REPORT OF THE G-EO()I OGICAL SUIRVEY OF WE STATE OF -MISS-OURI, INCLU- )I GNFTi E TlD) WO R K O F 1 873 -1 8 7 4 WvITH 91 ILLUSTRATIONS AND AN ATLAS. (GAl&.jLA. TID AC. BROADIIE AD, STATE GEOLOGIST. INTED BH1Y TlE. AUTHIORITY AND UINrYF TE, I)IIRECTION OF THEII JVBUREAUT OF GEOIJOGY'- AND MINES. JEFFERSON CIT'-: F:E(GAN a& CARTER, STATE PRINTCERS AND BINaDERS. 1874. OFFICEI' OF TI1o GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, ST. Louis, August 31, 1874.,rO the President, and 1Memnbe:rs of the State Board of Geology and M3ines: GENTLEMEN: I have the honor herewith to submit to you the Reports of the 1-:vork of the Missouri Geological Survey for the years 1873 and 1874..With:this, Gentlemen, I have the honor to be Your obedient servant. G. C. BROADHEAD, State Geologist. PREFPACE. During the years 1.873 and 1874, the Board of Managers of the:Survey consisted of' Gov. SILAS'WOODSON, ex-officio President. MR. EDWIVN HARRISON. PROF. FOREST SHEPPARD. HoN. A. W.!IYERS. HoN. L. A, BIROWN.'With A. A. BLAIR, of St. Louis, Secretary of the Board. My predecessor in office, Prof. Pulmpelly, sent in his resignation to take effect July 1, 1873. At that time, the following persons were employed as assistants on the Survev: G. C. BROADHEAD, Assistant Geologist. Dry. ADOLF SCHMIDT, Assistant Geologist. PREGIS CHAUVENET, Chemist. CHAS. J. NORWOOD, Assistant. ALEX. LEONHARD, Assistant. J. R. G-AGE, Assistant. P. N. MOORE, Assistant.,H. H. WEST, Assistant. With Mi. T. J. CALDWELL, in the office, and C. HENRICH, Topographer. At a meeting of the Board on the 18th of June, 1873, I was,unanimously appointed State Geologist to succeed Prof. Pumpelly. On account of the depletion of the fund during the first part of the year 1873, I found it necessary on entering upon my duties as State Geologist to reduce the force engaged in the field. During the:latter half of the year 1873, Dr. Schmidt, Mr. C. J. Norwood and Mr. -6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Chauvenet were employed, with Mr. Caldwell as draughtsman in theoffice and, part of the time, Mr. West assisted in the field. During the early summer of 1873, Mr. P. N. MAoore examined the. Limonite deposits of the South-east, in the progress of which heexamined ore beds in Madison, Bollinger, Wayne and Butler. Mr. J. R. Gage examined certain lead deposits of Jefferson, Washington, Madison and St. Francois. Dr. Schmidt, assisted by Mr. Alex. Leonhard, made a careful examination of the various lead and zinc deposits of Newton and Jasper counties. MIr. Leonhard and Mr. Henrich made a topographical survey of the Granby lead mines. Myself, with the assistance of C. J. Norwood and H. I-. West,. made detailed examinations of the coal formation and underlying. rocks of Bates, Vernon, Barton and Cedar, and a survey of Jasper county. During the months of September, October and part of Novemnber, we made surveys of Howard, Linn, Adair and Sullivan counties. During the spring and part of the present year, Dr. Schmidt made examinations of the lead deposits of C0ole, Miller, Morgan, Mioniteau and Cooper. C. J. Norwood and H. I. West made surveys of the counties of Putnam and Schuyler and part of Chariton. During the present summer, I have made detailed examinations in Madison and Cole, and have visited certain mines in Callaway andt 5Moniteau. During the past winter and part of the present summer, wve were engaged in writing out our reports. We have been assisted in the office by Mr. T. J. Caldwell and 5Mr. T. A. Minor. Mr. R. Chauvenet, our chemist, has been almost constantly engaged in making analyses of various ores. I would state, in addition, that Dr.,I. G. Norwood has kindly placed at my disposal copies of notes taken by him in Madison county several years ago. PREFACE. 7 I would state that our plan of.working for the past year has been to look after those items of the greatest interest and economic value. and I have impressed upon the various assistants the importance of presenting the facts in the simplest form, so that they can easily be understood by the general reader. Of course, sometimes we have to use terms only pertaining to Geology, but this is found necessary in all professions. The lawyer, the merchant, the physician, the architect, the farmer, all use terms peculiar to their calling, and find it necessary to do so. Scientific men may be in search of certain facts; for their criticism and correct understanding, we often have to use terms only familiar to science, otherwise, our descriptions would seem awkward if not unintelligible. The Board, by its action of last November, resolved to publish the next volume from the fund of the annual appropriation. This has necessarily very much limited our field work during the present season. The number of men employed on the Survev during the first half of 1873 was such that the fund was very much reduced at the time I assumed the duties of State Geologist, and although I reduced the number of en:ployes, still there remained less than $14,000 for the present year. With this sum we have managed to do some field work and leave enough to publish the results of our last year's examinations. An arrangement was effected with Gast & Co., of St. Louis, to engrave the maps and plates, and with Messrs. Regan & Carter, the public printers, to do the printing and binding. Mr. Gast has already exhibited proof sheets of plates, and they are well done, and compare favorably with similar work contained in other Geological Reports. Messrs. Regan & Carter, we know from previous experience, will do their work well, and we can safely say that our present volume, in style and execution, will favorably compare with other Geological Reports, and be highly creditable and a good recommendation for our publishers. S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. In our collection we have representative specimens of rocks, fossils, clays, and ores from each county or district examined. Rocks supposed to contain hydraulic properties as well as fire clays have been collected. These we propose to have tested as to their useful qualities. In our collection are numerous fossils fronm different formations. Many of these can not yet be distributed to the different State Institutions which under the law are entitled to collections, until they are carefully studied by the Palhontologist. It is recommended, that a Paleontologist be appointed at an early day. Other States have published valuable contributions to Paleonthology, our valuable collections present an interesting field for study, and by the assistance of an able Paleontologist a han dsome addition could be offered to science. I take pleasure in acknowledging kindnesses shown by various citizens of the State during the progress of my work. Among these I might mention Mr. J. HI. Nash of Cass, Messrs. W. W. Prewitt and J. M. Lowe of Vernon, Mr. Tucker of Barton, Mr. W. S. Tower of Jasper, Hon. L. A. Brown and J. C. Heberling of Howard, lion. D. S. Hooper of Adair, and many others. I am also under particular obligations to Messrs. T. MIcKissock, Supt. St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, Mr. W. C. Van Horn, Supt. of St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railways and Mr. A. A. Talmage, Supt. of A. & P. Railroad, for free transportation over their several Roads. GARLAND C. BROADHEAD, State Geolog.ist. CONTENTS. Chapter 1. Introductory chapter-Historical Notes......G. C. BROADHIEAD.'Chapter 1I. General Geology..................... BROADHEAD.'Chapter IIL. Caves-Supplies of water........................... G. C. BROADHEAD. Chapter 1V. Soils-Timber............................................G. C. BROADHEAD. Chapter V. Minerals-Rocks.... C. G. BRoADHEAD. Chapter VI. Topographical features, etc.-S. W. Coal field G. C. BROADHEAD. Chapter VII. Cedar county..............................G. C. BROADHEAD. Chapter VII. Jasper county........G. C. BROADHEAD and C. J. NORWOOD.,Chapter IX. Barton county........G. C. BROADEEAD and C. J. NORWOOD.,Chapter X. Vernon county....... G. C. BROADHEAD and C. J. NorzwooD.'Chapter XI. Bates county...................G. C. BROADHEAD.'Chapter XII. Howard county...... G. C. BROADHEAD and C. J. NORWOOD. Chapter XIII. Sullivan county....................................... C. BROADHEAD. Cha-pter XIV. Adair county............................... G. C. BROADHEAD.,Chapter XV. Linna county..G. C. BROAIHEAD. Chapter XVI. Putnam county.......................... C. J. NoRwooD. Chapter XVII. Schuyler county..........................................C. J. NoRiwooD. Chapter'XVlII. Andrew county..G. C. BROADHEAD. Chapter XIX. Davis county.................... G. C. BROADAEAD. Chapter XX. Cole county-Coal Pockets.......................G. C. BROADITEAD. Chapter XXI. Madison county........G. C. BROADHIEAD and J. G. NoRwoon. TL E A ) R E G I O N O F S 0 U T H-W E S TM O I S S D U R. I-B-Y AD. ScHI~DT Chapter XXII. General characteristics of the region. Chapter XXIII. Description of ores and associated minerals. Chapter XXIV. Description of rocks and modes of occurrence. SPI'EC:IA.L DESCRIPTION OF ORE DEPOSITES'. Chapter XXV. The deposites of the Shoal Creek District. Chapter XXVI. Deposites of Turkey Creek District, Chapter XXVII. Deposites of Center Creek District. Chapter XXVIII. Mining and smelti:i. 10' CONTENTS. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. Chapter XXIX. General characteristics...................... SCHarIDT.. Chapter XXX. Description of ores. Chapter XXXI. Description of rocks and mode of occurrence of the ore. Chapter XXXII. Special description of deposites. Chapter XXXIII. Practical rules for developing ilon ore deposites...A. SCHMIDT. Chapter XXXIV. Lead region of South-east Missouri..................... J. R. GAGE. Chapter XXXV. Iron ores of South-east Missouri........................P. N. MoOR.:: APPENDIX A. Notes on History of Lead Mining in Missouri...................................HENRY COBB.. APPE NDIX B. Description of Lead Mines in Upper Louisiana —Extract from American State papers,. APPEND IX C. Metallic Statistics. APP E NDIX D. Mineral Springs of Mlissourli. APPENDIX E. Chennical Analyses.................................................................... CHAUVENET.' CHAPTER, I. HITSTORICAL NOTES ON EARLY IINING IN MiISSOURIo BY G. C BROADHEAD. The object of the early explorers through the province of Upper Louisiana, was the same that had actuated the early Spanish settlers of Mexico and other American provinces-the search after the precious metals. In vain hope of discovering precious metals, the Governor of Louisiana prepared an expedition which, in 1705, ascended as far as the mouth of the Kansas River. 1715-1742. In 1719 the Sieur de Lochon being sent by the West India Company, commenced mining on the AMeramec.* He dug out a large quantity of ore, was occupied four days in smelting a pound of it, which they say produced two drachms of silver; but some suspected him of putting this in himself. A few months after, he returned, and from two or three thousand pounds of ore extracted fourteen pounds of lead. Charlevoix, who passed here October 17, 1721, says they were then engaged in searching for a silver mine. The company being impressed with his accounts, sent a Spaniard named Antonio, who had been taken prisoner at the siege of Pensacola, was afterward a galley slave, and boasted of having wrought in a mine of Mexico. But he succeeded no better than De Lochon. *Schoolcraft-Exta-acts from Charlevoix's joulrnal. -12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. About this time a company of the King's miners, under the direction of La Renaudiere, did some mining; but as he neither understood mining nor smelting, he failed in accomplishing anything. A private company next undertook the Meramec mines. Sieur Renault, one of the directors, superintended the operations, and in June, 1721, he discovered a bed of Lead ore said to be two feet in thickness. Austin, in his communications, (1804,) speaks very favorably of Renault's mines. These mines were worked by Renault until 1742. After that, they were not worked again until the present century. La Motte, working under the direction of Renault, discovered the Mines a la Motte in 1720. In 1763, Francis Burton discovered the rich mines known ever since by his name, and now called Potosi Mines; and in this neighborhood the lead mining was chiefly concentrated. 1798 —1823. Moses Austin was born in 1784, in Durham, Connecticut. In -early life he moved to Virginia, at length settling in Wythe county, where he conducted an extensive Lead mine and founded the town of Austinville. In 1797 he journeyed on horseback from Austinville to St. Louis. At this time the only settlements between the falls of the Ohio (Louisville) and St. Louis, were at Vincennes. Austin, very soon after his arrival in Missouri, obtained a grant of one league of land from the Spanish government, which he took possession of and sunk the first regular shaft in 1798, and erected a reverbatory furnace for smelting Lead. Austin's mining operations included the Minie a Burton tract (Potosi). This was discovered by Francis Burton in 1763. Austin's report in 1804, names ten principal mines, viz: 1. Mine a BIurton. 2. Mine a Robina. 3. Old Mines. 4. Mine Renault. 5. Mine a Maneto. 6. Mine a la Plate. 7. Mine a Joe. S. Mine aLanye. 9. Mine a la Motte. 10. Mine a Gerbore. Schooleraft's list, made out in 1818, includes forty-six mines, HISTORICAL NOTES. 13: mostly in Washington county (39); three in Ste. Genevieve; one in, Madison, and two in Jefferson. Schoolcraft, about this time,* speaking of the Potosi Mines, says: The chief are Austin's, Bibbs', Jones', Mine a Rlobins, Old Mines, Bell Fontaine, Shibboleth and Mine a Joe, (Bogy Mine,) and were at that time reserved to the Gov — erinment, and are leased to individuals by application at the War Department, underauthority derived from the President, and the lessee paying one-tenth in Lead. The price of Lead, at that time, was four dollars per hundred at the mines, with four dollars and fifty cents on the Mississippi at Ste.. Genevieve or Herculaneum; the cost of transportation, seventy-five cents per hundred. The same mineral was then worth seven dollarsper hundred at Philadelphia. The quantity of lead annually smelted from the crude ore, was 3,000,000 pounds; and number of hands employed, 1,100. Other mines worked about this time, were those near Prairie du Chien, worked by Sacs and Foxes; on the Des Moines, formerly worked by the French; on the Osage, Gasconade and Mine River of Missouri; on the White River and its tributaries; on the St. Francois;.. on the Arkansas, where silver is in combination; at Cave in Rock, Illinois; at Drennon Springs and Millersburgh, Kentucky; on New River, at Austinville, Wythe county, Virginia. At the latter place it had been worked for fifty years, and the mines were being still workeq. About 1820, Lead was found in the Southern part of Cole county. and about 1827, the first furnace was erected by Chouteau, of St.. Louis. From 1823 to 1850, Lead-mining' was continually on the increase in Missouri. The mines of Galena, Ills., were discovered in 1822, and actual work begun in 1827, and were very extensively worked for some seven. years after. In the Missouri Geological Report of Prof. Swallow, published in. 1855, Dr. Litton furnished the fullest Report on Missouri Lead Mines that had yet been published. He describes a number of Mines in Washington county, and says that its area may be considered as one extensive " Lead Digging." Since then no Report has been published of these Mines, but their yield continues good. Dr. L's Report also included certain Mines of Jefferson and Franklin, most of which are still worked with profit. Mr. Meek, in his Report published at the same time as Dr. Lit-, Schooleraft, 182. 14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ton's, says that Lead has been found in all parts of lMoniteau where the Magnesian Limestones exist. He enumerates 10 mines in Moniteau county. The most valuable he considers to be the High Point mine. This was discovered in 1841. About 1846, a lead furnace was erected in Camden county, probably the first built in Western AMissouri. Mr. Meek examined Miller county in 1855, and wrote his Report in 1859. He speaks of Lead being found at several places North of the Osage, and at one locality South of that River. His statements would indicate that very little mining had been done in that part of Mtissouri at that time. Mr. Meek also says that Lead was found in nearly every township in Morgan, but not over a dozen mines worked. There really was not much mining done in Miller county until 1869, nor in Morgan until 1873. At this time there is a great deal of mining Leing done in both Miller, Morgan and Cole. At present the Lead Mines of Morgan, are by some persons thought to be as valuable as those of Granby or Joplin. Until recent years mining in South-east Missouri was confined to isurface mining. Now, deep shafts have been sunk in many places, -and rich yields of mineral obtained. We may say that the mining in Central Missouri is yet near the surface. When these have been chiefly exhausted, deep shafts will be sunk, and reasoning on the experience of South-east Mines, we may here expect to find rich Lead still lower down. Dr. Shumard, in his various Reports from 1855 to 1859, speaks of the existence of Lead in Ozark, Wright, Laclede, Pulaski and Phelps. He considers the Eastern part of Crawford as constituting part of the vast Lead District of South-east Missouri, and enumerates many valuable mines. I-e also speaks of the mines of Perry, Ste. Genevieve and Jefferson. Previous to 1857, Lead had only been found at three places in Maries county. Within the past few years very valuable mines have been developed in the Northern part of the county. Although some Lead has been found in Osage, Texas, Wright, Benton and St. Clair, no extensive mining has yet been prosecuted in these counties. Prof. Swallow, in his Geological Report of 1855, speaks of the chief mines worked in the South-west at that time as those on the -Gravois and near Linn Creek, other mines near Cole Camp, in Benton county and in Jasper and Newton. The Granby mines were discov~ered after his,first visit to the South-west; a little mining had been HISTORICAL NOTES. 15 {done two miles South of Carthage, near Minersville, on Turkey Creek, zShoal Creek, below Neosho, Sturgeon's prairie, Oliver's prairie, and -a few other points. At present most of the Jasper and Newton mines -have developed into exceeding rich mines. Prof. Swallow's Report to the Pacific Railroad Company in 1859, -enumerates 216 mines and 34 Lead furnaces in Missouri. The Report of the Ninth Census for 1870, states that the product eof Lead-mining in Missouri at that time, was $201,885, making it the second Lead-producing State in the Union. Wisconsin being the first,:its yield amounting to $369,067. The yield in other States was small. The returns include Lead mines in Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia and Wisconsin.' The same Report gives returns by counties of Missouri, as folJlows: Cooper........................................................................................... 300 Franklin.......................................................................................... 27, 630 Jasper.............................................................................................. 37,500 Miller.............................................................................................. 6, 115 l Moniteau........................................................................................ 1, 100 Newton............................................................................................ 72,50( St. Francois........7............................................................................ 7,t760 WV ashington...................................................................................... 17,000 Webster.....................................................................1............... 1, 980 If this report be correct for 1870 it falls far short of the amount three years after, for Joplin alone, in 1873, produced over $500,000 -worth of lead. Again, during the first six months of 1874 there were brought into St. Louis over the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad 5,050 tons of pig lead, worth in St. Louis $707,000. HEAVY SPAR-SULPHATE OF BARYTA. As long ago as 1822 Schoolcraft informs us that Sulphate of Baryta was crushed, powdered and mixed with white lead and used in painting, and that as much as 80 per cent. could be used. H-le speaks favorably of its use. We can not find that it was much used in adulterating white lead until within the last fifteen years. At present vast quantities are used. IRON. In 1816 James Tong erected a small furnace for smelting iron near what is now called the " ShutIn," on Stout's Creek, Iron county, three miles east of where Ironton now stands. He only smelted a small 16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. quantity of ore, being forced to stop in consequence of the fall in all: kinds of produce and manufactures. This was the earliest attempt to smelt Iron in any of the States west of the Ohio. The next furnace was erected in 1823 or 1824. About that time a blast furnace was. erected in Washington county by Eversol, Perry and Ruggles, afterwards known as' Perry's Old Furnace." The ore was first obtained: from Clear Creek.* The first bar of Iron, made out of pig metal in Missouri, was in,: May, 1825, and the first blooms in 1832. The next blast furnace erected was by Massey and James, in, Phelps county, which was completed in 1829, andi has been in operation, at intervals, up to the present time. Their property, now known. as the Meramec Mines, was, for many years, known as Massey's Iron Works and Mines. Their mine was opened in 1826. For many years their iron had either to be hauled on wagons to the Missouri River or else taken in flatboats down the Meramec. About the year 1840 a furnace was erected on Sac River, in the southern part of Cedar county. But little work was done. The owner being financially embarrassed his creditors tore down the buildings and destroyed the machinery. Since then no furnace has been erected in that portion of Missouri. In 1836 the Pilot Knob land was entered by Van Doren, Pease &. Co., who proceeded to form a company for speculation. They also purchased the Iron Mountain and laid off a city.t In 1843 a charter was granted by the Legislature of Missouri to C. C. Zeigler for himself and others, and in June, 1845, the " Iron Moun — tain Company " was formed, a company composed of Jas. Harrison and P. Chouteau of St. Louis; F. Valle, C. C. Zeigler and John P., Scott of St. Genevieve; Aug. Belmont, Samuel Ward and Chas. F.. Mersch of New York, and E. F. Pratt of Fredericktown. The Pilot Knob works were begun November, 1847, under the management of C. C. Zeigler and E. F. Pratt. No mining had been previously done at these places. In 1848 E. Mead of St. Louis, shipped metal from Iron Mountain to England and the following spring he received it back manufactured into razors and pocket and table cutlery by Jos. Rodgers and Sons,, Sheffield. These experiments proved the ore to be well adapted for the manufacture of fine steel cutlery. In 1853 Child, Pratt & Co. had *Mo. Geol. Rep., 1855, Pt. 2, p. 73. tWestern Journal and Civilian, vol. 8, p. 136. HISTORICAL NOTES. 17 large quantities manufactured into lock cases, and they were found to be superior to those made from other iron.* The Report of the Ninth Census, 1870, gives the value of Iron produced in Missouri for that year as $191,496, which is but a small return when compared to Pennsylvania of $3,944,146. ZINC. The profitable mining and working of Zinc in Missouri belongs within the past decade; of Zinc blende within two years.' The first Zinc metal in Missouri was made at Potosi in 1867, by Geo. lHasselmneyer, and the next works started at Carondelet produced the metal in May, 1869. *-WVestern Journal, vol. 11, p. 371. CHAPTER II. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. GENERAL GEOLOGY. GEOLOGICAL RELATION S. As the names of the several formations, which occur in Missouri, require frequently to be named in a Geological Report, and as this Report may fall into the hands of many citizens of our State who are not familiar with such terms, it seems but proper to give a brief description of the various groups and their order of succession. Until within a few years past, the Granites, Porphyries and other rocks of similar origin and constituency, were termed AzoIc. Recent investigations, developing certain facts, have caused Geologists to discard this term and use that of Eozoic instead. Professor Dana* in his manual of Geology to such rock has applied the term ARCHTE AN, which may include rocks in which there is no evidence of any preexisting animal life, or in which we find evidence of the first dawn of organic life. About the origin of these rocks there certainly is but little known; we only recognize them as including the apparently oldest. The ArchbTan time includes1. Azoic age. 2. Eozoic age.t They are also subdivided into two periods: 1. The Laurentian, or oldest of the two, and, 2. The Huronian. *Dana —Man. Geol., p. 146, etc., Ed. 1874. tSee Dana's Man. Geol. Ed. of 1874, p. 146 et Seq. CHART OF GEOLOGIC.ABY G. C. BROADHE MISSOURI. ILLINOIS AND IOWA. OHIO. TE11T.NESSEE. A lluvium.......................................................... :t A lluvial.............................. Q............................................................... Loam.. B luff................................................................ L oess.................................................................................................. B luff.................... Gravel, D rift............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................I....................................................................... Ripley............................................................................................................. C retaceou s............. G reen Coffee...............................................................................................................................................................:..........................................................................I...........................................................................................................I..............................................................:...............................................................................................I.........................................................................................................:............................................................ , Upper Coal M easure.................................... Upper Coal..................................... TTpper....,.......................................................................... M id dle C oal M easu re........................................................................................................................................................................................ Lower Coal Measure.......!.......I..................... Eower Coal.......................... Lower................... Coal Measures................................................. 0;.................................. Conglom erate................................. Carb. Conalom..............................................................................'Chester Group.......................................... Chester Group..................................................................................... Mountain Limestone...,.........;< St. Louis..................................................... St. Louis Group................................................................................... 20 U pper Silicious.......... s: Keokuk...............................................P...... Keokuk Group.................................................................................... Lower Silicious.......... PP Encrinital or BurIffigton.............................. Burlington Group.............................................................................. -11................................ Ch uteau Limestone................................... Kindrihook Group....................... W averly.......................................................................... V erm icular Sandstone and Shales.................................................................................................................................................................... LL Ith o grap h ic L im estone........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Black Slate......................................................... Black Slate.................................... Erie Shale....................................... Black Shale.....................................................................................................................................;.................... Huron Shale........................................................................... H am ilton................................................................................................................ H am ilton............................................................... t................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. C orniferou s.......................................................................................................................................................................................... O n ondag a............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iskany.......................................................... O riskany....................................... O riskany.....................................................:............................ Clear Creek Lim estone............................................................................................................................................................I........................................................... Lower Relderburg............................................................. Lower Helderburg..............'Meniscus Limestone...... Dyestone Group............ P4 N iagara.......................................................................................................................................................................... Wh. 0. M t. S an dston e... D t Clinch Mountain Sandsti Cininnati Group................................................ Cincinnati Group........................ Cincinnati Group............................ Nas'hville Group................................ ia:.................................................. 6 f u;l....................................................................... cep tacu li im eston e................................... na s e...-.................................:.............- -... -...........::............................................. -.................... I Trenton Limestone........................................... Trenton Limestone..............................................................I.............. Lebanon Limestone............ B lack R iver.................................................................................................................................................................. W ith M arble....................... B irds-ey e.......:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... F irst i'vlag nesian L im eston e....................................................................................................................................................................................... Saccharoidal Sandstone...................................... St. Peter's Sandstone...... i...................................................................................................... r-4 Second M agnesian Lim estone.............................................................................................................................:........... Secon d S andstone..........................................................................................................................................................;:i D olom ite S h ale.......... 0 0 Third Magnesian Limestone.............................................................................................!,.................................... Dolomite Sandstone.... T hird San dstone....................................................!......................................i.................... F ourth M ao-nesian L im estone....................................................................................................................................................................... Potsdam.................................................................................................................................... Chilhowee Sandstone..........,......................................................................................................I.... - - I'll, L....................................................................... Ocoee Conglomerate and Sla P orp h yry... A rch aean................................................................................................................................................................................................... G ranite.............................................................................................................................................................. HISTORICAL NOTES. 19 1. LAURENTIAN. This includes the chief Granite ranges of the Continent, extending from Labrador to the Arctic Sea, the ranges parallel to and north of the Laurentian chain of lakes, reaching from the St. Lawrence River to Lake Supeiior, the Adirondack Mountains of New York, Black Hills of Nebraska, and Granite and Porphery mountains of South-edst Missouri. The Laurentian rocks are either metamorphic or crystalline. They include Granite, Gneiss, Syenite, Crystalline Limestone (or Marble), Hypersthenyte. Iron ore and iron bearing minerals abound. The rocks belonging to this system in Missouri include Granite, Porphyry, Specular and Magnetic Iron and some Slates. The subdivisions of Geological time areI. ARCHIEAN TIME, including 1. Azoic age. 2. Eozoic age. IL. PALEOZOIC TIME: i. Age of Invertetrates, or Silurian.' 2. Age of Fishes, or Devonian. 3. Age of Coal Plants, or Carboniferous. II[. MEsozoIc TImIE: The age of Reptiles. IV. CENozoIc TIME: 1. Tertiary, or age of Mammals. 2. The Quaternary, or age of Man. The fbllowing chart of Geological History shows the formation of Missouri opposite to equivalent formations in other localities: 20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF MISSOURI. In the order of succession the formations may be represented thus: QUATE R NARY. Allhkvium. Bottom Prairie. Bluff or Loess. DRIFrr: Altered Drift, Sand and Pebbles, Clay and Boulders. Tertiary? Cretaceous? CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. UPPER CARBONIFEROUS OR COAL.IEASURES: Upper Coal. MIiddle Coal. Lower Coal. Clear Creek Sandstone and Lower Coll. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS: Sandstone. St. Louis Group: St. Louis Limestone and Wartsaw Limestone. Keolkuk Group: Encrinital or Burlington. Chouteau Group]: Chouteau Limestone. Vermicular Sandstone and Shale. Lithographic Limestone, DEVONIAN SYSTEM. Hamilton. Onondagoa. UPPER SILURIAN': Oriskany. Lower Helderburg (Delthyris Shale). NSiagara. Cape Girardeau Limestone. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. TRENTON PERIOD: Cincinnati Group-Hudson River Shale. Receptaculite Limestone. Trenton Limestone. Black River and Bird's-eye. GENERAL GEOLOGY. 21 MIAGNESIAN LITMESTONE SERIES: 1. Magnesian Limestone. Saccharoidal Sandstone. 2. Magnesian Limestone. Sandstone. 3. Magnesian Limestone. Potsdam Limestone. Potsdam Sandstone and Conglonertate. ANPCILEJ AN: Greenstone. Porphyry. Granite. QUATERNARLY SYSTEiM. The Quatenary System is represented by one or all of its integral members throughout the State. Our soil is alluvial and generally reposes on one or the other members of the system. The Bottomn Prairie is generally a dark, tenaceous Clay, forming more often a flat prairie. Correct types of this formation are represented by the Mississippi bottom prairie from the Missouri River to'Clarksville; the bottoms above Hannibal; the Waconda prairie in Carroll county; the Missouri bottoms in Holt and Atchison counties; Marais des Cygne bottoms in Bates county; Marmaton bottoms in Vernon county; Sac River bottoms in Cedar county; Grand River bottoms in Henry county; Big Creek bottoms in Cass county; Petit Osage plains in Saline county, etc. These Clays are black, stiff and pointed, with sometimes, but rarely, beds of sand, and often contains small concretions of Bog Iron. BLUFF OR LOESS. This is fully described in the County Reports. It occurs in the Missouri bluffs, forming a belt of several miles in width, extending from the mouth of the Missouri to the north-west corner of the State, where it is found just beneath the soil. It is generally a finely comminuted silicious marl, of a light brown color, and often weathers into perpendicular escarpments. Concretions of Limestone are often found, and to the marly character of these Clays may be ascribed the richness of the overlying soil. The Missouri hills are generally covered with heavy timber as far up as Hiolt county; further up they are often bare. The growth of timber is generally valuable, including such varieties as Walnut, Sugar tree, Hickory, Elm, Linden, Ash, Rock Chestnut, Oak, together with Redbud, Pawpaw, Grapevines, etc. The " Bluff " is well represented in the hills of Glasgow, Kansas City and St. Joseph. 22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Receding from the river for ten miles the character of the Bluff changes to a stiff, tenaceous Clay, which may properly belong to the LRIFT. This formation exists throughout North Missouri. The upper members consist of stiff, tenaceous, brown, drab and blue Clays, often mottled and sometimes containing rounded pebbles, chiefly of granitic rocks. The lower division includes beds of dark, blue Clay, often hardening on exposure, frequently overlaid and sometimes interstratified with beds and pockets of sand, sometimes inclosing leaves and remains of trees. Good springs originate in these sand beds, and when they are ferruginous the springs are chalybeate. The Lower Drift includes large boulders of various kinds of rock, chiefly granitic or metamorphosed rocks, of which Granite, Red Quartzite and Greenstone are the varieties more often found. These rocks are drifted from the far north; the Quartzite from Minnesota and North-west Iowa. The force of gravity generally causes the boulders to settle down near the streams; still they are sometimes found on high ground. They increase in quantity and size as we go north. In Sullivan county a Granite boulder was observed 20x24 feet. Boulders three feet in diameter are found as far south as Monroe county. They occur in North Missouri from low in the valley to an elevation of about 1,050 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The'Missouri River seems to limit their southern extension, for along its southern bank, and in the blufls above all known high water, it is only occasionally that drift boulders are found, and they are only represented by a few small boulders of Granite, Quartzite or Greenstone, and they are found no further south. But at a few'localities rounded silicious pebbles are found. In St. Louis county, three miles north of Glencoe, there is a large deposit of these pebbles, among which I only recognized Quartzite, Greenstone and chert. These beds occur on a ridge, which is probably over`00 feet above the Meramec valley. Along the streams lower down are heavy deposits of river gravel, evidently originated on the ground-but we find nothing similar to that found on the high land. If convenient to St. Louis it would be exceedingly valuable. No better material could be procured for street paving. There appears in sight about 7,000,000 cubic feet. West of this the next deposit was observed near Big Salt Spring, in Saline county, but the quantity was limited. On the top of the high ridges encircling the head of Panther Creek, Bates county, and at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above the sea, we find occasional small rounded pebbles of Chert. Similar pebbles GENERAL GEOLOGY. 23 were also observed on the high land, South-west of Carthage, Jasper county.* The washings on the banks of the Maries des Cygnes, and a few other streams, disclose beds of rounded cherty gravel, occupying a position above the present ordinary high water mark. In the beds of sand, with clay and vegetable remains, are also sometimes found the teeth, tusks and other bones belonging to the mastodon, horse, ox and other extinct animals. It is very probable that anterior to the deposit of the last named rounded drift, etc., but subsequent to the age of deposit on the highest land that an immense lake covered a larger part of our state, including all of North Missouri. St. Louis county, the counties on the Missouri River above Moniteau county, and a portion of the border counties, while all Central and Southern Missouri formed an extensive area of dry land. As the waters of the lake subsided, currents originated, wearing away the surface of the lower lands, and moving with great force, sweeping in its path the horse, mammoth, etc., bore down the drift from the higher lands and deposited it along the valleys. We have evidence also in North Missouri —of great erosion previous to the existence of this immense lake. In Sullivan and Adair, solid Limestones and Sandstones occur to within a horizon of 50 to 60 feet of the higher hills. In Adair, towards the East line, wells have been dug over a 100 feet without reaching solid rock, and at Edina, Knox county, a well has penetrated over 200 feet in these Clays. This area is now covered with Clays of the drift formation including remains of trees, etc., towards the bottom. The extensive deposits of rounded gravel found in the Northern counties of Missouri, if convenient to cities, would be of exceeding great value in paving streets. COAL. We dwell but briefly on the Coal formations-this being elsewhere more fully treated in the county Reports. The map of 1872 does not include all the Coal fields, but only an area of a little over 19,000 square miles. This includes over 8,000 square miles of upper Coal Measures. The upper Measures are mostly barren of Coal, or only contain an occasional seam too thin to pay for working. The investigations of 1873 show a greater downward thickness of * Neosho is 1,018 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. This locality is probably 150 feet higher, or about 1,160 feet above the sea. 24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the Coal formation in South-west Missouri, including beds whose position is probably below the beds of North Missouri. Our examination of the South-western counties have enabled us to estimate the Coal area with a pretty near degree of accuracy. The total area of the Missouri Coal field we thus find to be 23,100 square miles. COAL PIOCKETS. Near the margin of the Coal, but disconnected from the regular Mleasures, are often found small pockets of chiefly cannel, but sometimes bituminous Coal. Although they are generally quite limited in extent, sometimes they contain enough Coal to occupy a good force of men for many years before they are exhausted. LOW V CARB ONIFER OUS OR MOUNTAIN LIM ESTONE. CIIISTER GROUP. In Southern Illinois, and Southwardly to Alabama, are beds of Limestone with some Sandstone and shales, reaching to as much as 1000 feet thickness. This Group is almost entirely absent in Missouri, being only represented in South-west Missouri, by a Sandstone heretofore known in Missouri Geology, as the FERRUGI-NOUS SANDSTONE. This is generally found along the Eastern and Southern limit of the Coal field, passing beneath the Coal formation on the West. It varies from a few feet to 100 feet in thickness. In Callaway it occurs both as a pure white Sandstone, a ferruginous Sandstone and a conglomerate. In Pettis and Howard we find it a coarse, whitish Sandstone. In Cedar, Dade and Lawrence a very ferruginous Sandstone, often containing valuable deposits of Iron ore. In Newton it occurs in useful flag-like layers, Limestones of the Chester Group were recognized by Dr. Shumard in Perry county, 200 to 300 feet in thickness. ST. LOUIS LIMIESTONE. This Group, next in descending order, forms the entire Group of Limestone at St. Louis, where it is well marked and of greater thickness than seen elsewhere in this State. It is more often fine-grained, compact or suberystalline, sometimes inclosing numierous Chert concretions. and the beds are often separated by thin, green Shale-beds. GENERAL GEOLOGY. 25 The chief fossils of this Group are Melonites, Bryozoons, litlbostrotian and Producti. It greatest thickness is not over 250 feet. In this Group are now included beds which have been called Warsaw Limestone. It is subordinate and lies at the base of the St. Louis Group. It mhore often consists of alternations of calcerous shales and thin, irregular, coarse, Blue Limestone beds. Archimedes and Pentremites are the chief fossils. The St. Louis Group includes the even-bedded Limestone of St. Louis, St. Charles and Alton, the equivalent beds at Spergin Hill, Indiana, the calcareo-argillaceous Shales and Magnesian Limestone of Warsaw. Where the upper part of this Group forms the surface rock, we find numerous sink holes as at St. Louis and St. Charles. KEOKUK GROUP. The upper part includes beds of shale containing geodes of Quartz,,etc., some of which are very beautiful. The lower beds are gray and bluish-gray, with lenticular and concretionary Chert beds, together with some massive Chert beds. Archimedes, Heminpronites (renistria and Crinoid stems are numerous, and some fish teeth are found. This constitutes the Limestone at Keokuk, Iowa, the upper Limestone at Quincy and Hannibal, the Limestone in central parts of St. Charles county; it is also found in St. Louis, Boone, Howard and Coopqr, is well developed in South-west Missouri, being found in Cedar, Barton, Vernon, Jasper, Newton and McDonald. It is the Lead-bearing rock of these South-western counties, and corresponds to the silicious Group of Tennessee. It is 200 or more feet in thickness. IENCRINITAL OR BURLINGTON LIMIESTONE.* The upper beds are gray and cherty. The top beds in St. Charles county, include seventeen feet of thin Chert beds with alternate layers of red Clay. The middle beds are generally gray and coarse; the lower ones gray and brown, with some buff beds. Crinoid stems are common in nearly all the beds, hence it has been appropriately termed Encrinital Limestone. The lower beds often abound in well preserved crinoidctis. This rock occurs at Burlington, Iowa, Quincy, Illinois, Hannibal and Louisiana, Missouri, and is well exposed in most of the counties The objection to the term " Encrinital,'' is the fact that there are limestones belonging to other obrmations which abound in crinoid stems, and lithologically resemble this. Being well developed at Burlington, Iowa, Prof. Hall. first termed it'' Burliugton Limestone." 26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. on the Mississippi River north of St. Louis; and from the western part of St. Charles to Howard county. South of the Missouri River,. and along its south-west outcrop, it is not generally well developed. In Green county it is quite cavernous. It has not been recognized east of Illinois, and is not separated. from other Carboniferous Limestones of Tennessee. CHOUTEAU GROUP. This Group, originally called" Chemung," in the Missouri Report of 1853, by Prof. Swallow, and also by Prof. Hall in his Iowa Report, since called the Kinderhook Group by Worthen in his Illinois Report,. and also by White in his Iowa Report, is probably better developed in Missouri than in either Illinois or Iowa. Being first described by Missouri geologists, the term then applied, if correct, should remain. Pale-ontological investigations make it a matter of doubt about its being equivalent to the Chemung Group of New York, but of this I have not studied sufficiently to be entirely satisfied. As there is much greater thickness and better development in Missouri, I shall choose to use the name of the chief member of the Group for the Group itself, and call it the Cbouteau Group. Missourians who have read Swallow's Report, will at once understand what itmeans. It includes three principal divisions: 1. Chouteau Limestone, 100 feet. 2. Vermicular Sandstones and Shales, 75 feet. 3.'Lithographic Limestone, 55 feet. The Chouteau Limestone, in the upper part, is a coarse, gray Limestone, resembling the lower beds of the Encrinital Limestone. In fact, it is a bed of passage, as it often contains fossils common to both. Next belowis a thick bedded Magnesian Limestone, sometimes containing geodes of Quartz and Calcite of a peculiar form, with occasional Chert beds. Lower down are thinner beds of dove or gray, fine-grained Limestone. This was observed of one hundred feet in thickness, near Sedalia in Pettis county. VERMICULAR SANDSTONE AND SHALES. The Sandstones of this division are generally soft and calcareous.. They are easily recognized by being ramified by irregular windings throughout, resembling the borings of worms. This formation attains a thickness of seventy-five feet near Louisiana, in Pike county. GENERAL GEOLOGY. 2T LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE. This, where normally developed, is a fine-grained, compact Llimestone, breaking with a free, conchoidal fracture-closely resembling the well known Lithographic Limestone, but when exposed breaks into numerous perpendicular joints. It might be that if quarries were well opened, good layers for lithographic purposes could be displayed. The lithographic character is only seen in North-east Missouri,, and as far as my observation has extended, only in Pike and Ralls, it being best developed at Louisiana, where it is fifty-five feet thick. Where elsewhere seen, it somewhat resembles the upper beds of the Cholteau Group. At Taborville, St. Clair county, it is of a salmon drab color, occurring in thick beds having an open texture, and contains a well known characteristic fossil-Pentremites Rcemeri. Sh. The Vermicular Sandstone and Shales preserve a uniformity of structure from Ralls to Greene county. It is seen in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, Cedar and Greene. The Lithographic Limestone is found in Pike, Ralls, St. Clair, Cedar and Greene. The Chouteau in Knox, Marion, Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles, St. Louis, Warren, Montgoinery, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, St. Clair, Cedar, Greene and Christian. Fragmentary outliers of this group are occasionally found capping the higher ridges near the Arkansas line. At base of this group, in North-east Missouri, a few feet of black: Slate is occasionally seen. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. The Hanmilton Group is found in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, Warren Montgomery, Callaway, Boone, Cole and probably Moniteau; also in Perry and Ste. Genevieve. Onondaga Limestone probably found in Cole, Boone, Callaway,. Montgomery, Lincoln and Pike. Total thickness of Devonian, about 100 feet. UPPER SILURIAN. Oriskany Sandstone is found in Ste. Genevieve and Ralls. On Salt River, above Cincinnati, it contains well known fossils of the Group. 28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. In Cape Girardeau county, Dr. Shumard recognized the Upper Silurian, represented byDelthyris Shale (Lower Helderburg)............................................ 350 feet Niagara Group......................................................................... 225 feet Cape Girardeau Limestone............................................................... 50 feet Hle recognized the same beds in Perry and Ste. Genevieve counties. In Montgomery and Callaway counties are about 20 feet of coarse gray crinoidal beds, which are probably Upper Silurian. In Pike county, near Sugar Creek, are heavy beds of buff Limestone, affording a good building material, and equivalent in age to the well known Grafton quarry rock of Illinois, used extensively in St. Louis. Dr. Shumard makes the Lower Helderburg 100 feet, and the Nia-.gara 150 feet thick in Ste. Genevieve county. LOWER, SILURIAN. This very important system reaches to a great thickness in Mis~souri, and covers over one-half the area of the State. At the top we find the CINCINSNATI GROUP. This, the equivalent of the blue Limestone and Shales of Cincin-,nati and of Madison, Ind., is represented in Missouri only by the upper shale beds, with an occasional flag-like Limestone layer. It is found in Ralls, Pike and Lincoln, and probably reaches to 100 feet in thickness-Prof. Swallow thinks 120 feet. The mineral springs of Ralls and Pike seem to originate in these beds. The Eastern equivalent of this formation is the Hudson River and UJtica shales. GALENA GROUP-RECEPTACULITE LIIESTONE. This consists, in Missouri, mostly of beds of coarse gray or white Limestone-the Galena Limestone proper being wanting, and, as far as,observed in Missouri, none of the beds are Lead-bearing. It occurs in Cape Girardeau, Perry, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson, St. Louis, St. Charles, Warren, Lincoln. Pike and Ralls. Its greatest thickness (130 feet) is in Cape Girardeau. In St. Charles it is not over 40 feet, in Warren 30,,and thins out in eastern part of Montgomery county. GENERAL GEOLOGY. 29 TRENTON GROUP. With this Group we includeTrenton Limestone........................................................................ 150 feet Black River Limestone.................................................................. 70 feet Birdseye Limestone..................................................................... The Trenton Limestone is generally thin-bedded, dark ash, drab or gray, and sometimes magnesian. The Black River and Birdseye are often in even layers; the lower beds have sometimes mottled drab and reddish shades, often affording a pretty Marble. The Trenton is found from Cape Girardeau to Ralls county, and from St. Charles to Callaway, entirely thinning out in eastern portion of Callaway. The Black River and Birdseye are found from Cape Girardeau to Lincoln,, and in St. Charles, Warren and Montgomery, thinning out in the latter county. The entire thickness of this group is probably over 400 feet. MIAGNESIAN LIMIESTONE SERIES. This, as low in the series as the Second Sandstone, is probably the equivalent of the Calciferous Sandrock of the New York Geologists. The rocks below are the equivalents of the Potsdam formation. The Potsdaml and Calciferous have been sometimes called "Primordial." FIRST MAGNESIAN LIIuESTONE. This is generally a buff, open-textured, thick and even-bedded Limestone, breaking free under the hammer, and affording a useful building rock. A species of Cythere is often found; other fossils are rare. Dr. Shumard estimated its thickness in Ste. Genevieve county to be about 150 feet. In North Missouri, I observed it 70 feet thick in Warren county. It is found in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Callaway and Boone. South-westwardly, it is not well markedin fact, I doubt its presence in some counties where, in regular sequence, it should be found. It occurs in Franklin, St. Louis and southwardly to Cape Girardeau county. FIRST OR SACCHAROIDAL SANDSTONE. This formation is well developed in Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Montgornery, Gasconade, Franklin, St. Louis, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, Perry and Cape Girardeau. Besides the above, it is also developed in a more attenuated form, in Callaway, Osage, Cole, Moniteau and Boone. It is the rock called in the Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin Reports the St. Peter's Sandstone. :30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This Sandstone is probably destined to be one of the most usefu rocks found in Missouri. It is of a very white color and the purest Sandstone found in the State, and very suitable for making the finest.glassware. Its great thickness makes it inexhaustible. I have ob-,served it 133 feet thick in St. Charles and Warren, and in South-east Missouri it has been observed over a hundred feet in thickness. In Jefferson county, a large plate glass factory has recently been established, where they contemplate making glass equal to the finest French plate. SECOND MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. This formation occurs in all the River counties south of Pike as *far as the swamps of South-east Missouri, and is more often the surface rock in all the counties south of the Missouri and Osage Rivers to within 50 miles of the Western line of the State. It is generally composed of beds of earthy Magnesian Limestone interstratified with -Shale beds and layers of white Chert, with occasionally thin beds of white Sandstone, and, near the lower part, thick cellular silico-mag - nesian Limestone beds. The beds are more often of irregular thick-ness and not very useful for building purposes. It is often a Lead-bearing rock, and most,of the Lead of Cole county occurs in it. It is from 175 to 200 feet thick. Its fossils indicate it to belong to the calciferous Sand rock of New York geologists. SECOND SANDSTONE. This is much coarser than the first Sandstone, and occurs in much firmer beds-at the upper part are beds of intercalated Chert, often abounding in fossils. This rock is common in most of the counties of South-east and Southern Missouri. Thickness 50 to 150 feet. THIRD AIAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. This, also, an important member, occurring in nearly all the counties of Southern Missouri, is generally a thick bedded coarsely cryslatine bluish grayeor flesh colored magnesian Limestone, with occasional -thick Chert beds. It is the chief Lead-bearing rock of South-east and Southern Missouri. In some counties it is as much as 300 feet thick, and Dr. Shumard supposes it to be over 600 feet in thickness in Pulaski. THIRD SANDSTONE. This was recognized in Camden and Dallas counties by Professor Swallow. Excepting in the borings of St. Louis County Insane Asylum well, I have not been able to recognize it. Thickness 82 feet. GENERAL GEOLOGY. 31 FOURTH MAGNESIAN LIlMESTONE. Prof. Swallow recognized this rock on Niangua and Osaga Rivers. It closely resembles the third magnesian Limestone, and maybe included with it in Southern Missouri. Thickness 300 to 400 feet. OTHER PRIMORDIAL ROCKS. At the base of the unaltered fossiliferous rocks in Madison, St. Francois and Iron counties we find in the order of succession from the top the following strata: 6. Second Sandstone on hill tops. 5. Chert beds-fossiliferous. 4. Third magnesian Limestone. 3. Silicious or grit-stone beds with intercalated magnesian Limlesto ne. 2. Marble beds. 1. Sandstone, conglomerate and Shales. No. 3 is the Lead-bearing'rock of Mine LaMotte and vicinity. Fossils have been obtained from Mine LaMotte and near Fredericktown which prove to be well known types of the Potsdam Group; an inter~calated shale bed at Mine LaMotte abounds in (Lingztla) Lingul ella zLarnborni Mk. The Marble beds are not always present; they seem to be confined to the South-west quarter of Madison and the Central and North-,ern parts of Iron and extend into Reynolds county. Their greatest thickness is not over 30 feet., No. I is confined chiefly to the Northern part of Iron and Madison, extending to St. Francois. The entire thickness of this as well as the regular order of its various beds is rather difficult to arrive at. But -we find both in Iron and Madison counties coarse conglomerates rest-:ing on Granite and Porphery. We also find Sandstones, which are sometimes very coarse, and at other times fine grained, resting on conglomerates. We also find Shale or Slate beds reposing on Granite and underlying Sandstone. Similar Shale beds are also intercalated with the Sandstone. In the neighborhood of Mine LaMotte this sandstone reaches to over 100 feet in thickness, and is also found to be the lowest rock directly resting on the Granite. Borings with diamond'drill on the Aline LaMotte property indicate magnesian Limestone with some silicious beds 80 feet; Sandstone 63 feet; Granite. On St. Francois River, in Madison county, these lower Sandstones rest directly,on the Granite and are unaltered;,on Twelve Mile Creek, Madison county, the Marble;beds and Sandstones rest unaltered on the Porphyry, and on Big Creek, Iron county, 32 GEOLOGICAL SURVhY. heavy beds of unaltered M[agnlesianl Limestone rest directly on the Porphyry. We therefore know that the Granites antd Porphyries of South-east Missouri are of much, older age than the AMagnesian series or the Potsdam. BORINGS AT INSANsE ASYLUrI. The borings in the well at the St. Louis County Insane Asylumr serve to show the aggregate thickness of the various rock formations. An inspection of data show that some "strata found in other portions of the State are here wanting, while other strata are much thicker. Vertical section of bogrings at the St. Loouis county Insanze Asylue,. 1. 40 feet Clays of the Bluff formation. 2. 80 feet of Coal Measures. 3. 670 feet of Lower Carboniferous rocks. 4. 93 feet of Chouteaun Limestone. 5. 421 feet of Trenton, Black River and Birdseye Linestone. 6. 148 feet-of First Magnesian Limestone. 7. 133 feet of Saccharoidal Limestone. 8. 517 feet of Second Magnesian Limestone. 9. 82 feet of Second Sandstone. 10. 83 feet of Third Magnesian Limestone. 11. 98 feet of Third Sandstone. 12. 384 feet of Fourth Magnesian Iinestone. 13. 54 feet of Potsdam Sandstone. 14. 245.5 feet, mostly Granite, altllough a portion of the upper part may be Sandstonlle. 15. 40 feet of Granite. The well terminated in Granite at 3,843.5 feet from the surface. The above section was constructed after having made a critical examination of the specimens from the boring. The following is a tabular view of the formations similar to those found in the well, and will serve to show the comparative thickness in other sections: TABLE OF FORIMATIONS. iMEEK. B. F. SIIMARD. G. C. WBr.OAIB.AD POTTER - -I-`- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t — ~ —-- — ~~ —- 0 i ~ ~ F"ORMATIONS. y P v =? O,; lrv., ". C'D o ~ s CD P~ Loweraboifrus.C.....bonif.........r............ 10....1 200...60.....1..32....266....63...0 1 1,145.... 6 306705 7 Choutean Group....35....70 50 51.3.. 7. 40..100..205.93 Lower Devonian........;....................................40.......14 36 125..... Upper Silurian....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....I................15.....220. Cincinnati......................................Group....................... oo......120......... 65 1 0.....'..................... Oo 0. 5.3 }2 Black River and 1 rds... 114.. First- Maztnesian.............................20.......1................. 130....84.......94 50 190 148 Saceharoidal Sandstone.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 30 120........30..S.. Q0 80 175 130 25 385 135 6 ~ 3 Second AMagnesian..................................175 150..140 150 2.50 2751.....300 210 240 240 60 35 1030~ 517 11 Second SAandestone.................4.................30 70 100 700 150 130........ 30... 184. 10.0 55........... 30~ 82 0 Third Sa ndstone................300................ 3000..300 600.. 30 8....300....I................10 200.............3.... 50 983 Pthida Sandstone................................3 6...............................................5 98 Fourth Magnesian.i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o.27~~~.1................ 30"38 Potsdamn Sandstone with Granite................................................................245.5 Granite.. I40....._........._.........._...._....._..._......................................K c?- Yr CI+ O ~~~~~~ (I) S i-) P M td~~~~c r~~O c+-r~ rr- ct- F3 ct-r c~~~~~ c) O VO 34 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The borings began at the bottom of a well 120 feet deep, with water standing at forty feet below the surface. At 134 feet, an eight or ten inch opening was struck, and the water sank to a depth of 128 feet. Salt water was obtained at 1,220 feet. At 1,225 and 1,262 feet from the surface a strong petroleum smell was recognized. Sulphur water was obtained at 2,140 feet. At 2,256 feet the water in the sand pump indicated three per cent. of salt; at 2,957 feet, four-and-a-half per cent.; at 3,293 feet, two per cent.; and at 3,367 feet, less than two per cent.; at 3,384 feet, three per cent.; and below 3,545 feet, seven to eight per cent. Experiments with a Fahrenheit registering thermometer, indicated the following: At depth cf 3,127 feet............................ Themoeter, 10 degrees. 3',129...'......................... 1 c i 07 " " 3,264 "............................. " 10;' 0' 3,76..........1..(...... ( 6 ",47".............................. 05 " " 3,604 "...........10..................... " 30 641.....'.104' 3, 64..t.......................... "'3, 87' ".................._ 105'.t..... C.......,.,....,.., C 0 No testsof temperature were na(ie above these depths. In boring to the depth of 833 feet, the drill was often observed to be highly magnetized, but after passing that depth no further influence was observed. Two wooden pligs, with iron screws at the end, were driven in, one at the 1,022 offset, the other at the 953 feet offset, in order to separate the fresh from the salt water. If withdrawn, the well would be clear from top to bottoml. The five-inch tube, reachinug to 1,'02 feet, has been withdrawn, and a pump put down to 400 feet. This pump was worked a few dclays, the water found to be a little salty, and the supply limlited. The surface of the ground at the well is about 583 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The borings were made under the direction of Mr. C. WV. Atkinson, who( collected numerous specimens and carefully labelled them, and also filed a descriptive section, from which I obtained the necessary data, as above written. CHAPTER III. CAVES. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. Certain geological formations abound in caves, in others they are r:are or are not found. Caves occur in the Third Magnesian Limestone, Saccharoidal Sand-stone, Trenton, Lithographic, Encrinital and St. Louis Limestones., That the St. Louis Limestone is cavernous is proven by the great number of sinkholes where this formation prevails, as at St. Louis and in St. Charles county. Small caves have been entered in St. Louis and found to connect with sink-holes; both here and near St. Charles good springs often issue forth. In Eastern and North-east Missouri there have not been found many large caves in the Encrinital Limestone, but the lower beds of this formation in South-west Missouri often enclose very extensive caverns:; among the latter may be included the caves of Greene county with some in Christian and McDonald. Those in McDonald I have not seen, but they are reported to be very extensive and probably are situated in the Encrinital Limestone. SPECIAL DESCRIPTIONS. On Sac iRiver, in the North part of Greene county, we find a cave with two entrances, one at the foot of a hill, opening toward Sac River, 45 feet high and 80 feet wide. The other entrance is from the hill top 150 feet back from the face of the bluff. These two passages unite. The exact dimensions ofthe cave is not known, but there are several beautiful and large rooms lined with stalactites and stalagmites which often assume both beautiful and grotesque life-like forms. The cave has 36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. been explored for several hundred yards, showing the formations to be thick silicious beds of the Lower Carboniferous formations. Knox cave, in Greene county, is said to be of large dimensions. I have not seen it but some of its stalactites are quite handsome. Wilson's Creek sinks beneath Limestone and appears again below. There are several caves near Ozark, Christian county, which issue from the same formations as those in Greene county. On a branch of Finly Creek a stream disappears in a sink, appearing again three quarters of a mile south-east through an opening 60 feet high by 98 feet wide. Up stream the cave continues this size for a hundred yards and then decreases in size, and for the next quarter of a mile further it is generally 10 by 14 feet wide. A very clear, cool stream passes out in which by careful search crawfish without eyes can be found. There is another cave a few miles south of Ozark, and another ten miles South-east occurs in the Magnesian Limestone. Two miles below Hannibal and a half mile from the Mississippi river, is McDowell's cave. This occurs in Lithographic Limestone, and is noted for being the place where Dr. McDowell deposited a relative's corpse to see if it would petrify. It faces the north, the entrance passing straight in is occasionally intersected by other narrow avenues crossing at right angles. In Boone county there are several caves in Encrinital Limestone. Conner's, the largest, is said to have been explored for a distance of eight miles. In Pike and Lincoln there are several small caves occurring in the upper beds of the Trenton Limestone, which are often very cavernous. On Sulphur Fork of Cuivre, there is a cave and Natural Bridge, to which parties for pleasure often resort. The bridge is tubular with 20 feet between the walls,, and is 100 feet long. At J. P. Fisher's on Spencer Creek, Ralls county, there is a cave having an entrance of 90 feet wide by 20 high. The Lower Trenton beds occupy the floor, with the upper cavernous beds above. On the bluff, at a distance of 150 yards back, there is a sink-hole which communicates with the cave. Within the cave is a cool, clear spring of water, and Mr. F. said he could keep meat fresh there for six weeks, during midsummer. In Pike county, near Matson's Mills, there are many sink-holes in these Trenton beds. In one of them I collected some pretty specimens of Arragonite. They often terminate in caverns. The Third Magnesian Limestone which occupies such a large portion of South-west Missouri, often contain very large caves. One of' them, known as Friedes' cave, is 6 or 8 miles North-west of Rolla, on Cave Spring Creek. It is said to have been exploredfor severalmiles, WATER SUPPLIES. 37 but I only passed in a few hundred yards. The stalactites here are very beautiful, assuming the structure of satin spar. A very clear stream of water issues out. West of the Gasconade, on Clifty Creek, is a remarkable Natural Bridge, which I have elsewhere described in Geological Survey of Missouri, 1855-71, page 16. Mr. Meek and Dr. Shumard speak of the Third Magnesian Limestone as often cavernous. Mr. Meek speaks of a large and interesting cave on Tavern Creek, in Miller county. Dr. Shumard estimates a cave on Bryant's Fork, in Ozark county, to be a mile and a half long, and speaks of its containing many interesting stalactites. There are many small caves in Third Magnesian Limestone in Pulaski county, along the Gasconade River. Some of them contain salpetre. SUPPLIES OF WATER. Springs are generally more abundant where cavernous rocks prevail. Streams will flow to the surface when underlying clay-beds prevent their downward passage. In certain Geological formations springs are more apt to abound, and in certain formations the water is better than in others. The purest w.ater flows from Chert beds, or percolates through pure Sand, and is called soft or free-stone water. Water flowing through ferruginous Sands will become Chalybeate; that flowing through hale beds, containing iron pyrites, has often a strong copperas taste; that through Limestone, or from Limestone caverns, will taste of Lime, or is called " hard-water." The water flowing through pyritiferous Shales containing magnesia, will issue in what are ordinarily called Sulphur Springs; that flowing through shaly Magnesian Limestone sometimes originates Epsom Salt Springs. Where certain Geological formations prevail, we may expect abundant supplies of water, while districts underlaid by other formations are comparatively arid. Wherever Limestone No. 78, of the Upper Coal Measures prevail, we may expect good streams of water just beneath. Springs of any kind are not common in either the Middle or Lower Coal Measures, but are more commonly found where the Upper Coal 1Measures prevail. The Drift in its beds of Sand interstratified with Clay, contains good reservoirs of water. These Sands being sometimes ferruginous, the water in such instances is Chalybeate. The St. Louis Limestone being cavernous sometimes incloses large springs. The springs near St. Charles issue from this Limestone. -38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The fine springs of Jasper and Newton, flow from the Lower beds of Keokuk Limestone. The clear, cool springs, often very large, of Greene, Christian and Lawrence, flow from the Lower beds of the Encrinital Limestone~. The Chouteau Group does not contain many springs, but Sulphur' Springs sometimes flow from it. At Louisiana, a very bold spring of good water flows from the face of a bluff of Lithographic Limestone. We know of no springs of consequence flowing from Devonian, Limestone. The Upper Silurian system is too limited to generalize. The Cincinnati Group affords the supply for most of the mineral springs of North-east Missouri. The Trenton Limestone contains many sinks and caves in which, are generally clear, cool pools of water. Weak springs often flow from beneath the Saccharoidal Limestone. In the Second Magnesian Limestone there are not often many springs. The Third Magnesian Limestone is often cavernous, and affords beautiful, clear and cool springs of water. Some of the largest springs. yet observed in Missouri, flow from these rocks. The largest known are on the Gravois, in Morgan county, in Camden, Dallas, and the spring at Meramec Iron-works, Phelps county. The streams flowing through the Third Magnesian Limestones, are very clear, full, bold and rapid, and afford good water-power throughout the year. Among them I would name Castor River, St. Francois, Black, Current, White, Niangua and the Gasconade, and their tributaries. They afford as fine water-power as any streams in the United States. The streams flowing only through the Second Magnesian Limestone beds often become low, sink or dry up during the Summer season. Those flowing through the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the South-west are clear, full and rapid, and afford a mighty water-power. Among them are Spring River, Center Creek, Shoal Creek, James' Fork of White River, Wilson's Creek, Finley Creek and the head, streams flowing into Sac River. The Streams originating and flowing through the Coal Measures are generally sluggish, and the smaller streams do not afford waterpower sufficient for milling purposes. WATER SUPPLIES. 39 The streams of North-west Missouri do not flow rapidly, but are constant running streams. Their main water-supply is derived chiefly from reservoirs in the Drift, but a portion of their supply is also derived from springs in the Upper Coal rocks. [For Mineral Springs see Appendix.] CHAPTER IV. SOILS. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. The character and quality of all soils is mainly dependent on the underlying geological formations. Where Sandstones exclusively prevail, the soils will not withstand severe drouths, but with frequent refreshing rains are rendered productive. A soil composed in part of Sand, but also largely of Lime and humus or vegetable mould, is always productive. In wet seasons, the Sand affords proper digestion of refuse, decomposing vegetable matter, while the other useful promotives of vegetable growth push forward the crops to vigor and productiveness. Such soil we find on the Missouri bottom. When the underlying material is clayey, with some lime but no sand and but little humus, we have a soil that will retain too much water on the surface to yield good crops, and in dry seasons the Clays are too hard for moisture to penetrate and reach the delicate roots and fibers of the growing crops. Such soil is common on the prairies of North-east Missouri. When the subsoil approaches near the surface, our soils are not very rich; but when there is no underlying rock in sight, or it lies at a great depth, and the alluvial soil is a foot or more in thickness lying on the subsoil, and although it may not contain much Sand, we have a soil that will be abundantly productive in both wet and dry seasons. Such soil we have in North-west Missouri. We do not here propose to go into a detailed description of our soils; such an article would be too elaborate for this volume; we only propose to discuss the geological relations of our soils. Where Limestones prevail, our soils are black and productive, and give large yields of corn. Soils resulting from decomposition of -MDagnesian Limestone are black, warm and rich, suitable for corn, wheat, SOILS. 41 fruit and the vine. Where the Limestones contain Iron, the intermingling of the Iron with the soil produces a rich red or brown soil, yielding large crops, and capable of long endurance. Around mines of Iron, a luxuriant growth of vines and blackberry bushes will often spring up from the thrown out ferruginous debris. At the Lead mines of Madison, the ground for many years has been dug over, and we find a luxuriant growth thereon. Around Coal mines, where much Clay has been thrown out, the vegetation is slow to grow. Where calcareous Clays abound, as in the Bluff and Drift of North Missouri, we have several times had occasion to observe, along railroad lines, that these clays, when thrown out, mingle with the soil and impart additional fertility. The bottom lands are all rich. The soil of those of South Missouri -is sandy and gravelly, yielding abundant crops every year, and can generally be plowed soon after rains. The soil of Missouri bottoms is composed of finely comminuted Sand and Clay, with some humus. In 1844, these bottom lands were covered with a greater depth of water than has been since known or had been known for a generation past. At the time of this flood, large deposits of Sand were formed in many places, and for several years after, no crops could be produced-corn was planted but would yield no ears. Since then these sandy lands have gradually improved, until at present heavy crops of corn are annually produced. This illustrates forcibly the imperishable nature of these alluvial soils. They have been subject to no overflows since 1844, and the only source of fertility has been from falling leaves, weeds and moisture. Other bottom lands in North and West Missouri are, for the most part, based on the deep, black Clays of the age of the bottom prairie, and are always productive when properly ditched and drained, otherwise they often hold water too late in the season, and crops are sometimes drowned out. Other extensive tracts, similar in quality and richness to those just named, may include the swamp regions of South-east Missouri, embracing the counties of Pemiscot, Dunklin, New Madrid, Mississippi, Scott, Stoddard, and parts of Butler and Cape Girardeau. These lands are surpassingiy rich, and large areas are still covered with swamps, but the time may be when many of them will be drained, and these.reclaimed lands will then compete in productiveness with the richest lands in the world. Fine crops of cotton are annually raised in this part of Missouri, and these lands will yield from 75 to 90 bushels of -corn per acre. Exclusive of the swamp counties, the area of the State of Mis-;souri may be divided into about four parts or districts. 42 G EOLOGICAL SURVEY. FIRST CLASS. The richest, including North-west Missouri, consists mostly of prairie, and is underlaid by the Upper Coal Measures, with the Middles Measures beneath and appearing along its south-east and eastern margin. A line entering the State in the north-west part of Vernon, passing north and east through the western part of Bates, thence eastwardly through the southern part of Cass, thence north-eastwardly to, central part of Johnson county, on the line of Lafayette, thence eastwardly through southern portions of Lafayette and Saline, thencb northwardly to Chariton in the direction of Salisbury, thence a little west of north to the northern boundary of the State in Mercer county, will include, on the west, the richest farming land in Missouri.. There are, of course, occasional tracts of inferior land included within these limits, but the soil is generally of uncommon fertility. This soil is generally based on a deep bluff deposit or on Limestone, and is for the most part calcareous. It is generally at least a foot thick and quite black, yielding good crops of corn, grass, pumpkins,. squashes, potatoes, turnips, etc. The yield of corn will average fifty to seventy-five bushels per acre with ordinary cultivation, and lands that have been in cultivation thirty years yield as abundantly as whea first cultivated. Blue grass grows well when the prairies have been grazed down. This is probably no better for wheat than the lands in Eastern Missouri; in fact, during similar seasons, the yield is not always as large per acre, but fine crops of wheat are often raised — frequently twenty-five bushels per acre —the general yield being: from fifteen to twenty-five. Apples, and some small fruits, succeed very well, and occasionally there is a good crop of peaches. There seems to be no better soil for the gooseberry, and the cultivated grape grows to a large size, but the vines grow too luxuriantly. As an evidence of the desirableness of this part of the State for farming purposes, although it is the most recently settled part of Mis — souri, it is now the most populous. The counties south of the Missouri River had become almost entirely depopulated at the close of the war in 1865, but now are as thickly settled as any counties in the State. SECOND CLASS. This lies just east and south of the first named. Its southern and eastern boundary passes through Barton into the western part of Cedar, thence through St. Clair, Benton, north-west part of Morgan, through Cooper, the southern part of Boone and Callaway, and eastwardly parallel to and within ten miles of the Missouri River to a SOILS. 43' point opposite the central part of St. Louis county. This district may also include extensive areas of the other counties lying southward along the Mississippi River, but not being familiar with them I am at present unable to classify their soils. There are several well marked varieties among the soils of this district. That in the west and northern portion consists chiefly of prairie, often spreading out, in North Missouri, into flat prairies. That in the south-west is rolling country, with generally a sandy soil. The yield is generally from thirty to fifty bushels of corn per acre. The timbered lands in Eastern Missouri and in the counties along the Missouri River produce very fine crops of wheat, sometimes even yielding over twenty-five bushels per acre. A fine variety of tobacco is also. produced on the thinner timbered lands. The hills near the Missouri River yield good crops of fruit nearly every year —the peach rarely failing, the grape always fine. This division of the State we mark as Second Class, although it really does include some extensive tracts of first class land. Such may be found in Howard, Boone, Callaway, Marion, Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles and St. Louis. We have reports of as much as forty bushels of wheat per acre from Ralls, St. Charles, St. Louis and Perry. In the counties of North Missouri and St. Louis county blue grass grows as fine as in the famous Kentucky blue grass region. The underlying geological formations of this district are chiefly Lower Coal Measures and Lower Carboniferous Limestone. The richer lands are based on either Lower Carboniferous or Lower Silurian with. rarely Devonian. Near the Missouri and Mississippi rivers the soil is based on loose beds of Bluff formation, originating a rich mellow soil. In the interior of North Missouri it is mostly on stiffer Clays of Drift or Bluff and the soil is not so rich. THEIRD CLASS. This occurs chiefly in South-west Missouri, becoming a narrow belt to the North-east, barely dividing the second from the fourth. It may include part of McDonald, Barry, Lawrence, Christian, Greene, Polk, Dade, Jasper, Barton, Cedar, Hickory, St. Clair, Benton, Morgan, Cole, Moniteau, Osage, Gasconade, Franklin, St. Louis and Jefferson, and a band passing southwardly. Some of the lands in Jasper, Lawrence and Greene are as good as those of the Second Class. The soil is generally somewhat gravelly and often mingled with red Clay. Good crops of wheat and corn and fine crops of fruit are produced, -44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. especially in those counties along the Missouri River, whose hills yield fine peach and grape crops every year. In the South-west the soil is based on Lower Carboniferous and Lower Coal measures; in counties along the Missouri River on Lower Silurian, spread over with a pretty good deposit of' Bluff Clays. F OURTH CLASS. This includes the main body of Southern Missouri, excepting the swamp counties of the South-east and the other counties above named. It constitutes an extensive tract, elevated higher than other parts of the State, it, being from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the sea. It -is underlaid by the primordial Sandstones and Magnesian Limestones, with an occasional elevation or peak of Porphyry or Granite in the Eastern part. The country is broken by stream channels, cutting down two hundred to three hundred feet below the tops of the bluffs, with valleys often as much as four hundred feet below the main distant ridges. Near the streams it is generally very rugged, with either abrupt or long, steep ascent to the hills. When the main streams are wide apart the country spreads back into a flat land with light colored soil, supporting chiefly a growth of Post Oak; when a little more hilly Black Oak and Black Hickory are common. With more soil there is often a fine growth of White Oak, mingled with Sassafras, Dogwood, etc. South of the main Ozark ridge, where the hills are either covered with Sandstones or Chert fragments, we find but little soil and often a heavy growth of Pine. On the slopes from the Magnesian Limestones are often seen fine Cedar groves. There are extensive tracts within this District where the soil is either too thin or too rocky to admit of present cultivation. But all these lands will grow the Grape. When those parts of Missouri that contain richer soil are entirely settled up and the land costs too much for men of moderate means to purchase, their attention will then be turned to this extensive District, where, by proper economy and thrift, good crops can be produced. At present twenty to thirty-five bushels of corn can be produced, or fifteen to twenty of wheat. Of course, we occasionally also find very rich valleys, which yield equal to any of the richer lands of the State. The valleys along the streams near the South line produce fine crops of corn and cotton. Other particulars regarding the soils and products will be found in the various county reports. TIMBER. 45 T IM BER. Most of Northern Missouri and the Western counties consists of prairie. The prairies, during the spring and summer seasons, are covered with a natural growth of many different species of plants, many of them having beautiful flowers. These counties have generally belts of timber extending along: the streams, affording a sufficient supply for fuel and other neighborhood uses. The Missouri bottoms are generally heavy timbered with Cottonwood, Hickory, Walnut, Hackberry, Burr and Red Oak. The counties along the Missouri River, from Platte eastward, often have heavy bodies of fine timber, but, until they reach Howard,, are interspersed with occasional extensive prairies. Howard and those counties east have belts of ten to twenty miles wide, extending parallel to the Missouri River, and including the finest varieties of hard wood timber, such as Ash, Oak, Walnut, Sugar-tree, Hackberry, Hickory, Elln, etc. A similar belt from fifteen to twenty miles wide, lies parallel to the Mississippi. Along the Osage are heavy bodies of excellent timber. All thecounties to the South contain heavy tracts of good timber, chiefly Oak. In South Missouri there yet remain large tracts of fine Pine lands not yet culled out, and that can be bought cheaply. Yellow Poplar and Sweet Gum are common ill the South-east counties south of Madison. The swamps abound in Cypress, Oak,. Catalpa, Tupelo, Gum and Walnut. In Southern Missouri open prairies are rare, but in their stead. are occasional large tracts of barrens, or hilly districts covered with tall grass, on which are scattering, stunted Oaks, including Black Jack, Post Oak and Black Hickory. With this exception, the whole of South-east Missouri is one heavily timbered district, containing vast quantities of the finest kinds of timber suitable for making furniture and agricultural implements. At present an immense number of these articles are imported into. our State, thus taking the money out, when we ought to be more selfsustaining and manufacture our own farming implements and have a surplus to export. When our citizens devote more attention to mranufacturing they will assuredly find prosperity attend them. CHAPTER V. MINERALS. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. I R ON. This, the most generally diffused of all our minerals, in some form -or other, may be found in every county. BOG ORE. This is said to be found in the swamps of South-east Missouri. The surface deposits in other parts of the State often contain concretionary and amorphous forms of black, sandy material, containing as lmuch as 14 per cent. of Oxide of MIanganese, with about 18 to 20 per cent. of Oxide of Iron. Similar small concretions occur in the prairie,Clays. LIMIONITE, Or brown lJematite, is a very common ore, occurring in most of the counties of South Missouri. Drusy cavities in the Second Magnesian Limestone often contain pretty crystaline forms. In the same formation it is also found in a Stalactitic form. GOETHIITE,..A variety of brown Hematite, occurs in beautiful acicular crystals in Septaria of the Coal Measures of Adair county, RED HEMATITE -Occurs in the Coal Measures of Linn, Adair, Sullivan, Henry, Ver-;non and Barton, and in other Carboniferous rocks of Callaway, Boone, Montgomery and St. Charles. MINERALS. 47 Beds of both Red and Yellow Ochre occur in many counties of Missouri, and afford an inexhaustible supply of good material for makding paint stuffs. CARBONATES. The Spathic ores are chiefly found in the Coal Measures. The,best and thickest layers are in Carroll, Johnson, Henry, Vernon, Barton and Cedar. ANKERItITE,,(A Spathic ore,) has been found in ores of Phelps county. Mr. R. Chauvenet's Analysis of it, gives Lime, 52.75; Magnesia, 20.45; Prot. Iron, 26.90. SPEC ULAIR -Oxide is found in larger masses than the other Iron ores; of such is the Iron Mountain in St. Francois county, Shephard Mountain and Pilot Knob in Iron county, Simrmon Mountain in Dent county, Merainec mines in Phelps and numerous other deposits in Madison, St. Francois, Iron, Reynolds, Dent, Phelps, Crawford, Maries and Osage. S ULHURETS. Iron Pyrites is generally diffused, occurring in most of the Coal, and in the Shales and Slates, and scarcely any Limestone is free from,it. The ash-blue Limestones, of the Coal Measures, contain it. COPPERAS. Sulphate of Iron is often abundant in the Coal Measures. In abandoned passages, at Coal M ines, it often occurs in long-wooly, thread-like crystals. GO L ID Has been founsl in small quantities in the "Drift" Sands of North Missouri. SI L V E R Only has been found in small per cent. associated with Lead. ZINC. Zinc blende abounds at Granby and Joplin, and is found at many other Mines of the South-west. It is also found at the Lead Mines of 48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Franklin and Washington, and some other points in South-east Missouri. The "pockets" of Coal, in Central Missouri, nearly all contain Zinc blende. The Lead Mines of Central Missouri also somrtimnes carry it. It is, next to Iron, the most generally diffused metallic ore, although often found in only small quantities. It is found in nearly all the Geological formations. The St. Louis Limestone contains it in many places, although in very small quantities. It is occasionally found in small quantities in Coal Measure Limestone; Ironstone concretions often inclose a nucleus of Zinc blende. Fragments of plant remain, often have minute cracks filled with Zinc blende, and it occurs in the interior of fossil shells. SILICATE OF ZINC Abounds at Granby and Joplin, and is found at most of the Lead Mlines of the South-west, it is also occasionally found in Central Missouri and South-east Missouri. CARBONATE OF ZINC Occurs at Granby, Joplin, Minersville and Valle's Mines. ZINTC BLOOAM Is rarely found in Central and South-west Missouri. G R E E N O C K I T E, (Cadmium Sulphide,) is found associated with Zinc blende in Southwest Missouri. COPPER. No exclusive mining for Copper is now being done in Missouri. Mlining has formerly been done in Shannon, Crawford, Jefferson, Franklin and Madison. Besides these counties, Copper is also found in small quantities in Miller, Cole, Cooper, Dade, Greene, Ozark, Wright, Phelps, Ste. Genevieve, Christian, Warren and Washington. The ores of Copper are the blue and green Carbonates (Green Malactite,) and Sulphuret. In Madison, it is intimately associated with Lead, Cobalt and Nickel. NICKEL AND COBALT. These ores abound at Mine LaMotte, and old Copper Mines in Madison county, and are also found at the St. Joseph Mines. MINERALS. 49 MILLERITE, (Sulphuret of Nickel,) beautiful, hair-like crystals, are found in the St. Louis Limestone, St. Louis, occupying Drusy cavities resting on Calcite or Fluor Spar. LEAD. It is impossible to do anything like justice to this mineral in such a notice as this. Fuller information can be obtained from the county and special reports. In South-east Missouri Lead is found both in Porphyry and in Magnesian Limestone. In Madison it occurs in small veins in Porphyry. It is found in paying quantities in the Lower Magnesian Limestones of Perry, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, Maries, Crawford, Phelps, Pulaski, Morgan, Miller, Moniteau, Cooper, Cole and Camden. In South-west Missouri in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Jasper and Newton, and in the nM1agnesian Limestones of Webster, Taney, Christian and Barry. It is also found in lesser quantities in many other counties. Galena or Sulphuret of Lead is the chief ore obtained. Carbonate of Lead (cerussite) is also often met with. Phosphate of Lead (Pyromorphite) is sometimes, though rarely, found. WV O LF R A M. This ore has been found in Madison county. MIANGANE SE. JMfananeyse and Mlanganiferous Iron occurs in Iron county. Manganese occurs in other counties. OTHER MINERALS, NOT ORES. Ccarbonate of Lime (Calcite) seems generally diffused. It enters into the chief composition of all Limestones, and in. many it occurs in natural crystals. The clear or transparent variety is common. At the Lead mines it is more often of a brownish tinge and generally modified in form, the more common of which is the Dogtooth Spar. Very handsome crystals can be obtained at the Lead mines of Cole county, and also at Joplin, Minersville, near Sarcoxie, and also in Christian county. Arragonite is found in Mine LaMotte, and also in Jasper, Jackson and Lafayette counties. Pearl Spar is found in Second MagneG.s-4. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. sian Limestone at Hermann. Violet colored Calcite is found on Spring River, Jasper county. Fliate of Lime (Fluor Sp~ar). I only know of its being found. at St. Louis. Q IAR TZ. This, next to Calcite, is the most generally diffused mineral. Mliost; rocks contain it. Sandstone is nearly pure Silicia. The "mineral blossom " of the Washington county mines is Quartz. It here occurs in drusy cavities and in mammillary and botryoidal forms. When viewed with a magnifier distinct crystals of Quartz appear, well defined. Lead is often associated with it. This form occurs in Washington, Jefferson, Madison and other countie s. Large quantities are brought to St. Louis and used for adorning parks and lawns. Veins of Quartz, containing well defined, transparent and rose-colored crystals occur, traversing the Granite of Madison county. HEAVY SPAR-SULPHATE OF BAR1Y-TA. The "Tiff" of the miners abounds at the Lead mines of' Morgan, Miller, Cole, Franklin and Washington. The finest crystals are found in Cole, Miller and Morgan. They occur of both a clear and azure blue, and amber color. The compact is generally white, but is sometimes tinged with Iron. Large quantities of this is annually ground and mixed with the commercial White Lead. GYPSUMI —SJ LPHATE OF LIME. This mineral I have only found in the Coal Measures. It is sometimes found in joints of coal, but more commonly in the beds of Shale or fire Clay. In all the counties where the Lower Coal Measures are, we find Gypsum. It occurs crystallized, in the form of clear, transparent crystals, known as selenite. These crystals are often thickly diffused through the beds of fire Clay. It abounds near Salisbury, Clhalriton county, Knob Noster, Johnson county, and six miles north. PICKERING T E-HYDROUS SULPHATE OF ALUI INA AND MAGNE SIA. This was only obtained in Barton county, occuring as an efflorescence on Sandstone. F E LDS PA.t. Is only found in the Granites and Porphyries of Missouri. MINERALS. 