REVIEW OF MR. WYLLIE'S ADDRESS TO THE LEGISLATURE, ON THE EXPEDIENCY OF RIJUCING, THE lUTIES ON BRANDY &c.; BY A COMMITTEE OF THE J1AWAIIAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF THE SOCIETY. HONOLULU, H. I. GOVERNMENT PRESS. 1850. REVIEW. 3 REVIEW. The Committee appointed to prepare a review of an "1Address to the House of Representatives of the Hawaiian Kingdom by Robert Chrichton Wyllie, Esq., Minister of Foreign Relations," beg leave to offer the following as their report. The pamphlet embodying the " Iaddress," contains forty one pages, made up of heterogeneous materials; and is intended in its historical, tabular and logical departments to establish among other facts1st. That high duties increase the consumption of spirituous liquors on these islands. 2d. That a low duty would increase the amount of importation and consumption and thereby give an increased revenue. 3d. That all the liquors introduced are consumed by the natives. 4th. That all the liquors introduced if not consumned by the natives are consumed by the foreign resident population. 5th. That moderate drinking is conducive to health. 63th. That "Teetotalism" is a delusion, calculated to do injury to mankind by substituting terrperance for religion. Not to, continue the enumeration of tabular views and logical deductions which mright be greatly extended, we will proceed to a desultory examination of some of the points made by the author; and as an apology for the want of methodical arrangement, must refer the reader to the pamphlet itself as offering an example of the same diffuseness of composition, which may be charged as a fault in this review. As an evidence of the correctness of his opinion that high duties increase consumption, a table of the increase of spirits introduced into the country is given from 1847 to 1850 by which we learn that the amount passing the Custom House has been increased from 3271 gals. to 8252 gals. during the past three years. That this is unfortunately a true statement cannot be questioned, and it becomes necessary for us to seek for the causes which have been in operation to produce 4 REVIEW. such a result. If, as Mr. Wyllie asserts, it is owing to the high rate of duties, it presents an anomaly in finance worthy the most careful investigation. Is it not possible that our worthy Minister has forgotten some of the circumstances that have tended to produce this result? Are we to leave out of the calculation the unusually large number of transient persons visiting the islands during the period referred to? It strikes us as a bold assumption that the native population or the foreign residents either or both, are to be stigmatized as the consumers of all the liquors introduced from abroad. It is a matter of public notoriety that we have had a large number of transient persons visiting these islands, from California and the numerous British colonial possessions in the Pacific during the period referred to; that the merchant fleet, almost unknown to these Islands previous to 1847, has more than doubled the usual number of vessels touching at the port of Honolulu. The fact of the thousands of additional seamen arriving at this place and remaining, many of them, for weeks and months before reshipping; the numerous visitors referred to, producing a large influx of population both temporary and permanent, certainly form an element that should not be overlooked in a fair estimate of the causes producing an increase in the consumption of spirituous liquors. Many of these visiters possessed very "liberal views" on the subject of temperance illustrated by their frequent and large potations producing an activity quite unusual among the venders of ardent spirits. The increase of 5000 gallons exhibited by the tables of the Custom House, in the three years, seems to have been unsatisfactory to his Excellency, and we accordingly find him with a laudable zeal seeking from the Chamber of Commerce further light upon the subject. It is worthy of remark that the Minister propounds his questions in a statesman-like manner; without using leading questions or inciting the members to answers corresponding with his views. The answer, however, of the Chamber of Commerce is remarkable from the circumstance of the French Commissioner having forwarded a set of queries to the same honorable body, made up with much diplomatic care as leading questions to which the Chamber responds so as to involve themselves in assertions and contradictions which can only be accounted for from the circumstance of their extreme courtesy to stran gers and willingness to oblige the French Commissioner. REVIEW. The three following resolutions will sufficiently illustrate the kind and yielding disposition of the members and the accuracy with which they have carried out the views and opinions of this gentleman. The questions propounded are: ("Does not this shameful traffic (" contraband,") paralize the regular trade?" " Does it not amount to two-thirds of the regular trade?" " Does not the American as well as the European to whom the use of brandy is necessary have to pay immeasurably high for it?" The answers are: " Resolved 6th. That the contraband trade paralizes the regular trade. "Resolved 7th. That it amounts to more than two-thirds of the reglar trade." "I Resolved 8th. That the American and European, to whom the use of brandy is necessary, have to pay