,
dependent on yerpwos, in moderate circumstances. -  6 ev i'.. ~. lovotlt,
the one indeed (8o, as you will perceive on reflection) who is very rich but
unhappy, has advantage of the fortunate one (one favored of fortune or,
as we would say, providence) in two things only. -- 30. oVr-os se, sc..rpoe'et. -      31. 6 IAE' (sc. a-rTl) 8vvaTcrepos, theformer is better able to
gratify desire, etc. -- 37. oros.....o-I, he is the one (icEZYvos, pled. of
o'Tos) whom you seek, worthy to be called happy.  XI30los, as denoting stahle and real happiness, is throughout this passage opposed to eiTVX-S,
fortunate; prosperous, but subject to the caprices of fortune. -*
38. i7rLaoXEELI, to hold on, i. e. to restrain one's self. Supply XP~, it
behooves us to refrain and not to call, etc. -        39. Kew, I. for vro. -
40.  onrsep... 7rap4xovra, since no country suffices, producing all things
for itself, i. e. is capable of producing, etc.-the participle complementary, instead of which the inf. is sometimes used. -        41. &xa& is the
conj. and Xdp,1 understood is subj. of EXe. -         42. f be &rd, sc. Xcpq.
— 43. av&Opirov oc/ua  Ei`, lit. the body of a man (being) one, i. e.
any single person.  The numeral serves the better to individualize the
subject. C. ~ 462. y; but the limitation which he puts, of the Superlative, is narrow.  That is one species of limitation.  That of the Negative,
as here, is another.  Ascending from  these, we find the generic term
exclusives which embraces them both. The part. as copula is sometimes
expressed, as quoted by C. ibid..- 44. avrapKces fr. aUb'ds, self, and
apKicw, to suffice. -     45.  Lta-eNe'., shall continue, lit. go through to the
end. -       46. orosr....,epeoOat, he is the one, in my judgment, entitled
to wear this name.  The construction o-ToS... 8tIKaiLs e. p. is, according
to the grammarians, for &lKaiv isi','ro'ToV cpper-Oai. M. ~ 296.  Rather
it is the genius of the language, which seeks to make the subject of dis.
course the grammatical subj. of the sentence, and intends qualifying




96                         NOTES.
words rather upon the subj. than the predicate. Hence the frequent
use of the adj. where we use the adv. So also the Latin; e. g. tecum
obeam libens. Hor. Car. iii. 9. In Eng. this construction marks the
poetic diction.-   48. IcK, I. for rp -  7rp o6&5. -- 49.'7roSC>as fr.,r-S, which in composition has a diminutive force, and 8etKvvzut,-for to
many, as is known, the divinity, having-vouchsafed-a-glimpse-of happiness.
REMARK.-This celebrated visit of Solon to Crcesus-the greatest
philosopher and lawgiver to the richest king of the age-has troubled
commentators more than any other passage in Herodotus.
(1.) In computing the number of days in the life of man, the several
numbers he gives, though consistent with each other, are irreconcilable
with the calendar.
Thus, 70 years of 12 months of 30 days each - 25200 days.
Intercalate 35  "   "'  " "    - 1050 "
Aggregate, as in the text,.  26250 "
But this makes the years average 375 days each, which is inadmissible.
To reconcile the discrepance, conjecture has exhausted its resources in
vain. The boldest, and one seeming in its first step plausible, is that
of Wyttenbach, who proposed to read ToiCKTOy in the place of To6tepoY,
making the intercalations every sixth, instead of every other year, as
the five deficient days in each year make a month of thirty days in six
years. But then, to correspond to this, all the succeeding numbers
must be changed-which, as a conjectural emendation, having no support from Mss. or earlier Edd. is too violent to receive the assent of the
learned. The curious reader will find a collection of the principal
efforts of the critics in Schw. adnot. in loc. And, after all, the most
general conclusion has been, to charge upon the text great corruption
in this place-and yet the Mss. give no suspicion of such corruptionor upon Herodotus great carelessness, or egregious ignorance. I submit
that the error is rather with the critics, who would make Solon talk
like a mathematician lecturing on astronomy, instead of a philosopher
in conversation, seeking only to illustrate a moral maxim by such a
general view of certain facts as did not require exactitude of numbers;
and to have sought that exactitude by stopping to compute, in the
midst of such a conversation in such a presence, would have been the
greatest blunder he could commit-a conventional absurdity. And
even if Solon had chosen to make himself ridiculous by thus descending
from the philosopher to the pedant, Herodotus had too much good
taste to mar the elegance of his narrative by copying his example. He
took such round numbers, approximately correct, as that he could give
the sum at a thought without interrupting the conversation. The gist




BO00K  I.  C. 32.                        97
of the illustration, then, is this:-Here are so many thousand days, more
or less, in the l!fe cf a man, of which no two are ever exactly alike. Behold the vicissitudes of human affairs! In this view of it, the numbers
given are the ones we should naturally expect. For it is true that the
early Greeks, as well as other people, reckoned popularly 30 dtays to
the month, and 360 days to the year.  It is also known that, down to
the time of Solon, they inserted an intercalary month every other
year. This intercalary, it is true, was not a full month, but consisted
alternately of 22 and 23 days,-for 12 lunations include only 354 days,
which is short of the solar year by 113 days, making in the two years
22j days. Now shall Solon stop to multiply 35 by 22~  Or say
there are 171 intercalations of each kind? (Wyttenbach reckons, on
his theory, 11H!) Or, shall he take 17 of one kind and 18 of the
other?  To satisfy the demands of our critics, then, the sulm  must
end with a fraction, or he must give two reckonings, and say, it is
the one or the other of these, according to the part of the'Tepae-.r.pls in which the subject is supposed to be born. Before we impose
such pedantry on Solon, let us cease to call him-Wise. But talking
straight forward, when he says,-Adding the intercalary month, which
is every other year, he would naturally say,-And let us for convenience reckon it as a common month of thirty days; and the historian
would just as naturally omit the qualifying phrase, seeing the data are
all e'v Tip payvpc. And it was unnecessary for either to add, as being
sufficiently implied, —This, we know, is a little above the actual figure,
but it serves the illustration equally well.
(2.) But, secondly, there are chronological difficulties which have
induced many to reject altogether the entire account of this visit. The
extreme view of this difficulty may be seen by the following dates.
The legislation of Solon is placed 594 B. C.-"a date," says T. "in
which the Oxford Chronological Tables agree." Pisistratus usurped
the government of Athens B. C. 560, and according to Plutarch (in Vit.
Sol.) Solon had returned fiom his travels before that event; but Croesus, according to the Oxford Marbles, as some interpret them, did not
ascend the throne till the same year (560), or as others, not till 556.
To avoid the difficulty, some have assumed that Crcesus was associated
with his father in the government, some 14 years before the date of his
own reign. (Bothec. Chron. Herod. Can.) This is not improbable, seeing he was 355 years of age, and his father must have been quite old at
his death, for he had reigned 57 years (Hdt. i. c. 25, 26), notwithstanlling Thirlwall (vol. i. c. 13) sees fit to spurn it as a shift to save a
fond story. But, without supposing him to have been formally invested
with regal authority, it is quite as consistent that such a conversation
5




98                          NOTES.
should have been with the youthful prince, vain of the immense wealth
which his aged sire already put at his free disposal, while as yet he was
less burdened with the cares of government, and his judgment less
chastened by experience. Schultz, again, and others, make Croesus to
have come to the throne as early as 571 B. C. After all, whether we
can satisfy ourselves of the precise dates or not, I think most readers
will feel what Plutarch (for the doubt is ancient) expresses so candidly
and so judiciously, in his life of Solon:-" As for his interview with Croesus, some pretend to prove from chronology that it is fictitious. But
since the story is so famous and so well attested, nay, what is more, so
agreeable to Solon's character, so worthy of his wisdom and greatness
of soul, I cannot prevail with myself to reject it for the sake of what
are called chronological canons, which thousands are correcting to this
day, without being able to bring them to any certainty." To this
reflection of Plutarch we may add, that the interval of about one century between Solon and Herodotus would hardly give time for a story
purely fictitious to have become "so famous and so well attested."
To me, the earlier date (571) of the reign of Croesus seems the more
probable. The data on which this opinion rests are these: —Plutarch
(in Aristid.) says that Aristides was made archon the year after the
battle of Marathon, and that his name is on the record next after Phnnippus. By this, the date of the battle is fixed in the third year of the
72d Olympiad, B. C. 490.
Darius died about four years after the battle, B. C. 485. (Hdt. vii.
1.) Reckoning back from this date, we get 73 years and 1 month to
the beginning of Cyrus' reign. Thus,
Darius reigned (lldt. vii. 4)... 36 years.
Smerdis "   ( "  iii. 68)..           8 mo.
Cambyses"   ( "  iii. 66)... 7  "  5
Cyrus   "   ("   i. 214)           29  "
Total.7..3 years. 1 mo.
to which add the 485, and we have B. C. 559 for the first of Cyrus'
reign. Thus far, facts; and the ancient historians agree in representing his Lydian war as the first great exploit of Cyrus after he came to
the throne. The fall of Sardis, therefore, must be placed in the early
part of his reign, but precisely in what year is nowhere mentioned.
The earliest year assumed-is the second of Cyrus, B. C. 557; the latest,
B. C. 542; the one commonly received, 546; and on this conjecture
hangs the chronology of Lydia; for the figures in the Oxford (or Parian) Marbles, which, if originally correct, would be our guide here, are




B O O K 1. C. 32-' 73.                             99
defaced; and editors and critics differ in their attempts to restore them.
Taking the earliest date, we have the following
CANON OF LYDIAN CIIRONOLOGY.
1st Dynasty: Atyadse, fabulous.                     B. C.
2d   do.; Ileraclidae,    505 years (Hdt. i. 7.). 1232
3d   do.; Mermnadea;
1. Gyges,    88   "  (Hdt. 1. 14).  727
2. Ardys,    49   "  ("  i. 16).  689
3. Sadyattes, 12   "      ("  i. 16).  640
4. Alyattes,  57   "  ("  1. 25).  628
5. Crcesus,   14   "  ("  i. 86).  571
(Pisistratus' usurpation, 560;
after which a few years Solon died.)
Sardis captured....  55T
These dates, which, independent of any fondness which "would fain
find historical truth in a delightful story," seem to me the most probable, leave no objection to the narrative on the ground of chronology.
33-72.-SUMMARY.-This interval is occupied in part (c. 34-45) with minor details of
the history of Crcesus;-c. 46-55, the increasing power and the bearing of Persia induce
him to seek the alliance of the Greeks, and to court the Grecian oracles.-c. 56. The
Lacedaemonians, descendants of the Hellenes, the most distinguished of the Doric stock;
the Athenians, from the Pelasgi, the chief of the Ionians.-c. 57. The Pelasgi, distinct
from the Hellenes.-c. 59-64. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens.-c. 65-68. Lycurgus and
the Spartans, and the wonderful story of the bones of Orestes.-c. 69-72. The alliance
of the Lacedemmonians with Crcesus effected.
73.-2. TWv5ye elVyeKa, on account of these things; which are specified
in the two following sentences, Kal..., Kal... —y7s gy pd, through desire
of territory. The clause following is only an amplification of the same
idea. -      3. TIP Xpo'vrTpfV.  He had received an oracle from  the Pythia, threatening danger when a mule should become king of the Medes
(supra, c. 55), which was afterwards interpreted (infra, c. 91) to mean
Cyrus, the offspring of a Median mother of royal birth, and of a Persian
father of mean extraction. --         4.'io'ao-Oai 67r p, to avenge himself (Mid.
voc.) upon. —'Ao'vdTyE, sc. vitl.  Ctesias, who passed his life at the
Persian court, and composed a history of Assyria, wrote this name'AoTviYyas.  Diodorus wrote'AardAcas, though  quoting  Ctesias.  The
Greeks generally agree with Hdt. in the form'Aa-Tvdys. --    6.?yaup4v, a word of about as indefinite meaning as our cousin, but, unlike
that, denotes only relations by marriage, —affnis; fr. yadwco.  It signifies here, as appears from  the narrative, brother-in-law. -             7. cKaraoaT'pEd/CziEyos EXE.  This auxiliary form  differs from the simple in fixing




100                           NOTES.
the emphasis on the continuative state of the action or its effect
having subdued him, he held him so; which we express as concisely by
making the part. attributive to the obj. instead of the subj.-he had
him  subdued. K. ~ 310. K. C. ~ 637. B. ~ 144. n. 18.        8. bvreFiXOe,
went out secretly.  Mark the force of &ir4, under cover. -    11. repLe7re Ef, entreated well.  This phrase must have signified primarily the
using of conciliatory efforts, like our to talk around one kindly. -
12. 7repl iroXAXo, se. A4dyov, of much account; cf. ~ 4. 1. 10. Vig. Idd.
9. 7. 3. -       14. rd4wov.  The bow and arrow  (and more seldom  the
sling) have universally been the weapons in use by tribes rising to the
first grade above the savage state. The Scyths and Parthians excelled
in the use of the bow, as the Greek and Latin writers frequently testify; and our North American Indians are famed for the same art.16. KOTe, I. for ronre, once, at a certain time. -- 18. $&4rete, I. for LidELete, lit. showed through, i. e. showed out completely. - opy',v  ICpos,
extreme in his temper.  op- fr. Opesyw seems to denote impulse of feeling..
- -TpXfs....elKetS, an accumulation of strong terms certainly for
Hdt. roughly exceedingly he treated (them) with insult. rpr/X-, I. for
TpaXerws, and aeIeL'p fr. a priv. and e2'Kos-insolentia, retains its full form
only in the Ion. In Att. cont. to alicia. -- 19. OraO&,'res... 7resrov0-. The
aor. marks the act as past, while the perf. denotes the continuance of
its effects:-having suffered these things from Cyaxares, and considering
themselves still in disgrace, as having (i. e. by reason of having) suffered
things unworthy of themselves. -        20. ji9ovXcraavTo.  Some Mss. have
1jBovaeuoav, which Schw. and Gais. edit, against the authority of Wess.
Examples of both constructions are found. -          22. c6e0Eoav, perf. 2, referred to 0ow; but the present is found only in the part. gewco (11. 9.
540) and'eoovres (Id. 16. 260.) If we suppose i0dow, the Doric e0woKa
would be regular except the augment, and the perf. 2, by transposition
of 0 and co, would give the Ion. oEOa and Att. El'Oa. -         23. Spyw, by
met. for the products of the chase-venison. -          26. Icpeiv, gen. parti.
74.-1. oh...?esltov, for Alyattes of course did not surrender, etc.
The conclusion of course (8X) follows from  the law of nations, as acknowledged by the ancients, respecting suppliants. The [iKr'Ts (lit.
coiner fr. I'ic) was one who, having committed a crime, fled to some
prince for protection, where, confessing his fault, and performing certain expiatory sacrifices, his person was thenceforth held sacred as that
of a guest. --     5. lv Ve. Wytt. supplies the ellipsis here by TO7S 1TE15TeIal To'TOLS, which will not do, for immediately below the occurrence
is said to have taken place.tr beaTc   &egi'.  Schw. sup. ratrars,ras
pdXats, which lies in the same difficulty, or raTs aXXats!dXats, which




BOOK  I.  C. 74.                         101
is quite crude; to say that in the other battles, they fought a night-battle.
In his version he puts senel, which is better.  Larcher, by taking oe
as correl. with xsev (1. 4), makes it point to a time further on, and so
translates,'in the sixth year;' but xyfv has its correl. 8e in the corresponding clause, as even the tyro will see. Cooley (in L.) refers e'l to
the subj. of the sentence, 6 wrLxelAos, and "being used adverbially (he
says), it must be translated'therein,' or in the time of that war." The
idea of L. is nearer correct, though his criticism is at fault, and I would
sup. To06T, Tr  Xpyscw; and certainly the ellipsis of Xpbsos is one of the
most common.-The war had continued five years with alternating
fortune, and then,; at that time, etc. --    6. 8LaiEbpovuo  is part. agreeing
with o Ln; continuing. -  E'7rl orwqs, sc.'rr77s. -     11. o4pov... Troov,
fixintg that year as the limit; but not being able to define it more
nearly. - se -,c  81, in which accordingly, i. e. according to the prediction.     13.'lra'oavro in the mid. takes only the gen. obj. but in the
act. as a causative, takes the ace. of the person who is made to cease
from a thing. -        15. ol... ab-ovis, the ones having caused them to come
together, i. e. in agreement,-effecting a reconciliation.    18.'yaAr'
f7raXayOS. Though there was but one marriage, it was an interchange
of offices between the kings, who are considered each as giving the
other a child as a hostage. oi'TOL is the subj. still. The kings of Cilicia
and of Babylon made the arrangement, and tpwoaav, decided, adjudgedthe judicial sense of the word. -     20. avIBdLers laXvpaf, forced compacts. -     21. obi EOebovot, are not wont, or not likely. --   23. 6/AoXPLLvy; a vexed word, which has strangely mingled bile and erudition.
All the emendations proposed are justly condemned, and Wess. saysSola durat controversia, quid 6b1oxpoLt'v.? —the only question left is,
what is the meaning of b6/-. —to whose authority critics generally
accede, in interpreting it, the surface of the skin. But the prep.'s
impugns that sense; for they would hardly get blood if they cut only
to the surface of the skin; and I venture to suggest, c&/oXpordlv,; or, if
Mss. are clear in their consent for /xuo-, take that to be from &'.uos, as
the Ion. frequently shortens the long vowel (see Tab. I.), and render, to
the quick-avaXEsXovat. Cf. our lick.
75.-2. 7~-... o.v.tavl&o, which I shall expose in the sequel, —the
attempt, namely, of Astyages to destroy Cyrus in infancy. V. cap. 107.
et seqq.        5. Xplro9'i, Klf3C Xov, ambiguous oracle.  This oracle, as
given c. 91. infra, was hv o-rpaTeVr7'Tal l re rlI'pyas, AeydX-qvr, &pXlv ac'Tbv
Ca'aAvo'~ev,'if he should make war against the Persians, he would
destroy a great kingdom.' And when Croesus, after his own fall,
reproached the god for deceiving him, the Pythia replied, that he did




102                           NOTES.
it not justly; for that if he had counseled wisely he would have sent
his nmessengers again (and messengers on such a mission went not
empty-handed) to inquire —whose kingdom.
REMARK.-The eclipse predicted by Thales modern savans have
eagerly sought to identify, from its great importance to chronology.
The following facts and opinions are gathered from Larcher. Eudemus places the eclipse in question, vaguely, about the 50th 01.; Pliny,
definitely, in the fourth year of the 48th 01. and in this "he is countenanced by Father Riccioli, M. Desvignoles, and President De Brosses.
There was (lhe adds) an eclipse on the 28th of May, in the year 4129
J. P.; but the Olympic year commencing with the summer solstice, the
month of May, 4129, falls in the third year of the 48th O1." This
cannot be the eclipse foretold by Thales, he thinks, for two reasons.
(1.) Cyaxares, in whose reign it occurred, according to Hdt. died in
4120. (2.) The eclipse was visible at Sardis only a little before sunset,
and not at the river Halys, where the armies were, at all. A conclusive reason, certainly. After naming several other eclipses, to reject
their claim, he fixes on the one which occurred J. P. 4117, supported
by the authority of Fathers Petau and Harduin, Sir John AMarsham,
President Bouhier, and Father Corsini. The only objection that can
be made to this one is, he says, "that the shadow passed over the
Euxine sea by Scythia and the Palus Mmotis. It is certain, therefore,
that this eclipse could not have been central on the banks of the Halys,
but must have been very considerable." Not considerable enough,
however, I judge, for our purpose. Cooley, the English editor of L.
adds:- "Solar eclipses nearly total, and the shadows of which pass
over a given locality, are much less frequent and afford less room for
choice than the commentators on Hdt. seem to have imagined. Two
eminent modern astronomers, Oltmanns and Pingr6, separately retracing the eclipse alluded to by Hdt. have both arrived at the same result,
in assigning it to the year 609 B. C. * * * As the date of this event
may be regarded as an ascertained point in chronology, the conclusion
arrived at by MM. Oltmanns and Pingre is of much importance."
SUMMARY.-From c. 75 to 94 Hdt. relates the retreat of Crcesus to his capital after an
indecisive battle at Pteria-the capture of Sardis, and the ultimate reception of Crcesus
into the confidence of Cyrus. The narrative is entwined with many interesting facts,
some of which are sufficiently marvellous, and embellished with digressions, by means of
which he keeps along the contemporary history of Greece. In cap. 94 he states that, in the
time of Atys, the country was so sorely pressed by a famine that many of the Lydians
were compelled to emigrate; that they settled among the'OuAplKof, and called themselves, from the name of their leader, Tvpo7lvotf.




BOOK I. C. 75 - 95.                           103
The history now, following the fortune of the conqueror, passes on to the East;
and that we may know who Cyrus is, the historian naturally begins at the beginning.
We are thereby led at once into the antiquities of the oldest empire of the post-diluvian world. The images of Nimrod and the patriarchs, of Semiramis and Nitocris, o.
Babylon, and Nineveh, and Ecbatana, rise around us in their magnificence. The study
of this portion of history, while it constitutes one of the most useful parts of solid learnng, is invested with the charm of romance.
95.-1.'EnrstLKiO-aL. The root of this word is probably the particle
(e, which indicates motion or tendency towards an object; e. g. Xa/ra'E,
ground-ward.  In the verb, the earliest form would be analogically (a. 2)
vy, and the earliest pres. kt'SS, a form  which is found only in this
compound dep. eart8siLucat.  A derivative (I7Te'w (cf. Lat. beto fr. be, Iaivw)
has the same sbnse, to seek, and a cognate,  ri3sLtw, has the cognate
sense, to doubt, to be ise a state of inquiry; the mid. voc. of which, as
dep., is sometimes used in the same sense as ET'rVL'clLuat. -  o6, according
to our plan. - e',OE1ev. See remnarks on Ion. Dialect, 2. c. -- 2. Tre
Kvpov... KalELTXE. The complex construction of this sentence cannot be
imitated in our language.  The sense is, that the inquiry now is, who
this Cyrus was who destroyed the power of Croesus, as if the sentence were
ohj. of  s7r~iUSCaT; but this would put the main substantive in the subordinate relation of a predicate, and that in a subordinate clause (Tis irV,5 Kipos, Os... etc.); instead of which, the genius of the Greek language
puts the subject of the discourse in the more prominent position of obj.
of the leading verb, and says, the inquiry is concerningq Cyrus, and
subordinates the circumstantial question, who and what he was; qualis
fuerit. The construction of the relative clause is also idiomatic in the
mode of condensing it from a compound sentence to a simple one, by
compounding the two subjects (bca~rs) and reducing one of the verbs to
a participle. -        3. nlpeas, connect with Kipov.-  ore'W, I. fo-' 4TLIL
(Tab. vii. 5.) -  7y'favaro, they became masters.  The force of the mid.
voc. is apparent in most deponents, both Greek and Latin. -- 4. oL.
The post-positive article, according to the classification of the older
grammarians, exhibits the true office of the article (articulus, &pOpov)
connecting the subj. (IseTes-&epoi) with the dependent part of the sentence,
and in such case is generally rendered by our demonstrative; those not
wishing to embellish the exploits or character (r, sc. e      0pya or XpicaTra.
B. ~ 125. 5. n. 6.) --    6. Trpapaaxas.  Xenophon, in his Cyropedia, differs
somewhat from Hdt. in the story of the birth and childhood of Cyrus;
~Eschylus, in his tragedy "The Persnt," is still different; and Ctesias
gives a third variation.  It is probable these are the three traditions
Hdt. alludes to. -8.  riis &vo'Aoal7s, the upper Asia.  So the Greeks
distinguished the more distant parts of the continent from the peninsula




104                         NOTES.
which lies between the seas, which they called 1 KdrW'Aaoi, the lower,
or, as we more commonly say, the lesser, Asia; or, with the Latins, Asia
Minor. The dividing line was the river Halys. Cf. c. 163, Tr "AXAvos
sroacuoi  vcow'Aot1v, in which construction &vw and KCdTw answer to the
Latin ultra and citra.
REMARKs.-The chronology of the eastern monarchies has claimed
much attention from scholars, and it is vain to hope for a perfect resolution of all its difficulties. And this sum of 520 years, given by Hdt.
as the term of the Assyrian empire, is one of the greatest obstacles to
any tolerable reconcilement of discrepancies. It therefore demands
our notice.
There was a revolt of the Medes, something over a century before
Deloces (see next chapter), led by the satrap Arbaces, -who ascended the
imperial throne and gave to Assyria a line of Median monarchs, extending (through DeYoces and his successors, as is commonly assumed)
to Astyages; with whose fall under Cyrus the history of this mighty
empire closes, in the year 559 B. C. Ctesias, in his ar rleparucd, important portions of which have been preserved in the extracts of several
ancient authors, gives a list of the Assyrian kings, copied out of the
archives at Babylon, from Ninus (or his father Belus) to this Astyages.
From the accession of Arbaces to the fall of Astyages, he makes to be
267 years. This places Arbaces 826 B. C. From Ninus down to Arba
ces the sum varies, both in the ancient authors who copied his list
and figures directly and in those who took them at second hand, and
in the later editions of the same author. The extreme range of the
difference is from about 1300 to 1429 years. The highest number is a
various reading of Africanus; the lowest is a copy further removed
from the original, and probably less reliable. Another reading of
Africanus is 1404. Diodorus, who, as well as the last-named author,
transcribed from the original, reads variously 1360 and 1400, with the
qualifying phrase something more than; a form  of expression which
gives a strong presumption that the round number 1400 is the true
reading. The relative value of these dates we cannot discuss in a
brief note; but let us assume Africanus' 1404, agreeing so nearly with
Diodorus' "more than 1400," as probably correct. This added to 826
carries us back to 2230 B. C. as the first of that Ninus who gave his
name to the capital of the empire. Ninus and Abraham were contem
porary, and following the LXX, we find them a little more than 1000
years after the flood. How does Herodotus accord with this?
According to the common mode of settling his account, the 520
years is to be reckoned back from Arbaces, which therefore brings us
to 1346, —a point which should be, if the language of Herodotus repre




BOOK  I.  C. 95.                       105
sents history, a notable epoch, at least in the Assyrian empire; so notable, indeed, as to obscure the humbler origin of its power. The best
apology we can make for our author, is, to suppose some great extension
of the sway of Assyria about this time, which brought it more immediately, perhaps then for the first, to the notice of the Greeks;-a
notion, though not sufficiently founded, yet not without some countenance from ancient authors. It must have been not far from this time
that the empire first carried its arms to the borders of Europe; for
according to Diodorus Siculus (ii. 22), Priam was subject to the great
king and received succors from him during the ten years' siege.
But if this be not satisfactory, those who take the scheme of the Assyrian succession mentioned above, which puts Deioces and his successor
in the list of Ctesias, do not scruple to count the dates of Herodotus as
of little worth, and do a willing violence to his numbers. They reduce
the reign of that prince from 53 to 40 years to make it agree with their
scheme. But against such a measure there are serious objections. We
are not justified in changing numbers arbitrarily to satisfy a theory
unless supported by the strongest reasons; and in this case I think
the reasons are all against it.  But further, the scheme is totally
irreconcilable with the facts of the history, as given by Herodotus
(i. c. 102 et seqq.) For the difference of names, it may be conceded
that the same man may be known by different appellations in the
records of different nations, but we cannot so easily accommodate contradictory facts.
Let us look at the facts. Herodotus, as his purpose was to inquire
after those things pertaining to the history of Cyrus, comes directly to
DeZoces, the head of the royal family of Media with which Cyrus was
connected. The revolt and anarchy which led to his elevation are
therefore the subjects of which the historian treats here; and not at all
the revolution of a century previous, which cast down Sardanapalus
I. and inaugurated the dynasty of the Arbacidee. Then, the satrap
carried the allegiance of Media with him as he mounted the Assyrian
throne, and, except the province of Babylon, the empire retained its
integrity. Now, Media stands off and remains independent. Moreover,
Phraortes the successor of Deioces wages war with Assyria, and with
manifest success. (c. 102.) His successor, Cyaxares, continues the war,
and, at length, having subjected the provinces in detail, he struck a
fatal blow at the capital and became master of the empire. His name,
therefore, and that of his successor Astyages, appear in Ctesias' list of
Assyrian kings, agreeing in their proper designation and in the time of
their respective reigns. It is otherwise with Phraortes and DeYoces,
who were Median kings. The two lines of monarchs run into one, in
5*




106                         NOTES.
the person of Cyaxares, and the two authors have continued their lista
severally down through the common reigns. Hence the confusion.
The facts, then, are sufficiently clear and consistent. What of the
dates?
The sum of the four Median reigns is in Hdt. 150 years.  We have
then 559 + 150   709 B. C. for the accession of DeYoces. The next
question is, whether the 53 years of Deloces should date from the success of the revolt and the independence of his country, in which he
seems to have been a leading spirit from the first, or from the time of
his election to the throne. In the former case, the numbers which precede join on with those which follow this dividing line, and give continuity to the reckoning. This is like an historian, is like the care which
characterizes our author. In the latter case, he throws in uncounted
some odd years of the unregulated state of the country, thus making
a gap which unsettles his chronology.  This is unlike the historian.  I
assume, therefore, as the more probable, the former case, and set the
column of Assyrian chronology directly above the Median. Those who
think otherwise will add such number of years for the intervening
period of anarchy as they judge proper, observing only that the age of
Deloces will confine them to very narrow limits.
I must next add an observation which may be put by some to the
charge of temerity, seeing the Mss. and Edd. give no various readings
in this place. Nevertheless, let it be judged. The " 520 years" of Hdt.
would be written VTEaa'K'. Now, if instead of that he had written
&Tea,a(pKI; or  r7t,a)'K't,-1520 years, we have the two great authors
agreeing, as follows:
CTESIAS.                       HERODOTUS.
Last of Astyages,  559 B. C.                   559 B. C.
to Arbaces,   267 years.       To Deioces,    150 years.
From Arbaces,   826 B. C.       From Deioces,  709 B. C.
to Ninus,    1404 years.        to Ninus,    1520 years.
2230 B. C.                     2229 B. C.
Such agreement, chronologers are accustomed to say, sufficiently demonstrates the general correctness of the numbers.
From the elevated point we have now reached, as the learner can
easily glance up through the next higher epoch and take in the compass of the earliest post-diluvian history, I add:That the kingdom or colony of Assyria was planted some generations previous to Ninus by Asshur (whence the name), a distinguished
chief who went out from Babylon (Gen. x. 11. The prolepsis in the




BOOK  I.  C. 95, 96.                       107
name of Nineveh is common. They are not to be listened to who confound INimrod and  ainus; nor they who sublimate proper names into
abstractions, assuming, as Niebuhr in Rome, that ancient history is
fable. Rather, ancient fable is history obscured.) Babylon, therefore,
founded by the great-grandson of Noah, was the older city, and was
the ruling power of the East till the valor of Minus gave to Assyria
that preetominence which justly ranked him  as the founder of the
empire.  Previous to this, there flourished at Babylon, according to
the ancient chronographers, two dynasties, the first commencing 225
years after the dispersion of the nations; that, I understand them  to
mean, consequent on the confusion of tongues; which brings us to
within about 400 years of the flood. This gives us for Babylon the following scheme, whrich may be taken as approximately correct:
To the Dispersion,...     about 400 Post-Dil.
Dispersion to First Dynasty,.         225
First or Chaldean Dynasty,..         225
(or, according to some, 195)
Second or Arabian Dynasty,.           215
Total,.1065
years to Ninus and the supremacy of Assyria.  Abraham  was born,
according to the LXX, 1072 years after the flood.
96.-1. abv'ovyuowv, indepeusdent, not free republics nor in a state
of anarchy. -     2. ~3e... 7repLeA0ov, thus they coine round again to
tyrannies.  The word tyranny is here used distinctively of the usurpation. --    3. aoq6s&, like the Lat. prudens, signifies endowed with talents
and skill for practical, and particularly political, affairs. -     4. CparOesis, w. causal gen. enamored (of a thing).  The part. expresses the
state of the subject. --    6. iv'r.... Kee, in his own (sc. town, Ke/p)
both being fcrrmerly a tried man in respect of the administration of jztstice, and (now) somewhat msore and more earnestly applying hislself t/hereto, he scsade it his vocations.  6LKaLOOavXlv limits 8'KLItcOS and  TrLieEO'evos as
well as MOKeeE. This kind of zeugna, common in Greek an)d elegant for
its conciseness, is not practicable in English; hence the necessity to us
of supplying the relative words. -     9. TS, &iKaicg. (C. ~ 449. a.)
11. t&Karlv..... apovTo, chose him their judge; observe the force of the
mnid. voc.-    12. UyVe&de'Vos fr. lt~votxaL, cont. with epenthesis of e;
keeping the mind on (-7V &pXjhs) the supreme power, as an object, iml)lies
the desiring and using alrts to obtain it. -     14. waoe....Ka ucaoevoI.
The subj. of the sentence is oi demonst., to which aV'Tol is al)posilive
and rendered distinctive by the particle Kal-theimselves also; i. e. tho.se
in the other villages, as well as those in the village of Deioces (iE  y.