51 AM I C A. This mineral occurs abundantly ill minute scales in nearly all the Coal Measure Sandstones-is sometimes also diffused through the Clay beds. It is one of the constituents of Granite, but in the Missouri Granites it is sometimes almost or entirely wanting. 1 O RNBT B LEN D E. This occurs in the Greenstones of Iron and Madison counties. ASBESTOS. This has only been found, associated with Greenstone, in Madison,county. B ITUME N. Mineral Tar or Bitumen is found in many of the western counties,,including Ray, Lafayette, Jackson, Johnson, Cass, Bates, Vernon, Barton and Jasper, and also westwardly in adjoining counties of Kansas. The particular localities, where found, and a description thereof, will be found in the several county reports. It seems to increase in quantity in the southern counties which contain it. North of' the Missouri River it occurs in the western and central parts of Ray county. Crossing the river it is said to be found near Blue Mtills, in Jackson county, and detected in the boring of wells at Kansas City. Twelve miles south-east of Lexington, on the McCausland farm, it is found at many places oozing from between the Lower Sandstones of the Coal Measures. In the southern part of Cass are several Tar springs issuing from Sandstones of the Middle Coal Measures. Other localities:further south are described in the several,County Reports. It has a vertical range through the various geological strata of over 600 feet. Its northward occurrence in Jackson and Ray, is in the upper part of the Upper Sandstones of the Middle Coal Measures; in Lafayette and Johnson, in Sandstone of the Lower Coal AMeasures; in,Cass, in Sandstone of M5iddle Measures; at Parkersville, Bates county, in Sandstone of the MIiddle Measures, similar to that of Ray county; further south in Bates, in Limestones of the Middle Measures and in Lower Coal Measure Sandstones; in Vernon and Barton, in both Sandstone and Limestones of the Lower Coal Measures, and in the southern -part of Vernon and in Barton counties most of the Sandstones are thoroughly saturated with it. In Barton and Jasper, we find it dif-:fused through Lower Carboniferous Linestones, and is also generally 52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. dispersed in drops and massive forms in close juxtaposition with the Lead and Zinc of the mines, and sometimes coating nice calcite crystals. Many of the rocks of South-west MisSouri, especially the darker colored, when freshly broken, yield a strong bituminous odor, and the Sandstones are sometimes so highly bituminous as to be rendered quite black. Sometimes the rocks do not seem apparently to be bituminous, but upon striking them with a hammer the odor is readily distinguishable. When the tar is thrown in water and stirred, a beau- tiful display of irridescent colors appears on the surface. I drank of the water of a spring on Shiloh Creek, in Vernon county, which did not apparently seem to be bituminous, but the taste of bitumen was very marked. The so-called Fort Scott Marble, common in the western part of' Vernon, is a bituminous Limestone. ~Most of the coals of South-west Missouri are very bituminous,. which can often be detected by their smell. Black concretions in Clay Shale, in the western part of Vernon, often contain a good deal of free Bitumen. Its presence seems to have the effect of indurating the rocks-for the bituminous Limestone seems generally to be very hard. The Sandstones sometimes contain it in the form of small. pockets of Asphaltum, but generally as a black, viscid tar. The occurrence of Bitumen at so many places has given-rise to, much expenditure in search of oil, but all attempts have failed toreach any more abundant supply. From the evidences, I think it ex — tremely doubtful whether there is sufficient quantity at any one place in Missouri to pay to work it. It seems too generally diffused, and does not appear to flow from any great reservoir. Probably the chief source of these bituminous deposits is in the Coal Measure Sandstones, from whence it has flowed out and entered other rocks. An analysis of free Bitumen, from Minersville, Jasper county, by Mr. P. Chauvenet, gives: Bitumen................................................................... 95.75 per cent. Ash (pale yellow)............................................ 4.25 per cent. Bitumen mixed with sand, from West Drywood, Barton county,, gave: Bitumen.............................................................................. 44.74 per cent Ash.................................................................... 55.26 per cent. ROCKS. 53 ROCKS. C LAYS. Fire Clays, possessing refractory qualities suitable for making fire brick, occur beneath most of the thicker Coal seams. Good Potters' Clay may also be obtained, especially among the Coal Measure Clays. It is also sometimes found associated with Lower Carboniferous Rocks. Kaolirn is only found in South-east Missouri, where Porphyries or Granites prevail. SAND FOR GLASS. The Saccharoidal Sandstone, being clean and free from impurities, forms a very superior article for glass-making. It is generally very soft, making it easy to quarry. Its great thickness in this State also enhances its importance, and certainly no other portion of the Union is better supplied with pure Sand than Missouri. It is 100 feet thick in Cape Girardeau, 80 in Perry, Ste. Genevieve and Jefferson and the western part of St. Louis county; over 100 feet in Franklin, quite thick in Gasconade, 133 feet in St. Charles and Warren, becoming thinner in Callaway and Lincoln. With such thickness over such an area, there is room for many glass works. LIM E. Most of the Limestone will burn into Lime, but the Lime is not all alike. The Limestones of the Coal Measures will burn into a good, strong Lime, but not a white Lime. The Lower Carboniferous Limestones generally will burn into a white Lime. Among the best we may include those of St. Louis, St- Charles, Boone, Louisiana, Hannibal, etc. The Limestones of the Magnesian Series will not all readily burn into Lime, but such as do, afford a very strong Iime. Some of them would doubtless make a good Hydraulic Lime. HYDRAULIC CEMENT. The Limestones of the Coal Measures often afford a good Cement Stone. The Limestones near the hill top at Amazonia, Andrew county, have been proven to possess good Hydraulic properties. The Hydraulic Limestones have an uneven fracture, and generally a dull ashy appearance. 54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Some of the St. Louis Limestones also seem to be suitable for hydraulic purposes. The Devonian Limestone of Callaway is said to resemble the Louisville Cement Stone, but no tests of its hydraulic properties have been made. We feel confident in stating that we have abundance of good Hydraulic Limestone in our State, and that it abounds in many counties. POLISHING STONE. In Newton county, near Seneca, are extensive quarries of a porlous rock, the composition of which is nearly pure Silica. This affords a very good Polishing Stone. Bricks of it are cut out, and the fragments ground up and made into blocks, and sold throughout the country as " Bath Brick." This rock may also be found in Jasper and McDonald counties. NITRE- S ALTPETR E. Dr. Shumard mentions the occurrence of this useful earth as etlorescence on Sandstone in Ozark, and disseminated through Clays in caves of Pulaski county. I have also found it in caves of Maries county, and Saltpetre was formerly made in a cave at Portland, Callaway county. Its geological occurrence is in Second and Third MIagnesian Limestones. BUILDING STONE. Our State is well supplied with the various kinds of stone needed in building. The extensive Gray Granite quarries near Knob Lick, St. Francois county, and Brown's quarry of Red Granite, in Iron county, near Iron Mountain, are beginning to supply St. Louis with a beautiful and durable stone. Similar quarries can be opened at other places in the same county; also in Madison and Ste. Genevieve. The Porphyries of these counties would be useful if they could be economicallv quarried. They all afford a valuable material for street paving. The Third Magnesian Limestone, occurring in most of the counties of Southern Missouri, generally occurs in thick, strong and durable beds, but it being more difficult to open good quarries of it, it will re - main unused for some time. The Second Sandstone, when found, is generally in good, firm layers for building purposes. ROCeKS. 55 The First Magnesian Limestone generally occurs in thick beds, is easily quarried and worked, and would afford a handsome and durable building stone. Such quarries might be opened in St. Louis, St. Charles and Warren counties. The Niagara Limestone of Sugar Creek and Paynesville, Pike county, closely resembles its correlative beds in Grafton, Illinois, and will afford just as useful and handsome a building stone. The Lower Carboniferous Limestones are generally durable, and, when used, afford a strong building stone. Among the Lower Carboniferous Limestones the Burlington beds (Encrinital) will afford very thick and strong layers. The columns of the court-house and University at Columbia are constructed of it, and over twenty-five years' use have not impaired their beauty and durability. The St. Louis Limestones have also proven to be durable, and are everywhere used in St. Louis. The Sandstones of the Coal Measures being easily worked, occurring in even layers and afterward hardening, have become very desirable in building houses. The Lower Measures afford the best; those in the Upper Measures often contain some Clay in their composition, and disintegrate on exposure. Good quarries can be opened in Barton, Vernon, Cedar, Henry, Bates, Johnson, Lafayette, Carroll and Linn. Already have large quantities been shipped from Warrensburg, in Johnson county, to numerous distant points. The rock from these quarries is much valued, and can be quarried in any dimension desired. Similar dimension stone has been procured from the quarries near Miami, in Carroll county. G-R I ND STONES. Many of the Coal Measure Sandstones possess a good grit, and from them excellent grindstones have been made. The best quality has been procured from the eastern part of Vernon and from Barton counties. Mlost of the other counties of South-west Missouri that contain Coal Mieasures also do afford good Grindstones. 1M IL L ST' O NE S. The Granites of the South-east have formerly been used for this purpose; other stones have been procured from Drift boulders of North Missouri. Some of the Chert beds have also been used, from rock obtained from interstratified beds of the Second and Third Magnesian Limestone. The Chert occurring among the Lower Carboni 56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ferous rocks of South-west Missouri, in outward appearance closely resembles the French Buhr. Beds of this Chert are well exposed in Newton, Jasper and Cedar counties. Some specimens from the last named county, under a strong magnifier, disclose minute crinoid stems. There would be danger of their breaking and becoming disseminated into flour, rendering it not very palateable. SLATES. In Iron county I have observed beds of Metamorphic Slates, in composition and general appearance closely resembling Roofing lates, but thus far have perceived no extensive quarries. MARBLE. Beds of buff, gray, flesh-colored, red and variegated Marble occur in the eastern part of Reynolds county; Big Creek, Marble Creek and Stout's Creek, in Iron county; Marble Creek, Leatherwood and Cedar Creeks, in Madison county. These beds often possess great beauty and would be desirable for table-tops and mantles. CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE SOUTH-WEST COAL FIELD. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. The general features of the Coal Measures of Bates, Vernon and Barton are similar. The lowest Measures are found in Barton, the highestin Bates. In Barton the base of the formation is seen, while in the North-west part of Bates the mounds are capped with Upper Coal Measures. The evidences go to show that the agency by which the mounds were left as they now are passed in a Southerly direction, for near the State line is a range of mounds which is sometimes continuous for many miles, and can be traced!from the Cass county line to Jasper. East of this, the mounds are more or less isolated but sometimes form chains for several miles. Their elevation above the plains below, is generally from 80 to 150 feet, more often capped by Limestone which has preserved them from entire destruction. The country of the plains slopes gently, so that it forms a beautiful farming country and lies well for the construction of public highways. A line of road could be easily and cheaply constructed near the State line passing at the base of the mounds and occasionally through gaps between them. Such a road. would be convenient to some of the best Coal Mines in Missouri for a distance of 60 miles North and South. The central part of these counties also presents a favorable surface for the construction of railroads, and in some districts would pass near valuable Coal Mines. At present there are large tracts of prairie overspread with a luxuriant growth of grass forming very fine grazing for stock. SYNCHRONOUS BEDS. In a certain county or adjacent district, the connected Section can generally be made and parallelismbe drawn between remote outcrops in the same district. But when formations are separated by sev 58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. eral hundred miles, it is extremely difficult to do so. The Upper Coal Measures are easily recognized, indeed the beds near the base of the Upper Measures scarcely change in the distance of 150 miles. With the Lower Measures it is different. In four or five counties in North Missouri are found beds closely resembling each other. The Rhomboidal Liimestone of Howard, Randolph, Linn, Miacon. and Adair, I regard as the same, and in these counties its associated; rocks, lying above, can be recognized occupying about the same distance apart at widely separated points, but the character of the rock 20 feet above this as found in Howard and Randolph seems very dif'ferent from the same rock of Adair. Now for other changes: Our observations tend to show that the, CGtcetes Limestone 20 feet above the Rhombidal may be the rock just beneath the Lexington Coal. If so the Coal is wanting. Further investigations in other counties of North Missouri tend to show that thisCoal is probably not found north or north-east of Ray and Carroll. It may; be thinly represented in Livingston, and although seen in nearly all the Missouri Bluffs in Lafayette county, we find that in going south it; becomes attenuated. While it is often 2 feet thick at Lexington, 20, miles south-west we find it only 1 foot thick. In Bates it may be the 8-inch seam near Butler (No. 57 of the South-west Coal Section) but; the other correlated rocks are different from those of Lafayette. TheLimestones and other rocks, with two seams of Coal well developed at Fort Scott, and frequently met with in the western part of Vernon,. disappear northward. The Mulberry Coal of Bates county often 2- to to 3 feet thick, we find represented in the eastern part of Cass and, the western part of Johnson by a 1 foot seam, and at Lexington by a, thin band of shaly Coal. Further north it, may be recognized in the Coal at Graham's Mills, Livingston county. - LARAIS DES CY-GNES COAL. This Coal presenting a thickness of from 2'- to 5 feet appearing near Moundville and in the south part of Vernon, next seen along the line of Bates and Vernon, thence of good thickness near Richhill,. again on the waters of Panther Creek at several places, may be traced by its thickness farther north and north-east through St. Clair into Henry. Passing north-eastward we find it on Grand River near Clinton and near Windsor. We are further inclined to draw a parallel with this and the thick Coal in the eastern part of Johnson, west part of Saline and a thick Coal in Chariton, Howard, Randolph,.Adair and Putnam counties. The beds included below No. 16 of our South-west Coal Section can all be found in Barton and Jasper, but probably do not all exist SYNCHRONOUS BEDS. 59in Vernon. The Coals below No. 16 although found south of Vernon were not all recognized in Vernon. In fact although the formations underlying Nevada are thick enough to enclose thenm we have no evi dence as to their containing over two thin seams, and eastwardly toward Clear Creek, except in certain localities, there is only one to be seen. The Lower Coal Measures in the south-eastern part of Bates, although they give evidence of occupying the base of the Measures, do not indicate that the series below the Clear Creek Sandstone is present. The Clear Creek Sandstone is probably the same as that found in the prairie two milesv west of Rockville. Its equivalent may also be at the base of the Coal Measures in Henry county, and I consider it the Sandstone affording a good quarry rock at Brownsville, Saline county, where it occurs near the base of the Coal Measures. But the whole group below it as represented in Vernon, Barton and Cedar has not been recognized, and I think does not exist in North Missouri. Some other beds can not be traced beyond a restricted limnit. This difficulty is sometimes caused by interrupted masses of Shalespreventing their being traced for any distance, and the absence of a well grouped collection of fossils. Some Coal beds of different hori — zons also seem to be formed under similar conditions. We are then apt to commit an error in correlation. An exactly correct grouping would therefore seem to be impossible. Our grouped sections are approximately correct; entirely correct for a limited area of' one or two, and even sometimes three or four counties, but for remote points of 75 or 100 miles or more we do not often have more than one stratum clearly defined. Other sections below or above may be entirely correct at one place but not entirely so at another. Concltusion: That the Coal seams do thin out in a long distance is proved. That the Limestones do also is apparent. That entire groups may be wanting at remote places. ]Per contra, that Coal beds represented by a mere trace may form a thick and valuable seam at re —mote points. Furthermore, that although good thick Coal seams are found of regular thickness along the line of outcrop, they may be absent beneath the surface west and north-west, where their correllators havedipped say 100 feet below the horizon. If reports of the borings inr.. such districts are reliable, this fact seems partly proved. Examinations by shafts or with the Diamond drill would alone settle the matter. The annexed 3General Section is compiled from notes taken in. Bates, Vernon and Barton: "60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. -GENERAL SECTION of thWe South-west Coal Field in Bates, Vernon and Barton countzes. Total T HIICKNcESs. DESCRIPTION. depth. 75..................... Blue and gray Limestone................................ 74 20,feet........... Shaly slope...........................4........................... 784 feet 73 8,feet........... Sandstone.................4.. fe....et............................ 458 feet 72 52- feet.......... Brown shales with calcareous nodules and Brachiopoda large Crinoid stems................4...................................450O feet 71 2 feet........... Blue sandy shales containing fossils............................ 445 feet 70 20 to 34 inches Coal (Mulberry).................................................... 443 feet 692+ feet......... Fire-clay..........................;, 441 feet 68 11 feet.......... Slope............................................................................... 439 feet 67 8 feet.... Gray Limestone containing Acheocidaris, Chaetetes, Fusulina and Syringapora.....4281 feet 66 9 feet....... Shales, some thin Limestone beds and fossils..................... 420 feet 65 5 feet............ Shaly slope......................................................................411 feet 64 4 feet............. Dark, ash-colored Limestone; brittle; breaks evenly and has but few fossils; Bituminous.........................406 feet 63 2 inches......... Dark snuff-brown shales................................................... 62 16 inches........ ard Bituminous and slaty shales, with small round concretions.......................................................................... 40~-2 feet 61 8 inches.... Hard, black, shiny band.................................................... 401 I et 6012- feet........... Soft bituminous shales......................................................400- feet 594 inches......... Hard band.......................................................................399 feet 5S 22 inches........ Soft black bituminous shale.............................................. 99 feet 579 inches.. a..... (utler)398 feet 57 9 inches......... Coal (Butler).................................................................... 398 feet 56 25 feet......... Fucoidal Sandstone (lowest rock at Butler)....................... 397 feet 55 2 to 4 feet...... Limestone (upper FortScott Limestone)....................... 372 feet 541 foot........... Buff calcareous shales....................................................... 368 feet 53 4 feet.......... Bituminous shales...............................................367 feet 52 8 inches........ Bituminous Coal (92 feet below Mulberry Coal).............. 363 feet 51 3 feet........ Shales and Fire-clay......................................................... 362 feet 50 3 feet........... Fusulina Limestone (hydraulic)................................... 359- feet 49 1 foot............ Nodular Limestone shales and Crinoids............................. 3564 feet 48 3 feet.... Blue and bituminous shales..................................3554 feet 47 1 foot 6 inches Bituminous Coal...................................................... 352~ feet 46 4 feet........ Fire-clay..........................................351 eet 45 43 feet........... Shales and Sandstone......................................................347 feet 4433 feet........ Slope, shales and Sandstone concealed..............................30 4 feet 43 1U feet.......... Jointed bituminous Limestone.......................................... 271 feet 42 13 feet........... Calcareo-bitutminlous shales with fossils.................. 269~- feet 41 6 inches......... Hard black slate............................................................... 268 feet 40 1 foot............. Blue Limestone with fossils, Pr. muricatus.........................2674- feet 39 5 inches......... Shelly concretionary Limestone in one bed (Fort Scott Marble)........................................................................... 266 feet 38 10 inches....... Shelly bituminous shales with fossils................................266 feet 37 8 inches........ Dark concretionary Limestone...........................265 feet 36 3 feet......... Bituminous shales with large and some small Limestome concretions (Fort Scott Marble)................................... 264 feet 35 2 feet........... Drab ochrey shale......................................................... 261 feet 34 2~ feet........... Bituminous shales; brown ochrey at the bottom................258 feet 33 1 foot........... Coal (Cooks)...............................................................256 feet 32 34 feet........... Slope including a few thin Coal seanis...............................255 feet.31 1 foot 6 inches Coal.................................................................................221 feet 30 15 feet............ Slope...............................................................................220 feet 291 foot............. Red Limestone2.........................................................205 feet.28 6 feet........... Slope including beds of Carbonate of Iron.............2...........204 feet 27 8 feet............. Bituminous shales Septaria................................................198 feet:26 6 inches. Hard slaty Coal....................................... 190 feet:2516 to 18 inches Coal.................. 1894 feet:24 8 feet............. Shales semi-bituminous at lower part......................... 188 feet SOUTH-WEST COAL FIELD. 61' GENERAL SECTION-CONTINUED. Total _ TIiCKNESS. DESCRIPTION. depth. 23 2 to 3 feet....... Coal........................................................................ 180 feet 22 5} feet............ Clay nodules and Selenite.................... 177 feet 21 4 feet..... Sandstone and sandy shales...............................- 172 feet 20 6 feet............ Blue shales.................... 168 feet 19 2 feet 3 inches Blue and bituminous shales calcareous and fossiliferouls at the bottom...................162 feet J18 18 to 20 inches C.oal......................................................................... 160 feet 17 9 feet............. Gypsiferous Clay and thin Coal seams.............................. 158 feet 16 50.............. Clear Creek Sandstone..................................................... 149 feet Base of Coal Measures-Bates and eastern and northern part of Vernon. 15 1.................... Conglomerate and Iron ore................................... 99 feet The lower continuation of this Section may be found in the report on Barton-: county. CHAIPTER VII. CEDAR COUNTY. aY G. C. BROA)IEAD. This county occupies rather a secluded position in the family of...-counties. Away from any railroad, navigable stream or great public highway, it is generally but slightly noticed. Its area is 492 square miles.'lost of the county east of the;Sac Rtiver consists of timbered land. The western half is chiefly prairie. Its surface is generally hilly, in fact, some portions especially that adjacent to the Sac in the southern part of the county, and a portion in the north-east is quite broken. r'he measurements of the highest bluffs in the county show those of Sac River to be from 130 to 165 feet high; the hills of the northern part 135 feet, and those on Childer Branch, in the north-east -to be 200 feet. The elevation of the highest ridges above the valleys of Sac -(River, is about 250 feet. Most of the western half of the county ineludes a somewhat hilly and rolling region, rising by long and gentle slopes from the lower valleys. The district occupied by Coal Measures of'ten contains Sandstone capped mounds with Keokuk Limestone at their base. A number of such mounds appear in T. 35, R. 27, between Alder and Horse Creeks, and are generally from 60 to 75 feet high. On the county line, near -Clear Creek, we find long slopes extending to a high elevation. Between the East Fork of Sac River and Bear Creek, the county is of an agreeable, undulating surface. The bottoms of Sac River are often a half of a mile wide, and from their margins the country often.ascends very gradually. CEDAR COUNTY. 63 TIM BE}IR AND PRAIRIE. The western half of the county is about equally divided into timber and prairie. Prairie occupying most of the higher ridges with a few stunted Back Jack Oaks on top of the sandy mounds, with the heavy bodies of timber mostly confined to the valleys and hills, for from 1 to 9 miles from the main streams. The portion east of Sac River consists mostly qf timber with an occasional small prairie. Townships 33 and 34, R. 25, include fine bodies of large timber of the various kinds indigenous to this part of Missouri. In the northern ipart of the county the timber is stunted, and the county partakes of the character of "barrens." In this county several trees were observed which are peculiar to that portion of the State, lying east, but which are not found west, and among these I might name Alder,!Sassafras, Spice Bush, Dog-wood, (Cornus florida) and Bumelia clanaginosa. White Oak is rare in the counties west, but abounds in Cedar county. For useful and durable timber, Cedar county includes an abundance of the best varieties. The timber on the Sac, especially between the Forks, is very large, tall and straight, and very abundant. Among the best varieties of timber in this county, we may in-,clude White Oak, Post Oak, Black Oak, Red Oak, Burr Oak, tHickory, Elm, Black Walnut, Birch, Sycamore, Coffee Tree, Honey Locust and Iiackberry. S T E AM S. Sac River, a swift, flowing stream with good power for regular water mills, flows through the county from south to north, cutting off -one third of the county on the east. Bear and Spring Creeks are also regular flowing streams. Cedar Creek, West Bear Creek and their itributaries, become low, and even locally dry in extremely dry sea-.sons. Good springs are sometimes found and are often seen flowing from the lower beds of the Chouteau Limestone Group. The fine spring at Stockton flows from this formation. Other fine springs exist near East Bear and Spring Creeks. In some wells, in the southeast, the water has a remarkably pleasant taste. The water in the western portion of' the county is not so agreeable, having occasionally a copperas taste. This is generally the result of flowing through the aluminous and pyritiferous Shales near the base of the Coal Measures. 64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CHALYBEATE SPRINGS. In Sec. 9, T. 33, R. 28, from a very ferruginous Sandstone of theLower Coal Measures, there flows a strong but pleasant tasting spring. The flow of water is sufficient for many to use from. Another spring, of an equally strong taste but of weaker flow,. was observed in Sec. 22, T. 31, R. 28. GEOLOGY. SURFACE DEPOSITS. I saw no evidence of the existence of anything of older age than the Alluvium and Local Drift. The Alluvium includes the soils, and all the recent deposits along the streams, and appears in theirs banks. The Local Drift, which is only a subordinate member of the Alluviumz, refers to the broken masses of rock, clay, etc., seen in gorges,ravines, or strewn along the flat margin of streams. ROC K FORMATIONS. Among these are included: Lower Coal Measures......................................................... 130 Feet Ferruginous Sandstone................................................................ 50 " Keokuk Limestone................................................................. 140''Encrinital or Burlington........................... 20 " Choutea Limestone.................................................................... 40 " Vermicular Sandstone and Shales................................................ 44 " Lithographic Limestone............................................................. 18 " M3{agnesian Limestone.................................................................... 0 " MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE SEtRIES. At several places, low in the hills of Sac River, are outcrops of coarse, fine-grained and compact Magnesian Limestone, Cotton rock and Chert, which, from their position just beneath the Lithographic Limestone beds, we might at first glance think belonged to the First, Magnesian Limestone. But in the general absence of fossils, we have no data by which to determine. The lithological characters of some of these beds would indicate that they belonged to the Second Magnesian Limestone, and if so, the Saccharoidal Sandstone is wanting. In Sec. 34, T. 35, R. 26, on Sac River, Mr. Norwood observed an outcrop of beds of Cotton Rock and Chert. The upper bed was cherty, then followed 8 feet of CEDAR COUNTY. 65 drab, fine-grained and compact Magnesian Limestone (Cotton rock), with a dull, rough fracture, containing fucoids in relief. Underneath this was 4 feet of coarse and fine silicious Oolite. Some of the coarse pieces, with Oolites standing in relief and scarcely cemented at all. The fine-grained Oolites can only be clearly seen with a high magnifying power. The rock is very firmly cemented together, generally with silicious material, but sometimes a little 3Magnesian Carbonate of lime is insinuated. In this case, the Oolites are very small and beautiful, having a central cavity. A fossil resembling Straparollus reticulata (Sly.) was obtained from these beds. This would indicate the formation to be the Second Magnesian Limestone. Another small outcrop of similar beds was observed near the mouth of Bear Creek. In the north-eastern part of the county, on the waters of Childer and Turkey Creeks, the MAagnesian Limestone appears better developed, and some beds closely resemble those of the First Magnesian Limestona. They appear here as fine-grained, porous and light buff; fine-grained, drab, and silicious, dull, cherty, drab Limestones. We also found coarsely granular and crystalline Dolomites,'of a gray, yellow and gray, bluish drab, and flesh color. A dark sub-crystalline, ash-colored bed, mottled with spots of white, decomposing, cherty nodules, was also observed. Pleurotomaria and StraCparollus were the fossils found. About 50 feet was the greatest observed thickness of these beds in this part of the county. At Dunagan's Mill, on Sac River, there occurs 18 feet of finegrained, drab Limestone, with shaly partings, having 1 to 2 feet of olive Shales immediately above, containing Limestone concretions, and bands and concretions of Hornstone, with clouded bands of pink, purple and smoke colors. These beds, for the present, I refer to the First Magnesian Limestone. No fossils were observed. CHOUTEAU GROUP. The Group to which I apply this name includes those beds called by Prof. Swallow, in Missouri Report for 1855, the Chemung, also called Chemung by Prof. Hall in his Iowa Report, and by Worthen in his Illinois Report and White in the Iowa Reports, the Kinderhook Group. The divisions seen in this county belonging to this Group include the Chouteau Limestone, Vermicular Sandstone and Shales, Lithographic Limestone. G.s-5 6GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE, This. the lowest of the Group, is seen on Sac River at several points, being best developed at and near Dunagan's Mill, but not recognized in other portions of the county, excepting on Bear Creek. About 16 feet of this formation was observed at Dunagan's Mill, appearing thus: -No. 1. 5 feet mottled, fine-grained Limestone, with calcite specks disseminated, in tolerably even beds. Contains small fragments of Crinoids.:No. 2. 5 feet hard, thin-bedded, very fine-grained, light drab and somewhat silicious Limestone. No fossils seen. No. 3. 1 to 2 feet olive shales with Limestone concretions. No. 4. 18 feet Limestone. No. 1 of this section is undoubtedly of the age of the Lithographic Limestone. I recognized it as of the same age as the beds at Taborville, St. Clair county, where it contains Penztremites Roemneri. Nos. 3 and 4 belong, I think, to the First Magnesian Limestone. The entire section here would include: No. 1. 39 feet cherty slope, with fraoments of Chouteau Limestone near the lower part. iNo. 2. 7 feet Vermicular Sandstone. No. 3. 37 feet slope (Sandstone and shales.) No. 4. 16 feet Lithog raphic Limestone. No. 5. 18 feet First Magnesian Limestone. The Lithographic Limestone, as it appears in this part of Missouri, is entirely different from that of North-east Missouri. It occurs here generally as a thick-bedded, buff brown Limestone with numerous minute cavities, which are generally cells vacated by fossils. Minute fragments of Crinoicl stems and cells formed by their removal are commonly seen. Pentremiztes 2?oemneri being found, indicates the geological position of these beds. The rock here has a rough fracture, and would work easily and afford an excellent building material. VER.F RMICULAR SANDSTONqE AN-I) SHALES. This formation is found next above the Lithographic Limestone. At Dunagan's Mill, it occupies a higher position in the hills, and is 44 feet in thickness, which is probably about its entire thickness in the county. It is found all along the bluffs of Sac River and Bear Creek, and of the upper portions of Turkey Creek. CEDAR COUNTY. 67 Its characteristic features are a buff, brown, very fine-grained and sometimes calcareous Sandstone, generally traversed by windings of about an eighth of an inch in diametler, of a worm-like appearance. The chief fossils observed were Allorisma A, Arca Missouiqiensis, Pidlipsia -—, Bellerophon (like B. carbonartius), Hempronites, and Avicelapectenz 0ooperensis. CHO UTEAU LIMESTONE. This is somewhat limited in its outcrops. Grayish, shaly Limestone was observed in the road east of Stockton. The upper buff and drab beds were seen on Bear Creek and Spring Creek. Mr. Norwood observed on Bear Creek, near the east county line,,fifteen to twenty feet thickness of these beds, the upper four feet being more fine-grained and harder than the lower; having a very rough:surface; weathering with numerous small holes, and being flesh-col-.ored and brown. The lower-ten to fifteen feet was of a light buff -color, full of small drusy cavities set with mamillary crystals of Calcite. On Sac River, below the mouth of Bear Creek, a high bluff is,crowned with an escarpment of the upper, dark brown beds of this group. From the foot of the bluff, a thick bed of Argillo-Magnesian Limestone crops out, containing many small geodes of Quartz, and abounding in a coral resembling Zaphrentis gigantea, and Spirifer llarionensis. The interior of the fossils is sometimes of Calcite, and sometimes of Quartz, and both are often found in the some fossil. The fossils observed in this Group were-in the Chouteau Limestone: Ort/is.itchellini, Spiriter Ji~arionensis, ZaphrentisTerebratula fasiformis, (?) Spirifer lineatus, Orthis Vanuxemi, Athyris lamellosa, Cardiamorp/ha sulcata, Rhynchonella Cooperensis, Productus Shumardana, P. Pyxidatus, Eaomplhzalus, P2leurotomaria, eyucoides Cauda-galli, Pentremites Burlinytonensis, Seqphiocrinus simplex. In Vermicular Sandstone-Hemipronites, Area Xissouriensis, A llorisma -, Aviculopecten Cooperensis, and Bellerophon -. At Cedar Gap, one mile east of Stockton, the hills have Chouteau Limestone and Vermicular Sandstone above, with shales below, and on top are many loose fossils. ENCRINI TAL LIMESTONE. This is not well developed, the lower beds appearing in the south-,ern part of the county, near Sac River, and outcrops of gray, shelly GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Limestone, referable to this formation, are seen along Bear Creek,. near the east county line. The fossils observed were Actinocrinuzs sculptu8, Eoml2pJbalus la tius and Spirifer 8triatcs. In Sec. 36, T. 34, R. 25, Mr. Norwood observed twelve feet of gray shelly Limestone, with cavities lined with small crystals of Calcite,, abounding in remains of Crinoid stems, but containing few other fossils. It is probable that some of the gray Limestone beds near Stockton belong to this formation. ]Hemipronites -, Spiriter, S., Prodtuctus punctahuts, and Br2yozoa were observed. KEOKUK GROUP. This formation occupies the greater portion of the western half of the county, forming the Bluffs of Cedar Creek, and appearing lowdown in the Bluffs of Alder, Horse and Bear Creeks. Its greatest observed thickness could not be seen at any one place. In Sec. 12, T. 35, R. 28, 100 feet thickness was observed. Its greatest thickness is probably not over 35 or 40 feet more. The beds are sometimes thick, but are more often thin and shelly, and nearly always of a uniform, light gray color. Intercalations of concretionary Chert occur mostly in the upper part. The chief fossils observed were Orthis dubica, I-emipronites crenistria, Prodcuetus mnesialis, Pr. semireticulatis, Pr. cora, Spirifer, Zaphrentis Cliffordana, Philipsia -, U honetes-, Terebratula _parva, ]Rhynchonella subcuneata, Athyyris -- A solid Chert bed appears just above the highest Limestones closely resembling the French Buhr Stone. It contains very minute cells, resulting from the displacement of fossils, chiefly Crinoid stemsFERRUGINOUS SANDSTONE. This formation is scarcely recognized west of Stockton, only a few detached outliers being occasionally seen; but east of Sac River it forms the principal top rocks from the south to the north line of the county. Its general character is that of a coarse Ferruginous Sand — stone, composed of rounded grains of pure Quartz, cemented generally with oxide of Iron, which is sometimes red, sometimes brown,, and often ochrey. The rock is sometimes quite hard, and resembles.. Quartzite. No fossils were observed. CEDAR COUNTY. 69 The greatest observed thickness was on Turkey Creek, where it,often forms bold, steep and picturesque bluffs, which are sometimes weathered into a columnar front with partially formed caves. Weathsered holes are often found, indicating that the Sandstone is alternately soft and hard. The Iron ore of the eastern part of the county, has its origin in this Sandstone. COAL M EASURES. That division of the Coal Measures to which these rocks in this county belong, is the lower part of the Lower Coal Measures and lies below all known Coal formations of North Missouri, and includes beds of Sandstones, Shales, Ochre, Soft Hematite and Bituminous Coal. qThe Sandstones are generally coarse-grained, micaceous and often ferruginous, being deep and bright brown and red in color. The lower beds are very coarse, even partaking sometimes of the character of a conglomerate, and are particularly ferruginous. The equivalent of the Clear Creek Sandstone of Vernon county often occupies the highest ridges, and is generally even-bedded, forming a good building stone and a pretty good material for grindstones. _Mud-cracks, PIucoids and Ripple-mrarks are often characteristic of this Formation. The following genera of plants were observed: Sigiglaria, Calamnites, Lfepidodendron, Syqringodendron, Trigonocarporn and Cordaites. No Limestone beds were observed in the Coal Measures of this county, and only a fragment of a fossil shell was observed at one place in a thin bed of calcareous Ironstone. The greatest observed thickness was 130 feet. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. In a mineralogical point of view the Coal of this county may be considered about the most valuable product, although at present not so valuable because wood is abundant and cheap everywhere. In sections 19 and 20, township 35, range 28, Coal has been mined at several places. First, on Win. Taylor's land, from one to two feet is said to have been reached in his well at a depth of fourteen feet from the surface. It is immediately overlaid by one foot of Ochre and calcareous Ironstone. Three hundred yards south, on the land of Mr. Mulky, near the county line, a Coal, probably of a lower horizon, was observed sixty feet below the hill top. It did not present a very fa 70 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. vorable appearance, the upper fourteen inches being soft and abounding in Cordcites. Then came six inches of blue Shale with three inches of shaly Coal below. The cap-rock was a shaly Sandstone. Firm beds of Sandstone occur two feet above the Coal, also near the hill-top, resembling the "' Clear Creek Sandstone." Miller's Coal Bank, one-quarter of a mile east of Taylor's, was so concealed, that I could not see its correct thickness. It was reported to be in two seams, each one foot six inches thick, separated by blue Clay. Five feet of blue Clay overlies tle Coal. The Coal itself is deep black and shining, seems very bituminous, appearing, in fact, almost like an Asphalt. It has a little Iron Pyrites irregularly dispersed in small quantities in it, and contains faint plant streaks replaced by Pyrites. If as thick as reported this Coal may be of commercial importance at some future day. Mr. H. West visited the Coal Bank of Ann Connor in north-west of Sec. 16 of same township, and found an 8-inch seam capped by 8 feet of thinly laminated Micaceous Sandstone, containing plants with other Sandstone beds above. This is undoubtedly equivalent to Mfulky's Coal, as is also probably a 6-inch seam found cropping out in Sec. 22 of the township,. north. There were no other Coal outcrops observed between Cedar and Bear Creeks, but Coal may be easily obtained at many places where it is now concealed. Wm. Barden's Coal, in south half of Sec. 3, T. 34, R. 28, is 10 inches, capped with 3 feet of light blue Shales, with Sandstone in the Bluffs above. Lower Carboniferous Limestone occurs about 30 feet below the Coal. This is also probably the same bed as the last named bank. A 4-inch seam appears lower down the valley, having Red Ochre bands in the underlying Shales. Other principal outcrops appear in T. 36, Rs. 7 and 8. North of Cedar Creek, in the western part of T. 36, R. 26, about 2 inches of Coal crops out in a branch, and this may be the lowest Coal in the county. A section here is about as follows: No. 1. 125 feet slope, with occasional outcrops of Sandstone. No. 2. 2 feet Shales. No. 3. 2 feet Sandstone. No. 4. 2 inches Coal. No. 5. 2 feet Blue Clay. No. 6. Coarse-grained Sandstone. At B. Marcus', in north-west Sec. 15, Coal crops out very favorably on the edge of a low bluff. Red and Brown Sandstone appear CEDAR COUNTY. 7'1 above, with ferruginous sandy Shales resting immediately on the Coal, The Coal is 16 inches thick, and weathers reddish-brown, the middle portion showing remains of plants and Mineral Charcoal, and occasional thin streaks of Iron Pyrites. The bottom part is deep-black, with an occasional layer of jet-looking Coal of one-third to three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. The same Coal as the last appears 18 inches thick at Lebec, capped by shaly Sandstone. Sandstone appears 30 to 40 feet higher, and is very ferruginous. The water flowing through it contains much Oxide of Iron. The general appearance of the Lebec Coal is like the middle portion of Marcus'. It also occurs in thin layers, and resembles Block Coal. Mr. Norwood examined Joseph Miller's bank in Sec. 22, T. 36, R. 28. His section here wasNo. 1. 55 feet Sandstone at top; tumbled masses iare seen lower down. No. 2. 7 feet shaly Sandstone. No. 3. 3 feet sandy shales in thin lamine, containing Ferns. No. 4. 1 foot hard, black, shiny Coal, in thin layers, containing a little Sulphur. No. 5. 10 feet slope to Walnut Creek. This Coal is probably the equivalent of the Lebec Coal, and underlies the county on the same horizon between these places. It has also been worked about a mile south of Lebee, near the waters of Clear Creek. COAL EAST OF SAC RIVER. These localities were examined by Mr. Norwood. M. L. Parishe's Coal bank in the S. E. S. W. Sec. 13, T. 35, R. 26, formerly worked, but not recently. At present the driftings are in a bad condition. An approximate section was obtained mainly from other persons, of which the following is nearly correct.: No. 1. Sandstone (Clear Creek). No. 2. 10 feet Shales. No. 3. 16 inches tolerably good Coal, containing a good deal of Pyrites and somewhat slaty at the top. No. 4. 2 to 3 feet Shales and Clay, passing into a Sandstone below, containing Siglmacria and Cordaites. No. 5. 18 inches Coal, more compact than the top seamni; said to be also better, but still contains Pyrites. The dip is south-west at one place and south-east at another. Hosey's Coal bank, in N. E. S. WV. Sec. 13, T. 35, R. 26, (worked 72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. when examined,) resembles Parish's but is not divided by seams. Its section is: No. 1. 20 feet slope with Sandstone. No. 2. 3 feet Coal with. a few bands of Iron Pyrites. The top layer is a heavy, dull black pyritiferous Coal, which weathers with a white material (Copperas) in joints. The layers are generally separated by Charcoal. Between this and the lower part is the" Smith's "Coal, which appears very different from the upper, the fracture showing a bluish [appearance, weathering yellowish brown. The bottom resembles the top. Beuler and Chandler, in N. W. S. W. Sec. 13 and Trent, in N. E. Sec. 24, T. 35, R. 26, have the same Coal. The thickness at Beuler and Chandler's varies from 20 inches to 3 feet. The area of this small field is about 6 square miles. The total area underlaid by Coal Measures in this county is about 124 square miles. The exact aggregate thickness beneath the surface could not be obtained, owing to doubt regarding the number of coal seams. But Cedar countyv is well supplied with Coal. OTtHER MINERALS OF CEDAR COUNTY. IRox ORE. This is found associated with Ferruginous Sandstone and also with the Coal Measures. In Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 26, occasional masses of Limonite, generally a foot in diameter, were seen strewn along the hill-top. A few small excavations have been made here but no great amount of ore discovered. Similar masses of Limonite were observed in Sec. 10, T. 33, iR. 25, evidently associated with " Ferruginous Sandstone." An analysis of Mr. Chauvenet gives: Jnsoluble Silicious........................................................... 9. i70 Peroxide of Iron......................................................................... 75.09 \Water........... 11.61 Other ore beds of the same geological age were observed by Mr. Norwood, as follows: On G. Callahan's land, in the E. half N. E. quarter Sec. 20, T. 34, R. 25, scattered fragments of sandy Limonite are seen strewn on the surface. Similar ore is also found on Jack Simmons'land, in the N.Wo CEDAR COUNTY. 73 Sec. 4, T. 34, R. 25, and at other places in this vicinity, wherever the Ferruginous Sandstone is exposed. In Sec. 15, T. 34, R. 27, there is quite a deposit of Silicious Limonite. The ore occurs in large detached masses over the surface of a hill; many of the masses being 400 or 500 pounds in weight. One old excavation, made about 30 years ago, exhibits 2 feet of ore, occurring irregularly, as if piled up. Some of the ore is soft and porous, other portions are hard and compact. It probably is of the age of Ferruginous Sandstone, although no rocks of this formation are seen in the vicinity. The Keokuk Lirmestone is found a little below. Mr. Chauvenet's analysis of this ore is as follows: Insoluble Silicious matter........................................................... 43.94 W ater............................................................................................ 8.91 Peroride of Iron (Fe. 2, 0 3)................... 47.02 M etallic Iron..................................................................... 32.91 In Sec. 30, T. 36, R. 28, I examined a deposit of Iron ore of similar character to that last described by Air. Norwood. The bed is about 300 feet east and west by 50 north and south, and apparently very silicious. The ore is full of small cells and portions are somewhat ochrey. It reposes directly on Lower Carboniferous Chiert. It is probable that this description of ore is merely a replacement of Ferruginous Sandstone. A partial analysis of this ore gives: Insoluble Silicious. 43.63 Peroxide of Iron................................................................................. 49.28 W ater............................................................................................... 7.08 IRON ORE OF COAL MEASURES. This is generally softer and lighter, occurring as a red, yellow and brown Ochre and as a soft porous Limonite. The chief place where this ore was observed was in Sec. 22, T. 34, R. 28. As this locality is interesting from the variety and peculiarity of its different rocks I insert it here: No. 1. Slope from hill-top. No. 2. 28 feet Clear Creek Sandstone, of a buff color, rather fine-grained, and occurring in flag-like masses. No. 3. 5 feet outcrops of porous, brown Hematite-a portion a little ochrey. No. 4. 1 foot 6 inches red and brown sandy textured Ochre. No. 5. 7 inches Ochre, somewhat concretionary. No. 6. 4 inches red, sandy shales. No. 7. 1 foot blue, shaly Sandstone. No. 8. 6 inches shaly Coal. 74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 3 occurs in large sized masses, a quarter of a mile west, strewn over about an acre of ground, so it is very probable that it underlies the intervening space. An analysis, made by Mr. Chauvenet, of No. 3 of this section gives: Insoluble, silicious matter..................................................................... 4.71 W ater.................................................................................................. 13.27 Peroxide of Iron (Fe2 03)..................................................... 81.90 99.88; Metallic Iron Fe........................................................33 An analysis of No. 4 gives: Insoluble, silicious matter......................................................................6 Water.................................................................................................. 12.59 Peroxide of Iron (Fe2 03)............7................................ 78.30' 99.58 Metallic Iron (Fe.)................. I..............................I........................... 54.81 Nos. 4 and 5 would form a pretty and durable paint. These, together with No. 3, will serve to show that this is an important mineral locality. We may also expect to find these beds at many other places in the neighborhood. The above analyses of Nos. 3 and 4 show them to be good ores.. No. 3, a particularly fine quality of Limonite, was also observed a. quarter of a mile south-west. We think we are correct when we say that there is about 16,300 tons per acre of ore-enough to supply a furnace for one year, smelting 45 tons per day, and on 40 square acres there would be amply sufficient to supply the same furnace for at least 30 years. Our calculation is based on these beds extending over 40 acres, but the probability is that they really do extend over at least a mile square but driftings or shafts sunk to the same horizon could only d-termine this. In driving in these drifts, the miner would have a good roof of the overlying Sandstone, and the Sandstone itself is often a good gritstone. But in this calculation, we have only taken note of the upper Limonite; if to this we add No. 4, our quantity is increased one-third to one-half. Just below No. 4 there is a 7-inch good bed of red and brown compact Ochre, which may yield from 30 to 40 per cent. of pure Iron. This, besides being a superior Ochre for painting, could also be smelted. The underlying Coal could also be utilized. The wood for CEDAR COUINTY. 75 burning into charcoal could be obtained at from one to three miles of this place. The nearest water power would be Bear Creek, one mile off. Many years ago, parties began the erection of an Iron furnace on Sac River, in the southern part of the county, but the projector being involved in debt, was forced to abandon his work befbre completion. LEAD. There are reports of the existence of Lead in this county at several places, but they have proved, thus far, unworthy of notice. One locality on the old Cheshire place, now occupied by Mr. Prewitt, was examined by Mr. Norwood, who only found Calc Spar in Chouteau Limestone-no Lead at all. At Mr. Kennedy's, on Sac River, four miles north of Stockton, a pit has been excavated to a depth of 40 feet in search of " mineral" of some kind. In the thrown out debris, I observed fragments of a bluish slaty rock and Iron Pyrites. This is the locality formerly reported by some wandering mineralogist to contain Antimony; but if there ever was any Antimony here, he brought it in his pockets and it vanished with him. No useful ores or minerals, besides those above named. have been found in the county. BUILDING STONE. Near Dunagan's Mill, fine quarries could be opened of the LowerChouteau or Lithographic Limestone. Also, good quarries of Cotton rock, of age of the First Magnesian Limestone. Other good quarries may be opened at various points on Sac River and Spring Creek. On Turkey and Childer's Creek, good quarries of Magnesian Limestone may be opened. The " Clear Creek Sandstone," of the Lower Coal Measures, affords a superior building stone, and is sometimes of excellent quality for grindstones. Good quarries may be opened in Sees. 12 and 24, T. 35, R. 26; also, near the hill-tops near Cedar and H-Iorse Creek, and at other places northward near Clintonville, and along the north county line. The Limestones on Cedar, Alder and Horse Creeks afford large quantities of excellent material for Lime, and may do also for all ordinary building purposes. In the southern part of Sec. 6, T. 34, R. 27, I observed about two feet outcrop of silicious rock, lying just at the top of the Keokuk Limestone. This rock is very close-grained, and contains numerous minute cells, not many of them larger than a pin's head, and most of' i76 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. them, under magnifying power, proving to be cells vacated by Crinoid stems. This rock has the texture and general appearance of the French Buhrstone, and may be used for the same purpose. I would recommend that it be tried, it may prove valuable. It can be found at many places west of Cedar Creek, by carefully examining the horizon just at the top of the Keokuk Group. A GRI CULTURE. We may divide the soils of this county into about four classes. The first or richest includes the bottom lands of the larger streamsa rich alluvium. The second class includes the soil between the forks of Sac River, and most of that between'Sac River and Bear and Spring Creeks, also, a portion of the county near Stockton. The soil of the south-eastern part of the county is generally sandy. When much Iron and Lime are disseminated, it is rich, but when mostly sandy, is quite poor. The third class includes the soil on the hills and slopes in the western part of the county, capable of producing tolerably fair crops. The north-eastern part of the county embraces the poorest land-that on the ridges being very sandy and poor. The staple crops are corn, wheat and tobacco. Some cotton is also raised, and when frost does not appear too soon, this is very successfully produced. Fruit will generally succeed very well. CHAPTER VIII. JASPER COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. This county contains 643 square miles. Its surface is generally rolling, sometimes hilly near the larger streams, but is often gently undulating. The principal streams are Spring River, Centre Creek, and North Fork of Spring River. The principal tributaries of North Fork are Little North Fork, Dry Fork, Buck Creek and Cow Creek. The country, from between Spring River and the north county line, in iRanges 292and 30, generally slopes very gently from near the streams to the far off hill tops. The contiguous bluffs, along the streams, are not often over 15 feet bigh. Range 29 is poorly supplied with springs, and the streams do not generally run all the year. Dry Fork is indeed generally dry, except in pools, until it receives the water from 3[Mr. Schooler's spring in Sec. 8, T. 29, R. 30. Below this the creek has a full supply of water, and runs rapidly all the year. Further west the c ountry is a little more hilly, and that part of R. 32 of T. 30, underlaid by Coal 3Measures, has occasional mounds rising above the general surface. On Little North Fork, near the county line, the bluffs are sometimes as much as 70 feet high. Spring River, a very rapid flowing stream, traverses the county from east to west, a little south of the middle. It has always an abundance of clear running water from many fine springs, but what is remarkable is that the surface drained by this river, forms a very narrow strip, rarely over two miles wide on either side the stream; and for a long distance its tributaries are mere spring branches, or a water-shed from '7S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. -the neighboring hills. White Oak Fork enters it five miles west of the east line of the county. From this to the mouth of North Fork, we might almost say it has no tributaries for a distance, in a westerly straight line, for over 20 miles. Two miles below, it receives Pond,Creek, but oh the south side it has no tributaries in the county of greater length than two miles. The country on the south side is generally of gentle slope, from the top of the prairie to the stream. Centre Creek, a rapid and constantly running stream, traverses the county, irregularly meandering from the east to the west line, about parallel to Spring River, and at an even distance of from four to five miles from that stream. It, together with its tributaries, governs the topography of all that portion of the county lying south of Spring River. Another remarkable fact connected with this stream, is that it has scarcely any tributaries coining from the north, but -many on the south. Incidental to this, we perceive that its steep bluffs lie chiefly on the north bank, and the bottoms on the south side -like those of Spring River-are often wider, and their slopes from the neighboring hills are long and gentle. Its hills are generally of the same height as those of Spring River. Its tributaries, which as I -said, lie on the south side, start from an easy, flat depression, near their sources; then a channel is formed, and we begin to see low bluffs, becoming higher as we descend. The principal tributaries are Jenkins', Jones', Grove and Turkey,Creeks. These smaller streams are well supplied from the purest springs, passing out of beds of clean gravel. WATER POWER. In Jasper there are no navigable streams, but its water power is equal to that of any other county in the State. Spring River, Dry Fork, Centre Creek, Turkey Creek, Grove -Creek and Jenkins' Creek, all afford a wonderful power for milling purposes. Some of the small streams, at their sources, have water -enough for extensive manufacturing purposes. I might name the springs at Fidelity, those on Jenkins' and Jones' creeks, the spring at Scotland, that at Carthage, and that at Mr. Schooler's. These springs always afford an abundance of water, and do not freeze during the coldest of weather. The spring branch at Mr. Schooler's, never freezes for 200 yards from its source, and ice only begins to form a.quarter of a mile from the spring. JASPER COUNTY. 79 The shafts at Leadville and Joplin generally reach strong streams of good fresh water. This the miners always turn to advantage, and use in washing their mineral. AGRICULTURE. Jasper may be considered one of the best agricultural counties of South-west Missouri. The vallies along the large streams are generally broad, often a quarter to a half mile in width, and are very fertile. That portion of the county north of Spring River, and east of North Fork, embraces the next best farming land. Good crops of wheat, and good average crops of corn are produced. South of Spring River, rock often approaches near to the surface. Nevertheless, there are occasional tracts of very desirable land. The best land will yield 40 bushels of corn, or 15 to 18 of wheat. In entering the county from the north, we are struck with the change of the soil and appearance of the crops. Having just left a sandy soil, we step upon a black and richer one. The Chert and Limestone soils are generally of a dark color, except when the red Clay comes near the surface. Most of the crops peculiar to counties north of this, are raised here. Beside, good crops of cotton can be raised, and peanuts grow very well. The fiuits have not as yet been much planted, but the soil and climate are such as to invite the planting of large orchards and vineyards. SURFACE DEPOSITS. The material overlying the solid rocks mnay be referred to " local agencies." Solid beds of rock often appear on high ground, and can always be reached within a few feet of the surface. The soil and subsoil, both combined, are not often over two feet deep, with downward successions of red Clay and Gravel for from 4 to 8 feet, to solid Rock. The Gravel is even sometimes at the surface, and often within a foot depth. A similar succession of loose material, is also commonly found at the Lead mines. The banks of the streams, also, are similar, of which Centre Creek exhibits: No. 1. 1i} feet dark soil. No. 2. 2 feet red Clay. No. 3. 3 feet Gravel bed to the water in creek. 80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. On the prairie, two miles to the south-west of Carthage, excavations show water-worn Chert pebbles at the surface. At the old mines in Sec. 33, four miles south-east of Carthage, similar pebbles were observed. These were found at 60 to 70 feet above Spring River or Centre Creek; so it is quite evident that no recent agency could have deposited them there. They must therefore belong to the Drift, about its southern limit, but borne by currents from some place near by. LOW~ER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. In this county are found a part of the Lower Carboniferous Formations and the Lower Coal Measures. These divisions of the Lower Carboniferous appear to be mostly of the type of the Keokuk Group with overlying loose masses of Chert inclosing fossils representing a higher horizon. Some of them are fossils of the Keokuk, some of the St. Louis and others again of the Chester Group. The Limestone with occasional Chert is found along all the streams in the county excepting the north-western part where we find the Coal Measures. With regard to the thickness of the Keokuk Group in this county we find it impossible to determine owing to the various beds so closely resembling each other; the same fossils also occur in low strata and again are found higher up. So we found it impossible to trace out any bed by its fossils. We find Limestones at the water's edge in the creeks which we also see within a few feet of the surface on higher ridges. These ridges being from 100 to ]50 feet above the streams, probably not much more than 150, we therefore think we are safe in saying that there is 150 feet of this Group, but can not say how much more. The Limestones are generally of a uniform bluish-gray excepting when they contain Bitumen, they are then of a darker color. They are also frequently a light or whitish- gray or drab; occur also in both thick beds and in thin shelly layers. On Grove Creek, north of Scotland, an exposure of 57 feet of' Limestone is represented by light gray shelly Limestone, at the top containing Orthis K]eokuk, 0. dubia Protzuctus cora, and Phillipsia. At 6 feet from top the Limestone is coarse ash-grey, and at 14 feet fine and coarse beds are seen containing Orthis dubia. At 22 feet it is coarse and Cherty; at 27, firm, hard Limestone; at 30 feet there is 2 feet of coarse Limestone. At 15 feet front the bottom the Limestone is hard and close-grained. The remainder is coarse, thick-bedded Limestone to the bottom of the hill. These Limestones often have intercalations and lentic JASPER COUNTY. 81?ular beds of oolitic Chert both in their upper and lower parts. In the lower parts of the bluffs at Carthage are seen 2 feet of mingled Chert and Limestone. Similar beds were also observed on Center Creek. We also found Cherty beds with disseminated particles and fragments of Calcite. The Limestone beds are also often separated by Chert layers. The fossils recognized in this group were Achimedes (rare) and other Bryozoa, ZapiTrentis centralis (?) Z. -, Ampleus -, Productucs CWortheni, P. cora, P. Altonensis, P. magnus, P. 9nesioais, P. like P. alternatus, P. Plemin.gii, (?.) P. setigers (?) Spirifer pseudolilneatus, Sp. subcuspidatus,&S. Keokuk, S. lateralis, S. suborbjicuaris(?) S. incrassatus, S. Logani, S. increbescens (?) S. tenuicostatus, S. tenuimnarginatus (?) Althyris Roissyi (?) Althyrisplanosulcata, Terebratula parva, T. trinuclea, Rhynehonella mutata, R. subcuneata, Uamarapworia subtrigona, Chonetes planumbona (?), Orthis dubia, Heneipronites crenistria, Aviculopecten (2 sp.), ilfyalina San Ludovici, Phillipssia —, & Platyceras -, Crinoid stems are often abundant. This rock with the upper broken members forms the main Leadbearing rock. In the eastern part of Jasper, on Spring River, at Tarter and Dudley's Mill, and on White Oak Fork outcrops were seen of a flesh-colored closely crystalline and very fine-grained Magnesian Limestone in -very thick beds. On White Oak Creek a single 18 foot bed was measured. The rock is evidently altered from a pure Limestone to a 5Magnesian Limestone, for no well defined fossils are found. The process -of alteration seems to have destroyed nearly all vestige of organic remains; a few small but vague and ill defined cells are left which were probably formerly occupied by fossils. I saw an obscure form of -a Spirifer which may be Sy. rostellatus and a Capulus. Well defined Keokuk Limestone is found at a higher horizon, still I do not know that this may prove to be the lowest rock of the group. On Turkey Creek there is an extensive exposure of heavy Chert beds, containing but few fossils but whose place is below the Limestone beds above named. Near the mouth of Lone Elm Creek a Chert Knob 42 feet high is capped with 12 feet of solid Chert, with 30 feet lower slope over which are strewn large tumbled masses. Lower down on Turkey Creek, this Chert is seen extending quite across the creek and rising in the valley beyond not less than 20 feet thick. These Chert beds must be equivalent to those of Shoal Creek at and near Grand Falls described by Prof: Swallow in the Missouri Geological Report, 1855, page 95, of which he reports over a hundred feet thickness. Observing no strong 82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. dip that would throw this high in the bluffs, and from its being represented low on Shoal Creek and also on Turkey Creek, the evidence would go to show that this underlies the county northward, but a gentle dip has thrown it beneath the horizon for it is not again seen. It also thins out northward for older rocks do not bring it to the surface reposing on them. It is rare in fossils and we have only reports of its containing Lead. UPPER C(HERT BEDS. Above the solid Limestone of the Keokuk Group masses of Chert are found strewn over the surface in many places, and also interstratified with red Clay until we reach the bed-rock of Limestone. Theses masses of Chert are often sharp and flinty, breaking into keen angular fragments, but we also find a white porous Chert apparently partially decomposed and sometimes very easily broken into the proper dimensions for making fences or foundations. The thickness of this deposit is not often over a few feet, but excavations sometimes show it to be as much as 20 feet and formed of broken layers interstratified with much red Clay. The red Clay would probably make an excellent stone-ware for it is generally either nearly pure Silica or Silicate of Alumina. This Clay was evidently at one time Chert. I have found it under conditions that are incontrovertible. In Keith's mine, Joplin, a red mass of Clay was noticed 9 inches by 5, inches thick of a flattened spheroidal shape, being broken it shows the concentric rings always seen in such shaped Chert masses, but it was quite soft and surrounded by decomposed Dolomite. Yellow and buff and pure white Clay are also found. The white has the appearance of common tallow. The fossils common in the Chert are Bryozoa (several sp.) Amplexus, Pentremites conoideus —, Actinoorinus (?), Zaphrentis —, a coral like YRhombopora, Spirifer pseudolineatus, S. suzbcus idatus, S. sjinosus, S. Keokuk, S. increbesens, Althyris pla nosulcata, Rhync/honella subcetneata, Camaraphoria subtrigona, Rhynchonella mutata, Terebratula fusiformis, Productus cora, Pr. magnus, Ilemipronites crenistric, Capulus -—, Aviculopecten — A vic. Indianens.is, Alyalina San Ludovici. Dr. Owen, in his Report on the Geological Survey of Arkansas, pages 105, 107 and 108, speaks of the Lead-bearing rocks of South-west Missouri, and recognizing their equivalents in the northern counties of Arkansas, pronounces them to belong to his "' Barren Limestone Divison of the Subcarboniferous Group, not to the Archimedes," and further says that in Searcy county, Arkansas, there are over 200 feet thickness, and that it is underlaid by 38 feet of Black Slate. JASPER COUNTY. 83 Upon examination of Tennessee Geological Report, pages 341 and 342, I find that the description of the Siliceous Group answers very well to that of the Subcarboniferous Lead-bearing rocks of Southwest Missouri. SPECIAL DESCR IPTION. As Dr. Schmidt has in his Reports carefully given detailed descriptions of most of the mineral localities, I will only describe those not visited by him, and but briefly touch on others. A well dug by Mr. John B. Travis, six miles north of Carthage, shows: No. 1. 1 foot Soil. No. 2. 2- feet Gravel. No. 3. 5 feet coarse bluish-gray Limestone. No. 4. 2 feet Red Clay., No. 5. 5 feet blackish-gray, bituminous Limestone, of coarse texture, containing a few small particles of Zinc blende. I give this because it is the only place in Jasper county north of Spring River where the rocks show that they contain any Zinc. Excavations, in search of mineral, have been made in most neighborhoods north of the latitude of Carthage, but we have no information of profitable results. Between White Oak Fork and Spring River, are a number of barren excavations. Messrs. Marquis and Mulligan have sunk shafts at several places in Sec. 7, T. 28, R. 29, but found neither Lead nor Zinc. They have certainly shown an industrious perseverance, notwithstanding their ill-fortune. One pit, near the bluffs of Spring River, is over 40 feet deep, with 1st, 6 feet of red Clay; 2d, 10 to 15 feet Clay and Gravel, then white Chert and red Clay to the bottom. Another shaft close by, on the edge of the bluff, passed over 40 feet on the face of the Limestone, throwing out quantities of red Clay, Chert, and Calcite breccia. Some beautiful specimens of Calcite, some of a violet-shade, were obtained here. Brown Calcite, with curved faces having a trace of Iron and of Magnesia, was observed in crevices in the Limestone. A half-mile, north-east, is a remarkably shaped cove 200 by 100 feet wide, sloping up gently to the surrounding hill and terminating at one end in a shallow sink-hole. A pit 44 feet deep was sunk here by Mr. Marquis, passing through Chert into Keokuk Limestone, but revealing no mineral. At Tarter and Dudley's mill, on Spring River, in Sec. 15, T. 2S, R. 29, I was informed that at one time about 2 wagon loads of Lead ore S4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. had been dug out of the stream, and that Lead had been found associated with Chert in the hill about 100 feet above the stream. Another locality in S. E. S. W. Sec. 2, T. 29, R. 28, was visited by 1Mr. Norwood, who reports a shaft 34 feet deep passing through Clay and Chert to Limestone. Small pieces of Galena, but in great quantity, were found in the Chert near the upper part. PERRY'S MINES. These are in N. E. Sec. 12, T. 27, R. 30, on land belonging to Wmin. Carnahan. The mining has mostly been done by Mr. Perry and persons in his employ. They are situated on a gently sloping hillside, over which are seen many shafts. The first pit is 25 feet deep, with all Chert and red Clay for 19 feet, then'blue Limestone with Zinc blende. Fifty feet south-east, a shaft 40 feet deep reveals Limestone at 33 feet from the surface. Another pit, near the last, is 33 feet deep, a-nd from it about 2,000 pounds of mineral have been taken out, some from the Clay and some was found in detached cubes in the Limestone. One hundred feet east is a shaft from which a quantity of Zinc ore was obtained. The ore occurred in a pocket-shaped longitudinal mass, entirely giving out at one place but soon thickening. The Zinc blende found here is desseminated through the Limestone. Silicate of Zinc also to the amount of several hundred pounds has also been obtained both from the Limestone and Chert. Two hundred yards east a shaft was sunk in the valley 54 feet deep, but no Lead obtained, but many fine Calcite crystals were brought up, some of them. beautifully modified. CARTHAGE MINES. Some mining was formerly done at several places near Carthage, mostly on land belonging to Messrs Tower and Regan. In N. E. Sec. 8, T. 28, R. 31, I observed a pit about. 4 feet deep, showing chiefly a reddish-brown heavy Spar with Limonite. This place is remarkable as being the only locality where heavy Spar has been found in this county. Masses of Chert are strewn on the hillside below. A high mound in S. E. Sec. 8, is capped with Sandstone evidently of the age of the Lower Coal Measures. On its southern end, a pit has been excavated 55 feet deep. In the thrown out debris I observed Shales and Sandstone with Stigmaria and Ferns, and masses of dark ash-colored argillaceous Limestone, showing obscure lines of fossils replaced by Calcite, and also intersected by minute Calcite veins. The forms of fossils were most too vague to determine their character, but Bryozoa and a fossil which may be a Rhombopora were observed. JASPER COUNTY. 85 This rock has the appearance on one side of having been subjected to pressure, and of having slipped a little while in a plastic condition. It incloses Zinc blende, Calcite and Dolomite, with fragments of Coal and Bitumen and Iron Pyrites, generally associated as if in a vein. I could see no evidence of a large quantity of any useful mineral. On Mr. Tower's land in S W. N. W. Sec. 17, situated on a flat depression of the prairie, are a number of old shafts bounded on the west by a shallow ravine running south. The deepest pits were about 30 feet deep, and occupied a space in the prairie of about 250x100 feet. No mining had been done for some time, consequently none of the pits were in a condition to be examined; we, therefore, are unable to treat of the occurrence of the ores. Lead ore, Zinc blende and Silicate of Zinc are found. On other lands, of this same company, lying in Sec. 33, T. 28, R. 31, are evidences of extensive mining, but none of recent date. Several pits were dug 50 feet deep, nearly all showing alternations of Chert and red Clay from the surface down. In some of them a finegrained Limestone was reached at 10 feet. On the south-east slope were observed fragments of fine grained Sandstone of a good quality for whetstones, a portion containing remains of Sligmaria ficoides. This was from a shaft 50 feet deep. I was informed that 10 inches of Coal was found at the bottom. This must be in the form of a pocket, for in shallow pits, adjacent on the west, are Lower Carboniterous rocks. Some of the Limestones here are dolomitic, and some are bituminous. Some Lead has been found, but I could obtain no data as to quantity. DAVIS' MINES, Examined by C. J. Norwood. These mines, worked by Morgan Davis, on land belonging to Wm. McGowan, are located in N. W. N. E. Sec. 29, T. 28, R. 30. Only 60 pounds in all have been taken out here —in small pieces-the largest weighing only one and a quarter pound. This was found associated with red Clay and Chert, occupying a fissure in the Limestone. Mr. Davis has blasted considerably in the Limestone, and minute specks of Lead are found in the suture (Stylolite) joints of the rock. Keokuk fossils occur in the Limestone. R:ICKER,'S DIGGINGS, Examined by C. J. Norwood. Several shafts have been sunk in Sec. 17, T. 28, R 30, on the dividing ridge between Spring River and Centre Creek, one passing through 18 feet of Red Clay and Chert into Lime 86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. stone. Another was sunk 25 feet through Sand and Clay Shales to Limestone. The Shale contains only nodules of Iron Pyrites, on which repose Zinc Blende in small quantities. BROCK'S MINES, Examined by C. J. Norwood. These are in S. W. S. E. Sec. 7, T. 27, R. 31. Two shafts have been sunk, one of them 21 feet deep through Red Clay and Chert, but no mineral obtained. The other shaft, 120 feet south-east, is 46 feet deep, but was in no condition for examination. The miners furnished the following section: No. 1. 28 feet Red Clay and Chert. No. 2. 1 foot soft, white, porous Chert, sometimes called Cotton Rock. No. 3. 2 feet Red Clay. No. 4. 15 feet gray, coarse Dolomitic Limestone, containing much Calcite and some flesh-colored Dolomite. About 200 pounds of Galena have been taken out of No. 3. At the bottom the Galena seemed to enter a crevice in No. 4, but no heavier deposits were found. The bottom is a cherty breccia cemented by Dolomite. A small piece of heavy Red Limestone was picked up from among the thrown out debris, which may probably contain Oxide of Lead. W. S. FLEMING'S DIGGINGS, In N. W. N. E. Sec. 6, T. 27,R. 31. Several shafts have been sunk, passing through first 9 feet of Clay, with some Chert and entering Limestone. The shafts here have been dug 27 feet, obtaining only 150 pounds of mineral from one of them, but none in the others. GROVE CREEK MINES. A particular description of these mines will be found in Dr. Schmidt's Report. CALVERT'S SHAFT, Is 33 feet deep, and gives the following section: No. 1. 1 foot Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 2 feet Red Clay and a little Gravel. No. 3. iMostly Chertand Clay, with Red and Yellow Clay below, extending to coarse, hard, Gray Limestone at 28 feet. Lead was obtained at 26 feet, and thence to the bottom.generally associated with Chert, but at the bottom it occurs in a hard, close JASPER COUNTY. 87,grained Limestone, the latter also containing angular pieces of Chert.:Some Silicate of Zinc is also found. In another shaft, 40 feet distant, Lead was found at 15 feet depth, mixed with Gravel. Another shaft, 50 feet in depth, near Calvert's, has been worked for many years. Before the war 50,000 pounds of mineral were raised, and during the war some mining was done, and the mineral smelted on a logheap, covered with Clay. Sixty feet west of Calvert's, a shaft was sunk 60 feet deep, but no mineral found. Another pit, 75 feet south-east of Calvert's, 50 feet deep, in mostly Red Clay, with but little Chert, and some Galena, at 35 feet depth. MOSES JEWITT'S SHAFT. Some Chert and Limestone on one side; on the other crystals of,Galena occur disseminated through Tallow Clay, and 10 feet above;the bottom large cubes occur in the Clay. In cherty Limestone at the bottom are also large cubes of Galena. The Chert sometimes forms a brecciated mass, with Calcite, Clay, Galena and Silicate of Zinc. SMITH'S SHAFT,'Thirty feet south of Jewitt's, is 50 feet deep. A good deal of Lead was obtained at about 15 feet depth. Red Clay occurs nearly to the bottom. During the winters of 1872 and 1873 300,000 pounds of min-.eral were obtained from this shaft alone. The bottom rock is closegrained Dolomite, containing angular pieces of Chert and disseminated cubes of Galena. SMITH & -. Lead has been obtained here from the top down, mingled with Flint and Clay. Near the bottom occurs a hard and soft Silicious limestone, containing Galena. A side drift was extended for 20 feet and another shaft sunk, and mineral obtained throughout, and in paying quantities. Another shaft, 75 feet east, and 50 feet deep, extends 10 feet below the Chert beds. At the bottom there is a red Limestone, (containing Calcite. A little Zinc Blende has been obtained. In drift"ing northward to another shaft for 16 feet, 8,000 pounds of mineral were obtained. In a pit 20 feet south of Smith's, at 15 feet depth, Silicate of Zinc was obtained. JoHn BRowN'S SHAFT, In a pit in a valley a half mile south, Galena was obtained at 18 feet depth, from a gray porous Limestone. A little Zinc Blende was also found. 88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CLow'S SHAFT. This shaft is situated on the edge of a valley, and is 30 feet deep. passing through a loose local drift of Limestone, Coal Shale, etc., to Limestone. I was informed that 30,000 pounds of mineral had been taken out in one week. The Limestone is a coarse-grained Dolomite, containing innumerable disseminated particles of Asphaltum, which give it a dark gray appearance. OLD DUFF'S AND OTHER DIGGINGS. These mines are on the prairie, about half way from Scotland to Joplin, and are mostly abandoned. Occasionally some mining has been done. On II. Taylor's land, in Sec. 25, T. 27, R. 32, are about 1& shafts, indicating a superficial formation of red Clay, overlying coarse bituminous Limestone. Some mineral has been obtained here. On Moffit's and Sargent's land, in the same neighborhood, in Sec. 31, S. E., T. 28, R. 32, there are a good many pits and a few recent diggings. Silicate of Zinc and Galena have been found. BIRCHES A/reNEs. Location, S. W. N. W., Sec, 11, T. 27, R. 32. These mines, we may say, are tributary to the Grove Creek, being in sight. They occupy the highest part of the prairie and the shafts are sunk on level ground, showing: No. 1. 1 foot dark Soil. No. 2. 1~ feet-yellow Clay, with but little Gravel. No. 3. 2 to 10 feet red Clay and cherty Gravel. Galena, Carbonate of Lead and Silicate of Zinc are the minerals found here. The shafts are from 30 to 40 feet deep, and from many of them there has been no mineral obtained. In Leverton, Davis & Co's shaft Lead was obtained from 12 feet depth to the bottom, 40 feetThe mineral was found diffused in buff and brown soft rock and Chert From March 1, 1873, to August 1st, these mines yielded 40,000 pounds of mineral. Recent information is that although at one time they did not yield well that they are now yielding profitably. The Birch and Grove Creek Mines are leased by Davis & Murphy, and from March 15, to August 1, they have shipped 12 car loads of Lead from these mines, each car containing 270 pigs of 75 pounds each. JASPER COUNTY. 89"T MINERSVILLE. This is one of the oldest mining districts of Jasper, and is located, on the Memphis, Carthage and North-western Railroad, being the main shipping point for all the Jasper county mines. The rock in the shafts, whether Limestone, Chert or Sandstone, is hard. The minerals. obtained are Galena, Zinc blende and Carbonate of Zinc; some of' the latter apparently recently formed in minute globules on brecciated Chert, containing Zinc blende-the formation having taken place since the Chert was quarried out of the shafts. Bitumen is found in massive semiviscid form in the Limestone,and associated with beautiful crystals of Dogtooth Spar. STEPHENS' MINES. These are owned by Davis & Murphy, and are located in W. half N. XV. Sec. 31, T. 27, R. 33, on slopes of a hillside, making into a narrow valley, tributary to Turkey Creek. The formations include Clay and loose Chert for 10 feet, then Chert and masses of Limestone, containing Zinc Blende and Lead. None of the shafts were deep when I visited the place. In Neeley's shaft, 21 feet deep, there was some Chert associated with a good deal of decomposed Dolomite at the bottom... In the latter quantities of Galena were being taken out. Mr. Neely reported that five men took out a little less than 6,000 pounds of Lead mineral in one week. The Zinc Blende assumes the form and color of beautiful crystals, much of it of a Garnet color. LEADVILLE. These mines are two miles north-west of Joplin and extend a little over a quarter of a mile along a small valley, reaching north to Tur — key Creek. Geo. Cavanaugh, Duff and Reanden worked here in 1851. Taylor bought them in 1851 and Orchard mined here in 1852. These old shafts still continue productive. One of them is 70 feet deep, in which mineral was obtained at 50 feet and below. At the bottom is solid Limestone with lenticular Chert beds, in which Galena and Zinc Blende occur in horizontal sheets, arranged as shown in Fig. 2. In the Horseshoe lDiggings mineral was obtained in large quantities from shafts not over 20 feet deep. A little higher in the hill a shaft 96 feet deep yielded very little mineral. Loose Chert was taken from the upper part. The lower 26 feet includes Limestone, brecciatedand whitish Calcite. In Phillips' shaft, at Leadville, gray Limestone was struck at 18 "90 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. feet depth, which continued for 20 feet. He then passed a 20-inch band of Galena and Zinc Blende in Chert to a soft opening, with hard rock below. Beautiful crystals of Zinc Blende and Calcite were obtained at these mines, the Calcite being often in large, Amber colored' Dogtooth " forms. JoPLIN. Limestone crops out below the town in bluffs on the west side of Joplin Creek, for about 50 feet from the bottom of the hill, and on.the east side of Lone Elm Creek, not far from Turkey Creek, for 25 or 30 feet up the bluff. In Byer's shaft, at the south-west corner of Joplin, occurs a solid Dolomite, So, although these Limestones extend at intervals high in the hills, excavations show the solid beds to be wanting in many places and their place occupied by loose Chert or large broken masses of Dolomite or decomposed-Dolomite or red Clay. The Lead is to be found in these broken masses, mostly irregularly distributed. Excavations show this broken mass to be sometimes as much as 40 feet thick, resting against a solid wall of Limestone, a good example of which may be seen in Keith's shaft, on Porter's land. The driftings here extend about north and south and show that there is a north and south concealed line of bluff. The solid rock contains some Gal-ena but it is mostly distributed in the soft mass. (See Fig. 3.) Excavations in Joplin Valley frequently penetrate a blue, shaly:Sandstone, which may probably belong to the age of the Coal Measures, but it is evidently a drifted deposit. We also hear of a little Coal being sometimes found, but these deposits are also mere pockets. Just west of Joplin, I examined one of these, showing the Coal to be of irregular form of deposit, thinning out entirely at one end. The other I could not see, but it also has proven to thin out in that direction. The quality is poor and quantity insufficient for profitable mining. To show the progress of mining here, I give a few statistics, furnished by Thos. B. Dorsey, of mineral taken out on the Porter land120 acres: JASPER COUNTY. 91 DATE. POUNDS. RE MARKS. 1871. December............................. 4,150... 1872. January................................ 8,245.............................. February................. 1.............. 0,350 March................................... 63,402...................................................... April..................................... 104, 400...................................................... May...................................... 98, 000..................................................o.. June................................ 48,000 Water interfered........................... July........................... 148, 000......... August................................. 101, 000 I Very dry. The mineral had to be September............................. 72, 000 hauled two miles to be washed. October................................ 113,000 November.......................... 104,000...................................... December............................ 89, 5(0........................................ 1873. January................................ 221,000............................................ February.............................. 255, 000.. March.4 00,000 April...... 355,000. larch....... 400000.......................................22, April............................., 000...................................................... June................................... 176,000...................................................... July.................................... 164 000.......................................... July...................................... 164,000...................................................... IRON ORE. Small pieces of brown Hematite are occasionally met with, but none was observed in quantity sufficient for investment. At Mc-Daniel's, two miles east of Carthage, a piece measuring one foot by six inches was picked up. It was found with Chert, and may have originated from the upper Chert beds of the Lower Carboniferous Formation. In Sec. 34, T. 29, R. 30, and at several places in the neighborhood, small pieces of ore are occasionally found, but there is no evidence of any large deposit. At Mr. Isaac Schooler's, in N. half S. E. Sec. 28, T. 29, R. 30, Mr. Norwood observed loose fragments of similar ore in a space of about 92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 30 yards in circumference. Its geological position is probably the same as that of the other places just mentioned. On Mr. Tower's land, in N. W. Sec. 8, T. 28, R. 31, a pit dug disclosed four feet of heavy Spar, with large streaks and pockets of brown Hematite. COPPERAS WELL. At. J. S. McConnell's, Sec. 32, T. 3o), R. 32, is a well of strong mineral water. Mrs. McConnell informed Mr. Norwood that if the water were sweetened a little it would make excellent pickles. This proves it to contain sulphuric acid. The well was 13 feet deep, of which the upper 8~ feet of sandy Shale is divided from the lower 4feet of sandy Shale by 6 inches of Coal. The water was said to be good when the well was first dug, but after using it a year and a half,. it became suddenly so strongly impregnated with sulphuric acid that it was rendered entirely unfit to drink, and impossible to use for' washing. BUILDING STONE. The Limestones found on most of the streams are strong enough, and sufficiently durable for all building purposes, but are too often too irregular in their beds. They also contain too much Chert to recommend them very highly, but they will burn into excellent lime. The Sandstones are more sought after for building purposes. They may be found in good dimensions and in large quantity. Good quarries can be opened in the northwestern part of the county, in T. 30; Rs. 32 and 33. COAL MEASURES. BY CHARLES J. NORWOOD. The Coal Measures are, with the exception of three or four smal basins, confined to the north-west portion of the county. That part embraced in T. 30, R. 33, and T. 30, R. 32, with about three sections of' T. 30, R. 31, bordering on the north county line. They then spread west into Kansas and north into Barton county, with the rocks dipping a little north of west. There are at least four and perhaps five distinct beds of Coal in this region, all of which have been worked at JASPER COUNTY. 93 >one time or another. It must not be supposed, however, that Coal underlays the whole area laid down as "Coal Measures." For there is considerable undulation of the surface, the prairie spreading out in long, gentle rolls or slopes, with sometimes the Lower Carboniferous rocks approaching near the surface, covered by only a few feet of the Coal formation, and again rising in high mounds and ridges, some of them attaining a hight of 100 feet above the general plain. About one-half of the Coal beds occur only in mounds or ridges, and the presence of the others in the low land is governed altogether by the regularity or irregularity of the surface. Without a topographical survey having been made it is therefore impossible to designate in this report at just what points Coal may or may not be reached. It is believed, however, that at least one bed of Coal is co-extensive with that region included in the area marked as Coal Measures on the map. And this, although it may not be considered of commercial importance is still valuable as a fuel-taking the place of timber. The thickest Coal is 18 inches, while the thinnest ranges from 11 to 14 inches. When capable of being stripped even these Coals are profitable in some parts of the Coal region. The lowest bed is that seen near Medoc, on Little North Fork, at Mr. T. C. Arnot's Coal bank, and is probably equivalent to the lowest bed found at Cline's mound, in Barton county. It is 14 inches thick and covered by five and a half feet of blue, sandy, semi-bituminous Shale, with Sandstone still above. The Coal is made up of alternations of dull and shiny black layers. At the top there is considerable Pyrites, but towards the bottom the Coal is of good quality. A short distance down the creek Lower Carboniferous Limestone is found, occupying a topoyraphical position above the Coal, the latter seeming to have been brought down by a fault. This is the more probable as the Coal lies pretty horizontally in the creek bed, while at Medoc, where the Limestone was observed, we find some 26- feet of Lower Carboniferous rocks rising above the creek. Near Mr. Arnots,, another Coal was found occupying a position about ten feet above that Coal seen at his bank. The bed is fifteen inches thick. At the outcrop it is rotton, and of course we can not!judge of its quality. This we believe to be a new discovery. It is capped by one foot of conglomerate, while above that four feet of hard gray Sandstone is seen. At Mr. McConnel's, in S. half N. W. Sec. 32, T. 30, R. 32, a Coal bed is found occupying a position above Arnot's, and is probably equivalent to the Third Coal from the top at Cline's mound. MIr. McC's Coal is 11 to 12 inches thick, at one place covered by a foot of 94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. light blue sandy Shale, and at another by two feet of local Drift and soil, the Drift being composed of small fragments of Carbonate of Iron and Sandstone. Below the Coal is seen an ochreous blue Clay Shale. The same bed is worked by Mr. Thos. Smith just south of Mr. McConnell's, in S. E. S. W. Sec. 32, T. 30, R. 32, and is said to be 18: inches thick. North and north-west of Mr. McConnel's, Sandstone is found on a mound, being about 40 feet above Smith's Coal. On Duval Creek, 7 to 14 feet of semi-bituminous Shale was observed occupying a position below the Coal. This Shale is above the Medoc Coal, and the Shale overlying the Medoc Coal may be a part of this. Of this, however, we have no proof, and it is doubtful; it. (the Medoc Shale) may be considerably lower. The following is a general section of rocks in sections 28, 29 and; 32, T. 30, R. 32: SECTION A. No. 1. 