immeasurably high for it." We have seen by the statement of his Excellency that a brisk, and greatly increasing trade in spirits has taken place during the past three years, and he establishes the fact by a reference to the records of the Custom House. M. Perrin in his inquiry, and the Chamber of Commerce in their answer, boldly assert that this trade is " paralyzed." Paralysis must be defined an increase of power and activity, or the response of the chamber must be considered as erroneous. The assertion so boldly, we might say, recklessly made, that the use of brandy is necessary for the American and European, has been so often refuted by the most able physicians of the present day, and by the concurrent testimony of millions of our race, that the Chamber of Commerce with a large share of intellectuality among some of its members must have been extremely careless to have endorsed so erroneous a sentiment. It is remarkable that the answers to M. Perrin's questions should have been sent to Mr. Wyllie; yet we are not prepared to bring the charge of collusion against the parties concerning so erroneous a sentiment. In the 7th resolution the Chamber asserts what can scarcely be known as a fact, from the character of the business referred to, viz: that smuggling amounts to more than two thirds of the regular trade. 6 REVIEW. As the regular trade amounted m 1850 to 8252 gallons the illicit commerce must have equalled 5501 gallons according to the above statement. Our author so eager to make his statistics tell with overwhelming power, magnifies this amount on the same authority, to a total of 24,736 gallons and thus, most unceremoniously with a little mental calculation and a stroke of his prolific pen, manufactures nearly eleven thousand gallons of brandy and pours it without duty down the throats of the gaping natives. It is fair to infer from the character of our learned Minister that this error was unintentional on his part, and can only be considered as an oversight growing out of the involved and rather obscure language of the resolution. We are, however, not prepared to admit the correctness of the estimate of the Chamber of Commerce without proof on the subject, Many of the marvellous adventures and hair-breadth escapes from the revenue officers, among the pot-valiant, have their origin in the fertile imaginations of the heroes of these scenes, and in many cases have their parallels in " forecastle yarns," spun for the ears of the credulous. Merchants actively engaged in business will not give their time to trace to their source the reports of large amounts of brandy having been smuggled, and the frequent repetition of the same case enlarging as it travels, soon swells a gallon into a barrel and a demi-john into a pipe. Our collector general of customs giving his whole time and attention to the duties of his office and making careful examination into the reputed cases of fraud, gives it as his decided opinion that the quantity of brandy smuggled is less than 1000 gallons per annum. We have had already to refer repeatedly to the increase of importation and consumption as shown by the custom house returns aud when we compare this with the increase of foreign population and visitors to these islands we find that they have very fairly travelled together, and this parallel establishes the fact that the amount of smuggling has been very greatly overrated, whilst it, at the same time, rationally accounts for the excess of consumption over former years. If such facilities for smuggling are furnished as are mentioned in the pamphlet and so large a bounty for dishonesty is offered, why, we would ask, do we see any increase in the revenue, from this source, at all? Under the potent REVIEW. 7 influence of self interest, so freely commented upon, would we not witness a vast increase of drinking and drunkenness in our streets without a corresponding increase of revenue? Surely our merchants and citizens, not excepting natives, must be either the most honest or the most stupid people in the world to voluntarily pay $41,260 into the treasury during the past year; when they could so readily have avoided this large disbursement. As much of the reasoning in the pamphlet seems based upon the increase of drunkenness, consequent upon the increase of traffic in spirits, it becomes important to determine by whom the liquors are consumed. If we admit the correctness of the estimate of the collector general of customs as to the amount smuggled we shall have 9252 gallons to divide among the consumers. After careful inquiry and examination the following table has been constructed as an approximation to the truth. 2000 seamen on 18 men of war and gov't vessels 875 galls. 