108                           NOTES.
EWoTOV).-    15. Karrt Trb  pOdy, according to rectitude; justly. --
17. TToE &7reL TE fjicovouav. These particles present another instance of
the condensed elegance and force which the Greek language acquires
by ellipsis. Lit. then and when they had heard, i. e. then (they heard)
and when (or after that) they had, etc. The construction is frequent.
Cf. c. 103 infra, Kal 7rpiTrs TE  eAo4XL0E, he both (divided into companies) and hefirst did so (i. e. he was the first to do it).  Also c. 105, ial
&trel re, and  6 fare[ Ire, in which cases the full expression would give,
first the assertion, that it was so, and then the relative clause, when it
was, etc.  The explanations of Hoogeveen (Gr. Part. sub. voc. se) and
Viger (Gr. Id. c. 8. ~ 7) do not meet the case. --    18. reXos. C. ~ 437.
97.-l.?rionT'rozrorso and'rvYOarouEfrw'v illustrate happily the law
that the idea often controls the grammatical form of the word, as here
the number of the collective noun. When the author speaks of a multitude as coming, they are viewed in unity; but when he speaks of their
having learned certain facts, requiring individual attention, the idea of
the individuals composing the multitude prevails. --  3. es... avaacet-!LzvoY, every thing depending on himself.  ~  4. 7rpoxaTL'tcvo. The use of
rpd here in its local sense is legitimate, as marking the fact that the
seat of judgment anciently was in front of the palace, or more openly,
in the market-place (the a&opd or forum), or, in the East, in the gates ot
the city. --    5. Gus, sc. Xprn6drWYv. -     9. egto6oav,... Ad7o', they gave
to themselves talk, i. e. entered into conversation. -     11. ob -yap commences what the partisans of Deloces are supposed to have said. This
intimation of the cunning of DeToces shows sufficiently the philosopher
in the narrator. He reasoned the nature of his facts as carefully as his
age permits us to demand.      12. (pfpe, like the Lat. age, in hortitative
discourse, come. -     14. abro.... T-~ped sea. L. translates, we can cultivate our fields in peace; and remarks-" I am probably the first who
has given this meaning to the phrase, of which, however, I conceive
not only that it is susceptible, but that it cannot receive any other.
"Ep~ya signifies, all the labors of the country, ploughed fields, harvests,
even the trees, as appears from I. v. 92. * * This word, says Apollonius (Lex. Hom.), signifies in Homer, agriculture, when that author
employs it simply and without the addition of any other word to determine the sense." -- 15. yp, I. for irp (by ellipsis of o6f. C. Tab. ~[ 63),
modifies TaiTa, giving it indefiniteness-something like this; in some
such a way.
98.-2. roXX~s, I. for froXes. For construction, see note, c. 32. 1. 46
Cf. M. ~ 584. --  3.?s 8, to the degree that. -     7. Iva... x&cors, wiher




BOOK  I.  C. 96-98.                       109
(i. e. in what part) of the country. So the Latin, ubi gentiunt. Cic. The
partitive sense of'lva determines the use of the gen. The classification
of words according to their accidents does not affect the principles of
construction. --    10. 7rAXio'ua, fortified town, or stronghold;'a distinction observed by Hdt. between this word and radLs. -     11.,Axcv
depends on u7TrLAE'Xe6a0aL.-     12. EreLo/ydwv. This passage throws light
on that blunder of grammarians who have referred the fut. mid. of this
verb to 7rdchXw. What one is persuaded to, he suffers or permits. The
two words meet, in signification, on common ground, but should not
be confounded in etymology. They are probably from the same ultimate radix, but the divergence is developed in the simplest verb-form;
the stem of the one being 7raO, and of the other wred, or 7r0; which are
strengthened into 7rce0Krcv, 7rdcrX, and 7r&YeD  or 7redtLO. -     13.'A'yBdTrava. See Rem. at the end of the chapter. - 15. &Erepov is construed
with the comp. vq/hJx —epos, and wpotxaXeCooL is dat. of measure of excess.
-- 16. rb pIer... ie7rr. Read Koxwobs as attributive predicate of
Xwplov. For the construction of c%'re... eh'az, see K. ~ 341. 3. a. The
antithesis of the second clause (indicated by the correlatives p'V and se)
turns on the particular sense of ehrers~eD07V, as expressing the idea of
the effect of art, in distinction from the natural advantages of the localitv. The whole sentence might be rendered: On the one hand the situation, being elevated, contributes somewhat to this result (lit. that it should
be so); but on the other hand, it is effected something more by art, there
being seven circles altogether. --    21. KaTa... ItpyaOos, about equal, in
extent, to the circuit of Athens.  For this sense of KaTd, see Lid. & Sc.
signf. v. and vi.
REMARK.-We cannot from Herodotus determine the location of Ag
batana. It is thought by some that there were two towns of that name,
one the capital of greater Media, the other of Atropatene; and Major
Rawlinson argues that it is the latter of which Hdt. speaks. The former is believed to be near the site of the modern Hamaddn, a strong
argument of which is, the identity of the name. The Chaldee form of
Agbatana was Achmetha,-a slight variation, consistent with the principles of etymology-which the Syrians have changed to Ahmethan,
and the Persians to Hamadan.
It is not necessary to suppose that DeYoces was the original founder
of the city, but only that he chose it for his capital and enlarged and
fortified it. The traditions of the East claim for it an antiquity superior
to that of Semiramis, in whose day, as in later times, it was the summer
resort of royalty; and that by her queenly munificence it was adorned
with a splendid palace and a most stupendous work of art-nothing
less, namely, than the piercing of the Orontes mountain with a tunnel




110                         NOTES.
fifteen feet broad and forty feet high, through which she poured the
waters of a little mountain-lake, to refresh the city.
For the extent of the place, Hdt. is well supported by other ancient
authors. Diod. Sic. says it was 160 stadia; Thucyd. makes Athens
about 148, and Dion. Hal. 168 stadia.  IHdt. writes as if he judged from
personal observation; that he had seen both cities, and they were apparently about equal in extent.
The more common and now established orthography, Ecbatana, is
conceded to be less correct than that of our author.
99.-7.?ye;av... airXpov'. &aranL is doubtless to be taken in the
adverbial sense, as in c. 1. The Orientals have ever been nice in their
sense of decorum. Cf. what Xenophon says of the Persians (Cyroped.
I. 2): AlaXpbv l'v y 7p ELT  Kall vyv e'0TL -IepCaLs Kal T' &TrorTrueLv, Kai'b
7T0ro/4VTT'OaL, Ka! Tb T 5o 0V7s /LeTO'S pa eYrOat' a'rXpbv 6' L'i Kal'b ido'Ta
rov  pasepbw 7yeJEo'0aL  TO)U Oopjo'aL EVEKca, } Kal hAAa Tr'vbs ToLo06Tov. In
India and Arabia there is the same scrupulous propriety in regard to
spitting; and in this they do but express the instinctive sentiment,
not of the East, but of humanity, wherever evil commzunications have
not corrupted good manners. To spit on one has ever been held the
last mark of indignity. Hence Job (xxx. 10), in his extremity of
degradation, says, "They abhor me; they flee from me, and spare not
to spit in my face;" where perhaps the sense is, before me, instead of
in my face. The note of Barnes on this passage is sufficiently instructive to suffer a repetition here. He says:
"The Hebrew may mean, either to spit in the face, or, to spit in
the presence of any one. It is quite immaterial which interpretation is
adopted, since in the view of the Orientals the one was considered
about the same as the other. In their notions of courtesy and urbanity,
he commits an insult of the same kind who spits in the presence of
another which he would if he spit on him. Are they not right? Should
it not so be considered every where?  Yet how different their views
from the more refined notions of the civilized Occidentals! In America,
more than in any other land, are offences of this kind frequent and
gross.  Of nothing do foreigners complain of us more, or with more
justice; and much as we boast of our intelligence and refinement,
we should gain much if in this respect we would sit down at the feet
of a Bedawin Arab, and incorporate his views into our maxims of
politeness."
Well to say, but, alas for our Arabs! recent travelers testify that
their habits in this respect have sadly relaxed "since they assumed the
habit of smoking tobacco;" and Niebuhr says he observed that the mas



BOOK  I.  C. 99-102.                        11l
ter of a family had a little china spitting-pot near him. -- 12. Tfepoios. Not of another nature, as some interpret; but, another person,
another sort of character, instead of their familiar companion. - 6piewarl.
Part. dat. plu. to agree with aLp. Deioces must not be supposed to be
the inventor of a new policy, but only as imitating the custom of oriental monarchs.
100.-3..as....ypapovTres, the litigants.  The Attics used the mid.
voc.- -rapac. See note, c. 24. I. 2. and c. 32. l. 2. -    4. &LaKpi[Vr, DIscEaNO, DISCERN. -     6. eKEKO~/E'aTO. Third pers. plur.; Ion. ending. Tab.
viii. -  E... v,8piCovTa.'A literal rendering of this clause: if he should
ascertain any one having violated (the laws, that is), gives us a wrong
idea, as if, assuming the act of a violation, he would say, if he should
find out who had done it; whereas the sense is, if he should learn that
any one had done such a thing. The Greek is of necessity ambiguous,
for want of a gerund, whereby the person is made the more conspicuous
and the act subordinate. This, however, is in accordance with the
genius of the language.  (Cf. c. 32. 1. 46.)  We are more logical, and
express the different relations elegantly and concisely by a change
of case in the substantive.   Cf. c. 33, MfeiT  6e' aXwva o1X/UxEvov, after
Solon going.  We would say, Solon's;-making the act of departure the
object of the preposition.     7K 7. KaT&...  &LK7lua7'rOs, according to the
desert of each one's offence. -'irzafev. See Tab. II. and VIII. 3. (1.) a.
-- 8. KaTr~oairolO... KaT~KnooI.  Our word spy corresponds in its literal sense to the former of these words, but is extended in use so as to
cover the ground of both. A spy is expected to hear as well as see.
This sort of "secret police" is an essential part of the organization ot
despotism.  Cf. c. 114 infra, ofpOaxtvwY acoLXNEOS, the king's eye; and vii.
239, aoovuxdKcwv, highway-guards.  This use of KaIrSTKOOL is rare. -  ava.
Motion upward from the lowest extreme reaches at length the highest;
hence, up through; throughout.  So of time, a&Y&,aar Ta 7vy iUEp,7v,
through the entire day. K. ~ 290.
101. —1. ovvE'0a&peIe, lit. turned together, as a shepherd would different flocks; so did Defoces gather the several tribes of *the Medes
under his protection and bind them under one government. -   2. y?vea fr. 7y'Vos. The map exhibits the probable location of these tribes,
according to Larcher. The Magi were the Priest-caste of Persia. The
name, Mogh, is derived by oriental scholars fiom mah, signifying great,
(cf. Lat. magnus,) illustrious, or the head.
102.-2..rpfa Ka! 7r5E'TKOVYTa.  Ctesias assigns but 40 years to the
reign of this prince, if we concede him to be the same as Artreus, in his




112                           NOTES.
catalogue; and modern chronographers make it even less.  The discrepance is explained on the hypothesis that Ctesias dates from the
time when the regal power was confirmed to him over all Mledia, and
that Herodotus includes a portion of the period of anarchy, from what
time the influence of Deioces began to prevail. (See Rem. c. 95. sub
fine, and c. 130.) - 4. a7reXpijo, was not content, fr. a7ro and the root
Xpa or Xpe (perhaps cognate to XElp, the hand), representing the idea
of necessity, something of prime utility, hence wants, which includes
desires and demands; it did not put away his desires or demands; that is,
did not satisfy them. --    -o6-oLo-. The dat. is obj. of earl in composition. --   6. M1owv; dependent on biricdovs, as gen. of inferiority. (C.
~ 349.)  -  8. 7.v'AaIg1v, means with the Greeks, when not otherwise
defined, only the upper Asia. --   9. roes'Amo.... loXo o. The -distinction is between the nation at large and the Ninevites; and instead of
the simple connector icag, we should expect the complex ical 8/ icat.
(See c. 1. 1. 7. n.) -     10. Tre... a7re'Trec&rcv, but at that time they were
forsaken (lit. left alone) of their allies, as having revolted (lit. stood off, or
put themselves away) from them; as related above, c. 95. -     11. /xACOS... jIKoVyEs, being however in other respects quite prosperous.  For
gen. with E6, see K. ~ 274. 3. (b.) C. ~ 395. Cf. also c. 32. 1. 30, /uerpJws
f. 8iov. -     12.  Vrl o6'orovs o8; a clause appositive to e'r!'Aaa-, 1. 9,a repetition which a loose style often demands, and is happily indicated in Greek by 68; against these, as I said.-    14. a-TpaTds; connect with ab'drs; a large portion of his army with the king himself was
destroyed.
REMARK.-The facts of the history are clearly irreconcilable with
the supposition that Defoces and Phraortes are in the line of the kings
of Assyria. (See c. 95. Rem.)
103.-3. cal 7rp/6*s Te. See note, c. 96. 1. 17. -   4. exdXr10e. Some
Mss. have eAkXrne. -  Kcaa'& a''rea; per cohortes. Schw. This sense of
Tr;Xos comes from  the idea of completeness; a complement. -'TObS ev
a.ds'Ary. Hdt. means to save his Greeks from the charge of being so
late in learning the military art. -     7. ovTos 6, this is the one; 6, as
demonstrative and predicate. -     8. aTE...   -yerTo. See c. 74.-  ad.
C. ~ 410. K. ~ 284. (10.) -     9. 6  hi~v... eoywrC.  It would appear
from this, that the power of Assyria was limited almost to its capital.
&vw, above, i. e. beyond the river; ultrafluvium.  The Halys was considered the boundary between the empire of the East and the zEgean
provinces. Hence the designations  icd KW, and / &vco'Aichyi. V. c. 95.
1. 6. n. -      11. rszswpe'wv....cat, both (for the purpose of) avenging
his father, and, etc. -      13. oi and reputcaT71r-LnZv  agree together; to




BOOK  I.  C. 102-104.                      113
him  sitting down around, i. e. besieging. -     17. cEyovaot, part. agreeing with TroivToLr.
REMARK.-The Scyths, a people spread so widely through Asia and
Europe, from whom some derive the appellation of the Scotts, are not,
I think, indebted for a name to any of the fanciful derivations usually
offered, but bring their name and their descent from Cush, the son of
Ham and father of Nimrod. (Gen. x. 6, 8.) They are known through the
East as Cushim or C4uthim. (See Tab. III. ~.) They were therefore the
builders of the tower of Babel, and the leaders of most of the great
enterprises of antiquity. Nor is this the first time their power was
felt in Egypt. They are believed to have been the race of Hucsos or
Shepherd Kings, whose name was such a terror to that country in the
days of the patriarchs.  From Egypt they are said to have sailed, with
their Pallic or Pelasgic brethren of Phoenicia, to Ireland, to which they
gave the name of Scotia; and their remembrance of the Tower of Babel
-a symbol of the pagan worship of this race universally-will account
for the Round Towers of that island. (See Faber's Proph. Dissertt. Append. iii.) In central and middle Asia and Europe, their history is
better known.
104.-2. eb4c6vq, for a well-girded man; i. e. in condition to travel
with expedition. Time as a measure of distance is naturally taken for
a standard, and where the mode of travel is such as to secure uniformity, it is a very correct measure. The foot couriers of Asia are said to
average thirty-three miles a day. --  3. o....bsrEpfivaL, it is not much
to pass over, etc. The simple narrative of Hdt. like that of Robinson
Crusoe, touches on the colloquial level. --  4. l& z duaov, by a complex
construction, performs the twofold office of adjective and prepositional
phrase;-one intermediate nation between them. -  5. Zdarreipes, written also:Zdreipes, "occupied the country north of the lake Urumiyeh,
and about the sources of the Euphrates and the Araxes. Their name no
longer remains, unless we should venture to trace it to that of the Zebari, a tribe of the Kurds now dwelling further south, near the great
Zab; though there is no good ground for such a conclusion." Cooley in
L. -- 5. 7rapa.eLSoutvoaLco eliva, are construed with EoLrt, 1. 1, together
with Ebbi'YO 66S; the dat. in regimen with the verb, and the nom. s6bs
and the substantive elYaL, subject of the same; it is to a good traveler a
journey of thirty days, etc.... but (it is) to those having passed by this
(ToTo, sc. gsYos) to be in the Median (territory). -     6. TraTip, se. o6o.
-    8. E' aELft, sc. XElpI. -  9. ovu,3CasXJves, having joined battle with.
-    11. ira%'Xovs, sc. abi'ross, held (themselves) upon, i. e. overspread and
held the control of.




114                        NOTES.
REMARK. —A glance at the map shows the intelligence and clear
understanding of our author. The main Caucasian range extends from
near the Palus Mweotis, south-east to the shores of the Caspian. The
most direct and frequented route was on the southern side of the
mountain, near the coast of the Euxine, through Colchis. But having
missed the upper pass, the Scyths were forced to keep along the other
side of the range till they reached the Albanive Pylee, near the modern
Derbend;-a route more circuitous and doubtless much more difficult.
This same route has been traversed in modern times by the Huns, on a
similar incursion, and still later by Peter the Great.
105.-1. Kal ErEL' T7e. See c. 96. 1. 17. n. -    4. a&rorpi7rE... 7ropE6saeGal, lie turns them away from coming on further. The English idiom,
unlike the Greek, does not admit the negative with the dependent
verb. The pregnant brevity of the Greek is more compendious than
the Eng. The difference is here.  There are two acts or objects in
view,-their advancement and their halt-the one having a genitive,
and the other an accusativte relation to the verb; or, more analytically,
the one in genitive relation with &rYd, the other in accusative relation
with the verb;-a point of departure and an object; fromn the one to
the other of which he would persuade them. In Eng. whichever particle
we use requires its own object; i. e. we persuade from advancing, or to
return. The Greek places the particle of departure foremost, with ellipsis of its proper object, and brings in at the end the ultimate aim as ace.
object; as here, from (advancing further) he turns them to the not advancing further. The Eng. gives one sentence entire, which sufficiently
implies the other ad factum, but not ad verbunm; the Greek gives the
extremes of the two sentences with the verbal ellipsis. Cf. c. 2. I. 1, e's
AYyv7rTov a&7rLKeaeaa; also c. 1. I. 3. and note in that place; also ic7rrrarii
es TrP, OdXeaoav, c. 24. --   5. 2vpfrls. This name was applied to the
whole country from the Euphrates to Egypt and Cilicia. The Hebrews
called it Aram, from the father of Nahor; whence Aramna, a name not
unknown to the Grecians. --  6. 7rapseExOdevTov, having passed by out
of (the country). The distinctive use of the particles is never lost sight
of. -    12. E'YErs. Mark the near connection in sense also with the Lat.
eo, to go. -    16. opatv, depends on easts subaud. Cf. c. 104. 1. 1. and 4,
O~TL... si eva; and c. 24. 1. 33,'Xe'..... apVeE'a-a. K. ~ 306. 1. (c.) 
18. Evapeas. This is probably a Scythian word, and its etymology therefore not to be sought in the Greek. As to the nature of the malady,
enough has been written.  Without troubling the learner with the
various opinions where none agree, I give the following from Larcher:
"Hippocrates very clearly explains this in a passage which I shall




BOOK  I.  C. 104 —106.                     115
quote at full length, and from which we may gather both the cause
and the effects of this malady.'Their continual exercise on horseback
occasions to the Scythians acute pain in the joints; they then become
lame; and if the disorder augments, the hip falls backwards. In the
commencement of the malady, they cure themselves by cutting the
vein which runs behind each ear. When the blood ceases to flow, they
fall asleep from exhaustion; and on awaking, some are cured, and some
are not.'"
He proceeds to say that this remedy is fatal to the virility of the
patient, and that when he perceives his powers of manhood gone, he
attributes it to the Nemesis of some offended deity. "' They then clothe
themselves in a woman's garment, acquire the habits of women, and
join them in their employments.'"
Cooley adds, on the authority of modern travelers, that among those
Caucasian and steppe regions of Europe and Asia, "cases are frequent
of males losing the strength and physiognomy of their sex, and assuming
the dress and habits of women."
106.-3. xWyLwp[7qs; see c. 4. 1. 7. n. - Xpls r/ev... Xcpls s'. To make
the antithesis more conspicuous HIdt. often adds to.Ev and 8f, the article
rb or the demonstrative TOi-o. (Cf. c. 30. 1. 19.) On the same principle
here, Xwpis, being demanded in the latter clause for its relation to ccpov,
is repeated in the antecedent correlative for greater distinctiveness.
On the one hand they exacted tribute from each one (fKdO'TWV is all taken
distributively) as they were accustomed to impose on each; dnd besides the
tribute, etc. For 4dpov, the principal Edd. have q4pwv, —which is quite
impracticable.  (p'pov Er. is plain, but this reading gives a difficulty in
the relative To; and to relieve this, Reisk conjectured rdv, which is
approved by Schw.; but this again demands hrwe'caXov for 7rE'BaaXAov;-a
reading which is not indeed without the support of at least one Ms. It
would read then, they exacted the tribute which they imposed,-a declaration hardly consistent with the style of Hdt. I prefer the reading
given in the text; and understand it, that after the assertion that they
exacted tribute, the neut. rel. introduces a general remark-it was a
thing they were accustomed to do wherever they came, to levy it.9. -b7irep. The office of the 7rep is to render -iv  a little indefinite;not to say that the identical old limits were reestablished. - Kal... r-E,
and in addition.  -  10. iE'epoarL X4-yoLrL. So c. 184 below, Tr& e'Ic'oTra
Aco-vpftorL XyoLr'L )uvZIArv iroto0lao; but this promised Assyrian history probably perished in the embryo, like many another noble conception of noble minds. Such a work is nowhere referred to by the
ancients, except it be in one place in Aristotle (Hist. Animal. viii. 18);




116                        NOTES.
where he mentions Herodotus' account of the taking of Nineveh. He
may have made some beginnings on such a history, or an essay on the
siege and capture of Nineveh, which would answer the special promise
made in this place. This is the more probable as it was a theme to
tempt the pen that could delineate a grand historic scene. As a counterpart to the taking of Babylon, Hdt. ought to have given the picture
to the world.
REMARKS.-This second fall of Nineveh was final. Here its history
-long, eventful, cruel, glorious —finds its end. The city is buried in
its own ruins, is covered literally from the eyes of mortals by the accumulated dust of ages, its very location become unknown, and its sacred
tombs insulted by the foot of the wandering Arab, ignorant of the
treasures enshrined beneath-a gift from antiquity to the curiosity of
the nineteenth century. By the labors of Botta and Layard, the flagments of the city are exhumed. At the same time, a knowledge of the
Assyrian character is recovered, and the long-buried inscriptions are
deciphered, which shed new light on the history of the empire.
Nineveh was situated on the east bank of the Tigris, near its junction with the Zab. In Jonah (i. 2) it is called "that great city," as if
it was distinguished above other cities for extent; and also (iii. 3) "an
exceeding great city, of three days' journey." A similar phrase —Novos
/eAydX —-occurs in the epitaph of Sardanapalus as quoted, by Diod. Sic.
(ii. 23), which he says was composed in the barbarian tongue and afterwards translated by some Grecian. The same author (ii. 3) gives the
extent of the city as 150 stadia in length and 90 in breadth, or about
60 miles in circuit. Strabo says (xvi. 1), "it was much larger than
Babylon." Diodorus (ut supra) says it was protected by a wall rising
100 feet above the plain, broad enough for three chariots to drive
abreast on the top, and surmounted at intervals by towers, 1500 in
number, which ascended to the height of 200 feet. We may abate
something from these figures for the excited imagination of Diodorus,
but that it had works of art-sculpture and architecture of beauty and
magnificence, is attested by the recent excavations. He also depicts
the corruption of morals as extreme. In S. S. besides Jonah, Zeph. (ii.
14, 15) and Ezek. (xxxi.) unite, to use the language of Kitto, "to confirm the view which has been given of the commercial greatness, the
surpassing opulence, the high culture, the immense population, and the
deep criminality of the city of Nineveh," as well as "the greatness
of its dominion and the grandeur of its state." The only statistical
datum from which to estimate the population of the city, is that of Jonah (iv. 11), "more than sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern
between their right hand and left;" which is generally taken to mean




BOOK  I.  C. 106-108.                      117
infants. Now our census tables show the ratio of persons under five
years of age to the whole population to be, in our country, about 1 to'7. Assuming it to be the same in Nineveh, and assuming five years
of age for the limit of the infancy, it would give the sum of about
840,000; which is a probable estimate, considering that the city,
though so extensive, was not built compactly. Besides the denunciations of Jonah, the destruction of the city was foretold by Isa. (xiv. 25)
and Zeph. (ii. 13).
That portion of the Assyrian history which links itself with the history of Israel and Judah, is in the period between the first and second
capture of the city by the Medes. Arbaces is generally understood to
be the Tiglath-Pileser of Scripture, and his immediate successors the
Shalmaneser, Sennacherib, and Eserhaddon, who worried and carried
captive the chosen people. (See Prideaux's and Russell's Connections,
and Kitto's Cyclopedia Bib. Lit.)
Like the Pharaoh of Egypt, Assur seems to have been a common
title for the kings of Assyria, or rather the family name, retained from
the ancient founder of the colony. Pul or Bel (Belus, Baal), signifying
lord, was also common. Thus, Tiglath-Pileser, otherwise called Pul, is
Tiglath (probably a variation of Tigris) Pul-Assur. So, Shal-man-Assur,
and Assur-Haddon, which in Greek, with the addition of Pul, becomes'Sardanapulus; i. e. Assar-Dan-Pul. Those who deny the personal
character of the Asshur of S. S. cannot have observed the force of this
monumental testimony.
107.-1.'Aruvc&yls was son-in-law of Alyattes king of Lydia (c. 74)
and brother-in-law to Crcesus.    5. vrrep0eEvos...'.r e'vrviov, delivering over his dream to the dream-interpreters of the 2Jagi; which office
of the  llagi, as the Persians, or Chaldees, as the Babylonians called
them, is well elucidated in the book of Daniel. (See above, c. 101.) —
8. Yaopbs &palnvY.  Cf. Lat. tempestativa viri; of proper age for a husband. -     10. MLro?; Pres. Indic. as if from  L&8ow. -      12. &ycwv avT'v,
taking him, considering him, to be. Xenophon makes Cambyses king
of Persia.
108.-i.  VV0oLKEOV'1s.....r e, in the first year of Mlandane's living
with, etc. See c. 100. 1. 6. n. -    4. 7raXeZv. Cf. c. 104.1. 11. --   6. EgriTEKa; fr.?7rl and T'KELV; being near upon the time of her delivery. -
7. yEVYC.LeYvov. We have no form to represent the pres. pass. part. and
can express it only by circumlocution. -     8..K....1OS, according to
his vision; ol, the dat. of personal limitation. -     12. oiziK'ov. Larch.
argues that this word o- vyyevs; but not well. Harpagus was indeed a relative and also a friend, —intimate in the house-two things