2 feet buff and grey iicaceous Sandstone. No. 2. 29 feet slope; mostly Sandstone. No. 3. 5 feet sandy Shale. No. 4. 12 to 18 inches Coal. No. 5. 7 to 14 feet semi-bituminous Shale to bed of Duval Creek. In Sec. 24 (?), T. 30, R. 32, Coal which -may be referred to the top bed at Cline's mound, in Barton county, is found. At this place we find five feet of buff to brown micaceous, generally soft, coarse Sandstone overlying the Coal with ten inches of conglomerate, composed mostly of intercalated fragments of Ironstone. This is seen on a, mound, rising 72 feet above the prairie level. At Round Mound, in N. E. quarter Sec. 17, T. 30. R. 31, the same Sandstone is found, capping the mound, while 67 feet below, two feet. of "Keokuk Limestone" (Lower Carboniferous) is found exposed in the prairie. The mound is 45 feet high. Just west of Round Mound, there is a ridge upon which are two, beds of Coal worked by M3r. Huntley. These beds may be referred to the two upper ones on Cline's Mound, in Barton county. The following section exhibits the relative position of the strata: No. 1. 17 feet slope covered by fragmuentsof Sandstone. No. 2. 10 inches coarse, gritty, reddish and gray Sandstone. No. 3. 2~ feet drab and reddish Sandstone and Shale, with a few Carbonaceous. streaks. No. 4. 16 inches good Coal. No. 5. 5 feet slope. No. 6. 18 inches white potter's Clayo No. 7. 1 foot red and ochreous Clay. JASPER COUNTY. 95, No. 8. 12 inches blue and seimi-bituminous Shale. No. 9. 9.11 inches Coal. No. 10. 50 feet slope to prairie level. From the foregoing observations, and with data obtained at Cline's Mound, we are enabled to construct the following approximate very tical section of the Coals: No. 1. 55 feet slope, lower part covered with fragments of curiously ripple'marked Sandstone. This is from a high mound. No. 2. 31 feet Sandstone. No. 3. 10 inches Conglomerate, not always present. No. 4. 16inches good Coal. Found onMounds. (Equal to Upper Lamar Coalo. No. 5. 4 feet potter's Clay. No. 6. 15 to 20 feet, Rocks covered. No. 7. 5 feet sandy Shale. No. 8. 12 to 18 inches Coal. Found on mounds and ridges. (Equal to Middles Lamlar Coal.) No. 9. 2 feet blue Shale. No. 10. 14 feet seni-bituninous Shale. No. 11. 5 feet Sandstone. No. 12. 4 feet, Rocks covered. No. 13. 22 feet Sandstone. No. 14. l- feet sandy, semi-bituminous Shale. No. 15. 14 inches Coal. (Equal to Cline's Coal.) No. 16. 25 feet slope (about this distance). No. 17. Sub-Carboniferous Limestone. The foregoing is not given as being an exactly correct section, for it was impossible to get a view of all the Itocks. The prairie is continually changing its level, with long, gentle slopes; and as there were no means to get the topography of the country, we could not, use that as a basis for referring heights. However, we believe the section to be very near, if not quite correct. In W. half lot 2, Sec. 2, T. 29, R. 31, Mr. James Goff has opened a Coal bank. The Coal occurs in a basin formed in Archimedes (Keokuk), Limestone. The bed averages about 18 inches in thickness, and its greatest extent is N. N. E. The course of the exposed face of the bed is S. E. and S. W. At the S. E3. end of the bank, Lower Carboniferous Chert is found covering the surface, fifteen feet above the topographical position of the Coal, which dips 20 deg. N., 20 deg. W. At the north-west end Archimedes Limestone is exposed, occupying a position five feet above the Coal, which it cuts off. The Coal at this end dips 10 deg. S., 55 deg. E. The surface toward the north-east, ~ —96 - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. is pretty level, and is from 7 to 10 feet above the Coal. Toward the north-west, south-west and south-east, the Coal extends for a short distance only, being cut off by Lower Carboniferous Limestone, which is, we may say, the surface Rock. Toward the north-east, however, the Coal may hold out for several years. From the nature of the country, its exact limit in that direction can only be told by sinking shafts. It was supposed by many that the Coal would be found under the Limestone at the north-west end of the bank, and that it would be thicker and of better quality. This, however, is a mistake, as it is known that no Coal occurs under that series of Limestones, (in the United States,) of which the one in question is a member. Even if this Limestone belonged to the Coal Measures, the strong dip of the C-:,oal would show that it will not be found under this particular one. CHAPTER IX. BARTON COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. This county embraces an area of 580 square miles, including about 125 of timber, which is mostly confined to the immediate vicinity of the streams. Timber is very scarce in the western portions of the county. The general surface of the county is gently undulating or rolling, or occasionally relieved, at intervals of from three to ten miles, by a mound gently rising above the undulating plains to a hight of from 70 to 140 feet, but not often more than 100 feet, and often much less. The bluffs along the streams are not often over 50 feet high. The mlost broken part of the county is that lying east of Horse Creek, in the north-east part of the county. S TREAMT S. None of the streams are rapid, nor are all of them, constantly running; but, from the fact of their flowing through and over Sandstone, the water is not muddy, and is even at times very clear. The principal streams are' North Fork of Spring River, sometimes called Muddy; Little North Fork; Dry Wood and Little Dry Wood, and Horse Creek. The central portion of the county appears to occupy the position of a main water shed. From this the Dry Woods flow north and north-west, and the branches of Spring River southward. The streams flowing north toward the Osage, those on the south to Spring River and thence to the Arkansas. The North Fork, entering the county in the South-east, is arrested by a barrier of Lower CarG. s —7 98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. boniferous rocks, and flows away to the North-west, skirting the line of the Coal Measures and the Lower Carboniferous rocks until it almost reaches the center of the county, where, no longer impeded, it curves around south-west and southwardly, still keeping the Lower Carboniferous formations on its left bank, and leaves the county with a slight dash across a low exposure of these rocks. Where the Lower Carboniferous rocks appear, we find good springs; for instance, near Dublin and in Secs. 25 and 30 of T. 32 Rs. 29 and 30. There are some wells of good water in the county, but many of them, when they extend into the lower Shales of the Coal Measures, are of a disagreeable taste, either impregnated with Alum or Sulphate of Iron. In Lamar are several lasting springs of good water. Mr. Ward, in Sec. 33, T. 31, R. 30, has a well of excellent quality. The well is 52 feet deep, and has a general supply of about 30 feet of water, which mainly flows from a source 30 feet helow the surface. The formation, passed through in boring this well, was mostly Sandstone, and two days were occupied in boring the well, at a cost of $1.00 per foot. MAr. Burr, three miles west of Lamar, bored a well 75 feet deep through Sandstone and Sandy Shales, at a cost of $1.50 per foot. The streams, near their origin in the prairies, occupy a gently depressed valley for some distance, with occasional deep and wide pools with steep margins and full of water-plants, which look very beautifail in the flowering season. Among these I might name Njympiaeaa odorata, Brasenia 2peltata, Xuphar advena. When the streams enter the timber their margins are fringed by Birch, Sycamore, Elm, Oak and Willow. Tlie first signs of a growth of' timber on the prairies is the appearance of smnal persimmon bushes. They are very common nearly everywhere. On the high mounds occasionally are found a few small Cherry trees. Cherry Mound is so called on account of the presence of fiva small Cherry trees, the largest eight inches in diameter. There are no other trees of any kind within three miles. The seeds have been probably brought there by birds. Another low mound, three miles south, has two or three small Cherry bushes just growing up. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The superficial deposits of this county include Soils with sometimes a substratum of Local Drift of only a few feet thicknes%, and the Alluviumn along the streams. The rock formations include Lower Cavrboniferous and Coal MeaC8ureS8. BARTON COUNTY. 99: LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. This system includes the Keokuk Limestone and overlying Chert beds, which present types of both the St. Louis and Chester Groups. These formations show an exposed surface of 77 square miles in the county. KEOKUK GRO UP. This formation consists generally of a bluish gray or dark gray Limestone, generally Bituminous; the Bitumen being often found filling minute cavities in the rock. The Limestone is often in thick, even layers, is always coarse-grained and contains numerous fragments of Crinoid stems. The other fossils observed were: Actinocrinus Gouldi (?), Zapl7rentis —, Pr. punctuats, Pr. semireticulatus, Sp. pseudolineatus, IJemipronites crenistria, Platyceras, Pidilipsia —. The greatest observed thickness of these beds at one place was 25 feet. It is probable that they are about 75 or 80 feet thick in Golden Grove. I say so, because this Limestone was thrown out of a well on high ground near the southern edge of the grove, and one mile north Limestone of a similar age appears in the bed of a branch at about 75 feet lower down. They are also seen on Coon Creek and on North Fork, in the southern part of' the county. CHERT BEDS. Above the Limestones are seen loose, irregular masses of Chert strewn over the surface, but in no place appearg in a solid cemented bed. The fossils most abundantly observed were: Bryozoa but ZaphrAentis - - -,' Orthis dubia, Productus mesialis, P. seminreticulatus, iiemnipronites crenistria, Pentremzites conoideus, and Granatocriz.u.s granulosus were also found. The Chert on North Fork, near Dublin, abounds in Retzia Ver-..neuilana and Spjirifer spinosus, indicating a Chester type. OLD DIGGINGS. In Golden Grove, in Secs. 4, 8, 9 and 16, are many ruins of former shafts, most of them now nearly filled up. These old shafts are reported to have been here before the Government Surveys or first settlements were made. Some years ago a Mr. Little explored an old pit and it is said that he found an iron pan and part of an old pick handle. Others have made examinations and find the Chert beds including the overlying loose Chert to be 22 feet in thickness, reaching a Dolomitic Limestone. One shaft recently cleared, which I examined disclosed: 100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1. 6 Feet loose Chert and red Clay. 2. 16 feet regular but rough Chert layers. 3. Dark ash Magnesian Limestone. An examination around and in these places did not show the press ence of any kind of mineral. A recent well at the hill-top on the edge of the prairie in S. E. S.. E. Sec. 17, T. 31, R. 29, gives the following section: 1. 3 feet red Clay and Gravel. 2. 7 feet red Clay. 3. 7 feet masses of Limestone and Clay. 4. 10 feet Solid Limestone, coarse and fine dark grayish blue and bituminous, the. Bitumen sometimes appearing in drops. Zinc Blende and Iron Pyrites are also found in small quantities. COA.L MEASURES. Barton county is underlaid by about 503 square miles of Coal Measures, including, with the mounds, a total aggregate thickness of about 300 feet. Without the mounds we have about 190 feet. These beds are referable to the Lower Coal Measures as heretofore interpreted in Missouri Geology, but nearly 150 feet belong to Measures which, lie below the formations known as Lower Measures. These lower beds include Sandstones, Shaly beds and about 4 seams of Coal. The Sandstones differ in character from any of those of North Missouri. The farthest point north where similar Sandstones are seen is near Brownsville, Saline county. Being well developed on Clear Creek, Vernon county, we have in speaking of them applied the term Clear Creek, Sandstone to the upper member. The other Sandstones below, are similar in character and texture. They occur in thick and thin, mostly even layers,sometimes ripple-marked, and sometimes with rugose irregular wave-like markings which seem to be the result of differently directed mud currents. Some markings also seem of Fucoids. The, surface of lamination is also sometimes exceedingly smooth and! even. These Sandstones are generally very firm and are even sometimes hard. They are mostly fine-grained and contain some Mica, and seem originally to have been very pure Sandstones, but are at present generally found completely saturated with Bitumen. Where pure they are of a bright drab or inclining to a buff color. When containing Bi — tumen they are dark gray to black and very hard, sometimes like a Quartzite. Wherever the Coal Mleasures exist in this county, excepting on, the higher mounds in the North-west, Sandstone occurs as the surface rock. BARTON COUNTY. 101 On North Fork, three miles North-east of Lamar, it occurs in 4 feet beds. Fragments of Siqillaria,.Lepidodenron and Calamnites were,occasionally found. At the base of the Coal Measures we find about 16 to 20 feet of'blue sandy Shales which are often pyritiferous and sometimes aluminous. Section of Strata below Fort Scott Series. D THICKNESCRIPTION OF MIATERIAL. THICKNESS. 40................................... Rough mottled Limestone.:39 63 feet. 306 feet 4 inches Includes Shales, a few Limestone beds and probably a few Sandstones. 38 1 loot 6 inches 243 feet 4 inches Even bedded jointed bituminous and very'1 hard, deep blue Limestone. 37 1 foot 6 inches 241 feet 10 inches Calcareous, bituminous and fos-iliferous Shales. 36r 6 inches 240 feet 4 inches Hard black Slate. -35 1 foot..............239 feet 10 inches Blue fossiliferous Shales containing Productus semireticulatus. 34 5 inches 238 feet 5 inches Bed of Shaly concretionary Limestone. 33 10 inches 238 feet 5 inches Shelly bituminous Shales. — 32 8 inches 237 feet 7 inches Bed of dark concretionary Limestone. 31 3 feet..............236 feet 11 inches Bituminous Shales with large bituminous Limestone concretions and round Shaly c pyritiferous concretions. ~30 2 feet 6 inches 233 feet 11 inches Drab ochrey Shales. -29 2 feet 6 inches 231 feet 5 inches Bituminous Shales with small concretions. c 28 6 4nches 228 feet 11 inches Brown ochrey Shales.:27 1 foot..............228 feet 5 inches Coal. 26 34 feet............. 227 feet 5 inches Slope with a thin layer of Coal. 251 18 inches 193 feet 5 inches Coal. 24 15 feet............. 191 feet 11 inches Slope. 23 1 foot............. 176 feet 11 inches Red Limestone. 22 6 feet............. 175 feet 11 inches Slope including beds of Carbonate of Iron. 21 8 feet.............. 169 feet 11 inches Bituminous Shales with Septaria and a calcareouslayer with fossils..:201 6 inches 161 feet 11 inches Hard slaty Coal. 19 16 to 18S inches 171 feet 5 inches Coal. 102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Section of Strata Below Fort Scott Series-Continued. g THICKNESS. TOTAL DESCRIPTION. (D THICKiNESS. 18 8 feet...............160 feet..............Shales. Lower 2 feet deep blue and and semi-bituminous. 17 3 feet............ 152 feet.............. Coal. 16 50 feet.............. 149 feet.............. Clear Creek Sandstone. 15 1 foo t............. 99 feet..............Conglomerate and Iron ore. 14 11 inches 98 feet............Coal (8 to 13 inches) (Upper Lamar.) 13 15 feet............. 96 feet.............. Sandstone. 12 6 feet.............. 8l feet 11 inches Clay-upper 4 feet is light drab, the lower is blue, and semi-bituminous. 11................................................ Thin layer of Limestone. 10 1 foot............ 75 feet 11inches Coal. 9 15 feet.............. 74 feet l inches Sandstone. 8 5 feet 6 inches 59 feetll inches Semi-bituminous Shales not always present. 7 10 inches 54 feet 5 inches Coal. 6 35 feet.............. 53 feet 7 inches Sandstone. 5 1 foot 6 inches 18 feet 7 inches Shale. 4 1 foot 1 inch 17 feet 1 inch... Coal, lowest at Clines'. 3 16 feet,............. 16 feet..............Blue Shales containing Alum and Sulphur. 2.................................................. Chert Beds. 1. |. I; l~~~~i ~ ~ ~~Keokuk Limestone. DESCRIPTIVE SECTIONS. In order to show more particularly the order of succession of the various beds, I here insert a few sections obtained in various parts of the county. In Sec. 15, T. 32, R. 29, we have: No. 1. 30 feet mostly Sandstone in thick layers and ripple-marked. No. 2. Two feet outcrop of thin sandy layers. No. 3. 1 foot rotten Coal. No. 4. 16 feet sandy Shales with occasionalocehrey bands and also a knife-edge of Coal. The Lower Carboniferous Limestone occurs a short distance north, so we reasonably suppose that the above Section includes some of' the lowest Coal Measure rocks. BARTON COUNTY. 103 The following Section includes some of the lowest Coal Measure rocks in the county: Section of Cline's laound —S. iV. Sec. A4, T. 31, R. 31. No. 1. 18 inches Shales and Sandstone. No. 2. 8 to 10 inches Rotten Coal. No. 3. 6 feet 6 inches Clay. No. 4. 8 to 10 inches Crumbling Coal. No. 5. 4 feet blue Fire-Clay. 1No. 6. 8 feet Shaly Slope-Sandstone at the top. No. 7. 1 foot blue Shales. No. 8. Band of yellow Ochre. No. 9. 2 feet 6 inches blue Shales. No. 10. 2 inches concretionary band of Ironstone, breaking with smooth joints into blocks which are generally hollow. No. 11. 1 foot 6 inches dark Semi-bituminous Slate. No. 12. 7 to 10 inches Coal. No. 13. 35 feet Slope, containing Sandstone. No. 14. 12 to 18 inches light and dark-blue Shales. No. 15. 12 to 13 inches Coal. Section on Little A6orth Fork at the South County Line.. This illustrates the Geological structure of the neighborhood as follo ws: No. 1. 28 feet Slope, with outcrops of Sandstone. No. 2. 5 feet Sandstone. No. 3. 7 feet slope 30 deg., a thin Coal seaul is probably concealed. No. 4. 12 feet Shales. No. 5. 6 inches blue Shaly Limestone. No. 6. 7 inches Coal. No. 7. 16 feet blue sandy Shales. No. 8. 13 inches Coal in creek. The neighboring hills are about 10 feet higher, and capped with tumbling Sandstone. Section one mnile west of Lamar. This includes a portion of our Section at Cline's Mound, as follows: No. 1. 10 feet Slope. No. 2. 9 feet Sandstone in flag-like masses. No. 3. 6 feet Sandstone, In 4 and 8 inch layers. No. 4. 1 foot Conglomerate of Sandstone, Ochre and nodules of Carbonate of Iron. No. 5. 10 inches Coal. .104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 6. 7 feet 6 inches Slope, with some Sandstone. No. 7. 4 feet light colored Clay Shales. No. S. 1 foot 4 inches deep-blue Clay Shales. No. 39. 13 inches Coal. No. 10. 8 feet 6 inches Slope. No. 11. 7 feet 6 inches thin and even layers, gray Sandstone, with some Shaly layers containing Lepidodendron. No. 12. 13~ inches Coal. Two miles west of this, on high ground in Sec. 28, Mr. Burr dug a well 75 feet deep, passing through 7 feet of soil and jointed Clay to Clay-Shale, which extended to 30 feet, at which depth l foot of hard rock was perforated, from which bituminous Sandstone extended to the bottom. No Coal was reported. The highest rocks in the county appear in the north-west, capping the mounds and belong to the age of the lower part of the Middle Coal Measures and below the Fort Scott Group. As much as 50 feet of very bituminous Sandstone of the Lower Coal Measures crops out on Drywood and its various branches in the neighborhood, including 2 thin Coal seams. Just a little ways above the Sandstone we find 2 feet of good Coal capped by Shales and concretionary Ironstone bands. This Coal is 140 feet below the top of Blue Mound. On the mound, 10 feet below the top, there was a peculiar sandy textured Limestone (No. 37.) A little below the latter are many fragments and some stumps of C(oniI2erous wood, measuring as much as 3 and 4~ feet across the surface. These stumps I regard as of the same Geological age as those found one mile east of Pleasant Gap, Bates county. Section on Round Mound in Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 32-By C. J. Norwood. This ihcludes some beds of Limestone which may occupy a higher Geological position, as follows: No. 1. 2 feet mottled, flesh and drab Limestone, containing Spiriefer lineatus. 1 suppose this rock to be equal to the lowest rock at Butler, IBates county. No. 2. 2 feet Slope. No. 3. 6 inches Limestone, nwith mulch Calcite. No. 4. 3 feet Slope. No. 5. 1 foot drab Limestone, mottled with dark streaks. No. 6. 3 feet Slope. No. 7. 1 foot 6 inches drab Limestone, with nailhead Spar between the joints, contains fossils, including Spirifer lineatns, Lophophyllmn, lFusulina and Philipsia. No. 8. 11 feet Slope. No. 9. 5 inches Sandstone. BARTON COUNTY. 105 No. 10. 16 feet Slope, with yellow Ochre at the lower part. No. 11. 1 foot dark, ash shelly Limestone, containing Productus muricatus, P. Pratteniamns and HemipJronites crassus, and aboundingf in Chonetes gnesoloba. No. 12. 10 feet Slope. No. 13. 1 foot hard-blue, bituminous Limestone, breaking rhomboidally and containinig Spirifer plano-convexzus, and Entoliucm avicultatam, Crinoid stems and Bryozoa, (No. 38 of Gen. See.) No. 14. 40 feet Slope to level prairie. Coal 5 inches thick has been obtained In a neighboring well, vwhich would place it about 50 feet below No. 13 of the above Section. On top of the mound a few masses of Limestone were seen containing Chlaetetes milleporaceus, ]fasuzlina cylindrica and ZapIarentis.:Section on West Fork of Biq Drywood, in S. TV. Sec.,1, T. 33, R. 33-By C. J. Norwood. No. 1. 12 feet Slope. No. 2. 13 feet Sandstone. No. 3. 3 feet 6 inches blue Clay Shales; bitunminous Limestone at the bottom. No. 4. 1 foot blue Shalv Limestone with fossils, including Productus Prattenianus, Pr. mnuricatus, Hemipronites crassus and Chonetes mesoloba. No. 5. 10 feet 6 inches Sandstone and Shales. No. 6. 5 feet Slope. No. 7. 2 feet shaly micaceous Sandstone. No. 8. 10 feet Slope. No. 9. 13 feet 6 inches Sandstone and Shales. No. 10. 18 feet Slope, to water in the creek. On Mr. Boyd's land a well was penetrated in search of oil to a depth of 130 feet, passing through Sandstone and Shale beds. The upper bed, Mr. Norwood thinks, is the equivalent to No. 9 of his Section just quoted. The top of the mound in Sec. 27, is about 50 feet above No. I of this Section, and is capped with 5 feet of Sandstone. Coal, 18 inches thick, was obtained by Mr. Croghan in a well naearly at a vertical distance of 69 feet from the top of the mound. The following includes the formation of Cherry Mound: Section at Cherry Meound. No. 1. 5 feet blue Shales. No. 2. Yellow ochrey band. No. 3. 1 foot 6 inches Limestone, weathers red and brown-ochrey. No. 4. 3 feet blue Shales. No. 5. 2 inches Coal. No. 6. 1 foot blue Clay with Stigqmarioa. No. 7. 2 inches Coal. No. S. O feet Fire-clay. 106 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This mound presents an interesting appearance on the summit. A circular basin has been worn out by the action of the elements, leaving a 5 feet bank of Shales in the center, and just at the outer margin of the mound there is an elevated rim extending nearly around it, between which and the central small mound is the excavation of 5, feet depth. This peculiar appearance has given rise to curious speculations. Many persons thinking they see evidences of ancient mining, when a few minutes close observation and thought will at once show that these appearances can all be traced to natural causes. Cherry Mound is 70 feet above the neighboring plains, and about 80 feet above the Coal of Mr. Johnson, about 1 mile N. E. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. Of 503 square miles of Coal Measures in this county, there are, about 480 underlaid by an aggregate of 4 feet of good Coal. With this is included a strip of 31 square miles in the western part of the county underlaid by 6~ to 7 feet of Coal. We will then have under 31 square miles the amount of 224,699,904 tons of Coal, and under 449w square miles the amount of 2,002,784,256 tons, or a total of 2,227,484,160 tons. Allowing for a waste of one-third in mining, we still have 1,484,989,440 tons of available Coal in the county-sufficient for all county purposes during the life of the present generation, besides allowing for a large export. As yet there has been but little mining of Coal in this county~The home market is very limited, and facilities for transportation are very poor. In the eastern portion of the county, fire-wood is generally easily obtained, but in the western part the inhabitants will have to use Coal. The county is at present -but thinly settled, but when the population shall have increased, we may expect Coal mines to be opened in every neighborhood, and Coal to become a staple article of' commercial value. DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL COAL BANKS. Mr. Cline, at the foot of the mound, in Sec. 34, T. 31. R. 31, works, a 13-inch seam. It lies in the bed of the branch, and is best worked in dry weather. The Coal is of good ordinary quality. An analysics by Mr. R. Chauvenet gave: BARTON COUNTY. 107 W ater................................................................................................ 1.54 Volatile............................................................................................... 33.79 Fixed Carbon.................................................................................... 50.21 Ash.................................................................................................... 14.46 Color of ash, gray; rather a large per cent. Sulphur was rather high, being................................. 5.588 per cent. The seams at the upper part of the mound have also been worked at intervals, but are too thin for profitable working. In Sees. 28 and 31 of the same township, an 8-inch seam is sometimes worked, which is probably referable to that just named. (No 14 of County Section.) In Secs. 6 and 7, T. 30, R. 31, a 15 to 18-inch seam is worked at the surface, on an open prairie, at several places. It here crops out in the edge of a ravine. On N. B. Wood's land, in Sec. 7, it is capped by thin layers of blue and bluish gray, fine-grained Sandstone. At Quillan's diggings, in the N. W. Sec. 5, the cap-rock consists of one foot of blue and semi-bituminous Shales. Three-quarters of a mile northwest of this, on Anderson's land, it is capped by light blue Shales, and.' 5 feet above there is a hard Sandstone. The Coal from these various places is mostly hauled to Lamaro At Jno. Hubbard's, in N. W. Sec. 11, T. 30, R. 32, is an 8-inch Coalseam, probably equivalent to No. 14 of our County Section. Sandstone 21 feet thick lies 13 feet above it. In S. E. Sec. 7, T. 30, R. 32, is an outcrop of Coal probably equivalent to the last, but only 5-a inches thick. It has thin layers of Sand —stone immediately resting on it, with an irregular, cellular Ochre bed._ sometimes as the cap-rock. This Coal I regard as the equivalent of. Hubbard's, of one of the upper seams at Cline's and the top Coal at Lamar, or No. 14 of our General County Section. There has been.. considerable mining for it, but on account of its inferior thickness and close approximation to the overlying Sandstone, I imagine that the mining has been without profit. Its place is No. 3 of the Section on North Fork, at south county line. On George W. Evans' land, in N. half N. W. Sec. 22, T. 31, Pt. 31,_ Coal No. 4 of our Section appears in the edge of a prairie branch. It is one foot thick, of good quality, but the water in the branch is aserious impediment to mining operations. The owners might do well, to sink shafts a little way down on higher ground. The Coal wouldbe reached at the same level, and there might be a little water sometimes in the way, but there would be no danger of being overflowed as there is at present. From this place the ground rises very gently back and the hills are low. Each of the three seams in the bluffs.. 108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. west of Lamar has been worked at various times. The Coal seems to be of a good quality and certainly underlies the country north and -west. The lower beds may underlie Lamar. Section at Tracy's, in V W. I. E. Sec. 32, T. 32, R. 30. No. 1. 50 feet Sandstone. No. 2. 3 to 6 inches Coal. Seen as a rotten, smutty strefak at "Trace's Bank,."l but up stream it forms a solid Coal seam, (No. 14 of General Section.) No. 3. 3 inches ochrey Clay. No. 4. 2 feet 3 inches dove-colored Fire Clay, with Stiginaria. No. 5. 9 inches good bed of Ochre. No. 6. 1 foot blue, olive and ochrey Clay. No. 7. 3 feet blue Clay. No. S. 14 inches good Coal, (No. 10 of General Section.) This Coal is worked at many places for 1- miles up the branch east, rising gently eastward. Mr. Ward, on a neigboring hill, bored 52 feet, mostly through hard Sandstone, without any Coal. Near the foot of the hill, or 30 feet lower than the surface of the well, he struck the 14.inch Coal at 17 feet. This will seem to show that the boring in the well nearly reached the Coal, and also, between the points, there must be a dip of a little over 5 feet. On Dr. VanPelt's land, in S. W. Sec. 16, T. 32, R. 30, a 1-foot seam is found in a well near'the foot of a hill. This must be the equivalent of the lowest bed in the hill one mile west of Lamar. For 30 feet above, the formation appears to be mostly Sandstone. There are probably other Coals concealed. On the north side of the Crreek from the last named place, a Coal bed appears in the bed of the Creek, capped by 3 feet of buff Clay Shales —the latter overlaid by thick beds of Sandstone. Its entire thickness could not be seen, and only 1 foot was exposed, but I was told it was 2 feet thick. This Coal is probably the equivalent of the bed sometimes worked on North Fork in north part of Sec. 30, T. 32, IR. 29. At the latter place it is reported to be 28 inches thick, but being in the bed of the stream, I could not verify the information. It is probably the lowest Coal in the county, and is probably also the same that crops out in Sec. 34, T. 32, R. 29. It was reported to be 18 inches thick, but was so covered with debris that I could not see it. On land of Gaddy's, in N. W. N. W. W. Sec. 3, T. 32, R. 2.9, Sandstone rests directly on Coal which was reported to be 12 to 14 inches thick. It was concealed by rubbish when I was there, but I suppose it to be,equivalent to No. 7 of our Section. BARTON COlUNTY. 1 09 The Coal last named was also seen at the corner of Cedar and Dade counties, 13 inches thick, and capped by Sandstone containing intercalations of Ochre. The rocks here dip 50 W. Another place where it was found was in S. E. Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 29, on land of David Bass. The Coal here is 16 inches thick and. capped by 21 feet of Sandstone-the upper part in thick layers, the lower thin and even, and separated by partings of blue Shale. In T. 33, R. 30, are several outcrops of thin Coal seams, but they have only been worked for neighborhood uses. Cherry Mound has been already noticed. One mile north-east, on Mr. Johnson's land, a third seam of Coal: was observed, presenting the following section: No. 1. 3 feet Soil and Clay. No. 2. 3 inches concretionary red Ochre. No. 3. 1 foot 3 inches blue and semi-bituminous Shales. No. 4. 6 to S inches Coal. No. 5.. - inch yellow Ochre. No. 46 Blue Clay. As to the exact geological position of this Coal, I am not certain.. It is probably equivalent to the seams seen by Mr. Norwood four or five miles north, and also reported to be in the well in Sec. 17, T. 32,. R. 32, 14 feet from the surface. North of this, on East Drywood, Coal has been mined at several places. In Sec. 25, on WV. I-I. Curless' land, a 13 to 18 inch seam was observed, 4 to 10 feet above the water. A little further up stream, a one foot seam was beinog mined in the bed of the creek, probably 10 to 156 feet below the other seam. These seams must underlie the surrounding country. In the north part of Sec. 31, T. 31, R. 33, was observed a 16-inch, Coal occurring thus: No. 1. Sandstonle. No. 2. Few feet of slope. No. 3. Band of red colcretionary Shales. No. 4. 2 feet dark ochrey Shales. No. 5. 2 feet blue Shales. No. 6. 16 inches Coal. No. 7. Slope, with Sandstone below. This is probably equivalent to the Coal of Johnson's, above named. If so, I think I am correct. It must underlie all of the intervening country. 10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Mr. Norwood records a Coal of the same thickness from the well of.lIMooney, in Sec. 23, T. 31, R. 33. He also makes it equivalent to an 8-inch seam cropping out in Sec's 3, 10, 11 and 13 of the same township. He has estimated this Coal to be 50 feet below the Coal. (No. 17) of our section. Passing over an exceedingly gently rising country for three miles north-west, and at an assumed elevation of 40 feet higher, we approach Martindale's bank. This is the furthest southern outcrop of the 3-feet Coal-No. 17 of General Section. The location is S. E. S. W. Sec. 30. T. 31, R. 33, near the top of a low mound. The Coal is about 3 feet thick, but of impure quality, containing a good deal of Iron Pyrites, sometimes in thin bands. It is overlaid by 4 to 5 feet -.of blue Clay Shales, with some sandy layers, capped by a rough.Ochre band. The mound limits this bank to a few acres in extent. -Dipping northward, we next see it at Beebe's, in Sec. 7 of the same township, just below the general level of the prairie. It crops out here in the edge of a gently flowing prairie draw, but its working is soimne what interfered with by water. The Coal contains a little Iron.Pyrites. An analysis] of Beebe's Coal by Mr. R. Chauvenet, gave: Water................................................................................................. 1.12 V olatile................................................................................................ 34.98 Fixed Carbon..................................................................................... 50.68 Ash (color of ash, pinkish gray)............................................................ 13.22 Sulp hur................................................................................................. 6.48 The per cent. of water is4small; fixed Carbon very fair; but ash and Sulphur too much. The next point north where observed, was on the land of Dr. Morerod, in the south part of Sec. 19, T. 32, R. 33, capped by blue and red Shales, and of a uniform thickness of three feet. Three-quarters of a mile south, Mr. Barker struck this Coal in a well, at a depth of 68 feet, passing:through an 8-inch seam at 23 feet. This thick Coal seems generally to dip north and west, as indicated from the above, and a few outcrops further east. On Henry Flack's land, in the north part of Sec. 29, of the same township, it crops out on the south side of a gentle draw, eight feet above the valley near by, and three feet thick, the upper six inches crumbling; that below being hard, shining and bituminous. I append an analysis of this Coal by Sr.t Chauvenet, from which it appears more favorably than that of Beebe's-the Sulphur being 2.969 per cent. and other constituents as follows~: BARTON COUNTY. 111 CONSTITUENTS. Top. Middle. Bottom. Water.......................................................... 2.14 1.89 1.54 Volatile...................................................... 33.56 34.09 i 37.51 Fixed Carbon.................................................... 56.02 58.71 56.65:Sh.................................................................... 8.28. 5.36 4.30,Color of ash........................................................ Faint pur- Purple Drab. pie gray. gray. In Sec. 22, on the land of Tucker, Ward & Co., it is 28 inches thick, and capped by six feet of blue Shales, the lower two feet of a deeper blue, and semi-bituminous. The Coal is hard, black and shiny, with an efflorescence of Cop-;peras on the surface. We find Sandstone 20 feet above. The Coal here is well situated for mining, being 12 feet above the valley. A Coal that I refer to this bed, has been worked at several places south-west of Leroy. In Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 33, we find: No. 1. Sandstone. No. 2. Blue and drab Shales. No. 3. Blue Shales with concretions of red Ochre. No. 4. 4 inches blue Limestone, changing to a bright brown Ocehre. No. 5. 21 inches bituminous Shales. No. 6. 2 feet Coal. The following is an abstract of C. J. Norwood's notes not included in the above. MCIKERROW'S COAL. Locality, S. E. Sec. 30, T. 33, R. 32, on the East Branch of Big Drywood. The Coal is made up of alternating shiny black and dull black layers with Charcoal partings. Markings of Sti.qmaria were observed and masses of Iron Pyrites also occur. The Coal is 45 to 50 feet below the base of Round Mound. NEIL & GILBERT'S COAL. This has been worked up and down a dry prairie branch for 200 or -300 yards. The Coal is 2 to 3 feet thick, equal to No. 17 of general section and separated by a pyritiferous band. The top, of 5 inches, is of poor quality, becoming better as we approach the lower part. 112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The lower 18 inches is hard, compact, and shiny black. Exceptingthe dividing Pyrites band we find scarcely any other impurities,. but near the middle of the seam a Sulphur efflorescence proceeds from the joints and the upper layers have plates of Carbonate of Lime inserted in the joints. Immediately over the Coal is 3 to 4 feet of shaly Sandstone with occasionally a conglomerate", formed of the overlying Sandstone, cemented by oxide of Iron. Twentyfive feet above this Coal are beds of Sandstone which were traced to the south part of Sec. 6, T. 32, R. 33. At this point a 6-inchl seam of coal occurs a little above the Sandstone and capped by Bituminous Shales, enclosing pyritous concretions, containing Productus muricatus. When this Shale thins out we find it replaced by I to 21ft of local drift, formed of Sandstone and a Bituminous Shale, cemented by Oxide of Iron into a conglomerate. David Nenger, in N. E. Sec. 30, T. 33, R. 33, has the same Coal as Neil and Gilbert's. In Sec. 17, T. 32, R. 33, a 10-inch seam, corresponding to the one of Sec. 6, is seen. Twenty-three to 36 inches of Coal (No. 17) is opened in the north part of Sec. 19, T. 32, aR. 33. At one place it is covered by a conglomerate, at another by 18 inches of sandy Shales. Coal has been mined at several places in Secs. 10. 11, 13 and 14, T. 31, R. 33, of varying thick ness, fromn 8 to 18 inches. Mr. Kent's, in S. W. Sec. 17, T. 31, R. 32, is 12 inches; Mr. Stinnet's, Sec. 34, T. 32, R. 31, is 11 inches; 0. Rising's, in the N. E. quarter Sec. 30, T. 35, R. 31, is 15 to 18 inches thick, covered by sandy Shales, excepting local drift at one place. One and a-half miles south of Lamar, on a branch heading south, 14 inches of Coal, equivalent to the middle Lamar Coal, crops out. A 6-inch, dark streak appears 10 feet above with Sandstone 12 feet above, it. Mr. Richards, near Lamar, struck 8 inches of Coal in his well. Mr. Norwood thinks this is 12 feet below the lowest Lamari Coal. Theequivalent of the last is also found at Mr. Catlins', in the S. E. S. W. Sec. 27, T. 33, R. 31, and at Mr. Broadhurst's, in S. W. N. W. Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 29, being 18 to 20 inches thick at the latter place. Coal, equivalent to the middle Lamar Coal, is found on Isaac Van Nice's land, in. S. E. S. W. Sec. 6, T. 32, R. 29; at iMr. Hazleton's, in N. W. Sec. 6, ands at Mr. Crabtree's, in N. E. Sec. 22, T. 33, R. 30. In S. E. Sec. 28, T. 32, R. 29, Mr. Sparks has 22 inches of Coal, which may be equivalent to the upper (?) Lamar Coal. Harrington's Coal, 12 inches thick, in Sec. 20, T. 31, T. 30, and Trace's, in N. W. N. E. Sec. 32, T. 32, R. 32, are each equivalent to the middle Lamar Coal. IRON ORE. There are found in this county red and brown HIematites, Carbon- - BARTON COUNTY. 113;ate and Sulphuret of Iron and Ochres. The Sulphuret is generally diffused, but in small quantities in some of the Coals. No extensive deposits of good ore are observed, but the lower,Coal often carry just above them beds of Ochre or soft Hematite or ferruginous conglomerate. The Upper Coal, one mile west of Lamar, is overlaid by an irregular bed of from 3 to 12 inches, which is sometimes a conglomerate of Carbonate of Iron, a little Sandstone and some Ochre. At other times it is a cellular, soft Limonite, with minute Limonite concretions alternating with a bright yellow Ochre. A specimen of this, analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet, gave — Insoluble Silica................................................................................... 31.51 Water (H. 2, 0.)................................................... 12.02 Peroxide of Iron (Fe. 2, 0. 3)............................................................... 56.29 99.82 Miletallic Iron (Fe.)..................)........................................................... 39.40 This contains too much Silica to be valuable. The brown, cellular ores, abundant in many other places, would give about the same analysis. They have been incidentally noticed in speaking of the Coal and can only be valuable as material forOchre paints. In Sees. 18 or 19, T. 33, R. 33, the Shales over the Coal contain several concretionary bands and detached concretions, arranged at regular horizontal intervals through the Shales. The bands are from 1 to 2 inches thick, formed of an outer soft brown or red crust, then a soft, deep, bright red Ochre, with an interior of X to 4 of an inch shell of hard red Hematite. The interioris sometimes filled with soft yellow Ochre, at other times is hollow and supported by small vermicular stalactites of Hematite. An analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gaveInsoluble Silica........................................................ 24.81 W ater (H. 2, 0.)............................................................................. 11.90 P'eroxide of Iron (Fe. 2, 0. 3)............................................................. 63.20 99.91 MIetallic Iron.................................................................................... 44.24 A good quality of soft Limonite was seen on the prairie in N. E. Sec. 23, T. 33, R. 33. The bed is about 2 feet thick and is exposed as broken strata of 40 feet long by 20 wide, on the edge of a shallow ravine. Across, on the other side of the ravine, are a few masses of the same ore, showing it to be a regular bed. The quality is very similar to a deposit occurring in the Lower Coal Measures of the south-west G.S-8. 114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. part of Cedar county. Some of it is soft and shaly while other portions are hard. Further investigations may prove it to be of greater extent, if so it would be valuable. Eleven inches of crumbly Coal was seen in the ravine a little higher up. CARBONATES. In the S. Eo S. W. Sec. 10, T. 33, R. 33, on land of a St. Louis banks ing company, there is exposed a 5-inch,.band of rather poor Carbonateof Iron, in drab and Ochrey Shales. Below this and separated by blue Shales is a thin seam of good, black, shiny Coal. An analysis of the Iron ore by AMr. Chauvenet gaveInsoluble Silica.................I.................................o....................o 21.10 Mfetallic Iron.............................................. 33.12 This is probably the equivalent of the same bed found in the nortlhwest part of Jasper county and reported to con tain silver. (!) BITUM:EN. This product is quite common, being found somewhere in every neighborhood. The Lower Keokuk Limestone, in Golden Grove, shows it very plain and some of the Limestones are nearly black. In a well, at the edge of the prairie, the Keokuk Limestone is quite bituminous, and occasional drops of Tar are seen. On North Fork, in Sec. 25, T. 32, R. 30, borings were made in the bed of the stream for oil but were soon abandoned. In a well 30 feet; deep, dug in Sec. 18, T. 33, R. 30, bituminous Sandstone was struck at 12 feet from the surface. At L. Z. Burr's, in Sec. 28, T. 32, R. 31, in a well 75 feet deep, bitumiuous Sandstone was entered near the bottom. A well dug 19 feet deep in Sec. 2, N. W. quarter, T. 30, R. 33, exhibits —.No. I. 6 feet Clay and local Drift. No. 2. 11 feet hard, dark blue, black Sandstone, nearly as hard, and very much like Quartzite, highly saturated with Bitumen. No. 3. Deep blue Clay Shales, with a good stream of pleasantly tasted water. At Curless', in Sec. 25, T. 33, R. 33, a 50 foot outcrop of Sandstones shows most of the beds to be very bituminous. At Leroy they are similar, some beds being quite black and fetid. In fact nearly all the Sandstones in the north-west part of the county seem to be saturated with Bitumen. All of a chocolate color are bituminous, the darker colored containing a large per centage. There is a Tar spring in the N. E. Sec. 29, T. 33, R. 33. At this BARmTON COUNTY. 115 place, the Bitunmen regularly oozes from between the layers of the, rocks and from the Sandstones, forming a thick indurated nmass on the surface. On the land of Mir. Boyd, inl N. E. N. E. Sec. 29, T. 33, RI. 33, a bore was sunk to a depth of 130 feet; in search of Petroleum. A gentleman living near gave MAiJr. Norwood a, ournsal of these borings, as follows No. 1. 30 to 40 feet Sandstone. No. 2. 2 to 3 feet Soapstone. No. 3. 50 feet Sandstone and some oil. N'o. 4. 4 feet Shales. No. 5. Coarse, bituminous Sandstone, in which the borinig was stopped. This boring was rmade under the superintendence of Mr. Samnuel Rose. Some of the Sandstones are suffciently saturated. with Bit;umen to burn for several minutes when ignited. But although Bitumen seems to be nearly everywhere in Baartor. county, yet I do not think that it exists in quantity sufficient at any place to justify attempts at boring for it. It is too generally diffused, not in sufficient quantity, or not enough separated frsom the rock at any onel place. BUILDINGS STONELS. Excellent quality of Sandstones, in good even layers!, exist nearly everywhere in the county. GI-RITSTONES O G RI.NDSTONE S. In nearly every neighborhood are found laye rs of Sandstone,possessing a good grit for grindstones or whetstones. I might particularly name a quarry in Sec. 31, T. 31, R. 31; also, in Sec. 17, T. 32, R. 33. At these places the rock is fine grained, nearly white, and of a, very pure quality. Similar beds exist nearly everywhere in the western half of the county, and by careful examination may be oft;er found, LIME. The Limnestones on North Fork, near Dubliftn in (:olden Grove, and at Avexy's, in Sec. 25, T. 32,.R. 30, would neo doubt burn into a, good quality of Lime. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. O rTHE M MINERALS. ZINC BLENDE, in small quantities, has been found in the Keokuk Limestone at Mr. J. H. Wolfington's, at the edge of Golden Grove. I saw no Lead, although the inhabitants, for some reason, think they ought to have it. The old diggings in Golden Grove do not prove its existence there, still I do not say it does not exist there-it may be found. The Limestones are of the same geological age as the Lead bearing rocks of Jasper, but because they are it does not follow that they certainly bear Lead in Barton. The same Limestone at many places in Jasper contains no Lead. A white, silky-looking mineral was obtained by Mr. Norwood from A!cKerrow's Coal bank, which, on analysis by Mr. Chauvenret, coarresponds very well with Pickeringite (Dana), a rare substance. Its analysis is as follows: Water (112, 0).................................................................................... 44.64 Sulphuric Acid (112, 04)........................................ 35. 77 Alumina (A12, 03).................................................................. 15.55 Magnesia (Mg. O)........................................................................ 2.92 99.91 This occurred as an efflorescence on Sandy Shales, in bands of one-half to two and a half inches, of which there were observed four. MINERAL SPRINGS. At many places in this county the water in wells has a bitter, disagreeable taste, owing sometimes to the presence of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas), but oftentimes to Sulphuric Acid. That at Newport penetrates the lower blue Pyritiferous Shales, and is very unpleasant to the taste. At Thos. Gaddyes, in N. W. N. W. Sec. 3, T. 32, iR. 29, the water has a strong copperas taste. It is 27 feet deep, having penetrated through Sandstone into Sandy Shales, with Pyritiferous concretions. At Win. Rector's, in N. W. Sec. 85, T. 33, R. 29, the well is 34 feet deep, with 18~ feet of water in it most of the time, at which depth it gives a weak taste of Alum, but is really not very unpleasant to taste, and can be used for washing purposes. Mr. Rector has used the water constantly for 18 years, and his family have enjoyed good health. Horses and cattle will not drink it. When the water is dipped out, BARTON COUNTY. 117 that flowing in has such a strong Alum taste that it can not be used for a week. In 15 days it will rise to its average depth. When very strong, it can not be used for washing or cooking, nor will it make coffee. Mr. Rector informed me that the rock structure consisted mostly of Sandstone, with 14 inches Coal at 18 feet depth and a 3-inch streak of Iron ore. There is said to be another Alum well in this 1iieighborhood, but it did not come under my notice. These Alum wells may be valuable in the future. At Milford, Mr. T. B. ilendron has two wells, from one of which I collected water for analysis. This water has a disagreeable taste, will act on the bowels, but is said to be healthy and can not be used for washing. The well is 21 feet deep, passing throughNo. 1. 15 feet Clay. No. 2. 6 feet Blue Shales. Sulphuric Acid is the main cause of the bad taste of this water. The other well, 100 feet deep, is said to be much stronger, but there being no means of hoisting the water, I can not say how it tastes. Mr. Hendron says that if a chicken is stewed in the water it will be too bitter to eat. At Mr. Comstock's, in Sec. 23, T. 33, R. 33, are two wells containing water of a disagreeably strong taste. This is probably owing to the presence of Sulphate of Lime. The disagreeable taste of much of the water of the northern part of this county is owing to either the presence of Sulphuric Acid or Sulphate of Lime. AGRICULTURE. The soil of Barton is not so rich as that of many other counties, but there are some very good tracts of land in the county. The gently undulating and sloping surface lies very well for farming, but the Sandstone so often approaches the surface as to seriously impede cultivation. Quite a good body of land for agricultural purposes is that near the west line extending from Martindales to Leroy; but this is sometimes spotted with light and poor soil. Another body of good land lies in the northern part of the county, north-west of Doylesport; also in the south-east, near Golden City. The best la-nd, with careful cultivation, will yield 62 bushels of corn per acre, and 11 to 15 bushels of wheat. But some lands I should think might yield a greater quantity of wheat. 118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The county at present is but thinly settled, chiefly owing to the fact that large tracts of land were withheld from the market on account of uncertainty of titles, but at present the titles are adjusted, the land is in market, and ofered very cheap and in quantities to suit the purchaser. The grasses flourish, and the prairies afford fine grazing for stock. But few fruit trees have yet been planted, but the soil and climate indicate that they would succeed well. CHAPTER X. VERNON COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. This county contains an area of 848 square miles. At a general glance it appears to consist principally of prairie, but excepting the southern portion, some of the country between East and West Drywood, and the flat ridge and slope lying between the waters of Maarmaton and East Drywood, on one side, and Clear,Creek on the other, timber is generally convenient. With proper care in its preservation, the quantity is amply sufficient for all the inhabitants for many years. Still those persons on the wide prairies, do not often have to haul fire-wood or other timber, more than four or five miles; and most of them are also well supplied with good Coal seams underlying their farms, although but few of them are exposed to view. On Little Osage and Marmaton, the timber belts are often over a mile in width. On East Drywood they are over two miles, with still wider belts on Clear Creek. All the streams are tributary to the Osage, to seek which they preserve a general north-east course. The main ridges have also a north-east trend. The Osage touches the border for ten miles along the east part of the north line of the county. Its two principal streams, the Marmaton and Little Osage, drain the entire westera half of the county. Clear Creek drains the south-east quarter, and Horse Creek, a tributary of Sab River, just enters, and passes out of the south-east corner -of the county. None of the streams flow rapidly; the smaller ones, even, become quite low during dry seasons. The Osage, Little Osage and Marmaton. flow continually; although the two latter, in dry sea. 120 GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. sons, become in shoaly places almost dry. The difference of elevation of ordinary water in Marmaton, from high water, is 22 feet; the height of banks above ordinary stage of water, on the low bottoms, is 16 feet; the higher banks, 25 to 28 feet. The banks of Muddy Creek are 20 feet high. The bottoms of the larger streams, are generally wide. Those of Marmaton and Little Osage, in many places, measure a mile across. The bottoms along the lesser streams, are correspondingly wide. The Uplands may topographically be divided into three classes, viz.: The flats or plains, stretching off from the foot of the mounds to the low ground; the mounds, and the hill lands. The country adjacent to Clear Creek, and its various forks, is generally 60 to 70 feet above the valleys, being a little broken near the streams. This district, extending quite to Nevada, including the south-east quarter of the county, has for the most part a gently undulating surface, passing to the higher lands near Nevada City, which are abmut 125 feet above the valley of the Drywood. North-east of Nevada, reaching to the Osage, we find the same gently sloping country, excepting part of T's 36 and 37, of R. 30, north of Walker Station. It is here diversified by clusters of mounds, re'aching more than 100 feet above the general surface of the prairie. Blue Mound is 150 feet high, and can be seen from a long distance. Timbered Hill, near the mouth of Marmaton and Little Osage, is a round, isolated mound, 170 feet above the Marmaton, and over 100 feet above the surrounding plain. Being several miles from other marked elevations, it is seen for many miles offi North of the Little Osage, a series of mounds extends east and west along the county line, at an elevation of over 100 feet above the gently stretching valley at their base. This undulating valley, from 30 to 50 feet above the river bottoms, extends westward and blends into the higher lands further west. Most of the country in R. 32, lying between Marmaton and Little Osage, consists of a gently undulating plain, not more than 40 to 50 feet above the principal streams. Further west, in R. 32, we find the mounds rising still higher. These mounds continue on southward through the county, interrupted, sometimes for several miles by the streams. From Moundville, a high ridge, or series of connected mounds, trends off to the south line of the county, rising near the northern and middle line to 140 feet above the lower valleys, or 80 to 100 feet above Moundville valley. From this range the country slopes off gently and gracefully to the Drywoods. The occasional occurrence of these mounds gives a charming variety to the landscape. Many of them can be seen at a long distance, and from their summits the VERNON COUNTY. 121 views are often very fine. Their line of junction with the lower plains is often easy, and with many farms in view, the whole combined is pleasing and interesting. The easy and gently sloping country below the mounds, presents a surface well adapted for the construction of public highways. Railroads of easy grades and long tangents, could be cheaply constructed in several directions through the county. The counties north and south,being of similar topography, the construction of such highways would be comparatively easy. SURFACE DEPOSITS. Undoubtedly this county has been subjected to glacial agency at some former period of time. Its results may be seen in the isolated mounds and deep valleys between. The amount of erosion must have been of great force and of long continuance, if we view the mounds and long stretches of distance from one to the other. When protected by the upper series of Limestones, the erosion was not complete; but if these Limestones were much broken, or entirely absent, leaving the Sandstones exposed, the waters would rush down with resistless force, and bear away all the softer material; leaving, for example, a long stretch of plains from the county line north of the Osage to Moundville, over 12 miles in length. From the direction of most of these mounds, I would suppose the force to have generally been from north to south. No Drift pebbles were seen on high ground, but some wells expose rounded Gravel and Sand. Near Nevada, I heard of a Gravel bed containing logs, etc., in a well 16 feet below the surface. The bank of the Marmaton, at Boswell's, is 25 feet high, and composed of a brownish Clay. LOWER C ARBONIFEROUS. Limestones referable to the Keokuk Group appear from beneath Lower Coal Mleasures at several places in the county. On Horse Creek we find exposed about 25 feet thickness, the beds generally of a gray color, with a few feet of buff-brown Limestone about the middle portion. The next exposure north of this is in Secs. 5 and 6, T. 34, R. 29, on a branch of Clear Creek. Next north is a limited exposure in Section 16, T. 35, R. 29. A little north of Virgil City, we find occasional outcrops as far north as Sec. 13, T. 36, R. 29, and thence up Clear Creek to White Oak Mills. One mile south-west of Bellevoir. a 12-foot outcrop of cherty, bituminous Limestone occurs 40 feet above 1. 22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the water. This would make over 50 feet of this formation at this place. The only other place where observed was in Sec. 20, T. 36, R. 31. When seen, the beds are generally of a bluish gray color, often slightly bituminous and containing many CUrinoid stems. The other principal fossils observed were Spirifer Kieokuk, Orthis dubta, Chonetes a, Productus lJortheni, Productzs semireticuzlalus, Terebratula (ovate formed Sp.),.Rhynchonella mutata, Retzia Verneuiliana, Athyris planosulcata, Philipsia --—, Zaphrentis and Archimedes. This Limestone is chiefly valuable for making Lime, and at Mr. Hatteen's, near Marmaton, north of Nevada, one layer making excel-'lent hydraulic cement is found. COAL MEASURES. There are 90 to 125 feet of mostly Sandstone and Shales in this county, including from the base of the Coal Measures to No. 23. This embraces one good, workable Coal with other thin seams. Sandstone is the chief element of this Group and appears on the surface or crops out on the streams in all that portion of the county east of East Drywood and lying south of the AMarmaton and Osage, excepting the AMounds near Walker's Station, where it is below the surface. We find these Sandstones occupying T. 35, R. 32. and extending up and along the Drywoods to the county line. On the Marmaton, above the mouth of Muddy, are exposed 30 feet of bituminous Sandstone. On Newton's farm, two miles northwest, near the line of Bates and Vernon, it is quite black, with tar oozing out from between the strata. Near Nevada, and extending north to Marmaton, Sandstone, with occasional shaly beds, occurs, thus indicating a thickness of about 125 feet of the same Sandstone. (Its main or upper bed of 50 feet being well developed on Clear Creek, we have, for convenience, spoken of it as the Clear Creek Sandstone.) On Marmaton, in Sec. 9, T. 36, R. 31, the rocks seen are: tNo. 1. 40 feet Sandstone. No. 2. 25 feet olive Shales. No. 3. 10- inches Coal. No. 4. 1 foot calcareo-pyritiferous bed. No. 5. 7 feet Shales and Fire Clay. In the lower beds are concretionary, plantbearing beds of Carbonate of Iron, which turn red onl exposure. A Coal seam was observed, 8 inches thick, at one place, but thinning out at 25 feet iln either direction. No. 6. 1 foot Coal. No. 7. 6 feet silicious and ferrulinous beds, with Stigmaria ficoides. VERNON COUNTY. 123 The Sandstones near Nevada are generally soft and often colored a, reddish brown ferruginous, but there are some good, solid beds for building purposes. On Big Drywood, in Sec. 25, T. 35, R. 33, large, tumbled beds of Sandstone are exposed, resting on about 25 feet of sandy, blue and drab Shales, the latter containing some peculiar, cup-shaped fossils, which may be Futcoics.. On MicEKill Creek, near the south line of the county, are exposed hard beds of dark, chocolate colored, bituminous Sandstone. At White Oak Mills, on Clear Creek, there is a good exposure of the lower beds. Section at White Oac, Mitts. No. 1. A few feet Slope from hill-top. No. 2. 25 feet " Clear Creek Sandstone," tolerably fine-grained, with some micaceous beds. A few remains of plants are seen. It occurs generally in even flags which make good grindstones. No. 3. 21 feet Slope. A thin Coal seam in the lower part. No. 4. Outcrops of Shale and fragments of Coal. No. 5. 33 feet Slope to water in Clear Creek. The lower 12 feet being Lower Carboniferous Limestone. Three-quarters of a mile south, 12 inches of Coal were observed in place, about 15 feet below No. 2 of the above Section. The Coal was capped by light blue Shales. One mile east of White Oak Mills, our Section includes both this Coal and the shaly seam at the Mill, and the rocks appear in the following succession: No. 1. 5 feet Sandstoine. No. 2. 12 feet drab, sandy Shales. No. 3. 5 feet thin layers of Sandstone. No. 4. 2 inches rotten Coal. No.5. 532~ feet deep blue Shales, -with bitumirous layers. Ten feet friom top is a seam of bituminous Coal. No. 6i.:1 feet Shales, with concretions of pyritiferous Limestone from 6 inches to 1"- feet diameter, separated by Cone in Cone. No. 7. 2~ feet black Shales. No. 8. 6 inches rough, sandy, pyritiferous Limestone, containing a Gasteropod. No. 9. 4linches Coal. No. 10. 2 inches black Slate. No. 11. 2 feet Fire Clay. 124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 9, of this Section, is probably the exposed Coal seam at White Oak Mills, and the Coal in No. 5 the equivalent of that seen a half mile south of the mills. The same Coal also appears in the creek bank a mile above the mills. The Sandstones of this Group are often of remarkably firm texture and generally very durable. They are sometimes ripple-marked, and we also find numerous rugose, wavy markings, such as would be formed byloosely and gently flowing mud, but can not be referred to such a cause, for there is no Clay in their composition. It may be Fucoidal. In the neighborhood of White Oak Mills I observed some fine specimens of Sigillaria and Lepidodendroln; Calamites, Stignaria and Coniferous wood are also seen. The fossil forms called Sternberqiza, are also not infrequent. These Sandstones are sometimes ferruginous and small quantities of good quality of brown Hematite are of frequent occurrence. Chalybeate waters are also rather common. Near White Oak Mills the Sandstone did not seem to be bituminous, and in the Nevada Sandstones only minute traces of Asphaltum were observed. Considerable Iron is seen near Nevada, but too intimately connected with the Sandstone to be valuable. From our observations the position of the strata is nearly horizontal. From the east line of the county to the line of R's. 32 and 33, and from the south line to the Marmaton the dip from this west and north limit is west and north. tARAIS DES CYGNES C OAL. The well-known Coal occurring as a 3 to 6 feet bed, sometimes worked at many places between the Little Osage and Marias des Cygnes, as far west as the line of R's. 31 and 32, I shall speak of as the Marais des Cygnes Coal, and the group of rocks occurring with it as the Marais des Cygnes Group. In the eastern half of the county it may only be found in T's. 36 and 37 of R. 30. The lower part of Timbered Mound includes this and other Coals. Section at the Base of Timbered Mound. No. 1. Sandstone, No. 2. feet seam of rotten Coal. No. 3. 3 feet thin layers of drab and yellow Sandstone with Stigmaria, sometimes replacing Fire-clay. No. 4. 2 feet yellow and blue banded Clay with Selenite. No. 5. 1 foot red and yellow Clay. No. 6. 2~ feet rough nodular silico-ferruginoLus rock, with Selenite. No. 7. 4 feet blue shaly Sandstone, with sandy Ironstone. No. S. 6 feet blue Shales, with calcareons Ironstone-contains plants. VERNON COUNTY. 125 No. 9. "Cone in Cone." No. 10. 2 feet semi-bituminous Shales. No. 11. 2 feet 3 inches blue calcareous, bituminous and pyritiferous Shale, containing Pr. muricatus, etc. No. 12. 18 to 20 inches Coal. No. 13. 6 feet Fire-clay, upper half blue, the lower brown and gypsiferous. No. 14. 2 inches Coal. No. 15. 11 feet Clay and blue concretions. No. 16. 1- feet dark-blue Clay. This Section includes the Marais des Cygnes Coal, and the lower beds closely resemble those cropping out on the Little Osage, in Sec. 22, T. 37, R. 33. About 24 feet above the Marais des Cygnes Coalis often found a ferruginous Limestone, with its upper part shelly and weathering red, the lower a dark-ash, and often jointed. It is No. 29 of our General Section, and was seen on Timbered Hill and south of Moundville, at Todd's, in Sec. 9, T. 37, R. 33, and in Sec's. 11 and 15 of T. 37, R. 33. The presence of this rock would indicate that Coal is below it at no great depth. Its characteristic fossils are Productus muricatus, P. Prattenanus, Chonetes mesolobac, Spirifer cameratus), Sp. lineatus, Sp. planoconvexus, Athyris subtilita, a small Disciqza and Bellerophon M2lontfortianus. This Limestone is marked No. 29 of our Section. At Todd's we find: No. 1. 29 feet shaly Sandstone and sandy Shales. No. 2. 3-inch band of fossiliferous Ochre. No. 3. 10 inches drab Shales. No. 4. 3~ feetLimestone, No. 29. No. 5. 8 feet drab Shales. No. 6. 10 to 11 inches Coal. BITUMINOUS LIMESTONE GROUP. This includes 60 to 70 feet of Shales, with 2 or 3 thin seams of Coal and some black calcareo-bituminous concretions, and a dark-blue bituminous Limestone in the upper part. Section on the Little Osage, ing Sec. 16, T. 37, R. 33. No. 1. 31 feet bank of the stream. No. 2. 21 feet Gravel bed. No. 3. 160- inches even layer of Limestone jointed perpendicularly, No. 43. No. 4. 6 inches olive calcareo-bituminous Shales. No. 5. 10 inches black semi-bituminous Shales, containing Spirifer planoconvenXZs. 126 cafEOLOGICA.L SURV~YY. No. 6. 6 inches bituminous Slate, with a few fossils. No, 7. 1 foot roughly fractured blue Shales, abounding' in Prondzuct-,s mwi-r catus. No. S. 4~1 to 5 inches bed of shaly concretionary Limestone, contains Pv?duttus Prattenianus:and Producius nm,. ricatlus. No. 9. 10 inches shelly blue calcareous Shales. No. 10. 8 inches dark concretionary bed, like No. 8. No. 11. 3 feet bituminous Shales. The jointed Limestone of this Section occupies the bed of the Little Osage, two miles east, where I obtained some good characteristic fossils, including Spirifer liz^eatus, TerebratuMla bovidens, Productlu&s Nebrascensis6, P. Prattenianust Clionetes nesoloba, Avioulopecten) occidentacls and Allorismar reguZlarihs. This Limestone is generally recognized by its even bed, and being jointed by vertical cracks into rhomboidal masses, very hard and heavy, and giving out a bituminous odor. It is imuch used for building and looks well in a wall. Going southward it is found on Marmaton at Alexander's Ford, southward near Cox's, and half way up the mounds south of:Moundville. In R. 33, near the line of T's 36 and 37, are seen the beds underlying this Limestone, with the Coal, which occurs 20 feet below. On Cook's farm, three miles south-west of Moundville, the Lime. stone (No. 43) is found with the Coal 30 feet below. Five feet below the Limestone, the Shales inclose large black bituninous concretions. These concretions were seen at several places in this vicinity; also, in the northern part of T. 36, R. 33, and at some other localities, but never forming a continuous bed. They correspond to what is known as the Fort Scott Marble, but cannot be considered of much value'for such purposes. F:l S COT G RO U P. This includes the highest Rocks seen in the county. They occupy all the higher lands in R. 33 and R. 32, north of the Little Osage. This Group embraces several thick beds of Limestone, which are useful for making lime, and two beds of Coal. Our section on the mounds below.MIoundville, was the only place where the beds were found connected with other lower Pocks. VERNON COUNTlY. 1'27 MAoundvil e Sectio)n. No. 1. 6 feet Slope from hill top. No. 2. 12 inches gray Limestone, weathers in paIrt brown. No. 3. 8 inches buff and brown Limestone. No. 4. 4 feet 2 inches bituminous Slates, inclosing small, flattened concretions. These Slates are jointed reg-uolarly-S. NY. 45 deg., and N. W. (?) 45 deg., magnetic coulrse. No. 5. 17 inches Coal-No. 52 of General Section. No. 6. 11 feet Slope. No. 7. Outcrop of rotlghlniottled Limnestone. No. 8. 63 feet Slope. No. 9. Jointed bituminous Limestolle. No. 10. 1.15 feet Slope. No. 11. 1 foot Coal-No. 47 of General Section. No. 12. 50 feet Slope. No. 13. Red Limestone. No. 1.4. 22 feet Slope. No. 15. Thick Coal —No. 23 of General Section. (For the section at Fort Scott, Kansas, see our General Section, Nos. 44 to 55. No. 44 contains many concretions of yellow Ochre.) The top Limestones below Moundville, contain Uacmpoyphylltm, (0) olpho/pwyyllum proliferumln, and Cirnoid stems. At other places were observed Spirifer lineatus, Archcwooidaris, and Productus sple9ndens.. The next lower Limestone (No. 50) contains Productuspunctatus,.P. mturicatus, P. costatus, P. Prattelnanus, Rhynehonella Osaqensis, fiemiproniges crassus, Crinoid stems, IiIstulapora nZodulifera"; and %btsu uint a. ECONOMICAL (EOLOGY. CO A L. Most of the Coals seem to contain an excess of Bitumen, and are generally of good quality. Good beds may be obtained in most sections of the county. In the central and eastern parts, the seams are thin, and not often well exposed, and but little mining has been done. The seamsin the south-eastern part of the county lie below the other Coals in Cedar county, mentioned in the geological description of that county, and are all below Coal No. 23. They are generally thin, and apparently horizontal; and wherever found exposed, may reasonab.y be supposed to be continuous for several miles beneath the sur 128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. face. Near White Oak Mills are two thin seams-one of a foot thickness, the other a little thinner. They underlie the country south, and imay underlie that on the west as far as Nevada. The upper of these Coals is probably the representative of No. 70 of the General Section. In T. 34, R. 29, thin streaks of Coal are met with in digging wells, but further west, on McCarty's Branch, an 18 inch seam is exposed. In T. 34, R. 30, are found thicker Coal beds, but it is very probable that one of the seams is the equivalent of that last above named. On Dillon's land, in the north-west corner of Sec. 23. T. 34, R. 30, we find exposed: No. 1. Hard, coarse, clark-gray Sandstone, in irregular layers. No. 2. 6 inches Coal having a bituminous odor. Appearance, bright and shiny. No. 3. 3 inches black Clay and bituminous Shales in thin lamine. No. 4. 12 inches hard black shiny Coal. No. 5. Thick layer of Sandstone-appears a little below. Section on McLaughlin's land in Section 21 of T. 34, R. 30. No. 1. Clay and tumbled flags of Sandstone. No. 2. Coal divided thus: a —10 inches soft Coal. b-11 inches good Coal, jointed with Calcite in joints, lower layer irridescent. c-1 inch Clay and pyritiferous band, with Cordaites. d-8 inches impure Coal, with Iron Pyrites in joints. A section a half mile west of this place, gave: No. 1. Sandstone. N-o. 2. 2 feet cellular silicious Kidney Iron Ore.: o. 3. 3 teet drab and blue sandy Shales. No. 4. 2 feet Coal. No. 5. 20 feet Slope to water in creek. In the Creek are deep blue Shales, with concretions of Carbonate of Iron. This Coal, with thickness as above, may underlie most of this township and the next one west. There is a probability, but I express it with hesitation that it may be the equivalent of the Moundville Coal and the thick Coal of the northern part of the county, or No. 23 of our General Section. It is undoubtedly the equivalent of the Coal examined by Mr. Norwood in T. 34, R. 31, and of the thick Coal in R. 33 of Barton county. VERNON COUNTY. 129 On McKill's Creek, in T. 31, R 33, are indications of two thin Coal sealms, but I only saw one of 7 inches thickness. On Lander Branch, in the north-west part of Sec 6, T.. 34, R. 31, a. 1 foot Coal seam has been occasionally worked. This may be the same Coal that is iound four miles north-west, near Drywood.:It is probably the equivalent of No. 10 of our Section. Section at John lfuirray's, NI R Sec. 30, T. 35, R. 31.. So. 1. 6 feet Sandstone. in the lower palrt is an1 irregular mass of'"K.1idney Ore." No. 2. 1 foot to a: few inches of shaly, blue Limestone, sometimes thllling out. No. 3. 1 foot blue Shales. No. 4. 1 foot Coal, said to thicken to 18 inches. No. 10 of GencerlT Section. No. 5. 6 feet blue Shales. No. 6. Said to be 8 inches of Coal in. the water.!Horizontally north, we may expect this Coal to ulnderlie Nevada. fAIRAIS D:ES CYGNES COAL. At Mound-ville, a shaft 34 feet deep has penetrated the thickest known bed of Coal in the county. Mr. Harvey Karnes. the proprietor, informed me that the material consisted of — No. 1. 6 feet Soil and Clay. No.'2. 10 inches frawgments of Sandstone. No. 3. 5 feet Soapstone and Clay Shale.^. No. 4. 12 to 18 inches Limestone. No. 5. 5 feet red Clar. No. 6. 17 feet ligoht colotred, Clay Shales. No. 7. C oazil. It was impossible, on account of the water in the sump and bad air in the chambers, for me to recognize the total thickness of the Coal. About 4 feet was exposed, but MIr. lKarnes gave me the following order of succession, with the thickness of the various lavers: No. 1. 30 inches Coal. No. 2. 1. inches Clay. No. 3. 11 inches Coal. No. 4. 7 inches Clay. No. 5. 30 inches Coal. Lo-wer 10 to 12 inches of good blacksmitl qualitJy. No. 6. 20 inches layer of compact, hard Coal, with splintery fracture —be.tween a cannel and a bituminous Coal. G.S-9 130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Coal is limited just north and east, and extends southward for three miles within a belt a mile wide. It then passes under the nmounds, terminating probably five miles south of 1Moundville, and includes here a district of about eight square miles. This Coal seam may underlie the mounds north of Walker's, but the evidences are that it is not so thick as the Moundville bed. Timbered Hill embraces it, but only 2-: feet in thickness. In Sees. 5 and 6 of T 37, R. 31, and in T. 38, R. 31, are the best exposures of this Coal in the county. It is here mined at various places in open pits, and from the east line of T. 38, R. 31, for five miles west. The principal mines are owned by Dr. Bryan, Bougham, Cox, Denton, Ewell, Balder, Brand and Parker. The outcrops are in flat draws traversing the plains, sloping southward from the high mounds on the county line from 10 to 15 feet above the elevation of high water in the Marmaton, and generally are very favorably situated for mining. The Coal varies in thickness from 3 to 4- feet, being intersected by a thin band of Pyrites about the middle. The upper 2 feet soon cracks and crumbles on exposure. The part below the Pyrites band is said to be the best smiths' Coal, and only that portion at the bottom cakes, the other part burning to a white ash. DR. BRYAN'S, IN N. E. SiEC. 36, T. 38, RI. 31. The Coal is 4 feet thick and crops out 4 feet above high water in the Marmaton. The lower 2 to 2~- feet is hard, black and shining, and apparently of good quality. TJ. D. Cox's BANK, IN S. E. SEc. 26, T. 38, 1. 31. This is 11 feet above high water. The total thickness is 53 inches, and is divided thus: No. 1. 5 inches crumbling Coal. No. 2.:1 inch -Mother of Coal. No. 3. 9l- inches black, shiny Coal. No. 4. 1-. inches Mother of Coal with Coal. No. 5. 14 inches hard, black, good Coal. No. B. 3 inches band of Pyrites and Coal, with efflorescence of Snlphate of Iron on exposed surface. No. 7. 2 feet hard, black, good Coal. No. 8. Shaly Coal at bottom. E. S. EWELL'S, N. E. S. E. SEC. 27, T. 38, i. 31. No. 1. Gentle slope, terminated by a break showing li- feet of Clay, Sand and Gravel. No. 2. 8 inches soft, black band of decomposed Coal. VERNON COUNTIY. 131 No. 3. 10 inches blue Fire Clay with a brown tinge. No. 4. 3 inches band of brown and olive Clay. No. 5. 41 feet yellow-stained, blue Clay Shales. No. 6. 6 inches soft, black, bituminous Shales. No. 7. 4 feet Coal-the upper 1 foot soft, below it is hard, black and shiny. It contains but little Iron Pyrites with some Mother of Coal, and on exposure weathers brown along the joints. A short distance off, it is shaly at a foot fiom the bottom, above the middle it is irridescent, and near the top the layers have Charcoal partings. Benjamin Parker's, in N. WV. Sec. 5, T. 37, 1i. 31. No.. 1. 11 feet brown, sandy soil, with signs of brown Ochre at the bottom. No. 2. 18 inches rotten Coal. No. 3. 4 feet brown and blue Fire Clay. No. 4. 4 feet 3 inches dark blue Clay. No. 5. 39 inches Coal; a 2-inch pyritiferous band occurring at IS inches from the top. While the upper portion has plates of Pyrites insinuated between the joints, the lower has Calcite plates. This is said to be a good steam Coal. In the middle of No. 3 are found pyritous concretions, containing Pr. mturicatus, and P). Pratienanus occurs in the lower part. The Coal here is about 20 feet above high water mark of the Little Osage. Our section shows certainly two distinct Coal beds, 8 feet apart. At Ewell's, the upper one is five feet from the lower one. These Coals are not seen further west, being concealed by higher rocks. In T. 36, R. 33, at several places on land of Kountz, Todd and others, are beds of Limestone, which I am disposed to refer to that lying 20 to 30 feet above these Coals, and the Coal on the land of Kountz is probably the upper seam just spoken of. This is worked at several places in this neighborhood, but is only 1 foot thick. On Mrs. Kauffman's land, at the corner of Sees. 28, 29, 32 and 33, there is exposed 13 inches of good Coal, which may be one of the seams, but the topography of the county would rather indicate it to belong a little higher in the series. At Jas. R. Strong's, on the Little Osage, in Sec. 22, T. 37, R. 33, there are exposed several thin seams of Coal, whose occurrence nearly resembles the beds at the base of Timbered Mound, thus: No. 1. 54 feet light blue, Ochrey Shales in thin laminae. No. 2. 10 inches Coal. No. 3. 24 feet good Fire Clay. No. 4. 34 feet brown gypsiferous Shales. No. 5. 6 inches Coal. 132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 6. 3-6 feet blue Shales, in thin laninae,'with incrustations of Selenlite, and having brown partings and also enclosing brown Limestone nodiles. No. 7. Fossiliferous calcareous stratum. No. 8. 2 feet bituminous Shales. No. 9. 15 inches Coal. No. 10. 3 feet C)ay, containin Limestone nodules ill the lower part. The Coals of this section and others just previously discussed, may be looked for beneath the surface in all the county west and north. The next most important Coal in ascending series is No. 31. But few outcrops of it were observed. The furthest west and north is on the land of Hogan, near the mouth of Duncan Creek. It underlies the country north and about half of T. 37, R. 33. South of the Little Osage, in Sec. 2 of T. 36, R. 33, it has been worked on a flat depression on the prairie. With its associated rocks it appears thus': No. 1. 2 feet bituminous Shales with large, dark bituminous Limestone concretions and some small, round concretions. (No. 36. Gen. Sec.) No. 2. 2-1 feet drab and Ochrey Shales. No. 3. 21- feet bituminous Slates, with small, round concretionls. No. 4. 6 inches brown Ochrey Sliales. No. 5. 1 foot Coal. (No. 33. Gen. Sec.) This Coal has also been worked two miles north-west. Its eastern limit in this neighborhood is probably the line of IRs. 32 and 33, extending south to Sec. 13, thence passing north-west around the heads of streams flowing south to Sec. 8, and thence south and south-east, first appearing. on the creek in Sec. 21. Mr. Willis Hughes has a Coal bed 13 inches thick in the bed of Cottonwood Creek, in Sec. 21, T. 26, R. 33. This I also refer to No. 33. A well dug just above and extending nearly to the Coal affords a plentiful supply of slightly chalybeate tasted water. In digging the well large, black bituminous concretions were taken out. A mile below, on the land of J. Ditzler, in Sec. 28, the Coal is exposed in the bank of the creek, 10 feet above the water and 121- inches thick, and of good quality. Just over it there is exposed: No. 1. 3 feet hard, bituminous Slate, containing small concretions. No. 2. 6 inches chocolate and ochreous Shales. No. 3. 1 foot blue Clay Shales. No. 4. Coal. VERNON COUNTY. 133 Thirteen to 15 feet above the Coal the bituminous Limestone (No. 43) lies in jointed flags, strewn alongthe surface of the prairie in very,even layers of 16 inches. Two to three miles south of the last place the above Coal is mined at several places on the land of Mr. Cox and others. On the land of Mr. Cox, in Sec. 6, T. 34, R. 32, (No. 33) is 20 inches thick, cropping out in the edge of ravines sloping from mounds down -to the plains below. No. 43 lies 30 feet above, and just over the C(oal is a local band of shaly bituminous Limestone, such as is often found enclosed in bituminous Slate. Coal, which may also be referred to the beds just named has been:mined at several places in Secs. 2S and 32 of T. 34, ZR. 32. Section at Win. 11. S/hian's, S. IV. Sec. 28, T. 34, R. 32. No. 1' 18 inches Soil. No. 2. 1 foot ash-blue Limestone, weathering brown and full of fossils, including Prodlctuzs i[uricatuts and P. P.rattenanus, No. 3. 17 inches olive calcareous and Clay Shales, containing Chonetes miesoloba, Rhynchonella Osagensis, and Rhomnbopora lipidodendroides. No. 4. 8 inches bituminous Shales. -No. 5. 1 foot olive Shales. No. 6. 2 feet bituminous Shales, full of' small, round concretions. iNo. 7. 9 feet mostly drab Shales, with many round, hollow concretions, the outer portion of which is formed of several concentric layers of ochreous Iron ore, the interior studded with Iron Pyrites, changing to Sulphate of Iron on exposure. No. 8. 18S inches Coal. INo. 9. Fire Clay. A quarter of a mile west the Coal is 1 foot thick at the outcrop. FORT SCOTT COAL BEDS. The equivalent of these Coals was first observed in Sec. 36, T. 38, -R. 32). A section here, showsNo. 1. 2 feet Limestone. No. 2. 9 inches olive Shales. No. 8. 1 foot blue Shales. No. 4. 1 foot blue, passing into bituminous Shales below. No. 5. 1 foot Coal-No. 52 of General Section. 134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This seam passes under the mound north and west, and was not again seen in this part of the county. This is probably the same Coal as E. T. Welsh's, in Sec. 20, T. 39, RI. 32. At this place I only observed( a rotten outcrop. CASSEL'S COAL, SEC. I7, T. 37, R. 33. No. 1. 2 feet 2 inches broken mass of Limestone. No. 2. 6 to 12 inches Calcareous Shales, with fossils, Chonetes mesoloba, Lophophyllum and Fusulina. No. 3. 5 inches ash drab Limestone. No. 4. 4 inches Clay Shales. No. 5. 1- inch dull drab Hydraulic Limestone. No. 6. 2 feet blue and olive Shales, with small oblate Limestone concretions. No. 7. 16 inches bituminous Slate. Concretions contain Discina and minute specks of Zinc Blende. No. 8. 1 foot Coal, (No. 47) and equivalent to the Lower Fort Scott Coal, weathers mostly brown and contains very little Sulphur. This Coal underlies the country north, and may be found in the western part of the next township south. I only observed it on the head of Shiloh Creek, near the State line, where it varies from 7 to 12 inches in thickness. Its overlying beds areNo. 1. 4 feet Limestone. No. 2. 6 inches to 1 foot olive and drab Shales. No. 3. 1 foot to 16 inches blue Shale. No. 4. 9 to 10 inches bituminous Slate. No. 5. 7 inches to 1 foot Coal. Farther south these Coals are only seen in the high mounds south of the Marmaton. In S5ecs. 6 and 7, T. 34, R. 32, and the Sections just west, they may be found under an area of about two miles square. The mines are mostly on the lands of Webster, Karnes and English. The Coal where I observed it was 17 inches thick, and lying very favorably for openr working. I refer this bed to the Upper Fort Scott seam, or No. 55. The lower seam I did not find, but presume it exists in the neighborhood. VERNON COUNTY. 135 Vernon County Coaltfelds. T. Area in nt i tos. T. No. OF SEAMS. Tshick. q An'ntinon sqr. miles. 34 33 Two together amount to............ 26 inches..... 3 7,248,348 34 33 Two together amount tc............ 2 feet......... 50 111,513,600 35 33 Two together amount to............ 41 inches...... (?) 34,390,432 35 33 One.............................. feet......... 36 120,434, 688 36 33 One...........................1.......... I foot........ 6 6, 690, 816 36 8 3 One.................................... 2 feet......... 36 100,3G2,240 37 33 One......................................... 3 feet.......... 36 120,434,688 37 33 One.................................. 1 foot........ 4 4,460,544 38 \33 One................................ 4 feet.......... 12 53,526, 528 34 32 One........................................ 2~ feet......... 3 8,363,520 34 32 One.......:................................ 1 foot......... 6 6,690,816 34 32 One.......................................... 5 feet......... 10 55, 756,800 34 32 One......................................... 1 foot......... 36 40,144, 896 35 32 One.......................................... 8 inches..................................... 36 32 One. 8 inches............. 37 32 One........................... 2 feet.......... 20 44, 605, 440 38 32 One.................................. 3 feet.......... 12 40,144,896 34 31 One..,................................ 7 feet.......... G6 281,014, 272 35 31 One......................................... 1 foot......... 36 40,144,896 36 31 One........................................ 1 foot......... 32 35,684,252 37 31 Three together equal to............ 61 feet......... 14,496,768 37 31 One.......................................... 10 inches...... 36 33,454,080 38 31 Two, 4- feet and I foot............... 51 feet......... 9 55, 199,232 34 30 One.......................................... 2 feet.......... 48 107,053,232 35 30 One......................................... 1 foot.......... 36 40,144, 896 36 30 One.......................................... 61 feet........ 2' 14,496,768 36 i 30 One...................1 foot......... 36 40,144,896 37 30 One.......................................... 18 inches...... 36 60,217,344 34 29 One.......................................... S inches...... 36 60,217,344 136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Vetnzon CowtiZty Coalifelds —Conzinued. 1Area in T. I 3. No. OF SEAMS. Thick. sqr. miles. AInLt in tons. 3 29 One.......................................... 2 feet......... 1 8 40, 181,120 3 29 One...................................... oot......... 0 3,454, 00 37 29 One.1 foot.. 6 40,144,896.37 2 9 j O^e....~...............................:I foot......... 86 40,144,89( Total tons of Coal in county...................... 2,650,816,252 I............... OTIhER MINERALS. IR ON ORE. No thick or extensive deposits were observed. I The lower Sandstones, especially those near the Coal, often enclosed deposits of Kidney Ore or Ochre, but the first often contained too much Sand. Beds of the other may be found extensive enough to form a good Ochre. We may also expect to find in the, lower memnbers good beds of Brown Hematite similar to that found in Cedar county. The Shales near the base of Timber Hill enclose bands of Carbonate of Iron of several inches thickness. This would probably realize 40 to 50 per cent. of pure metallic Iron. The overlying debris was such that I could not determine the number or thickness of these layers. G Y P S U MT. This is found diffused in the Under Clays of the Coals. Its occurrence is mentioned above in the description of the various Coal beds. The principal observed localities were in the road just west of Moundville, near the base of Timbered Hill, and at Strong's, on the Little Osage. Its value in this country would only be to mingle with the soil when it is deficient in Lime. FIRE CLAYS. Most of the Coals are underlaid by beds of Clay suitable for Trmaking fire brick. On Marmaton, in Sec. 9, T. 36, R. 31, there is exposed 7 eet of Clay. VERNON COUNTY. 137 Near the base of Timbered Hill there is 3 feet and 3 feet at Strong's, on the Little Osage. Nos. 46 and 51 of the General Section would probably make good fire brick. HYDIRAULIC LIME. On 1Hatteen's land, three miles north of Nevada, is a Limestone that has been burned for hydraulic purposes. The bed occurs between layers of Lower Carboniferous Limestone, those above and below not being Hydraulic. Limestone No. 50 of our Section is the rock used at Fort Scott for naking Cement. I have not heard of its being used in Vernon, but it may be found in most of the mounds occurring a little above the lower Fort Scott Coal. The Lower Carboniferous Limestones on Clear Creek and near Bellevoir and at Hatteen's, afford a useful material for burning into Inim e. BUILDING STONE. The Sandstones afford the best building material. Good quarries are near Nevada, but the best may be opened on the waters of Clear Creek. Even, firm and durable beds were observed at White Oalk Mills, and formerly very good grindstones were made here as well as at several other places in the neighborhood, and were quite an article of export. The rock forms an excellent grit suitable for grindstones and coarse whetstones, and may in the future be a valuable source of revenue to the inhabitants. Besides the above, similar beds may be found in other parts of the county where the Sandstone is well developed. SOILS AND PRODUCTS. In Vernon we find about every variety of soil including rich, poor sandy, and of stiff Clay. The bottoms on the principal streams are wide and very productive. The soil on the mounds and along their slopes may be considered the richest upland, and sometimes the mounds almost encircle extensive valleys of rich land. These valleys when nearly surrounded by mounds are not only of rich soil but are delightful spots on which to dwell. One such is the Kauffman valley, located in Secs. 21, 28, 29, 32 and 33, of T. 37, R. 33. In the northern part of the next township south is an elevated plateau of rich land which slopes off and bears southwardly along Cottonwood Creek. 138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Near Pleasant Valley there is some good land. Another district of productive land is that in T. 38, Ranges 31 and 32. The valley stretching off from Moundville southwardly lies beautifully for cultivation, and yields abundant crops of corn and wheat. Another rich valley lies along Upper Drywood and McKill's Creek. Around the mounds near Walker's Station, are also some bodies of good land. The lands will generally with proper cultivation, yield 50 to 60 bushels of Corn per acre. When not properly cultivated 35 to 50. When the slopes from the mounds blend off into the neighboring valleys and stretch off beyond into a wide plateau, the land is not so rich; of such is part of T. 36, Ranges 32 and 33, near the Marmaton. The prairie north of Boswell's, shows a, portion of very good land, but it is often spotted with lighter or poorer soil. At the origin of some of the dry branches in this vicinity the banks break off suddenlyv, soon disclosing a light-ash soil. These places have also very much the appearance of Buffalo wallows. Most of the soils east of East Drywood and south of 1Marmaton are either quite sandy or else of a thin lightash color. The latter we find around Nevada and on the prairies south. At the edge of the timber the soil is nearly always sandy, supporting a growth of Black Jack, Post Oak and Black Hickory. Sometimes a few Chincapin Oak bushes appear, but Black Jack is generally the leading tree, extending first and farthest out on the prairie. The soil in R. 29 is generally very sandyThese soils of course are not so rich as the first named, but during seasonable years good crops can be produced. During the year 1873, up to August 1, the corn gave promise of an abundant yield, but lack of after rains caused premature drying of' the blade, and the bright hopes indulged in were disappointed. On the sandy Black Jacklands the wild grape grows very finely, and should there be a great demand for grapes and wine, we could point to no more suitable soil than these lands. But few orchards were observed, and no vineyards. This county is well adapted for growing wheat and oats, and good crops are raised. C(astor beans are asuccessful crop, producing 50 bushels to the acre. TIMBE R. The bottoms of the Marmaton, Little Osage, the Drywoods and Clear Creek furnish an abundant supply of good Timber. White Oak is probably not to be found in the western part of the county, but is abundant near Clear Creek. On the valleys of the Marmaton, Little Osage and Osage Rivers, we find numerous Pecan trees. Other use VERNON COUNTY. 39 ful trees observed were Shell-bark Hickory, Burr Oak, Ash, Elm, Black Walnut and Birch. WATER. There are not many springs in this county. They may be found on the waters of Clear Creek, in the South-east part of the county, and sometimes flowing from beneath Limestone in the western part. The chief source of water supply is from wells or cisterns. Cisterns are more reliable for good water, as the well water is often im-. pregnated with disagreeable salts. In some neighborhoods wells bave to be bored very deep to reach water. In Southeast Sec. 20, T. 35, R. 32, a well 80 feet deep passed through chiefly Sandstone with some Shale. The water obtained is bituminous, and a black tar coating is formed on the well rope. A small spring on Shiloh creek flowing from Shales indicates a slight bituminous taste. On Clear Creek, in the eastern part of the county, are several very fine Sulphur Springs of very pleasant taste. The water seems to contain chiefly sulphuretted hydrogen. The flow being abundant and the water pleasant and healthy, give promise that at some future day they may be much resorted to. Three miles North of Nevada is a pleasant Chalybeate Spring. In Nevada, at Dr. Hunter's, there is a strong Epsom Salt Well. In Southeast part of T. 37, R. 33, some of the water is of disagreeable taste, and is unfit for cooking. It seems strongly impregnated with Sulphuric acid, and this, chemically united with Lime, gives a very unpleasant taste to the water flowing through some of the Shale beds of the lower Coal Measures. REPORT OF C. J. NORWOOD. MINERAL SPRINGS. In N. W. Sec. 28,? T. 36, R. 31, there is a fine Chalybeate Spring. At present no care is taken of it. A "gum" holding 5 or 6 gallons, forms the reservoir, the water coming up at the bottom and issuing from under Sandstone near by. The water flows at a rate of about 2 gallons per minute, and is very pleasant to the taste. In the hottest days the water is as cool as if ice were in it. I am told that during the summer this spring is much visited by parties at and near Nevada City. 140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. In S. E. qr. S. W. qr. Sec. 16, T. 35, R. 29, Mr. J. S. Grisham, also has 2 fine Sulphur Springs. The stream bubbles up from a dark-gray Sand, and is quite strong. A Shaly bed containing Iron pyrites occurs below the spring, but whether this has anything to do with the properties of the water, is doubtful. The water is pleasant to the taste, arind the springs afford a great deal of the water. On Capt. Htoutzes' land, in N. W. S. E. Sec. 1, 3G, R. 29, there are 2 Sulphur Springs. The water here, like at the former localities, is collected in " gums." In spring No. 1, which is on the south side of a small branch emptying into Clear Creek, the water flows at the rate of three-fourths of a gallon a minute. Spring No. 2, which is on the north side of the creek, has a much bolder stream, flowing at the rate of 3 gallons a minute. These form the head of a branch flowing into Clear Creek, and the water in each is very pleasant to the taste. Samples were collected for analysis. COAL MEASURES. The following embraces an account of the various localities of Coal visited: At " Blue Mound," in N. W. quarter N. E. quarter Sec. 10, T. 37, R. 30, bituminous Shale, which overlies Coal No. 14 of the General Section, is seen at the base of the mound, 145 feet from the top. The mound is capped with Limestone equivalent to the lowest seen at Butler, Bates county. The rocks seen on this mound, with the description of each, are included in Section A, on a succeeding page. The Coal was covered so that the thickness could not be determined. The same (?) bed is found at Mr. Brown's, in N. E. quarter Sec. 2, T. 37, R. 30. The Coal itself was covered by water at the time of my visit, but the following were exposed above it: No. 1. 