3420 do. "' 342 merchant vessels 2,138 do. 3180 do. " 117 whalers 1,987 do. 1000 Passengers arriving in merchant vessels 1,874 do. 300 Foreign residents, 1,711 do. 250 Natives, 375 do. Required for medical purposes purchased after payment of duties, 40 do. 9,000 do. We allow two glasses a day as an average consumption per man for seamen and passengers; one glass per day for the foreign residents and one pint a month for each of the drinking natives. The time allowed for men of war in port, two weeks; for merchantmen and whalers, 20 days; for passengers, 60 days. There are many of the seamen who enter into the above account who are known to be perfectly temperate in their habits; but there are many of the number who consume 15 or 20 glasses in a day, whenever they can obtain it, and we have accordingly made an average of the amount consumed, to arrive at an aggregate. That this table is not absolutely correct we are willing to admit; but we believe it to be an approximation to the truth as near as a survey of the whole ground will allow. It is well known by the old residents that those among the natives 8 REIVEW. who have unfortunately acquired " a taste " for brandy indulge themselves to an extent that knows no limit, short of absolute intoxication, or an exhaustion of the material; and thus those who do drink are known as drunkards far and wide. This gives a better opportunity for determining the amount consumed by them than we could otherwise obtain, and in the estimation of many extensively acquainted with the natives, the amount here assigned is considered as extremely liberal. The " demonstration" of our worthy Minister of Foreign Relations exhibited in tabular form on page 21, in which he charges the natives with drinking over 8000 gallons of liquors in 1850, giving on an average of the population to each individual,,11 gallons per head, and proving them the most drunken race on the globe; (excepting the Scotch,) when viewed by the table above, gives but,0005 per gallon, per head, proving directly the converse of the statement which he makes. That we may fairly represent the statements of the author of the pamphlet, we give the following quotation from page 21. " Thus the Hawaiians not only under our restrictive laws, consume more ardent spirits annually than the Irish, but are vastly more taxed for the luxury. " But that is not the worst of those laws; a worse consequence is by raising too high the price of good liquors, which in moderation are not injurious to health they lead the natives to inebriate themselves with Ava and other compounds which even used in moderation, are deleterious." We have attempted to show the incorrectness of the first part of this statement, and will give another extract from page 1, in reply to the latter portion. "Previous to the discovery of these islands by Cook, the natives intoxicated themselves by beverages of Ava." " After their discovery rum became known, and for many years produced the most disastrous effects among the natives." It seems to be a fair inference from the above that rum was far more " disastrous " in its effects than the previous use of ava had been, and notwithstanding this historical fact the effort is made to place rum within the reach of all the native race to prevent them from using what has proved far less injurious to them. "Under the restrictive laws," which according to our worthy and REVIEW. 9 learned Minister, "have greatly increased the consumption of liquor; and in despite of the great amount of smuggling, which is claimed to exist, prices range so high that fears are entertained that the natives may be compelled to return to the use of Ava for the purposes of inebriation." To our limited understanding the very large amount of smuggling which, by the plan suggested by his Excellency, would involve little or no risk, should have the effect of reducing the price of " good " liquors, so as to place them within the reach of all who might desire to use them. The very fact of their being held at so high a price is evidence conclusive that the law in its operation is not a failure. It is not a failure so far as revenue is concerned, for the amount collected is annually $41,260. It is not a failure so far as the native population is concerned, for the high prices place them out of the reach of a vast majority of the population. It is not a failure in the eyes of enlightened and christian nations; for they are following and even going beyond the example here furnished them. It is well known that the temperance reformation in the United States has resulted in the withholding of licenses for the sale of spirituous liquors over extensive districts of country, comprising whole counties and even states. Public opinion, when enlightened on the evils resulting from the use of spirits in any form, its impotence for good, and its constant tendency to produce crime, pauperism, misery and ruin, has banished it from the family circle, and from whole communities; and the same public opinion has called for legal enactments, to affix the broad seal of condemnation and death on this destroyer of domestic happiness. Treaties trammel this government so that prohibitory duties cannot be imposed; but through the aid of temperance associations we may reach the consciences of some, and point out the danger of others, and by these means raise a moral opposition to the introduction of spirits that will render it unprofitable for the shipper to seek this market for the sale of this creature of the still. Supply, is, by the laws of trade, sure to follow the demand. Cut off the latter, and France will cease to demand an admission for her brandies at any rate of duties into this kingdom. It is a matter of surprise and of extreme regret that our Minister of Foreign Relations usually so courteous, should have wantonly violated 10 REVIEW. the sanctity of private life, or have selected a most worthy class of citizens to prove the unfavorable effects of total abstinence on the human system. Although given in a somewhat apologetic tone, such an attack is unworthy of