118                            NOTES.
not the same nor necessarily meeting in the same person. -     13. Irp?yta.. 7rpo8cr'w, the thing which I would enjoin on you.  7rpoaOieo, the
subjunc. aor. 2.  (See Tab. VIII. 3. (2.) a.)-    14. iur6ajua& rapaXp~o-V,
you may by no means neglect.  Two things that are in the relation
expressed by grapd, are in close proximity (see c. 24. 1. 2. n.), but individually distinct from each other. (Cf. c. 32. 1. 15. n.) The former idea
prevails in such words as 7rapaXpfuza, at the very thing, or in the act;
the latter, in 7rapaXpdouaL, to abuse, or fail to perform  the proper duty.
-   15. EwvUT-  EpirElrrpsr, you would tumble upon yourself round about;
i. e. fall to ruin-a metaphor taken, as T. thinks, "from a house falling
in upon itself." --   16. is o'ewvroi, sc. o&Krl7a. -     17. O`TEd2. See Tab.
VII. 5. -        19. a&vpl.reoE; meaning himself.  A  courtly deference
leads him to avoid the pro. personal-a usage common to all polite
people.  On the same principle rb?ws'd (I. 22), -  ue. B. ~ 128. n. 2.
109. —1. -oV'TOLtL; dat. instrumental. --   2. rqj,.  Schw. with IEm.
Portus would supply the ellipsis by arox-)W or Kurqo-Lyv.  Others have
proposed ~3/],dv. But there is not usage for the ellipsis of these, as of
65d&. Hdt. interprets himself well in vii. 223:.rv frl Oav-dT   oo060ov
roLEzev'EOL.  Supplying 5$ov, I would take it in the adverbial sense of
manner; —in the way in which they were accustomed to array for execution. --    6. T', sc. 96w,. -  ohS' E....Ua[averaL, not even if he should be
out of his senses and rave worse than he now raves. -         8. 7rpoo-Ouao-oya
71-.?yvp., will accede to the purpose; more literally, add myself to the
opinion;-a form of expression which arose probably from their manner of dividing the assembly in ascertaining a vote; those who would
sustain a measure proposed going over to one side of the house to join
themselves to the party of the mover. Cf. Lat. ire pedibus in sententiam.
In the British House of Commons, the practice is still continued, I believe, for one party to withdraw from the house while the other is
counted. -    11. epaevos (I. for dpoa-) y6vov.  Gen. of explanation.  C.
~ 395.-  OeXoaet... &avaBq3vaL.  Larch. says, " Oeco and   exaco are frequently redundant;" —a remark quite unphilosophic. Cooley adds,
"lOeAelv is here used for /,4XELv;"-which is hardly less so.  More
properly it is simply an auxiliary - will, which is etymologicallyBov.X-oiai = vol-o. The auxiliary system of forming the tenses, less
used by the classic authors, must still have been in common colloquial
use; for when learning perished from among them, and classic models
ceased to'influence, the people transmitted to modern Greece as a
household inheritance, EXcO and 0'xcow and eOe'X  as essential auxiliary
parts of the verb. Thus the RomaYc makes a pluperfect by the help
of EYXov or d`Xa, and a future and conditional by the help of the pres



BOOK  1.  C. 109 -  111.                     119
ent of Oexw and the impf. and perf. of 0e4xo. --    14. 9XNAo... ulyto'r-os.
In such comparative sentences, the full construction would have the
predicate expressed in both clauses, which however all languages agree
to dispense with once. We commonly make the ellipsis in the second
member; the Greek, as here, in the first. --  16. r&v'rvad, sc. SoivAXu.
110. —1. arl requires the ace. Some Mss. have 3ovuKcdov. The best
Edd. agree in BovUcdov, to which we must supply rlva', or'rovov. -.
3. ierL'Tr8EwOra'ras, most convenient or fit for his purpose. The reading
has been much disputed.  -  4. iEv'roV; i. e. IHarpagus. --  6. 87raKc6.
According to Le Fevre (or Faber) as quoted by L. the Hyrcanians, a
people governed by the Persians, still call a dog Spac. The Russians
say Sobaka or Sabac for the same thing. 7. vrSpeat.... oipeow is tautological, but admitted to classic rank. Plains lying at the foot of the
mountains; sub radicibus montiunm.       8. o'Uros 8, this one as 1 said,
or the aforesaid. -     9. Bop4... &avYov. See c. 6. 1. 4. n. -'A-ySa'rdvv;
gen. of origin; taking the direction from Agbatana as the stand-point.
-     16. iprlU'r-TaroV, sc.,e'pos.  17. rot.  See Tab. VII. 1. —
18. ireproL?7p, is not exactly like our unclassical to get around the doing
of a thing; but rather, to do or act round a thing, i. e. to make pretence
of doing, while you avoid coming at the exact thing.      19. oe; construe as subject of taxp4oresoOai. Cf. fXp4iaTro, c. 117. 1. 28.
111.-3. rW....IUp-Qv, to whom now also himself, the wife; i.e. whose
own wife also (Kal referring to  Tri'res, connecting it with the idea of the
same word in c. 108) was daily expecting to be delivered.  Some explain
the last clause to mean that she had been in labor all day-a sense the
words will not well bear. --    4. r4Te KWOS, just about that time. iKs
relieves the'T're from the expression of precise exactitude. -     5. ppovT~ovL, anxiety; serious and painful thought is a common sense of the
word. -   9. et aeArr'rov, ex insperato; contrary to expectations.11. Tri has the double relation of object of isZ7v and subject of 7yevoOeaL;
what I could wish not to have seen and never to have happened, etc.'(eAov is used either alone or in connection with ed, EY0e, a'Oe, Ws, to express a wish. -     19. pads. See c. 24. 1. 30. n. -    21. ReLqpov. Impf.
teas in the act of carrying it away, before he discovered its real character. -  BOKdowV... elva. Supply wratslov. Supposing it to be a child of
some one of the domestics. -     22. iOdA,43eov; root OaBRS, and OaB, tp.
Cf. thump, thumb, dumb, dupe, stup-eo, and Heb. VtI (dum). --  23. Xpva, T-e scal EYsabcs. A case of what the old grammarians would call hendiadys, like Virgil's pateris libamus et auro (Geor. 2. 192); but it is
fairly questionable whether such a mode of interpretation is legitimate




120                           NOTES.
at all. -  7rps, sc.'ro1To~l; or as adv. moreover. -   24. wpdcra; a
purely Ion. word. -     25. 7rvvwdOouaL implies that he drew the information from the escort by his inquiries.
112.-1. 0A/a,... Ka[. &a//a, an adv. of time, joins with Ka', to
connect the action of the two clauses as simultaneous; and it qualifies,
not the several verbs separately, but aggregatively the complex action.
The herdsman said these things, and uncovered and showed the child,
all at the same time. It may be rendered by supplying the connector
that with  /Asa: at the same lime that he said this, he also, etc. -
3. -yovdrwcov and a&vpbs both depend on XalopzVr: —taking the man by
the knees-the manner of earnest entreaty.  C. ~ 368, 369. K. ~ 273.
3. (b.) S. ~ 179. -     4. o-fs se. See c. 29. 1. 9. n. This phrase is by
ellipsis of the antecedent correlative, roiofTros: such an one as to be or
do, etc.; i. e. to be able or capable of, etc.  In the full construction the
subsequent is either orts Te, or iwa-e.  Of the enclitic re, Seager says
(in Vig. Gr. Idd. C. III. ~ 8. R. 9), "it is a remnant of antique language,
signifying fere, as the Lat. que." -     6. 4eroq/oalyovs.  C. ~ 583. (a),
~ 635. In Eng. and most modern languages, the verb is quite barren
of participles, which defect we supply by the Infinitive. 7 —.  s...
&vspa, when now she did not thereby (&pa, i. e. by such means, her entreaties namely) prevail on her husband. --  10. T'roica; perf. 2. of'Krckr.
--    11. eOve4ds; perf. 2. part. of 6Ov'Kcco. Tab. VIII. 2. C. ~ 237.
13. &X'c&eaL fr. &aXcKotat. Tab. VIII. 3. (1.) a. -     14. type. It is better
to consider this dat. as obj. of influence (C. ~ 403, 409) than as agent,
though it is implied that the same persons were also to be agents of the
action. --    15. 6 7rEpltev, the surviving one; fi'. 7rep a —ei, to be.
113.-2.'bv... TrovoY. The relative pronoun and demonstrative
are equally adjective. The noun to which they both belong is generally expressed but once, and that more frequently in the antecedent
clause, whence it is called the antecedent, and omitted in the relative
clause. Sometimes, as here, the reverse has place. Which boy (i. e. the
boy which) he brought intending to put it to death, that one, etc.  C.
~ 522. A. R. xlvii.  iraZa is obj. equally of Egepe and Oavarcoawv, and
needs not as in Eng. the representative it with one of them. See c. 96.
1. 6. n. --   7. &s...?E'yer'o, when now the third day was to the child
being exposed (lit. lying out there).  See c. 31. 1. 22. n. K. ~ 284. 10. ('a.)
-- 10. &o?/jos. The subj. of the inf. is the same as that of E4, and
therefore in nom. case. -     12. eiJe... roS0Tcor, and saw through them.
They were his eyes.  Cf. c. 114. 1. 8, bo0OaXAbYo S9acrA'os, and note on
c. 100. 1. 9.




BOO K  I.  C. 112-116.                      121
114.-1. 68; a particle vastly convenient and very comprehensive.
It might be rendered here, according to current tradition; or like the
Lat. ut accepi.  Cf. Sall. Bel. Cat. c. 6, where, in sketching the history
of the city in the earliest times, he gathers out from the much that is
uncertain, that which is in his opinion the most probable, qualifying
his narrative with this phrase, ut accepi.    6. e'iricKAXvob. See note on
lrwovvvSA7P, c. 14. 1. 18, "as they used to surname him." T. - 8. ofpOaXubV BaarXeos. See c. 100. I. 9. n.  "The confidential officers through
whom he beheld his kingdom and subjects * * So the Chinese state
paper of 1834 called the British superintendent, the Barbarian Eye." T.
They were sometimes employed in the more important and more dignified missions to foreign governments, either as secret emissaries or
accredited ambassadors. - 10-12. Ers....Kce'xeve. A case of anacoluthon. K. ~ 347. 5. (a.) The sentence commences with ETs as logical
subject of the sentence, as if it was to be the grammatical subject of
ifrofrare, but ya&p interrupts the connection, throwing that clause into
parenthetic relation to the sentence, and eTs then as grammatical object
of EKce'Ave should be accusative. --   15. Aerei071; aor. 1. pass. fr. peiTnul, I. for LEO-.  -  16. UaiXX4y Tr, somewhat more; i. e. more than ordinary. The absolute comparison is more frequent in Greek than in English. -     18. K'pov, either depends on rotvo,.a or 7rp~s, supplied from
the subsequent clause, in which case we would render Xdycov, calling
him; or, we must supply, as obj. for hdeycwv, a clause embracing the
idea of the previous sentence,-saying it had come, or he had suffered
this; in which case, Kvpov as gen. of agent depends on vb7r, supplied
from the previous clause, or ~rp&s, from the subsequent one.
115.-5. Zb "8, you then; it is true, is it, that you, etc.  8 appeals
to the boy as conscious of the fact now charged, and assures him that
the king believes the report. -     8. -aviDa  o'ovoy; ace. of object and
effect.  C. 2 434. K. ~ 280.   - 12. XAoyov... ovbe'a, had no account (or
reason), i. e. to render; no excuse for his conduct.-    14. Tev. Tat.
VII. 5. - 98e. See note, c. 108. I. 19. This child is ready for you, is
little better than slang in English, but quite classic in Greek. Schw.
and Gais. edit &cie.
116.-2. &adc7ypoys, re-cognition. -  of depends on  6J4KeCE. -     3.
Trpoa'p1E~0arL... eowvuT, to have some resemblance to himself.  rpoaop- takes
after it a dat. or ets with ace. -  6rMKPLars.  The primary idea is that of
answer, but often, as here, with the associated idea of the manner or style
of the answer as the most prominent notion.  The secondary sense
of hypocrisy comes from the association of the stage, where the ~broKp~-'r-s answered in an assumed character.  -  4. e'XEvOeptlcWp?, more




122                           NOTES.
noble, or freeman-like; namely, than became one born a slave. See n.
c. 114. 1. 16. -     5. K7rhaayels.  Cf. the Fr. hors de soi; out of one's self.
The Lat. could express it by stupefactus; but the Eng. is at fault for
the word.  It means, stricken powerless by any strong emotion. -
6. udOyLs, vix, i. e. vi (magna), with (great) effort. The Gr. connects ia
Kal /Adus.  Cf. /dAXLs, and  o-oyw, uoAx, Lat. molior; to toil, to moil.
-  -ayveeLXeLs; the exact opposite of Kcm7rXayels; brought back, i. e. to
self-possession; "brought to." --   8. Baaoavl'rp fr. 6Bdoavos, the touchstone, Lapis Lydius, so called from its principal known locality; for an
interesting account of which, see Smith's Die. Antiqq. --   17. avdyrcas,
distress, particularly tortures, as below, 1. 19.-     21. Kal... ab'rdv; a
sentence grammatically irregular, but logically clear and elegant. What
follows re Kan, is a substantive phrase connected to Xrds: —he came
down to entreaties and (to this also, namely) begging him to have pardon
for him. Ka're'Bazve implies not condescension, but prostration.
1 17.-1.'o9 Uev... l7roe'ETo, immediately made less account of (i. e.
had less concern about) the herdsman who had exposed the truth. -
2. Kcal Xdraow....cKarl eydCws. The conjunctions are correlative, both..
and. -     5. f'e... KCKaTeXpirao, what sort of death did you make use of
against the boy. 7rai&a may be construed, by the grammars, as ace. of
limitation, or specification; or better, as obj. of Kacrd. Cf. 1. 23. The
simple verb not having the further obj. denoted here by Ka-td, the action is limited to the subject-he suffers or experiences the fate; hence
rabs, in nom. --  8.'pereVral... 6dy'. See K. ~ 279. 6. --       10. OKCs... vJov, how in respect to you I might act according to your intention;
i. e. to compass the death of the child-which was the only essential
point in the command.  For aol, see K. ~ 284. 10. (a.) C. ~ 410.
17. &XPL o', sc. Xpdov. --   20. eBivo6Xw. Eunuchs were often employed
in important missions of trust and confidence, other than those to which
they were specially designated; if indeed the common notion of the
derivation and primary application of the word is correct, of which
there is room to doubt; for ebv4 + EXc, ought to give ebtv'Xos. I venture to suggest that the derivation may have been from eb + sdos ~+ eXco,
which would give precisely this form, ebvotxos; and that therefore the
primary sense of the word was generic, a faithful servant.  The more
common use of the word, then, to denote the class of servants having
charge of the harem, would be a special and secondary sense of it; as
a qualification for which office, Eastern jealousy demands the cruel rite
of castration, as we commonly read their history, or, as modern travelers assert, excisio omnium partium genitalium.  Cf. eCoiav CXeLv, Plat,
Gorg. --    22. TLOoi.... cras. See n. 1. 5. and c. 110. 1. 19.




BOOK I. C. 117 —119.                         123
118.-1. ZvekXe.  All the Mss. and principal Edd. have E'veiXee.
Thus Gron. Schbw. Gais. and Steph. ed. 1. IIn his second ed. Stephanus
changed it to EVEXe. -      2. KaTcfdrEp, Ion. for KaO' arvep; so without the
enclitic, Hdt. has KaTed for KaO' a.    4. KaTrE'3aLve, commonly interpreted to signify the coming to the point; directly at the subject. I take
it in its literal sense (cf. c. 116. 1. 21) and as referring to his manner;
he came down, i. e. from the tone of anger which he had at first exhibited.  It predicates then a change of position of the subject relative to
the other party. As above, the herdsman changed from a position of
denial to that of confession and entreaty; and here the king, from the
attitude of menace to that of conciliation and pretended favor. It might
be rendered here, he changed his manner, or tone. -     6. EKCa,lUoY, laboravi.  This word in modern Greek has supplanted iroL'c in the sense of
facere.-    7. Kal is correlative with Ire, 1. 5.  He suffered from the reproaches both of his own conscience and of his daughter. --   8. TroTo
/ue.v.... T.oOo se. See c. 30. I. 19. and c. 106. 1. 3.
119.-1. xrpoowcvnyaas, having done reverence, or made his prostrations, according to the oriental custom of salutation of an inferior to
one of higher rank -or dignity. It is unfortunate perhaps that in the
Gospel this word is uniformly, I think, rendered worship, where sometimes only the reverence of ceremony is intended. It must not, as
some, be taken as derived from KcuWv, with the idea of fawning, and servile caress, like a dog; but from the common radix KicO, with the idea
of qffection, respect, homage. -     2. /uedycxa 7rolqoarevos, lit. making great
things to himself; i. e. being greatly gratified at the happy turn of
affairs and building large hopes on the favor of his sovereign. -  iqiapTds; Ion. for a&uapf'la. - es eoY. The common interpretations of this
phrase, advantageously; commode; recte; id quod debuit, come quite
short of the idea, which is that of necessity; that the result was so
caused by fate, or the overruling providence of deity, and that therefore
Harpagus was pardonable. His fault was construed as a providential
necessity. --   5.'.Teea... uizdLo-Ta, about (Ico) thirteen years at the most.
Schw. renders Kov Icdlaro''a, fere. -     6.'AO-rvcdyeos; se. oLKla, or Baoat
NhMa. K. ~ 263. b. B. ~ 125. 5.-    10. KaTa&  E'eXEa,'limb from  limb,
membratim. - 8tea&v fr. 5calpE'w. - TarF} /o....'& 8s, some and other
parts; these and those.-   14. srapETrLOeao.  See Tab. VIII. 3. (2.)
They must have had each his separate table-a custom common with
the ancients. Cf. the history of Joseph entertaining his brethren, Gen.
xliii. 32-4; also what Tacitus says of the Germans: "- cibum capiunt:
separatce singulis sedes; et sua cuique mensa." De Mor. Ger. c. 22.15. LraLbs depends on  AXXa (se. /ufpea) in the next line. --    16. &Kpwv,




124                          NOTES.
is adj. construed like the Lat. summus, medius, etc.: —the extremities of,
etc.  -  19.  16eeT1 fr. %6ojlai.  The'r softens the expression and gives
an air of politeness to the question, which were otherwise blunt.
20. 7rapespepov,'rotaL 7rpOOE'KELTo, they, to whom it was appointed, brought
along. -     22. 7rpoa-'''vres, is to be taken transitively; presenting; or
if we read 7rpoo'rdavres, setting before; which is the reading of the Mss.
and of most of the Edd. and which, as giving a better sense, I would
have edited, but that it escaped notice till it was too late to correct.
The former reading is an emendation of Schweighbeuser's. In some
other places, as c. 2, -rpoaaoKJvras; c. 129, 7rpoaa'rds; where the sense
rather requires it, as those who edit irpo- understand it to be for 7rpos-,
the correction of Schw. is to be approved. Thus Gais. in c. 2, irpoaX&v-as; "Vulgatam formam, quam Mss. constanter servant, propter euphoniam in usu fuisse docet Grammaticus post Gregorium." -- 25.?EeX7rrc, sd','zs'-e Ecv'uro; two expressions, the exact opposite of each
other in sense, and the latter, the opposite, ad verbumn, to the Fr. hors
de soi.  See n. c. 116. 1. 5.  26. O'EV....cpEa, of what animal's flesh.
a- 27. &pea'rby.... CpSp, that whatever a king may do is pleasing.
31. 7rcvTa, sc. ra AXetluua'ra.
REMARK.-Instances of behavior more cool than that attributed here
both to the king and to Harpagus are scarcely to be found on record.
The historian is notwithstanding true to nature. The profoundest
passion agitates the surface least. We are wont to think, it is only in
the East that passion so intense and purposes of revenge so deep-seated
and so patient as that of Harpagus, find place; and yet it is barbarous
man equally in warmer or in colder climes.
120.-2.'rovs... e&pwcay, the same ones of the Magi who had interpreted the dream for him in that way; i. e.in the way previously related,
c. 108. The ellipsis is apparently strained. --    5. Eir-i'wae cKal cu  &ir'Oave, is a tautology which only the simplicity of a primitive language,
or the laxity of colloquial style, would tolerate.  So ea'r- Kal weptea'rt,
I. 7, is no better. -     9. o....a. ~aaLXes, actual kings. -   TesXcWre 7roijaas; that complex mode of seeking to give full expression to the idea;
which settled itself at length into the system of auxiliaries. So in 1. 11,
Bia'rcas sCXe,-forms frequent in Hdlt. -     12. es cppesv, to what do
these things appear to you to lead? -     13. K... T'rlzs, by a preconcertedplan of some one. ---  15.'rapa...  KXcSp-tlqc, for our predictions
eave sometimes found their accomplishment in trifling things; more literally, some of our predictions have issued in small things.  Cf. XwpeTh
eVTvXCu s, KaKis, to turn out well, or ill.  Lid. & Sc. err in saying that
Gvma is found in Hdt. but once. The construction of the next sentence




BOOK  I.  C.. 120o —  22.                    125
is precisely similar.  -  16. &..... Xd6era, at least the things per.
taining to dreams.  e'Xotat with a gen. is to be referred to the head
of touch.  C. ~ 368. K. ~ 273. 3. (b.)  ye is an exceptive, not an intensive particle. --    18.'aVT'p 7rXe6aTros'yv'op7v, very much of that opinion.
For this use of 7rAeZo'os, see c. 98. 1. 2. and reference there.  19. fj1KEIv Oyvepoy; lit. that the dreamn goes out; i. e. it surceases, or is dismissed
from duty, its office having been accomplished. - 21. To0 gives the
address more the character of direct appeal, as, I charge you. See n. c.
32. I. 3. --    24. repl wroXXoD. The gen. of price,has sometimes 7repl or
avTL.     25. Kefvws refers to the clause Cs....7repnovia, as a supposition; thus it (the subj. is supplied from apX~Yv) is alienated, passing over
to this boy.    29. Kal..../'pos, we also share in the government, in
our proper degree;-the part, namely, which is appointed-a happy use
of the article, giving submissiveness to the expression while it betrays
the priestly ambition which pre6minently characterized the order.
30.  /7yP...  rpoo7rE'ov. The verbal in T'oE' takes the dat. of the agent
with the case of the verb:-it concerns us to look out for you, etc. (prospicere). -    33. ao.... 7rapaKEhev/uCeOa, we advise you such other things;
which are specified, namely, in the sentence following; i. e. we give you
this further advice, namely, to send away the boy, etc. This seems to me
plainly the sense of the passage, though all interpreters, so far as I
learn, agree in giving CT- TOL- the sense of similarly; like us; idem facias. --   3   o.  7EobS?LVa/cL'ovs =-  yovEas, his parents.
121.-2.'fn ra. Astyages now addresses him by a term of endearment, my son, which implies the actual relationship; and hence the
explanatory clause introduced by?ydp. This term was used in addressing grandchildren as well as children. --      3. reX7e'v, Ion. for  X-e1etCv,
agreeing with 04,v, a vision of a dream (which was) not accomplished.
4. XadpWv joined with the imp. YOt has its common sense of a parting salutation-go, and may you be happy. --  6. MitpaadT'Vr, Ion. for
M10pardTrlV.
122.-3. 8td/IevoI... TeAEVTfioaL. This sentence seems so elliptical
as to render the sense quite obscure.  5dEtevot expresses merely the
reception they gave him as a stranger; then, 0&s &iVrovi-o is commonly
interpreted, as with ellipsis of the object, when they had learned (who
he was); but it may more strictly be rendered, when they had made
their inquiries, giving us a glimpse of the social life of the times. When
strangers were brought together, certain reciprocal inquiries, such as
should bring the parties to some acquaintance and understanding of
each other, were customary.  This must have been so then, as now.
And that is precisely what this word is adapted to express-they made




126                           NOTES.
their inquiries; i. e. the customary introductory inquiries. We have
no need then to supply a grammatical object for the verb. The inquiries of course brought out the astonishing fact, whereupon, JLe-ydAws
aor-d'ovTo, they embraced him  ardently; ("with tenderness and transport," is the elegant rendering of Beloe).  o-a  l?rnria-Tduevot, as supposing hitherto; ETrla-, lit. planting one's self upon, implies knowledge
when the object is matter of one's own observation; when it depends
on testimony, it implies entire conviction or belief.  avi'[Ka GrTe'EXEV-'-soaa, that he died immediately then; i. e. when he was born.
5. t'odpeoY expresses that they now set earnestly about inquiry or investigation, to bring out the history; while 4r660oyvo expresses only the
casual or customary inquiry of conventional use.           6. eXeye, pads.
Cf. Zp677 Ae'-ywv, c. 118. 1. 6. A various reading for pds, is npe'a, which is
not to be listened to; another is oe'as, which gives a tolerable sense,
but not so good as the received. -  7rp.b...rXer7ov, that formerly he did
not know, but had been very greatly in error. -- 9. a&rd, in the sense of
temporal rather than local relation; from the time they set out on the
journey.      11.'ie...  aliveyW, he went praising her; (see n. c. 1. 1. 20;)
or he went on doing it (to express continuity) La' 7ravrTs, sc. ToO AX7yov,
through the whole story. Editors have been puzzled with this use of.'ie, and Schw. conjectures ie-" forte he... 7raLvYew  periphrastice pro
7rpvlE."  But it is rather the verb to go than to be, that is called into
general auxiliary use. --   12. & 7crdava is predicate to Kvvc6: Cyno was
every thing to him, etc.  Cf. 7rAheo-ros, c. 120. 1. 18. --    14. KarT'ahov... e'ypee, put about a report that wuhen Cyrus was exposed a bitch
nursed him.
REMARsK.-Compare with this, what Livy says (Lib. i. c. 4) of the
similar story of Romulus and Remus "pressing the paps of the wolf;"
that it was the reproach of she-wolf cast by the other shepherds on Larentia the wife of the shepherd by whom they were brought up: Sunt
qui Larentiam, vulgato corpora, lupam inter pastores vocatam putent.'
Without disputing here whether either of these accounts is strictly
reliable, they give ground for a reflection of fundamental importance in
the study of ancient history. We see, in them, how a slight perversion
of fact transforms history to fable; how a perversion in some insignificant particular may throw an ail of fiction over a series of important
historic events.  Now the business of the historian of the primitive
class, to which character Herodotus approaches more nearly than any
other, is simply to give the record or the tradition as he finds it.  The
sum of his criticism is:
"I cannot tell how the truth may be;
I say the tale as'twas said to me."




BOOK  I.  C. 122 —124.                      127
But if with the character of narrator he combines that of philosopher
and critic-and Herodotus is not wholly wanting of just and valuable
censures-then his business is, to analyze, to separate the actual from
the fictitious, to detect the germ of truth lurking in the guise of fable
or buried under the rubbish of exaggeration. Under the guidance of
this principle, perhaps in the story of Arion (c. 23, 24)-one of the
most trying to our author's fame-we have but to substitute a ship
bearing the name of "The Dolphin," for the Jish of that name, to
restore its just proportions and set a veritable and living picture in its
true light.  Modern skepticism  were more wisely employed in this
work of analysis and discrimination, seeking how much of truth may
yet be rescued from these ancient shipwrecks, rather than how much
of the real fragments and gems they may still deliver to the maw of
the all-devouring deep.
123.-3. 7rErwov introduces the means by which he attached himself to Cyrus, and sought to attach Cyrus to his interests-sending gifts;
and  7rLOvpdwv, the object in view-desiring to avenge himself on Astyages. -- 4. obr... Z.aoyer'V, he did not see revenge about to be; i. e. did
not see any hope of effecting it.-    5. irrTrpEep41evoyv. Wytt.-in which
he is followed by Schw. L. and others-supplies  i-pwOpbv after this
word, and attributes to the ern- a peculiar force looking specially to this
object; growing up as his avenger; i. e. for this particular purpose.V. Tdce is subject of Ka'erpyaa'o, and oi, dat. agent. C. ~ 417. -     9. CvA
eKcdoylr is each one separately. -- 11. Ka'rep-yaar'pov... ro'Vov, this now
having been effected by him, namely, the persuasion of the Medes.
13. 6 "Apracyos; take as subject of  exE; Harpagus wishing to make
known his sentiments to Cyrus, etc. had no other (means of doing it). See
c. 24. i1. 33. n. - 17. EYXE, sc. ecWVTJ, as it was, i. e. before; with its
natural appearance, the hair not being torn off. - 19. 077pEVT' is
appositive predicate to 7rLOT0Tdc(TC, which is distinguished as subject by
the article; to the most trusty of his servants (arr-tyed) as a hunter.
-     20. &7rb yAc6arqs, from his own mouth; personally. - aL&dba. See
c. 3. I. 6.
124.-2. by are'P... vidJ6v; the tautologic simplicity of a primitive
state of a language. -     4. 0a... 4Wrope'ao, "for over thee do the gods
watch." T. who also cites Isa. xlv. 1, " Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden," etc. hap is often used
with ellipsis of that for which it assigns a reason. Reisk would here
supply ~ i/azXov  0Cev  r'EV, to which Wess. and Schw. assent; i. e. oh son
of Cambyses; or rather of some one of the gods; for, etc. Others, on
the authority of Matt. ~ 615 (who says "the sentence with yap is often




128                         NOTES.
placed, by the haste of the speaker or writer, before that for which it
gives the reason"), make it a case of hyperbaton, referring it to the
sentence a 6....roiaa, avenge now the murder of yourself on Astyages, for,
etc. This is too constrained. But on the other hand the ellipsis is
oftenest such as cannot be supplied verbally from the context, but is
rather an idea suggested by what is said; nay, it often is not even
suggested by the language used, but only existing in the mind of the
writer, he sets forth the reason simply, and we must infer what that
sentiment or notion was from the nature of the reason given; as here,
a conviction in the mind of Harpagus, that Cyrus was destined to some
great mission. This is quite natural and elegantly concise when the notion is such an one as the writer has arrived at by deduction from that
which is assigned as the reason. The reader is thereby simply put in
the way of the same process of deduction. Logically, it is an inverted
enthymeme. The same rule applies to the next'ydp, 1. 5, for (if it
were not so) you would not, etc. Taking the two together we have an
inverted enthymematic sorites; and reading the series in the direct
order, it is, (1.) Cyrus has a peculiarly happy fortune, therefore he
must have been under the special care of the gods. (2.) He is under
the special care of the gods, therefore-what? Whatever follows is the
idea from which the writer starts, and which he omits as being sufficiently obvious from the premises. --    7. ib 8e. See n. c. 106. I. 3.
8. H& is joined with 7rdcTa; I think you have already (cal lrdAaL) learned
all.  -  9. elrpXOie fr. vrpo~~ce, Ion. for wrpd~a'. --   10. 7re'ro0ea. See
n. c. 98. 1. 12. --   11....... relteoOa, if you will be guided by my counsel. -- 13. o'rpaT'rXdvee; Imperative mood. --  14. fv'e... fy -e,
whether-or. The copulative particle as the connector of the protasis
is altogether natural, and is found in many, perhaps all languages, in
their earlier and simpler state. The Heb. vau, and, is also used as a
conditional, if. The Eng. an differs not in sense from and, and they
are probably of the same derivation, and correspond very nearly to if;
the former being from anan, to grant; the latter from give; as we would
say, grant this, grant that; one conditioned on the other. Such forms
as lf, Lat. si, and Fr. soit, are only conditional or imperative forms
of the substantive verb, and must be of later development.      15. eaTt....3o6vea. Supply Ta& 7*dTa, or the like, as subj. of eoar. -   7. 7rpbs
Sao, of your party; in favor of you. This gen. construction regards
the person oSo, as the author or leader, from whom the subordinates
take the command. See Jelf's K. ~ 638. and cf. c. 110. 1. 9. - 18. a&
for ouv. - Eofpiov...  4ritos; the sing. used to denote the scheme, the
whole business taken aggregatively, all things. - ye is an exceptional
adverb, and according to its relation seems sometimes to intensify, and