5 feet light blue and ochreous argillaceous Shale, with concretions of yellow Ochre. The lower part has two thin streaks of Coal, and is marked by remains of plants. No. 2. 1 foot + hard semni-bituminous Shale. No. 8. -? Coal. A short distance from where the foregoing were seen, an outcrop of gray Sandstone, whose position is above No. 1, was observed. At "Timbered Hill," a high mound in N. W. qr. Sec. 14, T. 37, R. 31, higher rocks and Coal were found. The following is a Section of the strata exposed.* * The fossils of each stratum, with a more careful description of the rocks, will be found in Sec. A, on a succeeding page. VERNON COUNTY. 141. No. 1. 10 feet gentle slope from hill top. No. 2. 1 foot Limestone. Top rock at Fort Scott.? No. 3. 11 feet Slope. No. 4. 3 feet + Sandstone. No. 5. 50 feet Slope, covered with fraginents of Sandstone. No. 6. 24 feet Slope, with outcroppingos of argillaceous Shale at the top antd bottom. No. 7. 4 inches + Limestone. No. 8. 5} feet Slope. No. 9. 2 to 4 feet mottled Limnestone. No. 10. 4 feet Slope. No. 11. 2 feet + Limestone. No. 12. 3 feet Slope. No. 13. 14 inches ashy-blue Limestone. No. 14. 3 feet bitlnminious Shale. No. 15. 2- feet Shale-calcareous. No. 1]6. 6 inches blue sandy Ironstone. No. 17. 16 feet Slope. No. 18. 11 inches Coal. No. 19. 36 feet Slope to water in Marimaton. Timbered 1Hill was settled by two French gentlemen named La, Timbre. In consequence it was called "La Timbre Hill," this was corrupted into "Timbered Hill," and now it is so called by some, ignorant of the source whence it receives its name. The latter, however, is a very appropriate name, as the mound is thickly timbered, with also a great deal of underbrush, and is sometimes called Brushy Mound. About three-quarters of a mile south of the mound, at a ford of Marmaton, in S. W. qr. Sec. 14, T. 37, R. 31, lower roeks are exposed, including two beds of Coal. The upper bed is from 2 to 3 feet thick, and is rotten at the outcrop. It is No. 23 of the General Section, and may be the "Marais des Cygnes Coal" of Bates county, and the northwest part of this. The second Coal is about 25 feet below the upper, and is 20 inches thick. This is No. 18 of the General SectionD. A full description of the strata here, will be found included in Sec. A. At the group of mounds, in the vicinity of Walker, two Coal beds are found exposed, associated rocks equivalent, in part, to those seen on Timbered Hill and Blue Mound. These mounds are known, I believe, both as the "Howard" and the {" Dodson Mounds. The following is a General Section of the rocks, etc., exposed: *It is also seen at Mr. Shaver's, (?) in Bates county, iln S. W. N. E. See. 2, T. 38, R. 30. 142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. NTo. 1. 2 feet coarse Sandstorne. No. 2. 8 feet Slope. No. 3. 3 feet drab and blue Limestone. No. 4. 6 feet Slope. No. 5. 6 feet Limestone —mottled color. No. 6. 11 feet Slope. No. 7. 6 inches ashy-blue Limestone. No. 8. 2 feet Slope. No. 9. 6 inches + bituminous Shale, No. 14, Timbered Hill Sec. No. 10. 11 feet Slope. No. 11. 5 feet Clay. No. 12. 18 inches Coal. No. 13. 29 feet Slope. No. 14. 3 to 4 feet calcareo-bituminous Shale. No. 15. 21 feet Coal. Lower Coal at Ford of iMarmatou, south of Timbered Hill. No. 16. 20 to 35 feet Slope, to prairie level. Both of the Coal beds have been worked a little here, and are of fair quality. Upon the supposition that the three-foot Coal seen at Marmaton Ford, is persistent in this direction, it may be looked for as being present in No. 13 of the foregoing Section, its place being about 20 feet above No. 14. It, however, may not be present, and the space filled up by Shales, etc. In the former case there would be three beds of Coal on these mounds-one of 18 inches, one of 2, feet, and one of 2~ to 3 feet in thickness-making a total thickness of from 53 to 7 feet. The following is a General Section of the Rocks, etc., on Blaue Mlound, (A,) Timbered ltill, (B,) 1Marmitohn Ford, (C) and tlhe WIalker Mounds (D). SECTION A. NO. o Feet. Inchn's DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. Locality 1 10......... Slope from top of Timbered Hill................................ 2, 1......... Compact, drab Limestone, weathering, ash color, and containinig Spirifer linectus............................. B. 3 11......... Slope.......................................................................... 4. $.......... Buff Saindstone............................................................ B. 5......... Slope covered with fragments of Sandstone................. B. 6, 10.... Slope............................ VERNON COUNTY. 143 SECTION A-Continued. No. Feet. Inch's DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. Locality 7 2.... Very coarse-grained Sandstone, made up of large and smixall grains of Quartz. (Local?)...................... D. late color. Abounds in Cheaeietes nmilleporaceus, and Fusulina cvlindrica, and contains Atjhyis, Spr. lineatus, Lophophlyllmon proliferum, etc.; equivalent to the lowest Limestone at Butler, Bates county........ 9 1......... Slope........................................................................... 10........ + Hard, dark blue Limestone, containing Ch. mesoloba and I ithynconella Osagensis. May be No. 43.................. B. 11 3 6 Slope........................................................................... 12 4-6.... Drab and gray mottled Limestone, Sometimes abounds in Productus tnuriccrtus.................... B and D. 13 i 1. 4......... Slope........................................................................... 1 i 4.... Slope..... 14 3.........1 Blue Limestone, with a thick chocolate colored crust. Abounds in C/. imesoloba, and contains Prod. mcricaitus and Fistulipora nodulifera............................. B. 1 5 3........ Slope. 16 i 1 2 Ashy blue, tolerably fine-grained Limestone, weathering bull. Fossils are Chonetes mesoloba, Prod. costatus and Sprcan. cameratus..................................... B and D. 17 i 3......... Bituminous Shale....................................................... B andD. 8 2 6 Blue and ochreo ls calcareo-aro-illaceous Shale............... B. 19 6....... 6 Sandy Ironstone, with CUrinoid columns........................ B. 20 11....... Slope.................................................................. 21 5. Clay....................................................................... D. 22 1 6 Good Coal, sometimes only 11 inches....................... B and D. 23 3....... Fire-Clay...................................................... B. 34 6......... Sandstone................................................................... 25 3......... Coal-varies from 30 to 36 inches................................. C. 26 7......... Gypsiferous Shale........................................................ C. 27......... 2 en erge.................................................................. C. 28....... 2 Coal........................................................................... C. 29.... 6 Sandstone, with St igmariaficoides.. C. v30 1......... Fire-Clay..................................................................... 144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. SEXTcIroN A-C(,oR0id-zinecd. No. Feet.!inch'sl:DESCRIPTION, Or STr:AT'A. Locality 31 1 6......... Dark semi-bituminous Shale, with layers of Carbonate of Iron, (Iron Stone,) and a thin Limestone bed, labounding in Prod. nsuricatzs, and containing.DisI cia, Pr..Nebrascensis and C/h. mesoloba.................. C. 3 22.6 Bituminous Slate, onmtaining Braclhiopoda.....C............. C and D.. 33 -2 6 Coal, sometimes only 20 inches............................... C aid 34 2......... Fire-Clay.........!. 35 45........ Slope......................................................................... 36 2.. Sandstone............................................................ A. 37 44.. Slope........................................ 38 1...... Bituminous Shale..................................................... A. 3'9 1 (?) C 0(t....................................................................................... Four miles north-east of Walker, near the M. K. & T. R. R., Mr, iaines has opened a Coal bank. It is worked both by drifts and shafts, the manner owing altogether to the nature of the surface. The Coal, as seen where it had been worked by a drift, is 2- feet thick, and not of very good quality, being crossed by seams of Iron Pyrites. A good opportunity for examining the Coal was not afforded, and no reliable opinioh can be given as to its quality. It is covered by seven feet of Sandstone, which I regard as the equivalent of No. i24, Section A. On the road to Nevada, Sandstone -which underlies the lowest Coal at Walker's, and which is called the "Clear Creek Sandstone,'7 in this report, is seen cropping out at intervals from Walker to Nevada. The prairie is undulating, sometimes making long, sweeping slopes, and the Sandstone is the surface Rock for long distances. It is exposed around Nevada City, and on the Marmiton. In N. E. S. E., Sec. 18, T. 36, RE. 31, on the Mlarmiton, there is 12 feet of it exposed 4 feet above the water. Three-quarters of a mile down stream, it is seen reaching a thickness of 40 feet. One quarter of a mile still further down, it lorms the face of the Bluffs, varying from 40 to 60 feet in thickness, and at one place on the creek even attaining a thickness of about 75 feet. The major part of it is excellent building Stone, and can be easily quarried. Springs issue from beneath this Sandstone, but they nearly all are of a slightly Chalybeate nature-some of them very much so. VERNON COUNTY. 145 On a small creek emptying into the Marmiton, one mile and a half west of Nevada, part of the strata below this Sandstone come to view in the following order: No. 1. 12 feet gentle Slope from prairie. No. 2. 16 feet slope at an angle of 35 deg., covered with fiagmnents of Sandstone. No. 3. 8 feet buff and gray Sandstone. "Clear Creek Sandstone.'" No. 4. 6 feet Slope. No. 5. 10 feet deep blue, arenaceous Clay. No. 6. 12 to 18 inches Coal. No. 7. 18 inches Fire Clay. On MIrs. W'ade's land, in S. half, S. E. qr. Sec. 30, T. 36, It. 31., Coal, which is probably equivalent to No. 14 of General Section, is exposed. Twenty feet of thick-bedded, gray Sandstone rests upon it. The "Clear Creek Sandstone " is exposed on Mr. IJ1tteen's farm, in N. E. qr. Sec. 20, T. 36, R. 31, with sub-carboniferous Limestone still below. The Section there is: No. 1. Slope. ",o. 2. 33 feet " Clear Creek Sandstone.~" No. 3. 22 feet Slope. No. 4. 8 feet sub-crystalline, gray and bluish gray Crinoidal Lirestone. This is divided in three parts, thus: (a) 8-i feet crystalline, bluish gray Limestone. (b) 1 foot Limestone; is lnot so crystalline as a, harder, bluish drab in color, weatheri.g chocolate brown, and contains Chert. (c) 31 feet Limestome like a. Division b is said to make excellent cement, and a and c make fine Lime. The rock is much quarried and used for the latter purpose. and its correllated beds lying as follows: No.. 15 feet upper Slope. No. 2. 1 foot 7 inches greenish, drab Limestone; the upper portion breaks roughly, the lower part has a smooth even fracture; it occurs inl two beds divided by a Clay seam containing Crinoid columns, Lophophylluam prolifermn; The Limestone contains Pr. splendens and Loph. proliferuzm. LINN COUNTY. 263 No. 3. 3 feet green Shales and Limestone nodules, abounding in Sp. planocolnvexus, Pr. splendens and Hemipronites crassus. No. 4. 1 to 2 feet hard, calcareous conglomerate, containing P. Prctten anus, Hlemiproniles and Crinoid stems. These beds also appear in Sees. 9 and 24, T. 57, R. 18. Mr. Norwood's Section, at Hayney's mill, in Sec. 12, T. 57, PR. 19, includes rocks of No. 52, and related beds, to wit: No. 1. Slope. No. 2. 1 foot 6 inches Limestone, the upper 6 inches is soft, rough-bedded and weathers buff; the lower part is fine-grained ash-blue and rhomboidally jointed in even layers; the direction of the joints is N. 40 deg. W., and S. 45 deg. E. The fossils seen were Spr. lineatus and Sp. caumeratus. No. 3. 1 foot coarse, brown, friable Limestone, almost entirely made up of Crinoid columns; also abounds in Ath. subtilita, Sp. cameratus, Sp. Ifentuckensis, Hemp. crassus, Pr. costatus, Pr. semireticulatus, Myalinca Kcansasensis, Lohophyllumproliferuzm, Archaeocidaris spines, Crinoid plates and Synocladia beserialis. AMany of the fossils are weathered and stand out in relief. No. 4. 6 feet sandy Shales. Mr. Norwood's Section, in the edge of Macon county, two and a half miles N. E. of Bucklin, at Mr. Nutter's, includes the beds of rock occurring above the Rhomboidal Limestone, and the strata, to a considerable distance below, as follows: No. 1. Long and undulating Slope. No. 2. 1 foot hard, fine-grained and mottled-drab and chocolate colored Limestone, (with fossils same as those of No. 40.) No. 3. 25 feet Slope. No. 4. 1 foot 6 inches Rhomboidal Limestone, (No. 42,) containing' Sp. lineatus. 4. a bituminous Shale. 4. b 7 inches Coal. No. a. 10 feet Slope. No. 6. 1 foot[6 inches dove-colored, fine-grained silicious Limestone (No. 52,) weathering'brown, breaking with somewhat irregular fracture; contains Pr. costatus. No. 7. 30 feet Shale, with small pyrititerous concretions in the upper part; it also contains a few Sandstone layers. No. S. S feet shaly Slope. No. 9. 18 to 26 inches Coal. No. 10. 5 feet Slope to water in the creek. Beds above the last described, appear a half of a mile above on the State road, in the following order: 264 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. 10 feet purple and green Clays. No. 2. 5 feet Limestone and Shales, with fossils. (No. 31.) No. 3. 4 feet calcareous Shales. No. 4. 6 inches brown nodular Limestone. No. 5. 8 feet dark, purple and green Shales. No. 6. 5 feet Limestone. (No. 40.) Similar beds to these, including the purple Shales, were absent on Muscle Fork, near New Boston. Mr. Norwood found these purple Shales in Sec. 6, T. 59, R. 18, on Little Yellow Creek. A quarter of a mile lower down stream is the old "Bayles' Mill Site," with the rhomboidal Limestone, (No. 42,) in the bed of the creek. He observed similar beds in S. E. Sec. 19, T. 60, R. 18. The "Athyris bed " (No. 31) was seen on Wyatt's Branch, in Sec. 15, T. 58, R. 18, and on Winegan Creek, in the southern part of T. 59, R. 18, abounding in fossils, the most abundant being AtA. suttilita, and also containing Pr. costatus, Pr. muricaut8s Pr. Prattenanus, Pr. punctatus, Hem. crassus, Sp. cameratus, Sp. Kentuckensis, Keekella striatocostata, COhonetes -, Allorisma, (small species), Lo opophyyllum proliferut?n, Archacocidaris mqegastylus. On the Trenton road, a half mile from Linneus, our Section includes the following: No. 1. Drift. No. 2. 5 feet red Shales, with occasional green streaks. No. 3. 1 foot olive sandy Shales. No. 4. 3 inches Sandstone. No..5. 6 feet 6 inches drab Sandstone in thin layers. No. 6. 3 feet red and green Shales. No. 7. 6 feet red Shales, containing nodules of red Hematite, (No, 18 of our General Section.) No. 8. 6 inches shaly nodular Limestone, abounds in At]h. subtilita. No. 9. 6 inches green Shale. No. 10. 1 foot 8 inches mottled drab and yellow Limestone in one bed. No. 11. 6 inches soft yellow Limestone, containing Pr. splendens, Cho. nesoloba, Ath. subtilita and Crinoid stems. No. 12. 1 foot Shales, abounding in Sp. planoconvexus, Retzia punctilifera, Ch. mesoloba and Crinoid plates. (No. 22 of General Section.) No. 13. Nodular Limestone full of Sp. planoconvexus. In Sec. 31, T. 59, R. 20, on W. HI. Garret's land, are 15 feet of red Shales, with an occasional green streak. These Shales abound in nodules of red Hematite, containing Discinza nitida(?) and Xyalinc Swallovi. LINN COUNTY. 265 A greenish Limestone, abounding in Athyris subtilita, is found in the branch just below, and further up the branch we find about 15 feet of Sandstone, (No. 5.) This Sandstone also crops out on Locust Creek, a little south of west from Laclede, 25 feet thick, is micaceous, the upper beds being very soft and containing small concretions of Oxide of Iron. The lower part occurs in beds of 3 and 4 feet thickness. Just beneath is 8 inches of sandy ferruginous conglomerate, with thin seams of Coal and a 4 inch bed of Carbonate of Iron below. The Sandstone contains Calamnites, and the Iron bed abounds in remains of a beautiful species of Ferns. At Perry's, formerly Withrow's Mill, on Locust Creek, the rocks have a local dip of 5~ and a course of S. 40~ E., and include from No. 42 upwards, lying in the following order: No. 1. 15 feet Slope, with tumbled masses of bluish drab Limestone on the lower part. No. 2. 2 feet rough looking, nodular, bluish drab Limestone, corresponding to No. 40. No. 3. 7 feet thin layers of Sandstone. No. 4. 11 feet drab and micaceous sandy Shales. No. 5. 1 foot 6 inches blue Limestone. The upper 4 inches is dark, shaly and fucoidal, and contains Chonetes -, CAh. mesoloba, Pr. rnuricatus, Sp. planoconvexus and Archceocidaris. The lower part of the bed is firmly and evenly jointed, and corresponds to No. 42. No. 6. 2 feet 6 inches bituminous Shales. No. 7. 2 feet soft, black argillaceous and pyritiferous Shales aboundinlg in fossils, mostly Pr. muricartus and Hemnipronites crassus. No. S. 1 foot dark blue Clay. Several miles further up stream, at Miles', formerly Hurlbert's' Mill, we find these rocks well exposed, and also some lower beds, as follows: No. 1. 10 inches Limestone, (No. 42 of General Section.) No. 2. 2 feet dark Shales. No. 3. 10 inches drab Shales with fossils, (No. 46 of General Section.) No. 4. 5 feet dark green Clay. No. 5. 2 feet 6 inches ferruginous Shales with fossils in the upper part. No. 6. 1 foot 4 inches ferruginous Limestone; fracture shows a dove color. No. 7. 6 inches argillaceous Shales. No. 8. 2 feet black Shales, containing small fiat concretions. No. 9. inch shlialy Coal. No. 10. 5 feet shaly Slope. No. 11. 4 feet shaly Sandstone. 266 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. There are but few outcrops of Coal in this county, and excepting the shafts at Brookfield and St. Catharine, there has been very little searching for Coal. A thin Coal seam is sometimes seen just under No. 45. It varies from 2 to 4 inches in thickness and does not get any thicker in this. county, and is wanting in the counties north. It, underlies most of the eastern part of Linn county, but was not seen on Locust Creek, and may be looked for about 2~} feet below the Rhomboidal Limestone, (No. 42). It occurs as follows at Baker's Old Mill, on Yellow Creek: No. 1. 1 foot 4 inches Rhomboidal Limestone, (No. 42 of General Section.) No. 2. 2 feet bituminous Shales. No. 3. 6 inches very thinly laminated bituminous Shales, containing Iron Pyrites concretions and fossils. No. 4. 4 inches Coal. No. 5. 2 feet Fire Clay. Near Yellow Creek, in the west part of Sec. 4, we find: No. 1. 6 inches blue Limestone; total thickness not seen. (No. 42.) No. 2. 2 feet 6 inches bituminous Shales. No. 3. 6 inches blue Shales. No. 4. 2 inches impure Coal. No. 5. 2 feet Fire Clay. COAL (NO. 59 OF GENERAL SECTION.) This Coal, formerly worked by Mr. Nutter in the edge of Macon county, a little above water in Muscle Fork, one and a half miles north of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, is, I think, the 15-inch seam found 70 feet below the surface, in the Brookfield shaft, and 20 feet below the surface in the shaft at St. Catharine. A seam of 10 inches has been formerly worked at several places in T. 60, R. 20, but is now seldom mined. One of the chief of these is on the land of Jacob Vanbibber, in the southern part of Sec. 26. T. 60, R. 21. It is here overlaid by 1 foot 6 inches of bituminous Slate, which underlies 30 feet of bituminous Shales. Immediately over the Coal is a 2-inch pyritiferous bed, abounding in Pleutrotomnaria carbonaria. The seam varies fiom 10 to 16 inches, and the Coal occurs in very even layers, some of which are bright jetty, others dull or dark black. Calcite plates are found in the joints, "and the beds show impressions of plants of very fine texture. The cross fracture shows black and shiny like tar. LINN COUNTY. 267 This Coal was also formerly worked on Thos. Carter's land, in N. W. S. W. Sec. 23, and on Robt. McQuann's land. I could not obtain the necessary data for the Geological position of this Coal. It may be Nutter's, and may, probably, be a higher Coal. This Coal was also seen on Dr. WV. R. Robinson's land, in S. fW. Sec. 7, T. 60, R. 20, varying from 6 to 10 inches, with overlying beds, as follows: No. 1. Sandstone. No. 2. 1 foot 6 inches Limestone. No. 3. 6 feet drab Shales. No. 4. 2 feet bituminous Shales. No. 5. ~ inch Coal. No. 6. 2 inches Clay. No. 7. 5- inches Coal. No. 8. Fire Clay. The following is the Section of the Shaft at St. Catharine: No. 1. 14 feet Clay. No. 2. 6 feet rotten Slate. No. 3. Flinty Sandstone. No. 4. 1 foot 4 inches Coal. No. 5. 2 feet 5 inches Clay. No. 6. 22 feet Soapstone. No. 7. 1 foot hard Limestone. No. 8. 6 feet blue Sand. No. 9. 40 feet Soapstone. No. 10. 2 feet 2 inches Coal. Bottom of shaft. Below this a boring was made, and passed through the following: No. 11. 3 feet Fire Clay. No. 12. 8 feet hard, flinty Sandrock. No. 13. 60 feet Soapstone. No. 14. 4 feet 6 inches black Slate. No. 15. 2 feet 6 inches Coal. No. 16. 4 feet Fire Clay. No. 17. 35 feet Soapstone. No. 18. 3 feet Coal. For the above section I am indebted to Mr. Wm. H. Elliott, the owner of the mine. No. 10 is a seam which is worked; the Coal resembling somewhat that of Kirby's, in Sullivan county. It is black and shiny, with darker, fine-grained jet bands, with smooth joints, and occasional thin pyrites bands. Calcite occurs in the joints, and the beds of deposit show layers of mineral Charcoal and faint plant impressions. The following is the section of the Brookfield shaft and bore 268 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BROOKFIELD SHAFT AND BORE. THICKNESS. TOTAL THICKNESS. DESCRIPTION. 1 80 feet............................... Surface deposits. The Rhomboidal Limestone should have come in here, 17 feet below the surface, but for some reason it was not found. 2 1 foot 10 inches.. 31 feet 10 inches... Hard rock, next below No. 42, and found in the bed of the creek near by. 3 16 feet............. 47 feet 10 inches... Fire Clay and Shales. 4 25 feet............ 72 feet 10 inches... Soapstone. 5 1 foot 3 inches... 74 feet 1 inch..... Coal (Nutter's). 6 14 feet............. 88 feet I inch...... Fire Clay and Shales. 7 6 feet.............. 94 feet 1 inch..... Rock concretions. 8 1 foot 8 inches... 95 feet 9 inches... Hard rock. 9 52 feet 8 inches... 148 feet 5 inches... Soapstone. 10 2 feet 4 inches.. 150 feet 9 inches... Coal-working seam. 11 16 feet............. 166 feet 9 inches... Brown Fire Clay and Shales. 12 8 feet............. 174 feet 9 inches... Brown rock concretions. 13 6 feet................ 180 feet 9 inches... Black rock concretions. 14 10 feet............. 190 feet 9 inches... Fire Clay. 15 8 feet................. 198 feet 9 inches... Sandrock (lowest rock at Joab's Creek) 16 3 feet................ 2 01 feet 9 inches... Fire Clay. 17 4 feet............. 205 feet 9 inches... Soapstone. 18 8 inches.. 206 feet 5 inches... Slate. 19 5 feet................ 211 feet 5 inches... Fire Clay. Bottom of shaft. Below this the boring discovered the following ~ 20 8 feet............... 219 feet 5 inches... Soft Soapstone. 21 4 feet................. 223 fee' 5 inches... Fire Clay. 22 14 feet................ 237 feet 5 inches... Soapstone. 23 4 feet................ 211 feet 5 inches...| Fire Clay. 24 2 feet.............. 243 feet 5 inches... Soapstone, -25 2 feet 1 inch...... 245 feet 6 inches... Coal. 26 5 inches... 245 feet 11 inches... Fire Clay. 27 6 inches... 246 feet 5 inches... Coal. LINN COUNTY. 269 Brookfield Shaft and Bore —Continued. ES TRICKNESs. TOTAL THICKNESS. IDESCRIPTION. 28 15 feet................ 261 feet 5 inches... Fire Clay and Shales. 29 8 feet............. 269 feet 5 inches... Sandstone. 30 10 feet......279 feet 5 inches... Soapstone. 31 8 inches... 280 feet 1 inch.....H ard rock (Pyrites). 32 10feet................. 290 feet 1 inch..... Soapstone. 33 6 inches... 290 feet 7 inches... Slate and Shales. 34 4 feet................ 294 feet 7 inches... Rock concretions. 35 2 feet.............. 296 feet 7 inches... Hard rock (not bored through). The Coal of "Turner's heirs," already mentioned, is in the lower seam irridescent, smoothly jointed, with some pyrites plates on the joints and some rather beautiful and irridescent Charcoal, formed of finely striated plants on the beds of deposit. The upper seam differs from the lower in that the Coal is not irridescent. Edward's Coal, near that of "Turner's heirs," is very similar to it, but the lower seam is not quite so irridescent. From careful inspection of our Sections above noted, we find in Linn three Coals suitable for working that may be reached by shafts. The upper one is from 15 to 17 inches in thickness. The next below is from 2 to 2 feet 4 inches, and the lowest, which is deep below the surface, is from 3 to 4 feet. The upper seam crops outjust beyond the eastern margin of the county and is 70 feet below the surface at Brookfield. The next is 73 feet below the first and the third and lowest is, as estimated by borings, 65 to 90 feet lower. These two lower beds are the most important, and, as I think, underlie most of the county. Their total aggregate thickness amounts to about 6.- feet, which, if found under 598 square miles, (probably a fair average,) gives us as the quantity of Coal under the surface in this county the amount of 4,557,560,832 tons. CLAY AND RED OCHRE. Beds of good potters' Clay may be found at many places in this county. At Kelsey's pottery, on Dr. Fellow's land, two miles south-west of 270 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Laclede, there is manufactured a good stoneware from Clays obtained on the edge of the neighboring creek. The exposed beds appear there thus: AVNo. 1. Soil on top. No. 2. 2 feet yellow Clay with Ochre. No. 3. 4 feet blue CIay. No. 4. 2 to 3 feet blue Clay wvith red streaks and a dark streak at top. No. 5. Good, smooth potters' Clay. A bluish drab calcareous Clay, obtained half of a mile west of Linneus, on the land of Wrn. Harrison, is used to glaze the ware of this establishment. These Clay beds are regular Shales of the Coal Measures and underlie a large portion of the county. On W. H. Garrett's land, one mile north of Linneus, are seen about 15 feet of red Shales, which are occasionally streaked with green and contain nodules of red Oxide of Iron, which sometimes contain a little Carbonate of Lime. The Clay also contains some Lime where there are remains of fossils. These nodules, however, occur in regular layers and do not injure the main body of the Clay, which also becomes a valuable material for paint, and in taking it out for that purpose the Iron nodules can be reserved to be carried to a furnace. I do not know, however, that their quantity would be such as to warrant the erection of a furnace on the ground, but they could be profitably transferred to one. These red Shales are also exposed on the Locust Creek bluffs, southeast of Laclede.'BUILDING ROCK. On the west side of Locust Creek, in Sec. 10, T. 57, R. 21, is a low mound, which seems mainly to be composed of Sandstone. On its eastern side a quarry has been opened disclosing about 15 feet of a superior quality. The upper portion is in thick beds of from two to five feet. Then comes two feet shaly rock, separating it from the lower portion, which is in layers one foot in thickness. It is mostly a light drab Sandstone, formed of minute rounded silicious grains, cemented in part by calcareous matter, and contains scales of Mica. It very much resembles the Stone firom Whiterock quarry, Carroll county, to which it is in no way inferior. Sandstone of inferior quality is found in a good many parts of the county, but this one I regard as a good stone, and it will be of great value. The blue Limestone, No. 42, has been used, but except when well exposed, it will not be quarried on account of the quantity of worthess material required to be stripped. It is generally in even lay L1NN COUNTY. 271 ers and jointed into long regular blocks, with smooth and even faces. It was seen at the following places: Baker's mill, 17 inches thick; near the railroad, 1 foot thick; Bayles' old mill site, 18 inches; Coalson's old mill site, 17 inches, divided iato 2 beds, the upper being 11 inches; on Rariton Branch, 22 inches; D. Becket's quarry, Sec. 17, T. 58, RI. 20, 17 inches, in 2 beds of 5 and 12 inches; Withrow's old mill, 18 inches. At the latter places it was used in the abutments of the bridge near by and procured in blocks 4 to 8 feet long and 18 inches thick. A very good quality of this rock and one which does not require much stripping, is found on the east side of Yellow Creek, two miles east of Brookfield. On M.oore's land, near this place, is a quarry of rock differing prob - ably from that last named. The beds of gray and drab Limestone, found near Linneus and along Locust Creek north, and in Ts. 57 and 58, R. 18, will make a tolerably fair article of Lime but are not useful for other building purposes. HYDRAULIC LIIIMESTONE. It is probable that some of the Limestones in this county may be H:tydraulic, but as yet no experiments have been made with a view to this purpose. They may include No. 52, occurring in Yellow Creek, east of Brookfield, and No. 40, at Coalson's old mill site, and those occurring southwardly on East Yellow Creek. CHAPTER XVI. PRor. G. C(. BROADHEAD, State Geologist: DEAR SIR: The followinig reports on Putnam and Schuyler counties, embrace the major portion of my labors in the field during the months of May and June, of the present year. Much credit is due my assistant, Mr. IH. H. West, for valuable aid rendered in the prosecution of the work. I take this opportunity to publicly return thanks to the following named gentlemen for the many favors shown me, and information furnished: Hon. M, Marshall and Mr, Hoskinson, of Unionville; the Messrs. Dickerson, of Dickerson's Mill, Putnam county; Mr. Henry Miller, editor of the Excelsior, Lancaster; Mr. Richard Caywood, Mr. Silas Breckenridge, of Schuyler county, and Mr, Henry Shaw, of Centerville, Iowa, who furnished me with valuable information concerning the heights of different points in Schulyer county, and to all those who aided me in different ways. Respectfully, CHARLES J, NORWOOD. A tugust 1, 1874. PUTNAM COUNTY. BY CHARLES J. NORWOOD. Putnam county, one of the extreme northern counties of the State. bordering on Iowa, is bounded on the North by parts of Wayne and Appanoose counties, Iowa; on the west by Mercer; on the south by Sullivan and part of Adair, and East by Chariton River, which gives to that border a very irregular outline, and separates this from Schuyler county. The Burlington and South-western Railroad traverses the county in a west of South direction, passing through Unionville, the county seat. The county was first organized in 1845. Dodge county was added, and its area is now about 523 square miles. It is nearly three times as long as wide, being 36 miles long and 14 miles wide, exclusive of the 3 miles offset in the South-east. About two-thirds of its area is wooded, the timber in the west growing along most of the streams, sometimes extending to a distance of 4 miles on each side, while the eastern half is nearly all timber. TOPOGRAPHY. Taken as a whole, Putnam county is hilly and broken. There is of course also much level land, comprising the bottoms along the different streams, such as Blackbird, Medicine Creek, Chariton River, etc. There are also many localities in the western part, where the country is rolling, spreading out in beautiful and undulating prairie land. This part of the county is not so broken as the eastern portion, and there is greater uniformity in the surface configuration, which fact is very apparent to one passing over the prairies. In the west, the surface usually rises gradually from the streams, and spreads out in a series of long, irregular, wide, flat ridges, with gently sloping sides, which are from 150 to 200 feet above the streams. The valleys between the ridges are usually shallow, and often wide. There is one general system in all of these ridges: they are G.s-18. 274 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. nearly all parallel with each other, and have a general trend about N. 300 E. The country will then vary from the hilly, to the gently rolling prairie, the latter however being of comparatively small extent. In the eastern portion, as before stated, the country is more broken, and seemingly without any system; the ridges are irregularly winding, and have no special trend. The country is well drained by nature, long, narrow ravines transporting the water from the highlands to the streams. In the west, in a few instances, only, do the hills rise immediately from the streams; a wide bottom generally comes between, and even then the rise is gentle. In the east there is, as a rule, a bluff on one side' and a: bottom on the other; the width of the bottoms varying greatly-in some instances they are quite wide, and again hardly an eighth of a mile in lateral extent. Along the Chariton they are occasionally a mile and a half, or even more, in width. The site of Unionville is, perhaps, the highest point in the county, and a point on the railroad, about 5 miles north-east of the town, called "The Summit," may rank next. HYDROGRAPHY. SPRINGS AND WELLS. Springs are rare in the county, and on the hills it is very seldom that water is reached in wells. In the bottom land water is obtained by going to a depth level with or below the bed of the neighboring stream; but even this gives out during very dry weather. In most cases the wells would have to be sunk to a depth of from 75 to 100 feet, or even more, on the ridges, to obtain a supply of water. This is rendered necessary by the thickness of the Quaternary deposits, which must be passed through. As well digging is. attended with considerable expense and time, the farner, after passing down from 20 to 30 feet in search of water without su.ccess, usually converts his unfinished well into a cistern. STREAMS. The principal streams are Medicine Creek, East and West Locust, in the western part; and North Black-bird, South Black-bird, and Shoal Creeks, in the eastern portion of the county. There are two systems in the streams: Those in the west, head in the north and flow south, draining the country, from the east and west; while those in the eastern part start from a highly elevated ridge or plateau, the trend of which is north-east and south-west, and PUTNAM COUNTY. 275 flows in a south-eastwardly direction to Chariton River, draining the country on the north and south. Thus it will be seen that the county is well provided with natural drainage. Some of the creek bottoms are exceptions, and must be drained by artificial means, such as ditching, etc. GENERAL GEOLOGY. The Geological formations found in the county include the QuaAternary, and that division of the Carboniferous age known as the Coal Auleasures. QUATERNARY. This overlies the whole county, and in the western half attains great thickness, entirely concealing the Carboniferous rocks. There the high hills and ridges seem to be entirely composed of this formation. The deepest cuts made by streams exhibit only Quaternary deposits, and the deepest wells on the ridges are entirely in Clays, etc., of this age. The following are the divisions of this formation, as found in Putnam:* I.-ALLUVIUM. This attains a thickness of from 25 to 35 feet, including the soil and Clays and Sand found along the various streams. On some of the streams, where the channel has been changed, small islands have been formed almost entirely of Sand belonging to this system. Some of these islands show a thickness of from 15 to 20 feet of Sand. I[.-BOTTOM PRAIRIE. On the Chariton River, and at some localities along Shoal Creek, this reaches a thickness of from 10 to 15 feet. II.-DRIFTT This is especially thick, varying from 50 to at least 75 feet or more. This includes Sand, Gravel, Clays, etc. At one locality along Shoal Creek, from 20 to 35 feet of Drift Sand alone was observed. Large and small boulders of Syenite, Granite, Quartz, Quartzite, ('reenstone, etc., and Quartz with Tourmaline, Hematite, Copper, and These divisions have been so often and minutely described in former Reports, it is deemed uan-.cessary to do so here. 276 GEOLOOGICAL SURVEY. small grains of Gold, were found in this formation. Some of the boulders are planed off one side, with parallel scratches extending across, exhibiting plainly the action of a glacial force. CARBONIFERO US. COAL MEASURES. The whole county is underlaid by this formation, but it is only in the eastern half that any of its strata are visible, the Quaternary deposits effectually concealing them in the west. The area of the Coal Measures-that portion of the county where the rocks approach'near the surface, or are exposed-may therefore be laid down as about 246 square miles, not quite one-half the area of the whole county. The total thickness of the formation, as found exposed, is 205 feet. In this thickness there are three Coal seams, one of 3 to 3- feet, one of 2 feet to, 28 inches, and one with 18 inches, with also many small streaks of from.;- of an inch to 2 inches in thickness. The thickest Coal is also the highest, while the thinnest is the lowest. From the top Coal to the. middle, or next one below, there is a space of 104 feet, filled up by Shales, Limestones and Sandstones; the lowest bed is found at from 15 to 20 feet below the middle one. The general dip of the Coal is a little south of west. There are, naturally, many local dips and disturbances, the result of local'causes, such as undermining by water, etc. The following is a Vertical Section of all the rocks and Coal beds in the county that are exposed to view. By carefully examining the rocks in the neighborhood and referring to the Section, one will be enabled to estimate at what depth Coal maybe reached in different localities: rPUTNAM COUNTY. 277 GEENERlAL SECTION. THIICKNESS. TOTAL. r..._ __ _ _.D I DEscDIPTIoN OF STRATA. LOCALITY. 1 20........H.................I Hard, gray, compact, micaceous Big Sandy. Sandstone; some parts marked by Carbonaceous stains..:2 7 27............ Slope probably all Sandstone...... 3 2 6 29 G Limestone; top nodular, mottled Railroad cut, three dove and drab, and fine-grain- miles north Unionled; this graduates into com- ville. pact, hard, fine-grained, light, dove or bluish drab. Then the South of Blackrock almost imperceptibly passes bird and high points into an ashy-drab, fine-grained, throughout N. E. somewhat earthy Limestone. and S. E. portion of Fossils are Prod. splendens, (P. the county. longispinus, (?) Chonetes -, (?) Spr. lineatus, and Fusulina cyl-I indrica, the latter with Spr. (M.) pI)lacnoconvexus is abundant......... 4 1.......... 0 6 | Green argillaceous Shale.............. 5 2 |........ 6 Rough, irregularly-bedded, very Same localities as hard and tough, both fine and No. 3. coarse-grained Limestone; is often quite silicious; variable in color; where most silicious, it is cream-colored, and then varies from mottled-bluish or ash-! drab, to speckled-brown and cream colored; the color is sometimes gray, and occasionally blue, or bluish gray. Generally, though not always, weathers with a thick, brown e-rust, which is soft and often decomposes and forms a brown 1powder; Calcite is disseminated in specks, small masses filling cavities, and thread-like veins, a nodular bed occurs at the top and bottom-this, however, is sometimes wanting. Fossils are numerous, especiallySpr. (1il.) ptanoconvexus, (which covers the surface,) and Rhynchonella Algerii, (?) Athyris subtilita and Chonetes -,( ) are also found: fracture variable-often rough Iand sometimes sub-conchoidal. 10......... 42 6 Green and reddish-colored argilla-l''' ceous Shale.............................. 278 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. General Section —Continued. Z THICKNESS. TOTAL. CD DESCRIPTTON OF STRATA. LOCALITY. a ~. I a a 7 10......... 52 6 Sandstone and sandy Shale; Upper 6 feet generally buff and soft, also micaceous; lower part very soft, gray, micaceous and shaly....................................... 4........ 56 Red and green areno-agillaceous Shale.................. 0> 57 6 Hard, blue and gray Limestone, with a thick brown crust; color varies from blue to ash, Choietes milleporaceus, Fusulina robusta, (?) and Crinoid columns, are the fossils; sometimes only G6 inches thick......................... 20......... |......... Calcareous Shale; often absent... 11 2........ 60......... Greenish and ashy drab, compact, On railroad, nortih tolerably hard, close-textured, of Unionville. even-bedded Limestone; weathers with a thick, light ferrugin-. ous brown crust. Fossils are Athyris subtilita, large Spr. cameratus, Spr. W(A.) planoconveius, Rhynchonella Algersii(?), Discina -(?) Fish tooth and C3rinoldal coluimn.................... 12. e...... 6 t......... Red and blue areno-argillaceousi Shale........................ 8 o..e.. o |5! 9 I6 Ash blue, generally joinlfed, argil- Wherever Coal A laceous Limestone. Upon fra-e is found. Blackbird: ture the rock appears to be Mrs. Markham's, etc. somewhat sandy, and upon exposure for a few minutes asI' sumes a greenish tinge. Occurs in one bed. Fracture variablewhere very argillaceous it is hackly, but at other places it is sub-conchoidal. Upper and 1 lower surfaces shelly, and where they have not been exposed for a long period, covered with organic remains, viz.: Hemipronites crassus, Athyris subtilita, Meekella striatocostata, Spr. cameratus. Spr. ICentuckensis, Prod. costatus, P. Prattenanus, I *t 2? I Rhombopora lepidodendroides, Synocladia biserialis and Chondrites Colletti........................... PUTNAM COUNTY. 279 General Section-Continued. THICRKNESS. TOTAL. D CD R, DESCRIPTION OVP STRATA. LOCALITY.. I 14 1 9....,l Dark blue argillaceous Shale....... 1T 1 6 |68 1 3 Green calcareous Shale, with a nodular bed of Limestone at the I m zrniddle. Chonetes mesoloba and 1! Hemipronites crassus abound..... 16 3......... 71 3 Irregularly bedded, ash drab and North and Soutlh blue, earthy Limestone, some Blackbird, Big and parts marked by dark windings Little Sandy and as of fucoids. This rock is quite Shoal Creek. variable in its lithological characters. It is generally quite shaly and is often seen only as a calcareous Shale with occasional indurated spots. The bottom 12 inches is inclined to be nodular. Contains Meekella striatacostata, Atthyris subtilita, Spirifer cameratus, very large Spr. (M.) lineatus, Spr. lineatus,var. perple xs, i Chonetes -, Allorisma (sometimes abundant), large Crinoidal columns, Peripristis semicircularis, etc. Equivalent to No. 64 of Sullivan county................. 17 1 6 72 9 Drab and green Shale with occasional Limestone nodules. Fos-! sils are Productus costatus, Pr. punctatus. Pr. muricatus, Hemipronites crassus, Chonetes mesoloba, etc................................... 18 i......... 73 9 Dark pyrito-calcareous Shale, full Mrs. Markham's of Spr. (31.) planoconvexus, and Coal Bank. containing Chiton, Discina, and a Rhynchonella. Seldom prescut......................................... 19........ 6 74 3 8 Bituminous Slate. This sometimes reaches 3 feet.......................... 20....... 3 74! 6 Dark Shale................................. 280 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. General Section-Continued. THICKNESS. TOTAL. CD CD =< e:: i DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. LOCALITY. 21 3 6 78 9 COAL A. This varies from 3 to 3- teet, and is sometimes found; to reach a thickness of 4 feet. It generally has two clay partings,' thus: a. 2 feet Coal. b. 2 to 4 inches Clay. c. 1 foot Coal. d. 1 inch Clay. e. 4 inches Coal. This is the Coal commonly found Shoal Creek - on croppino out throughout the nearly all its brancheastern half of the county, and es. The Blackbirds, may be said to be the only "sur- Bigf Sandy, and the face Coal" coextensive with the Chariton River. country. This is the bed worked (with but few exceptions) wherever C(oal is opened in the county. Equivalent to No. 67 of Sullivan county. 22 2......... 80...... Fire Clay-impure..................... 23 1......... 81......... Hard, mottled, ashy white, nodular Limestone; occurs in large nodules................................... 24 1......... 82......... Drab and ashy white, very friable South Blackbird. Limestone, abounding in Prod.. nuricatus, and containing Spr. Kentuckensis, Athyris subtilita, A. Maconensis, Hemnipronites crasszts, Chonetes mesoloba, C/h. Smithii, etc............................ 25 4......... 86......... Ash to blue or drab, compact, Near Dickerson's close-textured, thick - bedded, Mill, Galt's Mill, near hard Limestone with, generally, Hartford, etc. a thick, brown crust. Varies from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. Contains Polyphernopsis,?, Athyris sublilita, Prod. costatius, Pr. muricatus, Pr. splendens (= P. longispinus?), HemipronIies crassus, Chonetes mesoloba, Allorisma (rare), Lophophyllumn proliferum, and Crinoidal colIIm ns...................................... 26 3.....,.. 89......... Araillaceous Shale; white, striped with buff............................. 27 12........ 101 Sandy Shale with ochreous concretions. Sometimes passes into Sandstone............................ 28 5........ 106......... Argillaceous Shale.................. PUTNAM COUNTY. 281 General Section-Continued. THICKNESS. TOTAL. ~tt ~J? DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. LOCALITY. 29 2 106 2 Very impure, sandy, dark pyritiferons, shaly Limestone, breaking with a hackly fracture. Has cavities filled with a brown powder. Fossils are Spr. cameratus, Prod. costatus, HIemipronites crassus, Chonetes and Crinoid columns. Equivalent to No. 72 of Sullivan County Section. This is remarkably constant. 30 2 6 108 8 Dark, semi-bituminous Shale,with large and small black Seplarice.. 31 3...... 111 8 Bituminous Slate; at the middle a hard, very fine-grained, black, slaty Limestone occurs, having the same joints as the Slate, the thickness of which is from 1 to 2 inches................................. 32 6......... G 112 2 Calcareous Shale full of fossils. Contains Prod. costatzus, Pr. muricatzus, Spr. cameratus, Athyris Missouriensis, Chonetes mesoloba, Ch. Smithiz (?).................. 33 2....... 2 112 4 Coal. Very seldom present. 34 1 6 113 10 Calcareo-bituminous Shale... 35 5......... 118 10 Calcareo-argillaceous Shale......... 36 1 2 120......... Bituminous Slate-is sometimes Shale...................................... 37 1......... 1 21......... Argillaceous Shale.'358 1 3 122 3 Yellow Limestone. Often decomposes inito a bright yellow powder Is also seen as a jointed, hard, compact, fine-grained Limestone-color ash, changing to drab................................... 39 1 2 123 5 Black argillo-calcareous Shale. Baugh BranchHIasabandedappearance. Small No. 1. concretions occur in it.............. 40........ - 123 5-k Coal streak................................ 4 41 1....... 124 5k Drab Clay................................... 42....124.. 5 Coal streak........................ 43..... 4 124 91 Cly............................. ]]] ~~~~~~~~ 124 a......... 282 GENERAL SURVEY. General Section-Continued. T TInICKNEss. TOTAL. CD It z __ DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. LOCALITIES. 44 3........ 127 9[ Greenish drab argillo-calcareous' Shale, with small flattened concretions and thin, hard argillocalcareous bands.................. 45 2 6 130 3:- Verylight ash, finc-grained,rouh j friab)e Limestone —argillaceous. No fossils found................. 47 3..... 135 31- Hard, dark blue, thinly laminated., sometimes slaty Shale, withl large spherical concretions of bi-] tuminous Limestone. Some of the concretions abound in Cardiumn (?) Lexingtonensis, and contaiu Cardiarnorpha AMissourien-I sis, Discina nzitida? Gonzatites planorbiformis, Aviculopecten, large Orihoceras? and Orthoceras RZshensis................................. 48........ ij 135 33- Coal................................... 49 2 1 37........ 3 Fire Clay.................................... 50 6..3...... 31 - Shale.......................................... 51 3,....... 146 3-} Buff and gray inicaceous Sandstone.................................... 52 13......... 159 3 I Micaceous sandy Shale. 53 5......... 164 3, Bluish argillo-arenaceous Shale, with large septaria, some of Baugh Branchwhich contain Zinc blende and No. 1-near DickerStigmaria ficoides................. son's. 54 15......179 3 Dark blue Shale; becomes hard and slabby and blue black at Shoal Creek, at the bottom.............................. Dickerson's mill. 55 2........81 3 Soft bituminous Shale; often passes into slate, or imperceptibly into No. 54. Large, dark pyritous concretions occur immediately at the bottom........... 5 43 2 4 183 7A COAL B: Divided by a Clay seam,i Wild Cat and Shoal thus.................................e a its mouth i t I h.......thusCreek,near its mouth a. 18 to 24 inches in Coal. b, bl inches in Clay. c. 4 inches Coal. 57 2......... 185 7 Fire Clay................................... PUTNAM COUNTY. 283 General Section-Continued.:TrIccinrNEss. TOTAL. J i' | J 1 Oi C DESORIPTION OF STRATA. LOCALITIES. 58 2 6 188 1,- Sandstone, full of Stigmaria ficoides.......................................... 59 15......... 203 1}. Thinly laminated, sandy Shale, with carbonaceous markings and thin argillo-calcareous layVers. Varies from 15 to 20 feet in thickness............................ 60 1 6 204 73 COAL C..................................... Wild Cat, at Mrs. Parton's. 61 1 t 205 + Fire Clay................................ ECONOMIC AL GEOLOGY. COAL. This mineral underlies the whole county but is easily accesible in the eastern half only, which may be denominated the "Coal region." This part of the county is peculiarly favored in this respect. Though there is but one thick bed, still this is, we may say, coextensive with the whole region, being easily reached, either by drifting or shafting, in nearly every part of the eastern half of the county. In the extreme south-eastern part of the county, however, it is high up in the hills, and is often entirely wanting, owing to the irregularity in the surface features of the country. But when the thick bed (Coal A) is absent, two thinner ones approach near the surface. One of these lower beds, (Coal B) is 28 inches thick, and is worked with profit in regions where Coal A is not present. This Coal (Coal B) appears to. thicken as it goes south. It is equivalent to No. 80 of the Adair, Linn and Sullivan county section, which represents it as being from 3~ to 4 feet thick, and worked in Adair county, on the Chariton River, above Nineveh. Only a few exposures of it were seen in this county, but I hardly think it will be found with a thickness over two feet and a half. The lowest Coal found (Coal C) occurs from 15 to 20 feet below Coal B, and was nowhere seen showing a thickness greater than 18 inches. It is only in the south-eastern part of the county, and near 284 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the Chariton River, that it is found near the surface. Not much mining has been done in the county heretofore, but at presentit promises to become quite an industry. A great deal of land has already been leased for mining purposes, and her Coal region bids fair to become a source of great wealth to the county. For this to come to pass, however, the mining must be systemnatic, and considerable outlays be made for the proper machinery, etc. With a railroadrunning east and ~west through the county she will be enabled to -supply Coal to the north-western counties of this State and beyond. A road running in this direction has, I understand, already been located. Unfortunately, the present road, the Burlington and South-western, passes through the western border only of the Coal field. The Coal, as seen in the banks, is remarkably dry and soft, and is apparently free from sulphur. Average samples have been collected of Coals A and B for analysis, which will be found in Mr. Chauvenet's report. COAL A. This is variable in thickness, varying from 32 inches to 3~ feet. At one place I was told that it reached four feet, but was unable to see it, as loose dirt had slipped from above and concealed it. The first locality examined where this Coal is exposed was at MRS, MARKIIAM'S COAL BANK, in Sec. 29, T. 66, R. 18, on a branch emptying into Blackbird Creek. At this place the following Section was made: Section 9. No. 1. 49 feet Slope with fragments of Limestone No. 5, and with outcrops of red Clay. No. 2. 3 feet + blue argillaceous Shale. No. 3. 9 inches ash blue, jointed, argillaceous Limestone. No. 3. General Section. No. 4. 1 foot dark blue argillaceous Shale. No. 5. 18 inches to 2 feet green calcareous Shale, with Limestone nodules at the middle. No. 6. 3 feet irregularly bedded ash, drab and blue, earthy Limestonesometimes imperceptibly passing into calcareoIls Shale. No. 7. 9 inches drab Shale with occasional Limestone nodules. No. 8. 1 foot darkpyrito-calcareous Shale. No. 9. 6 inches bituminous Slate. No. 10. Coal A. Said to be 3 feet in thickness. PUTNAM COUNTY. 285 The same Coal is found at Mr. Davis Dickerson's, on Dickerson's Run, in N. E. qr. S. W. qr. Sec. 7, T. (5, R. 16. The Section here is. No. 1. 85 feet Slope fiom hill top. No. 2. 6 inches ash blue, fine grained, compact Limestonle. No. 13, General Section. No. 3. 54 feet, nearly all bittninous Slate. No. 4. 4 feef Coal. This Coal was not visible, and thickness is given upon authority of Mr. Dickerson. Coal A. No. 5. 4 feet Slope. No. 6. 3~ feet argillaceous, ash-blue Limestone. No. 25 General Section. No. 7. 10 feet + sandy Shale and Sandstone. This Coal is well exposed at many localities in this neighborhood, on Baugh Branch, Nos. 1 and 2, Parker's Branch, etc., and drainage is easily obtained. At a few places it has already been opened, among which are Mr. Rose's and Mr. N. Livsey's banks. At Dickerson's Mill, at 103 feet. below the Coal No. 4 of the foregoing Section, Coal B is exposed, on the bank of Shoal Creek. This will be mentioned further on. At Galt's Mill, in S. E. qr. N. E. qr. S. W. qr. Sec. 35, T. 67, R. 18, on Shoal Creek, Coal A is found in the hills, seen only as a smut or rotten Coal. By following the bed farther in the hill, however, it will no doubt become of good quality. The Coal is found at a hight of 44 feet above the Creek, with a Slate No. 31, 32 feet below and 11 feet above the Creek. A drift had been started in under this Slate, in search of Coal, but of course without success. By referring to the General Section it will be seen that the next workable Coal below this Slate, is Coal B, 69 feet below. It is a mistaken idea, that wherever there is black Slate there must also be Coal. Coal A is also seen cropping out on the ridge, east of Hargrave's (Chariton) Mills, and is worked by Mr. H., one-quarter of a mile away. On the hills, around Woodard's Mill, in S. E. qr. Sec. 30, T. 67, R. 17, it is also exposed. At Mr. Well's, in the S. W. qr. N. W. qr. Sec. 29, T. 67, R. 16, it is worked occasionally, and is said to reach a thickness of 3~ feet. From Mr. Wells' it enters Iowa, and is worked quite extensively at Pleasant View (Hill Town), in that State. COAL B. This is not so extensive a" surface Coal" as Coal A, being found only in the south-east part of the county, on Chariton River, and on Shoal Creek, near its mouth. At Mirs. Nancy Parton's, on Wild Cat Creek, in S. E. Sec. 6, (?) T. 64, R. 16, both Coal B and Coal C are exposed, with the following order of succession in the strata: 286 - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. Long Slope —perhaps75 feet;. No. 2. 10 feet + deep blue, slabby Shale-argillaceous. No. 3. 28 inches Coal, with a thin Clay parting 4 inches from the bottom. No. 4. 15 to 20 feet thinly laminated blue and drab sandy Shale. No. 5. 18 inches Coal C. No. 6, Fire-Clay in the bed of the creek. Mr. Preston Munlick has the same Coal on his place, two miles down the stream. At Mr. Jno. A. Ledford's, in S. W. qr. N. E. qr. Sec. 31, T. 65, R..17, Mr. West found Coal which I regard as Coal B. The following is a section made by him at this point: No. 1. Slope. iNo. 2. 24feet argillaceous drab Shale. iTttenmzergel occurs il the lower part. No. 3. 2, feet bituminous Slate, with large flattened concretions. No. 4. 1S to 24 inches Coal. This is about 30 feet above Soutth Blackbird Creek. At Mr. Dickerson's mill, Coal B is again found exposed, exhibiting a thickness of 22 inches. It is overlaid by 5W feet of dark blue Shale, passing into semi-bituminous Shale at the bottom, with large pyritous concretions just over the Coal. There is considerable Sulphur in the Coal at this point, present as an efflorescence on the surface. The rocks and Coal are very irregular here, there being several breaks in the beds. This region seems to be specially favored by nature. In the hills Coal A is found; while in the lowland Coal B will be reached at a shallow depth. From my observations in the county, I feel safe to state that there is hardly an acre in the eastern half without at least one of the three Coals on it, and within easy reach. Some of the creek bottoms are exceptions; for though the Coal may have been there at one time, it has subsequently been removed and replaced by later deposits. The following is a list of most of the banks and outcrops of Coal in the county: PUTNAM COUJNTY. 287 Coal List. SIECTION. T.. OWNERS. Coal. RREMARKS. r1 i24 66 I 19 G. Corpron............... Reached in shaft at 45 feet below railroad. 2 291 66 18 Markham & Bentley.. " Coal banks worked more than any others. 3 N. E. S. E. 20 66 18 J. F. Crabtree........... " Crops out; also a bank. 4 S. E. N. E. 34 66 18 Thos. Loyd.............. Crops out. 5 S. W. 35 66 18 Hugh Roberts.......... Crops out. 6. N. W. S. E. 14, 66 18 Gus Wessel........... Old bank. 7 S' S. W. 5 66 18................................ Reached in shaft at 40 feet below railroad. 8 N. E. N. W. 4 66 18........................... Crops out in railroad cut. 9 N. W. 34 67 1 8 -- B ramhaul.....;10 N. W. 27 67 18................................ Crops out. 11 N. E. S. W. 35 67 18................................ Crops out around Galt's mill. 12 S. W. 271 67 18.............................. Crops out. 13 N. W. S. E. 32 66 17 1- - lockins...... Old bank-worked but little. 14 N. E. N. E. 30 66 17 J. W. R. Shelton.....' Partially opened bank. 15 N. W. N E. 30 66 17 C. P. Torrey........... Crops out. 16 N. W. S. E. 19 66 17 Jas. Triplett............ " Crops out and worked a little. 17 N. E. N. E. 27 66 17................................... Crops out at 50:feet above I. Shoal Creek. 18 1 30 67 17................................. Crops out S. and E. of Woodard's mill. 19 S W. S. WV. 29 67 16 Wells......... Bank. 20 S. E. N. W. 4 66 16 M.A. IalIargraves....... Crops out in hills, and is also worked. 21 N. E. S. W. 7 65 16 -- Dickerson... Crops out. *22 S. W. N. W. 7 65 16 Rose........... Bank. 23 N. E. 32 65 17 I. Featherly.............. I Crops out. 24 N.E. S. E. 26 65 18 H. H. Green........... Worked. 25 S. E. S. W. 23 65 18............................... Crops out in the road. 26 1 65 18..................... Crops out near Cooley's mill. 27 S. E. 10 65 18............ " Old bank, worked but 28 S. W. 20(?)'65 18 Wm. Bruce.............. 293 S. E. (?) 20 65- 18 - Holmes(?)...... Old bank. 30 i S. E. 18 65 18 Jones (?).. Banks. 288 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Coal List-Co0ntinued. SECTION. T. R. OWNERS. Coal. REMARKS. 31 S.W.8 65 18 - Jones............ Old bank. 32 S. E. S. E. 12 6 7 17.............. Crops out-36 inches. 38 N. E. N. E. 11 67 17. Waes...........'Bank. 34 1 67 17 N. Livsey................. Bank. 35 N. W. 17 G64 17 E. Burns..Old bank-abandoned. 36 S. W, N. E. 6 65 16 Dickerson B. Crops out. 37 S. W. N. E. 31 65 17 J. A. Ledford........... Crops out. 38 S. N. E. 21 65 17 H. out........... Worked a little. 39 S. E. 6 (?) 64 16 Nancy Parton....... Woked a little. 40 S. W. 9 (?) 64 16 Pres. Iunlick.......... " Worked alittle. 41 S S. E. 6 (?) 64 16 Nancy Parton...........I C. Crops out. Beside the foregoing, there are many localities where Coal crops out; generally Coal A, and where a little work has been done, but which are unnecessary to mention. LI.ME STONES. Nos. 3 and 5 of the General Section will burn into good Lime,. and are found high up in the hills. The other Limestones are too argillaceous to make white Lime-or of the best quality. HYDRAULIC CEMENT. No. 25 appears to possess properties which render it suitable for, this purpose. BUILDING ROCK. Numbers 3 and 5 are excellent building stones, being easily dressed, and capable of standing the weather. No. 1 will also do well for building when a Sandstone is desired, and Nos. 7 and 27 are sometimes (though seldom) suitable for that purpose. SAND FOR MORTAR. The Sand along Shoal and other Creeks may possibly answer formixing mortar, though it is generally exceedingly fine and dirty. PUTNAM COUNTY. 289 ROAD MATERIAL. The Gravel along Chariton River will answer for this purpose. PAINT CLAYS. Part of No. 6 will make paint, capable of being used for ordinary painting. FIRE CLAYS. This is found in connection with all the Coals, but it is of inferior quality. IRON ORE. Fragments of compact red Hematite were found in the Drift, but no ore of practical use occurs in the county. COPPER. Small masses of native Copper are said to have been found in the Drift in the eastern half of the county. Many suppose "a vein to run throughout the county, but to one acquainted with-such matters this is evidently a mistake; neither will there be any of importance found, occurring in any other way in the county. GOLD. I was told by several persons that Gold has been found in minute grains in different parts of the county. This being the fact it is found in Drift. The impression prevails among many that Gold will be found in "paying quantities somewhere in the county." This, however, is a great mistake, and it is an utter waste, both of time and money, to search for it. The same may be said of LEAD. The occasional finding of small grains does not militate against this fact in the least. T IMBER. The greater part of the eastern half of the county is well timbered. There is also much good timber along the streams in the western part. In the bottoms the trees often grow to a great size, e. s-19 290 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and make good lumber. There are quite a number of saw qmills in the county, most of which were in operation at the time of my visit, and they are fast turning the woods into lumber. Along Chariton River and Shoal Creek there are many Sugar trees, and much sugar is made from them.* The principal trees of the county are Red, Black, White and Black-jack Oaks, Shellbark and common Hickory, Elm, Black Walnut (some trees of great size), Linn (scarce), Ash, Maple, Sugar Tree, Buckeye, Red Haw, Crab Apple, Wild Cherry, Willow, Cottonwood, Red. Birch, etc. AGRICULTURE. S OIL. There is a great diversity in the soil. It varies from a rick, black loam, as found in the bottoms, to a sandy, yellowish or reddish clayey mixture. In the bottoms, especially along the Chariton River and Shoal Creek, the soil is black, deep and rich, while on the high land it is of a clayey character, reddish or yellow in color, and often cold and poor. The red Soil is the best. On most of the ridge land the Soil is thin and poor, but there are spots of excellent ground on the wide ridges. CROPS, ETC. Some parts of the county are well adapted for wheat, others for tobacco, and others for oats; but taken as a whole, corn is the most reliable and profitable crop. Oats will rank next. Wheat has not had a fair trial, as it seems to be a settled thing that it will not do well hlere. The consequence is that most of the flour used in the county is brought from Iowa. The farmers should pay more attention to it; they have the land to raise it. They may not get such large crops as are raised in other parts of the State, but they at least will have enough to supply home consumption. I was told that rye was formerly successfully cultivated; the average yield being between 35 and 40 bushels to the acre. There'It may be of interest to some to know thei following yield. of the Messrs. Dickerson's (Dickerson's Mill) Sugar CLamp this Season: No. of pounds sugar made............................................................. 2,1135 No. of gallons of syrup made......................................................... 37 No. of trees taplied.................................................................. 466 No. of gallons of water obtained........................................................13,916 No. of days engaged......................................................... 2 The above was.urnished rle by Mr. Dickerson. PUTNAM COUNTY. 291 are many fine meadows in the county, sown in timothy, the average yield of which is 1~ tons to the acre. In some localities it is heavier, a few meadows bringing as much as 2 tons to the acre; thlis is a rare,case, however. The following are carefully averaged yields to the acre, of the various products raised, being made up from the reported yields of many of the best farmers in the county: CROP. LOWEST YIELD. HIGHEST YIELD. AVERAGE. or.............................. 15 bushels............. 60 bushels.........O.. 37- bushels...... ats................................20 bushels....... 4...... 40 bushels.............. 30 bushels.......... Wheat..............................Can hardly average -so little raised............................. obacco..........................I But little raised........... 800 pounds....... R,yeD.............................. A little raised..............................7 bushels......... Timothy Hay..........................................................................................1 tors..............1. STOCK. The farmers are beginning to pay some attention to raising cattle;'" Short-horns " and " Devonshire " being the breeds in favor. But few mfine horses or mules were seen raised for other than home use. * Mr. Dickerson'Dickerson's Mill) informed me that he has averaged 65 bushels of corn to the acre on his bottom land every year he has raised it. This is in the Sugar Tree country. CHAPTER XVII. SCHUYLER COUNTY. BY CHAMLES J. NORSWOOD. HISTORICAL, ETC. This county lies immediately east of Putnam county, with th&'Chariton River as the dividing line. On the north it is bounded by' parts of Appanoose and Davis counties, Iowa; on the east by Scot land county, and on the south by Adair county. ~ In form it is nearly' square, though a little wider east and west than north and south. It. is crossed by two railroads-the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern, and the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska —both of which are in operation. The county was organized about the year 1846, and the county business transacted at a small place called Tippecanoe, which has long since passed away. Afterwards Lancaster was selected as the county seat and a court house built. This place is not situated exactly in the center of the county, but still is easily accessible from any part. The county is a small one, its territory being embraced in an area of about 342 square miles. TOPOGRAPHY. The county varies in its surface features from the broken to rolling and even flat. It is about evenly divided in these characters. The broken or hilly uplands gradually descend into level lowlands, SCHUYLER COUNTY. 293 which pass by gradual slopes into gently rolling or undulating prairie, and this, in turn, as it nears the streams) becomes hilly and often quite broken. In the northern part of the county, the rolling character seems to predominate; the surface usually rises gently fiom the bottoms,.gradually merging into rolling land, which will again vary from flat to undulating prairie. This is especially the case in that part of the county east of the " Grand Divide." This Grand Divide is a highly elevated plateau, which appears to be a continuation of the Grand -Divide between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, having an irregular north and south course, and at some points rising to a height of 180 feet above Chariton River. The country slopes off irregularly from this ridge or divide, becoming quite hilly on the west toward Chariton River, but more gentle on the east. The south-eastern corner of the county is extremely broken, rising into rough ridges and hills in the vicinity of streams, and extending a considerable distance on each side of them. Most of the broken land lies near the Chariton River. The bottoms along the streams vary in width from one-eighth of a mile or less to two miles. The latter is the width of the Chariton River bottoms at some places. Lancaster is, perhaps, the highest, point in the county. Downing, which is about one mile and a half west of the east line of the county, is 100 feet lower, and is from 50 to 60 feet above the Chariton River bottoms. The country immediately east of Lancaster is made up of rolling prairie and low, flat ridges, with wide, shallow vaileys between. It is very seldom that the streams are in immediate contact with the hills; usually a " bottom " is interposed between, extending on both sides of the stream. With but few exceptions, this is the case even on the Chariton River. It will be seen by the foregoing that but little of the county is so broken as to render it unfit for cultivation. HYDROGRAPHY. STREA MS. The county is cut up by numerous small streams-mostly branches of Fabius River. The principal ones are Chariton River, Middle Fabius, South Fork of Middle Fabius, North Fork (of Fabius), South Fork of the North Fork of Fabius, Bushy Branch, Elm Creek, Lick Creek and West's Branch. The Grand Divide is naturally the great water-shed of the county, and those streams on the east flow south-east, while those on the west flow south-west. The banks of the streams are usually low, seldom more than 5 feet in height. The beds 294 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of most of the streams are muddy, and as a consequence good fordes are rare in wet seasons, when the creeks are full. WATER POWER. Except on the Chariton River, there are no good localities for water mills. On that stream a few have already been built and are inr operation. The other streams are, in ordinary seasons, too shallowand sluggish to afford sufficient power for mill purposes. There are, however, quite a number of steam saw mills (usually with a grinding attachment) in the western part of the county. WELLS AND SPRINGS. Water is easily obtained anywhere by digging wells. On most of the ridges it is reached at from 15 to 25 feet., while at Lancaster, I amn told, a good supply may be obtained within 40 feet, this being the maximum depth of many of the wells. Many of them are much less,. perhaps owing to the irregularities of the surface. GENERAL GEOLOGY. There are but few exposures of rock in the county, and these ar& confined to the western border, along Chariton River, and are only found north of the dividing line between townships 65 and 66. The Quaternary formation effectually conceals any rocks theree may be in the remainder of the county. The formations found in the county include the Quaternary and, Coal Measures. QUATE RN ARY. This formation overlies the whole county, and is remarkably thick, when it is taken into consideration that only three of its four divisions are present. These divisions are Alluvium, Bottom Prairie and Drift. Alluvium and Bottom Prairie present their usual characteristics,, and are found along the various streams and in the valleys. As is the case in Putnam county, and in fact in all the northern counties of the State, the Drift is remarkably thick. Nearly all of the material going to make up the hills (especially in the eastern part. of the county) may be referred to this formation. Also the Gravel, some of the Sand beds, etc., along the creeks. Clays enter largely in, SChUYLER COUNTY. 295 the formration, and I was inclined for awhile to believe some of the upper beds referable to the Bluff or Loess formation; this, however, I now think, is not the case. Or if so, it is very sparingly developed. It was not deemed necessary to make an exact measurement of this formation, nor would it really have been possible to do so; but it undoubtedly reaches a thickness of 100 feet or more. Boulders of Syenite, Granite, Diorite, Rosy Quartzite, fragments of Hornblendic rock, Chloritic schist, etc., were observed in this formation. Some of the boulders are rounded on one side, while the other is planed off smooth, with occasionally parallel grooves or scratches. This is evidently due to glacial action. COAL MEASURES. Although the rocks are concealed by Quaternary deposits throughout nearly the entire county, still it is very probable that the whole county is underlaid by Coal Measures, and it is thus laid down on the map.* As there are but few rock exposures in this county, I visited Pleasant View, (Hilltown,) Iowa, where the same Coal is worked that is seen on Chariton River in this county. By examining the rocks associated with the Coal there, and following down Chariton River, carefully examining every point where any exposures of rocks, Coal, etc., were to be seen, I am. enabled to construct the folTowing vertical section: * The extreme south-eastern part of the county may be an exception to this. Sub-cqrboniferous rocks of the age of the St. Louis Limestone, are known to occur in the south-west part of Scotland county, about 6 miles east of south of Memphis, and they may extend into this county. This will be deetrmained when the examination of Scotland county is made. 296 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Generac Section. No. Feet. Inches.;DESCRIPTION OF STRAT1A. 1 3 6 Red and green Clay. 2 1..., ard blue and gray Limestone, with a thick brown crust. Color varies from blue to ash. Contains Fusulina robusta, minute Crinoid columns, and Chuaeetetes rilIepo07aceus both in large and small masses. 3......... 6 Buff calcareous Shale. 4 4........... Hard, thlick-bedded Limestone, usual color blue, shading to dove, but is also yellowish drab in some localities; finegrained and generally compact, though sometimes it is shelly on top; weathers with chocolate brown or buff crust; the lupper surface is often covered with finely comminuted fragtnents of fossils, which stand out in relief. Fossils Prod. Splendens, Athyris 2Mssouriensis, A. subtilita, Rhynconella, Algerii, (?) Discinca Missouriensis, Spr. (M.) plano-conve.eus, Chonetes mnesoloba, Ch. Verneuliliana, Lophophyllumn proliferznn, etc. 6 i.............Blue calcareous Shale; abounds in largeCCrinoidal columns, andi contains M3eekella striato-costalt,, Prod. costatus, Athyris, Chonetes, etc. (; 2 6 Blue Clay, banded with yellow. 7 3 Soft Limestone; color variable, changing from. blue to bluish drab, mottled with chocolate. Weathers with a deep brown or buff crust. Sometimes is quite friable, and passes into calcareous Shale, with large nodules of Limestone. 8 1 l........ Drab calcareous Shale, 9 2............ Limestone, Occurs in several layers, The upper is som ewhat concretionary or nodular, has a soft, brown crust, is 12 inches thick, and abounds in fossils on the surface, of which Pr. Prattenanus and Ch. mesoloba are the most conspicuous. The lower part occurs in two rhomboidally jointed beds which are tolerably regular and compact, and contain SI). cameratus, Ch. mnesoloba, Crinoid columns, etc. 10......... Buff, calcareous Shale, passing into Limestone. 11 6............ Drab argillaceous Shale. 12.......... Bituminous Shale. 13 3.......... Bituminous Coal. Rlanges from 3 to 3. felet. Equivalent to Coal " A" of Putnam. 14 2........ Under Clay. 15 1 HEard, mottl;ed, ashy-white Limestone-ashy white splotched with yellow, Varies fiom compact to friable. SCHUYLER COUNTY. 297 General Section-Continued. No. Feet. Inches. DESCRIPTION OF ST.RATA. 16 | 4! 6 Limestone, usually divided thus: a 2 feet softbuff Limestone, containing Prod. costat-us, Prod. Prattenanus, var.cequicostatus. Athyris, Schizodus, Ch. mzesoloba and Crinoid columns b 1 foot drab and ashy white, very friable, and nodular Limestone; abounding in ornanic r emains, viz: Prod. zmuricatus, (especially abunldant) Spr.IKTentuckensis, Athyrts sZbtilita, A. Maconensis, Hemipronites crassus, Clhonetes nmesoloba, etc, c 1 foot compact, ash-colored argillaceous Limestone. d 6 inches friable Limestone, with the same fossils as in b. - 17.............. Compact, ash-colored Hydraulic (?) Limestone. Varies from 2 to 4 feet. 18 2 6 Bluish white clay, with buff or yellow bands. 19 17.... Dark-bluish, argillo-sandy Shale, with small concretions [!... of Iron-stone. 20 5............. Drab, sandy Shale. 21 2 Dark, earthy, Shaly pyritiferous Limestone, breaking with a hackly fracture. Contains Spr. cameratus, Ch. mesoloba, and Crinoidal stems. 22 3. ark semi-bituminotus Shale, with large concretions of bituminous Limestone, 23 3 Bituminous Slate. Sometimes all below b are compact and connected with No. 17. By comparing the foregoing Section with that of Putnam county they will be found to correspond in many instances. The Limestones overlying and underlying the Coal however, are not so compact, and differ in a few other points. These Limestones appear to become more argillaceous as they enter Iowa, occurring in thinner individual layers, but with a total thickness greater than in Missouri. No. 23 of the Schuyler county Section is equivalent to No. 31 of Putnam county; by examining the Section of the rocks in the latter county, two Coal beds will be found to occur below the Slate (No. 31), one at a depth of 69 feet, and another at a depth of 91 feet. These same Coals may be looked for in this county. Carrying our General Section down, with the aid of that made in Putnam county, we will have as No. 24, a space of 69 feet, then as No. 25, 28 inches Coal, then a space of from 15 to 20 feet, and then 18 inches Coal. The Coal bed No. 13 298 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of the Section, is the only one exposed in the county. Upon first entering the county, it was supposed that the Chariton River Coal (No. 13 of the General Section) extended, perhaps, entirely across the county east and west, but this is now known not to be the case. From the fact that all the Coal that has been discovered near, or east of Lancaster, was found only in isolated masses, broken, worvn and mixed heterogeneotusly with the.Drift, and with its associate rocks occurring also in the Drift, and fromn deep borings which have been made in search of the mineral, but without success, we are naturally led to believe it will not be found in. lace in the eastern part of the county. Several localities were visited at which Coal had been found, but at no place was there the least resemblance to a regular bed. Sometimes large masses have been found, but it usually occurs in small lumps or mere particles. That this Coal is the same that is worked on Chariton River, is proved by the occurrence of fragments of well recognized Limestone in the Drift with it. A line has therefore been drawn on the map marking the supposed eastern limit in this county of the Chariton Coal. Much interest is exhibited as to the finding of Coal in the county, especiallyin the eastern part, and this region was specially studied with that in view. It was known that the only Coal that had been found was discovered in detached masses only, and many theories have been advanced by gentlemen living in the county as to the cause of it. A few are that "it has tumbled from above;" " that the Coal rises from the west-comes up above the surface, and in consequence has no regular bedding; " that it is a system of faulting," and that it "' occurs in pockets." I can agree with none of the foregoing. There appears to have been at one time (prior to the deposition of the Drift,) a wide valley in the east, with the Coal-now known as the Hilltown or Chariton River Coal-near the surface, while the western region was made up of high hills, with the Coal well protected, deep beneath the surface. (This is represented by Figure A.) The waters immediately preceding, and during the Quaternary period, then came, tearing away a certain amount of material, talkingr part of the capping off of the western hills but leaving the Coal on account of its thick covering; while the Coal in the east, being in a valley and near the surface, was, with its associate rocks, torn from its bedding. Figure B is a rude representation of the face of the country after this denudation had taken place, preparatory to the disposition of the Quaternary. While this was taking place the waters in the eastern valley were acting toward the western hills in the same manner that the rivers of our day, during a high stage of water, do toward their bluffsgradually cutting them away. But before this was entirely accom SCHUYLER COUNTY. 299 plished the waters receded, the deposition of the Drift was completed, and the Coal in the west left unharmed. Between the hills of this county and those of Putnam county, there also seems to have been a valley-shallow, though it may have been, and wide. Through this valley Chariton River cut its way, gradually becoming deeper and deeper, the channel narrowing the while, and alluvial deposits covering its former tracks, till at last it has reached its present depth and flows in its present channel. Figure C represents the structure of the country as it is at present.* Although the Hilltown or Chariton River Coal does not extend across the county it is very probable that the two lower Coals of Putnam county do. I refer to Coals B and C of the Section made in that county. This, however, is not a settled fact, for sub-carboniferous rocks are known to occur in the south-west part of Scotland county, about six miles south-west of Memphis, and as no bores have been made in the eastern part of this county, nor any examinations in Scotland county, it is not known how far west these sub-carboniferous rocks extend as the "surface rocks." t The exact facts in the case can only be made out by a series of borings, or when Scotland county is examined, should it be desired to sink a bore or shaft either in the eastern or other part of the county, I would advise that it be commenced at as low a point as can be obtained. For the benefit of those who may propose to bore for the lower coals (B and C of Putnam county), the depth at which they should be reached at a few points is given. At Lancaster, at from 250 to 275 feet; at Downing, 150 to 175 feet; at Griffin, 210 to 230 feet; at Glenwood, 235 to 260 feet.t It must be borne in mind that the foregoing calculations are based upon the belief that the two Coals which occur below the Slate, No. 23 of the General Section, are coextensive with the county. I have no doubt but that they extend at least to Lancaster and beyond, but in the southeast corner of the county they may possibly be cut off. It must be understood that these figures are not intended to represent the exact aspects of the country; they are merely rough sketches to illustrate the explanation that it may be more clearly understood. t By' surface rock " is meant (in this case) the first rocks below the surface. + The latter calculation is based upon the opinion that Glenwood is lower than Lancaster. 3o00 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. COAL. This mineral has been pretty fully discussed under the heading of " General Geology," and a few remarks added here will end the subject. There have been but few mines opened in the county, and these are in the north-west corner. The oldest mines are said to be those of Mr. Elijah Mock, worked near H-argrave's Mills. In this vicinity there are several openings. Mr. Al. Mock and Mr. Parsons also have mines near the mills. In the N. E. quarter Sec. 27, T. 67, R. 16, Mr. Samuel Scott has a shaft, situated on North Polecat Creek, Mr. Wm. James, in the N. E. S. E. qr. N. W. qr. Sec. 34, T. 67, R. 16, works the same Coal. His mines are operated by drifts, of which there are three. These gentlemen all work the same Coal (No. 13 of the General Section), the average thickness of which is 3~ feet. The dip of the Coal is not quite 5 feet to the mile; course about S. E., or, more correctly, east of south. It perhaps rises as it nears Adair county, as a much lower Coal is worked on Chariton River, near the mouth of Hazel Creek, in that county, and the fall of the river is hardly sufficient to overcome this dip, and allow the lower Coal to be exposed. ROAD MATERIAL. The Gravel found at some points along Chariton River will answer very well for this purpose.' B R I C K S. The Clay covering many of the ridges will make excellent bricks OTHER MIN E RALS. No useful minerals other than Coal were found in the cQunty. AGRICULTURE. This county, though not rich in mineral deposits, is, as a whole, well adapted for farming. The Soil varies from black to reddish. On many of the ridges it is thin and poor, but in the valleys, (which are numerous), it is rich and deep. There are one or two objections to the valley land, which, however, can be overcome. The Soil is, as a general thing, wet, waxy and apt to be cold. This can be remedied by a system of drainage and fertilizing. SCHUYLER COUNTY. 301 The subsoil is a stiff Clay, impervious to water, and, consequently, in wet seasons the water upon reaching this Clay is arrested and keeps the Soil not only moist, as it should be, but wet. This trouble can be remedied by digging holes to a depth of from 8 to 10 feet (or even less) in the Clay, at different points in the field to be cultivated. Then by a series of ditches, each ditch terminating in one of these holes, the land is easily drained. These ditches can be arranged at such convenient distances from each other as not to interfere with the cultivation in the least. I was told by a gentleman who has a farm of just such land as I speak of, that the best fertilizer he has tried is Bu1ckwheeat. He sowed the buckwheat one season, plowed it in, and the next season his crops were nearly doubled. Manuring the land will be a great benefit to it. The following is a list'of the various products raised in the county, with their average yields. Many farmers raise much more than the average crops, but the list will, I think, be found correct for the whole county: Corn........................................................ 30 bushels to the acre. Oats........................................................................... 35'' W heat.........................................................15'" Buckwheat...0...................................................... 40*.. Rye..................................................................... 40 Timothy.............................................. 1 to 1-! tons per acre. Until within the last few years but little attention has been paid to raising wheat. The farmers -have to contend with the chinch bugs in their spring wheat, and unless protected from the winds, the fall wheat is frozen out. OR C H A RD S. Many fine looking young apple orchards were noticed in the county, and I understand considerable attention is now being paid this fruit. But few orchards are bearing at present, being too young. About 1U,000 apple trees, some pear trees, plums, etc., have been set out in the county. Indeed, there is hardly a farmer in the county who has not an apple orchard of some size on his place. But few peach orchards have been set out, the reason being, so I am told, that they do not do well. * It must be remembered that a great deafl-sometimes nearlyy one-half of the buckwheat shatters off before it is harvested. 302 GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY. GRAPE S. Much attention is being paid to grape culture. Nearly every farmer is trying the experiment of raising them, and I am told suctessfully. The Catawba and Isabella varieties seem to have been the favorites, but they are not as thrifty as the Concord. TIMIBE R. The major part of the county is heavily timbered, consisting of Black, Red, Rock Chestnut, Pin, Laurel, some Post and White Oak Common and Scaly-bark Hickory, Elmn, Black Walnut, some Ash, Red Hlaw, Crab-apple, a little Wild Cherry, Hazel, Sumach, etc. CHAPTER XVIII. ANDREW COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. ITS GEOLOGY. SUI:tFACE CONFIGURATION. This county contains about 455 square miles. Its surface presents quite a variety, including from the rugged and irregular broken, to the smooth and gently undulating plain. That part, lying near the Missouri and Nodaway Rivers, is quite broken, the bluffs often reaching above 145 feet, and near the mouth of Nodaway River are as much as 330 feet high. Approaching the prairie, we find a gently rolling country. North and East of Savannah, the county is rolling and gently sloping. On Platte River. from Whitesville to Rochester, and on One Hundred and Two, from Ogle's Mill to Singleton's Mill, the bottoms are narrow, and bluffs often 90 feet high;,south and north, along these streams, the bottoms are very wide, the.hills low and slope very gentle. T [NIMBElR. The wood-land occupies more than two thirds of the area of the county. The Missouri hills are well supplied with good timber, including White Oak, Red Oak, Black Oak, Burr Oak, Black Walnut, Cherry, ]Elm, Ash, Sugar Tree, Coffee Tree, Honey Locust, Hickory and Lin-,den. The bottom lands also contain much fine timber. STREA-MS AND SPRINGS. The Platte and River One Hundred and Two, flow through the county from north to south. The Nodaway, a mnuch larger btream, 304 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, flows along its Western border, and the Missouri bounds it on the South-west. On the Nodaway there are several Mills, and the supply of water is sufficient to keep them employed during the dryest seasons. Good springs abound. Just west of Savannah there is a very fine one, which affords ample daily supplies of water to many of the citizens. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. In this county are found the Quaternary and a portion of the LUpper Coal Measures. QUATERNARY. Under this head we find the Alluvium, Bottom prairie Clays, Bluff and Drift. The bottom prairie is best seen along bottoms of Platte River. The Bluff or Loess overspreads the Missouri Bluffs to a considerable depth. The "'Drift" is not well exposed, but boulders of igneous rock, including Greenstone, Granite, red Quartzite and quartzose Conglomerate, are found nearly everywhere. Just below Amazonia the railroad excavations have exposed some 20 or 30 feet of Clay, Sand and rounded boulders of igneous rocks; but none of very large dimensions. In S. E. part of county, a boulder of Granite was obtained which measured 12 feet by 10 feet by 7 feet. On land of Monroe Foltz, near mouth of Nodaway River, the' Bluff" Clays contain irregular lumps of bog Iron ore. These pieces are not very hard, nor are they very heavy; they are of a black color, and have a very dark brown or blackish streak. UPPER CARBONIFEROUS STRATA. The rock strata in this county belong to the Upper Coal Measures, and are included between Nos. 186 and 127 of General Section of Upper Coal Measures, * with a total vertical thickness of from 370 to 400 feet. No. 186 is the highest well recognized rock, seen. It may be found near the hill tops from near the mouth of Nodaway River as far up as Ohio Mills. Its total thickness, anywhere seen, is about 15 feet. It is a grayish-drab, irregularly bedded, generally occurring in layers of about 6 inches thick, separated by buff, shaly partings. Its principal fossils are Sintrilasma iegnipgicata, Athyris subtililta, SirTifer Missouri Geol. Surv. 1872 —Part I —p).. 91, 92 and 93. ANDREW COUNTY. 305.fientuckensis, and etzia punctilifera. The Limestone is unsuitable for any purpose excepting to make rough walls or burn into lime. Our Section at Ohio Mills include a part of this number, correllaoted with Lower beds, thus: SNo. 1. Slope from hill top.:No. 2. 3 feet drab Limestone, containing unchl Calc Spar, and a few fossils, corresponds to No. 186 of Gen. Sec. No. 3. 5.- feet Shales, buff, calcareous above-argillaceous below. No. 4. 2 feet fine-grained, grayish drab Limestone, with many minute Calcite specks diffused, would look well if polished; weathers brownish. Corresponds to No, 184. No. 5. 1.1 feet Slope. No. 6. 2 feet buff porous and buff brown Limestone, No. 182, No. 7. 35 feet Slope to bottoms. No. 8. 10 feet of alluvial bank, concealing rocks. No. 9. 9 by 2 feet-greenish drab Limestone, contains Fas'aiina, Pr'odvuctus, etc. A portion is Shaly. No, 171. No. 10. 3 feet greenish, Shaly Limestone, containing CAhozetes, Sps. Kehtuckensis. On Lincoln Creek, a half mile from Nodaway bottoms, our Section shows: No. I. 25 feet Slope, at an angle of 15 deg. No.'2. (;5 feet 35 deg. Slope; at 20 feet from top are fragments of buff Limestone; at top is found Limestone corresponding to No. 186. No. 3. 10 feet sandy and argillaceous Shales. No. 4. 1 + foot dark, coarse shaly Limestone, containing iMyaziban; corresponds to No. 171. No. 5. 10 feet 30 deg. Slope; near the lower part are outcrops of green Clay Shales. No. 6. 1- fleet greenish, drab and shaly Limestone; resembles No. 171. No. 7. 12- feet of Shales and shaly Limestone. No. S. 2~[feet of arlgillaceous Shales; blue at top, olive andI bluish below. No. 9. 12 feet buff, and a portion shaly and cellular, and mostly rou.gh Limestone, corresponds to No. 161. No. 10. 6 + inches Clay Shales. No. 11. 3 feet Slope. No. 12. 4 feet brown Limestone, containing large Crinoid stems,,P&roduct;s, etc. No. 160. Two miles up the creek the Limestone, No. 160, is found resting on 15 feet of green Shales. A quarter of a mile further, the hill is 161 feet high, with Limestone No. 186 near the top, and No. 160 at 107 feet lower down, resting on sandy and argillaceous Shales.G. s —20 306 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Near mouth of Nodaway, we find No. 186 near hill-top, and more than 200 feet below, No. 150 is seen above the waters' edge. Two and half miles west of Savannah, Nos. 160 and 161 crop out near the creek. In Shales underlying No. 160 observed a cylindrical form 5 inches in diameter with a central axis. The outside was somewhat rugose, all other markings rather obscure. I suppose it to be a fragment of a plant nearly related to Sti/nmaria. Lower down stream Limestone appears. The brown Limestone, at Caldwell's quarry, one and a half miles south of Savannah, belongs to No. 160 of General Section. It is here found 4- feet thick, and quite ferruginous, rather roughly-bedded in two layers of nearly equal thickness, and works rather freely. Near this place, No. 160 presents some curious results of exposure. The entire stratum is a little over 4 feet thick, and intersected by vertical cracks, on either side of which the rock is of a different color, the mass presenting alternations of brown and gray colors. In the railroad just north, the rocks, whose position is from 15 to 25 feet higher in the series, are well exposed, thus: Section 45. No. 1. 18 inches dark-ash, shelly Limestone, some of it brownish below, contains Mryalina subqquadrata, and abounds in Fusulina cylindrica. No. 169. No. 2. 3 feet dark, olive Shales. No. 168. No. 3. 1 foot nodular and shelly Limestone and Shales. No. 167. No. 4. 22 inches even-bedded, drab Limestone. No. 167. No. 5. 5 inches ash-cray fusulina Limestone. No. 166. No. 6. 3 feet nodular and shelly fusulina Limestone, abounding in fossils, including Hfemipronites crassus, Athyris subtilita, Prod. Nebrascensis, Prod. costatus, Sp. caMseratus, Spr. planoconvexus, Clienomya Miinehaha, Allorisma -. Syringapora muztattenueta, Fusuzlina cylindrica, F1enesteltla, and Crinoid stems. No. 166. A General Section of rocks seen around Savannah, mostly on the branch two miles north-east, is about the following: No. 1. Shales. No. 2. 