Mr. W., and shows the more strongly by contrast with his usual urbanity. He states that " the Protestant Missionaries, with their wives and children, I believe to be universally tee-totallers, and I would here remark without any offensive levity, and still less, personality, that, according to all outward indications of health laid down by physiologists, the system does not appear to be favorable, either to their complexion or their health." Had his Excellency taken the trouble of making inquiry into the facts instead of relying upon his knowledge " of outward indications," he would have learned to his astonishment that in the population of 206, comprising the whole number of these Missionaries and their families, not a single death has occurred among them for more than two years; the result doubtless of their temperance habits. We are, therefore, compelled to infer that either physiology is in fault, or Mr. W. is unacquainted with the laws that govern the human body. It is true that these same Missionaries do not carry countenances flushed by artificial stimulants, or noses illuminated by the torch of fourth proof brandy. On pages 22 and 23, we find an estimate so entirely incorrect in its inferences that it requires our attention for a few moments. Should it be insisted (as it will be) that the natives consume but a small amount of spirits, then says Mr. W., " you only pitch yourself from one dilemma to be transfixed on the horns of another." After various deductions of Missionaries and others he throws the entire consumption of 8252 gallons of spirits upon the foreign resident population, by which he forces down each of their throats 43 bottles of spirits during the year 1850. Although this is somewhat less than the 360 bottles for each male adult said to have been consumed in London under the restraining law of 1736 in the same length of time, yet we are told it is enormous. Such reasoning against facts, known to every intelligent resident of Honolulu, tends but to show the unfortunate position of the Minister, who, to redeem a pledge given to the French Commissioner, was thus willing to pile absurdities upon both horns of his dilemma to serve REVIEW. 11 as a cushion to save him from being gored. It has already been shown, that neither the natives nor the resident foreigners are the great consumers of spirits on these islands. On page 29 we meet with the following patriotic statement:-" But supposing we take the rate of consumption, per head, of the notoriously temperate, religious, orderly, well-behaved Scotch, " and ascertain by reference to page 26 what character these temperate, religious, orderly, well-behaved Scotch sustain, our author will tell us, "that evidence was obtained, before the commissioners of revenue, that in the Highlands (of Scotland,) alone, 2,000,000 of gallons of spirits yearly were illegally distilled; that in several districts, tho excise officers were deforced, and durst not attempt to do their duty, and that the smugglers carried their whiskey to market, escorted by armed men, in defiance of the laws." Will our Minister of Foreign Relations be so good as to furnish us with a better illustration of the character of his countrymen than the one above quoted? Or does he cite this historical reminiscence as an evidence of what Highland whiskey will effect, upon these "notoriously, temperate, religious, orderly, well-behaved Scotch?" We are told that "good liquors used in moderation are not injurious to health." It is probable that no drunkard would admit that a pint or two of brandy a day was immoderate drinking, especially if the brandy was " good." These two words "''good" and " moderation " have no determinate signification, when left to the various explanations of persons who are in the habit of using spiritous liquors as a beverage. Every man is supposed to know his powers of resistance to alcohol, whether a glass or a bottle is the measure, which can be taken without inebriation. Again, old Jamaica rum, Irish whiskey, and French brandy are all called " good " by those who are fond of tippling, whilst those who have not acquired a taste for them would consider them one and all as decidedly bad. To those who have acquired this taste we would say beware! for there is danger in your pathway and your only safety is in total abstinence. But taking the expression in its ordinary sense, as used conventionally, we are compelled to meet the assertion with our absolute dissent, and to support our opinion by such testimony as cannot be called in question. The following certificate will speak most forcibly 12 REVIEW. for itself; only a few of the names attached to the original being copied here. " 1st. That a very large portion of human misery, including poverty, disease and crime, is induced by the use of alcoholic or fermented liquors as beverages. " 2d. That the most perfect health is compatible with total abstinence from all intoxicating beverages, whether in the form of ardent spirits, or as wine, beer, ale, porter, cider, &c. " 3d. That persons accustomed to such drinks may with perfect safety, discontinue them entirely, either at once, or gradually after a short time. " 4th. That total and universal abstinence from alcoholic liquors and intoxicating beverages of all sorts, would greatly contribute to the health, the prosperity, the morality, and the happiness of the human race. Signed.