BOOK  I.  C. 124, 125.                      129
sometimes to weaken the expression: ye ze'dre, here at least, however
it may be elsewhere.
125.-2. aoocpcorcair. See n. c. 32. 1. 46.-     3. E[pL0KC Te. Some
Mss. and Edd. read et'plfcKelaL, which is perhaps to be preferred.
4. TarTa; alii Tdes, which is objectionable as indicating an antithesis
to the former acdTa, those and these; whereas both refer to the same
thing, he devised these things, and acted accordingly.  -  6. e. See
c. 24. 1. 30. n. -— 7. &or0oeKvY'aL; cf. c. 124. 1. 14, &7roeX0i. -
8. tpe'ravov. The state of the arts was not so rude in Persia at this
time as to require them to use their agricultural implements as weapons of war. They had heavy scimetars curved after the fashion of the
scythe. -     11. AoXAoL for oi &XxoL. In the crasis, the rule of recent
grammarians is, that the l of the diphthong, if in the former word, is
dropped; if in the latter, it is subscribed, as cal ey7i -  Kc&yc6; 6 ohvos
PVos.-    12. &p're'a'ac (fr. a&p'idW, Tab. VIII. 3) does not indicate
descent, but dependence, subordination.  Most of the Mss. have'Ap'redC'ra,
as a proper name; an error, as Larch. observes, "of great antiquity,
since it is found in Steph. Byzant." Wess. first edited correctly. -
Hlepoar is the general appellation for the nation. -     16. repudivloL.
Though the opinion that we have here the origin of the German race
and name is ridiculed by Larch. and Wess., it is far from improbable.
Every year brings central and southern Asia into more direct relation
and closer proximity with the Teutonic portions of Europe.
REMARKs. — Turner quotes the following passage from Heeren (Pers.
chap. ii.): "As was invariably the case among the great nomad races,
the Persians were subdivided into several hordes or tribes; the number
of these was ten; and they were distinguished from each other no less
by their differences of rank than by their modes of life. Three of them
were noble: the Pasargadme, the noblest of them all, the Maraphii, and
the Maspii.  Three other tribes devoted themselves to agriculture, the
Panthialici, the Derusisei, and the Germanii; while four others, the Dai,
Mordi, Dropici, and Sagartii, continued to maintain their wandering
and nomad habits, but are occasionally mentioned, more especially the
last, as contributing hardy bands of cavalry to the Persian armies.
"Two principal observations, illustrative of the histor~yof Persia,
naturally flow from  these facts, as recorded by Herodotus -1st. We
must discard the idea that the Persian nation, even at the most flourishing epoch of its history, was universally and equally civilized. A
certain part of the nation ruled the remainder, and this aportion alone
had attained a certain degree of civilization by its acquaintance with
the arts of peace and luxury. The other tribes continued in their origi6*




130                         NOTES.
nal barbarism, and partook but little, or not at all, in the improvement
of the race. Persian history, therefore, as it has come down to us, is
not so much the history of the whole nation as of certain tribes, or possibly even of a single tribe, that of the Pasargadne. These composed
the court, and it would appear that, almost without exception, all that
was distinguished among the Persians proceeded from them. 2dly. The
above particulars would at once lead us to conclude that, in a country
so constituted, every thing would depend on descent and the distinctions of tribe. As the tribes were distinguished by a greater or less
degree of nobility, so there was a gradation also in the different families of which each tribe was composed. The noblest family of the most
noble tribe was. that of the Acheemenidae, from which exclusively the
kings of Persia were always taken. The same distinction of more or
less noble tribes has at all times prevailed among most of the nomad nations of central and southern Asia, the Arabs and Mongols, etc. * * * "
126.-4. rArpv, as if fr. a form irdsos, -7, -ov, with ellipsis of 6oo. -
iv Etsepp; not in a day, as denoting the duration of the action, which
would require the acc., but on a day (appointed).  See Jelf's Kuhn.
~ 606.        6. e s rv  o'rsTepabIv, SC.,jpjp'qv. When we translate this
phrase, on the morrow, we do it not literally, though we get at the same
idea, by taking a different point of view. The Gr. taking the stand in
the present, looks forward to the morrow, as the time designated. Cf.
c. 32. i1. 8. 7 —. XeXovgpvovs, bathed; a part put for the whole, as we say
in the modern phrase, dressed; either form of expression signifying that
attention to personal neatness and decoration which the usages of society demand; and as, in this figure of diction, it is only the most prominent part that can represent the whole complex idea, we have in the
several words, indices to the different habits and tastes of the several
peoples who use them. - Tovr'4, sc. Xp'dY. -     9. &s &E5d/4Evos, as being
about to receive, i. e. as intending to; not as if, which would imply,
false pretence.  K. ~ 312. 6. -    10. 7rpgs, adv. moreover. - oivVe...
e7rLt'17oEWTcdTooL. The dat. instrumental or circumstantial stands in the
relation of an after-thought, in the mind of the writer, to the main
action, and is therefore sometimes remotely conr 3cted with the principal verb, as here 7rapeorKEvaSe, he made preparation, not only by slaughter of the flocks and herds, but moreover, with wine and bread as (being)
most promotive of good cheer. -     12. &7rb 8ehrvov. Cf. Lat. statim e
somno, Tac. Agric. c. 22. In these phrases, the prep. is commonly interpreted as referring to time, as after; but the notion of time is in the
adv., and the prep. is rather to be taken in its primary local sense, or
by a metaphorical transfer from this idea to that of act, state, or condi




BOOK  I.  C. 126, 127.                        131
tion; when now they were come from dinner. For the use of re, see c. 96.
1. 17. n. --    13. Jo-av.  Cf. dvtres, c. 105. I. 12.  Motion is so nearly a
necessary concomitant of existence that the same word often serves to
express either idea, as ETIL. The later Greek sought to mark a distinction by the accent; but even where different forms had been appropriated, they are continually returning into'each other in sense.  Cf. hi'e,
c. 122. l. 11; also the Lat. eo, to go, andfui, pret. of esse and cognate to
fugio; as is clear fromn the Spanish, where the same folrm, feti, ftise,
etc. is the pret. of both ser, to be, and fuir, to fly.  The French has
substantially the same coincidence; and the Eng. be is the sanie as the
Gr. Be, Ba, root of Bamvmo, or'1v, i. e. B.I-EY; wIhence al-o the Lalt. b-o,
obs. but implied by beto. -       13. Td, relative, what; the things whh;cli.
7rpo-repaip, sc. isEpp. p See Tabb. II. 1. IV. 3-  I.. rapeytSvo m... A7yov, laid bare the whole plan. --   19. E /Eo.  The gen. with 7rrEOEoaim,
which mostly takes the dat. is to be referred to the heard of geiit:ve of
distinction (C.), of Superiority and Inferiority; or, as Bul. It. xvii., to
the principle, verbs of ruling and the contrary, etc. -    22. xOCAi,. The
Eng. does not suffer this elliptical mode of carrying out a comparison,
which is common in Greek, and is not unknown to the Latin. We must
say, labors similar to those of yesterday, instead of similar to yesterday.
-- 24.'yeyov6s.  R. { 310. 3. B. ~ 144. 6. -  fadE.... &yeOal, to take
these things in hand; i. e. to undertake to effect their liberty.
127.-1. e7rLXa4xeEvoiL, expresses their seizing with eagerness upon
the offer of a leader. -- 2. d&~oevot. See c. 32. 1. 46. n. -- 3. Kipov
7rphaaoovura. See c. 100. 1. 6. n. - 5. 7rpT-epo0... j, before that. See
c. 4. 1. 3. n. -     8. Oeo[XaS$3~s.  Those old Pagans preserved a wholesome faith in a divine Providence; "quem dens vult predere, prius
dementat;" and moreover in the divine justice, as this word testifies:
that the god-smnitten was judicially blinded for his impiety.  Words are
monuments-interpreters of doctrine-and often, as here, embody in
one a great article of a noble creed. -  a&raeee.  Cf. c. 124. 1. 14.
9. XOprlv... i eJpyee, forgetting (lit. making for himself a forgetfulness
of) what he had done to him.  The allusion is to the murder of l4s son
and the horrid feast. The ellipsis of the antecedent is common, and
the relative is then, with the Attic writers, more frequently attracted
to the case of the antecedent. This is a refinement, for the case of the
rel. then represents the actual presence of the antecedent in the mind
of the writer. We gain the same thing by the change of form of the
rel., using what instead of which; and it is onl this pIrinciple of ellipsis
that this construction of what is to be interpreted, instead of calling it,
as our grammarians do, a " compound relative." -     11. 0aoo, refers to




132                         NOTES.
number or quantity; so many as. -;.....Ere'rxov, were not mnxde
participants of the counsel; were not in the secret of the plot, i. e. to
betray Astyages. -     13. EOeXoKKeov fr. Oex-w  - KaKics, were willing
cowards.
128.-2...s... rdXLerra, as soon as; lit. when quickest; and it would
seem that rdX- properly belongs to the second clause; as, when he
learned, he quickest uttered his threats, i. e. immediately; it was the
first thing he did. -    q &7rELAew', spake threatening. --    5. o?.... ETEEvai, who advised him to send away, etc.;  es4r- Ion. for Me8Ei7aL. -    6. aveOKoxdJrWE, impaled, which was done by lifting the victim  on a pole
(aiK4Xoq) thrust through his back and coming out at the mouth. Some
would render it, crucified. Cf. aKoho4s, crooked, curved, the root of which
may be Koa (Tab. III. 1), whence eoAos, hollow, or hollowed, scooped
out; then aKo -+- o; SCOLLOP. --   9.?SrCYpin; a hunting term, to
take alive.
REMARKS.-The account of Herodotus, that Cyrus added Media to
Persia by conquest, is better supported by ancient authorities than that
of Xenophon, who makes him succeed peaceably to the throne, by
marrying the daughter of the king. Xenophon further differs, in saying that Cyrus was in alliance and affinity with Cyaxares, the predecessor of Astyages; and that as general of Cyaxares he carried on his
Lydian war and effected the memorable capture of Babylon. And not
only is Herodotus sustained by Strabo, Plutarch, and Diodorus at least,
of the ancients, but Xenophon renders his own account suspicious, by
what he says in the Anabasis of the younger Cyrus (iii. 4), where he
takes notice of the ruins of a town on the banks of the Tigris, and says
it is the place to which the consort of the king of Media fled for refuge
when the Medes lost the empire to the Persians; and that the city was
besieged by the Persians, though they found it inexpugnable.
Herodotus gives no details of the battle, which a writer disposed to
draw on his imagination would naturally do, not even the locality.
Some of these are supplied by other authors, and are some of them
sufficiently curious.
Diodorus says that Astyages put to death not only the Soothsayers,
but all the officers who had betrayed him, and that by his violence
and barbarous cruelties he so disgusted his whole army that they
sought opportunity to change masters.
For his treatment of the Magi, compare the decree of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. ii. 2-13) against the Chaldees for a similar fault. The oriental is the real despotism!
The practice of impaling, and also of crucifying, was in use in many




BOOK I. C. 128-130.                           133
of the ancient nations. It was always considered an ignominious penalty, and was mostly reserved for slaves and such as they wished specially to disgrace.
129.-3. irp4s, in reference to; about. -    4. Lvy refers to Harpagus
and &KevYos to Astyages. -     5. 5 vt... 8aaLX;trs, what (or what sort of
a thing; lit. what certain thing) this slavery of his instead of the kingdom
might be; i. e. how it suited him;-a cutting gibe. -     6. dE... Epyov,
if he claimed the achievement of Cyrus as his own.  7- 7..p, has for
its object the clause b....eva,, the deed was therefore (68) justly his own;
for which y&p introduces the reason for such a boast; that he had himself written; i. e. to Cyrus, and laid the project. (See c. 124.) For the
construction of air'bs yp&d4al, nom. subj. of infin., see n. c. 2. 1. 16.
8. /r.L... A&ycp means, I think, he endeavored to prove to him; rather
than, as some, he actually or really (rc  xdAyqc) did it.  He did it, in
word, or as far as reasoning might go: but it might not convince.
10. 7rapedv. The case absolute of impersonal verbs is the acc.-it being
with himself; i. e. in his power. K. ~ 312. 6. C. ~ 638. Others have
called it nominative. -     12. IrepLO'71Ke.  Cf. epiLXO&e, c. 7. I. 1. -
14. Wezv. Impers. inf. C. ~ 617; or rather, dependent on an impersonal, finite mode, as MEIee;-for if surely it were altogether necessary to devolve the kingdom to some other one; lit. to put the kingdom
around some other-a figure of investiture, as with the robes of office.
-     16.,roilro rb &7aOdyv, take as obj. of 7repLSaXeTv. -  cCatLOvS rovT'ov,
blameless of this; namely, of the crime with which himself was charged.
130.-2. Kare7ravacet;     describes rightly  his  expulsion  from  the
throne; he was made to cease. -           3. rE'Kcv+av fr. b7 +KLVT7; root
KV7r (cVB or Kip); cf. Lat. cubo, cumbo; also cap, cup, cymba, KicnSt0; also
K.VeOS, KDc/a, iVJ, cEbpaX1, KcSos, caput, Ger. kopf; also cubitus, and a
great variety of other forms; all having in common the idea of bending
as an act or the result of the act, i. e. the state or condition of being bent;
whence, any thing that may be measured with curved or bent lines,
either in its length, or on its outer or inner surface; or secondarily,
the instrument of recum bency, as the elbow or forearm; and in the third
degree, the length of the arm as an instrument of measuring, a cubit.
A fruitful theme, and affording a fine praxis for the tyro. -     4. -ri-s.'Asrhis.  See c. 95. 1. 8. -       5. - rap"... -pXoov, besides so much as
(-what time that-) the Scyths had sway; which was (c. 106) 28 years.
-     6. optL denotes the Medes.  They had willingly submitted to the
Persians under Cyrus as a happy relief from the tyranny of Astyages,
but afterward it repented them of having done this, and they revolted, etc.
-     10. rb &7rb rovrov, se. Xpdvov. For the construction, see C. ~ 4'78. y.




134                           NOTES.
-- 13. Tovrrou depends on v'~oepov. --    14. dpca'ra &StK37S, being the
first to commit aggression.
REMARKS.-We are now brought to a memorable epoch-the supremacy of Cyrus the Great over all Asia. It is a proper place for the
historian to pause, as he now does, to take a survey of the manners and
institutions of the people into the midst of whom we have been borne
by the current of the narrative. His manner in this respect is precisely
imitated by such writers as Robertson and Gibbon-the most philosophic of our historians.
The Median dynasty is closed; of which, the chronological canon,
according to our author, stands thus:1st. Deioces  (c.102) 53 years.
2d. Phraortes (" " ) 22  "   He wars with Assyria, and takes most of upper Asia
except Assyria proper.
3d. Cyaxares (c. 106) 40 "   including the 28 of the Scythian subjugation. Wars
with Lydia 5 years (74), took Nineveh (106), and became master of all Asia except Babylon, and hence is
reckoned by Diodorus in the list of kings of Assyria.
4th. Astyages (c. 130) 35  "   king also of Assyria.
Total,    150  "
which added to    559-the first of Cyrus (see Rem. c. 32)
gives            709 for the first of Deioces.
But our author says here that the Medic domination was 128 exclusive
of the 28 of the Scythic, which gives 156-an excess of 6 years over the
sum of the reigns. The common and perhaps the true mode of reconciliation is, to suppose that this latter number dates from the revolt of
the Medes, and that the six years are the years of anarchy preceding
the election of Deioces. (See c. 95. and Rem.) Larch. says, "This simple and natural explanation, which -was much relished by Wesseling,
at first misled me; but more mature reflection has induced me to
reject it."
The treatment of Astyages after his fall, as here represented, is
honorable to Cyrus, and accords with our noblest conceptions of his
character who has the surname of THE GREAT. Other ancient authors
represent him to have caused the death of his maternal grandfather by
cruelty, and to have sought to cover his disgrace by the pageantries oi
funeral pomp, and ostentatious grief;-which is consistent with the
common character of the oriental despot.
131.-1. oia. Hdt. writes from  personal observation.  He had
traveled through the East and conversed with the learned, and laid
under contribution all sources of information. -     2. a&yduaar-a...




BOOK  I.  C. 130, 131.                      135
ISp~ieaOai. There is not tautology here, as might at first seem, in 7roLand aip-. The latter has for its object the several accs.-to erect statues,
etc.; the participle has for its object the infinitive clause-not making
it (viz. ~'pAes0OaL, etc.) to themselves in their law; i. e. not embracing it
within the scope of their law or usages. -- 3.,roaro... r7rlce'povao, to
those doing so (i. e. erecting statues, etc.) they attribute folly.
4. oice'ELY. This inf. impersonal depends on some verb understood, as
Ode'etL, in the sense of solet, like the historic inf. of the Latin. -  avOpw7rocpvEas, refers to form, image. See Rem. below. - 5. iKaTcdrep, Ion.
KaO' arep. -     6. voldCovaoL =  y   7vY  Ir6LEEa-TaL (see above, 1. 2); have
the custom. -  vr"71qXdara, sc.!Epea.        7. 6poeta,.  Cf. Epoyw and pesw.
The aspiration is retained only in the Ion. and is equivalent to the older
form  p~spyw, which became in Att. efpyco and e'ipyw. -  rby KcXov....
iaXc'ovYes. This was the occidental idea; hence, sub Jove; utnder the
open canopy of heaven, as in Hor. Carr. i. 1.        10. a&pXiOey, from  the
but beginning; these are the ancient unchanged forms of their religion,
— wlreuaeO0ao' 8eo Kical, but they have learned in addition, also, etc.
11. Obpavty, sc.'ApoG',p; not the muse Urania, but the celestial Venus.
See Gr. and Rom. Mythol. art. Venus; in Man. Class. Litt. ~ 47, 49. 2.
-        13. "AXICTa. In iii. 8, the same name is written'AXALdT-, and in
some Mss.'AXlat. — M[rpa,. It is uncertain whether our author meant
to designate the god Mithras, or a goddess by the name of Mitra.
REMARKS.-The Greeks did not understand the religion of Persia;
and any attempt to translate it into the mythological dialect of Europe
must fail, from the want of a sufficient correspondence between the two
systems.
The idolatries of the pagan world seem to have taken their rise, or,
at least, their distinctive character, in the third generation from Noah,
in that grand apostasy of the sons of Ham, headed by Nimrod as the
military, and his brother Phut as the sacerdotal, chief. The tradition
of the promised seed which led them constantly to expect the mighty
deliverer, together with that of the actual appearance of Jehovah and
other celestial visitants, at intervals, doubtless laid the foundation for
the popular belief in the repeated incarnation of the Divinity in the
person of some great hero, or holy priest. Thus hero-worship grew to
god-worship; the patriarchs became deities. The name of Phut, the
head of this system, spread widely as the generic appellation for Priest,
or as the name of the divinity itself. Hence, in the East, the Budha;
in Egypt, the Poti-Pherah, that is, the priest of the sun; in Greece, the
fnveia; in Italy, the Poti-tii; in Scandinavia, the Woden. The foundation of the religion of Persia and Assyria was a protest against this
Phutish apostasy, which brought them back much nearer to the pure




136                         NOTES.
worship of the patriarchs. Asshur went out from among them (Gen,
x. 11.) The Persians worshiped, not the sun as a deity, but the deity
under the symbol of fire. Their ancient theology bore a near resem
blance to the patriarchal. After their great prophet, Zoroaster, philosophy made its inroads, and there was at all times the temptation teo
the neighboring idolatries, not wholly resisted.
The "going up to the high places" to worship became the charac.
teristic of paganism, as we see everywhere in the history of the Jews;a practice doubtless originating in the fact that the father of the new
world, in whom they beheld one of the incarnations, was pictured to
them as bowing before the smoking altar, on the summit where the
ark rested. The mountain-tops are henceforth sacred to the gods.
It is observed by commentators on this passage, that idolatry was
everywhere a corruption of paganism. Lucian testifies for Egypt, that
they had no statues in their temples anciently; Eusebius for Greece,
that the first statue was dedicated by Cecrops to Minerva; and Plutarch and Varro for Rome, that for 170 years neither statue nor painting of the deity was seen in their temples, and that the attempt to
represent their god in such a way was expressly forbidden by a statute
of Numa.
132.-1. Ovous....rept. He does not say, sacrifice to the gods;
because the victim was not offered up on the altar and consumed there;
it was a form of worship in the name of, or in honor of, the god, and, as
if he did not exactly understand what the relation of such an act should
be, he uses the most indefinite word, as he would say, it was a sacrificial ceremony having some reference to (-rept, about) the gods. -     2. KalEo-7Kce. The perf. in the intransitive sense, to stand, or be established, as
a custom or institution. --  oGrE BWIobs etc. ob aorov3.i etc. The true
logical method of definition-first to enumerate negatively such things
as the Greeks were accustomed to in similar ceremonies but did not pertain to the Persian worship. (See Gr. Antiqq.):- 4. aTE/,LuaOa. Some
have thought this contradictory of what is said below in ao-r~epayvou'Vos,
and Valknwer therefore conjectured,ruaa-L; but the reference here is
to the Grecian custom of offering garlands to decorate the altars and
temples, whereas, in Persia, the offerer wreathed his tiara with a chaplet
of myrtle. --    5. 0'XEL. See c. 109. 1. 11. n. - Is... cKaxelt, leading the
victim to a clean place he invokes, etc. So in the Mosaic Institutes, the
nicest regard was had to purity both of the victim and of the priest and
all the appurtenances, thus symbolically teaching the purity and holiness of God. -     6. ewvUTe, qualified by /uot4v, is construed with &pat6ai; and of is but a repetition of the idea of person already expressed




BOO K  I.  C. 132, 133.                       137
in the demonstrative article rA  with O'v'rL; to the one sacrificing in
private, it is not lawful for him to supplicate blessings for himself alone.
So the Christian is taught to pray, OUR FATHER... give vs this day OUR
daily bread; and it is specially enjoined by the precept of the apostle,
"that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of
thanks, be made for all men; for kings, and all that are in authority.
(1 Tim. ii. 1, 2.) -   8. 7raoLe 7ToL Il. all the Persians, is the correct
order; and in the next line, 8  Tozy0 &7iranl, the aforesaid all, etc. we
have the article of renewed mention.  K. ~ 244. 6. -     14. giraeieL.
See Tab. I. E. Though we explain this form, according to the usage of
grammarians, by the insertion of e, which gives correctly the variation
from the common dialect, taking that as the starting-point, yet we
should keep in mind that the Ionic is the older form, and that the
common form comes by absorption of the e and subordination of l,
&e8co, alcw, Swco. From the full form, the old perfect (perf. 2) changes
eL of the penult to oi, whence the noun, as in the next line, eiraotLo,
which becomes, by the regular contraction, rrqs5. -  OeoyoylI7v. Whatever the nature of this sacred song may have been-and music, in all
religions, has constituted an integral part of worship-it could not correspond exactly to the Theogony of the Greeks.  See Remarks at the
end of last chapter. --    16. frLOaX&V... XdPvov, lit. holding on a little
while. --   17. g r1, ace. of manner. Schw. renders, o' L... alpeel, prout
ei ratio suadet; and Gron. in, quemcunque usum  illi fert animus.  Cf.
Ovid. Meta. i. 1.
133.-1.'HuEp'...?yEVeTo. A custom of all peoples, to celebrate the
birth-day. - 3. IgKaLeval, properly, think right, or fit; but it indicates
custom, usage, founded on a sentiment of propriety. -  ol evb6aizoves avCorT, the prosperous (ones) of them. The parti. construction. K. ~ 273.
Rem. 4. (a). Bul. R. x. C. ~ 452.     5. aXous...  KaIuL'YoO, roasted whole
in ovens.  Behold a barbecue! -  T  Ae7rar& Trv r rpo8d-Twv.  See above,
I. 3. This partitive construction is elliptical, and with the neut. adj.
Hdt. sometimes uses Xpiua. Cf. c. 36, oubs Xpgu~a. 7-.?7rupop/ucao'r,
is the delicacies superadded to the at$oT, or main dishes; the after-meats,
which the Latins called bellaria, and the French, le dessert. -     ofiw
aAeh1, not all at once; i. e. by successive courses, they protract the banquet. -- 8. robs... 7raveo0Oat, the Hellenes being yet in the midst of the
substantial dishes (orlsTo''o/ovu (see c. 108. I. 7), in the act of partaking ot
the la-rot), cease without satisfying their appetites. --    9.  aep (sc. Eouol)
&7rb ebtrvov, lit. to them (being come) from  dinner, i. e. when they had
eaten. Cf. c. 126. 1. 12. -  rtapaqopEffat expresses the bringing on something besides the main dishes. Cf. c. 119. 1. 20, 7ratpeepoy. -   11. ovcT...




138                          NOTES.
~rpootcaTaL (Ion. for 7rpdo'aKeLvar), but they lay to at the wine mightily,
is literal, and good colloquial English, but hardly classic. According
to Xenophon, the earlier Persians were distinguished for sobriety, but
the testimony of Herodotus to the opposite character in his day is supported by that of Plato. - tal... bhhov. Cf. n. c. 99.1. 7. --   13.?i60aaL.
See c. 73. 1. 22. n. -     16.'v -oi, sc. orKct or orT-7e, in whose house.
REMARK.-This passage, from UEOvUOK6LAeOo, line 13, corresponds exactly with what Tacitus (Ger. cap. 22) says of the Germans, except the
last clause: that if they should take any matters into deliberation first
while sober, they afterwards reconsider them over their cups. He also
gives the Germans the same character for their love of wine and ban
quets, which often became disorderly. A comparison of the two passages is interesting as showing the difference in the style of the two
authors, as well as the advance made in the art of historic composition.
(1.) Herodotus states, in the most general terms, the subjects of their
deliberations, as, the most serious matters of business. Tacitus says,
with detail, "concerning the reconciliation of private feuds, and the contracting of affinities, and the election of chiefs, and in fine concerning
peace and war." (2.) While Herodotus is for the most part simply a
narrator, Tacitus shows quite as much the philosopher as the historian.
In this case, the former simply states the fact, the latter adds the reasons;-first in detail, recalling the effects of wine to cast off disguise
and expose the secret thoughts; and then, according to the nicest rules
of rhetoric art, gathering all into a brief, dense formula: "they deliberate, whiles they know not to dissemble; they decide, the whiles they are
not liable to err:-Deliberant, dum fingere nesciunt; constituunt, dum
errare non possunt."
134.-1. EvTv'yyXduorTes; nom. absolute.  C. ~ 340. y. -     2..i,8e;
dat. instrumental. -   v... el, one might distinguish owhether, etc. -
3. &vt1, instead, not, as some interpret, before. -  lrpoaayopelveL, is to
salute by speaking to one. -  rpLXiovoL, kiss. Cf. the construction a&x4Aovs pAieOVOL To70ol  o-T'.iaolL, with -ras 7rapeL&s plhEo/Tat, in the next line,
in which the mid. voc. corresponds to the act. with pro. reflex. ace. and
the part specified is then ace. (ace. of specification or nearer definition).
In the former case, the act. voc. taking the pro. ace. as the direct object,
the part, as the remoter object, is dat. —. 4. atxuaoL; the root seatCO.
See Tab. III. -'7.  EE7. /d ye, at least next after. --  8. KaT& A&yov,
in order; in proportion, i. e. to their distance. A&yos is the arithmetical
term to which corresponds the Latin ratio, which we have adopted;
and in many instances this mathematical idea lies at bottom, and affords
the key to the true sense, of these two most untranslatable words.




BOOK  I.  C. 133- 136.                       139
9. eKao7-d'w; not from ei{cao'os. Observe here again, as in lines 3 and 4
above, the studied variety of construction where he is compelled to
repetition. Here the adv. is constructed with the gen. directly; below,
line 13, the order is changed, and the prep. airb introduced as necessary
in that collocation, to show the connection. — 13. hr2l. See c. 5. 1.
16. n.  -  14. Kal JpXE.. a.. xxAwv, the tribes also ruled one over another; that is, all the tribes or nations over which the Medes ruled, had
authority, one over another (not one another, reciprocally), in gradation,
as described in detail in the following lines. --  15. Kar, as well as. -
&yXwlTa... aquft. Cf. above, line 7, &VtXLo-a'CWVTCY. The gen. construction is idiomatic Greek, nearest in respect of any one; the dat. is common,
nearest to one. The dat. is demanded here by reason of the antecedent
gen., to avoid ambiguity. It is this flexibility-one of the rarest excellences of a language-which the Greek possessed in an eminent degree,
that gives to its syntax so great complexity. It cannot be understood
from  rules till it is studied in its principles. --    16. oEroL (sub. ipXov)
refers to the people designated in the last clause. - o0; demonst. referring to 6buoVpoCw. -!AdXa. Some edit F/dxArta, which has the authority
of one Ms. and seems to accord best with the sense. -     17. 7rpo46alve,
went forward; i. e. extended its authority far. -- 18. &pXov denotes
that absolute sway that was exercised, and irnrTpo7reVoY, the weaker
authority, as it were a sort of guardianship, which they held in the
remoter provinces.  It is so ever in a centralized or monarchical
government. Power emanating from the throne obeys the law of
radiation.
135.-1. 7rpoaleyar/a, affect; readily adopt; lit. send themselves toward
(an object). -    2. Mr71LK*V 40/'Ora. So in the time of Joshua, the Babylonish garment enticed Achan to bring ruin on the host of Israel.3. is; not in the wars, but, going to war. See c. 31. 1. 27. and c. 14.
1. 12. n.
136.-1.'AYvpa-yaO71...'ra?6as.  The last clause, from ts dv, whoever, etc., in the sense of a proposition, that any one should exhibit a
great number of children, is subject of a7rodeoeIcTa1 (fr. &aroseXo0uaL), and
&avpa~yaO71, modified by the prep. clause, ETa... &yaOJdv, is subject predicate; or we may supply ot, as obj. of &aro- and antecedent of b's,
which will make a regular construction of the relative-for him who
may show many children, it is accepted as manly excellence itself (i. e. as
the best or most desirable character of a true man and good subject)
next to the being valiant in battle. &7yaO& has rTL/d, or TOvTOyV understood
subj. of e-ivat, and the infinitive clause makes a substantive phrase




140                          NOTES.
which always takes the neut. article. --  4.?b woAXbv... ecvat exhibits the reason of this sentiment. It is state policy, they reckon (?ye'acral
for  v-yrn'at) that numbers give strength.  Cf. Ps. cxxvii. 4, 5: "As arrows in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth.
Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them;" and through the
East generally, barrenness has been considered a reproach. --  6.'rpla,Lpo  a: object of IrarLzeiovCL, together with 7raoas; they teach the boys
three things only, or they educate the boys in three things only. The
limit of the age of education is reported by Xenophon to be at seventeen. Cyr. i. 3, 4. In the other particulars the two authors agree
mainly. -     10. TpEc(Jpe'os, while being nursed, i. e. as a child.
137.-1. 1d. vs  b-v,d4Zov refers to the custom already described; and
Tzvvs in the next line, —and I praise this also-to that which follows.
- 2. Tb....oveveivL. The rule that negatives in Greek strengthen each
other, while in Latin and in the modern languages they destroy each
other, is laid down too broadly. In Greek equally as in all languages,
two negatives, when opposed, must neutralize each other, as ovevvl o-rq
ovic ap'~KEL; nemini non placet; to no one is it displeasing, i. e. it pleases
every one. But when a complex sentence is covered by a general negative, then whether its subordinate parts shall be connected negatively
or affirmatively, is quite another question. The untutored expression
in any language is very apt to claim the negatives, in spite of grammar; as if we would say here,-nor the king himself don't put no one to
death not for one crime. This is natural; it is philosophic, and in Greek
it is classic. The rule that holds, for the most part, in English, is a
logical refinement, and is often too strait. -       3. FIIEPE'WY!7eva in
partitive construction stand as subj. of fpclYv, and for obj. of the verb,
supply another,urf'va, construed with OIceT'ecoW. -     5. Td. The use
of the art. with the noun and not with the adjectives, shows these to
be taken as predicatives and not attributives; thefaults to be more ana
greater, etc., not more and greater faults, etc. K. ~ 245. 3. ~ 6. o-w~... Xp.-rai, thus he tempers his wrath. -     7. KW (see c. 5. 1. 11. n. and
c. 111. 1. 4. n.) has the effect to render a universal negative more emphatic, by taking away all idea of restriction or limitation, as, ovs'ya
Icy, no one any how; i. e. from  any cause, or under any circumstances.
-        8. 6KcXaa would seem at first to refer to the acts of murder-whatever things of such a character have ever occurred; but the correlative
Tau'a in the next line and the adjectives in the next, seem to refer it to
the agents of the supposed acts-the children, crania. -     9. Frmaca
avd7ytclv, sub. eivai. - 4&va'e4Cuevsa, traced up to their origin. See ca
95, 1. 1. II.