18 inches to 2~ feet of bltue, shelly Liestone, containh.g Fusulina and M31yalina. No. 3. 1 foot dark, olive Shales. No. 168. No. 4. 1 foot of nodular and shelly Limestone and Shales. No. 5. 22 inches'even-bedded, drab Limestone, containing Syrinzgapocram m?7ltattenuata Fusulina cylindrica, 1l4yatina subzquadrata Terebratlla bovidens, Spirifer cameratus, Sp. KIentztckensis. No. 6. 2 inches ash-gray fnsulina Limestone. No. 166. ANDREW COUNTY. 307 No. 7. 3 feet shelly and nodular Limestone, abounds in Fusulina, also contains Syringapora mztuattenuata, Pr. NTebrascensis, Athyris subtilita, and Allorisma (Chzenomnya) Jinealiha. No. 8. 3 feet dark Shales. No. 165. No. 9. 1 foot bituminous Shales. No. 164. No. 10. 4 inches dark-ash Shales with Fusulina. No. 163. No. 11. 10 inches dark-ash colored shaly Limestone, abounds in Ftsulina and contains Athyris. No. 12. 9 feet yellow calcareo-argillaceous Shales, with thin Limestone bands. No. 161. No. 13. 4~ feet, mostly buff or brown Limestone. No. 160. No. 14. 23 feet of sandy and Clay Shales, near the upper part is 4 feet of light blue Clay Shales; then a half inch bituminous Shales; then 10 feet of Shales and thin Sandstone layers; then 2 to 5} inches Coal. Nos. 155 to 159. No. 15. 2 feet mottled, coarse, ash-blue and gray Limestone, abounds in Fasulina, and contains Astartella vera. No. 154. No. 16. 9 feet Shales. No. 153. No-. 17. 8~ feet of coarse, bluish-gray Limestone, is oolitic, and abounds in Fusulina, also contains Myalina Swalorvi, Aviculapecten and AMonoptera; is sometimes cross laminated, and affords a strong and useful building rock. No. 152. No. 18. 1 to 2 feet Shales. - No. 1.51.* No. 19. 20 feet irregularly bedded blue and ash-colored Limestone. No. 150. No. 17 is quarried in many places on creek N. E. of Savannah, and formerly was hauled to St. Joseph. The upper members of this Section are rather better developed on creek one mile north of Savannah, where they appear in succession as follows: Section 43. No. 1. Outcrop of yellow Limestone on hill. No. 2. About 20 feet Slope. No. 3. 21 feet dark, ash-blue Limestone, abounds in Flsulina cylindrica. No. 169. No. 4. 6 feet dark, olive Shales. No. 168. No. 5. 4 feet drab Limestone, weathering a little buff; contains Bryozoa, Hlemipronites, Chonetes, P. Nebrascensis, Sp..Ientuckensis, S'yringapora mnzultattenuata, Fistulapora nodulifera, Athyris subtilita, Terebratula bovidens, Meekella striatacostata and fragments of Nautilus. (2 sp). No. 167. No. 6. 3 feet dark Shales. No. 7. 1 foot bituminous Shales. *These numbers often and in general terms referred to in this county Report, are numbers in the (eneral Section, Upper Coal Measures, 1872, 308 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The lower members of this Section correspond to those of the previous Section. On another branch coining from south, observed the following succession: No. 1. Outcrop of dark, ash-gray Limestone, which is sometimes a little brownish, abounds in Fusulina, and also contains Athyris and Myalina. No. 169 of Gen. Sec. Upper Coal Meas., 1872. No. 2. 10 feet Slope, with debris from above. No. 3. 41- feet dull gray, shelly Limestone, abounds in Fusulina and Athyris. No. 4. 3 feet shaly Slope. No. 5. 5 feet yellow and olive Shales. No. 6. 5 feet brown Limestone. No. 7. 15 feet thin-bedded, shaly Sandstone, containing two thin bands of Coal; a half-inch band occurs at 4 feet below the top, a 1-inch band near the lower part. This includes Nos. 155 to 159. Limestone No. 150 is one of the most characteristic Limestones, seen in the county. It occurs mostly in irregular layers, separated by blue or buff Shales, and seems generally to break into irregular angular fragments on exposure. Futsulica cylindrica is quite abundant, especially near the middle portion, in which are also handsome Bryozoans, Pistulapora nodulifera, Rh/?ombopora lepidodendroides and Chonetes --—, which are abundant in middle beds. Productus Nebrascensis, with its interior replaced by crystallized Calcite, is common near the upper part. OrtUiis carbonaria is occasionally abundant near the lower part. This Limestone is generally over 20 feet thick. It caps the hill at Amazonia, and one mile up the bluffs there is a large quarry opened, which exhibits most of the beds. Some of the middle blue and drab argillaceous beds at this place have been burned and made into a pretty fair article of Hydraulic Cement. Several specimens of it were shown me which had stood different tests, and I could find no fault with them. This rock crops out on branch, two and a half miles north-east of Savannah. On Hundred and Two River, south-east of Savannah, and as far north as line of Ts. 60 and 61, it occupies the upper part of hills on Niagara Creek, near Rochester, at about 60 feet above the Coal, which is sometimes found at the foot. It is found as far north, on Platte River, as Whitesville, and occupies the uplands in south part of county, between Missouri Bluffs and One Hundred and Two River. This Limestone often incloses many concretionary forms of Chert. At the bridge on One hundred and Two River, we find the upper beds, containing a good deal of Chert, with one solid Limestone bed, 7 feet thick, at the lower part. Near Whitesville it is underlaid by five feet of blue and bituminous Shales, of which 2- feet are bituminous. In ANDREW COUNTY. 309 the northern part of Sec. 15, T. 60, R. 34, we find, at 21 feet below No. 150, 2 feet of a thick-bedded drab Limestone, which is probably referable to No. 143. In the same neighborhood, on land of Wm. Huffaker, red and green Shales appear about 50 feet below No. 150, the lower green layers, containing Septaria. Beneath the last we find 3 inches brown, sandy Shales overlying a 1-inch band of bituminous Coal. Still below is an outcrop of 5 feet of ash-blue Limestone, shelly at top. This last named Limestone I refer to No. 137. At Jessup's SMill red Shales appear at 55 feet below No. 150, resting almost directly on No. 137, which, at this place, is 9 feet thick. In bed of Platte River, at Rochester, we find 3 feet of Limestone; color, dark, ash-gray at top, bluish-gray below, containing Producttus Nee1brascensis, Aviculopecten occidentalis and Athiyris sutbtilita. At low water this rock is well exposed. It is traversed by many vertical crackes, leaving the rock, as it were, divided into many very regular rhomboidal forms. The angle of fracture is 60~. This rock probably corresponds to No. 128. Farther down the river, observed about 20 feet of Shales underlying it. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. B UILDING STONE Suitable for most purposes, may be found conveniently in all neighborhoods excepting in the northern part of the county. The strongest and most durable stone may be found in No. 152. There is a good quarry of this rock about a mile above Amazonia, on the railroad. Fourteen and a half feet are here exposed, more than I have seen at any other quarry. It is bluish gray oolitic, and with no Shale partings. At Lander's quarry, 21- miles north-east of Savannah, we find 8 feet 9 inches of it, of relative thickness of 3- feet, 14 inches, 6 inches, 14 inches, then shaly beds, with a 2 feet coarse gray bed at bottom. These beds are sometimes cross-laminated. One opening presents 6 feet thickness, which is cross laminated for over 50 feet-the angle of cleavage about 30~. PAINT BEDS. Red Shales are found at several places in this county, and they would undoubtedly make good paint. They are found at several places near Amazonia. On the hill above town, and on creek, one and a half miles up, there is exposed about 4 feet of good average quality of pure red Ochre. Appearances of these beds are also seen 310 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. in Rochester road, 3 miles east of Savannah; also 2 miles south of Whitesville, and on land of Win. Huffaker. CARBONATE OF IRON, In form of Septaria, concretionary and lenticular forms, and in thin bands, is occasionally found in Shale beds, but insufficiently for economic purposes. COAL. No valuable Coal beds exist in this county. A few miles northeast of Savannah we find thin bands but too thin for any economic purpose. One of these thickens to 5 inches on land of Wm. Barr, in S. W. quarter Sec. 16, T. 59, R. 36. The Coal crops out at the waters" edge for 50 feet along the stream, resting in the water near the middle line, where it is thickest, and rising each way to a height of two feet above the stream and 25 feet above and below, presenting the cross section of a basin. At the lower end of the outcrop the Coal is 6 inches thick, alternating with bituminous Shales and rests unconformably on Shales. At the upper point of outcrop the Coal is 3 inches thick and conformable with the Shale. The Coal here can not be extensive as it is thicker near depression of the basin in the creek, thinning towards either end. Blacksmiths have used it in welding iron. On the bank, 200 feet off, a pit was dug by Mr. P. P. Chamberlain, some years ago, 29 feet deep to the Coal. Limestone, No. 160, crops out in the ravine east, about 15 feet above the Coal. Coal has been worked at several places on Niagara Creek, but it is a thin seam, not over 10 inches thick. I regard it as equivalent to the Coal near Hall's Station, Buchanan county. In S. W. quarter, Sec. 13, T. 59, R. 34, when exposed, it presents the following appearance: No. 1. 1 foot soft brown and rough Sandstone. No. 2. 22 inches drab and brown banded sandy Shale. No. 3. 5 inches bituminous Coal-poor quality, No. 4. 9 inches blue shaly Clay; contains ferns and other plants. No. 5. 1- inches of bituminous Coal of good quality. No. 6. 3:- inches blue shaly Clay, No. 7. 2 inches bituminous Coal. No. 8. 2 inches indurated blue Clay. In some places we find above No. 1 a few feet of Shales, containing concretions of Kidney Iron ore. The nearest workable Coal that can be reached by shaft in this ANDREW COUNTY. 311 county is the Lexington Coal; it lies about 800 feet below the lowest observed rocks on Platte River, or over 1,100 feet below the horizon of Savannah. SOIL. The soil of this county is generally rich but is susceptible of several divisions. We have the hills near the Missouri River, which are capable of producing fine crops of wheat. Adjacent, we find the richer lands supporting a growth of Elm, Linden, Paw-paw and Ironwood, which are equally wheat producing, and well adapted for corn and hemp. Then we have the Black Oak, Red Oak, Elm and Hazel lands near river One Hundred and Two, and near Fillmore. These lands produce fine corn crops and sometimes good wheat crops. The soil of the western and southern parts of the county is based on a deep bluff deposits. Lime, resulting from disintegration of the Limestone beds enters largely into the composition of the soil of most of the timbered land. Near Lincoln's Creek are rounded Limestone hills with rich valleys between. The prairies are rich and produce good crops of corn. Most fruits of this latitude grow well in this county, especially may this be said of apples. CHAPTER XIX. DAVIESS COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. GENERAL DESCRIPTION —TOPOGRAPIY. This county is nearly equally divided by the main West Fork of Grand River entering the north-west part of the county and irregularly meandering to the south-east corner. Of the tributaries on the north side, their general course is south; of those on the south side, north-east. The chief tributaries entering from the north are Clear Creek, Muddy, Cypress, Big Creek and Sampson Creek; those on the south side are Grindstone, South Big Creek, Larry, Honey and Marrowbone. These streams sometimes become quite low and almost dry in extreme dry seasons, but Grand River affords sufficiency of water for milling purposes the greater part of the year. The bluffs near the streams are generally from 30 to 50 feet high rarely reaching 100. But the summit of the ridges is often 60 to 100 feet above the valleys. Near the tributaries coming from the south the country is often hilly and rugged, but the higher ridges rarely exceed 200 feet above the valleys. The hills are more elevated near Gallatin and South Big Creek, where they are sometimes abrupt. In other portions of the county the slopes are gentle. T. 61, R. 29, is somewhat hilly, but the hills are not very high. DAVIESS COUNTY. 313 The amount of prairie exceeds the timber, but Grand River bottoms afford an abundant supply, and the adjacent hills also, of first rate White Oak and Red Oak timber. On Grand River bottoms the following trees and shrubs are found, viz.: Crab Apple, Gooseberry, Red Oak, Ash, Shellbark Hickory, Pin Oak, Prickly Ash, Pignut Hickory, Laurel Oak, Red Birch, Ironwood, Plurm, Box Elder, Honey Locust, Rose, Waahoo, Linden, Raspberry, Black Cherry, Sugar Tree, Redbud, Choke Cherry, White Maple, SycalorXe, Cotton wood, Mulberry, Sumach, White Elm, Burr Oak, Black Walnut, Red Elm, Swamp White Oak, Willow, etc. H1ackberry, In Forks of Big Creek and Grand River are fine bodies of White Oak timber. SPRINGS AND WELLS. Good, lasting springs exist at the following places: In S. W. Sec. 27, T. 59, R. 27; a very fine spring in S. W. of S. E. Sec. 19, T. 59, R. 27; at Wm. Smoots, in N. E. Sec. 25, T. 59, R. 28; in N. VW. Sec. 19 and S. XV. See. 9, T. 61, R. 27; Sec. 21, T. 59, R. 26; at John Winn's, in N. W. Sec. 8, T. 61, R. 27, a good well of water. Borings in yellow Clay, at Winston, reach water at 50 feet. At James McGuire's, on top of prairie near Larry Creek, Mr. Norwood obtained a Section, as follows: No. 1. 12 feet yellow Clay. No. 2. 12 feet blue Clay, with wood afnd charcoal. No. 3. 21 feet Sand. No. 4. 20 feet blue Clay to Sand, in which water waos obtained. At Wm. Brennan's, near Honey Creek, 5 miles south-west of Gallatin, a well was dug 54 feet deep, revealing (according to Mr. Brennan) the following: 314 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. 1I foot Soil. No. 2. 3 feet yellow Clay-subsoil. No, 3. 4 feet white Stratum. No. 4. 12 feet joint Clay, with a few small pebbles and boulders. No. 5. 20 feet blue Clay; some water seeping in at top. No. 6. 1A- feet red hard Sand, dippifig a little as if water-worn. No. 7. 7 feet coarse, yellow Sand. No. 8. 3 feet blue Sand, with sticks and leaves at bottom. No. 9. 3 feet dark colored Clay Shales. In No. 5 there was found, at 35 feet from surface, an elm stick 5 inches in diameter, a grape vine 2 inches thick having the bark on, also Walnut and Elm chips. Jas. McGaugh, in S. E. Sec. 27, T. 59, R. 28, found a Walnut log in his well at 40 feet below the surface. Near corner of Secs. 28, 29 and 33, T. 59, R. 26, Mr. Snyder has a well 70 feet deep. In digging it he passed through Sand resembling river Sand, and blue Clay. At bottom, he encountered a pine log 6 feet in diameter; he recognized the wood and bark. It is now covered with Quicksand. [The formations in these wells all belong to the 4" Drift."] GEOLOGY. QUATERNARY. Besides the Alluvium and other recent deposits, we occasionally find boulders of Granite, Quartzite and Greenstone. The brown Clays overlying the prairies may be referred to the "Bluff"' formation. They are as much as 90 feet in depth, as indicated by wells near Winston. They are stiff and tenacious, with occasional Gravel and Sand beds, and soft, earthy Limestone concretions. COAL MEASURES. The solid rock formations belong to the Coal Measures, and include about 50 feet of the upper part of the Middle Coal Measures, and about 530 feet of Upper Measures, including in the uppermost rocks found near No. 125 of General Section Upper Coal Measures, (Missouri Report, 1872,) to No. 70. It was impossible to obtain an entire, connected Section from rocks seen in the county, but seeing a well known bed here, but not its correlative beds, the latter can be supplied from examinations at points on the Missouri River. DArIESS COUNTY. 315 The highest rocks were those observed near Winston. We there find beds identical with those seen at Weston, and included within the horizon of Nos. 121 and 125 of General Section Upper Coal Measures, 1872. The Sandstones of the Middle Coal appear on Lick Fork, and occasionally on Grand River as far up as a little north of the center of the county. A Section at top of Middle Coal Measures, on railroad, 4 miles below Gallatin, appears thus: No. 1. 20 feet Slope; tumbled Limestone. No. 2. 20 feet to railroad. No. 3. 18 feet Shales; lower part concretionary. No. 4. 1l feet of blue Shales, containing Eumphalus rugosus, Bellerophon, etc. No. 5. 6 inches blue, rough, nodular calcareous Sandstone. No. 6. 18 feet Sandstone to river. Other Sections on the Chillicothe and Omaha Railroad, above {Gallatin, expose the lower part of the Upper Measures very well: Section one and a half miles north of Gallatin, on R. R. No. 1. 6 feet Limestone. No. 74. No. 2. 4feet drab sandy Shales. No. 73. No. 3. 2 feet Sandstone. Three-quarters of a mile further the upper Limestone just named, is 3 feet thick, forming a fine quarry of building stone, at level of railroad track. Limestone No. 78, appears 20 feet above. A half mile further, we find in railroad cut: No. 1. 3 feet drab, nodular Limestone. No. 2. 4 feet thick bed of mottled, dark and. light-colored, fine-grained, compact Limestone. No. 3. 12 feet of Limestone. No. 78. Fusulina and Prod. splendens appear 4 or 5 feet from bottom. At Groomer's mill, the last named Limestone occupies the bed of Grand River, as also that of Big Creek, at Pattonsburgh, and of Cypress Creek 2 miles east. A half mile above Groomer's mill we find higher Limestone; those from 81 to 84 being well represented, thus: Section 113. No. 1. 12 feet Slope. No. 2. 5 feet 8 inches irregularly bedded, bluish-gray Limestone, somewhat cherty, contains a few Produeti. No. 84. 316 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 3. 8 inches olive Clay Shales. No. 4. 5 inches blue Clay Shales. No. 88. No. 5. 14 inches bituminous Shales.:No. 6. 10 inches soft, black Shales. No. 7. 19 inches dark Shales, with thin layers of pyritiferolus Limestones. No. 8. 5 feet dark-blue Clay. No. 80 Persons must not be deceived by the presence of these beds of bituminous Shales. They do not indicate the immediate vicinity of a bed of Coal, nor will they change to Coal. They will burn some, but not to ashes. On Sampson's Creek, 4 or 5 miles north-west of Pattonsburgh, are beds of buff Limestone, probably very good for burning into Lime. The Geological position may be as high as No. 93. In creek 3 miles east of Pattonsburgh, No. 78 appears. Eighty-six feet above, we find a blue Limestone containing Prod. Prattenanus, Pr. splendens, Pr. N7ebrascensis, Lophophyllunzm. Five feet higher, is found a coarse, ash-colored Limestone, containing large Prod. costatus, Sp. cameratus, Xa;utilus, etc. The latter I suppose equivalent to No. 91. Less than a mile north of the last named locality, we find a Limestone about 25 feet from hill-top, which I think must be the equivalent of No. 87, of General Section of Upper Coal Measures. It is irregularly bedded and cherty, containing some fine fossils, which are sometimes chalcedonic. The lower 10 inches abounds in Fusulina cylindrica; in beds above, observed P]rod. costatus, P. putnctatus, Sp. cameratus, Prod. Prattenanus and Avizetlopecten carbolniferus. Just beneath is 7feet of irregularly bedded, ash-blue Limestone, weathering buff and with shaly partings. Jieekella striato-costata abounds. Shaly beds at top abound in,Fusulina. Other contained fossils, are Prod. Prattenanus, Prod. splendens and Ifemipronites crassus. The presence of tieekella in this bed of Limestone, seems to identify it, wherever found in the county. A brown dendritic Limestone crops out at 3 feet above the upper 9 feet of the above Limestone. The Section at Gallatin, on the north side of the town, includes the Limestone last named, as well as others above and below, and is as follows: Section 1_20. No. 1. 35 feet from hill-top. No. 2. 1 foot of coarse, ferruoinous Limestone, contains Athyris, Bryozoa, Crinoid stems, etc. No. 3. 2 feet Slope. No. 4. 1-' feet of rough looking drab Limestone. DAVIESS COUNTY. 317 No. 5. 8} feet of Shales. No. 6. 21 feet of feet o ferruginous Limestone, containing Corals, Fusulina and Crinoid stems; upper part is very fine-grained, compact, drab and brown. No. 7. 231 feet Shales, with thin beds of fossiliferous Limestone; fossils, P. Prattenanus, ienmipronites. No. 8. 23 feet shaly Slope. No. 9. 4 feet outcrop of irregular bedded, bluish drab Limestone, with vein of Calcite, and abounding in Meekcella striato-costata. No. 87. No. 10. 16 feet Slope. No. 1I1. I foot of coarse, hard, blue Limestone, containing arms of Archceocidacris, Crinoid stems, Allorisma, Phillipsia. 85 d. No. 12. 2 feet Slope. 85 c. No. 13. 8 feet of nodular and shelly, fine-grained, light-drab Limestone, full. of small holes. No. 84. No. 14. 1)- feet of drab, suboolitic Limestone, contains Hemipronites, Prod. Prattenanus, Retzia punctulifera, Spr. Kentuckensis, Spr. cameratus, Athyris, Crinoid stems and fucoids. No. 15. 51- feet of irregular bedded, bluish-drab Limestone, with Shale partings and Chert concretions, contains Fusulina and Athyris. No. 83. No. 16. 2 feet shaly and irregular coneretionary Limestone beds. No. 83. No. 17. 2 feet 7 inches Limestone, in apparent thick beds, but separated by irregular lines of deposits; abounds in Prod, splendens, and also has Prod. Costatus. Athyris, and Spr. lineatus. No. 83. No. 18. 2 feet Shales, with 2 thin concretionary Limestone beds. No. 83. No. 19. 21 feet deep-blue, shaly, fucoidal Limestone, alounds in Hemipronites, Pr. Prattenanus, P. splendens, Sp. canmeratus and Terebratula bovidens. No. 83. No. 20. 2 feet 2 inches gray Limestone, in 4 beds like No. 15. No. 21. 10 inches olive Shales. No. 22. 1 foot bituminous Shales. No. 23. 4 feet blue and black Shales, passing to a blue Fire Clay beneath. No. 24. A few feet Slope. No. 25. 10 + feet of Bethany Falls Limestone. No. 78. Just south-east of Gallatin, the lower members of the above Section appear connected with still lower beds, thus: Section 130. No. l. 2 feet bituminous Shales. No. 2. 11 feet Slope. No. 3. 19 feet Bethany Falls Limestone. No. 78. No. 4. 5 feet light blue Shales, contains Lingula, Discina, etc. No. 5. 11 foot of bituminous Shales. 77a. No. 6. 10 inches jointed, bluish drab Limestone. 76 c. No. 7. 10 feet 4 inches Slope. 75 and 76. No. 8. 8feetferruginous Limestone. No. 74. 318 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The above Section will serve to show the arrangement of strata near the base of the Upper Coal Measures. A quarter of a mile west of the C. R. I. and P. -1. R. depot, at Gallatin, are outcrops of beds of Limestone not seen in Section 120, but connected with No. 11 of that Section, thus: No. 1. 2 feet nodules of Limestone on Slope. No. 2. 6 inches blue Limestone, full of Crinoid stems; also contains Fistulapora nodulifera, Sp. Kentuckensis, Chonetes Verneullana. 85 d. No. 3. 8 inches of alternate beds of blue Limestone and Shales. Fossils abound, including Crinoid stems, Chonetes granculifera, tlhombopora; in lower part are Schizodus Wheeleri, 3Iyalina suzbquadrata, Nautilus —, Hempronites crassus. The beds last named, wherever found, abound in beautiful and often rare fossils, or at least only peculiar to this Geological horizon. Other places, where found, were on Larry Creek, Big Creek and on head-waters of Honey Creek, near Brennan's and near David Smith's. The Section near Brennan's appears thus: Section 119. No. 1. Slope. No. 2. 6 feetof blue ("Meekella") Limestone; abounds in Meekella; and also contains P. costatus, P. splendens, P. Nebrascensis, Sp. cameratrus. Pinna peracuta, Prod. prattenanus and Fiusulina. No. 87. No. 3. 2 feet buff Shales, witlhLimestone concretions. No. 4. 4 feet blue Shales. No. 5). 9 feet Slope. No. 6. 2 feet Limestone and Shales, subdivided thus: a. 6 inches Limestone. Fossils are Chonetes Verneuillana, Prod, costatus and Crinoid stems. b. 5 inches blue Shales. c. 6 inches blue argillaceous Limestone. d. I foot of concretions of Limestone, full of fossils. e. 1 foot of blue Clay Shales,conttaining Chonetes Verneuillana, Sp. planoconvexus. Lower part has Schizodus Wheeleri, Mllyalina subquadrata, Prod. Nebsrascensis, Hemipronites. The blue crinoidal Limestone above these fossil beds is also found three-fourths of a mile south of Pilot Grove. There are numerous outcrops of Limestone near Alta Vista and Victoria, which belong to a higher position in the section than those above named; but their exact horizon I was unable to locate. Near Winston are beds much higher than those of the Gallatin Section, and probably above those at Alta Vista. A section three DAVIESS COUNTY. 319 fourths of a mile north-west of Winston, on the creek, presents the following arrangement of strata: No. 1. Long Slope from top of hill, probably 80 feet. No. 2. 1 foot olive Shales. No. 3. 3 inches deep blue, hard, crystalline Limestone, contains Aviculopecten occidentalis. No. 4. 1 foot 9 inches Shales, dark chocolate above, blue below. No. 5. 9 inches dark ash, concretionary, argillaceous Limestone. No. 6. Thickly laminated, lead and olive colored Shales, containing remains of plants. No. 7. 2 to 4-inch bed of impure Carbonate of Iron. No. 8. 2 inches thinly laminated gray Shales, with Myalina Swallovi. No. 123. No. 9. 1 to 3 inches Coal-good. No. 123. No. 10. 1 inch shaly bed of Sigillaria; corresponds to a bed found at Weston. No. 11. 4 feet light-blue Shales. No. 12. 2-o feet compact, buff Limestone-shaly. No. 13. 1 foot light-gray, sandy textured Limestone. No. 14. 1 foot 9 inches light-blue silicious Limestone. No. 15. 10 inches variegated and banded brown and gray Limestone. No. 16. 16 inches hard, heavy-blue, silicious Limestone, containing Myalina subquadrata. No. 17. 31 feet of olive Shales. No. 18. 1 foot yellow, ochrey Limestone. No. 19. 24 feet hard Limestone; resembles No. 17. Many other Sections of the strata were taken, but the above are the most complete, and will materially assist the local student in investigating the rock structure in this county, and comparing them with those in other localities; and by aid of the General Section, published in Vol. of 1873, he can see the exact connection of these beds with those above and below, and can also ascertain if there be any valuable Coal-near by. PAL~EONTOLOGY. Certain beds of dull blue Limestone, interstratified with blue Shales are found peculiarly rich in fossils. They are often of large size, and the same species seem here to be better developed than elsewhere seen. These beds occur just west of Gallatin; also on headwaters of Honey Creek, on South Big Creek, and on Larry Creek. The beds correspond to a portion of No. 85 of Section of Upper Coal Measures, and the fossils are Productus prattenanus, P. Nebrascensis, P. costaztcs, P. splendens, P. punceattus, P. s8ynzeticus, P. Amern 320 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. canuts, Chonetes Verneuillana, 5Spirifer cm?neratus, -p. KentucZkensis, Sp. lineatus, Terebratula bovidens, fIemipronites crassus,.feekella striotocostata, Aviculopecten providencis, Avie. occidentalis, A thyris subtilita, AvicuZopinna Americana, Nuculana bellistriata, N2ucucza ventricosa, Leda, oweni, fyalina Jiansasensis, M. sub quadrata, Allorisma -, Pinna peracuta, Schizodus Wheeleri, Eumnicrotis Hawni,, Retziapunctulifera, Allorisma granosus, A. Topecaensis, Bellerophorn ellipticus, Plurotomaria —, Macrocheiluzs inhabilis, it —, C./yrtoceras -—, Archeocidaris —, Scaphiocrinus hemisphericus, Synocladica biserialis, Rhombopora lepidodendroides, Eistulapora nodulifera, Futsulina cylindrica. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. The beds of Limestone in sight are the only valuable mineral product easily obtained. Beds of good building rock are convenient in most neighborhoods, and the Limestones will generally make good Lime. At Elijah Whitt's, on the N. W. of S. W. qr. Sec. 6, T. 58, R, 27, is the quarry from which the rock was obtained and used for building the county jail. The quarry rock is 4 feet 9 inches thick, in two layers, the upper of one foot, the lower 3 feet 9 inches. It is a coarse bluish gray and brown specked Limestone. At Mr. Daniel Smoot's the rock is 3 feet thick, and said to afford a good fire rock. The rock may be referred to No. 84. The Limestone equivalent to No. 85 d, is generally from 8 to 12. inches thick, and affords a good building rock, and will also burn into good Lime. It occurs west of Gallatin at Daniel Smoot's, Wm. Brennan's, on Big Creek, near Harman's, near Pattonsburgh and near Pilot Grove. Limestone No. 74 is in very thick beds; is durable and strong. It occurs east and north-east of Gallatin, and on the railroad at several places between Gallatin Station and Jameson. CLAY FOR PAINTS. Red Shales are found on the banks of Big Creek, near HIarman's, and would probably afford a very suitable material for painting of most common buildings. COAL. No bed of Coal worth working appears in the county. The 3 inch seam near Winston can not be expected to thicken much. A shaft. DAVIESS COUNTY. 321 sunk there would reach a Coal seam at 625 feet that would vary from 1 to 3 feet in thickness. Seventy feet lower, another bed of about 2 feet would be reached. A few thinner seams, but none thick enough to be worked, would be passed through nearer the surface. On Hurricane Creek three-fourths of an inch of Coal has been found. This is not expected to become thicker. It is at least 250 feet above any bed thick enough to work. A thin Coal seam is reported to have been found on or near Lick Fork. This would also be over 200 feet above any workable seam of Coal. A seam of Coal of a few inches thick may also be occasionally met with between Gallatin and Jameson. Its position would be about 20 feet below the thick bedded ferruginous Limestones which appear in several places. This also is over 200 feet above any workable Coal seam. A shaft sunk at the depot of the Chicago and South-western Railway, Gallatin, would have to be extended downwards for 280 feet to reach a workable Coal seam. A seam would be struck at about that depth which would vary in thickness from one to two and a-half feet, with a two feet Coal bed 70 feet lower, and a 20-inch seam still lower, SOIL. The soil in this county is generally good, in fact a large proportion of the county contains rich soil which is very productive. In some districts where the rock approaches too near the surface the crops are too apt to fail in dry seasons. The land is mostly rolling and lies well for cultivation. T. 60, R. 27, has very rich soil-that near Alta Vista; also near Gallatin, and the S. E. part of T. 60, R. 29. The above comprises the best portions of the county.' Other portions are scarcely inferior. Much of the soil near the streams and especially] that on the Grand River hills, is highly calcareous, resulting from disintegration and decomposition of the Limestones. Corn is the staple crop produced. Wheat requires to be put in with care. G.S-21. CHAPTER XX. COLE COUNTY. BY G. -C. BROADHEAD. The area of this county is 391 square miles, exclusive of that part of the Missouri River which may be included within its bounds. It is generally hilly and some portions are much broken, the hills often rising above the valleys from 200 to 300 feet. In the western part, the hills do not extend to as great height as they do further east. Measurements on the Moreau show that the ridges are about 270 feet above the stream; also, that the high bottoms are 17 feet above the lower bottoms. We find along both the Moreau and the Osage, a second bottom or terrace, 10 to 17 feet above the recent alluvial bottoms. This older or higher terrace, has generally under-clays resembliun the Bluff to which-or to a very little more recent age-it may be referred. The character of the growth partakes very much of that of the richer uplands, consisting of White Oak, Red Oak, Hickory, etc. The low, or alluvial bottoms, mainly support a growth of Sycamore, Maple, Hackberry, etc. The surface of the county indicates that it originally was mostly covered with a heavy timber growth, with probably less than 20 square miles of prairie. SURFACE GJEOLOGY. Excavations reveal, resting on the solid beds of Magnesian Limestone, from 2 to 6 feet of Gravel and Clay; usually about 2 to 3 feet. These deposits are generally present, and separate the underlying rocks from the superincumbent Bluff. The Gravel seems mostly to be divided from the Chert beds of the neighboring rocks, and is some COLE COUNTY. 323 times found a little worn. Granite boulders of the Drift period, are not common; a few small ones, only, have been found near the Missouri River, but none much over a foot in diameter. The Bluff formation is partially developed, being thicker near the Missouri, and attenuated south and west. Mr. Ott, in his well at Marion, penetrated through 43 feet, In other neighborhoods, it is not often over 5 feet in depth. The washings between South and North Moreau, prove it to be 5 feet. The Alluvium includes the soil and more recent deposits along the streams. ROCO STRUCTURE. Among the solid formations of the county are recognized: OUTLIERS OF COAL ME-IASURES, ENCRINITAL LIMESTONE, (BURLINGTON.). CHOUTEAU LIMIIESTONE, DEVONIAN, FIRST MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. SACCITAROIDAL SANDSTONE, SECONTD TMAAGNESIAN LIMESTONE:, SECOND SA NDSTONE, THIRD IMAGWNT.SIAN LIMESTONE. COAL M;dEASURES. We find no regular, connected or extensive Coal field in this county; but there are many small deposits or 6'pockets" of Coal, chiefly in the western part of the county. Some of these have been entirely exhausted; others appear of limited extent. In S. W. Sec. 2, T. 44, R. 13, Mr. Elston sunk a shaft 50 or 60 feet in Coal. Extending an entry a few feet in one direction, he passed through the Coal and struck the wall rock of Magnesian Limestone. A few feet in the opposite direction, he sank another shaft, passing down the face of the solid rock. This deposit was found about 20 feet from the top, on a gentle slope, and near a depression between two hills. Not far from. this " pocket," Mr. Elston, in pursuing his investigations, revealed about 20 feet thickness of hard, black Slate. He used this Slate in burning lime, and found that it blazed up brightly. affording a strong heat and accomplishing the desired purpose; but like all Slate would not burn to ashes. The excavations on the railroad disclose " pockets"' which are sometimes filled with tumbled masses of rock from the surrounding 324 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. strata, and often with beds of Shales of the Coal Measures. The surface of the ground at these places, seems to have been level with that adjacent, previous to the railroad excavations. I observed one such place near Elston, where there was about 30 feet cutting, the formations being Second Magnesian Limestone. Suddenly the solid rock ended, and was replaced by loose, large and small masses of rock and Clay, extending longitudinally for about 50 feet, when the solid rock again continued on without interruption. This did not seem to exteond much if any over 50 feet transversely. The ground surface above was nearly level. In such holes we believe Coal has frequently been drifted. BURLINGTON (ENCRINITAL) LIMESTONE. This formation occupies a limited area in the northern part of T..45, R. 13, and T. 46, Is. 13 and 14 W. Where observed it was of a coarse and often loose texture, in thick beds and containing many Crinoid stems. Its color is generally gray, with the lower beds inclining to brown. Fifty feet was the greatest thickness observed, just above 3Marion. CHIOUTEAU GROUP. In the salne district where the Burlington Limestone occurs, we also saw the Chouteau Limestone underlying it. The upper beds are thick and of an ash color; the lower beds are generally thin. Fossils observed were Fufcoides cauda-galli, Spirifer iarionensis, IRhynchonella gregaria, Loptcena depressa. The greatest observed thickness was 35 feet. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. At Marion, there is seen 35 feet of Calcareous Sandstone immediately underlying the Ohouteau Limestone. Atry-pa reticularis and other Devonian fossils were observed. This may probably be the Onondaga Limestone. Underneath it is 2 feet of heavy, crystalline Limestone. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. M3AGNESIAN LIMESTONE SERIES. The subdivisions of this Series recognized in this county include the Saccharoidal Sandstone, 35 feet; Second Magnesian Limestone, COLE COUNTY. 325 175 feet; Second Sandstone, 30 feet; and Third Magnesian Limestone, 170 feet. The First Magnesian Limestone may be represented by certain beds on Rock Creek and near by on the Missouri River, but the evidence was not strong enough in its favor. SACCHAROIDAL vANDSTONE. Wherever observed, it was found to be a heavy-bedded, white, pure, friable Sandstone, always finer grained than the Second Sandstone. At the mouth of Rock Creek, 35 feet thickness was observed. We often find it occupying valleys or depressions in older rocks. It occurs thus near Rock Creek; also, near Elston. A half mile east of Elston, 6 or 8 feet of it was observed in a massive form and purely white, occupying the bed of a small branch. A few hundred yards south-west, 5 or 6 feet occupies the point of a hill-the niass of the hill being of Second lMagnesian Limestone. SECOND AMAGNESIAN LIMIESTONE. This formation includes the entire rocks in sight along the route of the Pacific Railroad from Osage to the west county line, and of the Missouri bluffs from the mouth of Osage River nearly to Rock Creek. It is the surface rock on all the county north of the Moreau, and of Ranges 10 and 11. The lower beds form the bluffs along the Missouri from Osage to Jefferson City and on Wear's Creek. This Limestone, although geologically an important member of the group of rocks, is of but little value as a building stone. It contains, throughout, numerous Chert beds, generally occurring in a concretionary form, inclosed in greenish or drab Shales. Over 90 feet, at the upper part, consists of alternation and mingling of Chert, Shale and Magnesian Limestone-the latter, when in thin drab layers, is generally termed " Cotton Rock," and when of uniform thickness is much used for ordinary buildings; the beds are frequently argillaceous, from which circumstance they will not stand exposure. When not too argillaceous, it forms beautiful and excellent bun'ding material. The beds are often very irregular, sometimes undulating, then abruptly broken. They are also often exceedingly rough on the surface. But the Cotton rock layers are generally very uniform in thickness. The beds lower down are much thicker and are silicious. The lower 40 feet is fucoidal and contains many small cells which sometimes contain a white powder. Fossils are rare; fucoids occur throughout. 326 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The following Section, taken at Moreau bridge of Pacific Railroad, exhibits very finely the structure of the lower beds: No. 1. Sandstone. No. 2. 8 feet Cotton rock and Ma1lgnesian Limestone. No. 3. 11 feet Cotton rock;' fucoidal cavities occur in the lower part, which are often occupied with Iron Pyrites. No. 4. 6 feet gray, silicious AMag'nesian Limestone. No. 5. 18 feet. No. 6. 4 feet Sandstone and silicious rock. No. 7. 8 feet thin beds of Cotton rock, Magnesian Limestone, Chert and Shale. No. S. 3 feet Sandstone; fucoidal. on surface. No. 9. 4 feet silicious Maglnesian Limestone. No. 10, 13 feet thin, shaly beds of Cotton rock and Maguesian Linmestone. No. 11. 20 feet heavy beds of cellular Magaonesian Limestone. The last member of the above Section is 40 feet thick on the Osage. The beds of the lower members of the last Section often form glades, sometimes of several acres in extent, and almost bare of vegetation. These glades support a scrubby growth of bushes, the most common being the Brumelia lanztginossa, which, although common on the glades of South Missouri, is not found in the northern part of the State. Its general appearance is much similar to the Osage Orange, and it may be useful in making hedges. The bluffs on railroad above Jefferson City exhibit very well the strata above those just spoken of. A Section in bluff just west, is as follows: No. 1. 7 feet bluff formation. No. 2. 2 feet Gravel and Clay. No. 3. 4 feet green Shales. No. 4. 12 feet silicious Magnesian Limestone, with thin beds of Chert. No. 5. 2~ feet of drab Cotton Rock. No. 6. 3 feet drab Magnesian Limestone, with numerous small cells, containing a white powder. No. 7. 3 feet silicious Magnesian Limestone. No. 8. 9 feet drab Cotton Rock. No. 9. 12 feet hard, silicious Maognesian Limestone, interstratified with Chert. The bed 8, of this Section, is easily recognized all along the bluffs above. On the fractured joints No. 8 frequently presents beautiful dendritic markings, some assuming characteristic arborescent forms. This stratum often contains nodules of Iron pyrites, which oxydize on exposure, giving the rock a brown, spotted appearance. The Chert is often beautifully oolitic. The total thickness of the Second Magnesian Limestone formation in Cole county is a little over 170 feet. COLE COUNTY. 327 The only fossil observed in this county, that could be directly traced to this rock, was a Lingula, found in beds of Cotton Rock near hill-top at Jefferson City, and in similar beds lower down; I also found at Elston a Straparolus, Loxonema, and Ohemnitzia. (?) SECOND SANDSTONE. This is generally a very coarse-grained rock, of a light-gray or buff appearance. Its total thickness about 30 feet. It may generally be recognized from the occurrence of the overlying Chert beds. These beds are compact, cellular or oolitic; the cellular beds are full of minute, round cavities, from size of a pea to a hickory nut, which are -often studded with minute quartz crystals. This stratum has also been denominated " Buhrstone," and is immediately recognized wher~ever found. The following Section on South Moreau, shows relation of these beds. No. 1. 35 feet Second Magnesian Limestone. No. 2. 6 feet silicious AMagnesian Limestone, with strata of sandy Cottojl Rock. No. 3. 8 feet silicious rock, a portion brecciated and a portion cellular. Buhrstone beds. No. 4. 3 inches oolitic Chert. No. 5. 6 inches coarse Sandstone. No. 6. 5 feet silicious Magnesian Limestone, containing a few small angular Chert fragments. No. 7. 4 feet Chert bed. A half mile west of St. Thomas, are exposed: No. 1. 10 feet amorphous and cellular Chert, with Iron ore. No. 2. Second Sandstone. The Second Sandstone is well exposed on the Vienna road south,of the Moreau. A few fossils are occasionally met with, generally,strewn over the surface below the Second Sandstone. Their Geological position is either in the lower part of the Second Magnesian Limestone or the Chert beds of the Second Sandstone. Comparing them with fossils labeled by Dr. Shumard, they may include the follo wing species: Murc/isonia Ozarkensis, 21. carinifera, Pleurotomadria turgida, Hall. Raphistoma subplana, Straparolluzs reticulatc, S., and Orthis antiquea. The type of these fossils is that of the Calciferous Sandrock of the New York Geologists. 328 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THIRD MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. This, the lowest formation in the county, is principally developed along the Osage River in the southern part of the county. It is not. found below Castle Rock, but develops high in the bluffs of Bois Brule and Little Tavern. The beds are generally thick, and are either coarse-grained Dolomites with a vitreous luster of a bluish-gray, or a fine-grained flesh color. A Section on Moreau, one mile below the forks, represents some of the upper beds, as follows: No. 1. 90 feet cherty Slope, with fragments of Sandstone. No. 2. 110 feet of Magnesian Limestone; the upper 25 feet of Cotton Rock below,- is of a dark-ash, with the lower 40 feet a thick bed of lightdrab, silicious Magnesian Limestone; the upper part is cellular, with some minute quartz crystals arranged botryoildally, occurring in drusy cavities. A bed of compact quartz, of a few inches thickness, is interstratified. The junction of Second Sandstone and Third Magnesian Lime — stone is well exposed at the Ferry on Vienna road. We have here No. 1. 30 feet Second Sandstone, coarse, white and banded-ripple-markedthe lower beds intercalated with Magnesian Limestone, and some Chert. No. 2. 1]05 feet of Third Magnesian Limestone, both fine and coarse, the beds often forming a breccia with Chert; the Chert often oolitic; the layers very irregular. Thick Chert. beds sometimes occur. Near mouth of Little TavernD we find a Chert bed having a peculiar structure. It may be fucoidal or remotely belong to the PROTOZOA. There seem to be occasional axes from which flag-like bands of Chert shoot out both ways, and anastomose with Chert bands from other axes. A similarly formed Chert bed has been observed in the Magnesian Limestone beds of the southern part of Madison county. Of the Third Magnesian Limestone there probably is about 170: feet in this county. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. The metallic ores found in Cole county, include Iron, Lead and Zinc, with traces of Copper. IRON ORES. Brown hematites and sulphurets were observed; the latter at the COLE COUNTY. 329'Circle Diggings," 3 miles south of Hickory Hill; and at the Coal mines near Elston. The brown Hematite, or Limonite, is often found on the hills between the Osage and the Moreau, and at a few other localities, but at no place did I observe large quantities. Its origin seems to be in the Chert beds immediately at the top of the Second Sandstone, as the following description will show: On B. Lothin's land, one-half mile west of St. Thomas, the ore is found attached to the Chert just over the Sandstone, and lies in loose masses for over 100 feet down the hill, becoming fewer as we descend. Near the upper part it is strewn along for 100 feet east and west. It is of good quality, occurring in a columnar form, with probably a ton in sight. Similar ore is found at several other places in the neighborhood. On E. W. Gaty's land, one-half mile above the mouth of Bois Brule, several pits have been dug, revealing a good quality of ore. The country here is very much broken, the hills about 200 feet high, and covered with a fine growth of young White Oak. Third Magnesian Limestone extends nearly to the hill-top, along which is strewn large masses of the Second Sandstone Chert. The hill is broken by several deep ravines extending north, along the sides of which, and about 80 feet below the hill top, are the ore beds. The ore was found in some of the pits, but not in others. A soft yellowish, and a harder porous brown Limonite is found. A ton or more of ore was dug and piled up. The ore has evidently been drifted from just above, being the residue of the destruction of the overlying and inclosing rocks. Large masses of ore are often found on the surface, between the Osage and South Moreau, and occasionally north of the Moreau. In N. W. Sec. 34, T. 44, R. 14, many fragments of Iron ore and silico-ferruginous Conglomerate —are found. At the county line, 5 miles north of Centretown, are seen small quantities of brown Hematite, associated with Heavy Spar, the Iron ore often penetrating the Spar in the form of small hollow cylinders. At the Old Circle Diggings, 3 miles south of Hickory Hill, we find. some rather nice crystals of brown Hematite, reposing on Heavy Spar, undoubtedly formed since the Heavy Spar was, and assuming in general outline the form of the mass of Spar. COPPER. At Smith's " Old Circular Diggings," in Sec. 35, T. 42, H. 13, small quantities of Sulphuret of Copper are found, either disseminated in the Limestone, adhering to the Galena, or else adhering to Heavy Spar. We find the Heavy Spar attached to Limestone with a thin cu ~330 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. priferous band between, of which the central part is Sulphuret, and that next to the Limestone is the green Carbonate, or Malachite, which gradually blends into the Baryta. Z INC. Small quantities of Silicate and of Blende, occur at Fowler's Mines, in Sec. 35, T. 43, It. 13. Future mining may yet disclose a greater amount of the Silicate. A very little Silicate was also observed at Streit's Mines, 2 miles of south of Centretown. The Coal Mines near Centretown also contain Zinc Blende, mingled with the Coal. At Thos. Caspary's, near Elston, the Zinc traverses the Coal both horizontally and vertically. The horizontal arrangement appears thus, numbering from top down: No. 1. Coal. No. 2. 1 inch Zinc Blende. No. 3. 2 feet Coal. No. 4. 4 inch Zinc Blende. No. 5. 8 inches Coal. No. 6. 1 inch Zinc Blende. No. 7. Coal. LEAD. Galena is abundant at many places in this county-the west and south-west including valuable mines. It was found in this county in 1820, and the first mining done by Chouteau in 1827, who had a furnace near where Pratt's Mill now is. The geological position of the ores in the southern part is the Third Magnesian Limestone; of those in the west, the lower beds of the Second Magnesian Limestone. 1 observed Galena in openings or crevices in Second Aagnesian Limestone and in broken strata in the Third. Small amounts of Lead have been picked up on the surface or associated with surface Clays in almost every neighborhood. It has been picked up at Jefferson City. ELSTON MINE. This is in a low hill on the south side of Gray's Creek, a quarter of a mile from the Station. The formation is Second Magnesian Limestone. The Lead occurs in what miners would call an "opening," which was filled with soft Magnesian Limestone containing Galena. The opening is a little over 2 feet square, starting southwardly 15 feet into the hill, then turning south-east 125 feet, thence east 25 feet. The COLE COUNTY. 331 Lead was found throughout., occurring in a sheet 1 foot wide and 2~ to 3 inches thick —sometimes much thicker, and also almost thinning out. At end of drift, the "opening " is reduced in size, and the Lead is 1 foot wide by 21. inches thick. In mining, I was informed that occasional "chimneys" would occur, in which the Lead was found for several feet above. About ]12,000 pounds of mineral have been taken from this mine. DODSoN'S MINES. Three miles north of Elston, on Missouri bluffs, a little mining has been done in a Magnesian Limestone and Cotton rock, probably of age of First Magnesian Limestone, as I found Saccharoidal Sandstone at foot of hill. The solid rock does not apparently bear the mineral. About 600 pounds is said to have been found in overlying loose Clays. LEMLEIN & STAERLIN'S MINE. This, a very recent discovery, is on land leased of Stokes, 3 miles south of Elston. The underlying rock is Second Magnesian Limestone, Cotton rock beds, and the mineral chiefly obtained in overlying "Local Drift." The diggings are on a hillside sloping to a small branch of Gray's Creek. Excavations show as follows: No. 1. 1 foot Soil, with many pebbles and Chert fragments strewn on the surface. No. 2. 3 feet red Clay, loose Chert and disseminated chunks of Galena. No. 3. 3 feet soft, decomposing, drab lMagnesian Limestone not generally containing Galena, but in one opening observed two thin ~ inch parallel and vertical veins, 10 inches apart. In one pit, a small opening of 6 inches square contained some Galena, but the quantity was too small to work and was abandoned. Mining began here in August, 1874, and since then 2,000 pounds of "}alena have been taken out. Five miles north of Centertown, near the Moniteau county line, and probably in Moniteau county, some mining has been done in Second Magnesian Limestone, and small quantities of Lead obtained. The succession of rocks appears to beNo. 1. Chert. No. 2. Red Clay containing Galena. No. 3. Drab colored Cotton Rock. No. 4. Sandstone. 332 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. I picked up pieces of broken Chert to which the Galena adhered, some forming a brecciated mass with the Chert. The surface of the Chert sometimes contains minute Quartz crystals arranged botryoidally and inclosing Galena. STREIT'S MINE. This is in N. E. qr. Sec. 2, T. 44, R. 14, two miles south of Centertown. The formation here is Second Magnesian Limestone. A. shaft revealedNo. 1. S feet red Clay. No. 2. 1~ feet drab and buff Shales. No. 3. 2 to 3 feet of red Clay with pockets of drab Shale. No. 4. 3 feet Cotton rock. Lead was obtained in crevices with Baryta, in which it was inclosed. A little Zinc Blende and Calamine was obtained. FOWLER'S MINES. These mines are in Sec. 35, T. 43; R. 13, about 30 feet below the top of a hill, of which a Section shows: No. 1. 10 feet loose Chert, with fragments of' fossils and a little tumbling Sandstone (Second). No. 2. 18 feet mottled, fucoidal, ash drab and buff Magnesian Limestone. No. 3. 5 feet flesh colored and drab Magnesian Limestone, containing occasional flattened cells. Cracks and rotten openings occur containing Galena; the cracks mostly perpendicular with an occasional oblique or, for a short distance, a horizontal variation. No. 4. 50 feet Slope. NTo. 5. 20 feet brecciated Chert. I regard these rocks as the upper part of the Third Magnesian Limestone. In the openings there is found Lead, Zinc (Sulphuret and Silicate), with Heavy Spar. The Heavy Spar is compact, white, blue or amber colored crystals. Considerable Silicate of Zinc may be obtained here, but the mine, not having been recently worked, was in a poor condition for examination. It was worked in 1869 and shafts sunk 30 feet, and about 30,000 pounds of mineral taken out.' SMITH'S " OR " OLD CIRCLE DIGGINGS," S. E. SEC. 28, T. 42, R. 13. The hills have Chert and fragments of Second Sandstone on top, and are about 170 feet high. The Third Magnesian Limestone appears 75 feet from the top and at intervals below. The surface of the ground COLE COUNTY. 333 at the "Circle Mines " is 20 feet above the valley. Twenty feet higher and one-eighth of a mile north, are the " Sand Diggings." They extend 30 feet higher in the hill. A great deal of mining was formerly done at the " Sand Diggings," but little during the past few years. The ore has been chiefly obtained from the Clay, Sand and debris overlying and filling fissures in the Magnesian Limestone, and mostly associated with white Heavy Spar. At the " Old Circle Diggings' the mining has extended into the solid rock, but the ore mostly obtained in seams and crevices, associated with a gangue of Heavy Spar, although sometimes adhering to the Magnesian Limestone. The present operator of the mines, Mr. E. W. Gaty, has done a great deal of work here —he has sunk a wide shaft to the depth of 70 feet. Being filled with water, I could not see the lower structure of the rocks. Near the upper part are thick sheets of Heavy Spar, containing Galena. In these mines are found besides Galena, Sulphuret and green and blue Carbonate of Copper, Oxide and Sulphuret of Iron. Heavy Spar(Baryta) both crystalized and compact, and Calcite. The total yield of these mines I could not obtain, so I can only give partial statistics. The first work was done here by the original owner, Mr. - Smith, in 1840. He sold to Henly, and he to Clark & Eaton, Rand then to E. W. Gaty. I was informed that Smith took out over 800,000 pounds of mineral; Clark & Eaton, over 500,000; Unseeker & Carter, 60,000. Gaty began to work in 1874, and continued regularly for several months. At the " Sand Diggings," 4 of a mile north, Mr. Carter showed me several shafts from which a stated amount of mineral was obtained, as follows: In one from 10 to 25 feet in depth, 4,000 pounds obtained in 1869; another, 35 feet depth, 5,000 tb 6,000 pounds obtained; another, 30 feet in depth, 8,000 pounds, chiefly in red Clay in crevices. In one of 22 feet depth, 13,000 pounds, in light Sand and red Clay. Two miles east, on north side of Littli Tavern, a little surface mining has been done in crevices of Third Magnesian Limestone, and small quantities of Lead obtained, The Limestone here is either a soft, coarse, bluish-gray Dolomite or very fine-grained flesh-colored. The crevices in the Limestone are often filled with white, heavy Spar apparently maintaining the same horizon at several places. In bluffs of Bois Brule, in S. E. qr. Sec. 21, T. 42, R, 13, some surface mining has also been done, and the underlying rock quarried out for a few feet depth. The crevices contain red Clay, decomposed Magnesian Limestone, Heavy Spar, and Lead associated with the latter. Lead in small quantities has also been found at several other places in this vicinity. One mile: south-west of St. Thomas, on land of Leven's heirs, a 334 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. little "float " mineral has been obtained in shallow pits, in crevices of the Third MIagnesian Limestone. OTHER MINERALS-NOT ORES. Handsome Crystals, semi-transparent Crystals of Heavy Spar, (Barytes) are found at the old " Circle Mines," also large masses of white Heavy Spar, both here and near by at the " Sand Diggings." Heavy Spar is also found at many other places in the neighborhood. The mines on the-South Moreau also afford large quantities of it. At Fowler's mines are Crystals of azure blue, Heavy Spar and of transparent and amber-colored, some beautifully modified. On the Osage River, a half mile above the mouth of Bois Brulh, Mr. Turner has a mill erected for the purpose of grinding the Heavy Spar. It has been in operation 5 years, and grinds up a large quantity of the mineral, which he ships to St. Louis, where it is used for mixing with white Lead. His supply is chiefly derived from up the Osage River, from whence it is brought in boats to his mill. 1-e had about 150 tons of raw material on the ground and 5 or 6 tons of prepared material ready to ship. C ALCIR T. Beside Sulphate of Baryta, the old " Circle Diggings" afford large crystals of Calcite-generally of a brownish or amber color-it is here often found assuming the common Dog-tooth Spar shape. Q u ARTZ. Associated with the Third Sandstone, are often found minute Quartz crystals, generally closely'arranged oin a flat surface. Quartz in small crystals, botryoidally arranged, is often found in drusy cavities of Magnesian Limestone. C 0 A. L. Coal mines have been worked at several places in the county, but all investigations have proved these deposits to be pockets of limnited extent. Two miles north of Centretown the Pacific Mining Company have worked out two extensive deposits. They had railways connecting the mines with the railroad at Centretown, but most of their track is taken up, the mines abandoned, and ashes, banks of Clay and Shale and old logs are all that is left. This Company also worked out several similar deposits south of Elston. COLE COUNTY. 335 W. S. FREESHOURn' COAL BANKiS, A half mile south of Centretown, on a gently sloping point near the foot of a hill, a pit, 18 feet deep, has been dug, passing through chiefly Fire Clay, with small streaks of Coal, irregularly dispersed. The Coal is of a very impure quality; dull looking and crumbly. The Clay also contains a little Selenite. This may be a drifted deposit, as chunks of Chert, with small pieces of attached Galena were thrown out of the pit. A quarter of a mile south, and on Sec. 2, T. 44, R. 14, is a pit 21 feet deep. Some Cannel Coal has been taken out here, but driftings at bottom show that the Coal extends only 12 feet east, and thins out at 8 feet south. Going 15 feet west, it almost thinned out, but again thickened. The Coal contains Iron Pyrites and small seams of Zinc Blende. STAEMLIN'S MINE. This is 3 miles south of Elston, and 180 feet deep. The Coal is said to be 30 feet thick, and mostly bituminous. Not being able to descend into the shaft, I can not give any particular interesting or useful information about the mine. The mouth of the shaft is about 25 feet below the hill-top. The Coal occupies the area of an acre or a little more, and a good deal of Coal has been obtained. Tiios. CASPARY'S COAL BA.NK. The pit here is 60 feet deep, entering from a gently sloping hillside about 30 or 40 feet; below the hill-top. The Coal is 6 feet thick, and of an impure, slaty, bituminous variety. Sixty feet southwest, in a shaft sunk 50 feet in depth,the Coal found was only 4 feet thick, which in a short distance pitched down and gave out. Entering the Drift at the bottom of the main shaft, the Coal at first seemed rather irregular, and dipping 10~ north-west. Fifty feet back it rises. Horizontal seams of Zinc Blende are met with, and occasionally a vertical vein. Iron Pyrites,;in masses and modified crystal forms, is abundant. A little over a quarter of a mile north-east, Mr. Caspary has a deposit of Cannel Coal, but has not worked it recently. A half mile south of Caspary's, Mr. Elston penetrated 20 feet in black Slate. IHe used it in burning Lime, and found it answered the purpose very well; it blazed free but did not burn to ash. It was very near this that Mr. Elston found the singular pocket of Coal named in preceding pages. A little south of this is a pocket of blue 336 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Shale, but no Coal. A quarter of a mile still further south the Pacific Coal Mining Company have exhausted another Coal deposit. A quarter of a mile further South there is another pocket of probably not much over a 100 feet square, Staehlin's bank, previously noticed, is about a half mile further south. On a small tributary of Bois Brule, in Sec. 21, T. 41, R. 14, some Coal of an impure slaty character has been obtained, but the deposit is too limited and quality too poor to work. A half mile north-east of Hickory Hill an impure Cannel Coal has been obtained. The bank is situated in a deep valley between two hills, whose summits and sides are composed of beds of Second Magnesian Limestone. This deposit is also quite limited in extent. On Lantrum's land, a few miles north-west of Elston, are several abandoned Coal pits. They are all pockets of Coal, not connected with each other, but none of them appear to be extensive. Tumbled masses of Lower Carboniferous Limestone appear on the hills above, and a little lower down are some beds of Second Magnesian Limestone. One pit is located in a ravine, 25 feet above the foot of the hill; another probably a hundred feet higher up, and still another a short distance above. At one of these I observed Coal Measure Sandstone, including plant remains. CLAYS. Beds of good Fire Clay occur at most of the above named Coal banks, and at some of them are beds of good Potters' Clay. A silicious Clay stone of a white color is found in hills of Little Tavern, a short distance from its mouth. This is not a Kaolin as some supposes, but a silicious Clay stone. It would probably do well to make it into some kind of stone ware. This rock is interstratified with the Third Magnesian Limestone. BUILDING STONE. Some of the Cotton Rock beds at Jefferson City afford a beautiful and useful building stone, but great care should be observed in the selection of quarries. No quarry of this rock should be used until it is found to withstand the winter frosts, for many of the layers will not. These rocks should be quarried during the-spring and summer, so as to give them time to dry and season before winter. By following this plan we often have, what would not under other circumstances be a good building rock. COLE COUmITY. 337 The Limestone in the western wall of the Capitol inclosure, has been proven to stand the frosts well; for many years it lay exposed,on the ground, but showed no frost cracks. The thick beds of JMagnesian Limiestone near Osage City, afford a useful building material. The piers of the Osage bridge, were con-structed of it, and over 20 years exposure show that they are as good as ever. Similar good rock, with Sandstone layers, occurs at the Moreau bridge. Near Hickory Hill there is occasionally seen, a short distance below the hill-top, a superior buff Magnesian Limestone. This works free, and is durable; is also ordinarily called Cotton Rock. It belongs near the upper part of the Third Magnesian Limestone. This ~ock is found at many places near the hill-top, from Locust Mound to Brazitc. The thick beds of the Third Mlagnesian Limestone, undoubtedly:are superior for works requiring strong stone-work. Fine exposures mnay be seen in the south-west part of the county, on Osage River, and on Bois Brule and Little Tavern Creeks. The Second Sandstone also affords a strong and useful building -stone. It may be found along the Moreau from the Pacific Railroad to the forks. Good quarries could be opened on Vienna road near the Moreau and near the Osage. Some of the beds of this Sandstone seem pure enough for making glass. But the best material for glassmaking, is the Saccharoidal or First Sandstone. This is found at several places near Elston, and near Marion. It is well exposed near the mouth of Rock Creek. It is a pure, white Sandstone, and generally more loosely cohering than the other Sandstones. By this it may be easily recognized. SOILS. The best lands are the bottom lands, which are generally sufficiently elevated to be above ordinary high water. The Missouri bottom extends from the mouth of Gray's Creek to Rock Creek. The Osage River bottoms are from a quarter to a half mile wide; those of the Moreau about a quarter of a mile wide; and even soometimes wider. The Moreau being an exceedingly crooked stream, gives more bottom land to Cole county than it otherwise would. Rich, pretty valleys occur along the other streams. The uplands are not desirable farming lands, with this exception: Near Hickory Hill, and most of the country drained by Clark's Fork G.s —22. 338 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of the Moreau, is a rich body of farming land. This land originally supported a heavy growth of Black Oak, Hickory, White Oak, Ash, Redbud, Red and American Elm, vines, etc. The hills near Jefferson City yield good corn and wheat crops. Occasional good tracts of farming land also occur on the Missouri hills; for instance, between Elston and the Missouri River, and between Jefferson City and the Osage. But most of the uplands will raise fine wheat crops, and are superior for vineyards. It is generally well adapted to all the fruits of this climate. SPRING S. Good springs are found in most of the valleys. Where the Third Magnesian Limestone occurs, we find the clearest water and most constant supply. We may instance Little Tavern, a very clear running stream, which is supplied by clear, cold running springs. At Elston there is an Epsorn Salt well. It issues from the Second Magnesian Limestone, and seems to contain a large supply of water. POCKETS AND OUTLIERS OF COAL. These deposits are found in Lincoln, Warren, Montgomery, Callaway, Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Pettis, Saline and Jasper. They belong, in age, to the true Coal Measures, or Carboniferous formations, and were probably the earliest beds deposited. In some of them I have even recognized a close resemblance to well known beds of the true Coal formation. They generally have their associated Slates, Shales and Fire Clay beds. Their variable thickness, and often great inclination to the horizon, would indicate their deposition in an unquiet sea. They have generally been deposited in valleys, or at a lower horizon than the general surface of the country; and although sometimes in vertical thickness as much as 20 to 50 and 80 feet, rarely extend horizontally over 300 feet. They are limited by walls of rock of older geological age. The Mammoth and Mastodon banks in Callaway county, are such deposits. The Mastodon —Sec. 4, T. 44, R. 10is reported to be over 80 feet in thickness; without reaching the bottom. It is located where two hills of gentle slope come together. COAL POCKETS. 339 From my observations, I do not suppose it to extend much over 100 feet in width and length. The Second Magnesian Limestone appears in a ravine near by. A half mile S. W. of the Mastodon bank is the Einstein shaft. A Section of this isNo. 1. 20 feet local Drift. No. 2. 8 to 10 feet of coarse, rough, sandy Shales. No. 3. 3 feet bituminous Coal. No. 4. Cannel Coal-thickness not known. The shaft was sunk in edge of a sharp valley. A ferruginous Sandstone appears on the hill above. The arrangement of strata appearing so regular here, one is very apt to be deceived. This is undoubtedly a more extensive deposit than the Mastodon, and may extend horizontally several hundred feet. It would seem to have been quietly deposited in an eroded valley and older rocks subsequently drifted over it. DICKSON BANK-S. W. SEC. 20, T. 45, R. 10. This would appear to have been a drifted deposit-drifted a short distance from where originally deposited, for the rocks do not lie horizontal, and on the hill-top we find Devonian Limestone, and lower down the Coal dipping from the hill. The dip is S. 80~ W., at an angle of 30~. The extent of Coal can not be over 200 feet in width. The Coal occurs with its own rocks thus: No. 1 7 feet drab Shales, with decomposingLimestonle bearing Coal Measure fossils, Spoirifer I, Productus, etc. No. 2. 6 inches blue Clay Shales. No. 3. 1 foot black Shale. No. 4. 5 inches blue Clay. No. 5. 22 inches rotten Coal. No. 6. 9 inches alternate layers of rotten Coal and Clay. No. 7. 9 inches good bituminous Coal. No. 8. 2 inches yellow and drab Clay. No. 9. 2 inches good Coal. No. 10. I- to 3 inches gray Clay with Stigmaria. No. 11. 5 + feet Coal. The Coal is also exposed 100 feet west, showing over 2 feet of good Coal under 5 feet of rotten Coal. On the hill-top is ferruginous Sandstone and below it is Devonian Limestone. JOHN Y. BASINGER'S-S. E. SIEC. 30, T. 45, X. 10 W. This deposit appears in bed of a small branch entering on the west 340 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. side of Revoir Creek. The valley is not over 100 feet wide with Mfag' nesian Limestone in regular undisturbed layers cropping out in the hill, and drifted Devonian Limestone in the branch just above. The Coal rocks occur thus: No. 1. 21- feet Cannel Coal. No. 2. 2- feet bituminous Coal. No. 3. Slate. One hundred feet north, borings passed through, 1st, 11 feet Slate; 2d, 11 feet Coal. LOHMAN 3& PRICE-N. W. SEC. 80, T. 45, Pt. 10 W. A good deal of mining has been done here and the Coal seems to have occupied a rather more extensive area than those places above named. Mining has been prosecuted up and down the branch for probably 200 yards, and side drifts extended into the hill at numerous points. Coarse Sandstone, evidently of the age of the Coal Measure, appears on the hill for over a hundred yards back. Further back on the hill we find Lower Carboniferous Chert. A Section is this: No. 1. 2 + feet brown Sandstone. No. 2. 11 inches rotten Coal. No. 3. S inches good bituminous Coal. No. 4. 2 inches rotten Coal. No. 5. 6 inches black Slate. No. 6. 4 inches chocolate colored Clay. No. 7. 7 inches jointed slaty Coal. No. 8. 10 inches dark snuff or olive colored Clay. No. 9.. 2 + feet bituminous Coal. This closely resembles Prof. Swallow's description of Coal below the mouth of Lamine River. Some of the other banks resemble H. L. Brown's, near Boonsboro, Howard county. [For a description of the Coal pockets of,Cole county see report on that county.] [O'NITrEAU BANK. This is one mile south of Moniteau Station, Moniteau county. The surface of the ground slopes very gently. No rocks of any kind appear in position near by. A mile east are detached masses of ferruginous Sandstone -and Encrinital Limestone, the latter apparently in place. A little lower down the hill is Second Magnesian Limestone. The Coal shaft is being worked by Gen. Shelby and others. The Coal appears very near the surface; dipping, as far as tested, quite regularly at an angle of about 500 at a course of N. 20~ W. The Coal is worked COAL POCKETS. 341 on a Slope along its plane of dip on which a track is laid for 200 feet (June, 1874). At the end of the Slope the Coal is 104 feet from the surface in a vertical direction. It is 30 feet in thickness. From the bottom an entry has been extended 80 feet to the right, and half way down there is another reaching 20 feet to the left. The Coal has been made into pretty fair Coke. This deposit at present baffles any attempt to calculate its extent and quantity. This can only be determined by practical experiments in extending drifts or shafts. For description of other similar deposits we would refer to the various reports in this volume and to the volume of 1873. GENERAL REMARKS. The Coals are generally of two kinds, Cannel and Bituminous, and the quality not often so good as the other Coals. Zinc blende is often found traversing the Coal. The Coal beds generally lie at an inclination to the horizon and are never found near a hill-top, and more often in a valley-generally in a smaller valley tributary to a larger one. These valleys seem to have been eroded previously to the deposits of.the Coal. The Coal then was deposited in them, but probably soon after the larger or unprotected mass was washed away, leaving issolated pockets in the narrow valleys where they have been protected by adjacent walls of Limestone from being drifted away. The Cannel Coal deposits also, seem to have been sometimes deposited in small basins or crevices. These deposits may thus be divided into two classes: 1. Outliers fromn the true Coal Measures, preserving their regular order of arrangement of Slates, Clays, Coals, etc. 2. Drifted deposits, including — a. Drifted in an unbroken mass, and retaining after being drifted a regular succession of beds, as in the first class. b. Drifted in broken or comminuted masses, as are some of the Cannel Coal deposits. CHAPTER XXI. MADISON COUNTY. BY G. C. BROADHEAD. SURFACE, CONFIGURATION, ETC. The area of this county is about 506 square miles; it is bounded on the north by St. Francois, on the east by Bollinger, on the south by Wayne, and on the west by Iron. It presents every variety of surface, from that of high mountains and high Chert hills, to lower hills, valleys and plains. No positive anticlinal or synclinal axis was observed, nor any regular system of elevation. The following elevations west of the St. Francois River were noted, the heights being estimated from the neighboring valleys: Daguerre Mountain, 492 feet; Blue Mountain, 551 feet; Smith's Mountain, (porphyritic) 432 feet; Rock Creek Moun. tain, (porphyritic and Syenitic) 575 feet; Black Mountain, (porphyritic) 467 feet. Another elevation just south of Black Mountain, is probably higher. Near the mouth of Leatherwood Creek the Limestone and Chert hills are about 150 feet high. Where the Syenite or porphyry approaches the streams from opposite sides, a "Shut-in," as it is called, is formed; that is, the stream is confined to a narrow, rocky, rugged channel, which generally continues until a bench of sedimentary rock sets in. We have such an example where the west end of Daguerre Mountain approaches close to St. Francois River, with a steep, rocky front, and just across on the west side of the River, another high Granitic hill appears to stretch MADISON COUNTY. 343 forward to meet it, each hill rising to a height of not less than 250 feet near the stream, becoming higher as it recedes. Lower down St. Francois River, in N. E. of S. W. qr., Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 50 E., are the "rapids; " here the Syenitic cliffs approach close to the stream on both sides, along which and in the stream on both sides, are many very large tumbling masses cf rock, which, especially in time of high water, seriously impede the current, which was the case at the time of my visit to the locality, and the noise of rushing waters was very great. In traveling southward, east of St. Francois River, after leaving Daguerre Mountain, we pass over Conglomerate andCherty hills, elevated about 200 feet above the River, thence across the wide, pretty valley of Cedar Creek. skirting along the slopes of Reeves' Mountain, rising on our left to an elevation of 660 feet, thence along lower hills to neighborhood of Twelve Mile Creek, where the hills are about 150 feet high, with Limestone at the base and Chert on the top, thence to the south county line, near which, as measured, we find the hill, to be 187 feet high. Occasionally we findwide, rich bottoms of alluvium on the St. Francois. The Limestone and Chert hills'between St. Francois River and Castor, rise to a hight of 280 to 300.feet. At Berry's, -on West Trace Creek, it is 280 feet from the Creek to top of the Chert hills. On Big Creek, near Hoffman's, a Porphyry hill is 269 feet high. At Rickman's, on Shutley?s Creek, it is 207 feet to top of the Chert hills. On Castor, in Sec. 31, T. 31, R. 8, E., the bluff is 163 feet high. At Geo. Whitener's, west of Castor, the bluffs are 251 feet high; near Henry Hildebrand's, 115 feet; on East Trace Creek, 143 feet. The bottoms on Castor are often a half mile wide, those on most streams are narrow. The Slopes adjacent to Callaway's Mill Creek, Village Creek, and near Fredericktown, Cedar Creek, Slater's Creek, and part of Matthew's Creek, are long and gentle, and their valleys are beautiful. LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS. Acler, WaahooElm, (Ulzzus alata) Mulberry, Amorpha fruticosa, Summer Grape, White, Burr, Post, Swamp White, Rock-Chesnut,Pin, A. caneseens, Frost Grape, Laurel and Gray Oaks, Aralia Spinosa, or " tear- Muscadine, Pawpaw, blanket," as it is called by the country people. Greenbrier. Persimmou, 4Crab Apple, Black Gum, Yellow Pine, (Pinus milis) White Ash, Sweet Gum, Plum, (2 species) Prickly Ash, Hackberry, Rose, (4 species) 3{4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Linden, Witch Hazel, Raspberry, Sycamore, Red Birch. Red Elm, Blackberry, (several species) Common Hazel, Sumach, (3 species) Bladdernut,.Black THaw, Sassafras, Red Cedar, Common Hickory, Serviceberry, Bumelia lanuginosca, Shelbark, and thick Shellbark Hickory, Thorn, (cratiegis) Black Cherry, Pignut and Bullnut; Hickory, Trumpet Creeper, Coffee Tree, Hornbeam, White Walnut, Coral Berry, Ironwood, Black Waln.ut, Flowering Dogwood, (comzus florida) Honeysuckle, Spicebush, Commoin Elder, Redbud, NWaaho, White Elm, Honey Locust, HJuckleberry, (several spec's> Red, White and Sugar5Iaple, There is some difference in the relative distribution of certain trees and shrubs, in different parts of the county. The Poplar, or Tulip Tree occurs at a few localities in the southern part of the county, and I was informed that there were a few Beech trees on hills east of Castor, in the south part of the county. Catalpa is found on St. Francois River, in T. 31. Sweet Gum is quite common in T. 31, and portions ofT. 32, and the farthest locality north where I observed it, was on Cedar Creek. Leatherwood (Dirca pzulustris) is abundant on Leatherwood Creek, and on Castor, near Marquand. The Pine is not very abundant in T. 34. Occasional thick groves are found further south, but in T. 31 and part of T. 32, there are many very dense pine groves of excellent timber. Large forests, of a superior quality of large White Oak trees, are found throughout the county. The White Oak timber in this county, as yet, seems scarcely to have been touched. Five or six miles south and south-west of Fredericktown are quantities of excellent White Oak timber. On Cedar Creek and vicinity, are some of the finest Cedar groves in the State. On Leatherwood Creek and Gray's AMountains, great quantities of Cedar have been cut off and hauled away, mostly for fence posts. At the old John Francis' place, I noticed a fence a few hundred yards long, composed mainly of Cedar rails. A field on the old Cooper place, on Cedar Creek is al3;o inclosed with Cedar rails. Good Walnut and Cherry timber abound along the various streams. The Sweet Gum often grows very large, and is said to polish quite beautifully. MADISON CouNTY. 345 WATER. Madison county is generally well supplied with a superior quality of water. Castor River is a very pretty, clear running stream. Its becd can be plainly seen anywhere, so pure is the water. Along its banks are many lasting springs of cool water, which assist in keeping the river water cool throughout the hottest weather. There are several water mills on Castor, which keep at work the whole year round. Cold Water Spring, at the head of Twelve Mile Creek, affords plenty of water for several families the year round. On Shutley's Creek are many large, clear and cool springs. SOILS. Of course, there is not much soil on the mountains, nor do their disintegrating rocks afford a rich soil. But even on the mountain tops are sometimes found spots of arable land. On Daguerre Mountain, I saw a pretty good field of corn. The Chert ridges afford a rather thin soil, especially where the pines predominate. Around Fredericktown, as far north as Mine LaMotte, and eastward a few miles, extending to the head of the various streams that centre here, we have an elevated valley, rising gently from the streams, probably as much sometimes as 75 feet. The base of this soil is Magnesian Limestone. On this reposes a very red soil, containing a good deal of oxide of Iron, and it is very productive. As a proof, I would cite the fact of a large portion of it having been in cultivation as much as 70 years, and still continuing to yield bountiful crops. The valleys of Slater's and Matthew's Creek are based on similar formations, and overlaid in part by similar red soils. Southwardly, this soil is sparingly diffused, not seen near Trace Creek and Twelve Mile, but was observed near the mouth of Twelve Mile, and also, in part, on the west side of Saint Francois River, near the southern part, of the county. This soil supports a natural vigorous growth of White Oak, Elm, Linden, Hickory, Iron-wood, Hornbeam, Black Walnut, Black Gum, Sassafras and Dogwood. In the western part of the county, south of the Gravel road, and to south line of the county, are found but few patches of good soil; only occasionally, are interposed small valleys of a third class quality, on: which the inhabitants manage to eke out a support. In the northern portion of the county, west of Iron Mountair Railroad, and reaching to the St. Francis River, is an elevated plateau 346 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of third class soil based on Syenitic rocks. On this tract tolerably good crops of corn and wheat are raised, and fine crops of all kinds of fruit, peculiar to the county, are annually produced. Good crops of cotton can be raised. The thin lands produce 35 to 40 bushels of,corn per acre; the valleys, 60 bushels. The soil on the ridges is generally of a whitish color. In the streams we find a great deal of Gravel; this mingling with the Soils of the bottoms, and loosely cohering, is easily washed away; hence we often see changes and widening of channel. The soil of all the bottoms contains a great deal of gravel, especially may this be said of Twelve Mile Creek. Near its head we find quantities of iChert and porphyritic boulders and Gravel. Lower down stream the soil is enriched by decomposing debris from Magnepian Limestone. The gravel in this soil performs the function of digestion, and where the comminutec matter possesses richness, the result is a superior soil.;GEOLOGY. SURFACE GEOLOGY. Under this head we include the Soils, Local Drift and other loose Drift, if any, and A L LU VIU I. This is constantly forming along the streams by deposition from the waters. Local Drift may include deposits of fragments of rock strewn over the surface everywhere-some of it now being deposited, but a large portion in former ages. Loose masses of rock sometimes occur a little at a place, in other places in large quantities; sometimes comminuted, in other localities are found large and small boulders lying along the surface-these fragments mostly resulting from mechanical agency acting upon the older rocks. At some places large and small boulders are found lying on the surface, but upon their removal and digging a few feet below the surface, a comminuted mass is exposed. At Apos. Tucker's, in E. half Lot No. 3 of N. W. qr. Sec. 1, T. 33, R. 5 E., a well was dug 75 feet deep, and, as Mr. Tucker informed me, after removing a few feet of boulders and Clay near the top, he dug into a coarse Sand which extended to the bottom, when a fine stream of water was reached. The Sand thrown out seemed to be granitic. MADISON COUNTY. 347 On the east side of Sec. 32, T. 31, IE. 8 E., the ground is covered over with Porphyry boulders to a depth of 1~ feet, under which was observed a fine-grained, variegated Potters' Clay. A quarter of a mile east there is a similar bed of coarser Clay covered with Cherty boulders-the Clay at each of the two last named places being entirely free from boulders. In the Railroad cut, one mile north-west of Fredericktown, near the old (holson plate, we have: No. 1. 8 feet red Soil and Clay. No. 2. Beds of dark brown or black sandy Shale, with bands of buff sandy Shale resting on Magnesian Limestone. A quarter of a mile south of the 103d mile post is seen: No. 1. 4 feet Soil and red Clay. No. 2. 4 feet red and dark sandy Shales. No. 3. Bed of yellow Sandstone (Primordial). At the 102d mile post are similar beds, but the Shales are dark reddish-brown. At each of the above Sections a considerable quantity of black Sand enters into the various beds of No. 2. This dark sandy bed, I regard as equivalent to that at Gholson's, and probably also at Hick's. It has a dull black appearance, and, under a magnifying glass, seems to be formed of minute, silicious grains, united by a black cement of Manganese and Iron. Mr. North, in Sec. 19, T. 34, R. 6 E., dug 30 feet through Clays to black Sand, in which he found a fine stream of water. At lHick's place there appears several feet of this bog ore in the soil, and at the old Gholson place, near Fredericktown, are found tumbled boulders of similar material. An analysis of a specimen from Hick's, made by Mir. Chauvenet, gave: Insoluble silicious matter........................................... 56.82 per cent. Peroxide of Iron................................................................... 18.67 per cent. Sesqui-oxide of Manganese........................... 14.24 per cent. W ater.................................................................................... 3.19 per cent. Traces of Lime and Magnesia. Metallic Iron in above............................................................ 13.07 per cent. Metallic Manganese.............................................................. 9.86 per cent. APtC E A N ROCKS. Previous to the deposition of the sedimentary rocks, the contour of this county presented alternations of high hills and mountain peaks 348 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. with low depressions between, and the rocks presented to view were either varieties of Porphyry or of Granite and Syenite, with their various intrusive veins or dykes of Quartz, Greenstone, Dolerite or Specular Iron Ore; the Syenitic rocks being mostly in the northern part of the county and Porphyry towards the. Southern. The mountain peaks, many of them, were elevated as much as 700 feet above the valleys, and it is even probable that, previous to the deposition of the unaltered sedimentary rocks, some may have towered to a height of 1,000 feet. LIST OF ROCKS. The following is a, descriptive list of specimens of metamorphic rocks collected in 1871, the number preceding the description corresponding with that on label attached: 124, 125,126-Railroad cat at 98th mile post. Very pretty, uniformly colored, finegrained, dark gray Syenite. Under a imagnifying glass are exhibited green spots, with flesh-colored Feldspar and black Hornblende. 127, 130, 131, 132-Near north county line, between Rock Creekand Musco. Dark, reddish gray Syenite, coarser than 124; contains red Feldspar, flesh-colbred Quartz and black Hornblende. 129 —Same locality as last. Very dark gray Porphyry, with crystals of red, fleshcolored and green Feldspar and dark colored Quartz; contains a little green mineral which is probably Epidote. 128-Same locality as last. Fine-grained, compact, dark red, jaspery Porphyry; resembles 160 and 174. 133, 134 —At John Miller's, Sec. 29, T. 34, R. 6 E. Light red granitic rock, coinposed of coarse grains of Quartz and Feldspar. 135, 136, 137, 13S-From N. side of Stout's Creek, Sec. 5, T. 33, R. 5 E. Coarse reddish gray Syenite similar to 134. Contains black Hornblende, red and flesh colored Feldspar and flesh colored Quartz. 139, 140, 141-N. E. qr. Sec. 6, T. 33, R. 6 E. Brownish gray coarse Granite. Contains red Feldspar, rose colored Quartz and silvery Mica. Froln a N. E. and S. W. vein, at this locality, canll be obtained numerous Quartz crystals, of a variety of beautiful colors, viz.: rock crystal, yellow and amethystine. 142, 143-N. W. corner of S. W. qr, Sec. 1, T. 33, R. 5 E. Ferruginous Porphyry; contains a good deal of red Hematite and many fine grains of Quartz. Resembles 215. 144 —S. W. qr. Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 5 E. Dark gray Syenite; contains black Hornblende, flesh colored Feldspar and limpid Quartz and Copper pyrites. This specimen is traversed by a blackish green band about 2 inches wide, blending into the. surrounding rock. Similar Granite extends from this across the St. Francois River at the "Rapids," when it is traversed by a Dyke of Dolerite 44 inches wide, and bearing S. 600 W. 145, 146, 147, 148, are found in the same locality as the last; are Syenitic, with green mineral resembling Epidote. 149, 150, 151, 152, 153-N. W. of N. E. qr. Sec. 33, T. 34, R. 5 E. A very pretty red Granite or Granulite formed of pink colored Feldspar and limpid Quartz; has diffused through it innumerable shiny flakes of mlicaceons Iron ore. MADISON COUNTY. 349 154 —From the Polk place. A very fine grained Syenitic Greenstone. 155, 156, 157-Top of Burns' Mountain. Deep red Porphyry with lighter red and Ilesh colored crystals of Feldspar; contains particles of clear Quartz and a green mineral resemblinll Epidote. 158-North end of Burns' Mountain. Porphyry resembling the last, but is vertically banded by lighter colored and minute quartzose parallel veins, in some of which found the similar green mineral of No. 157. 159-North end of Burns' 3Mountain. Porphyry also banded vertically and from long continued exposure presents rouglh, narrow ridges on the upper surface, bearing N. 30~ E. magc. Similarly striated Porphyry was observed a half mile west, having the same bearing. 160-North end of Burns' Mountain. Porphyry somewhat resembling the above, )but very compact and close grained. Color, a very dark shade of red, almost black; general appearance dark gray. 161 —Tolers, 2 miles south of Fredericktown. Porphyry; color like 155, but darker.and more crystalline; when mangnifiedl appears fine grained and of a similar color to 160. 162-Sec. 32, T. 31, R. 7 E., at Hoffmian's. Porphyry; dark red, almost black, and very fine grained, red spotted with small grains of limpid Quartz and red Feldspar.and a green mineral. Resembles 164, 165 and 182. 163-Near King's, on Mill Creek, S. W. corner of county. Porphyry; general,appearance dark gray; when magnified looks dark red; contains light colored Feldspar and quartz. 164, 165 —North end of Rock Creek Mountain. Porphyry; color very dark red; contains s.ome bright red, pretty crystals of Feldspar and some pyrites. 166-Same locality. Pink Porphyry, with deeper colored crystals of Feldspar and small Quartz grains. 167 —Same locality. Compact quartz; has stains of specular Iron. This is irom a vein in the Porphyry, but its exact position could not be obtained. 168, 169, 170-Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 5 E., east side Blue Mountain. Porphyry; very tine grained; has beautiful wavy bands of light red and black. This is a beautiful rock. 171-Same locality. Black Porphyry; when magnified shows a faint red tingpe; in texture and color resembles 160, but is darker. 172 —E. hf. N. E. Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E. Gray Porphyry; has light colored Quartz grains and red Feldspar. 173-Sec. 9, T. 31, R. 5 E. Deep red Porphyry; rich appearance, with white crystals of Feldspar. 174, 175 —Sec. 15, T. 31, BR. 7 E. Black (jaspery) Porphyry; when magnified shows shades of red; observed a little Quartz and a few minute Feldspar crystals. Resembles 162. This rock works freer than any Porphyry in the county, and could no doubt be quarried in good shape. 176 and 177-Sec. 20, T. 34, R. 6 E. Dark, greenish-gray Porphyry, compact, with large crystals and rounded pieces of Feldspar, and a few small particles of Pyrites. 178 and 179-5 miles east of Fredericktown. Dark-green Porphyry; resembles the last, but in this specimen the crystals are of green Feldspar and very minute. Contrains a green mineral resembling Serpentine. 180-Sec. 15, T. 31, P. 8 E. Compact, very dark colored Porphyry. This is from a small peak, 110 feet high, surrounded by Slope, covered with Chert, from which were collected many fossils. The Porphyry, if indeed it can be so called, more resembles a dyke of metamorphosed rock; is 6 feet wide and 3 feet high and 50 feet long, bearing north 75 deg. west magnetic. 350 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 181. Dark-red, fine-grained Porphyry, with red and flesh-colored crystals of Quartz, and a green mineral resembling Epidote. 182-Sec. 9, T. 32, R. 6 E. Hard Porphyry; fine and coarse; contains red and flesh — colored crystals of Feldspar, and particles of limpid Quartz. Color deep red. 183 and 184-Sec. 15, T. 32, R. 6 E., adjacent to a dyke on Moudy & Michel's landVery fine-grained, compact, black (jaspery?) Porphyry; very thin pieces show a faint reddish tinge; contains minute crystals of red Feldspar, and on an exposed joint in the rock are scales of Specular Iron; same locality as 1SS8, 189, 190, 191, 192 and 193. 185 —Fromn Tin Mountain. Very coarse, dark-colored Greenstone. 186-Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E. Coarse, dark Greenstone; resembles 185. This seems very abundant, strewn up and down the east side of Blue Mountain. 187 —North end of Rock Creek Mountain. Fine-grained Greenstone. 188-Sec. 15, T. 32, R. 5E, S. W. qr. of N. W. qr. Light Green rock, probably Epidote, having alternations of white spots, with a portion beautifully red tinged; same locality as 183. 189-Sec. 16, T. 32, R. 6 E. Coarse, dark-colored Greenstone; a little finer than 185. From west side of West Dyke. 190-Sec. 16, T. 32, R. 6 E. Dark-green Dolerite; contains a few small specks of Pyrites. West side of East Dyke. 191 and 192-Sec. 16, T. 32, R. 6 E. Coarse Greenstone; contains minute specksof Pyrites. From middle of East Dyke. 193-Sec. 16, T. 32, R. 6 E. Fine-grained Greenstone, resembling 187. From east side of East Dyke. The sketch (Fir. 8) illustrates the position of the various rocks in and adjacent to the dyke first spoken of. The course of the dyke bears S. 45 deg. VW. The needle was so much affected that I had to hold my compass high in the air in orderto get the course. From the sketch we perceive there are two parallel dykes, separated by a belt of Porphyry. On the west side of the East Dyke is a band of Dolerite, a few inches wide. The wall rock of Porphyry is very fine-grained, with a somewhat splintery fracture. The face of contact is smooth and true to a straight line as far as ex — posed. 194 and 195-Rapids of St. Francis River, S. E. qr. of S. W. qr. Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 5S E. Vein of hard, very fine-grained Dolerite, one inch wide, traversing Syenite. The Dolerite contains Pyrites. The Syenite contains red Feldspar and black iHornblende. 196, 197 and 198-Same location as last. Dolerite; coarser than the last; from dyke 44 inches wide; contains Pyrites. 198 is obliquely jointed. 199 and 200-Same location las last. Dark-reddish, gray Syenite; has light-red Feldspar, and dark Hornblende; part of a vein of Dolerite is attached. 201-Same location as last. Syenite, similar to that named above, but of a lightercolor; resembles 144. 202, 203 and 204-Same location as last. Syenite, similar to 199 and 200. 202 shows dyke of Dolerite 4- inches wide. 205, 206, 207 and 208-John Miller's, Sec. 29, T. 34, R. 6 E. Veinstones, with Specular Iron. 209 —Daguerre Mountain. Dolerite, with Pyrite on Syenitic Slope. West end of Daguerre Mountain. 210 —Same location as last. Dark-gray, fine-grained Feldspathic Porphyry; Feldspar is dark-red; contains Iron Pyrites. East end of mountain. 211-Same location as last. Quartzose Porphyry; color dark-reddish gray; contains crystals of Quartz and Feldspar. This is from near mountain top. 212 and 213-Same location as last. Black Porphyry, with lighter colored crystals. of Feldspar, and some Quartz. Is hard and heavy; slightly resembles 262 and 182. MADISON COUNTY. 351 214 —North-east end of Daguerre AMountain. Light-red Granulite; very coarse; is formed of red Feldspar and white Quartz. 215 to 220 inclusive-Raub's shaft, 2} miles south of Fredericktown. Beautiful deep, rose-red Porphyry; contains some Quartzose grains and a green mineral. 221, 222 and 223-Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 5 E. Coarse Greenstone; somewhat resembles 191, but is not so dark a color. 124, 227 and 228 —E- of N. E. qr. Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E, on land of Weightran and Waters. Greenstone; coarse, dark-brown, very heavy. 229, 230, 231, 232, 235 and 224, 234-Same locality as last. Greenstone; color darkgray and brown; said to contain Wolfram. These specimens are from a drift running into the hill-side about 200 feet, and about 50 feet deep at further end. There is said to be a Greenstone dyke 20 feet wide at this place, but it was covered up with debris from above. 236, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 are all from this locality. 233-Same locality as last. A dark-green, fibrous Hornblendic mineral attached to part of 186. This is from nearly a quarter of a mile east of last named locality. 237, 242, and 243 —From shaft near Lloyd's, S. hf. N. E. qr. Sec. 15, T. 33, R. o5 E. White Quartzose rock, with long, slender, dark-green crystals disseminated. 238, 239, 240, 241, 246-Same locality as last. Similar but darker, color gray with green crystals (Actinolite?). 236 and 245-Same locality as last. Compact, white rock, resembling 237; but green crystals are wanting. 245 has small brown octahedral crystals of Iron ore, oneeighth inch in diameter. 244-Same locality as last. Resembles last; general appearance dark. Contains milk-white, rounded particles of Quartz. The rocks from 224 to 244 inclusive are all from the east half of N. E. quarter Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E., on land of Weightman and Waters. Near the south part are several shafts. That furthest south ex poses a vertical wall or dyke of rock (No. 237, etc.,) 18 inches wide, and extending as deep as the shaft runs, which is about 15 feet, but it probably extends much deeper. The course of the dyke is about N. E. and S. W., and is surrounded by soft Granite or Greenstone Sand. Two hundred feet north-west another shaft has been dug displaying to view a similar dyke, about 2 feet wide and running about north and south. A quarter of a mile east is the Greenstone dyke (Nos. 186 and 233,) eight feet wide and bearing a little west of north. Several pits have been dug in this vicinity and from each one quantities of decomposed (Greenstone) Sand have been thrown out, and I was informed that black Sand had been panned out from it. In washings in the road, a short distance east, I collected black Sand, which proved on examination to be Magnetic Iron. On waters of Captain's Creek, in Sec. 20, T. 32, R. 6 E., there appears a dyke of coarse Syenitic Greenstone about 75 feet wide, bearing a north and south course, and occasionally traversed by small Epidote veins. The adjacent rock is flesh colored Porphyry. 352 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Two hundred yards west a shallow digging has exposed a deposit of Asbestos, but of its exact mode of occurrence I was unable to determine as the pit was filled up. Washings in the creek near'by show seams of Asbestos in ( Greenstone Sand. A few hundred feet west a pit has been dug into Dolerite and Platinum has been reported to be found there, but specimens I submitted to Mr. Chauvenet for analysis did not prove its existence here. On the Mine LaMotte tract, near the old Fleming dwelling, Sandrock is traversed by a dyke of Dolerite about 6 feet wide and prisimatic, the prisms horizontal. The course of the dyke is N. 15~ E. The Sandstone adjacent is altered to a Quartzite. On east side of dyke is a Porphyry which is somewhat altered near the dyke. The Porphyry is exposed up and down the branch for 200 feet. Further up and also opposite the dyke and on higher ground, the Sandstone appears unaltered and in horizontal layers. Granite, from Einstein's property, in Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 5 E., is coarse reddish gray and contains black Hornblende. Some of the Granite in this vicinity is very much decomposed, but there are also extensive outcrops of superior Granite for building purposes. Good Granite quarries can be opened in many places in T. 34, Rs. 5 and 6 and in the N. E. part of T. 33, R. 5 E. I would remark that the Porphyries, although they are often of a dark or black shade, will show a red tint under a magnifying glass. PRIMORDIAL ROCKS. The sedimentary rocks were deposited across the valleys between the mountains and hills. In the order of deposition, commencing at the oldest, we have 1st. Sandstone, Conglomerates and Shales. 2d. Marble beds. 3d. Gritstone beds with some beds of Magnesian Limestone. 4th. Magnesian Limestone. 5th. Chert beds. 6th. Sandstone-the last found on the hill-tops, and is probably the equivalent of the Second Sandstone of the Missouri Report. The Chert (5th,) and Sandstone (6th,) belong to the age of the Calciferous Sandrock. The Sandstone (1st,) and Marble (2d,) beds and Gritstone (3d,) are of Potsdam age. THE LOWER SANDSTONE Is mainly developed across the northern part of the county, in Ts. 33 and 34. It occurs either as a fine-grained white or buff Sandstone, or as a coarse brown or red Conglomerate. Near Gholson's, there appears about 45 feet of fine-grained white Sandstone, almost rest MADISON COUN'TY. 353 ing on the Granite, it being separated by 4 feet of a coarse red slaty Sandstone, as shown in the following section: (See Fig. 10.) No. 1. Slope, red Clay and fia.gments of Quartz rock. No. 2. 21 feet Magnesiau Limestone. No. 3. 18 feet Silicious Limestone. No. 4. 23 feet Gritstone. No. 5. 40 feet of Sandstone near point of contact with Grlanite, but where the _Magnesian Limnestone is seen, only 10 feet of Sandstone appears above the water. No. 6. 4 feet red slaty Sandstone. (No. 13.) 1No. 7. Granite. Specimen (No. 102) of Sandstone, from 10 feet above the Granite is fine grained white with even texture and a few buff stains and minute brown specks. The lower, slaty red Sandstone specimen, marked 113, is very dark red and contains small Quartz pebbles. It has an irregular, hackly fracture and a somewhat slaty cleavage. The red beds are better developed further west. On Gravel road, at the crossing of Pine Creek, they are upwards of 20 feet thick, with alternations of the following described beds: No. 1. Outcrop of yellow Sandstone on hill-top. No. 2. 25 feet Slope, occasional outcrops of coarse Conglomerate. No. 3. 10 inches fine-grained drab Sandstone. No. 4. 3 feet brown and yellow soft Sandstone. No. 5. 3 inches Sandstone, flesh drab with black specks.;No. 6. 2 inches coarse red Sandy bed. No. 7. 8 inches yellow Sand. No. 8. 2 inches light colored, coarse, soft Sandstone. No. 9. 2 feet very dark red, soft Sandstone. No. 10. 4 inches coarse yellow Sandstone. No. 11. 2 feet coarse red Sandstone. No. 12. 10 inches hard, coarse gray Sandstone. No. 13. 8 inches dark red Shales. No, 14. 6 inches firm bed of coarse Sandstone. No. 15. 1 foot red Shale bed. No. 16. 3 inches yellow soft Salndstone. No. 17. 3 feet red Shales. No. 18. 10 inches very coarse hard Sandstone. No. 19. 3 feet red sandy Shales. No. 20. 3 feet beds of red and drab Conglonserate. No. 21. 3 feet red sandy Shales. No. 22. 2 feet yellow Sandstone at foot of hill. Total thickness of Section here is 50 feet 7 inches. Some of the G.s-23. 354 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. red Sandstone'contains scales of Mica. Specimens marked 115, 116 and 117 are from this locality. North of David lRhodes, in Sec. 18, T. 33, R. 6 E., is a quarry of white and buff Sandstone. A part is a tolerably coarse buff with occasional imbedded, small pebbles of igneous rocks and a few scattering scales of Mica. Other beds from the same quarry, are fine-grained white and drab, with scales of Mica sparingly diffused. Specimens marked 99, 100 and 101 are from this locality. At Rhodes house, which is on lower ground, is a red Granite which rises into a high hill to the west. West of this, near St. Francois River, the conglomerate beds occupy the surface on hill-top, and northward, for two miles, are both Sandstone and conglomerate. On west side of St. Francois River, in N. WV. of N. E. quarter Sec. 33, T. 34, R. 5 E., there is exposed 65 feet of Sandstone and Conglormerate, resting directly on the Granite. The upper strata are deep red Porphyritic Conglomerates and Sandstones; the middle beds are finegrained and the lower gray beds rest on the Granite and are almost cemented thereto. Specimens 114 and 118 are fromn this place. The underlying granulite is very coarse and just to the south rises high into the hills, cutting off the Conglomerate beds. rThe Sandstone and Conglomerate strip here is not over a quarter of a mile wide, east and west, and also extends but a short distance to the north. West of Wachita is a strip, of probably a half mile in width, extending nearly to the north county line, of coarse, red and gray Conglomerate, composed of coarse pebbles of Porphyry and Granite, cemented together by a ferruginous material. This rests directly on the red Granite, which rises into elevated hills on the west. Specimens marked 111 and 112, are from this Conglomerate. In S. E. of S. E. qr. Sec. 31, T. 34, R. 5 E., near the township line, there is a good quarry of Sandstone in thick even beds. On Iron Mountain Railroad, at 101 mile post, the railroad cuts through 25 feet of soft, yellow Sandstone, jointed obliquely; the joints presenting as much as 12 feet of even surface. I collected some speciamens from this (marked 107, 108, 109 and 110,) presenting beautiful bands of yellow and red. Some specimens from the " chimney stack," near by, appear to consist of a very pure, soft Sandstone of a beautiful pink color, spotted white and pink, with the sides presenting similarly colored bands. Specimens of this are marked 103, 104, 105, 106. North-west of Mine LaMotte, the white Sandstone is about 90 feet in thickness. West of Rock Creek, near the county line, and just in St. Francois county, there is a remarkable lone Sandstone hill, called Castle Rock, about 200 feet across and about 50 feet high on. the upper side, and 80 feet on the lower. MADISON COUNTY. 355 In the southern part of the county the lower Sandstone and Con-.glomerate beds are wanting, but their place is supplied by the /MARBL:E BEDS. These beds are entirely unknown in the northern tier of town-ships, and first appear in the southern part of T. 33. Fig. 11, on Twelve Mile Creek, on east side of Sec. 8, T. 31, R. 6 E., shows their relation to the beds above and below. The beds dip east with the lower resting on Porphyry. The specimens collected here were: No. 49. From the upper or silicious beds; is a tolerably fine-grained, dull looking drab, havingC a small vein lined with crystals of Dolomite. No. 50. From same place. No. 51. Ferruginous, gray Marble, with splotch-like veins of coarser green and buff MIagncsian Limestone. No. 52. Decomposinpg Porphyry, forming a part of a shaly, Conglomerate beneath the Marble; color variegated red, brown, green and buff, No. 53. From same bed. N(,. 54. Red, gray and dark-colored Porphyritic Syenite, contains some Horn blende, and is perpendicularly jointed. This nucleus of Porphyry is not exposed over a few hundred feet;across. On the west side of St. Francois River, in Sec. 11, T. 31, ER. 5 E., we have the following: Secionl S. No. 1. Slope, with some oolitic Chert. No. 2. 4 feet very fine-grained, close textured, dark-ash colored Magnesian Limestone. (No. 37.) No. 3. 4 feet 3Magnesian Limestone, very ferruginous, slightly flesh-colored, inclining to drab, contains a green mineral. (Nos. 38, 39 and 40.).No. 4. 5 feet very'coarsely crystalline Magnesialn Limestone, cellular; cells with brown lining. (No. 41..) No. 5. 3 feet exceedingly fine-grained, silicious rock, color drab, faintly buffbanded. (No. 42.) No. 6. 5 feet very coarse, heavy, buff-stained gray 3lagnesian Limestone. (No. 43.) No. 7, 2 feet very fine-grained, somewhat white Magnesian Limestone, has minute cells of wavy form, which are buff-lined. (No. 44.) No. 8, 4 feet very coarse Magnesian [Limestone, with a dip of 22 deg. and course S., 65 deg. W. No. 9. 20 feet MARBLE beds. (Nos. 45 and 46.) 356 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Marble here is a fine-grained, light-gray, with occasional dis. seminated specks of Calcite; is buff-stained on the coarser part; is; also faintly tinged with pink. On west side of S. W. qr. Sec. 10, T. 32, R. 6 E.: Section 2. No. 1, Cherty Slope. No. 2. 10 feet light-gray, fine-grained Magnesian Limestone, green and buffstained, some beds are whitish, No. 3. 10 feet outcrops of Marble. This is a very fine-grained, light-gray Marble with buff stains (Specimens No. 36.) No. 35. This is a light-gray, fine-grained Marble, with coarse, buff stains, very closely resembles No. 36. Locality, Sec. 9, T. 31, R. 5 E. The best exposure of Marble is on land of Cooper heirs, Cedar Creek; about 8 feet in thickness as seen; and as it does not perceptibly dip, it probably underlies most of the tract. It occurs in even layers of a prevailing red color, but always variegated with buff or white, with occasional spots of Carbonate of Lime, with clear specksi, and spots of the same. Some layers contain minute particles of limpid Quartz; other beds are coarse, sub-crystalline, colored red and white, the colors arranged in obscure, broken bands, parallel to the surface of deposit. The white colors are coarser, but purer Calcite than the red. Some other layers are finely compact, traversed by reticulated veins of gray Calcite; others blend beautifully from a drab and fleshcolored to peach blossom tint. Other variegated Marble beds are found in Sec. 13, T. 32, P. 5 E.; also in Sec. 35, at Shut-in, on Morris Creek, and variegated beds in Sec. 31, T. 32, R. 5 BE. GRITSTOl E BEDS. In the above Sections, including the Marble beds, Gritstone is but thinly represented, and only by a few feet of very fine-grained, silicious rock. Near Fredricktown the silicious beds are much thicker. The lower beds are represented by strata composed of numerous minute, round silicious grains cemented together. Fig. 10 shows the lower Magnesian Limestone, Gritstone, Sandstone and Granite, and is more particularly described as follows: No. 1. 21 fieet hard, dark, ash-blue Magnesian Limestone. No. 2. 18 feet hard, coarse-grained, silicious Limestone. No. 3. 23 feet Gritstone beds, mostly in thick even strata. No. 4. Coarse, white Sandstone in creek. MADISON COUNTY. 357 One mile north of Fredericktown, near the railroad, the Gritstone beds were observed 18 feet thick in even strata ranging from 2 inches to 2 feet in thickness-rthe lower beds the thinnest. In the upper strata are drusy cavities with small and pretty white crystals of Dolonite. I also observed small veins of Calcite and Dolomite, and on -one specimen minute crystals of Quartz and particles of Sulphuret of Copper. The rock is generally fine-grained, close-textured, formed of minute round grains of Quartz disseminated in a very compact, hard paste of Magnesian Limestone; color is a light gray or whitish. Nos 75 to 92 are from this quarry. This rock affords a good building mate-ial, is mostly very hard, firm and strong, and but little acted upon by -exposure. LINGULA GRITS. Nos. 61 to 75 inclusive, except 62, are from the bluffs on the north side of Brewer's Creek, and represented by a thin-bedded, brown -calciferous Sandrock, abounding in a small species of Lingula (Lingulella lamborni —Meek), and also containing small Quartzose pebbles and crystals. No. 66. Under the last theSe rests a dark ash-blue Magnesian Limestone containing small crystals of Galena. A Section I made ~close by, in 1858, is thus: No. 1. J5 feet Slope from hill-top; outcrop of white Sandstone. No. 2. 9 feet coarse (gray Sandstone. No. 3. 5 feet coarse drab Sandstone. No. 4. 11 feet buff silicious limestone, in thick beds. No. 5. 5 feet thin-bedded drab Limestone; resembles the last. No. 6. 9 feet Sandstone, alternating with coarse conglomerate beds; some porphyritic pebbles. No. 7. 42 feet Slope to bottom. No. 5 of this Section may be the Lingula bed. No. 56. At railroad bridge, one mile north of Fredericktown, we ]have 9 feet of very dark blue, hard, heavy, close and fine-grained Magnesian Limestone. A few small Quartzose pebbles were observed adhering to the outer surface; also, a little green Carbonate of Copper. These beds repose on the Gritstone. Some remains of fossils were observed, among which were Lingulella lamborni, Orthocera.s, a turbinated Gasteropod, a coral resembling in cross section a Zaph~'entis, and small reniform bodies winding irregularly through the rock, in some places leaving an empty reniform passage less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. Specimens 56 to 62 are from this locality. 358 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MAGNESIAN LIMESTONES. The various beds of rock previously described may be of an older age than the Third Magnesian Limestone formation. The fossils and low position in the geological series indicate that they are of the age of the Potsdam Sandstone. We come now to speak more particularly of that group which includes all the other Magnesian Limestones seen in the county. This, together with the overlying Chert beds, may be referred to one and, the same group. The lower beds near Fredericktown, lying above the Gritstone and Ling.qula beds, are mostly of a coarse gray or whitish color, sometimes with stains of buff or green, and contain a good deal of Calcite. On the Bloomfield road, two miles from Fredericktown, there is a very good quarry of even-bedded, flesh-colored, faintly banded, finegrained Magnesian Limestone. Specimens marked 20, 21 and 22 are of this. On the Greenfield road, one mile south of Fredericktown, we pass. over thick beds of dark, coarse Magnesian Limestone, good for building purposes. This rock resembles the fossil beds described on page 357. Three-quarters of a mile south, the road passes over a broad ex-c posure of a brownish drab, porous Magnesian Limestone, worn very rough on top and intersected by numerous north and south parallel fissures, and dipping about south at an angle of 5~. Specimens are marked 17, 18 and 19. A half mile south, in Mr. Toler's field, we find a coarse, gray Magnesian Limestone, intersected by veins of Calcite and closely resembling the rocks at Fredericktown. A small Porphyry hill is exposed 100 feet south, and about 200 yards down a creek to the west is a ledge of very pretty white, inclining to flesh-color, Magnesian Limestone., Still further west a few hundred feet, and just beyond a ravine, we approach another hill of Porphyry. Porphyry also occurs on west side of creek. We, therefore, conclude that these Magnesian Limestones must, be very near the base of the series. After passing over mostly high Chert ridges to Geo. Birch's, in Whalf of N. W. qr. Sec. 34, T. 33, R. 6 E., we find Magnesian Limestones resembling those at Fredericktown-coarse, light gray with buff spots, and veins and particles of Calc Spar. On the head of Matthews' Creek, at John Boswell's, in N. E. qr.. Sec. 31, T. 33, R. 6 E., there is an outcrop of a dark, close-grained, Magnesian Limestone. MIADISON COUNTY. 359 Passing south, over high Chert ridges, to corner of Secs. 3, 4, 9 and 10, Magnesian Limestone is seen in horizontal strata. Just west is a hill of dark red Porphyry. On west side of Sec. 10, the Magnesian Limestone beds appear above the Marble. Passing across a low divide to waters of Trace Creek, thence along its valley to Barton Berry's, we find a coarse, white Mfagnesian Limestone (No. 33) near the water, and is the highest Limestone seen on Trace Creek. The hills above seem to be mostly formed of Chert. In See. 17, T. 31, R. 6, E., on Twelve-mile Creek, the low, whitish beds are very thick. This place was noticed in 1858, and also in 1871, and the following Section taken: No. 1. 16 feet Slope-Chert and Mtagnesian Limestone. INo. 2. Maagnesian Limestone; coarse, open texture, buff and gray; below is close-grained and finer; some is green-tinged, and has small cells containinog minute doloimitic crystals; weathers in rough points sticking upward. No. 43. 22 feet bed of close-textured, fine-grained, gray MlagnesianlLimestone-, part has a flesh-colored tinge; forms a perpendicular escarpment. Specimens from here, numbered 29, 30 and 31, seem to be nearly pure Dolomites. No. 28 is from a similar bed on Twelve-mile Creek, below White's. On the west side of St. Francois River, near the county line, we find a coarse, light gray Magnesian Limestone. Similar Limestone was found at the foot of a porphyry hill at Ioffmwan's, on Big Creek. The lowest rock observed on Mill Creek, above the porphyry, in. the south.west part of T. 31, R. 5, E., is a fine-grained, silicious Magnesian Limestone, resembling No. 42, and is of a drab color, inclining to buff. It may be equivalent to a part of the Grit-stone series. Similar specimens were collected from Sec. 9, T. 31, R. 5, E., from beds occurring a little ways above the Marble. At Richardson's, on Mowser's Creek, on the west slope of Meyeor's Mountain, Magnesian Limestone resembling that described on page 357, dips 15~ from the hill. The Limestones we have been speaking of, may all be referred to the Potsdam Group. THIRD MAGNESIAN LTIMESTONE. We now come to speak of rocks still higher in the series. 360 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. On N. E. S.. Sec. 18, T. 31, R. 6, E, several pits have been dug for Lead, and a few fragments found. The section here made in 1858, is No. 1. 8 feet Chert Slope. No. 2. 11 feet coarsc M~agnesian Limestone, wsth smlal, drusy cavities, lined with Quartz. No. 3. 21 feet, includinl: 1 —5 feet, many Quartz crystals. 2-5 feet hard Silicious rocks. 3-Saudy Limestone. 4-Compact Magnesian Limestone. No. 4. Compact drab Magcnesian Limestone, in a valley. On the bluffs of St. Francois River, west of Sec. 3, and across a ravine half a mile west, we find about 100 feet of mostly thickbedded, fine-grained, dark, ash-colored Alagnesian Limestone; the upper beds coarse, with buff spots; and the slope above is covered with Chert and agatized Quartz. On Gimlet Creek, near the centre of Sec. 23, T. 81, R. 7, E., there is a coarse, drab Magnesian Limestone, with drusy cavities of milky Quartz. On Shutley's Creek, at Rickman's, we have: No. 1. 127 feet Slope, with Chert on top. No. 2. 4 feet light-colored, coarse Magnesian Limestone. No. 3. 5 feet coarse-grained, gray, heavy Magnesian Limestone, nearly a pure Dolomite. (Specimen marked No. 9.) No. 4. 11 feet light gray, coarse Magnesian Limestone; contains a good deal of Chert. No. 5. 10 feet, mostly Chert, with some Magnesian Limestone. No. 6. 6 feet coarse, gray Maognesian Limestone. No. 7. 38 feet Chert and Magwnesian Limestone. No. 8. 6 feet mostly dark-colored Magnesian Limestone. Specimens 1 to 9 are from this section; 6, 7 and 8 are from the lower portion. No. 6 is compact, buff NMagnesian Limestone, traversed by veins of Chert and Dolomite; joints show beautiful, aborescent, dendritic inpresssions. No. 7 is very fine-grained, light, drab, silicious Magnesian Limestone. One side is covered with minute crystals of white Quartz. It is also traversed by very minute veins lined with exceedingly minute crystals of Quartz. MADISON COUNTY. 361 No. 8 is tolerably fine-grained Magnesian Limestone, slightly crys-'talline, and contains numerous snmall wavy cells, which are generally lined with minute white Quartz crystals. Similar beds occur on Castor iRiver, in Ts. 31 and 32. The following, east of Rhodes', in S. E. qr. Sec 36, T. 31, R. 7 E. No. 1. 46 feet Chert Slope, contains Strazparollus. Or'this, etc. No. 2. 45 feet MAagnesian Limestone; fine-grained, somewhat flesh-colored, with small drusy Quartz cavities, and interstratified with Chert in lower part. On west side of Castor River, in S. WV. qr. Sec. 15, T. 31,IR. 5 E., Magnesian Limestone, occurring near base of hill, has foliated Quartz crystalizations. On west side of Castor, opposite Geo. Whitener's, our Section shows: No. 1. 111 feet Slope; some Sandstone near the top, with Chert below; some of it oolitic and some containing holes of irregular waved outlines. No. 2. 10 feet dark, coarse A:Iacnesian Limestone. No. 3. Chert and Quartz crystals on Slope. No. 4. 22 feet bed of wavy cellular Chert. No. 5. 36 feet sandy textured, ashy-gray, coarse Magnesian Limestone. Specimen marked 10 is from No. 5, and is Magnesian Limestone, to which is attached a mamrnmillary-shaped nucleus of Agate, covered with an aggregation of small, bright Quartz crystals. The Agate bands are of different colors; the inner white, then a green shade with outer white. A cross section shows beautiful interlocking of crystals at the sinus. Another Section, taken near this in 1858, is as follows: Section 15. No. 1. 111 feet Slope, with Cliert, Quartz crystals and oolitic Chert and porous Chert. No. 2. 16 feet Cherty Slope, with beautiful crystals of rose Quartz. 0o. 3. 48 feet Chert Slope. N o. 4. 1 foot bed of Chert. No. 5. 7 feet close-grrained, sandy-textured, gray and drab MTaglnesian Limestone, with Quartz. No. 6. 5 feet close-grained AIanCesian Limrnestone; upper part bluish drab, below buff. No. 7. 109- feet sfomewhat flesh-colored Magnesian Limestone; upper part close and hard, below soft. No. 8. 7 feet Chert beds, with a few thin beds of gray Mfagnecian Limestone. 362 GEOLOGICAL SUR'VEY. No. 9. 6 feet very coarse, gray Magnesian Limestone. No. 10. 3 feet drab colored, ashy lookilg 1 imestone. No. 11. 11 feet light-gray Mag-nesian Limestone. No. 12. 5 feet brownish- gray, coarse Magnesian, Limestone. No. 13. 91 feet-resembles the last, but somewhat porous. No. 14. 11 feet Slope to Castor. No. 15. M]~agnesian Limestone, with Quarrtz like No. 5. At Section, corner of Sees. 16 and 9, T. 32, R. 8 E., the Porphyry approaches close to stream, from each side, forming a "shut-in." A short distance up river, from the " shut-in," at John Robbin's, the rock is a flesh-colored Magnesian Limestone. The railroad cut just west of Castor exposes a fine-grained, even-bedded and sometimes banded Magnesian Limestone. On Castor, a half mile below the mouth of Berry's Creek, is a dark, bluish-gray Magnesian Limestone; contains a pulverulent powder. The following Section was taken. in N. E. qr. Sec. 20, T, 32, R. 8E: No. 1. Slope, Chert and drusy Quartz. No. 2. 33 feet close-graineci, flesh-colored Magnesian Limestone; weathers in very rough small peaks on upper surface. No. 3. 6 feet slightly flesh-colored KMafgnesian Limestone, a little coarser than the last. No. 4. 7 feet —resembles the last. No. 5. 22 feet very close-grained, grayish, cavernous Magnesian Limestone. No. 6. 5 feet coarse-grained Maglnesian Limestone. No. 7. 27 feet coarse, gray Magnesian Limestone; upper part darker, imiddle whitish. On east side of Castor, in Sec. 21, T. 33, R. 8 E., we have. No. 1. 56 feet heavy, hard, vitreous looking l[agnesian Limestone; color ash gray, shaded with brown, No., 5 feet Magnesian Limestone. No. 3. 5- feet —resembles No. I; has green and brown shades and contains Dolomite crystals. At water's edge, near crossing of Jackson road, we find an outcrop of dark colored Magnesian Limestone. The following Section shows the rocks on East Trace Creek, near county line: No. 12. No. 1. 72 feet Slope; some Sandstone and a good deal of Chert, some is cellular with fossils. No. 2. 3 leet drab Magnesian Limestone. MADISON COUNTY. 363 No. 3. 16 feet bed of cherty Magnesian Limestone; some outer beds of Chert; some of it with beautiful green strie. No. 4. 14 feet Slope. No. 5. 4 feet eoarse, buff lagnesian Limestone. No. 6. 2 feet Slope. No. 7. 11 feet drab, inclining to buff; coarse iMaglnesianl Limestone. No. 8. 6 feet thinly-bedded, brittle, silicious Maginesian Limestone. No. 9. 3 feet Slope to water in creek. Specimens from Chert bed east of Castor, in T. 31; the bed is equivalent to No. 4 of Section described on page 361, has a wavy outline and open texture as if formed of numerous thin lamin a appressed and united into one bed, sometimes leaving open spaces between the laminge, which are often incrusted with Quartz crystals. In the above descriptive Sections we have no record of the Magnesian Limestone reaching higher than 100 feet above the streams. On St. Francois, near Leatherwood, we find it about 10)0 feet thick; on Twelve mile Creek, about 70 feet; Shutley Creek, 80 feet; East Trace Creek, 59 feet; Castor, in several places, 50 to 75 feet, and at one place 100 feet. Scattered over the hills above is found C E E R T, Owing to such immense quantities scattered loose over the surface, it is impossible to say what its exact thickness may be, but probably between 100 and 200 feet. On ridge on Bloomfield road, 6 miles S. E. Fredericktown, we find occasional outcrops of hard white Silicious rock sticking up in amorphous masses for several feet. Similar cherty masses and ledges lie along the hills near Trace Creek, near Barton Berry's. From the top down for 153 feet are occasional Chert outcrops; oolitic Chert near the top, with heavy outcrops of Quartz rock and Mammillary and agatized Crystals below. From this down to where the ~Magnesian Limestone crops out there is 130 feet Slope, covered with Chert and Quartz. The hills and hill sides are covered with large masses of Chert and Silicious rocks, and there seems to be no doubt that the silicious and Chert beds are at least 100 feet thick, and may be 150 feet. On Shutley Creek we have 127 feet of Cherty Slope to top of Limestone beds. On Castor, near Geo. Whitener's, 176 feet Elope, with oolitic Chert near top, and numerous crystalizedforms of drusy Quartz and loose masses of Chert strewn along the surfaceIn Sec. 23, T. 34, R. 7 E., and for 2 miles west and east, towards Castor, the hills are covered with compact and oolitic Chert. 364 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The tops of all the ridges in the county, where there is no porphyry or Granite, are covered with Chert. Fossils were collected from the following localities from the Chert: Sec. 19, T. 34, R. 8 E. Strapxaroluus and lfurchisonia. Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 8, E., 2facluzrea, etc. Sec. 17, T. 31, R. 5 E., Straparoll2us, Orthis, Orthoceras on hill top. Sec, 33, T. 31, R. 8 E., a few fossils from Chert. Sec. 15, T. 31, R. 8. The Chert contains numerous fossils, Orthcoceras (fine spec.) Miaclurea, itraparollus —-, Eaomlphalus Capulu8 (fine spec.) Sec. 33, T. 32, R. 8, E., kStraZparollus in oolitic Chert. Sec. 26, T. 33, R. 6 E. Sec. 36, T. 31, R. 7, Straparollus, Ort] is; etc. Sec. 29, T. 32, R. 6, Strawparollus. These fossils are evidently typical of the Calciferous Sandrock. Specimens marked 93, 94 and 95, are oolitic Chert from top of these beds. No. 93 is very pretty when magnified. The oolites are white, regularly rounded with small pit in the center. One side is worn, cutting the oolites in two, but not displacing them' In No. 94 some oolites have a solid center, with space separating it from the periphery. In Nos. 95 and 96, we find many oolites cemented into a flattened mass, in which the oolites are scarcely distinguishable. SECOND SANDSTONE. Occasional masses of white or gray sandstone, sometimes soft, but more often hard, are found near the tops of the cherty ridges. It was only recognized in south and east part of' the county, was rarely found in T. 31, R. 5. E., many masses are found on ridges between Big Creek and Castor; also east of Castor, near south-east corner of the county, it occurs at a good many places. I there found it containing a species of Enomph/alus. Specimens marked 230 and 121 were collected from Chert ridge, north-west of Burns' Mountain, and about 150 feet below the mountain top. Specimen No. 119 was collected from hills east of Castor, in T. 33, and is a fine-grained indurated Sandstone, on one side studded with minute crystals of Quartz. This also shows a beautiful example of mudcracks. Upon recapitulating, we find the various rocks to foot up thicknesses as follows: MADISON COUNTY. 365 Calciferons C E g Chert beds.................... 125 feet. Sanedroclk. f ek ]Magnesian Limestone, Chert and Quartz 100 feet. J.~.l Lower Magnesian Limestone, probablyl25feet. Gritstone and Linguzla beds............ 50 feet. Potsdcla. 1 Marble beds........................5 to 20 feet. L Sandstone and Conglomerate beds, 5 to 90 feet. The above does not include the second Sandstone overlaying all, but whose thickness I could not exactly find, probably 20 feet. MINERAL DEPOSITS. The following is a brief notice of certain mineral deposits: IRON ORE. In W. half N. W. qr. Sec. 34, T. 33, R. 6 E., quantities of brownl Hematite lie strewn over the surface. At Geo. Birch's, near by, there is a small Chalybeate spring. On land of Chas. W. Creasy, in S. E. of S. E. Sec. 36, T. 31, R. 5 E., near county line, red and brown Hematite ores are both found. The red seems more silicious, occurs in a Sandstone and in brecciated Chert; the brown is massive and sometimes stalactitic in form. The, hill here is 187 feet high-Magnesian Limestone cropping out at 75 feet above the base. A thick growth of pines covers the hill. On Jacob Hoffman's land, on west side of Big Creek, one mile north of south county line, large masses of brown Hematite are found lying in a ravine at the foot of a porphyry hill. On land of Eli Hovis, in Sec. 29, T. 31, R. 7 E., was observed a good deal of brown Hematite; some fibrous but mostly massive, some ochrey, some associated with angular fragments of Chert, and some ~with Sandstone, Same Sandstone shows mud cracks on the surface. At the old Shutley place, east of Castor, we have: No. 1. 68 feet cherty Slope; somle fra:gments of brown Hematite. No. 2. 53 feet masses of Sandstone, Chert and fragments of Iron ore. No. 3. 42 feet Slope; large masses of brown Hematite; a good deal of Chert, some porous and wavy. Many masses of Iron ore lie strewn along the ravine. The Sandstone is undoubtedly the Second, and the upper Chert beds may be ~313 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. beds of passage from Second Sandstone to Third Magnesian Limestone. There are other places in the Castor Hills where Iron ore seems quite abundantly diffusedBrown Hematite is rather abundant at several localities near south line of county, in T. 31, 7 E. On Jackson road, six miles east of Fredericktown, was observed a pit, 4 feet deep, passing through Chert, white and reddish Quartz, and red Clay. Iron ore was the object of the digging, but none seems to have been found. On the same road, three miles from Fredericktown, I observed many quite large massas of brown Hematite. At Toler's, two and a half miles south of Fredericktown, washings in a ravine disclose many masses of a cellular Iron ore mingled with a soft, ferruginous Clay, and resting on Magnesian Limestone. A little over a quarter of a mile south are found masses of brown Hematite. Iron ore is only occasionally found on Powell Callaway's land, one mile south-east of Toler's. On a ridge in S. W. qr. Sec. 1, T. 33, R. 5 E., a pit has been dug inito a very ferruginous porphyritic rock. In Lot No. 3 of N. E. qr. Sec. 6, T. 33, R. 6 E., there seems to be a good deal of Specular Iron ore on the surface. On John Miller's land, in Sec. 29 (?), T. 34, R. 6 E., there is a Veinstone with Specular Iron. The thickness of the vein could not be ascertained, but it seemed rather irregular, judging from the appearance of specimens, and is probably less than 2 feet. The vein could be traced in another ravine bearing N. 15~ W., about 200 yards off. The wall rock is red Syenite. The old Koch shaft is located on E. half of S. W. qr. Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 5 E., on land now belonging to Einstein. It is probably 20 years since it was dug. It was sunk in a Quartz vein and some mineral removed, but at present there are few specimens to be seen on the ground excepting fragments of Quartz with a little Iron Pyrites attached. In no specimens that I obtained could any valuable mineral be detected, but Gold and Tungsten are both reported to have been obtained. The adjacent rock is a reddish gray Syenitic Granite. At Mrs. King's, in S. W. S. E. Sec. 11, T. 35, R. 5 E., a shaft, 10 feet in depth, revealed a rich vein of Specular Iron bearing N. E. The surrounding rock is a decomposed granitic Sand. The ore analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet gave: 3MADISON COUNTY. 367 Insoluble silicious matter........................................................ 4.84 per cent. Peroxide of Iron...................................................... 91.18 "' Metallic Iron................................................................................................ 65.93 Washings in a gulley near by bring to the surface a good deal of black Sand. "Black Sand " is found in considerable quantities at several places, among which are the north and east side of Daguerre Mountain, n6rth side of Blue Mountain, in Sec. 19, T. 34, R. 5 E, the eastern part of Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E., and in Sec. 1, T. 33, R. 5 E., also four mires west of Fredericktown and on head of Captain's Creek, At Mr. North's, black Sand was found in a well at 30 feet below the surface. Specimens examined prove it to be magnetic Specular Iron. An imaginary line being drawn, commencing at north end of Rock Creek Mountain (where we find Rock Crystal), thence crossing at rapids of St. Francois River at Dolerite Dyke, in Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 5 E., (where Quartz is also found), passing north-east by Quartz vein, in N. E. Sec. 6, T. 33, IR. 6 E., thence to Mine LaMotte. Another imaginary line, beginning near Lloyd's, in N. E. Sec. 15, T. 33, R. 5 E., passes direct by Bucholz Mine, in Sec. 11, crossing at St. Francois Rapids, thence near Quartz vein, in Sec. 6, T. 33, R. 6 E., to vein at John Miller's. in Sec. 29, T. 34, R. 6 E. LEAD. Fhe Lead mines are more fully described by Dr. Norwood, p. 371, ct seq., and Mr. Gage, in his report. The Lead bearing rock at the Fox Mines, at the O'Bannon place, is a clearly crystalline bluish gray Magnesian Limestone, with many drusy cavities. These cavities are generally lined with Dolomite crystals. The Galena, when present, generally reposes on the Dolomite, Iron pyrites on the Galena, and also on Dolomite. Calcite is also common. The working shaft is 50 feet deep. Some mineral was found at 14 feet, but mainly below-44 feet depth. Borings were made at numer-,ous places on the tract, some as deep as 90 feet, and Lead mineral found in all. The boring all pass through bluish Magnesian Limestone and Gritstone, thence through a coarse, gritty Sandstone to Porphyry. (See Gage's report and Dr. Norwood's report on p. —.) A half mile north. the Sandstone crops out, and is of a coarse, -Quartzitic appearance. Just south of the mines Porphyry appears. The loose, siliceous Limestone beds of these imines occasionally inclose small particles of reddish Porphyry. 368 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MiiNE LA MNOTT'E. Borings one mile north of the chief mines revealedNo. 1. 80 feet Magnesian Limestone. No. 2. 63 feet Sandstone. No. 3. Granite. The formations at Mine La Motte appear thus: No. 1. 5 feet red surface Clays. No. 2. 6 feet deep brown ()chre; probably decomposed Limestone. No. 3. 22 feet hard, close-grained bluish gray MIagnesian Limestone-cap rock; contains many small Quartz particles. After long exposure they appear studded over the surface of the Limestone, and the latter becomes a deep brown. No. 4. 7 feet coarse or finely crystalline light gray or whitish vitreous Lead bearing rock. At the old Copper mines, the Lead bearing rocks rest against a Porphyry hill on the west, and in the branch, a short diStance below the washing rooms, a coarse Sandstone appears. A sample of Galena from these mines gave, on examination by, Mr. Chauvenet, Copper............................................................................... none. Nickel.............................................................................. 1.68 per cent. Cobalt................................................................................. 63 Galena with "Gangue," from Neidner's shaft, Mine La Motte, gave, Lead (metallic)........ 63.53 per cent. Copper................................................................................. trace. Nickel................................................................... 4.26 per cent. Cobalt....................................................."......................... Iron present............................................(F. S.) A sample of Galena from the Jack Diggings gave no trace of" either Copper, Nickel or Cobalt. A Nickel ore from same mines, gave, Copper............. 2.04 per cent. Nickel.................. 2.27 " Cobalt...................................................................... 1.66 Iron present, with traces of Lead: the metals present a Stilphides -no Arsenic revealed. Specimens of ore from Fox's NMines, submitted to Mr. Chauvenet, did not reveal any Nickel. MADISON COUNTY. 369 Near John Revel's, north of Burns' Mountain, some attempts at mining have been recently prosecuted in a hard, crypto-crystalline, dark red Porphyry, in search of Silver. There are 3 obscure veins, with a course of N. 100 E., passing parallel in the Porphyry, and about 8 feet apart. They are 2 inches more or less in thickness. The easternmost one is a dark bluish gray Veinstone, containing many small cubes of Iron pyrites disseminated. Other minerals observed in the veins were Galena and Zinc blende. The Galena are mostly in the western vein. Its analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gave, Silver.................................................................. 4 oz. to the ton (2000 lbs. Lead..................................................................................... 12.84 per cent. Mr. Chauvenet says: "If the ore could be concentrated it would; contain about 30 oz., or even more, of silver to the ton." The vein is too minute at present to work with profit, and I could see no probability of its increasing to paying dimensions. GRAY'S MOUNTAIN Lies partly in Madison and partly in Wayne county. It curves around from Sec. 33, T. 31, R. 5, southward, into Secs. 4, 9, 16 and 17, of T. 30, R. 5. Crane Pond Creek and Big Creek wash it on the west, Big Creek separating it from Logan Mountain which seems to rear itself very high opposite and across the stream. Several varieties of Porphyry, Greenstone and other Archian rocks are found. High Chert hills appear just east of its eastern extremity. In Sec. 4, T. 30, R. 5 E., from a shaft., or rather pit, 8 or 10 feet deep, we procured a red Porphyritic conglomerate and grayish rock with pyrites. Some red Shales are also found here. This pit was dug in search of Nickel. In the valley south, in Sec. 9, T. 30, 1R. 5 E., we found dark Porphyry, weathers gray; when fractured appears black, but magnified, shows dark red, with flesh colored crystals of Feldspar and feldspathic bands or striae; weathers in gray bands and is very fine grained. Two other specimens of coarse rock from the same locality have a variegated gray appearance, and contain Quartz and a deep purple colored mimeral. On Crane Pond Creek, just north of Gray's Mountain, in Sec. 7, T. 30, R. 5 E., we find a hard, very fine grained, pretty, dark but bright red Porphyry, containing small particles of Quartz and a green mineral. At this locality a dyke of coarse, very hard, tough, heavy Greenstone crosses the creek. This rock contains black Hornblende and G. S-24 370 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. greenish shaded white Feldspar., and granules of Iron pyrites, and a greenish hornblendic mineral. On the west end of Gray's Mountain, in Sec. 17, T. 30, R. 5 E., Porphyry-fine grained, splits free, containing compact Feldspar and small granules of Quartz, and a little greenish mineral; color is variegated, black and dark red. A specimen shows small parallel wavy bands, and contains minute yellow specks. One specimen, very compact shows beautiful green crystals of Feldspar, and the rock in variegated shades of light and dark red, with irregular green bands. From the same locality we have a green, slaty rock (Talcose slate?) It was strewn along up and down the mountain for a width of 20 or 30 feet, but did not see it in place for that width. Careful examinations of this mountain may result in much interest. ABSTRACT OF NOTES ON MADISON COUNTY. BY DR. J. G. NORWOOD. FRANr O'BANNON'S QUARRY. The rock here is fine-grained, drab and bluish drab Sandstone; shaly for an inch or more in the bed planes; rather soft; easily worked. Beds exposed, from 3 to 8 inches thick. Entirely free from joints. Flag stones of bluish tinge, and of any size from 2~ to 3 and 4 inches thick (the thin beds having many fucoidal markings on their surface,) may be obtained. Rock dips S. 250 E., at an angle of 5"~ This quarry affords beds of excellent Grit, suitable for grindstones and whetstones. On O'Bannon's farm a shaft was sunk through Soil, Sandstone, and hard blue Grit-stone, for 47 feet, down to Granite, in search of a Lead vein. The blue Grit-stone has Pyrites scattered through it; and at the bottom of the shaft, brecciated conglomerate, with Fe. S., and appar ently Cu. S. and Ni. S. East and west seams of Galena occur in Sandrock in the bed of the creek below O'Bannon's house. Frank O'Bannon says he took 300 pounds of Galena from a hole dug a few feet deep in the Sandstone, near where I saw that mineral in fissures. A section of rocks on the old O'Bannon place shows: Soil. Magnesian Limestone (mineral bearing). Yellow and drab Sandstone. Blue Grit. Granite. NOTE.-The present Fox mines are on O'3Bamon's land. 372 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. After leaving the village of Symmestown, north of Mine La Motte, Sandstone shows itself all the way to Rock Creek. It is dark drab and yellow, and many of the beds coarse-grained. At the cave near the old slag furnace, is a granite "' dyke" about 40 feet in width, bearing N. E. and S. W., and traversed by a Trap dyke 7 feet wide, bearing N. 15~ E. The overlying Sandstone is not disturbed; the lower 15 feet is shaly; above that it occurs in rather thick beds, and coarse-grained. It extends into St. Francois county, and forms the strata upon which Castle Rock rests. From the St. Francois county line to Mine LaMotte, the surface shows no rock but Sandstone, with a Granite knoll at one point. The white Sandstone at Mine LaMotte, is probably the equivalent of Frank O'Bannon's quarry beds. PHILADELPHIA MINE, O1L OLD COPPER MIN-ES. About 100 yards below.the opening of the old adit, the Sandstone clips east at an angle of 12~ to 130. (No. 1). About 50 yards higher up, a bed of Magnesian Limestone crops out-a few feet only exposed. (No. 2). In a ravine west of the opening of the mine, is Magnesian Limestone in heavy beds, (No. 3,) dipping S. E. at an angle of 200. Lead occurs in the joints and seams; Lead in No. 3 of the ravine. No perceptible dip of the beds is seen at the adit. A fault is exposed north of the mine which has caused the ravine. Nine feet of rock is here exposed. Sandstone below dips east, and the Sandstone over a large district north of the Philadelphia mine, dips east. It is underlaid on the west by a Granite ridge, and is overlaid by mineralbearing Magnesian Limestone, at and in the neighborhood of the mines. LOCALITIES NEARP FREDERICKTOWN. On the farm of James Hill, deceased, about half a mile northwest of the dwelling-house, some digging has been done in Magnesian Limestone, and some Galena was found in the Clay overlying the rock. A shaft was sunk to the depth of 16 or 17 feet, (J. Hill, Jr.,) and about 3,000 pounds of mineral taken out. The rock is drab-colored and rather soft, with Galena disseminated through it. This Limestone is underlaid by the same Sandstone which is found on the opposite slope, and over the country between this place and IHick's place. On Dr. Gosney's land, and on that of Wm. Deguerre, Magnesian Limestone with Galena, shows itself at several points. On the land of Chris. Buford, Magnesian Limestone crops out in thick beds, and dips W. at an angle of 5~. Lower beds dark colored, 3MADISON COUNTY. 373 very compact and crystalline. Upper beds crystalline, and resemble the Lead bearing beds north-west of this locality. The country here rises to over 50 feet above the level of the streams, and is as fine agricultural land as any in the State. Nowhere too rolling for tiliage, nor too flat for drainage. With the exception of a few granitic and porphyry hills, the whole region is underlaid with the Lead-bearing Magnesian Limestone. I have never seen finer corn in any State, than I saw in August growing over this whole region. With its rich soil to be seen everywhere, and its mineral wealth which will certainly reward the judicious miner, there are few localities in Missouri to be compared with this in real value. JAMIES MARSHALL'S PLACE, T. 33, R. 7, SEC. 15-PART OF OLD ST. MICHAEL GRANT. No. 1. Soil and Red Clay with loose Copper ore; one specimen was found weighing 80 pounds. No. 2. Magnesian Limestone. The rock occurs in beds from I to 3 feet thick. Mr. M. has opened a vein of Sulphuret and green Carbonate of Copper in an east and west lode. He says he took out about 4,000 pounds of ore from the top of the rock. Mlr. Collier sunk a shaft about 8 feet on east end of the diggings, and Mr. M. says the prospect was more favorable the deeper Mr. C. went. The rock at this place has been quarried for piers and culverts by the railroad company. A good deal of brown Hematite is scattered over the surface of the land south of Marshall's place, and some of it has been collected into piles for shipment. The rock forming the creek bed above Marshall's house is traversed by veins of Calcite-" White Tiff" —and 200 yards south of Marshall's mine there is a cavern in the Magnesian Limestone. In No. 13 Malachite occurs in small druseys cavities in the Hematite, through which the Copper is disseminated. This locality is worth further exploration. The Buckeye Copper Mines are located on the N. W. qr. of the S. W. qr. Sec. 16, T. 33, R. 7 E. A shaft was sunk 125 feet deep by.Pomeroy in 1844, 1845 and 1846, but suspended work in 1847. The ore was obtained in the form of a Sulphuret and Carbonate, with some black Oxide, distributed in a ferruginous cement uniting a brecciated Magnesian Limestone. On James B. Campbell's farm an opening has been made at the base of a high ridge of Magnesian Limestone and a good deal of Iron ore (Limonite,) thrown out. The surfaces of the lumps are covered by minute crystals of Iron Sulphate and efilorescence from arsenical pyrites, which is abundantly disseminated through the Helmatite. The 374 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. width of the opening is about 40 feet. The Iron ore extends about 6 feet deep to the bedrock of Magnesian Limestone. Mr. Campbell and Col. Foster both say that there are evidences of a vein which dips into the hill at an angle of about 45~. On Jackson's farm, near Fredericktown, about 300 pounds of Copper are said to have been taken out of a hole 7 feet deep. ~MINE LA MOTTE. Examined the "Jack Diggings," the "Golden Vein" and the "' Bluff Diggings." First, of " JACK DIGGINGS." Depth of shafts 25 to 36 feet. Lead occurs disseminated through Magnesian Limestone, in what is termed a "flat." Thickness of the flat varies from 3 to 4 feet. The average thickness of the Lead bearing strata is about 7 feet 6 inches. The cap. rock is a tolerably close-grained Limestone (No. 52) and forms an entirely safe roof. As a general rule the whole of the Lead bearing rock is taken out, the roof being supported by strong timbers at proper distances. Occasionally pillars are left, but they may be removed with safety whenever it is desired, and those portions of the mine timbered. The roof is quite undulating, and there are generally corresponding undulations in the floor, but not always. This want of correspondence in the roof and floor causes the flat to be pinched down to the thickness of less than three feet at some points. Where this is the case the ore is correspondingly concentrated, so that a square yard of the pinched strata will yield as much Galena as a square yard of the flat of the average thickness-or even where it is 14 feet thick. As the flat increases in thickness the mineral becomes more sparse. There are two systems of faults found throughout the works: One having a direction north and south, the other running east and west. The dislocations of the strata vary in depth from 1 to 3 feet-seldom more than that. In all cases the floor and roof correspond in the dislocation. Between the mineral bearing beds seams of blue Clay Shale are met with, varying from 1 foot to ~ of an inch in thickness. In many places this Shale is full of fossils (No. 53.) Occasional rounded projections are found in the cap rock, with corresponding depressions in the floor beneath them. At one point the flat is traversed by a vein (so to call it,) of Copper Sulphuret, with some Sulphuret of Nickle (No. 54). This vein is 70 feet wide. There is no dislocation at the junction of the Lead and Copper nor is there a definite line of separation between the ores. They are mingled in the rock for the distance of a few feet, and then the Galena disappears entirely, not a particle of Lead being found for the width MADISON COUNTY. 375 of about 60 feet. The Copper-flat has not been worked further than has been found necessary in cutting levels from the main shafts to different parts of the Lead-flat beyond the Copper vein. A considerable quantity of the ore has been taken out for the purpose stated, and is now lying on the ground. This Mine is in the best order in all respects, and is so thoroughly managed, that not a pound of ore is lost. The breast is kept square and clean as the work progresses; the floor -free from waste, the tramways (which all center at the main shaft) in complete repair and free from water, and the roof well supported. The cars filled with mineral in the remotest parts of the Mine, are brought to the main shaft, run on to the elevator, hoisted to the surface, moved on to the tramway and started to the dressing works. The grade being a descending one, the cars are carried forward by their own gravity-needing only the attendance of a conductor to regulate their momentum. On reaching the dressing works the cars are elevated to an upper floor and the ore dumped into the crushers. It will be seen from this notice that the ore is not handled from the moment of leaving the breast, where the miners are at work, until it is in the process of separation from its matrix, and nearly ready for the smel-ter. The " BLUFF DIGGINGSs" are not far distant from those just described, and differ from them in some material respects. The Galena, at this Mine, does not occur in a "flat," but is desseminated through the Magnesian Limestone beds from the surface to the depth of fifty feet. It is, however, more sparsely disseminated than in the Mine just described. The yield is about ten per cent. A bed of Sandstone is found intecalated with the Limestones at this Mine; contrary to the usual consequence at other Mines, it does not " cut off" the mineral, nor is it barren. The Galena is disseminated through the Sandstone in about the same proportion that it is through the Limestone. The work at the " GOLDEN VEIN" has been done recently. It is situated near the new furnace. The work was begun on a fissure, and sunk through Clays to the depth of about 20 feet; when it opened into a cavern or widening of the fissure. At the distance of a few feet from the cavern, a shaft has been sunk to the depth of 100 feet But at the time of my visit, it could not be entered on account of water which had been allowed to accumulate, because the cribbing was not considered safe-it having been moved out of plumb by the pressure and yielding of the material, filling the fissure on the north and south sides of the shaft. A considerable quantity of Galena was taken out in sinking, and also from the wall rock of the fissure. The wall on the east side is Sandstone, (No. 55,) and on the west side it is Limestone, (No. 56.) Both the Limestone and Sandstone contain Ga 376 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. lena. A rod was thrust into the soft material at the bottom of the cave to the depth of 40 feet, without finding any obstruction at that depth. A vein of very fine, tenaceous red Clay crosses the fissure at right angles, (No. 57,) with yellow and black Clay on either side. No. 58 was taken from a " pocket" in the wall rock-east side. OTHER LOCALITES. Porphyritic Syenite occurs on the north side of Little St. Francois River, and forms the " Narrows." Just east of the south end of this mountain, Sandstone, (No. 6,) shows itself in a small rise, dipping north-east by north, and soon disappears beneath the Magnesian Limestone, (No. 7,) which is liberally exposed on the river banks and in the slopes, and dipping in the same direction at an angle of 50 to 60. The mountain north of the "Narrows" has long been of peculiar interest to persons in this vicinity. A small vein of Specular Oxide of Iron has been discovered in it. This mountain is also traversed by a number ot dykes of Dolerite, (No. 9,) which show themselves at its base, and in the bed of the river, from 2 inches to 2 feet wide. They run north and south, as does also the vein of Iron ore, (No. 8,) and probably extend into the mountain on the opposite side of the river also. The mountain is composed of Porphyritic Syenite, of which No. 10 is a specimen. It is about 3 miles in extent from north to south, and 1~ wide at the widest portion. It includes parts of Secs. 1, 2, 11, 12, 13 and 14. East and south-east of the South Mountain of the "Narrows," which is composed of the same kind of rock as No. 10, the surface rock is Magnesian Limestone, like Nos. 4 and 5. At one locality, Sec. -, T. 33, R. 6 E., the surface beds are a very fine-grained, white, with reddish spots, compact Limestone. This will, I believe, receive a fine polish, and form a beautiful Marble. Could not ascertain the extent or thickness of the beds. At the shaft, sunk by Dr. Robb, in Porphyry. in T. 33, R. 6 E., Sec. 30, NI. W. of S. E. qr., could find no evidences of metallic ore in the debris thrown out. The first few feet of the shaft passes through Magnesian Limestone. On Sec. 32, T. 33, R. 6, is a very fine reddish colored Granite. On headwaters of Captain's Creek, a soft Magnesian Limestone is exposed, the lower beds of which are quite shaly and silicious; dips E., at an angle of 6~ to 80, on Sec. 8, W. hf. This rock overlies the base of a Porphyry hill. Magnesian Limestone is of great thickness at many places, rising into hills over 1150 feet high. All the valleys have it exposed, and it also covers the Slopes of the Granite and Porphyry ridges. Asbestos occurs in N. E. S. E. qr. Sec. 19, T. 32, R. 6 E., traversed MADISON COUNTY. 377 by a small dyke of Dolerite. Other narrow dykes, of decomposed trap, traverse the rotten Granite, with seams and veins of a black material, (Spec. No. 20,) running in irregular directions. The Asbestos is found in a thin bed between thin layers of trap rock, 1 to 2 inches thick. No. 21. On the Slope of the Porphyry hill, in Sec 20, S. W. of S. W. qr., a shaft was sunk, 8 or 9 feet, to a very black Porphyry or Petro-silex. Over the rock (for 1 foot) a good deal of white Asbestos, in long silky fibres, was taken out. On Sec. 20, S. W. of S. W. qr., is a dyke of Greenstone, about 30 feet wide, running E. N. E. A shaft has been sunk on this dyke 7 or 8 feet deep. A vein of No. 23 traverses this Greenstone, with veins of Actinolite (?), and some other mineral. Specimens Nos. 24 and 26 are from this dyke. East of Slater's Creek, in Secs. 14, 23 and 24, T. 33, R. 6 E., is an extensive exposure of Granite, containing reddish Feldspar. Cedar Creek Mountain commences in Sec. 5, T. 32, R. 6, and extends into Sec. 8 and N. E. part of 7. The north and south ends of the mountain are composed of Porphyry; the central part of Granitic rock (Syenite). About half way up the Slope fragments of Quartz are met with; and still higher, large Quartz veins show themselves in the Syenite; some of them eight feet wide, and running nearly east and west. Immense Quartz crystals have weathered out of this vein; some of them more than a foot in diameter. Saw two veins about 1 and 2 feet wide parallel to the large one. Marble beds, on Cedar Creek, are in Secs. 31 and 36, and the south part of 25, T. 33, IR. 6 E., and show outcrops of reddish colored Marble, in beds from 2 inches to 1 foot in thickness. In Sec. 31, west half, are heavy beds of Conglomerate on the north bank of Cedar Creek, for the distance of several hundred yards. Along the headwaters of Cedar Creek, on the south side, Third Magnesian Limestone form perpendicular bluffs, from 20 to 50 feet high. The Slope from them to the general level being as much more, and in some places double that height. Small pieces of Galena are reported to have been picked up in the small branches and gulleys at many places in the lowlands. In fact almost everybody has small pieces of Lead ore picked up in such places or in their plowed fields. Copper is also found in the Soil and the underlying Clay at many points, but I could hear of no lode discovered in the rock. The bottoms of Cedar Creek are covered with fine timber. The soil is very rich, with numerous Grapevines, some of very large size. Among the trees observed are various Oaks, Maple, Hackberry, Black 378 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and White Walnut, Coffee Bean, Pawpaw, Mulberry, Honey Locust, WVhite and Shell Bark Hickory. Between the Porphyry and Granite ridges, Magnesian Limestone underlies the soil. In some places the Magnesian Limestone forms high ridges, with occasional mural precipices on the sides. In Sees. -17 and 20, T. 33, IR. 6, is a high Porphyry ridge, commencing at the river and running southerly to the south line of Sec. 20. The base is surrounded with Magnesian Limestone. East and south-east of this, Granite extends to Matthew's Creek. Between Mathew's Creek and Slater's Creek, in parts of Sees. 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26 and 27, Magnesian Limestone was the only rock observed. In T. 33, R. 6, Sec. 25, S. W. S. E., is a high ridge showing the following Section-ascending: No. 1. Level of valley. No. 2. Sandstone. No. 36. No. 3. Coarse transition beds. No. 37. No. 4. Fine, silicious Grit, in thin beds fiom n l to 2 inches in thickness. (May have come from a higher level, and seems to pitch into theridge.) No. 5. Magnesian Limestone in heavy beds, No. 39. These ridges are covered with agatized Chert and drusy Quartz. No. 40. On Curtis Bolton's land, T. 33, R. 6, Secs. 36, N. E. N. W., a sillicious Iron ore occurs in large masses on the surface of the hill-sides, and extending across the summit. Very high Limestone ridges occurs in Sees. 25; 26, 27 and 22 of T. 33, 1R. 6 E., and are covered with Chert, drusy and agatized Quartz. AtJasper Belken's, or old Newberry place, a number of holes have been sunk by Robt. Slater, to short depths, through the soil and Clay down to the Magnesian Limestone beds, and Copper obtained in small quantities in all of them. In one hole Copper occurs in a fissure in the rock. The country in Sees. 3, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of T. 32, R. 6, and Sees. 18 and 7 of T. 32, R. 7, comprises that portion between the beadwaters of Cedar Creek and Pete's Fork, and other tributaries of Twelve 5Mile Creek, and lying'between the Patterson and Greenville roads. The'" State road " runs in a south-east direction through this region. The bottoms are narrow and not cultivated. The district named is made up of high Limestone ridges, covered in many places with Chert and fragments of drusy Quartz. The uplands are broad, gently rolling, and pretty well timbered. Many fine Pines are to be seen, but they are rapidly disappearing under the axe of the lumberman. The Mine LaMotte Lead Company have a saw mill in Sec. 7, T. 33, R. 7. The MADISON COUNTY. 379 portions of the trees not fit for the mill are generally used by charcoal burners. In T. 32, R. 6, Sec. 14, N. E. qr., Conglomerate shows itself on the slope of a cherty ridge, near its base, and many fragments were seen in the beds of a dry run which skirts the ridge. It was also seen on the slope of the opposite ridge, which is of the same character. It is reported that Gold has been found here. In T. 32, R. 7, Sec. 6, S. E. qr., is a large deposit of similar Conglomerate or Breccia, very ferruginous, and occurring immediately under the soil. Many very large fragments are strewn over the top of the,ground, and holes have been sunk to the depth of six or seven feet into this Breccia. Some of the specimens taken from this locality, (No.'60,) were selected by Col. Foster, and esteemed by him to be "quite rich." I could discover nothing like Gold with the aid of a good lens, but the rock may contain a trace of the precious metal. I doubt of its being worth any attention. On T. 33, R. 6, Sec. 4, S. E. S. W., on the south-west side of a Porphyry ridge, an opening has been made to procure indurated red Clay for making pipes. It is like the Powhatan material, and occurs in seams of reddish Clay, and hardens upon exposure. THE LEAD AND ZINC REGIONS OF SOUTI —WEST MISSOURI. BY ADOLF SCHMIDT AND AlEXA.iXDER LEONHIARD. A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 3. DESCRIPTION OF ORES AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. 0. DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS AND OF 5MODES OF OCCURRENCE OF THE ORES. D. SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF ORE DEPOSITS. E. MINING AND SMELTING. GEOLOGICAL,Roo.AS, WASIlINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS, A. qust 16, 1874. G. C. BROADHEAD, State Geologist: DEAR SIR: —I have the honor of presenting to you, herewith, four reports on the following subjects: 1. TIIE SOUTH-WESTERN LEAD REGION OF MISSOURI. 2. TIHE CENTRAL LEAD IREGIONS OF MISSOURI. 3, PRACTICAL RULES FOR JUDGING OF, AND FOR DEIVELOPI'NG DEPOSITS OF IRON ORE IN MISSOURI. M, METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE /MISSOURI IRON ORES. The greater portion of the report on the South-western Lead Region was writtenl by Mr. Alexander Leonhard, late Assistant in the Geological Survey. That report represents the combined results of Mr. Leonhard's investigations at Granby and vicinity, and of my own in the other parts of the South-west region. The Topographical Survey of the Granby District was made by Mr. Carl Henrich. All the maps and sketches were drawn by Mr. T. J. Caldwell. Wherever I have been at work in the State I have met with great kindness and attention on the part of the citizens, anad have received, in several instances, very material aid; for all of which I take this opportunity of expressing my sincere gratitude. Yours, very respectfully, ADOLF SCHIMIDT, Assistant. CHAPTER XXII. THE LEAD AND ZINC REGIONS OF SOUTH-WEST MIISSOURI. BY ADOLF ECHMIDT AND ALEXANDER LEONHIA.RD. A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. The Lead and Zinc region of South-west Missouri, as far as it is known at present, comprises the counties of Newton, Jasper, Lawrence, Greene and Dade, and the western parts of McDonald, Barry, Stone and Christian counties. The higher portions of this area are occupied by rolling prairies, while the slopes and bottoms along the water courses are mostly covered with timber. The northern part is watered by tributaries of Sac River, which runs north into the Osage; the southern and western parts by a number of small streams, which flow in a western direction into Spring River. Along three of these latter streams the principal Lead and Zinc ore deposits, known at present, are situated. It is remarkable that the best ore deposits have never been found immediately on these streams, but always along smaller branches and valleys. The first and most southern among the three streams referred to, is Shoal Creek, which drains the northern half of Newton county. On a southern branch of this stream are the Granby Mines. North of Shoal Creek and in the southern part of Jasper county, is Turkey Creek, a much smaller tributary of Spring River, with LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MlSSOUiB. 385 an extensive mining district situated along some of its southern branches, the most important of which is Joplin Creek. The third and most northern of these tributaries of Spring River is Centre Creek, with the mines of Oronogo (late Minersville,) situated on a small branch coming from the north. We may accordingly group the ore deposits in three districts: 1. THE SHOAL CREEK DISTRICT. 2. THE TURKCEY CREEK DISTRICT. 3. TuIE CENTRE CREEI DISTRICT. The whole region belongs geologically to the Subcarboniferous System. The formation consists of a series of Limestone and Chert beds belonging to the upper part of the so called Archimedes or Keokuk Limestone. In some places they are overlaid by disturbed layers of Sandstone, perhaps in part the F lerruginous Sandstone 7" of Swallow, and in part a Coal Measure Sandstone; in other places by pockets of Slate and Coal belonging to the Lower Coal Measures. The ore deposits in this region lie more often horizontally than vertically. They are connected with certain moxe or less altered strata of the Archimedes Limestone, and are covered by broken masses of Chert and Limestone. At Granby the Galena either occurs in loose pieces in Clay or Sand, or in horizontal openings or beds of limited extent, varying in thickness from 1 to 8 feet. The Galena is generally associated with Dolomite, Calcite and Chert. Calamine is mostly found associated with the Galena, and occurs in beds from - to 6 feet thick. At Joplin and Oronogo, the Galena forms more or less horizontal veins: {i. e., deposits of considerable length but comparatively small section. It also occurs there as irregular local impregnations in Limestone, or it fills cracks in the Chert. Besides, it is frequently found broken up and mixed with large, irregular masses of broken and altered Linmestone, Dolomite and Chert, as well as in various conglomeratic rocks, very often associated with Zinc Blende and Iron Pyrites, while Calamine is but rarely met with in these districts. The Limestone and the Conglomerates are often bituminous, and'contain small accumulations of fluid or viscid Bitumen. G s-25 CHAPTER XXIII. B. DESCRIPTION OF ORES AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS The Lead and Zinc ore deposits of Souti-west Missouri contain the following minerals: ( Galena, LEAD ORES...........-,Cerussite, Pyromorpihite. ( Blende, Calamine, ZNC ORES............ Smithsonite, L Zinc Bloom. r Calcite, Dolomite, ASsoCxATESD MIINERALS. - Pyrites, Quartz L Bitumen. GALE NA, Sulphuret of Lead, Blue Lead, called "Mineral" by the miners, is the principal ore from which over nine-tenths of all the Lead in Southwest 5Missouri is obtained. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI.. 387 It crystalizes in the monometric system, the cube being the most common form. It has a perfect cleavage in cubes, a metallic luster, a lead-gray color and streak, a hardness of 2.5 to 2.7 and a specific gravity of 7.2 to 7.7. In a pure state it consists of 86.6 p. c. of Lead and 13.4 p. c. of Sulphur. In South-west Missouri, it occurs in crystals or in compact, crystalline masses. The crystals generally have the form of a cube whose eight corners are taken off by a small development of the planes of the octahedron. In a few localities-for instance, in Brock Hollow (Granby) and in Middle Joplin Valley-crystals are found in which the octahedron is more fully developed and sometimes predominates. Wherever the crystals are imbedded in Dolomite, or are adhereing to solid Chert, they show mostly a smooth, shiny surface; but where they are in connection with Clays or Sand, or decomposed rocks, they are water-worn, changed or coated. Specimens are found in which the original cubes are no longer recognizable. Cubic crystals of Galena are frequently coated, either by a soft, ashy, dark gray and porous, or by a hard, solid shell of cerussite (carbonate of Lead,) or else by a layer of Calamine (silicate of Zinc). Such cubes in some instances have been partly or wholly dissolved and removed out of their shell, and are in part replaced by crystalline drusy Cerussite, or by Pyromorphite or by Calamine. Sometimes cubes of Galena thickly coated with Cerussite, occur enclosed in Calcite. At Joplin and Oronogo, the Galena is less frequently altered and pseudomorphosed than at Granby. The most common associate of Galena in the Turkey Creek and Centre Creek districts, is Zinc blende both minerals occurring intimately mixed in numerous localities. Blende is often found; deposited on, or enclosing crystals of Galena. At Oronogo we found small crystals of Blende seated on the somewhat corroded surface of the cubes of Galena. At Joplin and Oronogo the Galena is frequently associated with Bitumen, which sometimes surrounds the crystals or entirely impregnates crystalline masses. This bituminous Galena has a darker appearance than the common Galena, being often deep black in color, and emitting, when broken, a bituminous odor. The following analyses, made by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, of St. Louis, show the Galena of South-west Missouri to be of, a very pure variety, containing no Antimony, and only small quantities of Zinc and Iron. All samples contain some Silver, but none of them in sufficient quantity to pay for its separation. All are average samples of clean Galena, in that condition in which it is delivered to the smelting works. 388 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Analyses. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 9 Insoluble mattero......... 0.5 0. 61 0. 121... 0.44 0.71 0 53 0.33 1.72 Lead.......................... 84.06 85.84.................................... Zinc............................... 32 0. 94 0. 12 0.91.0.73 0. 52 trace 0. 9 Iron...............0. 0.16 0.05.........0.45 0.196 0.196 trace 0. 24 Antimony................... none none none...... none one none none none Silver, ounces per ton......... 1 li I1 la t A n 1 Sulphide of Lead................ 97. 05......................... Sulphide of Zinc................ 1. 41..........1. 36 1. 08 0. 77. 1. 1.41 Bisulphide of Iron,...........0......... 0.34 0. 96 0. 42 0. 42 1. 5 No. 1. Village Diggings, Granby. No. 2. Ilolmnan Diggings, Granby. No. 3. Trent Diggings, Granby. Galena found imbedded in red Clay. No. 4. Eastpoint, Granby. Fine-grained structure, and light steel-gray color. Supposed to be rich in Silver. It contains indeed a little more Silver than the other samples. No. 5. Temple Diggings, Joplin. No. 6. Swindle Diggings, Joplin. No. 7. Lower Joplin Valley Diggings. No. 8. Stevens' Diggings, (Turkey Creek District.) No. 9. Oronogo. CE RUSSITE. Carbonate of Lead, White Lead ore, called " Dry Bone" by the miners, is, next to Galena, the most important Lead ore in Missouri. It mostly occurs in amorphous, compact masses of earthy appearance,. and of white, yellow or reddish color. On account of its nonmetallic appearance it often fails to be recognized by the miners, and is, therefore, sometimes overlooked. It can easily be distinguished from Limestone by its weight, the specific gravity being 6.5, and from hardened Clays and Barytes by its being readily dissolved in dilute nitric acid with effervescence. Cerussite occasionally occurs crystalized in brittle transparent or translucent crystals of the trimetric system. The crystals have an adamantine lustre, and are generally white or gray, often with a bluish or greenish tint. The "Dry Bone" of Granby is mostly porous, and only occasion LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 389 ally compact. It often incloses masses of a gray, ashy variety of the same mineral, evidently a product of the decomposition of Galena. This ashy Cerussite generally fills cubical cavities, or surrounds unaltered Galena. When this gray, ashy variety, called "Ash Mineral by the miners, predominates, the ore is called "Wool Mineral." This is frequently found in Brockhollow, Granby, in the Moseley, Cornwall and other diggings of that district. White, dense but crystalline Cerussite sometimes coats the walls of cubic cavities which were formerly occupied by crystals of Galena, and gray to black translucent crystals of Cerussite project toward the center. Cerussite is comparatively rarely met with near Joplin, but it is quite frequent again farther north in the Centre Creek district. At the Oronogo mines specimens were obtained, which show very plainly the gradual change from Galena into Cerussite. Crystals or crystalline masses of Galena, imbedded in altered and. softened Limestone, seem to have been coated at first by a compact layer of Cerus site. Through this layer solutions, containing carbonic acid, penetrated and gradually dissolved the Galena, and precipitated a part of the Lead as carbonate on the inside of the coating, but carrying most of it out of the shell, either to deposit it immediately or to carry it away. When this process has been continued for some time, we find a round or oval shell of compact and generally crystalline Cerussite of the size of a walnut, or sometimes much larger, containing a dark transparent, watery fluid, in which a piece of Galena smooth and rounded, bsut irregular in shape is lying loose. The smoothness of these pieces is, under these circumstances, very remarkable and curious. If this process further continues, it is evident that the Galena will dissolve entirely, and that a drusy cavity, lined with Cerussite crystals, must be the final result. In such cavities, which do actually occur, we find occasionally small yellowish-green, transparent crystals, with an adamantine lustre apparently of trimetric crystallization. They are probably Anglesite, (Sulphate of Lead,) but are too small to be exactly determined. Cerussite also occur at Oronogo, in porous agglomerations, accompanied by fine, drusy aggregates of large and well developed crystals of grayish-white color. These crystals have mostly the shape of a flattened prism, sometimes over ~ inch in length and 8 inch wide. They occur either in confused aggregations or in stellated compounds of densely packed crystals, so that it is difficult to determine their exact:form. It can, however, be seen that the most developed faces are those of two or three different domes; probably brachy-domes, which 390 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. are always striated horizontally (lengthwise.) The trimetric pyramid and the prism are less distinctly developed at both ends of each crystal. Pure Cerussite consists of 83.5 per cent of Oxide of Lead (or 77.5 per cent. of metallic Lead,) and 16.5 per cent. of Carbonic Acid. As generally found, however, it contains some Iron Pyrites. The analysis of different samples made by Mr. Chauvenet, gave the following results: 1. 2. 3. 4. Insoluble matter (mostly Silica)................. 9.95 6.12 0 36 10.35 Peroxide of Iron........................................ 1.51 Some. 0.55 3.11 Oxide of Zinc.................................................................. 0.73 Lime..............................T................. Trace. Some. 0.40 0.75 Magnesia................................................... Trace......................36 Sulphur.......................Ta........................................... Trace............... Metallic Lead.............................................. 66.35 1 66.51 72.36 63.64 1. Granby. Flesh red, massive Drybone. 2. Frazier dgs., Granby. Reddish-brown, earthy Drybone. 3. Frazier dgs., Granby. Ashy, Wool-mineral. 4. Circular dgs., Average. Reddish-brown, earthy Drybone. P Y R O IM O IRP H I T E, Phosphate of Lead, occurs so rarely in this region that it is of no, practical importance as a Lead ore. It is found in small, amorphous masses of light, yellowish-green color, and earthy appearance, or in minute and indeterminable crystals, translucent to opaque, and of dark green color. It consists of Phosphate of Lead, combined with Chloride of Lead, and contains in a pure state, about 58 per cent. of metallic Lead. In the Granby district, massive amorphous Pyromorphite is occasionally found in loose rounded pieces, from pea to nut size, associated with loose pieces of Cerussite. The surface of these pieces looks yellowish-green and earthy, while the interior is compact, and of a lighter color, sometimes white. Mostly, however, the Pyromorphite occurs as a shaly coating; seldom directly on unaltered crystals of Galena, but generally on Cerussite; especially on the gray, ashy variety which, as mentioned before, is directly derived from Galena. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 391'Crystals, also, are sometimes observed in cavities of Amorphous Cerussite. We have not found any Pyromorphite either at Joplin or at Oronogo. At the Grove Creek diggings, it occurs rarely, coating pieces of Cerussite. BLENDE. Zinc Blende, Sulphuret of Zinc. Miners generally call it " Black Jack," but at Granby, where Calamine is called " Black Jack," Blende has obtained the name of "Resin Jack." Blende crystallizes in octohedral forms of the monometric system, and shows a distinct cleavage parallel to the planes of a dodecahedron. In South-west {Missouri it mostly occurs in compact, crystalline masses, varying in structure from very coarse to fine-grained, and micro-crystalline. Its lustre is resinous to adamantine, and its specific gravity about 4. It is a little harder than Calcite, (3.5 —i,) and generally ot dark brown color, but often bright red, green and yellow. All these colors can sotm etimes be observed in different parts of the same specimen. Blende contains, when pure. 67 per cent. of Zinc, and 38 per cent. of Sulphur. Two varieties of Blende may be distinguished in South-west Missouri: A granular variety. The single, small crystalline grains are translucent to transparent, and of bright color, either red or brown or light yellow, and often show an adamantine lustre. This variety occurs either in compact granular masses, or more frequently as small, single crystals disseminated in Sand or Quartzite. A coarsely crystalline variety, showing broad faces of cleavage, and occurring massive with large and well developed crystals in cavities. This variety is of a yellowish, brown color, sometimes dark and nearly black. A peculiar kind of Blende occurring only rarely at Joplin and Oronogo, in general appearance and lustre on the faces of cleavage, closely resembles Galena. Mr. Chauvenet analyized pieces of it, and found it to be common Zinc blende, with traces of Lead and Iron. In many places the Blende seems to pass gradualy into Calamine, there being between the two minerals a layer of dark colored, finegrained Blende, intimately mixed with portions of columnar structure and resembling Calamine. This mixture passes into the regular columnar or fibrous Calamine, which itself is dark colored near the Blende, and is lighter and more transparent the more remote it is. 392 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. from the unaltered Blende. Single crystals or large crystalline ag gregations of Blende are often surrounded by a thick layer of Calamine of botryoidal form and radiating columnar structure. The sur face of the inclosed piece of Blende is then generally corroded and tarnished. Blende, especially the coarsely crystalline variety, is often intimately mixed with Galena. Mr. Broadhead observed at Leadville round globules of one-sixteenth to one-eighth inches in diameter, grayish-brown color, and radiating fibrous structure, on crystals of Galena. Mr. Chauvenet analyized them and found them to be pure sulphuret of Zinc without any Iron or Lead. Three samples of pure Blende from South-west Missouri, were analyzed by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, who obtained the following per centages: I. 2. 8. Insoluble...................................................... 0.25 1.41 Silica...................................................................... 2.05 i............ Mitetallic Zinc............................................................... 64.67 65.92 64.87 Iron.....................................................5..................... 0.53 0.82 0.37 Cad ium.................................................................................. 0.509 0.723 No. 1. From Bellew shafts, Granby. No. 2. From Porter diggings, Joplin. No. 3. From Leadville. All three samples were of the coarsely crystalline, dark-colored variety, which alone occurs in larger masses, and which alone is at present sold and used as an ore. CALAMINE. Hydrous Silicate of Zinc, is called " Black Jack," by the miners of Granby. It crystallizes in the hemi-hedral forms of the trimetric system, but mostly occurs compact and massive, or else in botryoidal or stalactitic forms with fibrous structure. It is generally transparent and yellow, green or brown, with bright, vitrous lustre. Its hardness is 4.5; its specific gravity 3.4. When pulverized, it dissolves in heated sulphuric or muriatic acid, and the solution gelatinizes on cooling. It consists, when pure of 67.4 per cent. of oxide of Zinc, (equal to about 54 per cent. of met. Zinc,) 25 per cent. of Silica, 7.5 per cent. of water. It occurs abund LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 393 antly at Granby, while at Joplin and Oronogo it is but rarely found. The,thin lamellar crystals observed at Granby, are either colorless and transparent or gray-green, or yellow and then translucent. The following combination was observed: Two different prismsthe imacro-diagonal faces, one macro-dome and one steep brachy dome. The crystals have a lamellar form and are generally combined in radiated globular or botryoidal groups seated on massive crystalline Calamine, on Galena, on Dolomite or rarely on Chert. Thle Calamine of South-west Missouri is also found massive of crystalline, either columnar or fibrous structure, of green, yellow or brown color, translucent to opaque. This variety forms streaks in sub-crystalline Calamine, or in Dolomite, or in hardened Clays, and occurs as a coating over sub-crystalline Calamine, over crystals of Galena or of Calcite, and sometimes over Blende. The largest masses of Calamine are found in a compact, fine-grained or micro-crystalline state, opaque and of yellow or reddish-brown color. Cavities in it are frequently coated with crystals of Calamine or of Dolomite. The following analyses, made by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, show the composition of the Granby Calamine:. 1. 2. 3. Silica........................................................................ 27.51 26.83 23.3 Oxide of Zinc................................ 63.05 6- 6.37 67.15 Peroxide of Iron.................................................. 1.22 0.65 0.61 Water............................................................0....... 6.46 8.59 Limne.....................................,1,.......... 1.21 Trace.............. Metallic Zinc..50.37 52.97 53.95 Mi~etallic Zinc.............................................1 50.37 52.97 53.95 No. 1. From Village Diggings, Granby. No. 2. lrom Frazier Diggings, Granby. No. 3. From Bellew shaft, Granby. The specimens analyzed were of the fine-grained and sub-crystalline, mixed with streaks of the crystalline varieties. SMLTH S ONITE, Carbonate of Zinc, crystallizes in the rhombohedral system but mostly occurs in granular or fine-grained masses of light yellow, gray or brown color. Its hardness is 5 and the specific gravity 4-4.4. It dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence; 394 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. When in a pure state it contains 6 4.8 per cent. of Oxide of Zinc(-= about 51 per cent. of Zinc)-and 35.2 per cent. of carbonic acid. In South-west Missouri Smithsonite nearly always occurs in connection with Calamine, from which it nmay in most instances be distinguished by its granular structure and its less bright and rather pearly lustre. At Granby, in the HIard-shaft and Crab-tree diggings, it is often found well crystallized. The crystals are either colorless, or milky white, translucent, and are of indistinct rhombohedral forms with covered faces and rounded edges. They are either seated on massive granular Smithsonite. or on Calamine. The massive Smithsonite in the Hardshaft diggings (Granby,) is white or light yellow, and called " White Jack" by the miners. It is densely granular but passes into spongy, porous, and finally into earthy and friable masses near cavities. At the Burch Diggings and some other places the massive Smithsonite is of gray or grayish brown color. Mr. R. Chauvenet analyzed a sample of the light yellow, massive Smithsonite from the Hardshaft diggings (Granby). It containedPer cent. Silicious matter..............................................1................................ 1.22 Peroxide of Iron............................................................................ 1.21 Oxide of Zinc.............02........................................................................ 63.02 Carbonic aci(1..................................................................................... 34.58 100.03 Metallic Zinc.................................................................................. 50.37 ZlNC BLOOM, Hydrated Carbonate of Zinc, forms snow-whiite, amorphous masses of a specific gravity of 3.5, and a hardness of 2.5. It readily dissolves in Hydrochloric Acid with strong effervescence. In a pure state it consists of 71.3 per cent. of Oxide of Zinc, 12'.9 per cent. of Carbonic Acid and 15.8 per cent. of water. We observed it in the Crabtree Diggings (Granby), closely surrounding and coating fibrous Calamine, into which mineral it gradually passes and from which it is evidently derived. PYRITES, Iron Pyrites, lBisulphuret of Iron, called "iMundic " by the lead miners, crystallizes in cubes, often combined with the octahedron, or into other forms of the monometric system. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTfHWEST MISSOURI. 395 It has a light yellow color and splendent metallic luster, a specific gravity of 5 and a hardness of 6 to 6.5. It can, by its hardness, be easily distinguished from Copper Pyrites, which it resembles in general appearance but which is softer and may be scratched by a knife, while Iron Pyrites will not do so and will strike fire with steel. It consists of 46.7 per cent. of Iron and 53.3 per cent. of Sulphur. It is found abundantly in certain mines in the Joplin district and less frequently at Granby and Oronogo. It occurs either in compact, crystalline masses cementing broken Chert and Galena, or in specks and crystalsdisseminated through rocks or in drusy agglomerations of crystals. Pyrites is, at Joplin, generally associated with Bitumen. Crystals of Pyrites are often formed on and over crystals of Galeha. Sometimes the Pyrites is externally altered into Limonite. Limonite (Hydrated Oxide of Iron) occurs, besides, as yellow or brown Ochre, often mixed with various Clays and Sands, or as a thin coating on Calamine. DOLOMITE, Brown Spar, Bitter Spar, commonly called "' Soft Tiff" by the miners of Southwest Missouri, crystallizes in the rhombohedral system and has a white color which is often changed to yellow or brown by oxides of Iron. It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 2.S8 to 2.9. It dissolves in acids slowly and with less effervescence than Calcite. It is composed of Carbonate of Lime and Carbonate of Magnesia. In many mines of South-west Missouri, especially at Granby, it forms the principal gangue of the ore deposits. Missouri miners often mistake it for Barytes, which also they call "Soft Tiff" or "Bald Tiff,T' and which somewhat resembles it in general appearance. Dolomite can, however, be readily distinguished by its lighter weight and its solubility in acids. We have not found any Barytes in the South-west. Lead regions. In the ore deposits of Granby, the Dolomite generally occurs in single or loosely aggregated crystals, or in dense crystalline masses. The crystals are opaque and have the form of rhombohedrons with curved and distorted faces. They are yellow or reddish brown on the surface and white in the interior. They project from a crystalline, coarse-grained, massive Dolomite, which forms pockets, bands and streaks in Dolomitic Limestone. ~39(- GEOLOOICAL SURVEY. Dolomite is frequently associated with Galena, Blende, Calamine and Calcite in a paragenetic order, of which we will give a few examples. Alternate layers of dark gray, coarsely crystalline Dolomitic Limestone and of light colored, crystalline Dolomite form a banded rock of several feet thickness. The limits between Limestone and Dolomite are not very sharp. Long and narrow drusy cavities, horizontal and parallel to the banded structure of the rock, are frequent in the Dolomite. Large cubes of Galena are found partly or wholly inclosed in the Dolomite. The surface of such Galena crystals is sometimes corroded and partly changed into Carbonate of Lead. The crystals of Dolomite, as well as the projecting parts of the Galena, are frequently covered with small crystals of Calamine in botryoidal agglomerations. Streaks and seams of Calamine occur in Dolomite, often crossing each other, thus giving the whole a reticulated appearance. In other places, layers of coarsely crystalline, reddish brown Blende, inclosing small crystals of Galena, are in close contact on both the upper and under side, with layers of dark brown Dolomite which gradually; passes into white or light yellow aggregates of Dolomite crystals. Crystalline masses of Calcite often occur in streaks through massive Dolomite. Mr. Regis Chauvenet analyzed two samples of Dolomite, in which he found: 1. 2. Insoluble............................................................................... 1.24 0.26 Carbonate of Lime................................................................ 54.72 54.52 Carbonate of Magnesia........................................................... 41.98 44.83 Carbonate of Iron.............................................................1 2.94 1.14 100.88 100.75 No. 1. 1. From MPoon Diggings, Joplin. Loose aggregatee of crystals of yellow or yellowish gray color, partly of a dull and rotten appearancethe crystals being cracked and split into small fragments. No. 2. From Murphysburg Diggings, Joplin. Reddish white, coarsely crystalline, massive Dolomite. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 39T C AL CITE, Calcareous Spar, Carbonate of Lime, is known to the miners of Missouri by the name of " Glass-tifl," or " Hard-tiff." It cry stallizes in the rhombohedral system, and shows a highly perfect cleavage in rhombchedrons. The pure crystals are colorless and tranparent. It dissolves very readily in acids, with strong eflervescence, and contains 56 per cent. of lime and 44 per cent. of carbonic acid, often with some Carbonate of Magnesia or Iron. Calcite is frequently found in the mines of South-west Missouri,, in crystals or in crystalline masses. The crystals mostly show the form of scalenohedrons, which often combine to form twin-crystals. and are found as large as 6 inches in length and 3 inches in thickness, Light, spongy or froth-like agglomerations of long, thin, imperfectly developed crystals, of snow-white color, occur occasionally at Granby, for instance, in Holman Diggings. The crystalline masses of Calcite, as found associated with the Galena, are translucent and white, often with a greenish tint. They sometimes inclose specks or crystals of Galena. Calcite also forms white opaque incrustations in cavities and crevices in the Limestone as well as stalactites and stalagmites. QUART Z, Crystalizes in the rhombohedral system, generally in prismatic or in pyramidal forms. Its hardness is 7, its specific gravity 2.7. It consists principally of Silica, and is not attacked by acids. Iin the ore deposits of South-west Missouri, small transparent and splendent crystals of Quartz occur occasionally in small cavities of Chert or of Quartzite. They show the hexagonal prism and two rhombohedrons. Accumulations of small, often microscopic Quartz crystals, are quite frequent in the ore deposits. They occur either loose as a crystalline Quartzsand, or aggregated and cemented together as Quartz Sandstone, or as Quartzite, which rocks will be described in the next chapter. BIT U M EN, Asphaltum, Mineral Picth, termed "Tar" by the Joplin miners, occurs either in a fluid or in a plastic state. It has a black color, and a bituminous odor; mielts when heated, and burns with light flame and much smoke. It consists of Carbon, (generally over 80 per cent.,) 398 GGEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Hydrogen and Oxygen in various proportions. It is of quite common occurrence in the Joplin mines, in crevices and cavities of the Lime-,stone, mostly connected with Dolomite, Galena or Blende. It is found as a brownish-black fluid, but more frequently as black, soft amorphous masses of great tenacity and plasticity, which harden on exposure, and become brittle, and then break with conchoidal fracture. All the mineral described occur in various paragentic relation to each other, as the following examples of succession will show. We begin in each case with the oldest mineral, over which the others seem to be formed successively: 1. Galena, Blende, perh'aps in places found simultaneously. 