-John Bostock, M. D., F. R. S., F. L. S. Richard Bright, M. D., F. R. S., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. Sir Benjamin C. Brodie, Bart., F. R. S. Serjeant Surgeon to her Majesty. Sir William Burnet, K. C. H., M. D., F. R. S., Physician General to the Navy. W. F. Chambers, M. D., F. R. S., Physician to the Queen and Queen Dowager. Sir James Clark, Bart., M. D., F. R. S., Physician in ordinary to her Majesty and Prince Albert. James Copland, M. D., F. R. S., Author of Dictionary of Practical Medicine. John Forbes, M. D., F. R. S., &c. William Augustus Grey, M. D., Prof. Forensic Med. King's Col. C. Aston Key, F. R. C. S., F. R. S., Surgeon in ordinary to Prince Albert. P. M. Latham, M. D., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. Sir James Mc. Grigor, Bart, M. D., F. R. S., L. L. D., Director General of the Army Medical Department. J. A. Paris, M. D., F. R. S., President of the Royal College of Physicians, London. Jonathan Pereira, M. D., F. R. S., F. L. S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Chemistry at the London Hospital. REVIEW. Your committee would be very happy to have it in their power to add to the above list, Doctor Robert Critchton Wyllie, Minister of Foreign Relations, &c. to give an additional lustre to the above bright constellation of names. His Excellency contends, as we have seen, that high duties increase consumption, and drunkenness; and proposes low duties for the correction of the evil. On page 27, he admits that at his suggested low rate of duties "perhaps the consumption would soon swell up to 15 or 20,000 gallons per annum." Doubtless his latter view is as correct as the former is erroneous; but by a most singular reasoning he holds that an increased consumption would not result in an increase of drunkenness and crime! The universal opinion of intelligent observers, as well as common sense teaches us that this position is not borne out by facts; and the effort to prove it by comparing Northern and Southern Europe, because the latter produces brandy and the former does not, is most happily answered by his Excellency himself in giving the average consumption of British spirits, (not brandy,) in Scotland at 2-28ths gallons per head of the population; thus showing that if they do not produce brandy, they do produce rum, gin, and whiskey. "It is well known," says Mr. Wyllie, " that the French as a nation, who supply the world with so much wine and brandy, are more temperate than either the British or the Americans." On page 24 of the 12th report of the American Temperance Union we find the following statements: With from 32 to 35 millions of people, the annual consumption of wines in France has been 746,571,429 gallons; of brandy 9,245,425; of spirits 2,250,000; of cider 221,705,450; of beer 74,025,520; in the whole 1,053,797,954 gallons. This then is the vaunted temperance of France! On page 33, of the same report, is the following picture of Great Britain: "According to the last annual report of the British National Temperance Society, it seems that from 1801 to 1846 inclusive, the spirits' stream of the United Kingdoms amounted to no less than 1,029-,628,668 gallons; of these there were 552,039,743 imperial gallons of alcohol, costing the country the enormous sum of ~666,617,600. Not ess than 100,000 public houses are constantly open for the sale of intoxicating beverages." 14 REVIEW. " All branches of the traffic are extended and sustained by an energy as untiring as it is infernal. All charms, blandishments, and sanctions are invoked for its honor. It seeks to league itself with all provident, benevolent, moral, and religious organizations. With a gory sacrilegious hand, it lays hold on Bible authority for its horrid, matchless crimes. With daring impiety and unrivalled blasphemy, it aims at engraving the autograph of divinity on its death warrants." But the English lion is aroused and is breaking through the net which had been so artfully thrown around him. The giant minds of old England and Scotland have grappled with this crying evil, and with the sword of total abstinence in one hand, and the shield of truth in the other, are sweeping this enemy of the human race from before them. Even now it is believed that drunkenness is not more common in England than in France, whatever it may have been in former times. " In England a mortality of sixty thousand by drunkenness, has been denied by some, but supposed by others to fall short of the true estimate. If twenty eight million gallons of pure alcohol courses annually through the British veins; if of nineteen thousand one hundred and ninety-nine criminals brought in a year before the police of Glasgow, eight thousand eight hundred and forty one were drunk in the streets; if of eleven thousand one hundred and fifty brought before the police at Edinburg, four thousand eight hundred and ninety-five were charged with drunkenness; and if thirty eight thousand four hundred and forty charges for drunkenness and riot were brought in a year before the police of London, no one can suppose that the annual mortality of drunkards can fall below sixty thousand." The above statistical information has not, to the knowledge of your committee, been impugned, and the 28,0O0,000 gallons of pure alcohol said to be consumed in Great Britain, shows so strong a contrast to the 3,000,000 of Mr. Wyllie that we shall be compelled to leave with him the task of reconciling the difference. The proposed reduction of duties to less than $1 per gallon, is urged upon the ground of revenue and some remarkable estimates are made of the suffering to the custom's receipts from the high duties imposed. It is extremely simple to determine the amount required to be introduced into the country to make the revenue equal to the $41,260 received during the past year from this source, at the proposed reduced REVIEW. 