BOOK  I.  C. 137- 139.                     141
138.-1. "Aona. See Tab. VII. 5. -     3. 0XpelkeJv Xpeor, to be in
debt. -     5. aowv, native subjects, as opposed to foreigners, eSZvov, line
8. -     6. Xierprlv - xe6viv; two species of leprosy. The leuce, so called
because it appears as an efflorescence of the skin and turns the hairs
white, was believed by the Greeks, in accordance with what Hdt. says
of the Persians just below, to be caused by the anger of Apollo, the
sun-god of the West. -  Cs 7rdLv... KaepXeTatL, and 1. 8, esvov... X. -
pos. The incurable malignity of this disease and its prevalence in the
East require extreme precautionary measures. So in the Institutions
of Moses, every leper was to be put without the camnp. Num. v. 2-4. -
7. vi/ypEoyelac. There is always, and especially in the East, a superstitious dread of contact with infected persons, though the disease may
be rather communicated through the lungs, and the actual contact be
quite innocent. -     10. 7repLa-repds depends on eeXcadvovaui, they drive
out the white pigeons also; rv....ir. sre'pocres, alleging the same cause,
for doing so; that the pigeons are infected with the disease, or induce
it in man. -     12. 7repiopewoL, permit; lit. look around, as expressive
of indifference. -     13. oaovyrat... d.Xi-TZra.  This respect of the
Persians for rivers is attested by various ancient authors.  Nor was it
confined to them, as witness Homer, xxi. 130. 133; and with the modern Hindoos, the Ganges is most sacred.
139.-1. av/unre'7rwKe fr. o'v,xr7rorw. -     2. sb... AeAX70e, which has
escaped, etc. -     3. 6Moa... MeyaXoorperrelp. The sense of these words
is certainly obscure. Gron. translates, ad verbum —vel corporibus vel
magniflcentiae similia, but what sense in that 2 —words similar to bodies
or to magnificence I Schw. puts the nouns in the ablative-corporibus
vel majestate similia, which is equally inexplicable; but adds: some
understand it-vel corporibus vel magnificentiae ipsorum respondentia,
which is an attempt at interpretation. Laurent, whose version aims
to be literal and is for the most part quite accurate, says-names, allusive to the body and to grandeur. Beloe, who more uniformly than Laurent gives the exact sense, though choosing elegance in his translation
before literalness, says —words expressive of personal or of any other distinction. This gives a sense quite clear, and I think is near the true
sense.  But he errs in rendering Kat, or. That is not admissible. The
two nouns jointly qualify or limit 6pozoa. I propose to render,-words
common to the person and dignity, or taking bdpoZa as adv. and join
the datt. to E,6VTa, words belonging equally to, etc., i. e. titles of honor,
which at the same time served as the personal designation. This accords with the known usage, in the East, as also in most monarchical
countries, of the king and nobility assuming a new title on the acces



142                         NOTES.
sion of new honors, which title did become the personal appellative
This sense favors a lection of one of the most ancient and correct Mss
(marked F. ill the catalogue of Herodotean Mss. and which has been
characterized as "Codex elegans X. saeculi "), which has Kal before o&uaoi. --    5. es connects roiTo to E'eXvTCvTa. -  &zl/Ewos. See c. 95.
I. 1. n. The fact here stated, of this class of words all ending with the
same letter, has been both denied and defended by eminent scholars,
and perhaps we know too little of the ancient language of Persia to
decide it. Cooley (in Larch.) says, "The cuneiform inscriptions, so far
as they have been deciphered, do not fully confirm the remark of Hdt.
In Zend the nominative often ends in &. Thus Xerxes and Hystaspes
are, in the inscriptions, Khsharsa, Vistaspa."
140.-1. Tarca... Td3E. See Proemium, 1. 1. n. -- 3. us.... rpv,
that the corpse of a Persian man is not buried before that, etc. See n. c.
4. 1. 3.-    6. KaraTcpo5oaarYes... KP.. Tp7rTo    Persians, having covered the
dead body with wax, bury it in the earth. This seems to be contradictory
of what is said lines 3 to 5; but, of that assertion which seems to be
universal, he tells us he is not fully informed. He then affirms that
custom of the exposure of the corpse specifically of the Magi, and
from personal observation.  He next affirms equally positive (3 —3*)
of some of the Persians (rI'po'a without the art.) that they cover with
wax and then bury. Larch. says-Bodies so enclosed in wax will keep
for centuries; and that the body of Edward I. of England, which was
subjected to cerementation in 1307, was found in very good condition
in 1774, by the Society of Antiquarians, who obtained permission to
examine it. The wax, however, had been renewed under Edward III.
and Henry IV.       7. KcEXWpta~rat. See Tab. VIII. 3. (1.) b. --    9. ol
1,er, these, i. e. the,Egyptian priests. -  &?yE1ovUl, reckon it consistent
with piety. -     10. Ei A'e, except. --  11. a&ycvrLa... 7roLEOrsai, they
make this a great contest among themselves; i. e. they vie with each
other, as supposing there is merit in it; holding that these useless and
noxious creatures are the production of the evil principle, and that in
destroying them, they testify their abhorrence of evil. Such is the
sentiment of the Guebers, as quoted by Larch., and probably it is the
best commentary on this habit of the ancient Magi. -~    13. ap...
evopoOqrl, as to this law, let it be, as it has been observed even from  the
beginning. -     15. 7rpJrepov XAyo,, the former narrative; that, namely,
which was dropped at cap. 95.




BOOK I.  C. 140 —153.                             143
141-152. —SuMIARY.-The history of Lydia first brings us in contact with Persia.
On the fall of that kingdom, Cyrus stands the principal figure in the scene. As soor.
as a sufficient pause in the action is gained, the historian turns to inquire-Who then
this Cyrus is (c. 95.) This leads him to sketch the early history of Media and Persia,
which he follows down in regular order, till he reproduces the same Cyrus on the
stage, master of the East and ready for foreign achievements. Here he pauses (c. 131)
to describe some of the customs of Persia, which done, he now returns to that point
in the history which he first dropped: the scene shifts to Asia Minor, where we see
Sardis in ruins, Croesus a captive, and the arms of Cyrus every where triumphant.
Cap. 141-153: the Asiatic Greeks seeing their liege in chains, make their subumissions
to Cyrus and are received with insolence:-thus repulsed, they resolve defence, and
despatch deputies to Sparta to solicit aid: -Sparta neglected the prayer of her sister
states, but ordered an armed vessel to the A{gean to watch the movements of Cyrus:this commission sends forward one of the number to the presence of Cyrus with
the haughty message warning him not to touch any Grecian city; to which they
had in exchange only a disdainful answer. Thus far the traffic of words-diplomnacy.
153.-1. i7rlTrpe'as Tas Ev....r.bv    XpvcrO,, havinsg committed, on
the one hand Sardis... and on the other, the gold, etc. --       2.,dr Te...
Kal rs', both that of Croesus and that of, etc.-   3. 1oCt0L'CetL, not to
transport to Persia, as presently appears, but to convey probably to the
royal treasury. -        4. Kpo?'v... eivat. This passage has greatly puzzled, and, as I think, baffled the commentators. The various attempts
at translation and emendation, that I have seen, fail, as I think, of the
sense. In the first place, they err in connecting'Iwvas with 7ro7pciaEzvos
or with elvea. The correll. Te... ical make the two ace. objects inseparable. Flushed with the brilliant success of his first campaign, as we see
in his insolence towards the Greeks, Cyrus was marching towards Agbatana, leading with hint both Croesus and the lonians; i. e. such Ionian
captives as he chose to take. Here I would have a pause. Then, as further describing the ambitious sentiments of the conqueror, he adds, that
he made light of-something-what?  The obj. of ironrjo-lcevos must be
the clause, Tjv 7Wrp-T7-rI eat'.  Now the particle yap immediately introduces a reason why he made this Tdv 7rpc&qV~ to be of no account; because Babylon was before him, and the Bactrian nation, and the Sacce and
Egyptians. The connection of ideas is apparent. Because he meditated
these gigantic achievements, therefore this first (something) was reckoned of no moment-namely, this first expedition, a'paT'?7rlr, or perhaps
the verb o''pa'XcaT'eLv, just below, would suggest or'parqXcaai'7w,, which
gives the same sense.  I can see but one other way of supplying the
ellipsis, at all probable; that is, to supply Xc5p7r,, saying that this first
field of his conquests he regarded little compared with the hopes of his
great ambition. -. 8. d7rZx'.. av'rds, he intended to lead the expedition
in person.




144                          NOTES.
154.-2. &7ro-nfle, caused to revolt. -     3. a-Te... ZapLcwv.  It
would appear from this that Pactyas remained at Sardis, in charge of
the royal treasure, though that construction is not absolutely necessary. He may have been in the train of Cyrus, from which he returned
in haste, if we can believe him to have been so negligently escorted
as to suffer that. --    7. &2rEp'y/Lvov fr. a&rE'pyw, Ion. for a&7relpyco. See
c. 131. 1. 7.
155.-3.'s ofKatL, as they seem. -     4. prp4zua'a.....XoveErS, affording, and themselves having, trouble. -  ppovrto...., I am deliberating
whether it may not be best.  B. ~ 139. m. 63. K. ~ 318. Rem. 6.
10. 6 uz.v refers to Cyrus. - TrdIrep vd$ee, what he was meditating; i. e. his
forming purposes, fe'xye, he indicated by his language, rather than declared distinctly. -     11. /Ax is used like the Latin ne after words
expressing fear, and is to be rendered lest or simply that. - Avaxcat-'ovs 7roldop, said of persons, primarily would signify forced to get up
from where they were; removed from their seat; and secondarily of
things, overturned, ruined.    12. TH... Edprllcas, you say what is quite
reasonable. See Tab. II. 1. -    13. Xp'W. Imperative of XpdolaL, which
governs the dat., and ircdvra must be taken adverbially. -   cEavao'rTns.
See n. c. 15. 1. 5. --    15. Kal... (pipw, and I bear it, having wiped it on
my own head; i. e. I expiate the fault by my own suffering;-a metaphor taken from the custom of wiping the knife on the head of the
victim, after killing it. ~-  17. IaKCrs...:d'pbts.  If this reading is
correct, it settles the question of the precise relation of Pactyas; but
some, fiom the apparent discrepancy of this clause with c. 153. I. 1, have
conjectured that Pactyas is said erroneously for Tabalus. But the
general minister of finance must have such authority, either independently or jointly with the governor, as to render the language here consistent. -     18. To0.  See c. 32. 1. 3. n. -  Trae depends on?irTratov.
-  20. SgrXa, object of eK'CTi0al. -  /.J. See c. 105. I. 4. n. -   21. IcL&vdcs (Ion. for xLrTavas)... e'llaal, to put on tunics under their cloaks.
REMARK.-In pursuance of the policy here proposed, the Lydians,
"from the bravest of all the people of Asia, became the most cowardly
and effeminate." They became a proverb, so that hvotlCev signifies to
dance, to wanton; though those carry it too far who derive thence the
Latin ludus. Cf. also motus lonicos, Hor. Carr. iii. 6. In a similar manner Xerxes degraded and debauched the Babylonians. It is the trick
of tyrants and of despots.
156.-1. brertOe0o (fr. 76rb +  7ltO!ul), suggested (fr. sub + gero). -
alpe'&repa... AvBoaOL 1, better for the Lydians (rather to be chosen),




BOO K  I.  C. 154-161.                           145
than, etc. --   3. )v.... 7rpoTrEp, unless he should offer a sufficient pro
text.  -    4.,ueraBovAelaarOal.  MET& in  compo. commonly  denotes
change. This comes naturally from the primary meaning, which is
that of subordinate concomitance, in which it differs from 5v;', which
expresses concomitance in equality. Cf. verbs expressing states of the
mina, as AeTavoreow,,o take the after-thought; to take that lpurpose or
counsel, which, at first, was considered secondary or subordinate.
5. j/A.  See c. 155. 1. 11. n. -        6. bIreKcpd/zowoL (fr. vrb + ic +   apdOKoc
or Tpe'xW: root, 6pa or rpe; a. 2, fap7y or OqpaLyoV), run out secretly;
escape. -        7.'ao'els fr.  8oylai. -   7rels (fr. vTrb + cluz, to go, with the
gen. of departt. Me, going down gradually from  his anger.  Cf. cKaeTf'Baye,
c, 116. I. 21. an t c. 118. 1. 4. n. -- 10. irpbs i4avsparos8'ocaOau, in addition to the enslaving, etc. --    12. HnasC6rc1.....&yayetZ, to bring Pactyas
alive by all means.
157.-1.'ai-a eK Tr~s 68o0.  Cf. c. 155. 1. 1, tKaT'  8bY'acT'a.  On
his way, or on the road, is the natural English expression, in either case.
The Gr. is distinctive; and the Lat. in imitation can say, in itinere, and
ex itinere. In the former instance, our attention is directed towards the
way as an object, along which Cyrus was marching; in the latter, we
see him, issuing his commands, from  his position  on the way. -
2..Oea. See n. c. 15. 1. 4.
157-160.-SUMMARY.-The flight and capture of Pactyas, is the sum of the passage
omitted. He flies first to Cyma. The Cymoeans are required by the Persian to deliver up the suppliant. They consult the oracle, which orders them to obey. The
resolution to do so is opposed by one Aristodicus, who secures another consultation
of the god, but the same answer is repeated. Aristodicus, by a stratagem, then elicits
an interpretation of the oracle, to the effect, that the god so advises, that by so impious
an act, these wretches who are already fit only to be swept way, may insure the
speedier destruction. The terrified Cymaeans send the fugitive to Miletus. Here
bribery is about to purchase his delivery, when he flies to Chios. Bribery again is
equally potent, and the Chians deliver him over to Mazares. They received in return
the rich district and town of Atarneus; but the public conscience held the gift accursed, and, for many years, permitted no fruit from its soil to be brought to the
altar of the god.
161.-3. Tr-oTo  E'V... roir-o 8e. See n. c. 30. 1. 19. -  IlIpsrlas. See
c. 15. 1. 2. -      4. EriESpacse. See c. 156. 1. 6.-  xrL'7..V.  a  -pa'rc, makicng
it a booty to the army; i. e. giving it over to plunder.            6. voVCi'rehe-vr, not a-ro0vo-icez, wishes to present the idea of the divine vengeance. The Nemesis-the "God in history," vindicating his justice7




146                         NOTES.
was a living sentiment with Herodotus. Mazares was guilty of great
barbarity. He reduced a free and noble people to slavery; he ravaged
all the plain of the Meander; Magnesia he treated in the same way;
and after that immediately he came to his end by active disease, not by
natural decay.
162.-1. Ka7'Bfq3 6LdSoXos, came down as successor. The language
always is, to go down, from the capital of the empire to the provinces,
and conversely, to go up, to the capital. Hence Xenophon's title to the
expedition of the younger Cyrus-The Anabasis —vadBaas.-  2.'ev,
relative. --    3.... IBao-e. See c. 119 for the details of the impious
table. - avdlz, nefas. --    4. Kvp, depends on the ao-, in composition,
and $ao-iXAr yv is object of the participle; laboring with Cyrus for the
kzngdom. -   6. 7rdXlas. See Tab. VI. - X&c/uaoL; dat. instrument; by
means of mounds. -     8. 7rp&%v, sc. Trcy roxfov, first of the cities of
Ionia.
163.-The digression from this point to c. 177 does not properly
come within the plan of the present work; but a portion of it is in
eluded, persuaded partly by the intrinsic interest of the passage, and
partly that the learner may become the better familiarized with the
easy manner in which our inimitable author interweaves all history,
with the unity of art, in a single story. See Rem. c. 5. --   2. EXp~oav'ro. To say, the first who used long voyages, is bald English. Xpdo/uaL
signifies to minister to one's own necessities, or do that which subserves
utility. The sense of the passages is then,-make long voyages for the
sake of gain.  Of the Hellenes, they were the pioneers of foreign commerce. -'Aapgjvq. The successful student must learn to consider his
classical dictionary as essential as his lexicon. -  3. Tvpo'-7vifvq. The
derivation given by Hdt. c. 94 (see Summary) is probable; that of Pococke (India in Greece) is too far-fetched, if not too refined for the age.
- Taproora6yv; probably the Tarshish of Sacred Scripture. These regions were well known to the early Phoenicians. The Iberian peninsula abounded, in very early times, both in riches and in fame. It is
here that one of the labors of Hercules was located, quite beyond the
strait that bears his name.  See Art. Geryon, Class. Diet. -     4. ob'rpo0yy7Xv1. The transition from the broad, clumsy, tub-shaped bottoms, for vessels of burden, to a shape better adapted to speed, marked
an era in the art of ship-building; and it is yet the great problem of
the art, to combine, with sufficient capacity and strength, the form
which finds least resistance in its passage through the water. -    8. iT
rrd'ria.  Some edd.-and perhaps it is to be preferred-read 7rd,,a.
11. KheAEuVe, invited urgently; the root ieh, cognate to cKax, iax.c, CALL.




BOO    K  I.  C. 162- 165.                 147
--  13. M46ov. We need not stumble at his calling Cyrus, the Mede;
for Media must have been at this time the common term with the Greeks
to designate the ruling power of the East.  It was so in fact up to the
very time now mentioned. The terror of the Median arms was familiar
in Asia Minor.  Besides, Cyrus was as much Mede as Persian; and according to Hdt. on the Median side only could he claim royal descent.
So Darius is called "the Mede" in Daniel, though descended from the
Achaemenide, the royal tribe of the Persians.  But further, the operation of walling the town would seem to require a longer time than the
interval from the fall of Crcesus to the exile of the Phoc eans; and these
negotiations and preparations may date some time previous to that
event, while Astyages was yet on the throne.
164.-2.?7riAaoe fr.?7reAayCvw. --  3. 7rpo'rXuevos E 7rea, holding
forth words, with the peculiar significance of the mid. voc., namely,
for selfish ends, is sufficiently expressive of the false design. -  ol Kacaxp~, that it would content him; oratio recta for the obliqua, is common.
See c. 117. 1. 5. -     5. KaITLpio-al, Ion. for KaOLepiZatL. See Tab. I. E.; to
consecrate; i. e. to dedicate to the king, as a token of submission to his
authority. -     8. v   V 86, sc. XpO'jc, but while. -  arcya-yaZe... TerXeOS,
they demanded (or stipulated, not with the sense of authority to enforce)
that he should lead his army to a distance from the wall.-    10. rapregaL
fr. 7raprl7,ut, to permit. -     12. Iv sro6-rc, correlative with Ex c in the
line above; in what time-in that time; or whiles therefore-then. -.
14. 7rp6s, absolute, or supply oOTroLaL.  15. Xwplsr... ]y, except whatever there was, brass or stone (i. e. statues or images of brass or stone)
or painting.  These, as not convenient to carry, were abandoned. -
17. e7rl Xfov; a pregnant clause; for the gen. presents not the object
towards which motion is directed, but on which they rest after the
voyage. Cf. c. 1. 1. 21.
165.-2. Oivo6coas. Several small islands between Chios and the
main land. -  &WvEoLuVoO-i; the present here, as the primary tenses often
do, signifies not the actual doing of the thing, but the intention or
attempt. They could not purchase if the Chians would not sell, but
they did what was to be done on their part to effect the transaction, if
the other party had consented, and that is precisely what the verb, in
such cases, expresses.   3. yz~... e'veKca, lest these (a!, sc. Yr5ovo:) should
become the centre of commerce, and their own island should thereby be shut
off (from this advantage). -     4. 7rpbs TaOra, upon that; therefore.
5. KbpYov is Corsica.-   6. a&veorilavrTo 7rZdxv, they established a city
for themselves; i. e. as a refuge in case of emergency; —a policy common in those times, when a whole city or tribe was liable to be drivsn




148                           NOTES.
into exile. -     8. areTEW/uevoL, being in act to sail; ready to set forth.
-    9. KaIrar-erobavres Is, having made a descent upon. -~  12. Tri is
personal; that one; whoever of their expedition should forsake it.13. tli6pov of itself properly signifies a mass of hot iron, so that YriBLpeor
is in strictness superfluous; but such expressions arise in all languages,
in which usage justifies and at length the sense demands what is etymologically tautologous. --   14. 7rplv....rphl, a pleonastic repetition.15. ava4pJvaL, showed itself on the surface. -     17. r40os... X.Fp-rls. The
Greeks, like the modern Swiss, though great wanderers and ever ready
for foreign adventure, were ardently attached to their native land, and
were as easily touched with passionate or tender regrets of home and
father-land. --    19. ot 8e avcdr', who of them, with ellipsis of antecedent; i e. those who. -  aEpOEres fr. ae'pco, pass. a. 1; rising up, they
sailed away, etc.
166.-3.  7yov... pepo,. The phrase &yetLv Kaal pe'ELv, lit. to drive
and carry, signifies to plunder universally; to sweep a country of its
property; the former word referring to live stock, the latter to all other
movables.  So the Lat. says ferre et agere.  ~  4. KoLVy...  XP..p7o'Ivor,
communi consilio. Schw. -  5. KapX'q8&ioL, the Carthaginians. - mrqval....i  KcoYra, each party with sixty ships, i. e. of the allies, making together 120. --  7. a&vriaov, went to meet, sc. the enemy.     9. KaWei'7,ris vicK. A Cadmcean victory was one which was ruinous to the victor;
but why it was so called' the ancients disagreed. It must have been
from the example of a similar fate in the case of Cadmus or of some of
his descendants. Cases which would serve well are not wanting, but
to determine which one gave origin to the proverb, is thi question.
The force of ris enclitic is to give indefiniteness or feebleness like the
diminutive endings, to the signification of the principal word;-a sort
of Cadmncean victory. -     10. 6ie0pOdp-oav; pass. aor. 2. -  at e... &Xp/r-ot, and the twenty surviving were disabled, or rendered useless.11. UareaT~pAq4aso... ip/L3xovs, they had their beaks turned aside;-bent
or battered down so as to be ineffective for thrusting. C. 9 437. K.
~ 281. B. ~ 134. 6. A. R. xciv. -   14. a;i ves cp~t, sc. o'ovTes, the ships
belonging to them.                 ft15. 7ire:'rES fr. 7reL/AU, to go away.
167.-1. TPv 8e..... rXeAovs.  This passage has such difficulties that
the text is believed by some to be both corrupt and mutilated; but if it
be mutilated, it may be doubted whether the lacuna is marked rightly
in the vulgar text, before eAaXov, as that verb seems to join appropriately with the preceding nominatives, and the sense would be,-the
ment belonging to the ships that were destroyed, the Carthaginians and the
Tyrrhenians shared by lot. Thus far interpreters are generally agreed.




BOOK  I.  C. 126, 127.                     149
The next four words are doubted.'e seems to have no place there.
avTcuv is by some referred to &vSpas, making the clause, as a specific
appositive to l&vpas, mean, by much the greater part of them; others
refer it to the party of the Phoctans, making it to mean, that the Carthaginians and Tylrhenians took and shared as captives, many more
than they, i. e. the Phocaeans. - 4.'AyvXhaaoio'L; dat. of possessive
relation to 7rdyTa. Agylla, the same town which the Latins always
called Caere, which see in Class. Diet.    5.'KeaTo, Ion. for KcelvTo.
See Tab. VIII. 3. (1.) b. 2. --   6. 7rpodaa... &vOpw7rot, specific appositives with 7rdrva, 1. 4. -     9. T& KCa VV... frTL, what even ntow-yet; i. e.
in the time of Hdt. --   12. roio5,r  Adpoqp $ULeXpP4-caVTo, experienced (or
suffered) such a fate.  Cf. c. 110. 1. 19. and c. 117. I. 5, 23. -     13. KaTa~pvTSJrEs; the proper sense of the word is, to flee for refuge; or to take
refuge in something. -  eKcraavo. Schw. conjectures  cTloo-av, which
certainly the context seems to demand; instead of saying, as now, they
got possession of a certain city, and afterwards to say, they founded it.
14. OlIvo'rptrs; an ancient name for the south of Italy, and used
by the Latin poets; so called, according to the ancient fable, from
CEnotrus, who led out a colony from Arcadia to the S. of It. Others
derive it fiorm  olvos, making it signify, the wine-land. -'TYe'xA, called
also Helia and Velia. See Velia in Class. Diet. --   15. IloreLovziTIeW.
See Tab. I. H. Posidonia was the Greek name for Paestum; or rather,
the Lat. form is probably a corruption of the Greek. -     16.'s...
v&,ra. Here is a species of anacoluthon.  Kpivov, should regularly be
in the nom. with the predicate to correspond, but is attracted into the
ace. by its near relation to the governing verb, and the ellipsis of the
relative.  The sense is,-the Cyrnus (which) the Pythia, etc.... was the
hero. - WrIocaat. The ambiguity of the word misled them, which means,
to found, as a city or colony, or an institution, as here, to institute the
worship of the hero; to inaugurate the hero; to canonize.
REMARKS.-Besides these adventures, the Phocaeans had, some years
previously, founded Massilia (now Marseilles), in the south of Gaul,planting Grecian culture on a barbarous shore, and so successfully that
its light has never ceased to shine. Tacitus commemorates that, in his
day, it was the seat of learning, and exhibited a happy mixture of
Grecian refinement with provincial simplicity.  Sedem  ac magistranl
studiorum  Massiliam-locum Grveca comitate et provinciali parsimonia
mistum  ac bene compositum. (Agric. c. 4.) The influence of such a
colony must have been considerable on the rude tribes that surrounded
it, and will account for the fact that the French language has a close
analogy with the Greek in some points in which both differ from the
Latin and the romantic languages.




150                            NOTES.
Another reflection the learner will already have made: —That in
the light of such history, the fiction of the ~Eneid not only wears all
the probability which the critic demands, but exhibits a picture strik.
ingly and beautifully life-like.
168-176.-SuJrIARY. —This interval, besides some curious digressive matter, is
occupied mainly with the progress of Harpagus in subduing the rest of the Hellenes
of the lower Asia, some of whom, like the Phoceans, migrated to foreign parts. Bios
and Thales, two of the. seven Wise, mingled in the counsels of the Ionians, the former of whom proposed to sail to Sardinia, and the latter is said to have tried his
hand, like Locke, at framing a political constitution, and apparently with as little
success. The experiments possess an interest, as demonstrating that a liberal constitution must grow out of the sentiments of the people: it cannot be imposed.
177.-1. Ta. Fisk (R. viii. 6) has a good remark on this use of the
article:-" The neut. art. standing alone with the gen. of a substantive
signifies every thing that pertains to the person or thing denoted by
the substantive." In this principle he explains such forms as Trb 4/zbv
(for ay& or je', as c. 108. 1. 22) — b Y/oi, or 7Hr&?zo. -  &vda-TaTa?Trotee.
See c. 155. 1. 11. --    3. ai.....7rXefo, the greater part of thent.,rXcw,
contracted from   rXAeova, Ion. for,7rxeova. -        4. it...,rapoX~e, but
those which afforded (or caused) him, etc.
REMARK.-Cyrus then did not march from Lydia direct to Babylon,
but a large part of his reign is comprised in this period, in which he
subdued most of Upper Asia.
178.-2. Aaaovp(ourt  cannot here designate distinctively the Assyrians as a people, but that which remained as the central part of the old
Assyrian empire. 3 —. 7rooafuaTra. See n. c. 98. 1. 10. -     4. Ka...
KaI'aTIEO-KCE, and where (vOea   v Hr&i a', in the which) the government was
established, when Nineveh was overthrown.  The dat. ao-  does not limit
any particular word, but the sentence-it happened to them, or this is to
be said in reference to them, that there the government, etc. See c. 31.
1. 22. n..- 7..'-w7.ov EfKaOTOV, each side; lit. each front; ace. of specification, as is also!e'yaeos. -       8. 8'aalwv depends on!zgyaeos, or
construed absolutely as measure of magnitude.  Bul. R. xxxvii.11. &XAo irtXma'arv; partitive construction, with ellipsis of the antecedent. A more regular form would be ANXo IroXIt/d0cv TcY ev. See n. c.
127. 1. 9. and c. 133. 1. 5, as no other one of the cities that we know. -
12.'-i  JUzSeSs Y8/ez.  Cf. c. 6. 1. 5. and c. 23. 1. 8. -  BaEa, ESpe'a.  See
Tab. II. 1. and IV. 5. -        13. /jead, adv. correlative with'rp6*a; ntext
in order; after this = — ErlTa, q. d. eirl rd, upon which, or next to which.