2. Galena, Dolomite, Calamine. 3. Galena, Cerussite, Pyromorphite. 4. Galena, Calcite. 5. Galena, Pyrites. 6. Bleode, Dolomite. 7. Blende, Calamine. 8. Blende, Bitumen.'9. Dolomite, Calamine, Smithsonite, Zinc Bloom. 10. Dolomite, Calcite, Calamine. ill. Dolomite, Bitumen. 12. Pyrites, Limonite. By combining these examples of succession of minerals, we obtain the following 4 series: 1. Galena, Blende, Dolomite, Bitumen. 2. Galena, Blende, Dolomite, Calcite, Calamine, Smithsonite, Zinc Bloom. 3. Galena, Cerussite, Pyromorphite. 4. Galena, Pyrites, Limonite. All these minerals may be divided in those of older and those of later formations; most of the latter being produced by alterations of the former, in regard to composition as well as in regard to form and place: OLDTER FonmATION: - Galena. Blende. Dolomite. Bitumen. Calcite. Pyrites. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 399 LATER FBORMATION: Cerussite. Pyromorphite. Calamine. Smithsonite. Zinc Bloom. Limolite. CHAPTER XXIV. C. —A DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS AND OF MODES OF OCCURRENCE OF THE ORES. The General Geological Section of the Lead and Zinc-bearing ior mation of South-west Missouri, is about as follows: foot to 3 feet Soil. I 0 to 5 feet Gravel. 0 to 15 feet Sandstone. b... 0 i 0 to 5 feet black Slate, with Coal. r 20 to 75 feet Chert, more or less broken up, sometimes in fissuredl layers, and in some localities, especially at Granby, altered to soft, porous Chert. The Chert is invariably accompanied 0 by large masses of Clay and Sand. 0O to 20 feet Silico-Calcite. L 0 to 30 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. { 140 feet or more Limestone; in some places gray and coa rse-grained' ld... {in others bluish and fine-grainecd. (a) Alluvium. Frequently contains some ore in loose pieces. (b) Probably Lower Coal Measures, with occasional occurrences of ore. (c and d) Upper layers of Keokuk Group. Also called Archimiedes Limestone. (Sub-Carboniferous System.) (c) Represents the principal ore-bearing strata; (d) the bed rock in which no ore has as yet been discovered. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI., 401 SOIL. The Soil in this mining region is generally of a sandy character, and in places somewhat clayish and calcareous. Fragments of hard or of rotten Chert, partly with sharp edges, are lying loose on or in the soil, in places so numerous as to cover one-third of the surface of the ground. They vary in size from the smallest to 4 inches in diameter, and are often larger. Pieces of Cerussite, or of Galena coated with Cerussite, are frequently found in the lower portion of the soil, especially where sandy and cherty. GRAVEL. The Gravel consists of loose, more or less water-worn pieces of either hard or rotten Chert, which are often mixed with brown Ferruginous Sand or Clay. It generally occurs, in the bottoms, below the Soil. In the vicinity of Joplin and Lone Elm, it is also found in slight depressions and runs on the prairie plateau. SANDSTONE. Sandstone is found in fragments or isolated patches of variable size and extent, in the vicinity of Granby, at Cornwall diggings, near the Joplin Mines, and at the Cooney, Burch, Grove Creek, and Oronogo Diggings. In the vicinity of Granby, these patches, apparently of considerable extent, overlie the Keokuk Limestone in layers as much as 15 feet thick. The best exposure was observed in a quarry one mile west of Granby, where it crops out on the top of a high prairie ridge, presenting the following section: 3 feet to 5 feet Soil, with loose pieces of Red Sandstone. 1 foot shaly, broken Red Sandstone, with layers of brown Clay. 4 feet to 5 feet (as far as uncovered) of thickly-bedded Sandstone, red in the upper, yellow in the middle, and white in the lower parts. The Sandstone consists of small, translucent and colorless Quartz grains, loosely aggregated, with but little, more or less, ferruginous cement, and mixed with some single, but pretty equally distributed lamellaa of white Mica. One mile south-west of Lone Elm, in the Joplin district, a similar Sandstone, 4 to 6 feet thick, overlies black Slate and Coal. It is red and fine-grained, and broken, the crevices being filled with red Clay. G. s-26 402 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The occurrence of the Sandstone at the other localities above mentioned, will be described in the special description of mines. The position and appearance of these Sandstones, as well as the character of the rather indistinct fossils found in the same, make it probable, according to Mr. Broadhead, that it belongs to the Lower Coal MIeasures. SLATE AND COAL. Slate and Coal, in this region, occur as small local deposits, or pockets, which are always greatly disturbed and disrupted when found with the ore. The Slate is gray or black, either in compact layers or in thin Shales, mixed with some Sand or Clay. It sometimes passes gradually into an impure, heavy Coal, of a bituminous and slaty character. Both Slate and Coal often contain thin sheets or crystals of Pyrites. These pockets of Slate and Coal are not found at Granby, but frequently at Joplin and Minersville. The following Section was observed in Mitchell and Pierce's shaft, one mile south-west of Lone Elm in the Joplin district: (See Fig. 12.) No. 7. 1 to 2 feet of Soil. No. 6. 4 to 6 Sandstone. (Described above.) No. 5. 4 feet red and yellow, sandy Clay, with Chert. No. 4. 1 to 5 feet black Slate, with pockets of Fire Clay. No. 3. 1 to 5 feet Coal. No. 2. 1 foot Slate. No. 1. (?) Limestone. The Coal is heavy and impure, and seems to form a somewhat disturbed basin, five feet thick in the center, and extending about 40 to 50 feet in one direction, and 20 to 25 feet in the other, as far as could be judged from its appearance in summer 1873. No ores have been found in this locality; the shaft had not yet reached the ore-bearing formation. Slate patches are spread all along Joplin valley, on or near the surface of the ground. Some Coal has been found in loose pieces between the broken Chert, at the Four Corner Diggings, and in Beamer's shaft, near Joplin. Black Clay and Coal also occur at Minersville in different places, especially in the Centre shaft of the Circular Diggings, and generally mixed with much pyrites. CHER P T, Flint, Hornstone, and Jasper, is amorphous Quartz, often inclosing microscopic, crystalline particles disseminated. It consists essenti LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 403 ally of Silica, sometimes containing small quantities of alumina and Lime. It strikes fire with steel, (hardness 7,) and is opaque with white; yellow or reddish color. It is brittle like glass, and shows a conchoidal fracture. It sometimes contains drusy cavities with crystals of Quartz. In South-west Missouri Chert occurs abundantly. Swallow observed 105 feet of Chert above Grand Falls, on Shoal Creek, which he describes as " white, bluish, white and buff, compact, thick-bedded, in regular layers interstratified with irregular beds of brown, impure, ferruginous, porous varieties, of the same rock." This is the greatest observed thickness. In Granby some shafts are sunk through 40 to 60 feet of Chert, but the solid layers from 1 to 6 feet thick, are separated by Sand or Clay. The Chert is mostly white, gray or yellow, occasionally rose or flesh-colored. The Chert is one of the principal ore-bearing rocks in the Mines of South-west Missouri. It contains Galena in numerous sheets or seams, either deposited between layers of Chert, or filling small cracks in the Chert. It is evident, in all places, that the Galena was formed after the Chert had been formed and hardened, as crystals of Galena or Blende are never found entirely inclosed in the body of the Chert, but always in cracks or cavities. In the lower Joplin valley, crystals or Galena, are found formed on all sides of angular Chert; fragments, showing that this Galena was formed after the Chert had been broken up. Chert is also found in intimate connection with Blende, both forming a conglomerate, in which sharpedged pieces of Chert are surmounted by crystalline Blende. In many places the solid Chert undergoes a change and passes into a soft, porous variety. Minute particles of the Chert seem to be dissolved and carried away by solutions, while other particles remain and form a fine-grained and sometimes porous, spongy mass. The pores are then often lined or filled by red oxide of Iron, deposited in them. Gradually with the further progress of the alteration, the porous Chert becomes soft and friable, and is finely crushed and changed into a very fine either white or red Sand, often earthy or Clayish to the touch, on account c; its extreme fineness, and of the presence of oxide of Iron. This change was most distinctly observed in the Tripoli quarry, near Seneca, in Sec. 26, T. 25, R. 34 W. Large beds of Chert are there changed into so-called "Tripoli," (altered Chert,) which is white in the lower layers, but colored reddish near the surface by infiltration of Iron solutions from above. It is porous, soft and friable, sandy to the touch, and consists of 99.8 per cent. of Silica, 404 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. according to an analysis made by Messrs. Chauvenet and Blair. Pieces can often be seen with the interior still containing unaltered compact, white Chert, which gradually becomes porous towards the outside, and is surrounded by entirely porous Chert, and colored red near the surface. The change always begins from the outside of the piece, or from small crevices or cavities. At Granby a thick formation of this soft, porous, altered Chert, (called Cotton Rock by the miners,) overlies the alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, or the solid Chert layers. It is of reddish, white color, and contains sometimes irregular masses of unaltered Chert. The whole mass has the appearance of being first broken and then altered. A regular stratification, if it ever existed in this rock, has been obliterated by the change. Its thickness varies from 10 to 60 feet. It is covered by 10 feet of irregu — larly broken Chert masses, contains much red Sand, perhaps the product of further disintegration of its own mass. No ore has been found in it. The so-called first ore-opening, consisting of red Clay with little Galena, directly underlies it. The'absence of ore in the altered Chert goes far towards proving that the alteration of the Chert must have taken place after the deposition of the ores. SILICO-CALCAREOUS ROCKS. Below the bottom of altered Chert beds above described, we find in the South-west districts alternate layers of Limestone and Chert sometimes the former, sometimes the latter, predominating in quantity. Both are often plainly characterized by their fossils, which are especially numerous in the Chert. The layers are firmly adhering to each other. They are generally horizontal, often wavy. Their thickness varies from 3 inches to 6 feet. The limit between the layers of Chert and those of Limestone in many places assumes an irregular form, and the Limestone encloses smaller or larger concretions of Chert, increasing in number until in places the whole rock presents a confused mixture of the most varied and irregular mixture of concretionary forms of both Chert and Limestone. This mixed rock does not show any stratification. It plays a conspicuous part in the ore formations of South-west Missouri, and we will call it SILICO-CALCITE in the following descriptions. The Limestone of this formation is of grayish-white color, very compact, of a fine-grained to oolitic structure, the latter only occurring in Granby. The Chert is light-colored, mostly yellowish or white, sometimes bluish. The greatest total thickness observed of both the alternate and mixed rocks, is 40 to 50 feet. They contain most of the ore deposits in South-west Missouri. The ores, however, occur only in certain altered or metamorphic portions of these rocks. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 405.The changes to which this formation was exposed before and during the deposition of the ores are of a different character at different points. The Limestone has undergone in many places a process of dolomization. Solutions penetrating it have dissolved the Carbonate of Lime and partly replaced it by Carbonate of Magnesia. With this change a contraction is connected; cracks are opened in the mass and filled with crystallized Dolomite. The change always begins either in fissures or on the surface of layers, or of broken off blocks, and gradually proceeds toward the interior of the rock. It seems to have preceded the formation of the ore and to have continued during the whole process. Many blocks'and broken masses are nearly entirely changed into Dolomite Limestone and containing bands and.irregular streaks of crystalline Dolomite. Such altered blocks are generally -softened and sandy on the outside and rounded off (Boulders). The deposition of Zinc ores, especially Calamine, is evidently in intimate connection with the dolomization. At Granby the layers of Calamine are deposited directly on the altered sandy Limestone, and mostly mixed with sheets of Dolomite rocks or crystalline Dolomite in various proportions. The Galena occurs in Limestone only as far as the dolomization or alteration has proceeded in the rock, either in soft or sandy or in regenerated portions, or sometimes in thin fissures in the original rock. The dolomization connected with the formation of the ore beds extends, at Granby, through horizontal zones of irregular outline, called openings, generally 2 to 6 feet high, above which:solid beds of Chert and Limestone or of Chert slabs alone, are deposited. In the Joplin districts the ore deposits are mostly in the form of " runs," extending principally in one horizontal direction rarely more than 5 feet wide, and limited in height by the layers of Chert above and below the Limestone layer, in a crevice of which the run originated. Another mode of alteration of these rocks consists in a gradual dissolution and removal of the Limestone, either unaltered or more or less dolomized. This was undoubtedly effected by water containing carbonic acid, which dissolved the Limestone as Bicarbonate of Lime, leaving the sandy and clayish, and sometimes dolomitic masses and layers as residue of a more or less rotten appearance between the Chert. Large caves are produced by this dissolving process whenever the layers of Chert above did not happen to break down. These caves (~ to 6 feet high,) extend in one horizontal direction, sometimes for several hundred yards. One of these caves was observed in the Holman dig;ging3 in Granby, where several shafts are 406 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. sunk through it to the ore beds, which lie 3 to 10 feet below the cave. The latter can be traced over several acres of ground, varying in height from - to 5 feet. It is cut off in several places by slabs of Chert broken down from the roof, in others it gradually thins out. The bottom in the cave is covered with yellow Sand or red Clay, which lies on the remaining part of the Limestone, whose surface is changed to a soft sandy mass. The walls are in places lined with a sheet of white crystalline Limestone. from which stalactitic forms are projecting. Ill other places small crystalline masses of Galena are pendant from the Chert roof of the cave. In places where the cave thins out, Calcite with some Galena, is occasionally deposited between the Chert and the Limestone. Fig. 13 shows a portion of this cave in section. a=-Stalactites. b- Stalagmites. c-=Galena. d —Calcite. e=l-Red Clay. Many similar caves occur at Granby, often partly filled with red Clay. They are undoubtedly produced by the removal of Limestone layers. If the Limestone is removed from very large areas, the remaining alternate layers of Chert will either break down irregularly or gradually settle down without extensive disintegration. A formamation, over 20 feet thick, was observed at Granby, consisting of layers of Chert separated from each other by horizontal seams, either empty or filled with Clay and Sand. Likewise Sillco-calcite, from which the Limestone has been removed, gradually breaks down and gives rise to large accumulations of irregularly shaped and broken up Chert concretions, sometimes. very coarse, at other times of the size of small Gravel or even of Sand. In some places the leached-out and broken-up Silico-calcite is re-cemented, either by newly formed Limestone inclosing Galena, or by Calamine, or by Quartzite inclosing Blende. Thus, the various Conglomerates were formed, which we shall mention in our special description of ore deposits. Whenever Limestone, after being in part dolomized, was afterwards subjected to the process of leaching, the dolomitic particles seem to have often remained undissolved, and now form the beds of " rotten Dolomite" which are so common in the ore deposits. This "' rotten Dolomite" is either a soft and friable, but coherent mass, or else LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 407 an entirely disintegrated Sand, composed of single loose Dolornite crystals, with corroded and cracked surfaces. The alterations of Limestone, as above described, the breaking down of the Chert concretions and layers, and the deposition of the ores, although spread apparently over the whole Keokuk formation, in South-west 3Missouri, yet show a very variable degree of local development. In such localities where these changes have taken place in a higher degree than in others, all the overlying strata broke and settled down to a greater extent, thus producing gently sloping depressions on the surface. Such depressions of the ground are therefore good indications for the miner. As many of these depressions have, from early times, served as water channels, they are often washed out considerably and changed into small branches and sometimes into deep-cut valleys, whose bottoms are filled with enormous masses of broken Chert. These Chert masses occur to a very large extent all over the ore formations, especially in the middle and lower portions of Joplin Valley. The above remarks explain the fact that so many good deposits are situated along and in the valleys. CLAYS. Besides the ores themselves, a number of residuary and of secondary products occur in and above the ore beds, especially Clays of different description, often mnixed with Sand or with rotten Dolomite. All these Clays mainly consist of Silicate of Alumina-many, however containing more or less Iron, which gives them a dark red or brownish color. The miners distinguish two principal kinds of Claythe Tallow Clay and the Red Tough Clay. The "Tallow Clay " is generally light red, sometimes yellow or white, and very uniform in color and structure. The latter is extremely fine, almost impalpable. This Clay is somewhat greasy to the touch. In the condition in which it is found in the mines, it is not plastic but rather dry and breaks with a smooth conchoidal fracture. When exposed to the air it cracks and falls apart, and finally turns into a greasy powder. When finely triturated by the addition of water, it it becomes plastic. It is generally associated with Calamine, in which it forms small pockets or streaks. It sometimes forms beds of some extent and as much as 2 feet thick. It frequently incloses crystals of Galena. The "Red Tough Clay" of the miners is a plastic, ferruginous Clay, often so fine and uniform in color that it might be used as a paint. Its color is either deep red or yellow or brown. It is found in 408 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the mines in a perfectly plastic state, and when exposed to the air shrinks from one-half to one-third of its volume, forming a dry, hard mass of even fracture. It mostly occurs between layers of Chert in places where the Limestone has been dissolved and removed, forming beds of limited extent up to 4 feet thick. It frequently contains loose pieces or sheets of Galena. With Sand, it forms a mixture that is common in all masses of broken Chert occurring in the ore-bearing formations. There is perhaps no essential difference between these two Clays, except in structure and purity. The tallow Clay is very pure, and extremely fine, while the red, tough Clay is coarser and mixed more often with Sand or with Oxides of Iron in larger quantity. Mir. Regis Chauvenet found, in a sample of red, Tallow Clay, from the Hard-shaft, (Granby,) besides Iron, a large amount of combined water and 34.53 per cent. of Silica. SANDS. According to their origin, we may divide the different Sands of the ore-formation into three categories: 1. Sand produced by the disintegration of porous Chert. It generally incloses loose, irregular masses of the latter and passes into it. It contains no ore, except occasional impregnations of Carbonate of Lead. 2. Residuary Sand, which formed a part of the Limestone, and was left when the latter was dissolved. It is calcareous in some places; argillaceous in others. The latter variety was observed at McGee's shaft, in the Dutch diggings (Granby,) where it forms layers to 1 inch thick, in red Clay, and incloses angular, well developed crystals of Galena. 3. Crystalline Sand, often mixed with crystalline Blende, passes into Quartzite, which will be described in the following: "Yellow Sand," or "Brown Sand," or "Black Sand," are terms applied by the miners to a loose, sandy, or sometimes clayish mass, which in some districts occurs with the ore layers, especially of the layers of Calamine. Their origin can be generally traced to one of the above three. They are often intimately mixed with Zinc ore. The composition of these Clays and Sands is very variable, as may be seen from the following analysis made by Mr. Chauvenet. A soft and somewhat fat Clay, yellow and white streaks mixed, from Shaft 4, Lone Elm, showed: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 409 Silica................................ 46.15 per cent. Alumina (including some Peroxide of Iron)......................... 38.55 " WVater..................................................................... 83 " Lime................................................. some. Magnesia...................................................................... some. A fine, reddish yellow Clay, associated with tallow Clay, from the Frazier diggings, (Granby,) contained 33.91 per cent. of Oxide of Zinc, or 27.23 per cent. of metallic Zinc; probably an intimate mixture of Clay and Calamine. A brown, porous and friable clayish substance, accompanying the ores in the Hard-shaft diggings, (Granby,) called "Black Sand " by the miners, proved to be no Sand at all, but principally a Clay strongly mixed with Oxides of iron and Zinc. LMer. Chauvenet found in it: Clayish insoluble substance................................................................. 43.68 Peroxide of Iron................................................................................. 27.96 Oxide ot Zinc............................................................................ 14.98 Water (including a little carbonic acid.)..................................... 13.33 99.95 Three analyses were made of different Sands, with the following result: 1. 2. 3, Silica.............................................................. 87.82 79.54 93.63 Iron....................................................................... 4.13 some. trace. Zinc........................................................................ 4.48....................... Lime......................................................................... 1.15 trace............. Alumina............................................................... some. 5.71 No. I is a brownish-gray, coarse, crystalline Quartz Sand, from Minersville. No. 2 is a pale-yellow, porous, fine micro-crystalline Sand, from Village diggings (Granby.) No. 3 is a white, pretty hard rock; probably finely crystalline Quartz Sand, cemented by some Clay, accompanying and inclosing Galena. From Dutch diggings (Granby.) QUARTZITE, OR QUARTZ ROCK. We find in connection with the Zinc and Lead ores of South-west Missouri a very hard rock consisting almost entirely of crystalline Silica; partly fine, partly coarse-grained, and frequently porous. It 410 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. is occasionally light-gray, but more frequently dark-brown to black, colored by Sulphuret of Zinc, and perhaps by Bitumen. The Quartzite is mostly micro or sub-crystalline. Sometimes, however, the small crystals, of which it is composed, can be seen with the naked eye, and under a common magnifying glass show the pyramidal form. It occurs but rarely at Granby, oftener at Joplin, (Lone Elm,) and is quite abundant at Oronogo. It forms the principal part of a certain Conglomerate, in which angular fragments of Chert or broken concretions from leached Silico-calcite are cemented by this Quartzite, the latter containing much Blende-as disseminated crystals and sometimes Galena in various forms. The lines of contact between the Chert and the Quartzite are mostly sharp, though sometimes the Chert is somewhat altered and of darker color near its contact with the Quartzite. The ores are never in the mass of the Chert, but always in the mass of the Quartzite. The latter may be in places simultaneous, but is probably in most instances of later origin than the Galena and Blende. The inclosed crystals of these ores are well formed, angular and closely surrounded by the rock. In some old shafts at Lone Elm single crystals and small crystalline masses of Dolomite are found inclosed in Quartzite. In most places, however, the Dolomite crystals formerly inclosed in the rock were leached out, leaving the rock as a porous, irregularly, spongy, silicious mass, whose cavities show plainly the form of Dolomite crystals of one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch in diameter. Wherever Quartzite occurs it is rarely found without these cavities, or at least without impressions of Dolomite crystals on its surface. Sometimes, however, the cavities seem to be produced by Blende, and occasionally also by Galena. Calamine and Cerussite sometimes line or fill these cavities. In one instance, at Lone Elm, impressions of pretty distinct bivalves were found in very coarse and distinctly crystalline Quartzite of dark brown color. This seems to indicate that in this locality the quartzite may be, at least in part, metamorphic, being either an altered Sandstone or Chert, or else having replaced the Limestone in Silicocalcite. Mr. G. C. Broadhead thinks that these bivalves are sub-carboniferous fossils. Some further details regarding the Quartzite will be given in our special description of deposits, especially in that of Oronogo Diggings. BED ROCK. The alternate layers of Limestone and Chert above described, are finally underlaid by a Limestone whose thickness has not yet been LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 411 determined. Wherever it underlies the metalliferous layers, the miners call it " bed rock," No ore has ever been observed in it. At Granby, this Limestone occurs in thick layers, and is hard, gray and fine grained. The grain becomes generally coarser and more irregular with the depth. The coarse grained variety contains numerous fossils. Single concretions of Chert of irregular shape occur in it. In a bore-hole, near the furnace at Granby, this Limestone was struck at a depth of 12 feet, and followed to a depth of 136 feet without a change, and without reaching the end. The Day shaft, a little farther north, was sunk through the same Limestone 130 feet deep. In both places, like in many others where the miners tried to penetrate this Limestone, no ore whatever was found in it. The surface of this rock below the deposits, is very uneven and strongly undulating, and lies at Granby from 12 to 80 feet below the surface of the ground. A coarse grained, bluish gray, uniform, somewhat bituminous Limestone, containing many fossils, and occasionally irregular concretions of Chert, has been struck in the Nelson shaft, by the Jasper Lead and Mining Company, on the southern part of Swindle Hill, near Joplin. This solid and unstratified rock was struck immediately below 6 feet of Soil and of loose Chert, and the shaft was sunk to a depth of nearly 50 feet without encountering a change of the rock, and without finding any ore. This Limestone has also been struck in the Porter shafts, on the north slope of Swindle Hill, and seems to compose the main body of this hill, and to correspond to the " bed rock " of Granby. Mr. R. Chauvenet analyzed three samples of Limestones and found them to contain: 1 2 a Unsoluble matter.................................................................... 57 0. 23 2. 98 Carbonate of Lime................................................................ 96. 43 99.67 91. 84 Carbonate of Magnesia............................................................... 0, 81 0.67 2. 83 Carbonate of Iron........................................ 0. 75 0. 26 2.01 99. 56 100. 83'99. 69 No. 1. From Jasper, No. 3 Diggings; Joplin. Light gray, finely crystalline Limestone, fronm this ore-bearing Strata, No. 2. From Holman Diggings, Granby. White oolitic Limestone, underlying the ore beds, which contain much Dolomite. 412 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 3. From Joplin. Occurred in connection with the ore. Partly Dolomized Limestone, mainly composed of light gray crystalline grains about one-sixteenth inch thick. It is mixed with specks of bitumen. These results show that the original Limestone contains but very little Magnesia, even in the vicinity of dolomitic layers. Some analyses of Dolomite have been given in the preceding Division, B of the present Report. When Dolomites of highly dolomized Limestones are dissolved in acids, the residues are in different cases of a very different nature..By examining these residues under the magnifying glass, we found that: No. 1. Black or dark gray dolomitic rock leaves mlany small particles of bitumen. No. 2. Brown dolomitic rock leaves yellowish brown fine Sand. No. 3. White, or light-gray dolomitic rock leaves small, scaly or botryoidal particles of white opaque Quartz or Chert. No. 4. Rose-colored dolomitic rock, is pure Dolomite, and leaves no residiue whatever. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWEST MISSOURI ORE REGION. r First Period-Original deposition of the various stratified rocks, R EI [ namely: The "Bed Rock," the alternate layers of Limestone M; ~ | and Chert, the Silico-calcite, the Slates and Coal, and of the P L Sandstone. These several strata, after their depositions, probably remained unaltered for a very long time and became dry, hard and dense before the second period began. t Second Period-Local dolomization of certain strata of Limestone. E., Disturbances and ruptures in the Chert in consequence of the contraction of the Limestone during the metamorphic action. Prin0 cipal deposition of the ores from watery solutions. This metamorphic action was confined to a part of the alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, and very limited in its vertical extent -rarely exceeding 20 feet. The dolomization of the Limestone, and the simultaneous deposition of the ores, began either from horizontal crevices and then ex LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST IMISSOURI. 413 tended through the whole mass of one stratum of Limestone and was limited by the layers of Chert above and below, or it began from vertical crevices in the Limestone and formed a mass of Dolomized Limestone, with ore extending along the crevice between the Chert layers, and generally from 3 to 10 feet wide. In the first case the'openings " of Granby were formed, in the second the "runs " of Joplin. f Third Period-Dissolution and removal of (a part of the Limestone O' ~ | from the Silico-calcite and feom the alternate layers of Limestone o -4 and Chert. Gradual breaking down of the remaining concretions and of the layers of Chert, and of the strata above. Continued deposition of ores in diminished measure. In this period the immense accumulations of broken Chert were formed, which in so many places overlie or accompany the ore deposits. The ore (nearly always Galena) was deposited, in many places, in the fissures and little cracks of the broken Chert beds, in sheets between these layers and in crystals adhering to pieces of broken Chert, sometimes on all sides of the fragments, showing plainly that the Galena was formed after the Chert had been broken. o Fourth Period —Local regeneration of the partially dissolved and softened Limestone by renewed deposition of Carbonate of Lime. M I Local infiltrations of Quartzite. Continued deposition of ores. All the conglomerates which consist of Chert-fragments, cemented either by a silicious or by a calcareous mass, the cementing mass inclosing crystals of Blende or Galena, were formed in this period. A Fifth Period-Oxidation of the metallic Sulphurets, and alteration of these Sulphurets into Silicates and into Carbonates. During this period the Galena, in many deposits, was more or less completely altered into Cerussite and Pyromorphite, the Blende into Calamine and Smithsonite, and the Pyrites into Limonite. Some of these minerals also, while in solution, were carried over larger or smaller. distances and re-deposited as seams or impregnations in Sands, in Clays or in Chert Breccia. 414 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The local corrosion and partial dissolution of the Chert, and its alteration into a porous and more or less friable mass, must have taken place after the deposition of the ores. This is proved by the entire absence of ores in the porous Chert. This corrosion, therefore, belongs to the Fourth and Fifth Periods, and probably continues to the present day. Also, the oxidation of the ores undoubtedly yet continues. All these mechanical and chemical actions which, according to present appearances, are confined to the upper layers of the Keokuk Limestone, have taken place over a very large area in South-west Missouri, but with different intensities and effects in different districts and localities. CHAPTER XXV. D. —SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF ORE DEPOSITS. I.-THE DEPOSITS OF SHOAL CREEK DISTRICT. GRANBY MINES. The Granby Mines are situated in Newton county, and occupy Sec. 6,11. 25, R. 30 W. The elevation of this section is from 60 to 160 feet above the railway at Granby City, (1l miles north of Granby Mines,) or from 670 to 770 feet above the city directrix of St. Louis; or from 1,075 to 1,175 feet above the level of the sea. The central part of the section forms a basin extending two-thirds of a mile in an east and west, and one-half of a mile in a south and north course. It is surrounded by gently slopinghills, which rise from 60 to 80 feet above the valley. This'basin has only one outlet-through a valley leading north, and through which a small creek, originating in a number of small channels in the surrounding hills, flows northward into Shoal Creek. All the slopes are gentle. The Limestone crops oat in a few places, while generally it is covered by thick beds of Clay and Soil. A part of the land was formerly covered with timber. This timbered land extends into the bottoms of Shoal Creek, which winds its course 1 to 1- miles north of Granby, from east to west. South of Granby, in Sec. 7, a gently rolling prairie begins, which is a part of Oliver's prairie. The town of Granby is situated near the centre of the northern 416 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. boundary of Sec. 6, and extends somewhat into the adjoining section. Single houses and cabins are scattered over the whole of Sec. 6, especially in the centre of the basin. The distribution of the diggings is represented on our topographical map of the Granby Mines, which comprises the whole of Sec. 6, and was drawn after a survey made by Mr. C. Henrich, who was engaged for this work by the Geological Survey. The diggings lie on the upper part of the slopes surrounding the central basin, and in many places extend over the top of the hill and on the outside slopes. Many shafts are also sunk in the bottom, and on both sides of the valley which forms the northern outlet from the basin. We will now proceed to describe the relative positions'of the various diggings, as they are marked on the topographical map: Beginning with the north-west quarter of the section, we first observe, west of the town, the Village Diggings, on the slope along the east side of the creek. The creek separates them from the Brockhollow Diggings, which extend west from the creek into a small valley. South of the Village shafts are the Crabtree Diggings-on the north slope of the basin. West of them, the hill rises 60 feet above the valley, and near its summit the Holman Diggings are situated. West of these, on the west slope of the same hill, are the Dutch Diggings-at the upper end of a little valley running north. A number of shafts are sunk on the northern slope of Ashcraft's Hollow, west of the great basin. In the north-east quarter of the section the hill rises 80 feet above the valley, sloping gently west towards the creek and south towards the center of the basin. The Hardshaft Diggings extend from the top of this hill down the western and southern slopes. Between all these diggings many single shafts were sunk, so that no definite lines can be drawn limiting the various diggings; all forming one complex, which we may comprise under the general name of the Northern Mines. A zone containing but a very few shafts, and running across the central basin, separates them from the Southern Mines, which are spread over the hills on the south side of the basin. Beginning in the south-west quarter of the section, we observe hills rising 70 to 80 feet high, (above the center of the basin,) sloping towards a small water-course, which enters the central basin from the south. A number of diggings are situated on both sides of this stream and on the hill-sides. These we will comprise under the general name of Frazier Diggings. Some shafts north-west of these and rather isolated are called the Chester Shafts. Several diggings extend from LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI 417 the Frazier Diggings through the northern part of south-east quarter of the section, namely: the Hopkins, Bellew, Eastpoint, Poorman's Point, and Mineral Diggings. The Hopkins shafts lie adjoining the Frazier Diggings on the northern slope of the hill. They connect the latter Diggings, with the others just mentioned, which are situated on the different slopes of a knob to the north-east quarter of the southeast quarter of the section, 50 to 60 feet above the bottom of the basin. The Bellew shafts and the Eastpoint Diggings are on the northern and north-eastern slopes, and the diggings at Poorman's Point and Mineral Point on the southern and south-eastern parts of this knob. The General Geological Section of the strata occurring in the Granby Mines, is as follows, giving the maximum thickness of the strata in feet: No. 1. 8 feet Soil and Gravel, sometimes mixed with plastic, ferruginous Clay, and in places containing pieces of Cerussite. No. 2. 15 feet Chert, broken to small angular pieces without regular stratification, and always mixed with more or less brown Sand and red Clay. No. 3. 20 feet soft, porous Clhert, (called " Cotton Rock" by the miners.) In some places we find an ore-opening from 2 to 20 inches thick immediately below the porous Chert. It consists of red Clay or Sand in which loose, rounded pieces of Galena are imbedded. It is, however, of exceptional occurrence. Below the above strata we observed two different successions of rocks in different places: FIRST: No. 1. 35 feet alternate layers of white or gray, fine-grained, often oolitic Limestone, and of hard, white Chert, the layers being I to 3 feet thick. No. 2. 3 feet first regular ore-opening, containing broken Chert, rotten and disintegrated Dolomite, Clay and Sand, with Galena in thin sheets or in loose pieces. No. 3. 9 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, same as above. No. 4. 10 feet second or principal ore-opening, containing the best ore deposits. This will be specially described hereafter. SECOND: No. 1. 25 feet hard, solid Chert, in more or less broken layers, from I to 3 feet thick, never adhering to each other, but; always separated by more or less Clay and Sand. Ga.s —27. 4'18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 2. 2 feet first opening, containing Clay, disintegrated Dolomite, with Galena and Cerussite in loose pieces or in thin sheets. No. 3. 7 feet of Chert; layers as above. No. 4. 10 feet second or principal ore-opening. Both Sections are finally underlaid by over 130 feet of Limestone, called the " bed-rock." In comparing the above two Sections, which replace each other in different localities, it is evident that the Second is only an alteration of the First, the Limestone being gradually dissolved and removed, leaving thin residuary beds of Sand or Clay between the Chert layers. The latter in settling down became more or less broken. The second or principal ore-opening contains all the Zinc ores and most of the Lead ores. It is mostly from 2 to 6 feet high and extends nearly horizontally, generally between a layer of solid Chert and the "' bed-rock," whose surface is mostly altered and softened. It is occasionally empty (forming caves,) but generally contains various materials, as broken Chert, Dolomitic Limestone, Dolomite, Calespar, Sands and Clays. These materials contain the ore generally in more or less horizontal sheets or streaks of variable thickness and limited extent. Most of the Zinc ore (almost exclusively Calamine,) is deposited directly on the altered Limestone, generally mixed with streaks of Dolomite and occupying the lowest part of the opening in layers from 1-10 to 6 feet thick. The Galena is found in horizontal sheets, which are in some places six inches thick in all parts of the opening; also as loose chunks in the Clay or Sand. The contents of the openings vary very much and often change completely within a distance of 10 to 20 feet. The ore that may exist in one part several feet thick gives out entirely within less than 10 feet, and frequently the opening itself thins out or is suddenly terminated by a curved elevation of the underlying Limestone, called "bar " by the miners. The very numerous openings at Granby are not all on the same level, but their absolute elevation depends on that of the underlying Limestone (the bed-rock). It varies from 45 to nearly 100 feet above the railway at Granby station, and mostly lies between 60 to 80 feet above that level. These openings are 15 to 70 feet below the surface of the ground. We will now proceed to describe the several mines of Granby in the following order: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 419 I. NORTHERN MINES. a. Central part: 1. Village Diggings. 2. Brockhollow Diggings. 3. Crabtree Diggings. b. Western part: 4. Holman Diggings, with the diggings in Dutch and A.sheraft's hollows. c. Easternz part: 5. Hardshaft Diggings. II. SOUT'1 ERN MINES. a. IVestern part: 6. Frazier Diggings with the Chester shafts. b. Eastern part: 7. Eastpoint Diggings with Bellew's and Hopkins' shafts. 8. Diggings at Milneral Point and at Poorman's Point. 1. THE VILLAGE DIGGINGS Extend over a piece of ground along the east side of the creek, about 1,100 feet long, in a direction of north 200 west, and from 100 to 200 feet wide. On this ground, about 110 to 120 shafts have been sunk; most of them, however, were worked before the war (1851-1860,) and have caved in since. Only 7 shafts were in operation during the time of our examination. The ground rises toward the east so that the tops of the eastern shafts are 25 to 30 feet higher than those of the shafts along the bottom of the creek. In these diggings the following General Section was observed: No. 1. 7 feet Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 15 feet Chert, broken irregularly with much fine Sandy Limestone and Clay. No. 3. 18 feet Chert layers, from X to 3 feet thick, witht little Sand and Clay between the layers. No. 4. 2 feet first opening, as described in the General Section of Granby. No. 5. 7 feet Chert layers or in places alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 6. 5 feet second and principal opening. (?) Limestone, decomposed and sandy near the surface, and gradually passing into a dense, hard gray Limestone. The surface of this Limestone is irregular and wavy as usual, and the highest portions of it are oolitic. 420 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The second or principal opening varies in its composition often and rapidly. To elucidate this we will give a few sections of the openings in this district as we measured and sketched them in the drifts. Thirty feet north-west of shaft 7 the opening consisted of 2feet of Chert layers, with 3 seams of Galena between the layers, -4 2 and 2 inches thick respectively, as represented in the sketch (Fig. 14). Both the Limestone and the opening dip 20~ west. About 60, feet west from the shaft and 8 feet deeper than the above Section we saw in the same openingNo. 1. 2 feet Chert layers without any Galena. No. 2. 1 foot Dolomite partly disintegrated and sandy, with streaks and pockets of tallow Clay. No. 3. 2 feet Calamine in wavy sheets, with tallow Clay in pockets. About 50 feet north-west of shaft 7, near shaft 6, the section of the opening presented itself as follows: No. 1. Chert on top. No. 2. 3 feet solid Calamine, with streaks of Galena often 2 inches thick and with pockets of tallow Clay; softeled, sandy Limestone below. South-west of shaft 7, near shaft 8, we observed the section as represented in sketch (Fig. 15). Limestone Top. No. 1. 3 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Dolomite; in the latter crystals of Galena. No. 2. 8 inches solid Calamine. No. 3. 10 inches tallow Clay, with streaks of Calamine. Soft, decomposed Limestone. All the faces mentioned here belong to one large opening, on which the shafts No. 6 to 11 were sunk. It dips 15~ W., like the surface of the ground, so that the western part (at shaft 11) is 13 feet deeper than the eastern points near shaft 7. The patches of Galena above the Calamine, had been mostly worked out before the war, and the Calamine, whose value was not known then, was left. This, like many of the old diggings, was reopened in 1872, and worked especially for the Calamine. Another portion of the second ore-opening, can be traced from here southward, through the shafts 15 to 28, over to the Crabtree Diggings. It dips like the former to the west, but not as strongly as the surface of the ground. It forms in its western part, the lowest orebeds found in Granby, being there only 42 to 45 feet above the railway. The composition of this opening also changes very materially. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 421 Near shaft 15 we found: 8 feet decomposed Dolomite and red Clay. I to 2 inches Galena. 2 feet Calamine with pockets of tallow Clay. About 200 feet further south, near shaft 19, the face appeared thus, as represented in Fig. 16: No. 1. 6 inches Dolomite and red Clay. No. 2. 12 to 18 inches Calamine and tallow Clay. No. 8. 6 to 1S inches pockets of Calcite with Galena. In the southern part, near the Crabtree Diggings, the face of the'ock presented the following Section which is represented by Fig. 17: No. 1. 2 feet Limestone, with wavy streaks of Dolomite and Calamine, 1 to 2 inches thick. No. 2. 28 inches Calamine, with pockets of Blende and Galena, and with streaks of rotten Dolomite and a little tallow Clay. No. 3. 1 foot tallow Clay. No. 4. Limestone, the upper part of which is rotten and sandy to the touch. To show the relation of the opening to the General Section, we represent a Section through a part of the Northern Yillage Diggings, of which the following is a description: No. 8. Limestone. No. 7. Rotten, sandy Limestone. No. 6. Oolitic Limestone. No. 5. Calamine, with sheets of Dolomite, and some Blende and Galena. No. 4. Clay and Sand, with chunks of Galena, and some Chert fragments. No. 3. Chert layers. No. 2. Broken up Chert. No. 1. Soil. At the north end of these diggings, east of the furnace building, about 25 pits from 4 to 7 feet deep, had been sunk through Soil and Gravel, in which loose pieces of silicious Cerussite (Drybone) were imbedded. In all these diggings, the frequent occurrence of Cerussite and Pyromorphite in amorphous masses and crystals, is remarkable. They are mostly connected with a brown, hardened and very silicious Clay. 422 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2. THIE BROCKHOLLOW DIGGINGS Are situated on the west side of the creek, opposite the Village Diggings, on both sides of a little hollow, and on the lower part of a slope south of it, and extend about 800 feet from south to north, and 600 feet from west to east. The western part of this ground is about 50 feet higher than the eastern part, near the creek. 120 to 130 shafts have been sunk on this piece of land, but nearly all of them are abandoned at present, and most of them are caved in. Only 3 shafts were occasionally worked during the progress of our examination. The shafts were from 15 to 40 feet deep, and showed the following General Section: 3 feet Soil. 10 feet broken Chert 15 feet Chert layers, separated by a little Sand and Clay. 10 feet ore-opening, consisting of Chert Detritus, with occasional horizontal streaks of Sand, Dolomite, tallow Clay, Galena and Cerussite. (?) Limestone. Some Galena, but more Cerussite, (in the form of Drybone and WVool mineral,) was obtained. 3. CRABTREE DIGGINGS. The Crabtree Diggings, (see topographical map,) extend from the east side of the creek, up the lower part of a hill slope rising toward the east. They adjoin the Village Diggings on the South, the Holman Diggings on the west, and the Hardshaft Diggings on the east. They cover a space about 700 feet in each direction, the eastern part of which is about 50 feet higher than the Creek. About 90 shafts are sunk, 11 of which we saw in operation. The General Section at these digging is as follows: No. 1. 3 feet Soil and some Gravel. No. 2. 8 feet loose, broken Chert, with some Sand and Clay. No. 3. 20 feet soft, porous Chert, (Cotton rock). No. 4. 25 feet Chert-layers, partly broken, with Sand and Clay between the layers. No. 5. 2 feet first opening, mostly red Clay, with occasional small pieces of Galena. No. 6. 10 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, 4 to 8 inches each. No. 7. 9 feet second ore-opening to be described hereafter. No. 8. 1 foot Limestone. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 423 The second opening presents the following examples of sections In Shaft 50. See Fig. 19. No. 1. 2 feet broken Chert. No. 2. - inch Galena. No. 3. 2 feet Calamine, with much Dolomite and Red Clay, and some streaks of Galena. Near Shaft 55. See Fig. 20. No. 1. 3 feet Limestone, with wavy layers of Dolomite, the latter containing streaks and crystals of Galena. No. 2. 2 feet Calamine, with little tallow Clay. Nea~r Shaft 5.e Section Fig. 21. No. 1. 3 feet white tallow Clay, Dolomite, and some Calamine in alternate sheets. Some patches of Galena 1 inch thick. No. 2. 1 foot Calamine, with small pockets of tallow Clay. In Shaft 71. Section Fisq. 22. No. 1. 16 inches tallow Clay and Sand. No. 2. 8 inches sandy, rotten Limestone. No. 3. 12 inches red Clay. No. 4. 8inches Dolomite, with numerous streaks of Galena. in Shalft 7'3. No. 1. 3 feet red plastic Clay. No. 2. 4 inches Calamine, with tallow Clay. No. 3. 8 inches black Sand and rotten Dolomite. No. 4. 18 inches Calamine, with much Dolomite. No. 5. 5 inches solid Calamine. No. 6. 6 inches red Clay. (?) Limestone. The opening throughout these Diggings lies deepest in the western and northern parts, and rises towards the south and east. It is 49 feet in shaft 50; 53 feet in shaft 51; from 60 to 73 feet in shafts 52 to 74-above the railway level at Granby station. 4. iHOLMAN DIGGINGS, Are situated on the south side of a hill which occupies nearly all of the north-west quarter of the section. They extend from the creek bottom south of Brockhollow Diggings to the top of the ridge, and connect westwards with the diggings in Ashcraft's and Dutch Hollows. They occupy a space 2,000 feet long from east to west, and 400 to 600 feet wide, on which 150 to 160 shafts are sunk —9 of these were 424 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. inoperation in the summer of 1873. The Diggings at the head of Dutch Hollow and in the Creek bottom were worked before the war, while the principal ore-beds near the top of the ridge (shafts 121 to 132) were not discovered until 1866, and have been mined since then without interruption, and with very great success. The General Section in this part of the Central Diggings shows the following strata: No. 1. 5 feet Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 10 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 20 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 4. 30 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, which are sometimes replaced by: 15 feet Chert layers. 10 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 3. 3 feet first opening consisting of Limestone, Dolomite, red Clay and some Galena in the Dolomite and in the Clay. No. 6. 10 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 7. 6 feet second opening, described hereafter. (?) Limestone, rotten and sandy in the upper 2 to 10, inches, then oolitic, which structure gradually passes into one dense and finegrained. The surface of the ground at these Diggings is 110-130 feet, the principal ore opening 56-66 feet above the railway level. The following sections of the ore beds were observed in the Drift: In Shaft 123. (2 inches Tallow Clay, with crystals of Galena. 1STW OPEN-ING.... 3 inches rotten, sandy Dolomite. 5 feet Chert, in one solid layer. f 12 inches gray, Dolomitic Limestone and yellowish Dolomite in alter - I nate sheets; the Dolomite containing Galena, Limestone and 2ND OPENING.... - O Dolomite form banded masses. L 14 inches Calamine, with tallow Clay, Dolomite and some little Galena. (?) Limestone. In Shaft 125. The principal ore opening consists of (Fig. 23:) No. 1. 12 inches soft, rotten Dolomitic Limestone. No. 2. 4 inches Dolomite, with many crystals of Galena - to 1 inch in diameter, well developed. No. 3. 1 inch tallow Clay. No. 4 14 inches Calaminej with some Dolomite and tallow Clay. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 425 In Shaft 122. No. 1. 8 inches Chert. No. 2. 2 inches Galena. No. 3. 24 inches Chert, with thin sheets of Galena. Beginning at this place, both the Limestone and the opening dip east 300, and the opening changes its character entirely, so that in it and only 23 feet north-east of the last mentioned face, and consequently at a level about 5 feet deeper, we found: 3 feet of soft,~ rotten Dolomitic Limestone, with 4t small seams of Galena, each about 1 inch thick, and connected with each other by very thin vertical seams. Iz Shaft 129, (Fig. 2/4.) No. 1. 8 inches Limestone, partly altered into Dolomite. No. 2. 4 inches C(hert. No. 3. 6 inches crystalline Calcite, inclosing Galena. No. 4. 6 inches Calamine, in patches. No. 5. (?) Limestone. Shaft 1.8S Was sunk in March, 1873, by Mr. McGee on the top of the ridge between Ashcraft's and Dutch Hollows. The mouth of this is 148 feet and the principal ore bed 83 feet above the railway level. The shaft shows the following Section: No. 1. 3 feet soil. No. 2. 12 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 20 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 4. 17 feet Chert layers. No. 5. 1 foot, first opening, filled with red Clay and a. little Galena. No. 6. 12 feet Chert layers. No. 7. 6 feet, second opening. No. 8. 2 feet Chert. No. 9. (?) Limestone. In the different drifts of this shaft we noticed the following faces: North-west of Shiaft. No. 1. Chert layer on top. No. 2. 1 to 2 inches Galena. No. 3. 8 inches fissured Chert, with thin seams of Galena in all directions. No. 4. inch Galena. No. 5. Limestone.' 428 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. South-east of shaft is Fig. 15. The Section is Fig. 25. No. 1. Chert on top. No. 2. 1 inch Galena. No. 3. S inches soft, rotten Dolomitic Limestone, with some Clay and streaks of rotten Dolomite. No. 4. 2 inches hardened, white silicious Clay rock, with many crystals of Galena, 41 to 1 inch in diameter. No. 5. 12 inches tallow Clay and red Clay. No. 6. 6 inches Chert, with small seams of Galena. No. 7. 1 inch hard Clay rock, with large crystals of Galena. No. 8. 8 inches red Clay. No. 9. 12 inches Chert. No. 10. 4 feet 2 inches Limestone. The silicious Clay rock bears on its under side numerous impressions of Dolomitic crystals, and was undoubtedly originally deposited on crystalized Dolomites. At present, however, this Dolomite is replaced partly by Tallow Clay and partly by a very ferruginous tough Clay. 5. THE HARDSHAFT DIGGINGS Extend east of the Crabtree diggings to the top of a hill which lies near the center of the north-east quarter of the Section. They cover an area of ground about 700 feet wide in every direction, on which 70 to 80 shafts have been sunk. The surface of the ground at these diggings is from 125 to 155 feet, and the principal ore beds 76 to 83 feet above the railway level at Granby station. The General Section is as follows: the number of feet indicating the greatest observed thickness of the strata: No. 1. 6 feet Soil and some Gravel. No. 2. 8 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 12 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 4. 24 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 5. 2 feet first opening, filled with Chert and with red Clay, inclosing some little Galena. No. 6. 8 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 7. 8 feet second ore opening. No. S. (?) Limestone. In the second opening we observed the following characteristic faces: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 427 INear Shaft 101. No. 1. 3 feet Limestone, with streaks of Dolomite and pockets of tallow Clay. No. 2. 1a feet white or light yellow, massive Smithsonite. No. 3. 3 feet Calamine, with small pockets of Galena in the upper part. No. 4. —? Limestone. This is the only place in South-west Missouri where this variety of Smithsonite (called "White Jack" by the miners) was found in large quantity. NIear Shaft 95. No. 1. Chert top. No. 2. 2 inches red Clay with pieces of Galena. No. 3. 14 inches Silico-calcite. No. 4. 1 inch white Sand, with a seam of Galena - of an inch thick. No. 5. 7 inches Chert. No. 6. 1 inch Sand with Galena. No. 7. 6 inches Chert. No. 8. I inch Sand with Galena. No. 9. 15 inches Tallow Clay with small streaks of Dolomite. No. 10. 1 inch Dolomite with Galena. No. 11. 3 inches Chert. No. 12. -? Limestone. Near Shaft 93. Chert layer. ( 14 inches limestone and Chert, with Calcite and crystals of Galena. 1ST OPENING.....~ 2 inches Chert. 1 inch Galena. l 8 inches rotten Dolomitic Limestone and rotten Dolomite. 3 feet Limestone. 2 feet Chert. { 4 feet Chert, with five seams rotten Limestone 1 to 2 inches 2ND OPENING.... thick, containing much Galena. Near Shaft 103. No. 1. Chertlayer. No. 2. 4 inches tallow Clay. No. 4. 18 inches Calamine, with pockets of Galena 2 to 3 inches thick. No. 5. 36 inches rotten Dolomite, white Sand and red Clay, with Galena disseminated through the whole mass. 428 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This Section is one of the few where much Galena was found below the solid sheets of Calamine. 6. THE FRAZIER DIGGINGS AND THE CHESTER SHAFTS. The Frazier Diggings are situated on both sides of a small valley, through which the creek enters the Granby basin from the south. They occupy, with the Chester Shafts, which are further west, a space of about 1600 feet from east to west and 400 to 600 feet from north to south. From 170 to 180 shafts have been sunk here, seven of which we saw in process of operation. The surface at these Diggings is 105 to 145 feet-the principal ore beds 67 to 84 feet-above the railway level. These Diggings were partly worked before the war and many have been re-opened a year or two ago for the purpose of getting the Calamine which had been left in the mines. The General Geological Section of these Diggings is as follows: No. 1. 5 feet Soil with some Gravel. No. 2. 20 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 3. 1 foot first opening, filled with red Clay containing little Galena. No. 4. 24 feet Chert layers. N o. 5. 10 feet second opening, described hereafter. No. 6. 2 feet solid Chert. No. 7. —? Limestone. The second opening shows the following various Sections: In Mine of Shaft 218, South-east from Sliaft. No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2. 12 inches Limestone. No. 3. 3 inches Calamine in thin, broken slabs, with pockets of red Clay and tallow Clay. No. 4. 1 inch Sand. No. 5. 18 inches Calamine, with small pockets of tallow Clay. No. 6. 8 inches Calamine, with much red Clay and Sand. No. 7, Chert layer. In the Same Mine, North-east from Shaft. (Fig. 26.) No. 1. 4 feet rounded boulders of Limestone, decomposed on the outside and surrounded by red Clay and tallow Clay. No. 2. 1~ feet Calamine, with small pockets of tallow Clay. In the Same M3ine, South-west of Shaft. (Fig. 27.) No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2. 4 inches tallow Clay and Sand mixed. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 429 No. 3. 13 inches Smithsonite, solid, of grayish brown color, and fine-grained or oolitic. No. 4. 18 inches solid Calamine. No. 5. Chert layer. Near Shaft 220. (lFiq. 28.) No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2. 4 inches white tallow Clay, with crystals of Galena. No. 3. 10 inches Chert. No. 4. 8 inches Clay and Sand, with chunks of Cerussite and a little Galena. No. 5. Chert layer. At Shaft 195. No. ]. Chert layer on top. No. 2. 8 inches tallow Clay, with Galena. No. 3. 24 inches Sand, rotten Dolomite and tallow Clay in alternate bands. No. 4. 12 inches Dolomite, with streaks of crystalline Dolomitic Limestone. No. 5. 21 inches Calamine, with pockets of Blende and Galena. No. 6. -? Linmestone. In the Saime Mfine, onzly 10 feet West of' the preceding Section. No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2.. 1 inches tallow Clay and red Clay, with a little Galena. No. 3. 6 inches gray Clay and brown Sand, in alternate streaks. No. 4. 12 inches red Clay and Sand. No. 5. 1 inch gray, sillicious Clay. With pockets of Ga- lena from I to 8 No. 6. 8 inches tallow Clay, with some Sand. inches thick. No. 7. 3 inches Calamine, with some tallow Clay. J In the Same Mine, 15 feet WVest of the last mentioned Section. we saw: No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2, 4 inches rotten Dolomite. No. 3. 2 inches gray Clay, with streaks of Galena, and Calamine. No. 4. 2 inches Galena in patches. No. 5. 4 inches rotten Dolomite. No. 6. 12 inches Dolomite and Sand mixed. No. 7. 2 inches Chert. No. 8.? feet Limestone. The above three Sections, taken in shaft 195, at one and the same mining face, which was about 25 feet wide and 4 to 8 feet high, show very plainly the rapid changes in the materials filling the opening. The solid Dolomite and Calamine in the first Section at one end of the face for about 20 feet is almost entirely replaced by various Clays 430 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and Sands, in which Galena abounds in chunks and pockets. About 15 feet farther again, in the Third Section mentioned, Dolomite appears again, but Calamine and Galena only occur in small streaks. We will add here two more Sections from openings in the Frazier Diggings, which are remarkable for a large development of solid Calamine: Near Shaft 209. No. 1. 3 feet Limestone with bands of Dolomite and pockets of tallow Clay. No. 2. 2 feet Limestone and Dolomite in alternate bands, the Dolomite containing crystals of Galena. No. 3. 3 feet solid Calamine with some Galena. The Dolomite which occurs only in small quantities in the 3 feet layer of Limestone, gradually increases and predominates in the lower portions adjoining the Calamine. Near'Shaft 236. No. 1. 8 inches Chert. No. 2. 4 inches Sand. No. 3. 24 inches red Clay, with chunks of Galena. No. 4. 12 inches Chert. No. 5. 36 inches Calamine, which, in some other places lear this shaft, occurs 6 feet thick. No. 6. (?) Limestone. 7. THE EASTPOINT DIGGINGS, Which we will here describe, together with the Bellew and Hopkins' Shafts, form a belt which extends from the Frazier Diggings about 2,500 feet in the direction of N. 50~ E., in a width of 200 to 500 feet. Over 200 shafts are sunk here, some of which we have been able to examine. The surface of the ground at these Diggings is from 105 to 155 feet above the railway level at Granby Station. The diggings at Eastpoint are on the north-east end of this belt, on the northern and eastern slope of a ridge which gradually rises towards the south-west. The General Section at these diggings, is as follows: No. 1. 2 feet Soil. No. 2. 14 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 3. 18 feet Chert layers. No. 4. 1 foot first opening, consisting of yellow Clay and Sand, with loose chunks of Galena. No. 5. 7 feet Silico-calcite, in some places replaced by alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. LEAD AND Z[NC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 431 No. 6. 7 feet second ore-opening. No. 7. 3 feet Chert layer. No. 8. (?) Limestone. The second principal ore-opening shows a great variety of composition. We give the following Sections of it as being the most characteristic: Near Shaft 29,? NYorth-west of Shaft. No. 1. Chert layer above. No. 2. 6 inches Galena, in patches. No..3. 24 inches Chert. No. 4. 6 inches red Clay. No. 5. 36 inches Calamine. In the samze Mine, South of Shaft. No. 1. Chert layer. No. 2. 1 inch Galena. No. 3. 8 inches Silico-calcite, the Limestone partly Dolomized and rotten; both Limestone and Chert contain Galena in small streaks. No. 4. Limestone. Near Shaft V27i. (Fig. 29.) No. 1. 8 inches Chert. No. 2. 1 inch Galena, connected with the Chert above, and filling all the indent small crevices in the same. No. 3. 18 inches Calamine, with tallow Clay and Sand. No. 4. 6 inches Chert. (- inch Galena. No. 5. inch Calamine. Forming one-banded layer. _ inch Sand. No. 6. 2 inches Chert. No. 7. Limestone below. THE BELLEW SHAFTS, South-west of Eastpoint, were not worked at the time of our visit They were filled with water. They had been worked before the war and were re-opened by Mr. Bellew in 1872, to mine the Calamine which was left at the, bottom of old Drifts 3 to 5 feet thick. This Calamine was of the very best quality, of nearly black color, and contained many patches of Blende and Galena. 432 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HOPKINS' SHAFT, Is situated between the Frazier and the Bellew Diggings. We saw one shaft (No. 236,) at work, which had been sunk through No. 1. 13 feet broken Chert. No. 2. 15 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 3. 80 feet Chert layers. No. 4. 5 feet principal ore-opening. No. 5. 3 feet Chert. No. 6. (?) Limestone. It had been sunk before the war, and was re-opened in fall 1872, to work out the Calamine. The principal ore-opening, in various drifts of the shaft, showed the following strata: 38 feet No}rth-west froom Shaft. No. 1. Chert layer above. No. 2. 2 feet red Clay. No. 3. 2 feet Chert, with some seanms of Galena. No. 4. 3 feet Calamine, with small pockets of Blende and Galena. No. 5. Chert layer below. 70 feet,~orlAth't'om Shaft. No. 1. 8 inches Chert. No. 2. 4inches yellow Sand. No. 3. 20 inches solid Calamine. No. 4. 12 inches Sand and tallow Clay. No. 5. Limestone below. The Calamine forms a nearly horizontal layer, 1~ to 4 feet thick, extending 40 to f50 feet in each direction. 8. MINERAL POINT AND POOR MAN'S POINT DIGGINGS. The diggings at Mineral Point and at Poor Man's Point, situated on a strip of land about 1,400 feet long and 400 feet broad, south of Bellews' shafts and of East Point Diggings, running parallel with the latter. About 60 shafts have been sunk on this ground, 2 of which we had an opportunity to examine. The surface is 120 to 145 feet and the ore beds 60 to 78 feet above the railway bed at Granby station. The General Section shows the following strata: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 433 3 feet Soil. 10 feet broken Chert..18 feet soft porous Chert. 25 feet Chert layers. 6 feet principal ore-opening. 3 feet Chert. (?) Limestone. In the drifts worked in the principal ore-opening, we noticed the following compositions of faces: In the mine of shaft 341, north of shaft: 6 inches red Clay and Sand, with loose pieces of Galena. 6 inches yellow tallow Clay. 1 inch white Sand. 1 inch tallow Clay, with Galena. I inch Sand and red Clav. 6 inches Calamine, in thin sheets. 24 inches red Clay. Chert layer. In the same mine, south of shaft, all the Calamine, Sand, and tallow Clay had given out, and the whole face consisted of: 4 feet red Clay, with loose chunks of Galena, l to 60 pounds in weight, coated with Cerussite. Chert layer. The ore formation is generally parallel to the surface of the ground, dipping with the slopes. Outside of the Diggings above described, about; 200 shafts are sunk on the Granby section, making a total of nearly 1,200 shafts. Most of the outside shafts struck the solid bed rock in a depth of from 15 to 70 feet below the surface, without finding any ore. All attempts made to penetrate through this solid Limestone, with the purpose of finding " lower openings," have failed. As far as known at present, the ore formation of Granby is confined to a zone rarely thicker than 10 feet, and lying immediately above the solid Limestone, in an altered and more or less broken formation. The disadvantage of this limited vertical extent of the ores, is, however, balanced by their large horizontal extent, which is undoubtedly much larger than has been brought to light by the mining operations to the present day. Especially the southern part of the section, and some parts of Sec. 7, present very favorable prospects. Around the Odd Fellows' Hall, for instance, some shafts were sunk G.s —2S. 434 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. which went through a formation very similar to that of the other Diggings, mainly consisting of broken Chert, and of soft porous C(hert. In some of these shafts, small quantities of Lead had been found. But all of them were abandoned on account of the water rushing in very heavily before they had reached the solid Limestone. When worked with proper pumping machinery, they may yet strike wellpaying ore beds. Similar favorable prospects exist in other places, in and outside of Sec. 6. We will now proceed to describe various Diggings in the vicinity of Granby which, though not yielding largely at present, prove the vast extent of the ore-bearing formation in this district. We begin with the PRAIRIE DIGGINGS, See. 18, T. 35, R. 30 W.-about 2 miles south of Granby, near the northern end of Oliver's prairie. The General Section in this part of tile prairie, is as follows: 5 feet Soil and Gravel. 15 feet red and yellow Sandstone, which frequently crops out in the prairie. Limestone, white or gray, of oolitic structure in upper layers, passing into a fine-grained bluish or drab variety below. Deep depressions in this Limestone are filled with broken Chert, Cliert-breccia, red Clay and loose boulders of Sandy Limestone. Galena occurs in small, loose sheets between the boulders and in single pieces, adhering to the Chert or lying loose in the red Clay. Also a silicious Cerussite, (Dry-bone,) often partly changed to Pyromorphite, and some Calamine are found in loose pieces in the Clay. These Diggings are among the oldest in the region, being discovered in 1850. They yielded about 300,000 pounds of Galena, in the first 10 years, but are not worked regularly at present. The location of the shafts of these Diggings, may be seen in Fig. 30. Most of the shafts are on a circular space of ground about 300 feet in diameter, east of Mr. Davis' house. They are from 30 to 40 feet deep, in broken Chert and in boulders of sandy Limestone, the latter sometimes 3 feet in diameter. The boulders are deposited in a depression of the Limestone. The latter was struck as a solid mass in the surrounding shafts, at D, E and F, at a depth of only 10 to 15 feet. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTII-WEST MISSOURI. 435 South-east of this circle, at G and II, red Sandstone crops out in the prairie. About 800 feet further north, (at B,) a shaft was sunk which passed through 42 feet of broken Chert and red Clay, with some Galena in sheets and in thin seams in the Chert. At shaft A the masses of broken Chert and of large Chert slabs, were 70 feet thick, mixed with some red Clay, but containing no ore. Solid Limestone was struck below. CULPEPPER DIGGINGS. The Culpepper Diggings, Secs. 1 and 2, T. 25, R. 30 W., are 4 to 5 miles east of Granby, on hills 20 to 30 feet high, covered with small timber, and extending south as far as Oliver's prairie. The higher portions of this ground are covered with pieces of red Sandstone, which also crop out in several places. The Sandstone is underlaid by Limestone, oolitic in the upper, gray and coarse-grained inEthe lower layers. Galena occurs in small quantities, either in small crevices of the Limestone, associated with Dolomite, or loose in red Clay, or between broken Chert, which overlies the Limestone in some places. A considerable number of shafts have been sunk in this vicinity, but the whole production did not exceed a few thousand pounds of Galena. In a shaft in Sec. 1, sunk by Mr. Hiouser, we observed: 10 feet red Clay. 15 feet soft, porous Chert. (?) Silico-calcite, with small pieces of Galena. Another shaft called the Hard Shaft, was sunk through: 12 feet red Clay. 35 feet Limestone and Chert, with a vertical seam of Dolomite about 1 incih thick, containing crystals of Galena, and some pieces of Blende. The seam closed, however, at that depth. Similar small seams of Galena in Limestone, were observed near the house of Mr. Skipworth. H]E:I DIGGINGS. The fem Diggings are 2 miles west of Granby, in the south-half of Sec. 2, T. 25, R. 31 W., on the south-west slope of a hill rising about 40 feet above the bottom of a small creek which runs north-west into Shoal Creek. The slopes are thickly covered with broken, dense, white, brittle Chert, and some pieces of red or yellow Sandstone. 436 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The shafts, 30 to 40 in number, struck Limestone after penetrating 15 to 25 feet of broken Chert and Cheirt-breccia. This latter consists of Chert split by numerous cracks and recemented by Quartzite, or by hardened Clay. Red or brown sandy Clay, is mixed with the broken Chert. Galena, in small pieces, was found loose in the Clay. The production of these Diggings was small. They were worked in 1859, then abandoned, and will soon be reopened Ly some parties from Granby. NEOS HO. At Neosho and vicinity, Galena has been found in some places, but nowhere as yet in paying quantities. The formation consists of Archimides (Keokuk) Limestone, which appears at the surface in many places. It is exposed 60 to 70 feet high, at the southern limit of Neosho, on Harold's farm. There it consists of dark gray, coarse-grained Limestone, with many fossils, and with continuous layers as well as irregular concretions of white, dense Chert. The upper layers of the Limestone are of finer grain than the lower ones, and the boulders which lie above the solid rock, are also fine-grained. The same Limestone forms a bluff in the western part of Neosho, near the" Big Spring." In some places this Limestone is overlaid by strata of hard Chert, of soft, porous Chert, and of red Clay, in the same succession, though of less thickness, than in the ore-bearing formation of Granby. A railroad cut in the N. E. qr. of Sec. 27, T. 25, R. 32 W., on the land of Mr. Hopkins, shows the following Section: 4 feet Soil, with pieces of broken Chert. 4 to 8 feet hard, solid Chert, in layers separated by layers of red Clay. 2 to 3 feet soft, porous Chert. 8 to 7 feet white, entirely disintegrated Chert, of sandy, and in places, clayish structure. (?) ilico-Calcite, the Limestone of which is fine-grained and light-colored. The Chert layers immediately below the Soil, are solid and continuous, rarely broken, and 2 to 8 inches thick. They are not in close contact with each other, but leave in places horizontal clefts, which are in part empty, in part filled with a white, fine, silicious powder, or with dry, red Clay. The soft, porous Chert below them, is identical with the formation in Granby, called " Cotton rock "' by the miners. It occurs in coherent layers 2 to 5 inches thick, and passes gradually into the disinte LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 437 grated sandy Chert. The latter encloses irregular lumps of soft, porous Chert, not fully disintegrated. This locality is on higher ground than the bluffs near Neosho, previously described. All the strata have no distinct dip, but seem to be horizontal. In Neosho, a well was sunk by Mr. McKane, passing through broken layers of Chert and red, sandy Clay between the layers. In several places small crystals of Galena were found either loose in the Sand, or sticking to small pieces of Sandy, fine- grained Limestone. At 20 feet depth a boulder of Limestone was struck lying on red Clay, with some loose pieces of Gale'na. Several old diggings may be seen on Hickory Creek, south-east of Neosho, where Galena has been found in red Clay, under broken layers of Chert. THE MOSELY DIGGINGS, T. 26, R. 32 W., SEeCS. 26 AND 27, Eight miles west of G(ranby and 4 miles north of Neosho. They are situated on both sides of a small valley which runs north-east to the bottom of Shoal Creek, about ~ mile distant. The [Slopes are steep and 50 to 60 feet high. The Shafts passed through Soil, masses of broken Chert, broken, soft, porous Chert and accumulations of broken masses rounded and partly altered, of coarse-grained, dark-gray Limestone, which passes locally into a fine-grained, bluish variety. Between these masses and boulders, at a'depth of 45 to 60 feet, irregularsseams or elongated pockets of Lead and Zinc ores were struck, lying about parallel to the Slope. Galena is found as seams in soft and rotten Dolomite, as crystals adhering to Chert, or in loose pieces in the Clay between the boulders of Limestone. Calamine, frequently enclosing pieces of Ga!ena or Blende, occurs in botryoidal forms, as slabs, with the Dolomite, or loose in red Clay. These Diggings, formerly yielding very' largely, (See Swallow's Geological Report, 1855), are but little worked at present. Near the south-east corner of Sec. 27, in this district, Abbot & Co. sunk a deep shaft on the summit of a hill. It passed through: No. 1. 20 feet broken Chert. No. 2. 50 feet boulders and slabs offine grained Limestone and broken Chert layers. Some of the latter contain vertical seams of Galena, reaching a an inch in thickness. These seams do not pass into the underlying layers. No. 3. 30 feet of coarse-grained and dark-colored limestone, containing layers and concretions of Chert, but no ore. 43S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THE: SAWYER DIGGINGS, T. 26, R. 32, SrE. 27, N. W. QR. At this locality Culpepper & Sawyer lately began work, and are sinking two shafts about 30 feet apart, on top of a hill, on land belonging to-the Granby Mining and Smelting Company. They dug through 30 feet of broken Chert, and then struck more solid layers of Chert, with coarse red Clay, in which some loose pieces of Galena and Cerussite were found. A few hundred pounds of ore had been raised at the time of our visit. THE CONLEY DIGGINGS, T. 26, R. 32 W., SECS. 31 AND 32, NEWTON COUNTY, Form a part of the old Cedar Creek Diggings-belong to Messrs. Thompson & Graves, of Joplin. They are situated on Spurgeon's prairie, and extend along the west slope of a small water-run the, deepest point of which is not over 15 feet below the surrounding prairie. Most of the shafts are less than 20 feet deep. A narrow run of loose pieces of Cerussite lying in red Clay comes to the surface at the northern end of the Diggings, and dips slightly towards the south, so that it is about 20 feet below the ground at the southern end. The whole length of the present Diggings is about 500 feet. Galena has in various places been found in loose pieces at a greater depth. In the centre of the Diggings a shaft has been sunk 110 feet deep. It passed through No. 1. 15 feet red Clay, with a "run " of loose pieces of Cerussite partly pure, partly sandy, consisting in the latter case of disintegrated porous Chert, strongly impregnated with Carbonate of Lead. No. 2. 95 feet broken Chert, with some red Clay and Sand. The shaft did not reach the solid Limestone. Another shaft was sunk at the south end of the Diggings 95 feet deep. At a depth of 35 feet some Galena was found adhering to pieces of broken Chert. At 90 feet, the red Clay began to predominate over the Chert, and large pieces and slabs of impure, fine-grained Zinc Blende and masses of dark-gray, fine-grained and spongy Quartzite, enclosing crystalline Zinc Blende were reached. A quarter of a mile west of these Diggings, in Sec. 31, a " run " of pieces of heavy, massive Cerussite, imbedded in red Clay, with broken Chert lies near the surface. The ore-bearing layer is about. 2 feet thick, and lies only 4 feet above the Limestone. The latter has the appearance of being a part of a large, solid body of rock. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 439 THE CORNWALL DIGGINGS, T. 26, R. 33, Sec. 36 S. W. qr., are one mile south-west from the Conley Diggings, and are owned by S. B. Corn, of Joplin. They consist of about 20 shafts, situated on a broad and gentle slope extending from a plateau of the prairie in a south-western direction down to a hollow in which Lost Creek originates. Figure 31 is a topographical sketch of the diggings and a Geological Section. The layers dip toward the east. The Sandstone crops out about 200 feet west of the shafts, in a belt 50 feet broad, and running southwest to north-east. West of this, layers and boulders of Chert appear on the surface.'Through these latter the sheet shaft was sunk about 500 feet west of the other shafts. The Section is given in the sketch. About 500 feet south of this shaft the Chert layers, cropping out at the surface, contain some small seams of Galena. The various rocks of the Section of the Cornwall shafts show the following characteristic features: The Sandstone is micaceous, mostly gray, occasionally yellow or reddish in the upper portions. It is partly very hard, not very friable and of medium-sized grain. Its lower layers contain some Galena in specks or in seams, between the layers. All the strata are more or less broken. A layer of greenish Clay, varying in thickness from 1 to 14 feet, lies in places between the strata of Sandstone; 3 to 6 feet Sandstone being above and 2 to 4 feet below the Clay. Loose, rounded pieces and often large chunks of Galena are imbedded in this Clay, one of which measured 1 by 1 by 2 feet. The tallow Clay below the Limestone is strongly mixed with Sand; the latter being evidently the product of contrition of the Sandstone. The broken Limestone below the Clay is hard, gray and coarse-grained. The single blocks are separated from each other by red Clay, which contains loose pieces of Galena, Cerussite and, in some places, of Calamine. The Limestone contains Bitumen, in cracks and cavities, as well as crystals and crystalline inasses of Galena and specks of Blende. The upper part is less broken, and thinly stratified or shaly, and of sandy, fine-grained structure. This part contains Galena in streaks between the slightly waving layers. 440 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THE BAXTER DIGGINGS, T. 26, ZR. 33, Sec. 1, i mile south of the Cornwall Diggings, are also represented on Figure 31. They are situated at the head of Lost Creek, which flows south-west to Spring River. The shafts have been sunk through masses of broken Chert, with red Clay and Sand and broken Limestone. Galena was found in seams and specks between the layers of Chert and in the Limestone. The shafts A (see sketch) in the northern part of the Diggings, were sunk through masses of broken Chert, with some broken Limestone. Some shafts are 50 feet deep without reaching the solid rock. G(alena was found also in loose pieces a few feet below the surface, and again at 45 feet depth in seams in the Chert. B B are shallow diggings. The angular broken masses of coarsegrained and somewhat bituminous Limestone are there 3 to 7 feet: below the surface, and contain thin seams of Galena. The shaft C is 20 feet deep, and passed through 6 feet Sandstone before reaching the broken Chert. The shaft D struck solid layers of Chert, partly mixed with Limestone (Silico-Calcite.) CARPENTER'1S SHAFT, T. 25, R. 33 W., Sec. 2, about two miles south-west of the Cornwall Diggings, penetrated the following strata: No. 1. 4 feet Soil andl loose pieces of Chert. No. 2. 6 feet grayish-white Sandstone. No. 3. 8 feet brown and green Clay. No. 4. 3 feet boulders of sandy, fine-grained Limestone. No. 5. 15 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 6. (?) Chert layers. The Limestone between the Chert layers is dark and coarsegrained, containing Bitumen in cavities, and some crystals and specks of Galena and Blende. WILLIA[M'S DIGGINGS, T. 26, R. 33 W., Sec. 14, on Beef Creek, consists of a number of shafts which were sunk through broken Chert and Clay, with streaks of Galena. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 441 SIBLEY DIGGINGS, T. 24, R. 34 W., Sec. 8, are 1- miles south of the town of Seneca, close to the line of the Indian Territory. They are situated near the top of a flat, rolling slope, which descends northward into the plain of Seneca. Mr. Sibley sunk a well near his house, and 3 shafts about 600 feet east of it, and 20 feet higher up the hill. The well is 20 feet deep, and stands in broken Chert with layers of brown Clay, and large quantities of tallow Clay near the bottom. The 3 shafts passed through: No. 1. 6 feet cherty soil. No. 2. 20 feet red and yellow sandy Clay, with pieces and occasional layers of hard, gray Chert. No. 3. 40 feet yellow, sandy Clay, with Chert fragments and boulders, and slabs of fine-grained, yellow, sandy Limestone. The latter inclosing some Chert-breccia and occasional crystals or crystalline masses of Galena. Below this, soft, rotten, white Chert was struck. In one shaft, at a depth of 35 feet, 2 very thin sheets of Galena were met with in the sandy Clay; one being 2 feet below the other. They were followed 15 feet to the west, in which direction they dipped at an angle of about 30~. Paying quantities of ore have not yet been discovered in this locality. TiHE THUR1MAN DiGGINGS, T. 27, R. 32 W., Secs. 29 and 30, Newton county, are owned by the Thurman M. and S. Co., and leased to Mr. Richards of St. Louis. The situation of the Diggings is represented on the sketch (Fig. 32.) Several hills, 30 to 40 feet high, separated by small valleys or hollows, rise east of a small creek which flows south-west into Shoal Creek. The shafts are situated principally along these hollows. The southern hollow is called Roarke's and the shafts in it extend about one-fourth of a mile east to west, and 800 feet north to south. At shafts 1 and 2, (see sketch,) the dark, coarse-grained Archimedes Limestone was struck at a depth of less than 40 feet without finding any ore. Only small quantities of Iron Pyrites occurred occasionally in the Limestone. Shaft 3 passed through Chert and fine-grained Limestone in slabs and boulders, mixed with Chert detritus and Clay, inclosing some Galena in loose pieces. The solid. Limestone was struck at 75 feet depth. 442 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Shafts 4 and 5 had 40 feet of broken Chert, with sandy Clay of red or yellow color, in which some loose, rounded pieces of Galena were imbedded. A number of shafts have been sunk near the mouth of the northern hollow, which lies one-fourth to one-half mile north of Roarke's Hollow. They are sunk in the bottom land, and are the Thurman shafts proper. Four of these shafts, sunk at distances of 40 to 50 feet from each other, and 35 to 40 feet deep, passed through: No. 1. 5 feet Soil, with pieces of Chert. No. 2. 30 to 35 feet irregular mixture of boulders, slabs and irregular fragments of various materials, mixed with Clay. These broken materials are of very unequal size, becoming larger with the depth. They consist of: 1-Grayish white, hard, angular Chert in large slabs or fragments of 1 to 3 feet diameter, sometimes cemented by sandy, regenerated Limestone. 2 —Chert-breccia, the angular pieces of Chert, from pea to head size, cemented by a yellow or brown, fine-grained, sandy Limestone, which in its mass contains specks and pockets of crystalline Galena and Blende. 3 —Rounded boulders, I to 3 feet in diameter, of soft, coarsely crystalline, reddish gray, Dolomitic Limestone, rotten on the outside, and containing seams and aggregates of Galena. — Pieces of Chert of fist to head size, with adhering crystals of Galena; also, masses of Calamine in botryoidal forms, inclosing crystals of Galena. The latter are sometimes mixed with pure, crystalized Calcite, and with yellow or red, porous and Dolomitic Limestone, also inclosing small crystals of Galena. The Clay is either plastic, ferruginous and gritty or impalpable and fat (tallow Clay), and contains loose pieces of Galena, rounded and coated with Cerussite. Most of the above materials contain Galena only at a depth of about 30 feet. From 300 to 400 feet north of these shafts, in the open valley, some old shafts had struck broken layers of bluish black, micaceous Slate thinly stratified-probably belonging to the Coal MIeasures. The Locke Shaft (see sketch) is sunk a few hundred feet north-east of the Thurman Shafts, on the summit of a hill, being about 30 feet above the valley. It passed through: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 443 No. 1. 6 feet cherty and sandy Soil. No. 2. 30 feet broken Chert, with a little sandy Clay. No. 3. 29 feet very large, angular, broken masses of Silico-calcite, consisting of about two-thirds of Chert and one-third of fine-grained, gray Limestone. The Chert sometimes contains small seams of Galena. These large, broken masses are often cemented together by a coarse-grained, yellowish gray Limestone, inclosing small pieces of angular Chert. Below these rocks is a coarse, solid Conglomerate of broken, white Chert and of boulders of bluish gray Limestone cemented by yellow, sandy Limestone-the latter containing crystals of Galena one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter, distributed through its whole mass. This latter Limestone is evidently of a more recent formation, simultaneous with the deposition of the ores. The McCoy Shafts (see sketch) are sunk east of the Locke Shaft,,on the ridge and in the hollow. They were worked in 1872, but had been abandoned at the time of our visit. The shafts on the southern slope of the hollow struck yellow, calcareous Sandstones and solid Archimedes Limestone without finding any ore. But those on the same hill with the Locke Shaft had considerable quantities of Galena, principally connected with a yellow, fine-grained or clayish, calcareous Sandstone, probably formed from residuary Sand from dissolved Limestone. The Galenais also found adhering to Chert or loose in red Clay; also, in reddish gray regenerated Limestone, which incloses Chert fragments. The yellow Sandstone also contains seams of Cerussite. One quarter of a mile south-east from Thurman Village, on the southern slope of a hill, Mr. Summers sunk a shaft which struck the solid Limestone below solid Chert, at a depth of 20 feet. He went 36 feet into it without finding any ore. TIHE JOHNSOx DIGGINGS, T. 27, R. 32, Sec. 20, west half, near centre, (Newton county,) two miles north of Thurman Diggings, are controlled by Mr. S. B. Corn, of Joplin. As may be seen from sketch, (Fig. 32,) six shafts are sunk near the head of a little hollow, which runs south-west towards the Thurman Diggings. Shaft 1 seems to have struck large boulders of coarse, gray Limestone, inclosing some fluid Bitumen, crystals of Galena and angular pieces of Chert. The shafts 3 to 6 are about 30 to 40 feet deep. They passed through 441 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. masses of broken Chert, with boulders of coarsely crystalline, light gray Limestone and through boulders of sandy, rotten Dolomite, sometimes in banded sheets. Loose pieces of Galena are found with these materials, forming thin and narrow runs a few feet below the surface, and occurring again 20 to 30 feet deep in larger quantity. The Galena is often adhering to pieces of Chert. Brown Clay and tallow Clay are found in large streaks and masses. Occasionally loose chunks of Calamine occur, inclosing crvstalls of Galena. THE CARNEY DIGGINGS, Situated in T. 27, R. 33, Sec. 15, near center of Section, Jasper county, 3 miles south-west of Joplin, close to the dividing line between the water-sheds of Shoal Creek and Turkey Creek. They are controlled by nMessrs. Chapman & Riggin, of Joplin. In the lower part of a small valley descending south-west towards the Shoal Creek valley, a number of shafts had been sunk several years ago. They passed through 58 feet of Chert in fragments and layers, and then struck rotten Dolomite with small pieces of Chert and streaks of Galena or Blende 1 inch to 2- inches thick. The shafts were then abandoned, owing to the inability of raising the water which was met with in considerable quantity. At present a new shaft is being sunk close by. Other shafts were commenced a few hundred feet up the hollow, for the purpose of testing the locality. They passed through similar materials to those in the lower shafts, but did not reach any ore. In one of these shafts a boulder of grayish-red Sandstone, 2 feet thick, was struck 20 feet below the surface in broken Chert. One shaft passed through 20 feet of broken Chert, and then through 20 feet of bluish-gray Limestone with segregations of bitumen. The whole surface at these diggings, especially the upper part of the valley, is covered with pieces and angular slabs of gray or red Sandstone. THE BUDLONG DIGGINGS, About ~ of a mile north of the Carney Diggings, and on high ground on the summit of the ridge. Three shafts were sunk near together by Moffet & Sergeant, of Joplin, on Mr. Budlong's land. All had a run of loose pieces of Cerussite, (" wool-mineral,") 3 to 5 feet below the soil, in red Clay, mixed with loose pieces of hard Chert, and some Sand. This formation of broken Chert continued for 30 feet down without any farther ore. South-west of these, another shaft was sunk 30 to 40 feet deep in broken Chert mixed with red Clay and some loose pieces of Galena. The whole surface at these diggings is covered with pieces of hard, white Chert. CHAPTER XXVI. II. THE DEPOSITS OF TURKEY CREEK DISTRICT. The Lead and Zinc Mines of Turkey Creek District are situated in the south-western part of Jasper county, extending principally along the courses of several small creeks which run in a north-western or northern direction into Turkey Creek, the latter flowing nearly due west. The greatest number of Mines are on both sides of the most easterf of these creeks, namely: Joplin Creek. About 1 mile farther west is a small run of water along the hollow of Lone Elm, in which the Lone Elm Diggings are situated. Three miles west of Joplin Creek, or about 2 miles west of Lone Elm, the Leadville Diggings extend along the third of these branches. Still farther west, 2 miles, are the Stevens' Diggings, ~ mile south of Turkey Creek, on Stevens' Branch; and finally 1 mile west of the last named Diggings and about 5 miles west of Joplin, we find the Bentley Diggings, on another similar branch. THE JOPLIN MINES. Along Joplin Creek, will be described in the following order: a(. lUpper Joplin Creek Digginzgs. No. 1. Cox & Pierce's and Thomas' Diggings. No. 2. Schott Diggings. No. 3. Jasper No. 1 Diggings on Power's Hill. No. 4. Short & Temple's Diggings. No. 5. Jasper No. 2 Diggings. No. 6. Diggings on Swindle Hill. 446 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. b. Middle Joplin Creek Diggings. No. 7. Porter Diggings. No. 8. Orchard Diggings. No. 9. Moon Diggings and East Joplin Diggings. No. 10. Four Corner Diggings. No. 11. Murphysburg Hill Diggings. No. 12. McCrum Diggings. e. Lower Joplin Creek Diggings. No. 13. Joplin Valley Diggings. We have added to this Report a Topographical sketch, representing the whole mining district along the valley of Joplin Creek. The strata throughout this mining district is generally very irregular in their character and relative position, often varying considerably within short distances. Near the summits of the hills or ridges, we find sometimes places with pretty regular formation, but rarely entirely undisturbed. The ores are, however, generally less concentrated at such points. The succession of rocks on the slopes remains the same sometimes for long distances, but the layers are always of very variable thickness. The position of the layers is generally strongly disturbed, especially in the lower part of the slopes. The layers almost invariably dip with the slopes. In the bottoms all materials are frequently broken up: the Chert into angular fragments, the Limestone into large blocks or slabs, which are rounded into "' boulders" when softened by alteration. A certain regularity of succession is nevertheless perceptible for many miles along the upper part of Joplin Creek. But the diggings in the bottoms of the lower or northern part of the creek show but rarely anything else except immense accumulations of more or less finely broken Chert, and only occasionally masses of altered Limestone or of Dolomite crushed and irregularly mixed with the broken Chert. A.