15 rate, and as our Hawaiian Legislators are tolerably expert at computing figures it is to be feared that they discovered the discrepancies in the argument under this head and thus refused to answer the requirements of our Minister of Foreign Relations. We were somewhat surprised that his Excellency should volunteer a gratuitous attack upon temperance societies generally, aiming his shafts more particularly at the humble society organized in Honolulu, and charging its members with a want of every christian virtue excepting the one under discussion. This wholesale condemnation merits a more severe rebuke than might be considered gentlemanly, and we therefore forbear, fearing the substitution of personality to argument in the discussion of the question at issue. Mr. Wyllie is not willing that the moderate drinker shall be saved from drunkenness, but with a modesty quite amusing, restricts the action of temperance societies to the ready-made drunkard. Such a restriction would hardly receive the approval of Father Matthew, so highly eulogised in the pamphlet, and to those who have investigated the subject, the proposed rule of action would strike them as the very height of indiscretion and folly. The chief object of temperance associations is to prevent moderate drinking and thus insure against drunkenness for it is a well-established fact that moderate drinkers furnish an annual supply to the army of drunkards in Great Britain and the United States of not less than 100,000. To stop this tide of death and destruction and to save from inevitable ruin this number of our brethren forms the chief design of temperance men. Stop the stream at the fountain and we need not fear an overflow of the banks. Persuade men not to drink even in moderation, and there is no danger of their becoming drunkards. Mr. Wyllie either does not understand the position of temperance men, or intentionally misrepresents them. The latter is scarcely a supposable case; and we must ascribe his want of knowledge on this subject to the vast amount of business that almost constantly occupies his time, to the exclusion of a careful and thorough examination of this subject. The theological department of the pamphlet is in keeping with the rest of this curious production; but had the author had an opportunity of examining the theses upon this subject by the learned Dr. Nott, President of Union College, and of Professor Stuart, his applications of 16 REVIEW. scripture, in proof of the license there granted to indulgence in drunkenness, theft, or any other crime, would scarcely have weight even in his own mind. The key to the explanation consists m unfermented wine being the beverage allowed by our Savior, and the fermented wine, always distinguished in the original by a different word, being condemned both in the old and new Testaments. It is well for us to examine carefully and candidly the words of revelation before using any portion of them in a perverted sense or for a corrupting influence. The lightness, not to say flippancy, with which the writer deals with Holy Writ would have led us to a suspicion that he regarded but little the sacred volume, had he not so decidedly told us to the contrary. Whatever may have been the intentions of the author, your committee cannot but express the opinion that the enlightened members of theeLegislature took a. correct view of the value of the arguments set forth, and that the pamphlet will not have the effectto corrupt the minds of any intelligent men, or to make converts from the ranks of temperance to the side of moderate or immorerate drinking. The reasons for the above belief consist in the contradictory statements of the pamphlet itself, giving internal evidence of a hasty and careless compilation; from its effects on the Legislative body; and from the circumstance of every argument in favor of tippling having been time and time again met and fully refuted. It is due to the Minister of Foreign Relations to state, that the address of which the pamphlet purports to be a report was the fulfilment of a diplomatic pledge, given during the course of a discussion on which the vitality of our government depended and which was most skillfully handled by him; and it would be but fair to consider it but an act of coercion on his part to make a speech so ridiculous as not to carry weight with the Legislature and thus prevent a result, if carried out, evidently most disastrous in its consequences. If we view the matter in this light we may still discover the shrewd and culculating diplomatist, under the assumed garb of a warm friend to French brandy, when in reality, as he assures us, he is " temperate in all things." We shall therefore dismiss the pamphlet with the kindest wishes for the health and happiness of the author, assuring him that Temperance is not considered a substitute for Religion by its votaries but is deemed one of the virtues essential to its existence,