BOOK  I.  C. 177 —179.                     151
-  IETXos, sc. aOiT. -     14. 7rX1VY. See above, 1. 8. -    15. Join T-oO
PETrpiov with 7r4XEos, the common cubit. See n. c. 130. 1. 3.
REMARK.-Measures of length were naturally estimated, at first, by
certain members of the human frame, or their capacity, which became
thence the standards in a conventional system of measures; as, foot,
hand, finger (digitus,  KCTuVXOS), palm, span, etc., as also ell, cubitus, 7riXvs; the length of the forearm, from the elbow "to the wrist or to the
knuckle of the middle finger"-authority is thus indefinite.  "The
medium cubit is probably that which was in use among the Greeks of
Asia Minor, and therefore the most familiar to Hdt. The cubit of Samos
was equal to that of Egypt. (Hdt. ii. 168.) M. D'Anville reckons the
cubit of Egypt at one foot eight inches and six lines." L. Other authorities estimate the cubit of Sacred Scripture at 21.888 inches, and
Sir Isaac Newton, at 261 Roman uncioe, equal to 25.724875 inches. The
royal cubit was distinguished, both in Egypt and the East, as longer
than the common, by about three inches.
179. —.'(va, quem in usum. Schw. -  ZEK... yr, the earth taken or
dug out of the ditch.- 2.  yrvsva rpd~rov; adverbial ace. C. ~ 440. —
3. EirMivAeOvov'rjs y?,v molded the clay into bricks. -     4. Tri,....KePepopU'EvWV gives the full expression.  Cf. above iK T. rdqpov. -  EAKaavres. Art is ever bending language to its technical uses, by any principle of association it may choose or chance to lay hold of and as the
points of association are numerous, we have hence great diversity of
usage. The Greeks said-which is not admissible in English-to draw
bricks, to signify the molding of them, from the circumstance doubtless
that extracting them from the mold is the finishing act of the complex
operation.  So the Latins said ducere lateres.-  5. rcaS&s refers to
quantity or numbers relative to the capacity of the kiln. - /erT&. See
c. 178. 1. 13. --   6. E'/a~TiL....a'opdcX.. The art both of brickmaking
and of cementing the walls was practised in the days of Nimrod as in
those of Nitocris; for "they said one to another, Go to, let us make
brick and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and
slime had they for mortar." Gen. xi. 3. --     8&a... U.8sJ,, at intervals
of thirty layers, or ranges; an unusual sense of Coos.  It properly signifies a building with completeness, whether complex, as a house with
many apartments, or simple, as a room, a chamber, in a house; or,
when said, as here, of the material of the structure, a certain defined
portion (not a fragment), as an entire range of brick is viewed as so
far forth a building, a structure; which it is literally, as cf. struo. -
7. Trapoos KadAcuw,, not crates or wrought wicker-work, but the layers
were spread crossing at random in all directions. -  Getjuar. See above,




152                          NOTES.
on 8dcowv. -      9. rexos, with xdxea, is obj. of'etLjav. -     10. f'Xct
Ta; the edges of the wall. -   wovwKecwXa.  It is questioned whether this
means that the towers (oirbK4uaa) are one story, or having one room.
Doubtless the latter, as these served probably not so much for battlements or towers of defence, as for watchtowers; and hence the doors
were made to look toward each other ('re'paauuvYa is XAX7X.a) so that
the sentinels could command the entire view of the wall. -     11. CeOpfhr7ro lrepcXNacLv, a drive (i. e. space for driving) for a four-horse chariot. The ancients, whatever number of horses they had to the chariot,
yoked them  all abreast. -     12. 7rv~aL... eimaTrdv, the hundred gates
were arranged at equal intervals, twenty-five on a side, with fifty
streets stretching through the entire city, crossing each other at right
angles. -     13. XdAKeaL.  Cf. Isa. xlv. 2, prophesying the power of
Cyrus:-" I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder
the bars of iron." -  ormaOpof, the pillars. -      14. &oaarrws refers to
XdXKAEat; the pillars and lintels were likewise made of brass.
16. e6BcteAtE....  eOpov is a more philosophic form of expression than
the English, it empties, etc.; and disembogues is intolerable.
180.-4.'ApuLevcov. Cf. notes on c. 15. I. 2, and c. 6. 1. 4. The abstract name of the country comes from the adj., by ellipsis of the noun;
as, 4'ApleiV4l, sc. Xcdp?. -     5.'EpvOpyv. See c. 1. 1. 3.-    6. iAAkaTai. It is not so well to consider this a middle verb transitive, with
a&ycias for object; but rather in its proper sense of passive, with the
limiting accusative.  The periphrastic form, eYXe eAxxdUEVcos, would
correspond to the Eng. had the corners extended.  Cf. c.'3. 1. 7.
7. al irLcKaylral..... rapaTretVeL.  If the river was straight or nearly so
through the city, at?7rLKaplral cannot signify windings, but that portion
of the wall which ran from the corners of the main outer wall, along
the river, and hence called the turns of the wall; i. e. the turned portion
of it. Read aLzaa)LL   as appositive pred., and controlling the number of
the verb by reason of the collocation: —TIe turns extend along either
margin of the river a rampart of baked brick. -   8. Trb... avid; the
city itself -      10. ca'aTe'rm/.7lal... iOefas, is cut into streets (which are)
straight; ace. of effect.- -rds me...?Xotaoas, both the others, and the
cross-streets, those leading to the river.
REMARKS.-The great extent of Babylon and Nineveh would seem
to us quite incredible if we suppose the density of population throughout which we see in modern cities. Instead of this, they were vast
enclosures embracing probably several villages and much open coun
try.  Babylon was, according to Hdt., with whom  Pliny agrees (but
perhaps he only copies from Hdt., and therefore adds nothing to his




BOOK  I.  C. 180, 181.                    153
authority), though Diodorus, who copies Ctesias, and Strabo make it
considerably less, about 160 miles in circuit, or 15 miles square. As
this space was regularly cut into squares by the twenty-five streets
each way, each square, after ample allowance for streets, would contain about 160 acres.
It seems surprising that no traces of walls so immense as those of
Babylon are now discoverable; but Hdt. relates (iii. 159) that on the
second capture of the city by Darius, the walls were beaten down and
the gates canried away by the conqueror; and as the moat, from which
the material for the wall was taken, stretched around it at its base,
such a receptacle for the huge mass may have made the work of demolition nearly a leveling of the plain. Add to this, the rains of so many
centuries, and the overflowings of the river, which has frequently
changed its bed in this vicinity and rendered some portions of the ancient site an impracticable marsh-" a possession for the bittern, and
pools of water" (Isa. xiv. 23)-as also the fact that the bricks if baked
at all must have been quite imperfectly so, and easily subject to disintegration; and we may cease to wonder at the complete obliteration
of even so stupendous a work. Besides, as the walls were demolished
before the time of Hdt., the information he derived from the priests of
Babylon may have been exaggerated; but to decide, against the unanimous consent of antiquity, that the city had not such fortifications,
and that too on a scale of surpassing grandeur, is quite an historic
absurdity.
181.-1. ToPTo... reZXOS is the wall first described, outer, or
surrounding the whole city, and EwrEpov  8o gowcw ev -rTEXos is the latter
running along the river within the city. -  &p?7, the main defence;
breastwork.     4. iy r-t!Czr, in the one. -     6. Is'ue', to me; i. e. to
my time.  Cf. iir' 4ePE, c. 5. 1. 16. -     7. rdvTr'p, in every direction, or,
on every side; i. e. two stadia square.  See c. 126. 1. 4. --   8. o-Taiov.
See c. 178. 1. 8. - IuiKos cannot, as some take it, refer to height, but
the /AIKos and e~pos equal the 7rdvs'yp above-another instance of that
studied variety of expression which marks the first of historians. -
10. AEI'Xp7 oV O'K  rt5pywo, on to the number of eight towers.  "Between
IyXpLr and a genitive, oU is sometimes added redundantly." Vig. Gr. Idd.
cap. vii. ~ 9. R. 8; but in the next remark the same critic regards this,
and similar phrases, as a species of anacoluthon for OK-  7rp?-yoiL fEed,
and so on till there were eight towers. --    12. exovra, sc. iwvu'v, extending, or leading. - yCeo'oVyT..... aSdoros, to one being in the middle of
the ascent. C. ~ 410. The dat. connects with E'T. -    16. flpwvp~qV
fr. awppwvvyu, by metathesis from aOTope'vv. --   18. VeKr~a, during the
7*




164                          NOTES.
tnight; the ace. implying the idea of time continued or protracted to a
certain degree. -  orLt /i, except (C. ~ 671. 9), but only after a negative;
whatever is not this (i. e. except or besides this) is nothing.-  20. &s
he'yoov  or Xakxai'ol. The Chaldees were the sacerdotal tribe. Herodotus
was little enough disposed to credit fables or the inventions of superstition, and he knew sufficiently the corruptions of priestcraft, "leading
captive silly women."
REMARKs.-There is a pile of ruins within the supposed limits of the
ancient city of Babylon, called by the Arabs Birs Nimroud ("Palace
of Nimrod"), which, by agreement of modern travelers, is believed to
mark the site of this tower-temple of Belus; which again, while it
must not be confounded with the original tower of Babel, was probably
on or near the same foundation, and was in fact but the realization of
the old idea projected by the great-grandson of Noah, and from him
delivered to his posterity as the central religious idea of the nation,
and to which they clung with a religious tenacity, despite the manifest
vengeance of Heaven against it. This ruin, standing a little to the
east of the present bed of the Euphrates, is described by Rich as quoted
by Layard (Nineveh and Babylon, cap. xxii.) as "198 feet high and
having on its summit a compact mass of brickwork, 37 feet'high by 28
broad, the whole being thus 235 feet in perpendicular height." Layard
says, further on, "The brickwork still visible in the lower parts of the
mound, as well as in the upper, shows the sides of several distinct stages
or terraces."
182.-1. od aVrrol oVotL, namely, ol XaOX&SOL. -     2. mvzq, a chapel,
or a single hall dedicated to a particular purpose, as distinguished from
ipdv, which designates the entire sacred pile. -  5. iv' Tc, sc. fp. -
l71BaLEos, gen. of OlSazLE6s. -     6. a&/Ju4Tepai 8 aVTraL, i. e. both the one
at Babylon and the one at Thebes. -     8. 7rpd/artss, the priestess, who
gives forth the oracle. -  o... acrw.6.  From Servius (ad lEn. iv. 143)
we learn that Apollo gave responses at Patara during the six winter
months, and during the six summer months, at Delos; whence Virgil,
"- ubi hybernam Lyciam Xanthique fiuenta
Deserit, ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo;"
and Horace (Carr. iii. 4. 64), "Delius et Patareus Apollo." -- 9. avTd01; so above, 1. 5, &Kie0ot. We have in the adverbial endings Oev, Ot,
Be, corresponding to the three oblique cases, the relics of an old declension, or the rudiments of a forming declension which failed to establish
and perpetuate itself. - 10. avyca-aKcXC'te'aL. The learner will bear
in mind that 7t, wherever it occurs, is Ion. for et.




B   OK  I.  C. 181-184.                       155
183.-1. ipoi, gen. possessive, there is of the temple, i. e. belonging
to it, or constituting a part of it. -     2. ivst for eye'ETl. -  KawTjuIEYOY,
Ion. for KaOlEYvov, agreeing with'yah/za, in a  sitting posture.
4. Xpoceos qualifies both Opdyos and iSMOpov, but is governed in its form
only by the latter; and so of &orL. --    5. XpvoLov is not so properly
defined as diminutive, as an adj. derivative, denoting any substance
having the quality of gold. Xpvuos is the generic name for the metal.
Of a coin or a vessel, they would say Xpvriov, not to signify that it wac'
a little piece of gold, but that it was an article made of gold; a defined
thing, wrought or fashioned from that metal. --   7. Ta TEXEa 7uv 7rpo8arw'v.  The interpreters generally agree in explaining this to mean
full-grown cattle-justae aetatis victimane; integrae actatis oves.  This
idea is found here undoubtedly as the antithesis of yaxaOrlvY, sucklings;
but so far as that antithesis is ex pressed, it rests rather on 7rpo,&dTwcv,
making the distinction between sheep and lambs; and the special sense
of ErXea I take to be that of rnumber, as ill the military phrase (cf. c. 103.
1. 4), the complement; a certain number, that is, the d(fined or required;number of victims; or, in the more general sense of the legal requirement, it may mean, the appointed sacrifice. -- 8. o'   e /i-.    See c. 181.
1. 18. -     9. cafrayl7ov-o, Ion. for KaOayCSouvotL.      11. 5prisV. See Tab.
I. E. --    12. T~UE~Ei' fr. TEvAoW, and like the Lat. templuse, denotes the
consecrated section of space, not necessarily implying an edifice, nor
even that the section be on the surface of the earth.  It may be in the
heavens as well. -        13. Hye... Xdyw.  The happy couplet of Scott
quoted c. 122 is but a simple translation of the idea of this passage. 
17. &lrayopeov'Ta Iz{. See n. c. 105. 1. 4. —   18. KEiK4Orbl-TaL cannot here
signify merely to adorn something already built, but to build and adorn;
or rather, to carry on the work with proper art to a state of complleteness, having regularity and beauty, especially the beauty of just proportion. Such is the idea of a Kkr/zOS, and the verb meanlls to realize a
K4c 0OS.
184. —2. E' T'oi70....'otlaooat. See c. 106. 1. 10. -    3. e7reKco'oul-ay.
See n. in last chap. 1. 18, and observe the force of 4ri, and we ale saved
the necessity of rendering Ti& re'IXEa, the city: —who added the ornament
of walls, etc., or who adorned (the city) with walls, etc., that is, built them
up in strength and beauty. -     4. Be 8}l Kai, correlative with Kal ill the
first line; both many others-and among them  (ey, sc. ToV-To01-1) worthyof-particular-note (8X) two women.  See c. 1. 1. 7, 12.
REARK. —It is commonly assumed that this Semiramis is another
personage than the wife of Ninus the founder of Nineveh.  This amust
be so if the date given here is correct; but, on the other hand, we ihave




156                         NOTES.
no other account of such a queen than this bare mention of her. A
queen so celebrated as to be placed in this prominent distinction by
Herodotus, could hardly have been passed in entire silence by all
others. There is a difficulty here which we cannot pretend to solve.
See further, under cap. 186.
185.-2. NTweKpLs. See Rem. under cap. 186. --   3. roTro  ev...
TroiTo  e'. See c. 30. l. 19. -     4. apXiv, empire, power. -     5. oi'cK
a&TperqIovoav, not disposed to peace —AAa, the adj. agreeing with &aoTea.
-  pa:py7xu4ea fr. acpe'w, with the Attic reduplication for ~p/ze'va, unless
we read, with some, &calpyxjuva. -     6. i, se'     Kai. See c. 184. I. 4. -
N[Voy. The capture of Nineveh was under Cyaxares, as we learn in c.
106.- 7rpoecpcvAia'o; mark the force of the wrpo, and the mid. voc., took
the precaution to fortify in self-defence. -- 8. Peovra. Some Miss. have?ivTa. --    9. TOOToV; object of e7rot71ae, and to which oaKOlbv is predicative; made it somnewhat crooked. -     13. ot KY, quicunque. - T'ive
71S OaXdoa7)s, this sea; i. e. the Mediterranean.  Cf. c. 1. 1. 3.14. Ka'arVaovyMes... EbVp4'7Vy. It has been remarked that this phraseology, sailing down into the Euphrates, seems to imply that the voyage
commenced on one of the tributaries of the Euphrates, which may have
been the case in the common route from Greece or the shores of the
Mediterranean to Babylon. --  15. Eiv -prl ~ijueppai, on three (successive) days. Some commentators have assumed that the passage through
these canals was delayed by numerous locks, not crediting the supposition that the canals could be so long as to require so much time. But
in measuring distance by time, we must bear in mind that the clumsy
craft with which they navigated the Euphrates could make but dull
progress when the force of the current was broken. A few miles might
suffice for a day's task. — 18. Kav-urepOe... Baf3vACvos, from  some
distance above Babylon,  Ka'v-, Ion. for ca0cirepOe. The gen. ending oe
(see n. c. 182. I. 9), as also above, 1. 9, dvcoOev, denotes the point of departure, or origin. --    19.;vTwpov  ALAv.. It is doubted whether this
should be rendered a reservoir for a lake; which, namely, she was
about to create; or, for the marsh; which is supposed to have existed
there, and which she now proposed to drain or to render navigable by
the excavation. The former, I think, is the sense, both as demanded by
the context, and from the absence of the article with Atp. -  WAByov... -ro'alqoD, extending (it) along the side of (the river), at a little distance
from, the Xriver; or more closely literal, stretching alongside, a little off
from the river. -     20. is -b V'Uop, connect with 4p6~oaovwa. The sense
is, that they dug down till they came to water; to such a level that
water entered the excavation, which rendered further digging useless.




BOOK  I.  C. 185, 186.                     157
--  23. Kc connects opy1par'os with opvao aueor. -  avaLa/ov fr. a&vao'Iuo'w, she made use of, 7rap&.. 7rapexovoa, applying it along, etc. --
24. oz, dat. agt. referring to the queen. --   25.?A0ovs... Share.  The
object of this lining of masonry was to protect the banks of the reservoir. -     26.?7rotee. We have the advantage of two words, do and
make, the former more generic in sense, to both of which the Gr. 7rol'w
and the Lat. facio must answer; and both of which we must sometimes
use in translating the same word, when followed by two several objects
or classes of objects differing in the respect of being more or less specific; as here-she did both these things, (namely,) she both made the
river crooked, etc. -     27. BSpasn'epos refers to the rapidity and force
of the current, for on this their progress mainly depended..  28. or
7rrado, the voyages, or process of navigation. --   29. iKC.....aKpp. The
sense of this passage has been much disputed, some understanding the
author to wish to describe the process of sailing through the lake.
Rather, I think, he means that the navigation of the river is entirely
interrupted, and, immediately on leaving that means of progress (eK T'
Af 7raTdcwa; cf. n. on a&r4, c. 126. 1. 12) a long circuit around the lake 7would
receive them; i. e. they would be obliged to traverse that circuitous
route. The excavated region became rather a marsh than a lake, and
was therefore quite innavigable. -     30. KaT&a TroTo is explained by
the sentence commencing at'lva, two lines below. -- 31. Xcdpvs; gen.
partitive; that part of the country where, etc.
186.-1.'raiTra refers to the works described in the last chapter, in
which the material of the mounds and levees was taken out of the excavations, eK IdOeos. -   olvse, such as follows. -     2.?g an'-c&T, after
these. Cf. c. 185. 1. 29, and reference given there. -- 3. Jokaris. Reiske
conjectured EdV'wv, but the correction is not called for. - 4.?rlt. See
c. 5. 1. 16. -- 7. roiho irpoei8e, provided for this, namely, the obstacle
or difficulty in crossing. --    11.  s... Xwplor, into the place which she
had dug out. XWopto is dim. of Xepos. -  Js iej (sc. Xpvq,, as also with
the correlative E.roV'Ty)... O.. oro, while this was Jfilling up. -     15. KaT&
rbv CVbPr AX&yov cannot mean, in the same manner, referring to the mode
or style of construction; but lit. according to the same proportion; proportioned to; i. e. so as to give the same security to the city in these
parts, that the wall does in the circumference. -     18. e'ovca (fr. 6ew,
to bind)...oAX638op; the same art that is still practised, using iron
clamps to bind the parts together, and melted lead to make fast the
claw or hook inserted in the stone. -- 20. CVAa T'erpdwiyva. Probably
not single planks or timbers, but oblong platforms framed together of
sufficient length to reach from one pier to another. The ruins of this




158                         NOTES.
bridge are still discernible. -     23. XKpIJ7, read in the predicate, and
we have no need of the correction xl.vu, approved by Wess.  Cf. the
construction of EA7os below, I. 26. -- 24.?Kceicf-/.7nzo. See n. c. 183.
1. 18. --    27. es... EyyovzEva, appeared to answer the design or intended
purpose; lit. the want; which want the work was intended to supply.
REMARnKs.-We have in the ancient canons a complete list of kings
from Nabonassar, the founder of the kingdom of Babylon, 747 years
B. C., to the fall of the city, but no queen of the name of Nitocris appears
in them. The place of this extraordinary woman is fixed, with somewhat of certainty, by the following considerations: 1. Herodotus makes
her (c. 188) the mother of Labynetus, the Belshazzar of Scripture, who
was on the throne when Cyrus besieged the city. 2. The works here
ascribed to Nitocris, are by other authors set to the account of Nabopolassar II.  Now this Nabopolassar II. is the Nebuchadnezzar of
Sacred Scripture, to whom the profane canons reckon an uninterrupted
reign of 43 years. But we learn from Daniel (cap. iv.) that, in the midst
of his reign, this king was, for his impiety, afflicted by a peculiar and
terrible madness whereby he was degraded both from his throne and
from his manhood, for a period of seven years; and it is the opinion of
many learned, that this Nitocris was his wife and queen-regent during
the interval of his affliction. But one opinion stands opposed to this;
and that it may appear the more clearly, I put down here an exhibit
of the several reigns which cover the period in question, according to
the most generally agreed and probable dates.
B. C.
Nebuchadnezzar....  604 reigned 43 years.
Evilmerodach (son of Nebu.).. 561   "   2
Neriglissar (son-in-law of Nebu.).  559   "   4  "
Labynetus (Belshazzar). 555   " 1 7  "
Fall of Babylon....  538
Now according to the opinion above quoted, Labynetus must have
been the son of Nebuchadnezzar; and so he is called in Dan. v. 18.
But this could not be conclusive, as the terms son and father are frequently used, and especially in the East, in the generic sense of descendant and ancestor. On the other hand, a prophecy of Nebuchadnezzar,
in Jer. xxvii. 7, says, "All nations shall serve him, and his son, and his
son's son, until the very time of his land come;" i. e. the time of destruction appointed of the Lord. To this prophecy corresponds the historic
record (2 Chron. xxxvi. 20) —"Them that escaped from the sword carried
he [Nebuchadnezzar] away to Babylon, where they were servants to
him and his sons, until the reign of the kingdom of Persia." According
0,o this, Belshazzar must have been son of Evilmerodach; and as he




B O O K I.  C. 186- 188.                 159
came to the throne quite young and was withal a weak prince, the
supposition is that his mother Nitocris (wife of Evilmerodach) practically exercised a regency, and that, on seeing the approach of the Persians, she displayed such energy either in completing or in repairing
the works of her father-in-law, as to have caused the chief glory of
them, in the popular and imperfect accounts which came to Herodotus,
to be attributed to her hand. This opinion I think the more probable,
and the date of her imputed reign should therefore coincide with that
of Labynetus.
The impracticability of finding such a personage as Semiramis at
the distance of five generations from Nitocris, has caused the number of
Hdt. (c. 184) to be suspected. Some have conjectured 15, others 50,
instead of 5. The latter emendation only could serve the emergency
of the case. Taking that, let us see where it will bring us out. The
generation of Hdt. must be taken, when not otherwise defined, at one
third of a century (see c. 7. Rem.); whereby we have for 50 generations, about 1666 years. Reckoning back then from the first of Labynetus, we have 555 +- 1666 -- 2221, which falls, according to our reckoning, precisely in the reign of Ninus (see c. 95. Rem.). Such agreement
gives strong presumption that the conjecture is well founded.
187.-2. xewc+Jpwv fr. Aads and. copecv, frequented by the people. -
7rvAfwv. The double, or "two-leaved" gates, determines the use of
the plural, though speaking of a single passage or porta.        7. Xp~ItaTa is any thing useful; that subserves a want; and the corresponding word in the Chaldee must have had a similar ambiguity to justify
the inscription; whatever he wishes (and which he will find) useful;
adapted to supply his want, which she presumed to be good counsel.
9. &ectvrlros, undisturbed. -    11. XpludTOv....rLIKacXeouv'v; absolute
construction; —wealth lying there (i. e. within his reach, or in his
power) and the wealth itself challenging. --  15. &voltas. "The same
thing is related by Josephus, Antiq. vii. 15. xiii. 8, to have happened
to Herod, on opening the tomb of David, in which Solomon was said
to have laid up great treasures; and zElian mentions that the same
success attended Xerxes on opening the sepulchre of Belus. Beehr." T.
188.-3. AaSvvi'rov. The Belshazzar of Sac. Scrip. See c. 186. Rem.
The name seems to have been common, as a title (as Pharaoh, in Egypt,
and Darius, to the Persians), with the Babylonians.  Cf. c. 74, where
the king designated by the same title must have been Nebuchadnezzar. -'A-aovpiwv apXYv. Cf. c. 178. --  4. $aLhAeibs o Eupeyas; the title
*y which the Greeks commonly distinguish the king of Persia.




160                          NOTES.
Though we are apt to charge the Orientals with a fondness for lofty
titles, perhaps they can lay but little claim to distinction in that respect.
-     5. Ek ofKov, from home. - v'8wp... Xoda7rew. The Choaspes is celebrated for the purity and sweetness of its water. The Euleeus has been
supposed, from a passage in Strabo, to be another name for the same
river, but the best geographers now decide that they were two separate rivers.
189.-2. rvrP. The Gyndes is on the east of the Tigris. The geography of Hdt. is correct, and they are at fault who would find the river
now in question in the direct route from Sardis to Babylon; for Cyrus
marched (c. 153), after the fall of Sardis, to Ecbatana, and spent much
time in upper Asia, before proceeding to Babylon.           4. 6 o  refers
to the Tigris. —-7. PnvoLTre'pyrov,, Ion. for vavaolrpaTov, requiring boats
for crossing; not fordable. -  oi; dat. possessive. -     8. vir6b V3Spos, by
reason of his impatient spirit. --    9. o 6e refers to the river, and /SLv to
the steed. -  OLXCKcee; Pluperf. Ind. Act. as if from  olXodo, instead of
which we have in the Pres. only oYxo1AaL. -- 10. Kcp'ra... eXa:X7rayLYe,
was exceedingly grieved, or angered, does not necessarily imply that impotent and silly rage so common to eastern tyrants, but which we are
so unwilling to attribute to Cyrus. -     11. of is pleonastic; for the
sentence following is the direct object of the verb. - 12. ToD AoL7rov,
se. Xp~dov, thereafter. -      14.,/eTELS fr. pESry/U, intermitting, or suspending. -- 15. 8eeh&(v. The construction is completed from the previous sentence, taking the same object as 8ralpee. -  KaT7-erve....8spvxas, having pointed out (the positions-in the engineer's phrase, "having
located"), he stretched (or drew) straight trenches. Such is the common,
we may say, authorized, interpretation of this passage. I would rather
take oXoLvoTeveas in its primary sense of measured with a line, to indicate the means by which he located the trenches. It is hardly probable
that they could have been quite straight for any considerable distance.
-        16. Oy"8cKoya... XehXos; the same number on each side, making
on both, 360. -       17. 7rdsTra Tpd7rov, in every direction. --    19. freTo,
read as pass.; the work was completed. -  gzws psYzTO1, a much stronger
antithetic to ph' than 6e; nevertheless, T.i....pycaC4$evoi, they wore away
the entire summer laboring there in that way.
REMARK. —In a similar manner Croesus succeeded in crossing the
Halys (c.'75), under the direction of Thales as chief engineer.
190.-1. wro'rapbv i'foaaTo, avenged himself on the river-. -  s....a-.
AaSrv, having divided it into, etc. -    5. ovv4e'aXov, joined battle. --
6. oowe'04vPrTs, Ion. for iav- (the verb made from  oaawv, comparative of




BOOK I. C. 189-191.                          161
caKds), lit. being worsted. 7- 7. 4Te7rarLTdevoL.  The prep. strengthens
the meaning of the participle. They had taken pains to inform themselves completely of the character and movements of Cyrus.9. irpoeadcaparo (fr. Wrpd ~+ sJr — yw) MrITa, they had made provision; lit.
had previously brought in (to the city) corn. -  E'TEio  is prospective;
enough for many years; not, the produce of many years. For the construction, see C. ~ 395. - 11. &'ropga ot?PetXero, was involved in great
difficulties. - &Te. This adv., as also ola (see last chapter, 1. 18), is joined
to a part. to bring out emphatically the actually existing ground or
reason of what is asserted.  K. ~ 312. Rem. 13. -  Xpdvov... o'vXoP.
Cyrus is said, by Xenophon, to have been about two years before
the city.
REMARK.-Such a city had little to fear from  a siege, so long as it
could sustain itself against assault; for besides the ample provision
brought in (sufficient according to Xen. (Cyrop. vii.) for 20 years), it
had in itself large resources of production. See Rem. c. 180.
191.-1. vreO-KcaTo; see c. 156. 1. 1. --   2. sb.... i, what ought to
be donze by him; or, what was best to be done. K. ~ 284. (12.) --    3. d{
uABoSXs, from the entrance; from that point, ranging along up the river.
4. irro0e; that is, on the lower side.  See n. c. 182. 1. 9. -
6. 8taBaT'V, fordable. 7- 7.,aiEraz  depends on wrpoe7re. -  raTp, in
that way; i. e. by wading.  -  9. Ti....-rpa-oP, the useless (part) of
the army; either the ineffective soldiers, or such as did not bear arms
-sutlers, artisans, and various attendants.- 10. drcrep, what things;
such as, referring to  reiEpa roLaiVra for its antecedent -    14. b7rovo4r1icarTos'ToO 7roraltoV, the river having fallen, or subsided. -- 17. azepl...
so, so as (to be) to a man just about to the middle of the thigh. -  cKaT
To7ro, according to this, namely, plan, or arrangement. -     20. ol 8'....iciclo'a. The Mss. and most of the editions have obS' &y, or obic' Ev,
or ob Adv. The reading has been much disputed, and in all these forms
seems impracticable. Schw. conjectured, without adopting, ol 8e oUKc &v.
But the real difficulty is, to reconcile the negative with the active 84sq0Oespav. Some render the verb as passive or intransitive, as, neque ita
misere periissent (Schw.); others hold to the active form, but fail of
any sense, as Gron. neque, contemnentes Persarum ingressum, pessimc
exitio affecissent.  Others separate the negative from  this verb by
making it a distinct clause, as, if the Babylonians had known, etc.,
which they did not. By reading ol instead of ob, we have a consistent
sense; —f the Babylonians had known, etc., then, permitting the Persians to enter the city (i. e. to come within the city, but only in the bed
of the river), they might have destroyed them totally, in the manner next




162                         NOTES.
suggested. - 23. alt a'lds; so this rampart along the river is called,
c. 180. l. 8, not TrEsXos.-  24. eaX-qXawevas fr. l'ia'w. - v   &eripoaoooKtTov,
unexpectedly. -     27. ruv&... aw. aAoKcwv (fr. &AhoIcoja); absolute construction. -  28. EahXWcwK4as agrees with the subject of tile verb; did
not learn that themselves were to be captured. K. ~ 310. 3. "According
to Aristotle, Polit. iii. 2, quoted by Bzehr, even on the third day after,
it was not known in some parts of the city that it was taken; and
considering the size of the city, this does not appear impossible." T.;
who also cites Jer. li. 31, "One post shall run to meet another, and one
messenger to meet another, to shew the king of Babylon that his kingdom is taken at one end." -     29. TVXyeV... 6p.T. V (see Tab. I. E.);
the infinitive depends on xe'yeraL, above. Cf. Dan. v. 1, 30, 31, "Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and
drank wine before the thousand. * * In that night was Belshazzal
the king of the Chaldeans slain. And * * the Median took the
kingdom." -   30. is... - E'FtovTro, until they learned what had actu
ally taken place. Kcal -b Kfdp-a is commonly interpreted, the truth, or
emphatically, the very truth.  I would explain it by ellipsis of -yedtuevo-.  31. r6,e 1 rpCi-ov. Babylon suffered a second siege and capture
under Darius, nearly a century and a half subsequent.
REMARKS.-Another scene of the great drama of the East is closed.
Whatever allowance we may make for the exaggerations of national
vanity or excited imagination, Babylon was yet, for its time, a magnificent city, though, compared with the perfections of modern art, excelling rather in the stupendousness than in the elegance of its works.
The history of Babylon goes back to the days of the patriarchsalmost to the days of the flood, though the history of the kingdom which
now ends, dates back but a little over two centuries. We have seen
(c. 95. Rem.) that the ancient kingdom fell under the power of Nineveh,
and continued a part of the Assyrian empire from Ninus to Sardanapalus; probably from something over 2200 to 821 years before Christ.
Against that voluptuous and tyrannical prince, Belesis, satrap of Babylonia, conspired with Arbaces, satrap of Media. Sardanapalus fell;
Arbaces ascended the throne of the empire; and whether Babylonia
continued politically independent or sank back to the condition of a
satrapy, it is not till three quarters of a century later that she assumes
the dignity of an independent state in history. The era of Nabonassar,
which is the historical era of Babylon, dates 747 B. C. Under Nabopolassar I. the thirteenth in the succession, his son, Nebuchadnezzar,
led his forces to the western borders of Asia, shut up the Egyptians
in their own country, subdued Judea and Phoenicia and all Syria, and
carried captive the Jews and the sacred vessels and placed them in the




BOO K  I.  C. 191, 192.                   163
temple of Belus. The seventy years' captivity commences, according
to Prideaux, two years before Nebuchadnezzar succeeds to the throne
of his father, and the decree of Cyrus for the restoration goes forth two
years after the conquest of Babylon.
Herodotus leaves Astyages out of view after the ascension of Cyrus;
but according to the Sacred writers, Astyages (called in S. S. Darius,
see c. 188. 1. 3) must have been continued nominally at the head of the
empire till his death, which occurred two years after the taking of the
city, and thus the decree of the restoration, which dates from the first
of Cyrus, is from the first of his sole reign. See Dan. v. 31. et seqq.
2 Chron. xxxvi. 22.
In the fall of Babylon was consummated also a grand moral epoch.
In it was fulfilled a succession of prophecies with a great variety of
detail corresponding precisely with the subsequent record of events.
(See Isa. xiii., xiv. 4. et seqq. xliv. 28-xlviii. Jer. ii. 41. et seqq. Dan.
passim; et all.) No passage of history of any times can be selected
more replete with instruction than this-none in which the great lesson
of history is more obvious; for nowhere do we find more clearly set
forth the true idea of history, namely-GOD IN HIs PROVIDENCE RECONCILING THE WORLD UNTO HIMSELF-" The Most High RULETH among men."
Babylon was the chosen instrument to chastise the'rebellious chosen
people; but because she executed the divine commission haughtily,
oppressively, impiouslyv, therefore the divine vengeance smote her.
(See Isa. xlvii. 6.) And it was precisely at that hour when Belshazzar,
to carry to its hight his insult against Jehovah, had ordered the sacred
vessels from Jerusalem to be brought down to his banquet, and was
pouring wine to "his thousand lords" from the consecrated gold, that
the hand-writing appeared on the wall against him; and it was precisely as Daniel was reading the interpretation, and "the king's countenance was changed, and the joints of his loins were loosed, and his
knees smote one against the other," that the armies of Cyrus were
pouring in through the channel of the river, and "in that night was
Belshazzar the king of the Chaldveans slain."
192.-2. 9ao'LX'r T/ ze'ydtXq. Cf. c. 188. 1. 4. --    4. 7rdpe~,roi pdpov, besides the regular tax, or tribute. -     8. T-p 8v1y/eL. The dat.
expresses the idea of the relation to, or comparison with. K. ~ 285. 3. (c.)
-     11. rlS, sc. vI;?. C. ~ 385. -     12. apuyvpov... AEL'ah, an artaba
full of silver came forth each day. -     13. Xop1ee...'ATTLc.-L, is equal
to (XcOpe'e, construed with dat., lit. goes for) three Attic chcenices more
than an Attic medimnus.  Larch. is made to say, in the English translation, that the artaba is equal to 1296 bushels! Cooley corrects the




164                         NOTES.
gross error, and reduces it to about 1  bushels. The medimnus - 48
choenices; and the chcenix is given variously by the ancient authors
(probably it varied in different states, and different times), at from
about 1~ to nearly 4 English pints. (See Smith's Dict. Antiqq.) Cooley estimates the probable amount in money at about ~1,710,000 a
year; something over $8,000,000.   - 7. po-17.    awv. See Tab. I. E. —
18. iir7rovs is common gender. -  KvJv o'IyV1Kyv. The Indian dogs
were very celebrated. The ancients believed them to be a mongrel
race bred of the bitch and a tiger; a notion justly rejected. -     20. Trv.    E..aEfs, untaxed of other things; exempt from any other tribute.
193.-5. Xepol (Tab. I. E.)....aps4evos. So, at the present day,
they irrigate the fields from the river, either carrying up the water by
hand, or raising it by means of some rude mechanical contrivance,
worked generally by oxen. Layard (Nineveh and its Remains, cap. x.)
describes the common process of drawing a sort of sack-bucket up an
inclined plane fiom the river to the height of the bank, at the top of
which it is emptied into a channel which conducts the water to the
field. -     8. wrpbs ~jXLov... XeLtEpLevPd; that is, towards that part where
the sun rises in winter. The canals went out of the Euphrates in a
south-easterly direction into the Tigris. --    12. Apinr/poS Kap7rbv indicates the various kinds of corn, of which Demeter or Ceres was the
patron goddess.  Ah is an old word for earth =yi; hence AjurrTpos.ap7r&j, fruits of earth-mother, in distinction from  tree fruits.  With
Kap7r&, cf. Lat. carpo; Eng. crop, which, in certain localities in this
country, the vulgar pronounce crap. -     15. earf; cf. Zs, c. 32. 1. 8.16. Tr.ea...'reKtcp, when it produced best in comparison with itself; i. e.
in comparison with what it ordinarily did.  C. ~ 464. --    18. Tb 7rAdTos....aKTV'A.W. Cf. c. 178. I. 8.  19.?K....yVeTrai, how great a tree
growsfrom the millet and sesame. -     21. E6 elbs... BafvXwrAtq. Iothing could show plainer that our author writes from personal observation.  -  23. XAalt.  This word meant primarily, olive-oil, from?Xafa, the name of the olive-tree; and secondarily, it served as the
generic term for oil; and Hdt. is compelled here to use it in both these
senses at once: —they have not olive-oil, but they snake it (i. e. a kind of
oil-the object of the verb must be supplied from  xAa[ct) for themselves
fromn the sesame. The oil is expressed from the seeds of the plant. -
24. 7rEcVKTrES, growsing native, in distinction from planted.-    25. ol
rAevres. See n. c. 1. 1. 18.        26.'robs... KXha, which they treat after
the manner of figs (i. e. as they do figs) both in other respects, etc. -
27. Tro's, read as relative with Toe',WV joined to OPOIl'KWY for antecedent;
of those palnm-trees which, etc. The palm is a dioecious tree; that is, it




BOOK  I.  C. 193-195.                      165
has two kinds of flowers on separate trees, of which only one kind
produces fruit. -    28. iaprbiv is not the blossom carried from the male
tree to the female, for the purpose of securing the fertilization of the
pistillate flower by the pollen from the staminate one; nature provides
for that, making the winds and bees and flies the carriers; but there
is a kind of fruit on the male tree, worthless except to propagate the
fly here spoken of; and as the ancients believed the puncturing of the
real fruit by this insect to be requisite to its perfection and timely
ripening, the greatest care was had by the cultivator to perform precisely the operation here described. -     32. ccadcrep. The comparison
is still held between the date and the fig-trees; o0 vpevers, the malesthat is, of the palm-tree-produce flies, etc., just as the olynthi, o ioxAvvGoL, which was the name for the male fruit of the fig-tree.
194.-2. /ze-Td, next to. See n. c. 156.1.4. --    3. KaTar 7b wrorTapuv,
down the river. -    6. iare's; gen. of material origin;-they make frames
of willow. --    7.  (pOe'pas o're'yao'rpt6as; ace. of object and effect in apposition; they stretch around them the skins as a covering. -  48dqeos
is the bottom or outer planking of a vessel. --   8. ov6e... avvdyovTer,
neither distinguishing a stern nor contracting (drawing together to make
a sharp edge to cut the water) a prow. --    12. iOvyetrai, it is guided, or,
managed; lit. kept straight. --    19. $LaOeEwTaa?bv JdpTrov; cf. c. 1. 1.10.
-20. a&r' a&?ipvcav, they cried off; sold at auction. So the boatmen on our western rivers are accustomed to do when they run down
coal or other produce in flat boats. --    22. &d, the exact opposite of
cKard. Cf. above, 1. 3. and 10.
REMARK.-The art of ship-building has been as stationary in the
East as social life. Their best river-craft at the present day is a rude
raft, which serves without buoys to convey light freights; but for
heavier cargoes they are supported by inflated skins placed underneath.
Such craft, of course, can only float with the current. See Layard, Nin.
and its Rem. cap. xiii.
195.-2. E'TEYv8VeL. The change from the plural to the singular
enlivens the style, by individualizing the subject. - 4. hrtXowpla,
peculiar to that country. - BoLwoTibt 6lu8daoL was a kind of slipper worn
by women and protecting but little more than the sole of the foot. - KoLAYTES 8e has ieEaXgdS, wearing their hair long. "It is not very material
whether the Babylonians wore long or short hair; but it is singular
that Strabo (xvi.) should formally contradict Herodotus on that point,
though in every other particular he copies him."  L.,-   10. &pTrOlS...  rp-a, personal decoration.




166                         NOTES.
196.-1. KaT'EorTearal, Ion. for KaOer'Orav'ra.  ~  2. Me is predicate,
and las1 is to be supplied as copula. -     5.,ycduwv wpa7at; cf. c. 107. i,
8, avnpbs &opairlY, and note there.  ~  7. &aLr&s... 7rcXE'E-ae, the crier
putting them up one by one proceeded to sell; or, continued selling; i. e.
till the work was finished. Cf. remarks on this verb form, Tab. VIII. 2.
1. n. It plainly cannot be called iterative here. -    10. AAxxv a&vEicpuv-ae,
he cried up another. -  /raEd; cf. c. 194. 1. 2. -  [Cr-ce. See Tab. VIII. 3.
(2). -.   11. E1.rl O`VVOIK-OEs; cf. c. 110. 1. 4. A quite heartless way of
designating the relation of husband and wife-a mere living together;
cohabitation-which shows how far the Grecian theory of social life
was from the doctrine of the Gospel, that "they twain shall be one."
The language of a people is the real exponent of its ideas. -   13.'oi
BayAov, of the common people, and who were not wealthy, opposed to
$iaiproves, above. -     15. -XpVOro9 is predicative and appositive to
Ec1os. This use of the adj., determined mainly by its position, gives
great conciseness and elegance. It is in fact the condensation of two
clauses into one; they did not demand beauty; (they did demand) utility;
which may be rendered-they did not demand beauty as the useful thing,
or, essential quality. We may say there is ellipsis of the verb in the
second clause, or by a species of zeugma it is made to serve a double
purpose. The position of the word, whether adj. or substantive, shows
this limiting predicative use. Cf. Xpmi'aTa, c. 187. I. 7. --    20. Es...
wrpoOeEKE-Eo. The order was not, to go from the most beautiful down in
gradation to the ugliest; but when those who would command a price
were disposed of, to commence at the most ungainly, and come up till
they reached again the grade of indifference-till (the candidate) was
given to wife to the one pledging (or contracting for her) for the least
money. -rpo-EKCeeo is impersonal. -     22. 4eKtooca' must signify the
giving in mnarriage, without reference to the dowry, as cf. the relation
of the next word, iKoCvaLr T' &OUTro Ov YaTe'pa. —  24. a7ra-ya'yeOaL...
7rptdyevov depends on 4iv-Y.   26. l.....avlepoia-ro, if they could not
agree; so that the confirmation of the bargain was in the will of the
parties concerned, which relieves the custom of the barbarous character
it would otherwise wear. -     32. adXv-res; aor. 2. fr. &Ma'tio.aL. --
33. Biov; object of o7ravt['w.
197.-2. Trobs,dcXvo'r'as, those laboring under disease; being sick.
-    4. voivov. See Tab. II. 1. -  Ed... b'rake, if any one had himself
also suffered such, etc.
REMAR. —Such is the beginning of the very noble science of medicine, and such its ground-work throughout; it is purely empirical. The,
art of retailing stereotyped recipes is something less noble.




BOOK  I.  C. 196 —201.                          167
198.-1. Tapal, mode of disposing of the dead; which here is embalming. Cf. c. 140, where the Persians are said to embalm in wax,
though it appears from Corn. Nepos (in Agesil.) that they also were
accustomed to use honey. -    4. 6pOpov... Aoc'orwvat. The same scrupulous regard to cleanliness was enjoined in the Mosaic law. Lev. xv. 18.
199.-1. ao-'xo-ros; superlative of alxpdJs. Herodotus shows everywhere a good moral sense-a noble elevation and purity of feeling.
4. &aLevtuevat, deigning; so the Lat. dignor.      6. Oepair-tl... 7roAAh,
a large retinue of attendants. -      7..reA4ye'; cf. c. 183. 1. 12.-  8. icaT'-E
aTar, Ion. for KcdOrlvrat; sit down. -  o-TEc'avoo and O4&tLyyos are construed
together. Cf. the apocryphal book of Baruch (vi. 42, 43), written at
Babylon, at just about this time: "The women also, with cords about
them, sitting in the ways [meaning, doubtless, the alleys of the sacred
precinct], burn bran for perfume; but if' any of them, drawn by some
that passeth by, lie with him, she reproacheth her fellow, that she was
not thought as worthy as herself, nor her cord broken."  Such is the
power of an Institution to mould the moral sense! - 9. al plVy...
QarEpXoovJat, some are coming and some going away, continually.
10. 7rdyv'a Tporroy; cf. c. 189. 1. 17. -      15. E7rucaFXfC....MALTZa, I
challenge thee in the name of the goddess Mylitta. --    16. MXLA'Ta....'AoaoploL; cf. c. 131. I. 12. - 17.,b 8e... &6oCov', but the piece of
silver (the money, namely, that is cast into the lap of the maiden), w!hatever it is; i. e. however little in amount. -     21. T-&rrd.  See Tab. I. Q2.
22. ypEya t1, sc. &p-yvpLov; however great a price. -     23. E~raxpivat; perf. pass. of iqdcrrco; possessed of beauty etc. - - 26.  ET'eFT.&Epal; an Ion. word, used only in plur. where the dialects use &Xxoi E'ol,
or Erepot rlVes.
200.-1. KaTec'ca0l.  See Tab. VIII. 2. 6. -    2. urla....oivov.
Other authors equally testify to the ichthyophagous character of certain tribes near Babylon, and Cooley (in Larch.) says, "The name of
Mekran, a province on the north-eastern side of the Persian gulf, is said
to signify Ichthyophagi, or fish-eaters." --   4. o-fidBXovo-r.  I. v8vos.
A similar mode of preserving their fish and venison, except that they
dry them by the fire, prevails among some of our western Indian tribes;
and the pemmican, prepared by civilized nations for long voyages, is
mainly beef cured in the same manner and put up compactly in tin
cans hermetically sealed. In this state it will keep many years perfectly sweet.
201.-2.  0reOiuqo'e....   rolhoaarOai.  The passion to conquer, once
roused, is never satisfied. —-  6.:XKvu&Cdv.  The opinion is well sus



168                         NOTES.
tained that the Massagetoe were Scythian-a name widely spread
through central Asia and through Europe. Cf. c. 103. Rem. Turner
says: "This nation appears to have belonged to the nomad tribes
which wandered beyond the bounds of the Persian empire, i. e. beyond
the Jaxartes; and which, sometimes Sace, sometimes Scythians, sometimes Tartars, are not even at the present day known by any one common appellation. The Massagetic, as well as the Issedones, both of them
belonging to the Mongolian race, as it is now called, were undoubtedly
Scythians."
202.-1.'Apgcfs. See Rem. at bottom  of the chapter. -  xeye'alr...'IaTpov. If the geography of Herodotus is at fault, he is so candid
as to confess his uncertainty. It was not yet the day of geographical
encyclopedias, and he had not traveled so far as that remote region;
he gives therefore what he has from  information, Ahe'Trat; and he
found opinions differing-ab aliis major, ab aliis minor, etc. -
6. cpaiovs; mark the position as predicative to iap7rors, and cf. n. on
Xp-qog0o, c. 196. 1. 15.- l. c. apros.... rots, fruits of a certain kind,
which, etc., TroGs, object of'rtLScXXeLv.    9. KicviKc 7reptlCoxe'OVs, sitting
down around (it) in a circle. --    12. 7rhXevos...  /EOv'KEatoOat, the more
of the fruit there was thrown on, the more they were intoxicated. -- 15. 6
be... MaWJ7-rtJ. This is manifestly erroneous, if, as lie must, he means
the river on the east of the Caspian sea; and we understand by the
mountains of the Matieni, those south-west of this sea. Hle probably
confounds the fact he would state here, with that pertaining to the
Araxes west of the Caspian. -     16. fbo... Kvpos; cf. c. 190. -
18. ltepeatye'al; the Araxes is the subject. --    21. oO'0Trl, and 8ep/baac;
two objects appositive; to use skins, etc. for clothing. - Yo/lCoyrras,
having the custom.-    22. ia' KaOapoD, sc. X(cpov, through open or
champaign country. The open plains or steppes abound in Central
Asia. ---  23. AyI Kao'7rr',. The only considerable rivers on the east
of the Caspian now flow into the Aral; but either this was not known
to Herodotus and the geographers of his time to be a distinct sea, or
the river in question must have changed its course. —  24. Trev; supply
the antecedent. --    27. Tv-YX(VeL foeoa. C. ~ 633. K. ~ 310. 4. (1.)
REMARKs.-Commentators generally agree that Hdt. is in error in
making the Araxes the boundary of the Massagetme; but are quite unable to agree as to the river he intended. Some would have it the
Volga; others the Jaxartes; the claims of the Oxus are generally
rejected. The objections are: 1. Herodotus' account of the source;
2. the mouth of the river, which he says emptied into the Caspian;
3. the disagreement of the name. (1.) For the first of these objections,




BOOK  I.  C. 202-204.                     16
see note above, 1. 15. But the same objection would lie against the
other rivers named. (2.) For the second, that, if conclusive, would
equally throw  out the Jaxartes; but supposing the Oxus to be the
river, Hdt. is yet right according to the geography of his time, and
the commentators all wrong. The ancient writers all agree that the
Oxus flowed into the Caspian; but they are pronounced to be "ignorant of the existence of the sea of Aral."  (Anthon's Ant. and Med.
Geo. p. 606.) This may be so, and is then sufficient to remove the
objection. But instead, we find it stated on the very best authority,
that "according to a tradition preserved in the countries on the east
of the Caspian, about 500 years ago the Amoo-Daria or Oxus flowed
into this sea by two mouths, * * but a violent earthquake changed
the course of this river, and forced it to run north into the Aral."
(Bell's Geog. vol. iv. p. 16.) (3.) But lastly, for the name, we have
that of Oxus prevailing widely, as the designation of a people, over all
thtat region, —according to Pococke (Ind. in Gr. p. 198) derived from
ooksha, an ox, and equivalent therefore to the Greek Nomades. Hence
the Hooksos or Hucsos, the shepherd kings who invaded Egypt; and
the Euxine, he would make the Ooksh-ine," i. e. the sea of the lords of
the Oxus." If then ar, in their language, meant a river, which I venture
to suggest as probable, the Ar-axes would be the river of the Oookshas
or Oxus. This conjecture, which may be confirmed by one acquainted
with the Persian or Sanscrit, is at least somewhat strengthened by the
Heb. Age, ior, a stream; n'_, iarah, to water; i~,  iar-den (Jordan),
which would be a compound analogous to ar-axes. Add to this, the
fact that the Oxus through all those early times Was the acknowledged
boundary between the great Eastern empire and the wandering tribes
on the north-east.
203.-1. tUiKos... Eipos. The length of the Caspian sea from north
to south is reported to be about 650 geographical miles, and its average
width a little over one-third as much. -   3. av'T iecovriws. The construction is on the same principle as that of the same gen. with a superlative simply. See C. ~ 464.-    5. ope'wEv depends on the superlatives.
-    7. a-& roXAA  7rdrava; adverbial ace. almost entirely. -     8. 8[&8pea... 7r~pesXe'Eva, trees affording leaves of such a quality, or nature.
10.  a  a... EyypdcpeLv, to delineate pictures of living animals. -    12. iararep....pX~Y, as if inwoven at first. -     13. EJyva; the infinitive construction here depends on XAsyenar.
204.-3. 7rX0os... d&ro04v, in extent boundless to the sight.  Cf. c.
202. I. 22, KaOapoO. -    8. Tb -o6ldew; as substantive, in apposition with




170                          NOTES.
yeveoars; his birth, namely, its appearing to be, etc. - 9. 8etrep~a.
eyoe'mYV. The prestige of a name is one of the most powerful incitants
of ambition.
205.-3. NE'M/aTro, attempted to woo; made suit. Cf.'c. 165. 1. 2, cvo/ouE'voLaL. - i$; the possessive adj. pro., his, his own. -    4. Mlv refers to Cyrus. -  ruv&rlevov; part. of  vLdomaL. --   6. 7rpoexcpee; impersonal construction with dat. of the agent; it did not succeed to him (ol); i. e. the
scheme did not-a form of expression not only- more delicate than
to say he did not succeed; it covers better the idea of a chief mover
operating a scheme through subordinate agencies. V- 7. fK TroO E/u4a-,eos, openly.  -  9. scab... o1coso.tzewevos, and constructing towers on
boats, those carrying (them) across the river; or, the boats (that were)
conveying (them), etc.
206.-2.'ra La L... a7'rev3eLs, cease hastening (or, being intent upon)
those things which now you are intent upon.  -   3. is Kalppa, advantageous; lit. according to fitness, or, proportion; corresponding namely to
your designs, so as to prove successful. -- 5. &ve'Xev, restrain yourself;
be content, seeing us, etc. -     6. o    CWY ieOEX1,eLS, should you not however
wish. -     7. &AxA& irodra; supply iOeAxases; but should wish all things
-any hazards-rather than, etc. --  8. 34; continuative; and if, etc.
-     9. JUXO;... apes, leave off the labor, etc. -    11.'v/x,4eTE"ps7v,
sc. X.%pvY. -     15. avu1ovAhevueoos.s..  7roLep, counseling which he should
do. -   16. rv...  o'vyetr'L7To0v, the opinions of these fell out together to
the same thing; i. e. without previous consultation or concert, it happened that their independent opinions agreed together unanimously.
REMARK.-This unanimous dissuasion of the project of Cyrus by his
nobles shows, I think, that the nation was wearied of incessant wars.
With the fall of Babylon, his sovereignty of the East was rendered
complete. His empire overpassed the boundaries of the ancient monarchies. From the islands of the l/Egean to the Indus, and from the snowy
ranges of the Caucasus to the Indian ocean and the river of Egypt, his
power was established. Here he ought to have rested. Thus far the
enthusiasm of the nation had borne him on; but for further and unprovoked aggression into regions unconnected with the glory of traditional
renown, they had no heart. For the king, under such circumstances,
to seek still to penetrate those remoter parts in search of barbarous
wandering tribes, was sheer madness.
207.-5. Ta...  yeyJVee, my afflictions, (though) being ungrateful,
have been a lesson to me (tMa61zaca, teachings, plur. which is fully expressed by our singular lesson). - et... 6pXeLv. Crcesus seems to have




B 0 0 K  I.  C. 205- 209.                    171
been impressed with the sentiments of wisdom delivered by Solon, for
which he was at the time so ungrateful. Cf. cc. 30-32.-  7. T'olaV'7-s,
such; i. e. as is expressed in the adj. aOeva'os. -     9. &Z'Opwwros; as
a generic term  for one of the human race= -OzV77-s. -  TOItv6e; relative to AvOpcowros. - 10. KicKXo... ElOt1, there is a circle, etc.-a revolution, vicissitudes. -     13. Ta& Eu7raXtnv, differently from; otherwise
than. -     15. Ev ave's, sc. vrpyzayTl, in that act, or event. -     17. sir'... letxe, would seize upon. -   18. vKciV&... el, but you conquering
(i. e. if you should conquer) you do not conquer so much as if, etc.
24. &EgLWotaL fr. LE5fqlxjt, as much as they should permit you to pass
through. -     25. Tdae refers to what follows. -- 27. ayaOv... &.7rae'Es, bonorum Persicorunz insueti, et magnorum  vitae commodorum expertes. Schw. --    30. 7rp~s; adv. --    32. v7roXetropuEvovs....cpavpJ-.ra'rov, leaving the feeblest (part) of the army; whereby the enemy returning could easily take possession of the good things. Such a sacrifice ot
men we may call cruel; in war, it is policy. --   33. robs... WrovaujYv,
the rest should immediately retreat upon the river.
208.-1. rvipuat!fy' au'al, these opinions; those of the chiefs of the
Persians on the one hand, and that of Croesus on the other; avv'-'rTacray,
stood together; not in agreement, but in opposition to each other; were
in conflict, and Cyrus had to choose between them. -- 4. zcand, Ion.
for KaO' a'. -     5. oeoels fr.?rT1-7,rjul, having put, etc.
REMARK.-This care to settle the succession is remarked by the commentators as " a custom of the Persian monarchs," when about to expose
themselves to great hazards. It is equally so whenever the succession
lies in the will of the monarch. But as this precaution is not likely to
be taken when confident of success; and as Cyrus had not observed it
in all his wars before, it indicates that his mind was oppressed with
unusual apprehensions.
209.-1. Erepaic0rl fr. 7repato4w. -     3. To1rot&e agrees with olv.5. T'ovrE'o T iUEI,, sc. 7rTE'pvyt, with this one of them. 7 —.'AXajtUeZv1Ip.
The Achmemenidie was the royal family. See Rem. c. 125.-     8. es...
&rea, twenty years of age perhaps at most. KOv, with its indefinite sense,
qualifies eicoo. --    14. EdaXKe fr. &AMiKcoIat. -     15.  eye... ictleaV'at,
have a care of me. Both himself and others seem to have been impressed
with this conviction, from his boyhood. Cf. c. 124. I. 4, o-' yap Oeol Ei'ropecool, etc.; and c. 122. I. 13, ~Ya Oeo1TErpws, etc. It is probable also that
Cyrus was acquainted with the prophecy of Isaiah, xlv. 1, "Thus saith
the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to
subdue the nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to
open before him the two-leaved gates." -     19. ofvo.... obuepa, there




172                            NOTES.
is no means of escape (,niXav~, carrying the sense of its primitive, x',XosX)
fromn this dream, i. e. the purport of it. --   23. Us... XeAeXov,, that you
may produce your son before me for examination.
210.-3. a6bro~ii  raCup, there, in that expedition. -'1 3}... Aape-ov;
which uproved true in the end, but not till after the reign of the son of
Cyrus, as related by Hdt. in the third book. I- 5..xA.~ ~ ~ e7rLovuXEeG,
let there not be a man born a Persian who would plot against you. -
7. ts refers to ToL. -       9. veCrepa 3ovuAXeveL; cf. the Latin novae res,
revolution. -    10. TroOTro 5{ T; adverbial ace. in whatever way.
211.-2. enroee... b7roOicKas, performed the things suggested by Croesus.       3. ro.T   KaOapo ao'rpaTro, the sound, or, efficient part of the army.
-- 4. -oi &aXp4lov'; cf. c. 207. 1. 33.  -  7. b&Aeos'yVovs, endeavoring to
defend themselves. Cf. c. 205. 1. 3, and c. 165. 1. 2.
212.-5. i-prep... cKaKcd, which you yourselves being filled with, you
rave so as to belch forth vile words utpon yourselves, when it sinks down
into the body.  The expression gains point by the antithesis of KaT& and
azd. -     7. TO0IOiTqJ PapjAIC&K; a pleonastic apposition with &/urexivo
Kaprw. —a repetition rendered necessary by the long parenthesis which
intervenes. --  8. oh... KapTEp6v, not in a fair trial of strength. -
-  svi... xTyov, now  therefore accept the counsel of mne offering you
wholesome advice. -    12. XILov... 6Eo~dr~Trv.  They were not idolaters.
Cf. Rein. c. 131.
213.-3. aY&vKe; lit. went up; i. e. when the intoxication had passed
off. Cf. last chap. 1. 5, KaT7LwOS. -'va... KCaKOV, where of evil; in what
a calamitous state.-    4. Kvpov....  VuXe, he obtainedffrom  Cyrus, etc.
--       5. rcv  XepCv eKCpdTs0E, had gained the use of his hands; lit. was
master of his hands.
214.-1. iaKovaE fr. Eo- + d&Kov, listen to; heed.-    3.!cdXqv;
subject of yev&eOaL. -        6. 68LacTdYTas, standing apart; being at a DisTANCE from each other. --    7.'Ws... i ETTE7T4EVTO, when their arrows were
shot out; i. e. all out of the quivers; exhausted. -    z7LreG4vJTas fr.
avrnr. -     9.  Ov9.  vveo-dva, cf. c. 208. 1. 1, and see Tab. VIII. 3. (2.)
-   10.  i... o7X, sc. wxep[s. ~-   11. abo               See n. 189. I.'a'. See n. c. 189. 1.
21. -       15. lEravcjce fr. E7rapv[7&YL, she cast, or, thrust; alii, vea71rKe, et
alii, evacnr7r're. -- 16. XvtxaLvoxeYvS,  gratifying her rage, or, avenging
herself, but the act implied is only that of the insulting words.
20. iroxA.v... ep7Trai, many accounts being given, this has been judged
by me on due investigation (efprLat, to tell the result of one's inquiries, I




BOOK  I.  C. 210-216.                     173
take to be the proper sense of this word here) to be the most probable.
For the other accounts, see Class. Die.
REMARKS. —Vile end of that Cyrus whom ancient and modern times
equally have delighted to surname THE GREAT! And yet., the common
end of such greatness. Three others the world has seen who seemed
destined to win by the sword an universal empire. Of these, Alexander
perished by the surfeit of the banquet and debauch; Caesar, by that
popular vengeance which converted his best friends and Rome's purest
patriots to assassins; Napoleon, in a lingering and gloomy exile.
215.-4. votf[IoVres; see c. 131. 1. 6. --  5. a, 7rdvrTa, for all purposes. -  oaa....s, whatever things are for, or, pertain to. -    10. -Lt5pw,... ovbe. The ores of iron may have been trodden on by man for ages
without his suspecting that they contained a useful metal, or even distinguishing them from the common earths. Gold is almost universally,
and copper quite generally, found native. Add to this, that iron and
silver ores, when discovered, require much art to reduce them, and we
have sufficient explanation of the fact that the metals now most common came into use comparatively late. -   11. ob5e yap obe'. All the
Edd. retain this lection, though some Mss. omit obve ydp, and one omits
the second obve.
216.-1. yvvaiKca... EKao'ros, each man marries one woman; probably, that he may be responsible for the maintenance of her and her
children; though some have doubted the reading, not finding any
sufficient reason for the institution of marriage where the women are
common. --    5. Tbv....'.dtr/s, hanging his quiver on the front of her
wagon, or movable tent, which was their kind of habitation.9. XkAa 7rpda-'a, it will not do to render, other sheep; for that classes
the man with the flock, but other (sacrifices or victims, consisting of)
sheep. --   -& Krpea, they feast on the flesh of the man equally with the
animal. --    12. TrvO va fr. Ovcw, pass. aor. 2. --    14. oi 6... wrapaytvovTa', and these (i. e. fish) are produced in abundance, etc. -     17. Ovqrclsv mortal animals.








INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
A.                     102-106; subdued  by  Cyrus,
178, 188-191.
Achoemenidce, the most noble fami-  Astyages, 75, 107, et seqq.; called
ly of the Persians, 125.             also Aspadas, 73.
Adriatic sea, 163.                  Atlantic ocean, 202.
Ea, a city of Colchis, 2.           Atys, king of Lydia, 7.
_Eolians, subdued by Crcesus, 6.
Agbatana, capital city of Media, 98.                 B.
Agron, king of Sardis, 7.
Alexander, son of Priam, (Paris,) 3.  Babylon, description of, 178-183;
Alitta, a name for Aphrodite with    taken by Cyrus, 191; extent of
the Arabians, 131.                  its power, 192; two celebrated
Alyattes, king of Lydia, 16-25.        queens of, Semiramis and NitoAphrodite, called by the Assyrians    cris, 184, 185; chronology of,
Mylitta, by the Arabians Alitta,    186, Rem.
by the Persians Mitra, 131; wor-  Babylonia, fertility of its soil, 193.
ship of at Babylon, 199.          Babylonians, customs of, 195, 196;
Arabians, certain customs of, 198.    rites of Aphrodite, 199; care of
Araxes, river on the east of the    the sick, 197; funerals, 198.
Caspian sea, 202.  Same as the  Belus, 7.
Oxus, 202, Rem.                   Biton and Cleobis, two distinguishArdys, king of Lydia, 15.              ed Grecian youths, 31.
Argos, 1.                           Budii, a tribe of the Medes, 101.
Arion, the harper, marvellous sto-  Busse, a tribe of the Medes, 101.
ry of, 23, 24.
Arizanti, a tribe of the Medes, 101.                 C.
Armenia, 180.
Armenians, their mode of navigat-  Cambyses, father of Cyrus, 107,
ing the river, 194.                 112, 207.
Asia, Minor and Upper, 95.           Candaules, king of Lydia, 7-12.
Assyria, chronology of, 95, Rem.;  Chaldoeans, the sacerdotal tribe of
history of, promised, 106, 184;    Babylon, 181, 183.
kings of, who troubled Israel,  Choaspes, a river near Susa, cele106, Rem.; its fertility of corn,    brated for the purity of its wabut poverty of trees, 192, 193;    ter, 188.
had anciently many great cities,  Caspian Sea, 202, 203.
178; subdued by  the Medes,  Cilicians, 28.




176               INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
Cimmerians, 6, Rem.; 15, 16.       Derusicei, a tribe of the Persians,
Cleobis, see Biton.                  125.
Colophon, taken by Gyges, 14.      Dropici, a tribe of the Persians,
Corinthian, treasury  at Delphi,    125.
14.
Croesus, king of Lydia, 7; subdues                E.
all the nations west of the Halys, 28; his conversation with  Ecbatana, 98, Rem.
Solon, 30-33; his fall, 75; be-  Europa, abduction of, 2.
comes the friend and counsellor
of Cyrus, 155, 156, 207, 208.                   G.
Cyaxares, king of the Medes, improves their military discipline,  Germnanii, a tribe on the east of
73, 74; besieges Nineveh, but is    Persia, 125.
surprised and overwhelmed by  Gyges, assassinates Candaules and
the Scythians, 103, 104; sub-    becomes king of Lydia, 3-14.
dues the Assyrians, 106.        G~yndes, river on the east of the
Cyno, wife of Mithradates, herds-    Tigris, 189; divided by Cyrus
man of Astyages, preserves Cy-    into 360 streams, 202.
rus, 110-113; much praised by
Cyrus, 122.                                     H.
Cyrnus, the island of Corsica, 167.
Cyrus, father of Cambyses, 111.    Halys, river of Asia Minor, boundCYRUS TIIE GREAT, parentage, 75,    ary of the kingdom of Crcesus,
107, 108; his miraculous pre-    28.
servation, 109-112; brought up  Heraclidce, a dynasty of Lydia, 7.
by the wife of a herdsman, 113,  Hercules, takes to wife the slave
114; is recognized by his grand-    of Jardanus, 7.
father and sent to his parents,  Helena, abduction of, 3.
116, 122; avenges himself on  Hyele, a city of CEnotria, 167.
Astyages, 123-129; his treatment of Astyages after he had I.
him in his power, 130, & Rem.;
war with Crcesus and capture  Iberia, discovered by the Phocseans,
of Sardis, 73-75; siege and cap-    163.
ture of Babylon, 188-191; ex-  Inachus, father of Io, 1.
pedition against the Massagetee,  Indians, their remarkable race of
201 et seqq.; crosses the Araxes,    dogs, 192.
209;  slain by Tomyris, 214;  -o, daughter of Inachus, rape of, 1;
inglorious end of, 214, Rem.       which was the first act of hostility between Asia and Europe, 2;
D.                    the Phcenician account of, 5.
Is, a town and river in Babylonia,
Dai, a tribe of the Persians, 125.   179.
Darius, governor of Persia under  Issedones, a people north of the
Cyrus, 209; opens the tomb of    Araxes, 201.
Nitocris, 187.
Deioces, son of Phraortes, 16, 73;                 J.
his character, 96; becomes king
of the Medes, 96-98; his policy,  Jardanus, his female slave, wife of
99, 100; death, 102.               Hercules, and mother of the
Delphi, 14.                          Heraclidwe, 7.




INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.                       177
L.         _       Median dynasty, canon  of, 130,
Rem.
Labynetus, king of Babylon, who  Mitra, a Persian goddess, the same
mediated alliance between Cy-    as Aphrodite, 131.
axares and Alyattes, 74.        Mitradates, the  herdsman  who
Labynetus, another on whom Cy-    preserved Cyrus, 110, 111.
rus warred, 188.                Mylitta, Assyrian name of AphroLycia, 182.                          dite, 131; her worship among
Lycians, 28.                         the Babylonians, 199.
Lydia, chronology of, 32, Rem.    Myrsilus, same as Candaules, son
Lydians, so called from  Lydus,    of Myrsus, 7.
formerly called Mceonians, 7;
rendered effeminate by the policy               N.
of Cyrus, taken by the counsel
of Crcesus, 155, Rem.           Nineveh; Ninus, the ancient capiLydus, from whom the appellation    tal of Assyria, 193; besieged
to the Lydians, 7.                and taken by Cyaxares, 103, 106;
taken also by Nitocris, 185; so
M.                   named in S. S. by prolepsis, 95,
Rem.; its fall predicted, 106,
Madyes, king of the Scyths, 103.     Rem.
Magi, originally a tribe or family, Nitocris, an eminent queen of Ba101; the priestly caste of Per-    bylon, 185-187; her place in the
sia, 107, 120, 128, 132, 140.     canon discussed, 186, Rem.
Mandane, daughter of Astyages,
and mother of Cyrus, 107.                      O.
Maraphii, a tribe of the Persians,  (Enotria, 167.
125.                            Oxus, same as the Araxes, 202,
Mardi, a tribe of the Persians, 125.    Rem.
Maspii, a tribe of the Persians, 125. a(noussce, islands in the ~Egean,.assagetce, a people east of the    165.
Caspian sea, 201; their worship,               P.
customs, etc., 212-216.
Mlatiena, a range of mountains in  Panthialce, a tribe of the Persians,
Media, 189, 202.                  125.
Medea, daughter of the king of Pasargadce, a tribe of Persians,
Colchis, abducted by the Argo-    125.
nauts, 2.                       Paretaceni, a tribe of the Medes.
Mceones, the ancient appellation of    101.
the Lydians, 7.                 Patara, 182.
Medes, revolt from the Assyrians, Periander, tyrant of Corinth, 23.
95; Delioces becomes king, 96-  Persians, different tribes of, 125;
100; tribes of, 101; subdue Asia   their deities and sacrifices, 131,
under Phraortes, 102; war a-    132; worship rivers, 188; vogainst the Lydians under Cyax-   luptuous habits; deliberate when
ares, 103; loose the sovereignty    drunk, and decree when they
of Asia to the Scyths, 104; take    have become sober, 133; various
Nineveh and subdue the Assy-    customs, 134-140; proper names
rians, 106; fall under the power    all end with the same letter, 139;
of the Persians, 130.             subdued by Phraortes the Mede,
Media, description of the country,    102; they claim all Asia as their
110.                              possession, 4.
8*




178              INDEX  OF PROPER  NAMES.
Phcenicians, migrated  from  the  Struchates, a tribe of the Medes,
Erythreean to the Mediterranean    101.
sea, 1; built a temple to Aphro-  Syennesis, king of Cilicia, 74.
dite, 105.                      Syria, 105.
Phraortes, king of the Medes, 102.
Phocceans, voyages of, to Italy and
Spain - founded Hyele, 163-167.                 T.
Priamus, king of Troy, 4.
Priene, taken by Ardys, 15.        Tabalus, governor of Sardis under
Cyrus, 153, 154.
S.                 Tcenarus, 23, 24.
Tartessus, probably the Tarshish
Sadyattes, king of Lydia, 16, 18.    of S. Scripture, 163.
Sardis, dynasties of, 7; captured  Tellus, an Athenian youth, proby the Cimmerians, 15.             nounced happy by Solon, 30.
Sagartii, a tribe of the Persians, 125. Thales, foretold an eclipse of the
Sardoniarn Sea, 166.                 sun, 74.
Saspeires, 104.                    Tomyris, queen of the Massagetee,
Scyths, 15, 103, Rein., 106.         her parley with Cyrus about
Semiramis, 184; whether there    crossing the Araxes, 205-207,
were two queens of that name,    recovers her son who had been
186, Rem.                         taken by stratagem, 212; insults
Smyrna, 14, 16.                     the body of Cyrus, 214.
Solon, legislator of Athens, 29;  Tursenia, discovered by the Phohis celebrated  discourse with    cmeans, 163.
Crcesus, 29-33; probability of Turseni, naval warfare with the
the story discussed, 33, Rem.     Phoceeans, 166, 167.




INDEX TO THE NOTES.
I.-OF TOPICS, GRAMMATICAL, HISTORICAL, ETC.
A.                   Cap, caput, etymol., 130. 3.
Case-endings, significant,  24. 2'
Accusative case, absolute, 14. 18;    29. 3.
before Inf. by attraction. 3. 6;  Cerementation, among the Persians
of time, 29. 4; signification, 24. 2.    and other nations, 140. 6.
Acme, etymol. of, 29. 1.            Chronology, of Assyria, 95. Rem.;
Adjective, instead of adv 32. 46;    of Babylon, 186. Rem.; of Ly98. 1; predicate, position of,    dia, 16, 32. Rem.; of Media, 130.
196. 15; 202. 6.                    Rem.; of Persia from  Cyrus to
An, And, 124. 14.                      Darius, 32. Rem.
Anacoluthon, 114. 10.                Collective nouns, number of, 97. 1.
Antecedent, of rel. pro., ellipsis of,  Compass, points of named, 6. 3.
113. 2; 127. 9.                   Comparative,  absolute,  114. 16;
Aorist, and perfect together, I3. 19.    double, 32. 25.
Article, position of, 137. 5; post-  Comparison, peculiar form of, 126.
positive, 5. 2; 95. 4; without a    22.
substantive, 5. 14; 177. 1.       Consonants, originally syllabic, 13. 1.
Artaba, 192. 13.                     Copper and gold, earlier in use
Assyrian Chronology, 95. Rem.;    than iron and silver, 215. Remn.
kings who troubled Israel, 106.  Crasis of an ~ diphthong, 125. 11.
Rein.                             Crop, crap, etymol., 193. 12.
Attic choenix, medimnus, etc. 192.  Crucifixion, practised by the an13.                                 cients, 128. Rem.
B.                   Ctesias, notice of, 73. 4; his chroBarbacue, with the Persians, 133. 5.    nology of Assyria compared with
Be, etymological relations of, 126.    hat of Herodotus, 95. Rem.
13.                                Yubit, cup, cubo, cymba, etc., etyBeloe, character of his translation  L.nol., 130. 3.
of Herodotus, 139. 3.
Boeotian shoes, 195 4.                              D.
Budha, 131. Rem.
Dative case, construction of, 13. 9,
C.                     remarks on, 31. 22; 32. 3; of
Cadmncean victory, 166. 9.            time, 206. 4.
Call, etymol., 163. 8.              Deponent verbs, middle voice, 95. 3.




180                  INDEX TO THE NOTES.
Diphthong, by crasis, 125. 11.      Idolatry, origin of, 131. Rem..Divine Providence and justice, 127.  If, etymol. and sense of, 124. 14.
8; 161. 6.                        Impaling and crucifying, practised
Dozen, construction of, 32. 16.        by the ancients, 128. 6, and Rem.
Dumb, dupe, etymol., 111. 22.       Impersonal construction, 205. 6.
lonicus motus, 155. Rem.
E.                  Iron, later in use than gold, and
why, 215. Rem.
Eclipse, predicted by Thales, 74;
importance of the date of, to                     J.
chronology, 75. Rem.
Ellipsis, in the second member of  Justice divine, 127. 8; seat of with
a comparison, 126. 22; of ante-    the ancients, 14. 14; 97. 4.
cedent to a relative, 127. 9; in
partitive construction, 133. 5.                   K.
Embalming, among the Persians,
140. 6; 198. 1.                   Iing, the great, distinctive appelEunuch, etymol., 117. 20.              lation of the monarch of the East
Eyes of the king, 100. 9; 114. 8.      with the Greeks, 188. 4.
F.                                  L.
Few, construction of, 32. 16.       Laurent, his translation of HeroFlexibility of the Greek, 134. 15.     dotus characterized, 139. 3.
Leprosy, among the Persians, 138. 6.
G.                  Lick, etymol., 74. 21.
Ludus, 155. Rem.
Genitive case, significance of, 24. 2;  Lycia, seat of an oracle of Apollo,
of time, 29. 4; of measure, 178. 8;    182. 8.
with 7rvLOEoOaL, 126. 19.
Gerund, lack of, a defect in the                    M.
Greek, 100. 6; 108. 1.
God in history, 161. 6.             Marseilles, colonized by the Greeks
Gold and copper, earlier in use    and  perpetuated  the  Grecian
than iron and silver, 215. Rem.     culture, 167. Rem.
Marriage, how  effected at BabyH.                     lon, 196. 20.
Medic garment, distinguished for
Hard, etymol., 13. 1.                 beauty, 135. 2.
Hendyadis, 111. 23.                 Medicine, art of, at Babylon-a
High places, symbol of idolatrous    noble profession, 197. and Rem.
worship in Israel, 131. Rem.      Middle sense of deponents, 95. 3.
History, true idea of, 161. 6.      Mile, etymol., 32. 16.
Hundred, construction of, 32. 16.
Hycsos, Hucsos, Hookshas, 202. Rem.                 N.
1.                  Negatives, repetition of, strengthen
or neutralize each other; prinInfinitive mode, impersonal, 131. 4;    ciple the same in all languages,
with subject nominative, 2. 16;    137. 2.
attracting its subject to the accu-  Nemesis, 127. 8; 161. 6.
sative, 3. 6.                     Nirnus, a real personage, 95. Rem.




INDEX TO THE NOTES.                          181
Nomades, derivation of, 15. 4.      Romulus and Remus, story of simiNominative case, subject of Infini-   lar to that of Cyrus, 122. Rem.
tive, 2. 16; absolute, 134. 1.
S.
0.
Sacrifices, regard to cleanliness,
Oracle, to Crcesus, ambiguous, 73.    132. 5.
3; 75. 2.                         Sardis, orthography of, 7. 4.
Oxus, the Araxes of Ierodotus,  Scimetars, 125. 8.
202. Rem.                         Scollop, etymol., 128. 6.
Scythe, as a weapon, 125. 8.
P.                  Ship-building, art of, 163. 4.
Si, soit, derivation and sense of,
Patara, seat of an oracle of Apollo,    124. 14.
182. 8.                           Silver, later in use than gold or
Participle, for gerund, 100. 6; 108.    copper, 161. 6.
1; passive present, wanting in  Spies, 100. 8.
English, 108. 7; passive with  Stupid, etymol., 111. 22.
auxiliary, attributive in sense,  Suggest, etymol., 156. 1.
73. 7; 180. 4.                    Syntax, of the Greek complex, and
Partitive, elliptical construction of,    why, 134, 15.
133. 3.
Perfect tense and aorist together,                  T.
73. 19.
Periphrastic tense, 73. 7; 180. 4.   Tacitus, a passage of, compared
Phut, Potitii, Pythia, 131. Rem.      with  one in  Herodotus, 133.
Plural names of towns, 15. 2.         Rem.
Points of the compass, 6. 3.        Tenses, originally  only  two  in
Prayer, among the Persians, not    Greek, 13. 1; imperfect, signify
for self alone, 132. 6.             sometimes defective  action or
Prepositions, in translating, sense    attempt merely, 165. 2; 205. 3.
of merged in that of the case-  Thousand, construction of, 32. 16.
ending, 24. 2.                    Thumb, thump, etymol., 111. 22.
Pronoun, third person put for first,  Tribes of Media, 101; of Persia, 125.
108. 20; 115. 12; compound relative, 127. 9.                                   V.
Proprieties of life, commendable
scrupulousness of the Orientals,  Verb, primitive form of, in Greek,
99. 7.                              13. 1.
Prostitution  of  all maidens, a                    W.
priestly institution at Babylon,
199.                              What, as a compound  relative,
Providence, the idea of, prominent    127. 9.
in Herodotus, 127. 8.             Winds, names of concrete, 6. 4.
Women, mode of disposing of in
R.                    marriage at Babylon, 196. 20.
Woden, 131. Rem.
Relathve pronoun, with ellipsis of  Worship of rivers, 138. 13.
antecedent, 113. 2; 127. 9.
Religion, of Persia, not understood                 Z.
by Herodotus, 131. Rem.
Rivers, sacred, 138. 13.            Zeugma, 96. 4.




INDEX TO THE NOTES.
II.-OF CERTAIN GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES EXPLAINED
A.                   BopE'a, 6. 4.
&aefw, 132. 14.                                        r.
aeLKEL/7, 73. 18.
asArTosT, 111. 10.?yaj3Bpds, 6. 6.
al'w, a~w, 132. 14.                   -ya&ucv &cpaac, 196. 5.
auxa'tw, 191. 23.                    7ycaAzv 4raxAa-yiv, 74. 18.
lala, 112. 1.?ycp, 124. 5.
a&ap'cs, 119. 2.                      7y4 124. 18.
a&p, 100. 8.                                           A.
av&/3uLsp, 162. 1.
a&'-yvwals, 116. 2.                   Be, adv. ending, 182. 9.
aPvocraT'os, 155. 11.                  ~ E&7rtel'e, 96. 17.
a&vpbos pal7)W, 107. 8.               U4ov, 119. 2; 186. 27.
aveaoXKO7rlce, 128. 6.                Sh, 1. 7; 2. 7; 114. 1; 115. 5.
&.rd, 24. 2; its relation to time,  &a& tlAEov, 104. 4.
126. 12; 133. 9.                   $aaXpaolulA, 110. 19; 167. 12.
a7ro, in comp. with verbs followed  &,~oi, 107. 10.
by ace. 1. 3; with tuh, 105. 3.    SapadK1CW, ~reK-, 156. 6;?rt-, 161. 4
a&rb yXcao7os, 123. 20.               aOKCeEW, impers. with ellipsis, 131. 4
a7rb aeLfrvov, 126, 12; 133. 9.       Ud/4os, 179. 7.
aro7/poLEw, 29. 6.                    3pe'ravoz, 125. 8.
&r-oOvmieKw, TreXvdwO, 161. 6.        8vvao's, oJo's Te, 29. 9.
a7roXpaoLuaL, 102. 4.
apX9OEV, 131. 10.                                      E.'ArL'7 77 &vw, and /j Ka'rw, 95. 8.
aiTe, 190. 11.                         OeuAei, solet, ellipsis of, 131. 4.
arpe4dlLW, 185. 5.                     e0os, ieOios, CEOw, E&OS, ie- owLal, 15. 4.
a'rTOt, 182. 9.                       e's, see es.
auTrov rarp, 189. 20; 210. 3; 214.  EK, of time, after, 185. 29; 186. 2.
11.                                EKE0e, 182. 9.
B.                   ecn7rXayers, 116. 5; 119. 25..Xato, 193. 23.
Sa, or Be, a verb root, 126 13.       exeye 4acl, 122. 6.
BaaTLXebr   6 geyas, 188. 4.         &Vapeas, 105. 17.




INDEX TO THE NOTES.                             183
y 6  KMa, 184. 4.                      f5'7, as auxiliary, 122. 11.
iE  Idpp,, 126. 4.                      rrTe, 124. 14.
&eOa = Ev a&', 178. 4.               iaoav, with the sense of motion,
ENm, 183. 2.                             126. 13.
Eilr EKa-rfr, 123. 9.
E'rT-S TE EoovWUo, 119.25.                              (.
E &EA7Trrou, 111. 10.
e4aaTrTz7r7L, 15. 5; 155. 13.          Od' Bwo, 111. 22.
4efrTLrTaf/zeol, 197. 7.               Oe'Aco, as auxiliary, 109. 11.
EOvTrs, with the sense of motion,  OeXoKaKe'w, 127. 13.
105. 12.                            OeoeSAaz8s, 127. 8.
Eopyee, 127. 11.                       07,a8Lslr, 180. 5.
e'lraEl,'rao, 132. 14.                Oe(v), 0t, adverbial or case-endings,
Erdirel   e, 126. 12.                   182. 9.
ErA, with gen. of place, when motion  is  implied, a  constructio                     I.
pregnans, 164. 17; with gen. of
a person, 5. 16.                     s, in crasis, 125. 11.
E7r1L5L7)/.L, 95. 1.                     yEv,, 14. 9.
&rIrKAG75Y, 114. 6.                    LCKe'rr, 74. 1.
ErlraKE7f, 104. 11.                    Iva, adv. of place, in partitive conEOr-T''d/UEvo, 122. 4.                   struction, 98. 12.
e7rITIEa, 108. 6.'poev, 182. 2.
E7rLTpepd4uevov, 123. 5.               Yra 7rpbS Yora, 2. 7.
irtOovTro, 122. 3.                     iorTop'o, 122. 5.
srVoY, 13. 10.                         i-eropif, proenzm.
E7rcovv;tiL7v, 14. 18.
EpPeLI/, 131. 7.                                        K
fpya, 97. 14.
eS, primary sense of, 14. 12; 31.  Kal 68  Ka[, 1. 7.
27; with numerals, 32. 8; dis-  ial ere' TE, Cal 7rpi'Tds e, 96. 17.
tinguished from 7rap&, 24. 2.       cKaipv, 206, 3.
ES &'av, 119. 2; 186. 27.              Ka4uvw, 118. 6.
es jll'plpv7, 126. 6.                  Kacpra, 191. 30.
is catp&,, 206. 3.                     Kaplrld, 193. 12.
dooawO&'Tes, 190. 6.                   KaTrd =  KaO' a = KaTa& a, 208. 4,
fTepoTS, 32. 12.                          118. 2.
dEfwveo, 104. 2.                       KaTaca'lw, 116. 21;  with  part.
suvooXos, 117. 20.                        118. 4.
v77 XA'i,, 118. 6.                     Ka-rdrep, 118. 2.
x"(o, with Inf. 24. 33; as auxiliary,  Kaar AS-yoi, 134. 8.
73. 7; 109. 11; with ellipsis of  Kaa&'rb-v au'rb, AXJyov, 186. 15.
obj. reflexive, 1. 8.               KaTdaKoro'o, 100. 9.`w(O0, 73. 22.                         KaTraXpdouat, 117. 5.
KaTC'K01, 100. 9.
Z.                   KaTl'repOe, 185. 18.
KP, 97. 15.
e, as a root, 95. 1.                   Keoo/'L, K40teoA, 183. 18; 184. 3;
186. 24.
H.                    KOVCu 1.Ahora, 119. 5.
KU6r, 122. 12.
fios, 15. 4; 157. 2.                   KU'rTw, and cognate forms, 130. 3.




184                    INDEX TO THE NOTES.
A.                    Irapa, 24. 2; 32. 15; in comp. 108.
14.
XeoowpoT, 187. 2.?rapaXpdojuaL, 108. 14.
o'7yov, 134. 8; 186. 15.                 7rav, 122. 12.;AvV'etv, 155. Rem.                      7rEleo'Oal, with gen., 126. 19.
7rEL0w, and lrdo-xw, 98. 12.
M.                     irep, 106. 9.
7TEpLE7re e, 73. 11.
/uaXov rI, 114. 16.                     Wrepropew, 138. 12.
1^... B', strengthened  by  iovro,  7rEp7rtrTw, 108. 15.
30. 19, 21; by Xwpls or the arti-  7repL7ToLEolaL, 110. 18.
cle To', 106. 3.                      7repl 7roXAXo, 73. 12.
pEeTd, in  comp. 156. 4;  178. 13;  7reLOTL07LL, 128. 12.
194. 2.                               7rAfieTor, 120. 18.,/A  with ar4, 105. 3; after verbs  7rotLEo, = do or make, 185. 26.
of fearing, 155. 11.                  7rXALotla, 98. 10; 178. 3.:uyis, 116. 6.'rplv pleonastic, 165. 14.
rplv....j, 4. 3.
N.                     wrpoeOad'avro, 190. 9.
7rpoepvXa'aTeo, 185. 6.
ve/arepa BovhAevrv, 210. 9.              nrpKca, 111. 24.
vdsp, 182. 2.                           7rpos, 24. 2; with gen., 124. 17.
voIAiCw, 131. 6.                         7rpoaioola s r    7?ryv/, 109. 8.,ju w, 131. 2.                          7rpooKvvEw, 119. 1.
7~po'crav,'TE, 119. 22; 129. 1.
0.                     7rpocEpeoaOat, 116. 3.
rpJ'repos...., 4. 3.
88e, referring  to the first person,  7rvXAewv, why plural, 187. 2.
108. 20; 115. 12.                     7rvvdouLart, 111. 25; 122. 3..63s-6CK,rs  65oio, compared with
tcar' 6o6vg, 157. 1.
ota, 190. 11.
oTa, 131. 1.                            a, initial, a movable element, 134.4 
Owtecos, 107. 12.                        ao;lTiTs, 29. 3.
OLOS Te, and  ivvaT'e, 29. 9; with   aopds, 96. 3.
ellipsis of the antecedent rela-    radcc6, 110. 6.
tive, 112. 4.                         cTr41a, 134. 4.
oXrycoopeo, 4.7.                        oavyyE'vs, 107. 12.
oAXtyopxL', 106. 3.                      vuwpopd, 32. 21.
06I.OXpo0iLv, 74. 21.                    auv, 156. 4.
/,oUS e&'YToL, 189. 19.                  ovvEacrcav, 208. 4.
oro-Oe, 191. 4.                          avvogroqas, 196. 11.
oppy?, 73. 18.                           aXOtYvoTeV'as, 189. 15.
0o-L, 127. 1.
TL ~/A', 181. 18.                                          T.
&Pexov, with el, e1Oe, etc. 111. 12.
opOaAjahto  19arhLo s, 114. 8.           Ta 7TrdVTa, 122. 12.
~racpal, 198. 1.
II.                    Te, enclitic, with  conditional par.
ticle, 124. 14; original sense of,
rai7, 121. 2.                              112. 4.
7rdT77, 126. 4; 181. 7.                  TegXOS, 191. 23.




INDEX TO THE NOTES.                               185
rG;e'7;v, 121. 3.
TreAXEvTdW, and a7roOviKcw, 161. 6.
rX'Aos, 103. 4; 183. 7.                  cpdpeos, 24. 30.
TEqrevos, 183. 12.                        ltAE'w, 134. 2.
T7Vy Erl Oavadrp, 109. 2.               cpporVTia, 111. 5.
TIS, enclitic, 166. 6.
d... ieyov, for W/ze, 108. 22.                           X.
To0, 32. 3; 120. 21.
TdTE E'reL Te, 96. 17.                  XaLpwv, 121. 4.
ToOTo  E'V.....oiTo 8, 30. 19.        XaXkaZol, 181. 20.
T'pdirov, 189. 17.                      XOL8{', 126. 22.
TrvyXaco', with participle, 202. 27.   XI'Aat, 32. 16.'rtpavvos, 6. 2.                        Xpdoual, 163. 2.?yoe, for first person, 108. 20.        Xp.ta'raa, 187. 7.
Xp170TOo, 196. 15.
XpVo'Lov, 183. 5.
T.                    XpvUO'W'Te KCl E4lao'l, 111. 23.
Xwprto, 186. 11.
Xwpls ye,'... Xwpls 8, 106. 3.
ivrepSBPYat, 104. 3.,v7rd, in comp. 73. 8; 156. 6.                            Q.
ir5sdKplog, iroKpL'T77S, 116. 3.
vroKTr'COw, 130. 3.                    c&pair,,sWpcs, 107. 8;?ya/uAv, 196. a
id7ro07LO71y, 156. 1.                   Mp71, 4. 7.
nrc'peai, 110. 7.                       cOs raXIOTa, 128. 2.
T" D.