-THE UPPER JOPLIN CR'EEK DIGGINGS. 1. THE Cox & PIERCE AND THE THOMIAS DIGGINGS, Sec. 12, T. 33. R. 27, S. W. qr., on Pitcher's land, leased by Moffet & Sergeant. A number of shafts have been sunk on the west slope of a slight depression, indicated on our topographical sketch. They cover a belt of ground about 800 feet long from north to south, and 10 to 20 feet broad. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 447 Shaft A is the deepest, and has the following section: 2 feet Soil. 20 feet yellow Clay, with pieces of Chert. 3 feet black slaty Clay. 16 feet rounded boulders of sandy Limestone, containing seams and crystalline masses of Galena, with tallow Clay and yellow Chert Sand between the boulders. This sandy Limestone is fine.grained, and contains some Bitumen in cracks and cavities. 30 feet Conglomerate, formed by pieces of broken Chert and loose crystalline masses of Galena, cemented by calcareous Clay, or by argillaceous, regenerated Limestone. Also, specks of Blende occur in it. 12 feet ore-opening, consisting of an irregular mass of boulders of fine-grained yellow, sandy Limestone, with chunks of crystalline Blende, in fine gray, calcareous Sand. 10 feet broken Chert, partly cemented by dark blue Clay. At B (see sketch) 2 shafts have been sunk 30 feet deep, and are connected by a drift. They passed through: 3 feet Soil. 20 feet yellow, gray and white Clay, in streaks, with pieces of Chert. 4 feet ore-bearing " run,' yellow or brown sandy Clay, with loose pieces of Galena in paying quantities. The run of Galena extends for about 100 feet from north to south, being 6 to 8 feet wide. Below it are Chert with Clay, and some little Galena. The shaft at C was sunk 65 feet deep through Soil, 20 feet yellow sandy Clay, 20 feet broken Chert with sandy Clay and some Galena. Then a layer, 2 to 3 feet thick, of black Slate, was struck, dipping nearly vertically between boulders of altered sandy Limestone. The shaft followed this Slate downward for 22 feet, without reaching the end of it. At 60 feet depth, some loose pieces of Galena were found in the red Clay between the boulders. The Thomas Diggings are about 200 yards north-east of the Cox Diggings (see sketch). The shafts are 25 to 30 feet deep, sunk through Soil and broken Chert, mixed with Sand and rotten Dolomite. Loose pieces of Galena were found in the Sand, but hardly enough, so far, to pay working. 2. SCHOTT DIcGINGS. The Schott Diggings, E. hf. Sec. 11, T. 27, R. 33, on Pitcher's land, leased by Mir. Schott. 448 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Four shafts have been sunk on a low slope dipping north-east, toward Joplin Creek. One shaft is 15 feet deep, and struck, immediately below the Soil, layers of black Slate belonging to the Coal Measures. The other shaft passed through: 5 feet Soil. 10 feet boulders of coarse-grained, somewhat bituminous Limestone, with layers of Chert in it. No ore has been reached as yet. 3. JASPER DIGGINGS, NO. ]. The Jasper Diggings No. 1, S. E. qr. of N. E..qr. of Sec. 11, T. 27, R. 35, on Power's Hill, worked by the Jasper Lead and Mining Company. This hill rises about 20 feet above the bottom of the creek, on the west side, and presents about the following General Section, the maximum thickness of every stratum being given: 5 feet sandy Soil. 20 feet yellow, fine sandy Clay. 20 feet broken Chert, with streaks and patches of Galena, partly loose, partly in seams in the Chert. 5 feet Dolomite and Dolomitic Limestone, banded horizontally, containing layers of Galena and of Calamine. 15 feet small boulders (about head size) of gray, fine-grained Limestone. Loose masses of Galena and Blende occur between the boulders. Seams of these ores are also found occasionally in the boulders themselves, especially when the rock is softened and sandy. 20 (?) feet alternate layers of gray, fine-grained Limestone and Chert, with large openings filled with red Clay. The layers are broken and disturbed. Galena and Blende occur in loose pieces in the red Clay, and in seams in the Limestone, and in the Chert. The runs of Dolomite below the broken Chert, are in places rotten and crushed, and are then mixed with fragments of Chert, and with a considerable quantity of loose, mostly rounded pieces of Galena. The Dolomite, when fresh and solid, forms alternate bands with dark, gray dolomitic Limestone, passing into Dolomite. Toward the north, these runs thin out, and then the Chert lies directly on boulders of softened sandy Limestone. The Blende occurs in very irregular streaks and pockets, in the dolomitic rocks. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH1-WEST MIISSOURI. 449 The Galena occurs in horizontal seams, 2 to 5 inches thick, separated by 1 to 2 feet of rotten Dolomite, extending 3 to 5 feet in width, and 40 to 60 feet in length. 4. TiHE SHIORT DIGGINGS AND TIE TEMPLE DIGGINGS, T. 27, R. 33, SEC. 11, N. E. Qn Are situated on the left side of Joplin Creek, north-west from Powers' Hill, on a level slope, rising 10 to 20 feet above the level of the creek. The General Section of these Diggings shows the following strata, which however, are very irregular in character and thickness: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 5 to 15 feet Clay, yellow or gray, alnd often mixed with broken Chert. In the Fel- (. foot black Slate. toll shaft, near the ~ 3 feet gray Clay, with some pyrites. summit of the Slope. L 1-2 foot pyrites. No. 4. 3 to 30 feet boulders of Sandy Limestone, which often contain in their altered portions small crystalline masses of Galena and Blende, also segregations of fresh semi-fluild Bitumen. No. 4. 0 to 12 feet solid Chert-layers, with only occasional specks of Galena. No. 5. 4 to 7 feet Chert-breccia, the angular pieces of Chert cemented by a gray, silicious mass, or by pyrites.frecuently enclosinff crystaLs and specks of Galena. No. 5. 2 to 6 feet Dolonite, partly fresh and rose-3olorecd, partly loose, soft and sandy, and black firomz Bitumen. It is the principal ore-bearing rock containing Galena in streaks and loose chunks and Blende in crystalline masses. No. 6. (?) Limestone, (perhaps boulders) below. These Diggings, especially the upper shafts, are remarkable for the occurrence of pyrites in considerable quantity, often connected with black Slate and dark gray Clay. Some of the ore-deposits here to a considerable extent, somewhat resemnble the openings of Granby. Fig. 33 represents a cave discovered in a shaft of the Temple Diggings. This cave, although in close proximity to the ore-deposits, as seen in the figure, contains no ore, but only Clay. No. 1. Boulders of sandy Limestone. No. 2. Dolomite Sand, with Galena. NTo. 3. Chert-layer. XNo. 4. Red Clay. No. 5, Chert-layers (cap-rock) of the cave. No. 6.. Limestone boulders. G..s. —29. 450 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 5. JASPER No. 2 DIGGINGS, T. 27, R. 33, SEC. 11, N. E. Qa, On Pitcher's land, leased by the Jasper Lead and Mining Coinpany. These Diggings are situated close to Joplin Creek, on the east side, opposite the Temple and the Short Diggings, and extend as far as Swindle Hill. The Shafts which form the most southern portion of these Diggings, show the following formation: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 15 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 15 feet boulders of dark-gray, coarse-grained bituminous Limestone..No. 4. 2 feet Breccia, consisting of Chert pieces, cemented by hard, gray silicious rock, containing much pyrites, Galena and Bitumen. One Shaft disclosed somewhat different strata, as follows: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 10 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 5 feet shaly, white Limestone, with pyrites in cracks and between the layers. No. 4. 2 feet dark-colored, somewhat hardened clayish Sand, containing some Bitumen and crystals of Galena. In the bed of the Creek Mr. Jackson sunk two Shafts in loose detritus, mostly Chert, and struck larger masses of Limestone at a depth of 15 to 20 feet, with irregular cavities formed by erosion, in which loose pieces of Galena were found in Clay and Sand. About 1,000 feet further clown the Creek, opposite Swindle Hill, the Jasper Company sunk their pump Shaft, No. 2., (marked P. s. on our map,) which struck a thick layer of black Slate and Clay belonging to the Coal Measures. This Shaft passed through: No. 1. 4 feet Soil. No. 2. 6 feet rounded Chert and Gravel. No. 3. 40 feet black Slate and Clay, with pieces of Chllert. No. 4. 8 feet Limestone, broken in parts. No. 5. 25 feet broken Chert, Limestone and Dolomite mixed. Gale na in small quantities occurs with the Dolomite also in altered Limestone, or adhering to Chert fragments. No. 6. 7 feet boulders of fine-grained Limestone, with some Bitumen and Galena in the altered portions. No. 7, 5 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 8. 95 feet. Black Slate was struck in several other shallow Diggings in this LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 451 vicinity. The opinion prevailing among the miners that no ore is found below this Slate, prevented the continuation of these Shafts. These Slates are residuary deposits, probably remnants of destroyed Coal Measure Strata, and can neither prove nor disprove the presence of ore-beds in the underlying rocks. 6. DIGGINGS ON SWIINDLE HILL. As shown on our Topographical sketch of the Joplin Lead district, the Swindle Hill rises about 40 feet above Joplin Creek, north-west of the Short Diggings. East of the hill a number of Shafts form a belt from south to -north, containing the Holston Diggings, on the west side, and the Chambers Diggings and Powers Diggings on the east side of the Creek. The Holston, Chambers and Southern Powers' Diggings are pretty shallow, (not over 30 feet deep), and passed through Soil and broken ihert, then striking boulders of fine-grained Limestone and Galena in loose pieces, in calcareous Sand between the boulders. The northern Shafts of the Powers' Diggings went 50 to 55 feet deep, and were very similar to the Jasper No. 2 Diggings; The principal ore-bearing rock is Dolomite 3 to 10 feet thick, lying about 30 feet below the surface. It is white, rose, brown or black. The latter variety is colored by Bitumen, which frequently occurs, and is always accompanied by considerable quantities of Blende and of Galena. The solid underlying Limestone, perhaps the bed-rock of the ore forrmation, nearly reaches the surface on the summit of Swindle Hill. The Nelson shaft (see Fig. 31) struck this Limestone solid and coarse-grained, at a depth of 6 feet, and went 40 feet into it, without reaching a different stratum, and without finding a trace of ore. North and west of this point, the Limestone must have a sudden dip, as all the shafts sunk in these directions struck thick masses of Chert, and of boulders of Limestone. The HIurlbut shaft, the Jasper No. 3 shaft and the Swindle shaft, all situated on the western and northern Slope of the hill. show pretty nearly the same geological character. They were sunk through~No. 1. 1 to 10 feet Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 20 feet broken Chert. No. 3. 2 to 10 feet shaly, white Limestone, with some Bitumen. No. 4. 5 to 15 feet Chert-breccia, with specks and seams of Galena and Blende. No. 5. 6 to 8 feet soft Dolomitic Limestone, with streaks of Dolomite, and with large quantities of Galena and Blende, deposited in "runs." No. 6. (?) boulders of Limestone, with Bitumen and some Galena. 452 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Some shafts met with black Slate below the soil, as much as 20 feet thick in places. Among the Diggings situated on Swindle Hill, the Swindle Diggings are the most important, having produced an immense amount of ore (several millions of pounds) within the last two years. Figure 34 Represents the Section through the Swindle shafts, and shows also a longitudinal Section of the main run of ore: No. 1. Solid Lirnestone of the Nelson shaft. No. 2. Rotten Limestone. No. 3. Rotten, sandy Limestone boulders. No. 4. Run of ore, both Galena and Blende inll the boulders. No. 5. Broken Chert layers, capping the run. No. 6. Loose, broken Chert. No. 7. Clay. A number of shafts (partly marked in Fig. 34) are sunk on the main run of ore in nearly one straight line down the northern hill slope. The three highest are 60 to 70 feet deep. One of them reached two horizons of ore; the first at about 30 feet, the second at 70 feet of depth. The ore lies in "runs," parallel to each other, dipping with the Slope, generally 5 to 10 feet wide and 6 to 8 feet high, but very irregular in shape and extent. They consist of accumulations of Galena and Blende, intimately mixed with pieces of Chert and cemented by a gray, bituminous, sandy mass, probably the residue of dissolved Limestone. Fig. 34 represents a longitudinal Section, and Fig. 35 a cross-seco tion of a run. The single runs are separated by broken and rounded masses of gray, fine-grained Limestone, which contains large quantities of fluid Bitumen, and sometimes strata of black bituminous Clay. Crystalline Dolomite frequently accompanies the runs which widen toward the north and perhaps continue into the Porter Diggings. It, can be very plainly seen in this locality that the runs were former vertical clefts in the Limestone layers. Along rich clefts the doloaization of the Limestone and the deposition of the ore were started. A strange Section is presented in Fig. 36, Which was sketched in one of the lower Swindle shafts, 25 feet below the surface. There the main run of ore is separated in two halves by a fresh, unaltered, large block of Limestone, which itself is horizontally divided by a third layer of black Clay. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 453 Figuzre 36. No. 1. Limestone. No. 2. Sandy Dolomite. No. 3. Dolomite and Chert, with Galena and Blende. No. 4. Broken-up Chert. The most southern of the Porter shafts or the north-east Slope of Swindle Hill, struck gray, coarse grained Limestone at a depth of 30 feet, which continued solid for 20 feet down, then began to split into smaller or larger masses by numerous cracks in various directions. The cracks, sometimes one or two feet wide, are filled with red Clay, or less frequently with finely broken Chert and loose pieces of Galena and Calcite. This shaft seems to be just at the edge of a large body of Limestone, perhaps the same which was struck in the Nelson shaft, and which may be supposed to compose the main central body of' Swindle Hill, as indicated in Fig. 34. Shafts C, on map, are very shallow diggings, only a few feet deep, which struck Coal-slate and Clay below the Gravel. B. MIDDLE JOPLIN CREEK DIGGINGS. 7. THE PORTER DIGGINGS, Are situated north-west of Swindle Hill, along the eastern Slope of the Murphysburg ridge, on Mr. Porter's land. The General Section of these Diggings id the southern shafts (No. 1 to 6) is as follows: No. 1. 1 to 5 feet Soil. No. 2. 6 to 30 feet broken Chert, sometimes with some boulders of Limestone. No. 3. 6 to 8 feet light colored, shaly Limestone. No. 4. 4 to 5 feet Dolomitic _Limestone, often mixed with Chert and generally softened, containing some Bitumen. It is the principal orebearinlg rock, inclosing Galena and Blende in pockets. No. 5. (?) Hard, gray, coarsely crystalline Limestone in boulders, mostly dolomized and softened on the outside. Some of these shafts have yielded considerable quantities of ore, especially the shafts 5 and 6, which are 40 feet deep, and connected by drifts. Eight men obtained here about S to 9000 pounds of Galena a week. The Galena occurs in these shafts in a run of about the following Section (see Fig. 37): 454 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. Chert slabs and Limestone boulders. No. 2. Fissured Chert layers. No. 3. Loose, broken Chert, with some sandy Dolomite. No. 4. Run, streak of finely broken Chert, with much Galena. No. 5. Broken Chert, with some Sand. No. 6. Boulders of altered Limestone, occasionally with loose pieces of Galena in pockets. The shafts further north, (No. 7 to 10,) are more shallow (10 to 25~ feet deep,) and generally have a layer of black Slate or black Clay from a few inches to 3 feet thick, directly below the soil. The ore is found between loose masses or boulders of Limestone. Much Blende occurs in the northern shafts, sometimes in chunks of head size. In shaft 20, a layer of 15 feet soft, porous Chert, lies beneath the soil, and above alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. The formation evidently changes here, and passes into that of theMurphysburg Hill Diggings, to be described hereafter. 8. ORCHARD DIGGINGS. The Orchard Diggings, S. hf. of Sec. 2, T. 27, R. 33, are situatedc along the east side of Joplin Creek, opposite the Porter Diggings, oni lands owned by the East Joplin Mining and Smelting Company. Between Powers' Diggings and Orchard Diggings, a number of; shallow shafts, marked F and G on our map, are sunk 10 to 20 feet, deep through Soil, broken Chert and shaly Limestone, in which some little Galena was found in loose pieces. The shafts K K are shallow. Some black Slate, shaly Limestone,, and gray, solid Limestone, were found. M M are old shafts, sunk along the lower part of the slope. They penetrated much black Slate, broken Chert, (with some G;alena at a. depth of 25 feet,) shaly Limestone and hard Limestone. N N are shallow shafts which passed through soil, gray, finegrained, soft Sandstone and broken Chert, with loose pieces of Cerus — site (Drybone). P P are old shafts, apparently pretty deep. The old shafts R R, seem to bear some resemblance to those of the Moon Diggings, which adjoin them on the north side. The masses of broken Chert are frequently soft and porous, and contain Bitumen, Galena in small crystals, and some Calcite. The boulders of hard, gray Limestone, contain streaks of Dolomite, and are generally soft and decomposed at the outside. As far as the de LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 455 composition reaches, they contain Galena and Blende in crystalline masses. The Orchard Diggings were not worked in 1871 and 1872. In the' summer of 1873, a few shafts in the northern part of the Diggings, were again opened and sunk deeper, and reached paying Galena deposits at 30 to 40 feet of depth. The formation is very irregular. 9. MOON DIGGINGS. The Moon Diggings, N. W. qr. Sec. 2, T. 27, R. 33, adjoin the town of East Joplin on the west, and have their largest extent from north to south, for one-fourth of a mile along the western slope of the East Joplin plateau. The slope falls steeply, in places abruptly, toward the bottom of Joplin Creek, below the city. The mouths of the shafts are 40 to 65 feet above the creek. Some shafts have also been sunk along the foot of the ridge, and are called "Lower Moon Range." The Diggings are named after a miner who first discovered the ore. They are at present leased by MAessrs. Moffet & Sergeant from the Joplin Mining and Smelting Company. About five million pounds of Galena have been taken out from these Diggings. The formation is greatly disturbed, and the Galena irregularly deposited, in the most northern shafts; while in the southern and central shafts, the ore occurs in regular " runs," in two different horizons. The Blende does not occur in large masses, and is always intimately connected with the Galena. Dolomite, mostly soft and rotten, is frequently found accompanying the ores. The Parr & Rosenberger shafts, at the south end of the Diggings, are sunk through: 2 to 6 feet cherty Soil. 20 to 40 feet broken Chert and red Sand, with Galena and Blende. 30 feet large, broken masses of coarsely crystalline Limestone. 3 feet broken Chert, with some solid Chert-slabs. 2 feet gray, decomposed Dolomite. The Galena occurs here loose, between the broken masses of Limestone, and also in disturbed streaks or "runs," from I- to 3 feet thick and 10 to 15 feet wide, in the broken Chert and in gray, silicious Clay; rock about 58 feet below ground, and striking north-west south-east. No Bitumen is found here, but much Pyrites, which frequently cements pieces of Chert and Galena, and also occurs as loose concretions. 456 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Barner shaft lies west of the Parr's shafts, at the foot' of the hill, about 35 feet deeper, and belongs to the lower Moon Range. It is 20 feet deep, and struck a "run" between large, loose masses of Limestone. The run strikes parallel to the ridge, and is 10 to 15 feet wide and 2 to 3 feet high, filled with broken Chert, in which three streaks of Galena, 1 to 3 inches thick, are irnbedded nearly horizontally. Fig. 38 shows the formation in the Barner and in the Parr & Rosenberger shafts. The shafts between Parr's and the deep pump shaft at the northern end of the Diggings, constitute the principal part of the Moon IRange. The ore-bearing rocks form a belt 30 to 40 feet wide, along the edge of the plateau. The General Section in the shafts sunk on this belt, is about as follows: 30 to 40 feet loose broken Chert. 20 to 30 feet Chert, in more regular, yet broken layers. Chert-breccia, cemented by finely triturated Chert, Sand, and hard, silicious Clay. The ore-bearing layers are from 50 to 80 feet below the surface, and consist of loose, broken Chert, red Clay, and soft, rotten Dolonite. All these materials contain Galena or Blende, either in loose chunks or in streaks. In some places the ores lie in two distinct horizons, one about 20 feet, the other about 80 feet below the surface. The latter, however, was only struck in a few places. The Coyle shafts, which seem to be the richest in this part of the Moon Diggings, have Galena in regular layers between Chert-slabs, or between streaks of Dolomite. The latter is rotten, and mixed with tallow Clay. Fig. 39 represents a peculiar face, which was observed in this locality. No. 1. Brokeni Chert layers, with adllering Galena. No. 2. Loose Chert fragments, with Clay and rotten Dolomite. No. 3. Chert layers, with Gdllena seams. The deep pump shaft at the northern end of the diggings is 95 feet deep and struck the first workable ore at a depth of 75 feet, where several loose chunks of Galena, of very large size, were found imbedded in the loose, broken Chert, also, many small pieces irregularly distributed. Boulders of Limestone underlying this Chert contained specks of Galena, Blende'and Pyrites. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 457 THE EAST JOPLIN DIGGINGS Are situated at the north end of the Moon Diggings, along the foot of the northern slope of the East Joplin Hill (see map), reaching across the valley to Joplin Creek. All these shafts passed through masses of broken Chert, with some yellow or brown Clay. At depths varying from 9 to 30 feet below the surface, they struck boulders of fine-grained, bituminous Limestone, softened and more or less dolomized on the outside, the dolomization penetrating 1 to 3 inches into the boulders. The Galena occurs in loose chunks or streaks, generally in the Chert, together with sandy Dolomite and red Clay. Blende and Pyrites are occasionally found. Most of the shafts are shallow, only a few of them going deeper than 30 feet. One of shafts (No. 30) is 70 feet deep, and passed through: No. 1. 30 feet soft, porous Chert. No. 2. 25 feet alternate layers of Litmestone and Chert. No. 3. Over 10 feet broken, irregular masses of Chert and Limestone, in which, at a depth of 60 feet, a layer of Galena was found in broken Chert, being ~ to 3 inches thick, and extending almost horizontally for 70 feet towards north-east. The shafts (36) are 20 to 30 feet deep, sunk through loose Chert fragments and boulders of Limestone. Galena occurred in loose chunks with red Clay. One shaft yielded 10,000 pounds of ore per week in the summer of 1873. 10. THE FOUR CORNER DIGGINGS Received their name from their location at a point in which the lands of four mining companies touch each other, namely, those of Davis & Murphy, of Moffett & Sergeant, of the Joplin Mining and Smelting Company, and of the Granby Company. They are at the north-west end of the East Joplin Diggings, close to the Joplin Creek, on the east side. They consist of the Wilson Shaft, owned by Wilson, Taylor A& Co., and four other shafts. These shafts are from 20 to 32 feet deep, and show a very irregular and disturbed formation. The Wilson Shaft (Fig. 40) struck a thick layer of gray, striated Sandstone standing nearly vertically on its edge. It is overlaid on the south side by black, micaceous Slate about 6 feet thick. Both 458 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. combined are evidently a large, detached mass of later, perhaps Coal Measure rocks, surrounded by lcose, broken Chert. A few feet south of this mass, Galena was found with Dolomite at a depth of 24 feet, and also on the north side of the Sandstone a streak of Galena and Blende, in Chert and in rotten Dolomite, at 32 feet. (See Fig. 40.) The other shafts also struck streaks of Galena in broken Chert at a depth of about 20 feet. We found in these Diggings loose fragments of white, hard Chertl the surfaces of fracture being covered with fresh crystals of Galenathe latter evidently having formed after the Chert had been broken. We also found broken Chert cemented together by crystals and crystalline seams of Galena. 11. THE M1URPHYSBURG HILL DIGGINGS Are situated on the north-eastern slope of the MIurphysburg Hill (see map), and extend from the north end of the Porter Diggings (described above) in a north-western direction. They are owned by the Joplin Mining and Smelting Company. The Jackson Shafts (marked 20 on the Jopliu map) are 70 to 80, feet deep. They passed through Soil, masses of broken Chert, and through Chert and Limestone, either irregularly connected as Silicocalcite or in alternate layers, all of which are much broken. Below this, a Conglomerate of Chert cemented by gray Quartz rock was struck, and at a depth of 80 feet boulders of soft Limestone, which contained horizontal layers of white, yellow or black Dolomite with crystals of Galena. The Galena was also found in considerable quantities in streaks between Chert slabs and in red Clay. The Witge Shaft, (No. 21 on map,) a little east of the former, is about i0 feet deep and presents the following Section: Figure 41. No. 1. 60 feet broken Chert, with two sheets of Galena i- to 4 inches thick, at. depths of 35 feet and of 60 feet. The lower sheet is separated from a layer of 1 to 10 feet of Blende by 3 to 10 inches broken Chert.No. 2. 5 feet Doloinitic Limestone, with streaks of rotten Dolomite. No. 3. -? solid, hard, fine-grained Limestone, cracked in some portions, the clefts being filled by broken Chert with Galena, and by gray Clay. The Chert and Dolomite contains Bitumen in small quantity. The Sherman Shafts (22 on the Joplin sketch) show the same conditions. They contain much Dolomite, forming streaks between boulders of Limestone. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 459 12. THE McCRuiu DIGGINGS, (No. 23 on the Joplin map,) Are situated north-west of the Jackson Shafts, on the eastern slope of the ridge between the Joplin and Lone Elm Hollows. A number of shafts are sunk in a straight line on a fissure which strikes south-east to north-west through the hill, about in the direction towards the Harrington Diggings, situated on the summit of the ridge. These shafts are sunk through an enormous accumulation of broken Chert, in which, occasionally, boulders of altered Limestone are imbedded. The Chert is mostly coarse, often in very large blocks or slabs. The above-mentioned fissure runs through the whole mass, and is filled with finely broken, loose Chert, containing much Galena. in places. The fissure is very irregular, with ill-defined walls, often split up and branching off in various directions. The pump shaft, (P. S.), near the summit of the slope, is 120 feet. deep. The Chert seems to become coarser and less broken in the depth. Most of the shafts are connected by drifts, which followed the streaks of Galena in the fissure and its branches. Shafts 24, situated north of the McCrum Diggings, near the foot of the same slope, struck, in some places, boulders of coarse-grained Limestone, in others, black Slate with much Pyrites, in strongly disturbed positions in the loose, broken Chert. C. LOWER JOPLIN CREEK DIGGINGS. 13. JOPLIN VALLEY DIGGINGS, T. 27, R. 33, Sec. 2, W. hf of N. W. qr., and Sec. 3, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr. We designated by the name of Lower Joplin Valley Diggings, all the diggings which lie north of the East Joplin Hill and the Four Corner Diggings, on both sides of the Joplin Creek along the bottom and on. both slopes down to Turkey Creek. The western Slope is very steep in the southern part of this district, forming in one place, opposite Riggins & Chapman's furnaces, a bluff 30 to 50 feet high, called the Chapman bluff. On the opposite, or east side of the creek, there is a wide and gently rising half-circular basin, in which the principal diggings are situated. About half a mile further down the creek, the eastern ridge becomes steeper, and approaches the creek forming the Suess Bluff. A considerable number of shafts have been sunk on various points on the western Slope with more or less success. The main diggings are in the bottom and along the eastern Slope. At the Chapman Bluff the rock is exposed about 30 feet in height 460 GEOLOG1CAL SURVEY. It consists of alternate layers of 1 to 3 feet Limestone, and 2 to 10 inches Chert, without any perceptible dip. The Limestone is lightgray, its structure varying from coarse to fine-grained, often within a few feet in the same layer. The Chert is brittle and cracked wherever exposed. The layers are partly broken and disturbed, especially towards the northern end, where the Limestone becomes sandy and decomposed, and the Chert never broken. Yet, it seems, as if both belong to a body of rock which forms the main mass of the hill. No ore is seen in the rocks. Opposite this bluff, north of the East Joplin Diggings, the bottom of this valley is covered by numerous shafts, especially along the east side of the creek. The bottom is there 600 to 800 feet wide. (See Topographical sketch of Joplin Lead District.) Proceeding from south to north, we have here, in the bottom, the shafts Nos. 45, 46, 51, 54, 56, 59, 63 and 64, the West Diggings and the Suess shafts. Along the eastern ridge, proceeding in the same order, we observe the Ball shafts, shafts 40 to 44; the Beamer shafts, shafts 55; the Lustre shafts, shafts 57; 60 to 62, the Mill's and Cavanaugh shafts. On the west side of the creek are the shafts 65 to 74, and the Maguire shaft. All these diggings present, in general, very similar features. Yet, the diggings in the bottom are, as a rule, more shallow, have larger masses of red Clay over and in the Chert, and shows the latter broken to smaller pieces than the diggings on the Slopes. The principal rock is Chert broken up and mixed with yellow Sand, red Clay, or gray calcareous Clay; its thickness varies from 30 to 70 feet. It is often changed into soft, porous Chert, 10 to 20 feet in thickness. It is sometimes mixed with boulders of Chert-breccia, in which the Chert pieces are cemented by a mixture of finely crushed Chert, Sand and clayish regenerated Limestone, or by hardened silicious Clay. In these beds of broken Chert, boulders of Limestone are imbedded either single or in larger number, separated by loose Chert and red or black Clay. These boulders are softened and partly dolomized, and contain streaks of Dolomite, and sometimes unbroken thin layers of ~Chert. Bitumen is frequently found in cavities in the boulders, or adhering to pieces of loose Chert. The boulders are from 6 to 60 feet below the surface, and according to their depth, vary the depth of the ore-beds, the latter being generally found immediately above the boulders in the Chert, or else between the boulders themselves. In the diggings situated on the Slopes, the Galena with its gangue, forms in some places regular " runs," 5 to 12 feet broad, 5 to 8 feet thick, and 20 to 80 feet long. The Galena occyurs either in loose pieces or in LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 461 continuous sheets, 1 to 6 inches thick, sometimes mixed with Blende. The gangue is red Clay, gray calcareous Clay or soft, rotten Dolomite or Dolomitic Limestone. Above the beds of broken Chert is generally a layer of 4 to 15 feet of red or yellow sandy Clay, containing more or less Galena in loose, rounded pieces. Patches of black, micaceous Slate are frequently met with in these diggings between the Soil and the broken Chert, especially in the valley bottom. In the Ball* shaft a big "run" of Galena was struck at a depth of about 50 feet. It consists of finely broken Chert, with loose chunks of Galena and Blende and with streaks of Galena 2 to 10 inches thick, and extends with a width of 4 to 20 feet, and a thickness of 2 to 10 feet for about 80 feet from north to south, dipping about 70~ into the hill. Six men obtained about 10 to 15 thousand pounds Galena per week in summer of 1873. In the eastern Beamer shaft, chunks of a good quality of Coal were found between the broken Chert, also masses of black bituminous Clay. In the Western Beamer shafts, streaks of Galena adhering to a sheet of about 6 inches of Calamine, extend from south to north, over a considerable length, at a depth of about 40 feet below the surface. In shafts 46, broken masses of Silico-calcite accompany the boulders of Limestone. In shafts 53 and 54, layers of black, micaceous Slate lie below the Clay and above the boulders. Blende, Galena and black Clay are deposited between the boulders. In Lustre shaft, the ore-bearing formation was reached at a depth of 54 feet and presented the following Section: (Fig. 42.) No. 1. Broken, loose Chert. No. 2. Same, with chunks of Galena, also Galena adhering to the Chert. No. 3. Same, with boulders of Dolomized Limestone; sandy and bituminous. No. 4. Fissured Cheit-layers. In the Mill's Shaft a bed 10 to 15 feet of " wash-dirt" was found, 54 feet deep. This wash-dirt consists of very finely broken Chert, with numerous small pieces of Galena and gray, calcareous mud. The West Diggings consist of a large number of Shafts 10 to 25 feet deep, sunk through Soil and red and black Clay, in which considerable quantities of Galena and loose pieces were found. Some deeper Shafts reached broken Chert below. The West diggings formerly counted amongst the richest mines of Joplin. A short distance farther west are the two Suess Shafts. The southSpelled "Bawl' on map by mistake. 462 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ern of these struck a rich deposit of ore, 50 feet below the surface. This deposit presents an appearance, as shown in Fig. 43. The Chert pieces, represented in the sketch, are of fist to headsize, surrounded by gray, calcareous Clay, mixed with loose pieces of Galena and some Blende. Single crystals are often deposited on all sizes of loose Chertfragments, showing that the deposition of the ore has continued long after the breaking of this Chert. As these crystals are entirely intact, they can not have been subjected to contrition or frictions, but must have been formed, after their surroundings were in their present state, or nearly so. The northern Suess Shaft, close to the foot of the bluff, was sunk 40 feet deep. tLrough: No. 1. 1 foot Soil. No. 2. 4 feet Gravel and Sand, (red, rounded Chert). No. 3. 10 feet yellow, or white rotten, porous Chert (fossiliferous). No. 4, 10,feet hard, white, broken Chert. No. 4. 15 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, fractured but not considerably disturbed. No ore was thus far found in this Shaft. The Shaft seems to be too near the solid and unaltered rock. The Suess Bluff itself consists of alternate layers of Chert and Limestone. Shaft 64 struck Limestone at 20 feet depth without finding any ore. In the whole northern part of this valley-bottom, the Chert is generally broken smaller than in the upper valley, and the boulders of altered Limestone become less frequent towards the north, and finally disappear almost entirely, being replaced by soft, gray mud, filling the interstices between the broken Chert. THE LONE EL I DIGGINGS. North half of Sec. 3, T. 27, R. 33, and S. hf. of Sec. 35, T. 28, R. 33, Fig. 44, is a map of them. The Lone Elm Hollow is formed by the confluence of two small branches, or rather of two low depressions in the prairie, which join in the north-west qr. of Sec. 3. At the head of the western branch (in the south-west corner of Sec. 3, and the south-east corner Sec. 4) the Byers and Snead Shafts are situated, having a rather isolated position. At the head of the eastern branch we find the Harrington, the Sutton and the Morse Shaft, which form the beginning of a large number of Shafts sunk along the valley of Lone Elm Creek, on both slopes, LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 463 nearly to the mouth of the Creek, which lies about one mile northwestof the Harrington Shaft. The slopes on both sides are rather flat, especially on the west side, but gradually become steeper toward the mouth of the hollow, and pass into the bluffs of Turkey Creek. We will, in the following, give a short account of the more prominent Shafts of this region. The Byers and Snead Shafts are on Norton's land. The Byers Shaft shows the following section: No. 1, 2 feet Soil. No. 2. 2 feet Cherty Gravel. No. 3. 6 feet broken Chert, with yellow Sand. No. 4. 10 feet Conglomerate, consisting of Chert fragments, cemented by altered and regenerated Limestone. No. 5. 1 to 3 feet shaly Limestone. No. 6. C} feet Chert-breccia, cemented by Blende and by altered Limestone. No. 7. 5 feet solid Dolomitic Limestone, with streaks of Dolomite and some Galena. No. 8. 8 feet alternate layers of Chert and Limestone, the latter softened and partly dolomized, Small streaks of Galena, up to I- inch thick occur in both, but not in paying quantities, The strata dip correspondingly to the surface. The occurrence of Gravel at this high point is remarkable. The Snead Shafts are less regular. They passed through the following strata, all dipping about 40~ S. S. E.: No. 1. 4 feet soil and Gravel. No, 2. 8 feet broken Chert, with yellow Sand and loose pieces of Galena and Blende, No, 3. 5 feet Chert-couglomerate, No, 4. 5 feet Silico-calcite, containing little Galena, No. 5. 10 feet alternate layers of Chert and Limestone, with Galena, as in Byers' Shaft. Both rocks are so mixed in places as to resemble Silico-calcite. A nearly vertical crack runs through all the strata. It is filled with black or gray Sand, and loose pieces of Galena. The Limestone contains Galena only as far as it is softened and dolomized. At the head of the eastern smaller branch of Lone Elm Creek, may be observed the Morse Shaft, the Sutton Shafts and the Harrington Shaft, all sunk nearly on top of the ridge which divides Joplin Valley from Lone Elm. The Morse Shaft went through: 464 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. 3 feet Soil, No. 2. 5 feet Gravel, with white and yellow Chert. No. 3. 20 feet yellow Clay, with some Chert and some loose pieces of Galena. No, 4. 10 feet soft, bituminous Limestone, with soice Galena. ~No. 5, 10 feet Chert-layers broken, and 3 to 4 inche.s thick, with little Limestone. All strata dipping 20~ to the east. The Sutton Shaft Was sunk through: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 10 feet broken Chert, with specks of Galena. No. 3. 12 feet yellow Clay, with pieces of rotten Chert. No. 4. 2 feet Silico-calcite. No. 5. 8 feet alternate layers, - to 1 foot thick, of Chert and Limestone, Some layers of black, bituminous Clay, 1 inch thick, occur occasionally between the rock layers. The strata dip with the hill about 250~. The Harrinyton Shaft, The highest of these shafts, showed the following succession of strata: No. 1. 2 feet Soil. No. 2. 3 feet red Clay, with some loose pieces of Galena and Cerussite. No. 3. 15 feet yellow Clay, with some Chert. No. 4. 10 feet broken Chert. No. 5. 3 feet soft, coarse-grained Limestone in boulders, and Shales with seams of G alena and some Blende. No. 6. 7 feet Limestone and Chert in solid, alternate layers. The Limestone is predominant; it is fine grained and, in places, strongly bitulminous. The two sketches (Figs. 45 and 46) show the peculiar position of the rocks as seen in these shafts. Fig. 45 shows, in place, two runs of Galena crossing near a strongly dipping layer of Slate and Coal which cuts them off. These runs are 3 to.5 feet wide and 2 to 6 feet high, and consist of finely broken Chert in which Galena, often connected with Blende, is deposited in streaks 1 to 4 inches thick. Layers of red and brown Clay often accompany these ores. Somne Galena is occasionally mixed with the black Slate. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 465 Figure 56. (IlHarrington Shaft.) Fig. 46 shows a vertical section along a line AB on Fig. 45. We see here thetwo runs as well as the Slate layer in Section. 1. Slate. 2. Broken Chert. 3. Two runs of broken Chert, with Galena. 4. Boulders of softened and bituminous Limestone. The Shafts 2 to 7, (see topographical sketch,) Are sunk along the eastern branch of Lone Elm Creek down to its junction with the western branch. They are rather shallow, most of them not being over 20 feet deep. Below the Soil, we find here: No. 1. i to 3 feet Gravel. No. 2. 3 to 12 feet yellow Clay, sometimes pure and fat, sometimes mixed with yellow Sand and pieces of rotten Chert. Boulders of Limestone, altered and softened on the outside, are occasionally found in it. No. 3.: to 1 foot clayish and sandy, shaly Limestone, which, when dissolved in acid, leaves a residue of fine, white, silicious Clay. No. 4. 5 feet broken Chert, with loose pieces of Galena, No. 5.? feet hard, blue, often bituminous Limestone in broken masses, which, in places where it is softened and altered, contains Galena in quantities which pay working. Lone Elm Hollow proper begins at the junction of the two smnall branches. It contains the following Diggings: A. SHAFTS ON THE EAST SLOPE OF LONE EL5M 1 O L LOW. THE SHAFTS 12 TO 15, (see General Sketch,) Include the Hayes, Acton and Slatton Shafts. Those sunk on the lower part of the Slope are characterized by the section of Shafts 12: No. 1. 5 feet Soil. No. 2. 10 feet finely broken Chert. No. 3. 15 feet coarse, broken Chert. No. 4. 5 feet slabs of Chert, with Clay and streaks of loose pieces of Galena. No. 5.? feet layers of Chert and boulders of bituminous Limestone. Fig. 47 shows the form of the ore deposits in Chr. Hayes' Shaft: G — 30 466 GEOLOOICAL SURVEY. 1. Soil. 2. Broken Chert. 3. Coarsely broken Chert in distinct layers. 4. Ore-bed; Chert in more or less broken, irregular layers, with thin layers of black, bituminous Sand, and thick seams of pure Galena in the seams of the Chert and in the Sand. 5. Stratified Chert. 6. Bituminous Limestone. John Hayes' Shaft, A short distance farther north, passed through: No. 1. 10 feet Soil, Clay and broken Chert. No. 2. 15 feet layers and slabs of Clhert. No. 3. 5 feet layers of Chert 1 to 2 feet thick each, with 1 to 5 inches layers of brown Sand between them, containing much Galena a:nd Blendle. The Galena forms here basins of 20 to 30 feet diameter. It sometimes replaces the brown Sand entirely. This shaft yielded 5,000 to 12,000 pounds per week in the summer of 1873. The shafts higher up the slope are mostly shallow, and show a section similar to that of shafts 12. Some have masses of Limestone, with openings of brown Sand and Galena. The Limestone in all these shafts is, in places, very bituminous. The Acton Shaft, About in the centre of a depression in the slope, has a pretty regular ore formation at a depth of 30 feet. It consists of 15 feet of Chert layers, separated by layers of Dolomitic Limestone, with streaks con. sisting of brown Sand in the upper and of rotten Limestone in the lower layers. This Limestone contains streaks of Galena, sometimes connected with Blende or with streaks of tallow Clay. Thi Slatton Shaft Passed through irregularly broken and mixed masses of Chert. At a depth of about 45 feet, irregular runs of' Galena occur in the broken Chert. Large cracks and cavities in the midst of the broken Chert masses are found filled with red or black Clay and loose chunks of Galena. THIE SHAFTS 24 TO 26, With Pierce's and Smith's Shafts, in the lower part of the hollow, did not prove as rich in ore as those sunk in the upper part. The shafts LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 467 on the slope are from 30 to 50 feet deep, and passed through Soil,,Chert, Sand, rotten Chert and boulders or broken masses of partly doloimized and often bituminous Limestone, containing Blende and Galena. The shafts 25, which lie at the mouth of a small ravine, did not strike any Limestone, but the ore lay here in masses of broken'Chert. The Smith Shaft, Near the top of the ridge, had the following Section different from the,others: No. 1. 2 feet Soil. No. 2. 20 feet red, porous Chert, partly disintegratecl into a loose, sandy mass and inclosing laroe chunks of Galena in the lower part of the stratum. No. 3. 10 feet white, partly rotten Chert, in slabs, dipping nearly vertically. No. 4. 6 feet black, bitumninous Clay, with small crystals of Galena. No. 5. 2 feet brown or black Clay, with fragments of Chert and some Galena adhering to the Chert. B. DIGGINGS IN THE BOTTOM AND ON THE WVESTERNSLOPE OF THE LONE ELAM HOLLOW. Shafts 6 to ]1 (see topographical sketch) in the upper part of the`hollow, on the west side of the creek, contain the following strata: No. 1. 2 to 4 feet Soil. No. 2. 2 to 4 feet Gravel. No. 3. 3 to 15 feet yellow, sandy Clay, with Chert pieces. No. 4. 5 to 10 feet shaly Limestone. No. 5. 6 to 40 feet broken Chert, with boulders of softened and altered Limestone In1 layers, or in irregular accummulations. Single runs of Galena occur in both Limestone and Chert. In shaft 8 the following section presents itself (see Fig. 48): No. 1. Soil. No. 2. Gravel. No. 3. Yellow Clay. No. 4. Shaly Limestone. No. 5. Brown Dolomitic Sand, with some Galena. No. 6. Broken Chert. The shafts 9 are sunk to a depth of 45 and 70 feet respectively. IRuns of ore were found at two different levels; the first at 45 feet, the second at 70 feet depth. The runs are 3 to 4 feet high, 3 to 10 feet wide, and extend con 468 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. siderably in length. They are connected with the boulders of softened Limestone, and contain Galena, with broken Chert and Clay. This group of shafts yielded about 100,000 pounds of Galena a month ill summer of 1 872. The layers always dip and strike in the same direction as the Slope. They also follow all the depressions of the Slope. The shafts 16 to 19, on land of the Granby Mining and Smelting Co., are a continuation of the preceding group, with which they form a zone following the strike of the Slope from south-east to north-west. The layers of yellow Clay of the former group is partly replaced by rotten, porous Chert, partly by red and brown Clays, with some Sand. The boulders of Limestone are represented in some places, and in others we find masses of altered Silico-calcite in their stead. Shaft 20 is an old shaft, sunk through broken Chert and Chertconglomerate, consisting of a hard mass of fine-grained to sub-crystalline Quartzite of gray or drab color, inclosing angular pieces of (hert, partly soft and porous. Numerous specks of Blende and crystals of Dolomite are disseminated in the Quartzite. Small Quartz, crystals are often found lining the walls of cavities. The dissolution, and removal of the inclosed pieces of Dolomite and Blende makes the rock often porous and honey-combed. This Quartz rock has been evidently formed in many places over layers of Dolomite, from which crystals of Dolomite project. The Dolomite being dissolved and removed afterward, left the surface of the Quartz rock very rough and full of impressions of Dolomite crystals. Shafts 22 are shallow shafts along the bottom 15 to 20 feet deep. They disclosed Soil, Gravel, black Slate and black Clay, with large slabs of bituminous, dark, gray Limestone. Shafts 21, 31, 30, 29 and 27 form a zone of a very disturbed and irregular character. Near the steam-pump shaft ("St. P." on the topographical sketch) the ore is found between the Chert, in runs consisting of layers of Clay or of Sand as much as 3 feet thick, with Galena irregularly dis. tributed and dipping strongly toward the creek. Those of the above mentioned shafts that are situated in the valley bottom, show only broken Chert below the Soil, and the ore irregularly distributed in it. Shafts 30, which lie between a low bluff and the creek, struck angular broken masses of unaltered Limestone mixed with the Chert. Galena occurs sometimes in crystals formed on all sides of fragments of Chert. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 469 Shafts 29 and 27 are mostly shallow and sunk through red and white, soft, porous Chert. The deeper shafts struck hard, fine-grained Limestone. BLUFFS IN LONE ELM HOLLOW. Three bluffs, marked A and B on topographical sketch, are exposed on the south side of Turkey Creek on both sides of the mouth of Lone Elm Creek. The bluff A lies west of Lone Elm Creek, and consists of immense masses of Chert-Conglomerate in a greatly disturbed position, the layers standing on edge. The Conglomerate is composed of broken white Chert, cemented by some hardened clayish Chert-sand of a reddish color. The whole mass is full of irregular holes, as there is not enough of cementing material to fill all the interstices between the broken Chert concretions. This rock was evidently formed from Silico-calcite by removal of the Limestone and by the breaking down of the Chert, the latter being afterward in part recemented. It is similar to those found in many shafts in the Southwestern Lead Region, It is also found in Pierce's shaft, on the opposite side of the Lone Elm HIollow, where it contains seams and crystals of Galena. In the bluff A, howevers it does not contain any ore. The bluffs marked B are situated near Turkey Creek, and rise about 20 feet above it. They consist of layers of Limestone in an undisturbed position, with irregular concretions and thin layers of (Chert. The Limestone layers are 1 to 4 feet thick, and often separated by thin layers (1 to 3 inches thick) of shaly, coarse-grained Limestone. THE LEADVILLE DIGGINGS, Sec. 33, T. 28, R. 33, situated along the Leadville Hollow to its junction with Turkey Creek valley. (See Fig. 49.) The upper portions of the hollow, near Pound's shaft, is very flat, a mere depression of the prairie. The middle and lower portions are deeply cut, and form, in places, quite steep bluffs. The Pound's shaft at the upper end of the hollow, in Sec. 4, To. 27, "R. 33, near the prairie plateau, shows the following section: No. 1. 3 feet soil. No. 2. 10 feet finely broken Chert, with yellow Sand. No. 3. 8 feet finely broken, rotten, gray Limestone, with some Clhert and a little Galena. No. 4. 30 feet alternate layers of fine-grained, gray Limestone (2 to 3 feet thick) and of white dense Chert, (2 to 4 inches thick,) with some Galena. 470 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 5. 6 feet solid Limestone. No. 6. 3 feet solid Chert. No. 7. 2 feet soft, porous Chert with streaks of gray Limestone. The northern wall of the shaft consists of finely broken Chert, extending all the distance from the top down, and at 62 feet depth the whole shaft stood in this loose material, and the solid rock entirely disappeared. It seems from this that a nearly vertical crevice widening below and filled with detritus was struck by this shaft. No workable ore had been found in August, 1873. Shafts 1 and 2, some distance lower down the branch, on the east side of the creek, struck 10 feet of broken Chert and then 15 feet of alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. Both often contain segregations of Bitumen. The layers are nearly horizontal, and the Limestone is partly unaltered and partly softened. In the latter case it frequently contains Blende and some Galena. The ores also occur in seams and chunks between the layers and broken pieces of Chert. The shafts marked on the map 3 are about 40 feet deep and passed through much broken Chert and Conglomerate, consisting of pieces of Chert cemented by gray calcareous Sand and Blendeo Below these Conglomerates are layers of softened and bituminous boulders of Limestone 2 to 6 feet thick, containing Chert layers 1 to 4 inches thick. The Limestone is more altered than in the former group and partly replaced by calcareous Sand. The Chert is more broken. The shaft 4 is a pump-shaft, in the bottom, close to the creek. The section is here as follows: No. 1. 4 feet Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 5 feet loose, broken Chert. No. 3. 4 feet broken masses of hard Limestone. No. 4. 15 feet broken Chert cemented by gray Sand with some boulders of Limestone and a little Galena. No. 5. 20 feet broken Chert layers, with Galena and, Blende irregularly distributed in fissures and seams. The ore apparently increased with the depth. No regular strata or solid rocks were struck in this shaft. The Galena was found in paying quantities. Shafts 5 and 6 lie on the lower part of the flat western slope. The formation is more regular, although nearly all the materials are more or less broken. The Rhonimus shaft shows a characteristic section of an accumulation of broken and partly softened and rounded masses of Limestone. (See Fig. 50.) LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 471 No. 1. Soil. No. 2. Loose Chert and Sand with some Galena and Blende. No. 3. Boulders. No. 4. Broken Chert cemented by hardened Sand and some pyrites. No. 5. Brown Sand with a little Galena. No. 6. Chert and Sand. The ores were not found in paying quantity. The Powell shaft passed through: No. 1. 2 feet soil. No. 2. 10 feet broken Chert with yellow Sand. No. 3. 20 feet Silico-calcite and alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. No. 4. 3 feet brown Sand and some Chert and Galena and Blende in paying quantities. No. 5.? Hard Chert layers. The McCloud shaft penetrated through: No. 1. 15 to 20 feet loose, broken Chert in yellow Clay. No. 2. 15 to 20 feet solid Chert layers or Chert slabs. No. 3. 1 to 6 feet ore-bearing stratum, consisting of broken Chert with Dolomnite and Clay, and horizontal seams I to 10 inches thick of Galena mixed with some Blende. No. 4. 7 to 10 teet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert, or else Chertlayers alone. No. 5. 3 feet Chert with two seams of Blende. No. 6.? Chert. The sketch Fig..51 shows the composition of the ore-bearing strata. The shafts marked 6, have some resemblance to the McCloud shaft. The materials are, however, more altered and more disturbed, and the ore-seams are in broken Chert, at a somewhat higher level. The HIorse-shoe Diggings, on Davis & Murphy's land, have the form of a half circle or horse-shoe. They are situated, on the eastern slope of the valley, about 30 feet above the creek. The btorine shaft, which is over 90 feet deep, passed through: 3 feet Soil. 20 feet red, soft, porous Chert. 20 feet white, porous Chart. 30 feet broken Chert, with broken masses of Limestone. 20 feet Conglomerates of Chert and Dolomite, cemented by gray, regenerated Limestone, with some Galena, Blende, and Bitumnen, and with large infiltrations of coarsely crystalline Calcite. The other shafts were not sunk near so deep as this one, but so far as they went they showed about the same succession of strata. 472 GEOLOGIOAL SURVEY. Some of the shafts in the middle part of the Diggings, passed through thin beds of black, micaceous Slate, which lay immediately below the Soil. All the shafts at the Horse-shoe Diggings, except the Horine shaft, are at present abandoned. The shafts marked 7, including Philip's and Webb's Diggings, at the terminus of the Leadville Hollow, near Turkey Creek, are from 15 to 30 feet deep, and were sunk through Soil, broken Chert, and broken Limestone, with hard brown Sand between the fragments. Galena often adheres to the surface of the pieces of Limestone, and beside is irregularly distributed in the hard sandy mass. The bluffs in the lower part of the hollow, are formed of alternate layers of white Chert and fine-grained Limestone. GRAVES SHArT. The Graves Shaft, N. hf. Sec. 31, T. 28, R. 33, is situated at the head of a small southern branch of Turkey Creek. The Shaft was ye t being sunk at the time of our visit, and was 35 feet deep. The location of the Shaft is shown on the topographical sketch, Fig. 52. The Section is: 2 feet Soil. 3 feet slabs of white Sandstone. 16 feet broken Chert, with yellow Sand. 6 feet Silico-calcite, and boulders of Limestone, with segregaltions of Bitumen. 6 feet coarsely broken Chert, in pieces of fist-size and larger, with gray sandy Clay. 1 foot gray Clay,. No ores had been found then. All layers dip north with th, hill. STEVENS' DIGGINGS, The Stevens' Diggings, W. hf. Sec. 31, T. 28, R. 33, are situated in the upper part of a small hollow called Stevens',Hollow, about onehalf mile south of Turkey Creek, as. represented on the topographical'sketch, Fig. 52. The shafts marked A, especially the two most northern ones, count among the richest Lead shafts in the south-western region. They were sunk through Soil, broken Chert with yellow Sand, and struck at 25 feet depth a bed of softened dolomitic Limestone boulders 5 to 10 feet thick, and below these, broken Chert. The ore was principally found in a nearly horizontal run of an LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 473 oval cross-section, 150 feet long from south-east to north-west, 20 feet broad in the centre, and. thinning out toward both ends. Its height varied from 5 to 15 feet. This space is filled with broken Chert and Limestone boulders, and contains numerous large and small irregular seams and chunks of Galena and Blende. The Galena occurs,mostly between the Chert; the Blende more in the altered Limestone. The sketch Fig. 53, represents the vertical-longitudinal section of a portion of this run. The shaft B, on the eastern slope, went about 30 feet deep, through broken Chert, with boulders of Limestone occurring at a depth of 5 to 15 feet. Galena was found in small quantities in the loose Chert. The shafts C and D, on the slope west side of the creek, passed -through a very disturbed and irregular formation, consisting of: No. 1. 20 feet broken Cliert, with some Galena. No. 2. 10 to 15 feet slabs and boulders of Limestone, partly dolomized. No. 3. 10 feet broken Chert. No. 4. 10 to 15 feet dark gray Clay. No. 5.? feet broken Chert, with dark gray Clay. All strata dip very strongly from 45~ to 70~, with the slope toward the east. BENTLE'Y DIGGINGS, The Bentley Digigings, S. E. qr. Sec. 25, and N. E. qr. Sec. 36, T. 28, R. 34 W., (see topographical sketch Fig. 52,) on Lienallen's land, leased by Bentley & Co., extend along a small branch of Turkey Creek, one-half mile west of Stevens' Diggings. The upper Bentley Diggings consist of a small group of shafts, all sunk through loose Clay, Soil and broken Chert, with loose pieces of Galena and Blende. In some shafts, streaks of Galena were struck at a depth of 30 feet, but proved to be of rather small extent. The Galena is mostly in loose pieces, but is also found adhering to broken Chert. The Blende occurs as single crystals, or in crystalline masses inclosed in either compact or porous mico-crystalline Quartz rock of gray color. Boulders of Limestone occur occasionally. The lower Bentley Diggings lie further down the hollow, onefourth of a mile from Turkey Creek. There are 12 or 15 shafts, some of which reach a depth of 35 to 40 feet. Here, as in the upper Diggings, 4'74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. no Gravel was found, but the formation below the Soil consisted of large fragments of Chert, (I to 6 feet in diameter,) with some Chert slabs and some Sand. These materials occur loose and irregularly mixed-or, as the miners call it, " tumbling." Some Galena is found a few feet below the surface, in loose pieces in the Sand, and then again at a depth of 25 to 35 feet, between the Chert masses. The Chert is in a few places finely broken, and sometimes contains Galena in streaks. Boulders of Limestone are rare. Blende is occasionally met with, cementing broken pieces of Chert. Beside the Diggings above mentioned and described, there are inl the Turkey Creek district a number of places where Lead had been formerly found, but which are abandoned at present. Prominent among these were the Duff Diggings on Turkey Creek, 8 miles east of Joplin, which formerly yielded large quantities of ore. In other localities, parties of miners were prospecting, but I ad not found any ore at the time of our visit —for instance, on J. H. Taylor's land, Sees. 4 and 5, T. 29, R. 32; and on some points along Short Creek, near the western boundary of the State. CHAPTER XXVII. D.-SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF ORE DEPOSITS-CONTINUED. Ill.-DEPOSITS OF CENTRE CREEK DISTRICT. Centre Creek winds its way from east to west through the southern portions of Jasper county, and joins Spring River a short distance west of the State line. The land is mostly rolling and forms bluffs and abrupt slopes only ill close vicinity to the water-courses. Lead and Zinc ores have been found principally at the following three localities: 1. Near Sarcoxie (Perry Diggings.) 2. Near Scotland (Birch and Grove Creek Diggings.) 3. Near Oronogo, formerly called Minersville. 1. —TE PERRY DIGGINGS, T. 27, R, 30, Sec. 12, are 2a- miles west of Sarcoxie (see general map of South-west Missouri,) on land belonging to William Carnahan and 11. W. Perry.* Several shafts have been sunk through: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 12 to 15 feet broken Chert and yellow Sand. *See Perry Mines on p. 84 of this volume. 476 G-EOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 3. 20 to 70 feet alternate layers of Limestone and Chert broken, and containing small seams and specks of Galena, in. both Limestone and Chert. One layer of Limestone is 15 feet thick, solid, bluish-gray, coarser-grained, inclosing crystalline masses of Galena. The other Limestone is mostly light-gray, and contains but little ore. It sometimes contains streaks of Dolomite, some little Blitumen and always many sub-carboniferons fossils. In one shaft loose chunks of Calamine, in head-sized boulders, were found in Chert and Sand, on the surface of the solid rock. The ore, however, was never found in sufficient quantities to pay working, and consequently the mines are abandoned at present. 2.-THE MINES NEAR SCOTLAND. GROVE CREEK DIGGINTGS, (see pp. 86 and 87 of this Vol.), (See topographical sketch, Fig. 54,) T. 27, R. 32, Sec, 12 N. W. qr., are situated less than a mile south-west of the town of Scotland, on a south-east Slope, near the head of Grove Creek. Figure 54 represents a topographical sketch of this locality. At the northern end of the present Diggings a knob rises about 40 feet above the creek bottom. On the eastern Slope of this knob is an outcrop of light-gray, sandy Limestone, extending horizontally for 150 to 200 feet. This outcrop is about 15 feet below the mouth of the highest shafts on the knob, which shafts are less than 100 feet distant from the outcrop. They were sunk through 15 feet of broken Chert, and then struck large boulders and slabs of thin alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. This seems to show that the outcropping strata do not reach far into the hill, but are perhaps only large portions of the broken and disturbed strata in the shafts. The Diggings show the following General Section; No. 1. 3 to 5 feet Soil. No. 2. 15 to 20 feet broken Chert, with yellow Sand. No. 3. 20 to 30feet bollders of Limestone, softened and altered on the outside, or broken masses of alternate layers of Limestone and Chert. The ore generally occurs between the boulders, lying in loose pieces in yellow, sandy, broken Chert. Carwin & Clow's shafts, in the southern part of the Diggings, have at a depth of about 30 feet, a regular bed of ore in yellow Sand and Clay, between the boulders of sandy Limestone, extending over an area about 100 feet in diameter. The Galena forms a continuous wavy LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOUBI. 477 layer, 1 to 2 inches in thickness, mixed occasionally with crystals and crystalline masses of Blende. The Tussinger shaft (see topographical sketch) is sunk 40 feet in the lowest part of the Diggings. Figure 55 represents the 8 feet at bottom of this shaft: No. 1. Large boulder of hard, coarsely crystalline Limestone. No. 2. Bluish-black, slaty Clay. No. 3. Layers of light-colored, sandy Limestone and Chert. No. 4. Calc:ireous, yellow Sand, (soft Sandstone,) with loose chunks of Galena and some Blencle; sometimes rounded and coated with gray Carbonate. No. 5. Head-sized boulders of sandy Limestone, with yellow, calcareous Sand, with thick sheets, and streaks ot Galena, partly coated and between the boulders. The mines are worked at present (summer 1873) by about 30 to 40 men, who obtain 25 to 30,000 pounds of Galena per week.'BuRcn DIGGINGS, (see p. 88 of this Vol.), T. 27, R. 32, Sec. 11 S. W. qr. of N. XW. qr., are about 1 mile south-west of the Grove Creek Diggings. They are owned by Burch & Co. They lie on high ground, in a slight depression of the prairie, the surface of which is covered with pieces of broken Chert. Boulders up to 6 feet thick, of red or yellow Sandstone, are found on the surface between the Burch and the Grove Creek Diggings. The Burch shafts are generally 30 to 40 feet deep, only one of them being 60 feet. All are sunk through loose materials, without reaching a solid stratum of rock. The upper layers mostly consist of red, clayish Sand, 25 feet thick, with some Chert, and in places with large masses of white Clay. At greater depth, streaks of red tallow Clay and of brown, sandy Clay are met with. The Clay incloses considerable quantities of Galena and of Smithsonite. The latter occurs in the eastern shafts in chunks and slabs, and in the western in solid layers, I to 3 feet thick. In the western shafts sharp-cornered slabs of red Sandstone, similar to that seen in the prairie, as above mentioned, are found in the Sand a few feet below ground. There were about 15 to 20 men at work at these Diggings. Three miners at one time obtained 10,000 pounds of Galena in 6 days from 2 of the eastern shafts. 478 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 3. —THE MINES OF ORONOGO (MINERSVILLE.) These mines are situated in T. 29, R. 32 W., Sec. 31 N. hf. of S. W. qr., and in T. 29, IR. 33 W., Sec. 36 N. E. qr. of S. E. qr. The present Diggings at this place are owned by the Granby Mining and Smelting Co., conjointly with other parties. They are situated at the head of a small branch, running south into Centre Creek. We add to this report a topographical map of these Diggings, from sketches taken in summer of 1873. See Fig. 56. The Geological formation is the Keokuk Limestone, which is exposed in a small quarry east of the Diggings. This Limestone is in places overlaid by small pockets of Lower Coal-Measure rocks, namely, Slate and Coal. In regard to the rocks associated with the ore, the Oronogo district is very remarkable for the frequency and considerable development of the Quartzite. This rock occurs to some extent in a few other places, (as in Shaft 20, at Lone Elm and in the Bentley Diggings), but at Oronogo it forms the principal ore-bearing rock in several of the richest runs of ore, especially in Shafts y, v, s. r, qm, k, i, also in Shafts 2, 8, 14 and 15, and in the Circular Diggings. This Quartzite must be of much later origin than either the Chert or the Limestone, because it cements together Chert fragments, thus forming the Conglomerates described in our preceding chapter, and because it also encloses broken masses of Limestone occasionally. The Quartzite contains ores in single crystals as well as in seams and streaks. It is, in places, coarsely crystalline, the crystals being of either prismatic or pyramidal type. When thus plainly crystalline, it passes into porous aggregations of crystals, and sometimes into loose crystalline QuartzSand. It seems that single loose crystals were at first deposited, which by increasing gradually in number, formed a porous, and finally a dense Quartzite. This rock is of a gray or drab color, which, by the admixture of Blende or of Bitumen, is frequently changed into dark brown or black. The Bitumen has undoubtedly assisted in the precipitation of the ores in this rock. It betrays its presence by its peculiar odor when the rock is rubbed or broken. The Blende, which is nearly always associated with the Quartzite, occurs in large and well developed crystals disseminated through the whole mass. Galena, on the other hand, occurs in this rock, mostly in large vein-like aggregations of various shapes. In the above mentioned Conglomerates, the limits between the pieces of white or light-gray Chert and dark-colored Quartzite, are generally well defined. In a few instances, however, it was observed LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 479 that the Chert became gradually dark-colored and somewhat porous, and more crystalline near the lines of contact, and that it has evidently been attacked and altered by the solutions which have deposited the Quartzite. The ores are always in the mass of the Quartzite. never in the Chert-fragments. The Diggings near Oronogo may be divided into two groups: a. The Branch Diggings. b. The Circular Diggings. a. THE BRANCH DIGGINGS. (See topographical sketch of Oronogo.) Are situated in the west half Sec. 31, T. 29, R. 32 W., along a small branch of Centre Creek. The Shafts form more or less parallel rows, which correspond to subterranean runs of ore on which they were sunk. There are three such runs on the eastern Slope, one opened by the Shafts 9, another by the Shafts w and t, and the third by the Shafts g. All three seem to join into one in the vicinity of the furnace building, and to continue as one wide but less regular run, along and close to the branch, for some distance south. Another run extends on the west side of the branch, through shafts 3 and 10, and another through Shafts 2 and 8, up the western slope at an angle to the Creek. This latter run may perhaps continue south to Shafts 14 and 15, which are of a similar character. The Shafts g, d, c, b, form the upper run on the eastern slope, and are 15 to 25 feet above the branch. They were mostly abandoned at the time of our visit, because their ore-deposits were not as rich as others in the district. The shafts passed through Soil, yellow Clay, (often tallow-Clay and broken Chert). Boulders of Limestone, either decomposed and sandy, or hard and bituminous, were found 12 to 25 feet below the surface. In shaft c, 20 feet of alternate, irregular layers of black bituminous ~Clay and yellow sandy Clay were struck below the Soil, all dipping with the slope. The shafts w, t andp, are sunk on a run of ore nearly parallel to the former, on the same slope. The shafts are mostly 20 to 40 feet deep. They passed through: No. 1. 2 to 5 feet Soil, No. 2. 0 to 15 feet yellow, sandy Clay. No. 3, 10 to 15 feet broken Chert. No. 4. ~ to 6 feet solid Chert, in slabs or layers. No. 5. 3 to 10 feet ore-bed, consisting of broken Chert and gray or red Clay, in which Galena, with little Blende, occurs in streaks L to 6 inches thick. The seams of Galena are nearly horizontal, dipping but slightly with the hill. 480 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. In shaft t, boulders of soft, bituminous Limestone were found, surrounded by gray or green Clay, the latter containing some Galena. The deepest shaft on this run is the " Pump Shaft," close to the furnace building, sunk for the purpose of draining the whole district. It is 82 feet deep. At a depth of 20 feet a seam of Galena in the Chert was struck, but not followed. At 50 feet of depth the shaft reached a Conglomerate, consisting of angular pieces of Chert, cemented by gray, sandy Limestone, and enclosing single crystals and specks of Blende, and some Galena. The shafts y, v, 8, r, m, k, and i, are sunk on the main run of ore. Their mouths are but a few feet above the level of the creek. The following sections were obtained in the several shafts: I Y v 2' 2 2; i Soil and Gravel........... 5 feet. I..... 2 feet. 5 feet. 3 feet. 3 feet. Slate and Coal............ t 15feet. 0 0 0 3 to 5 feet. Yellow Clay..............0............. 6 feet. 0 0 0 Broken Chert.............. I 0 0 5 feet. 0 0 Boulders and slabs of Limestone............ 4 to eet. 0 0.................. 0 Quartzite............,......,,5 to 8 ft. 20 feet. i6 feet. 12 feet. 7 to 9 feet. 7 to 9 feet. Chert Conglomerate.................................... 0................. Broken Chert..............l 0 15 feet. 00 0 0 Solid Chert-layers....... 0 0 3 feet. 0 This table shows how much the strata vary in thickness and in character in this row of shafts. The level of the layer'of Quartzite however, is pretty near the same all through, as the surface of the ground is lower at the shafts k and i, than at y and r. The upper layer of broken Chert is occasionally replaced by sand and yellow Clay. The Limestone which occurs in boulders and slabs in the shafts y, is entirely missing in the shafts lower down the creek. The Quartzite occurs either massive and without admixture, or else it cements Chertfragments into a Conglomerate. In some shafts it occurs in both ways, and then the Quartzite overlies the Conglomerate, while loose, broken Chert, or else fissured Chert-layers are found below. Galena and Blende occur in the Quartzite in the manner above described. In shaft y the Quartzite varies much in shade and color. The dark variety contains much more ore than the light colored one, LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 48t. and the ore in the former looks darker itself, than the ore in the latter. The Blende is nearly black, and the Galena has a perceptibly darker hue, and a bituminous odor when broken. This shows that the dark color is to a great extent, due to the presence of Bitumen. In the most southern of shaft y, are observed the following Sections. See Fig. 57: Fig. 57. Branceh Diggings, 07ronogo. No. 1. 4 feet Soil. No. 2. 4 feet yellow, sandy Clay. No. 3. 10 feet broken Quartz rock, with some Galena and Blende, and boulders of softened Limestone. No. 4. 10 feet solid Quartzite, with much Galena and Blende. The shaft s, west of the furnace building, nearly in line with the former shafts, was only 10 feet deep when visited by us. At this shallow depth it had disclosed one of the largest chunks of Galena ever found in this region, being 6 to 8 feet long, 3 to 4 feet high, and 11 to 2} feet thick, and weighing over 30,000 pounds. It was found loose, imbedded in a mixture of Clay, broken Chert and broken Quartzite, in the manner shown on sketch, Fig. 58. Fig. 58, Loose Chulzas, Oronogo. No. ]. Soil. No. 2. Gravel and small Chert fragmlents. No. 3. Coarse, broken Chert. No. 4. Gray Fire Clay. No. 5. Black Clay. No. 6(. Sand, with broken Chert and Quartzite, and rounded chunks of pvre Galena. The large chunk is seen in Section. In shaft mn we observed the Section represented by the sketch, Fig. 59. Fig. 59. Oronogo. No. 1. Soil and Gravel. No. 2. Broken Chert and brownv Sand. No. 3. Broken Chert cemented by gray QuLartz rock, with Blende, Galenta an(d Calcite. No. 4. Alternate layers of Chert and Limestone, bituminous, with some seauls and specks of Galena and Blende. In shaft i, sandy, gray Coal-slate and impure Coal were struck between large, broken masses of black, bituminous Conglomerate — o.s-31 482 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. i. e., Chert cemented by Quartzite-with Galena and Blende, and Calcite. Below this lay a large mass of black, bituminous Quartzite without any ore. The shafts a are shallow, 5 to 10 feet deep, and struck alternate layers of Limestone and Chert below the Soil, which, in fissures, contained Calcite with some Galena in large crystals. The shafts f, x, y, u, 3, 9, 10, compose a range along the branch, having about the following Section: No. 1. 2 to 5 feet Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 2 to 10'feet yellow Clay and Sanld. No. 3. 4 to 10 feet broken Chert. No. 4. 4 to 12 feet broken Limestone, sometimes altered. No. 5.? feet broken Chert. In addition to this General Section, the shafts f and x, wrhich are the most northern of this range, have, below the Soil: 3 to 6 feet of black Clay and clay Slate. In shafts x, 9 and 10, a stratum of gray, sandy Limestone, 5 to 8 feet thick, and containing streaks of micaceous, black Slate, lies under the Soil. This stratum is, in places, over 15 feet thick, divided into layers of ~ to 4 inches. Its position is strongly disturbed-the strata dipping 25~ to 40~ east, as shown in the sketch (Fig. 60), which is taken from the shallow shaft 10. Fig. GO. Oronoogo. No. 1. foot Soil and Gravel. No. 2. 4 feet. light gray, slaty Clay. No. 3. 5 feet sandy Limestone, with specks, seams and small veins of Galena and Blende. This range is not near so rich as the former. Tlhe ores occur in seams and specks in the Sandstone, and also at greater depth between broken Chert and Limestone. The shafts g and A, north of the railroad, are sunk 25 to 35 feet deep, through Soil, broken Chert and large masses (15 to 20 feet thick) of soft, rotten Chert, with some single, angular boulders of bituminous Limestone containing segregations of fluid Bitumen. Galena occurs in the Chert, and in the softened, outer portion of the Limestone, but has not, so far, been found there in paying quantities. The shafts?A are 15 to 30 feet deep,. and had 10 feet of gray Fire Clay below the Soil, and then 10 feet of black Clay and broken Chert. The shafts 2 and 3 are sunk from 20 to 32 feet deep, on a run of LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 483 Galena-bearing Quartzite, striking nearly south-west to north-east The run is overlaid and surrounded by broken Chert, and in places on the west side, by boulders of altered Limestone. The Galena occurs principally in seams in the fissured Quartzite, and is associated with much Blende. Also, the boulders of Limestone are sometimes impregnated with Galena to a depth of 5 or 6 inches. The shafts 14 are 16 to 20 feet deep. They penetrated: No. 1. 3 to 4 feet Soil, with loose pieces of Cerussite and Chert. No. 2. 3 to 4 feet broken Chert and yellow Sand, locally impregnated with Cerussite. No. 3. Over 10 feet bituminous Quartzite, in places, cementing dark gray Chert fragments. This conglomeratic mass is itself, in places, fissured and broken. Galena occurs in irregular aggregations or pockets, sometimes 5 to 7 inches thick, and 1.to 4 feet long. Many small seams extend in all directions from these pockets into the adjoining Quartz rock. The shafts 15 are very similar to the former. They are, however, 35 to 40 feet deep, and below the Chert and the Quartzite reached Limestone boulders with some Galena, and masses of broken Chert conglomerated by regenerated Limestone, containing single crystals and bunches of Galena and Blende. Broken masses of half-decomposed:Silico-calcite are also met with. Smithsonite is found in pockets and streaks in the broken rocks. The Quartzite in this locality sometimes incloses Limestone boulders, which are rotten, soft and sandy on the outside. This case is represented in the sketch. (Fig. 61.) No. 1. Solid interior of Limestone boulder. No. 2. Soft, sandy exterior, No. 3. Chert-breccia cemented by bituminous Quartzite with Galena. No. 4. Solid Chert-layer 5 inches thick. Shafts 1. One of these shafts is sunk 25 feet deep, and showed the following formation: (See Fig. 62.) No. 1. Soil and Gravel. No. 2. Clay and Gravel. No. 3. Limestone boulders., softened on the outside, and rounded, torming a cave about 15 fect high, 15 feet wide, and 15 to 20 feet long. The cave was filled with a soft mud, consisting, in its various parts, of yellow Clay, gray calcareous Clay, Gravel, pieces of wood, and some fine Galena and Blende, all of which had evidently been washed into it. The existence of this cave proves that the boulders can not have been brought into their present position and rounded shape by 484 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. drifting, but only by a gradual settlement and thorough chemical action. Shafts 13, 12, 7, 6, 5, and 4, are sunk on the Slope ascending grade ually from the branch west towards the Circular Diggings, which lie on somewhat higher ground. These shafts are mostly shallow, and passed through a formation of Clay and broken Chert, deposited in thick layers. In some places they struck Limestone boulders. In shafts 5 and 6, broken masses of Silico-calcite were reached at a depth of 20 feet, containing Calcite with Galena in fissures. In shafts 13, loose pieces of Cerussite were *found in the broken Chert below the Soil. But no well-paying deposit has as yet been discovered in these shafts. B. THE CIRCULAR DIGGINGS, T. 29, R. 33 W., Sec. 36 N. E. qr., of S. E. qr., (see Topographical sketch of Oronogo, Fig. 56,) consist of a number of shafts, sunk on a natural dyke of circular form. The surface of the ground dips from all sides towards the center of the circle, forming a flat basin. This circle has a diameter of 400 to 500 feet. The west side lies about 10 feet higher than the east side. The dyke is interrupted, in three places, by gaps 20 to 30 feet wide. Two of these are on the west side, and one in the lower or eastern part, where the water runs out to join the Oronogo Branch. We will describe a few shafts in various parts of the circle to show the Geological features, beginning at the lower gap on the east side: Shafts 17, near this gap, are sunk 15 to 20 feet through broken Chert, with seams of Galena all through the mass. The shafts a little farther north, went through 15 feet Chert-layers, with Clay between them, 15 feet massive Quartzite, then boulders of Limestone with some Bitumen, and some Galena as represented in sketch. (Fig. 63.) No. 1. Soil. No. 2. Yellow Clay and Cher:t. No. 3. Chert-layers. No. 4. Quartz rock with fissures and gash-veins with Galena. No. 5. Limestone boulders. Shafts 18, on the west side of the circle, passed through broken Chert, with Galena seams 1 to 3 inches thick, in fissures, and then struck Quartzite at a depth of 25 feet, with large, irregular gash-veins filled with Galena, as in the sketch shown: (Fig. 64.) LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 485 The irregularly stratified formation of Gravel and of broken Chert dips both ways towards the center of the circle, and in the opposite direction. Shafts 19, south of the preceding, near the gap, are about 30 feet deep, in broken Chert, with loose pieces of Cerussite and Galena. Farther towards the inside of the circle, large masses of gray Clay were found containing considerable quantities of Cerussite, and in places entirely impregnated with it. Shafts 20 are sunk through a solid mass of dark-colored Quartzite with seams of Galena. Shafts 21 are 20 to 30 feet deep, and passed through Soil, and then struck No. 1. 8 feet black Slate and black Clay. No. 2. 10 to 15 feet yellow Clay, with some broken Chert. No. 3.? feet Limestone boulders, some hard and light-gray, others soft and a little bituminous. Shafts 22, on south side of circle, passed through 4 inches to 15 feet broken Chert, mixed with yellow Sand and Clay, and also with pieces of Cerussite, and of half decomposed crystals of Galena. Below this, is again broken Chert, and then massive Quartzite, with veins of Galena and with red Clay in fissures. Shafts 23, situated a short distance outside of the regular circle, are 12 to 15 feet deep in yellow Clay and broken Chert, and then reached a hard, light-gray Limestone, broken and partly bituminous. They did not strike any ore up to the time -of investigation. Shafts 24 had 6 to 10 feet of broken Chert and Chert-conglomerate; 10 feet solid, dark gray Quartzite with specks of Galena and of Blende. This Quartzite sometimes incloses broken Chert of light gray color. Pieces of Cerussite and Calamine occur in the soil and in the loose Chert above the Quartzite. Shafts 25 are shallow and situated near the steep slope of the -eastern gap of the circle. They disclosed a large quantity of very coarse Gravel, and below this, rounded slabs of Sandstone. They did not reach the regular ore formation. CENTRE SHAFT. A deep shaft was sunk by the Company in the very centre of the circle, for the purpose of testing the locality, and in the hope to be able to drain all the diggings by it. According to the records which the Superintendent, Col. Young, kindly submitted to our inspection, this shaft passed through the following strata: 486 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Section of Centre Shaft. DESCRIPTION OF STRATA. I Soil........................................ 2 Clay and broken Chert................. 3 3 Irregular layers of various Clays, dark blue, gray and yellow........... 14 4 Gray Fire Clay, becoming sandy lower down.................................... 25 5 Sandy, gray and black Clay, with a chunk of Coal 4 inches thick........... 12 6 Black, slaty Clay, with some Pyrites.................................................... 2 7 Slaty Clay full of Pyrites........................................................... 3 S Same, with Coal chunks.................................................................... 6 9 Hard, slaty Clay, inclosing large and small boulders of sandy Limestone 16 10 Hard, gray Sandstone, with Pyrites..................................................... 11 Hard, dark blue, slaty Clay, with numerous seams of Galena................ 4 12 Boulders of sandy Limestone........................................................... 5 13 Hard Sandstone (?)....................................................................... 2 14 Conglomerate, consisting of angular pieces of Chert cemented by a very sandy regenerated Limestone, inclosing specks of Blende, and also some Galena and Calcite. This is the same rock as found in the pump shaft near the furnaces at a depth of 50 feet...................................... 8 Total depth................ 104 The last blast opened a fissure striking north to south, when, ior the first time, some water ran into the shaft, rising slowly-about 5 feet in the first 12 hours, and 131 feet in the first 36 hours. The work was then abandoned. The above Section evidently indicates the presence of a confused mixture of broken Coal Measure rocks in the centre of the circle, and therefore a disturbance on a pretty large scale. The last 10 feet of the Section seem to belong to the Subcarboniferous Ore Formation. According to the above descriptions, the Circular Diggings would appear in section about as follows: (see Fig. 65.) FY ig. 65. Gircular Digyings, Oronogo. The lowest rock struck by the Centre Shaft is Chert-conglomero ate. Above this, we have: LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 487 No. 1. Limestone boulders. No. 2. Quartzite with Galena and Blencde. No. 3. Chert layers. No. 4. Broken Chert. No. 5. Clay and Sand with Cerussite. No. 6. Broken Coal Mceasure rocks. Slates, Clay, Sandstone and Coal. The present circular form, which is peculiar to these Diggings, may have been caused by the erosion of a large cavity in the underlying Limestone, and by the breaking down of the upper strata. The condition and relative position of the various rocks, especially the fact that all the layers, irregular as they are, yet invariably dipping towards the centre of the circle, decidedly support this view. The boulders lie about 70 feet deeper in the centre than at the circumference of the circle. The existence of numerous large and small sink holes all over the Limestone region of Southern Missouri, shows that such local subterraneous erosions, causing circular, funnel-shaped depressions on the surface, are nothing unusual. The lead-bearing Quartz rock, according to present appearances, is not found inside the circle, but has itself a nearly circular form. The developments made so far do not permit us to decide whether it has been at once deposited in this form, or whether it originated in two separate runs, curved afterwards by the particular manner in which the settling of the ground may have been effected. CHIAPTER XXVIII. M. INING AND SMELTING.. HISTORY. Mining operations began comparatively late in the lead region of South-west Missouri. In 1850, the Prairie Diggings, one mile south of Granby, were opened, and in 1851, mining began in the Brock Hollow on the Granby section. Soon after, a great number of mostly shallow shafts were sunk in other parts of South-west Missouri, and in many instances met with good success. So the Nobleton, the Moseley and the Cedar Creek mines in Newton county; the Centre Creek, the Duff, the Mineral Point (Leadville), and the Orchard mines (Joplin), in Jasper county, and several others. The Galena obtained was smelted in simple log furnaces or on small Scotch hearths with one eye. The blast was produced by bellows driven by water power. The Lead was taken by wagons to Fort Smith, and then boated down the Arkansas and Mississippi RTivers, and was shipped to New Orleans, New York and Boston. The total amount of Galena raised from 1850 to 1854 was estimated by Prof. Swallow, in his Report of 1855, p. 161, at 1,721,679 pounds. The Granby Mines were the first which actually began to flourish. In 1856, Blow & Kennett obtained a lease on the Granby section from the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, which owns the land. They erected six Scotch hearths with blast produced by fans and steam power. Six other hearths were built and worked by other parties. Miners from all parts of the world flocked to Granby, and the town grew rapidly. The production rose to over 8,000,000 pounds LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 489 per year. The principal work was done at the Brock Hollow, the Dutch, the Frazier, and at some parts of the Crabtree and Hardshaft Diggings. We will here mention a few remarkable examples of well-paying shafts worked at that time. Holman, Hersey, Gatzel and others obtained from two shafts 3,500,000 pounds of Galena in 18 months, which, estimated at $21 pel 1,000 pounds, had a value of $73,500. Frazier's Shaft, at the present Frazier Diggings, yielded, in 1859, an average of 100,000 pounds per month. The beginning of the war in 1861 stopped the mining operations of the whole region until 1865. Henry T. Blow then obtained a lease of the Granby section and vigorously started and pushed the work. Several valuable disclosures, especially in the Holman, Hardshaft and East Point Diggings, gave a new impulse to it from time to time, and finally the discovery of the Zinc ore, and its value, secured the success of these mines for a lengthy future. More sudden yet than the rise of Granby was that of Joplin. In 1870 not a single house was in the place where two years afterward a flourishing town stood, which has now grown into a city of 5000 inhabitahts. In 1871 one furnace, owned by Moffett and Sergeant. was more than sufficient to smelt all the ore there raised from the Cox and Orchard Diggings, and some shafts at Leadville, until a miner, named Moon, struck a very rich deposit, now called after him-the Moon Range, or Moon Digging-on East Joplin Hill. For nearly 20 years (more or less) ore had been found along Turkey Creek, and mined with but moderate success, when suddenly Moon's lucky hit increased the confidence, causing more extensive prospecting, and thus leading to the great development of mining operations in Joplin Creek Valley. Discovery followed discovery in rapid succession, and after hardly two years over 1000 miners were at work, producing near 400,000 pounds of Galena per week. At present 7 Scotch hearths and 16 air furnaces are in operation. Joplin miners also discovered and worked the Grove Creek and Burch, the Stevens and Bentley, the Thurman, Carney and Cornwall Diggings, and are now prospecting extensively in numerous other localities. In the Centre Creek District mining had likewise been carried on for about 20 years. The old Centre Creek mines yielded a total amount of about 370,000 pounds of Galena up to the year S1654. The ore was smelted on a Scotch hearth (Harklerode's furnace.) Since 490 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the discovery of the rich deposits of Oronogo, (late Minersville,) the operations have. been concentrated at this place. Three Scotch hearths were built, and the erection of Zinc works is under consideration. LEASES AND CLAIMS. According to the system adopted in nearly all the lead districts of Missouri, the miner obtains from the land owner, or general lessee, a'" claim;" that is, a square piece of ground of 100 to 200 feet sidelength, on which he has the exclusive right of mining. On this claim the miner works at his own risk and expense. All the ore he gets he has to deliver to the persons who own or control the land at a certain prearranged price per 1000 pounds of Galena, and per ton of Zinc ore; or else, if he prefers to sell his ore to other parties than those who control the land, he pays to the latter a royalty, which varies from one-fourth to one-eighth of all the Galena mined, and about 50 cents for every ton of Zinc ore. Such claims are operated in two different ways; either two or three miners work the claim conjointly, at their entire risk, or else they unite with business men for the purpose. In the latter case the business men support the miners as long as they are working and fail to find any ore. After they have struck a deposit of ore, the proceeds are equally divided. In a few instances only have companies worked the land they control at their own risk by hired labor. A claim is forfeited and falls back to the owner or general lessee of the land as soon as no work is done on it for more than 15 days. These and other points are stipulated for each case by a special agreement between the interested parties. HININ G. When a new claim is laid out, the miners begin sinking a shaft. The place in which to do this is often determined by the direction of the ore runs or opening already found on the adjoining lands. If no such indications exist, a depression of the ground on a hill slope is chosen if possible. The working implements used are a doublepointed pick, shovel, windlass with rope and bucket. For boring and blasting, steel drills, about one inch wide, are used, and a hammer about 3 pounds in weight. One man holds and sets the drill, the other strikes. The holes are made 20 to 30 inches deep. Common blasting-powder, as well as Giant-powder are used. The latter is more effective, but its gases are considered to be injurious, and to produce LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WVEST MISSOURI. 491 head-ache. Yet in fissured rock it is almost indispensable. The Giant-powder generally used in South-west Missouri consists of Nitroglycerine mixed with various materials to lessen its explosibility, especially with sawdust and sand. It has the appearance and the consistency of brown wax. It is inclosed in a cartridge, and is lit by a rubber-coated fuse, so as to burn below water or in wet places. A large cap is put over one end of the fuse, and both are pressed into the powder. The time required for sinking a shaft is, of course, very variable, according to the condition of the ground. While in Clay sometimes 6 feet and more are sunk in one day, it often takes 3 days to sink 1 foot in hard, cherty Limestone or solid Chert. Ten feet per week is considered a fair average, 2 men being at work. When the shaft passes through loose material, it is always made square, and fully timbered. When a run or opening is struck, the miner generally begins " drifting" at once, giving the drift the full height of the opening. The bucket in which the ores and rock are hoisted to the surface, is taken from the bottom of the shaft to the working place, and when filled, it is slid by hand along the drift to the shaft. This is very hard work, and cannot be done for long distances. The miners therefore sink a second shaft as soon as the drift acquires a considerable length. The water is also hoisted in a bucket by hand, or in a tub by horses or oxen, and only in case a good deposit is found and much water, does the miner go to the expense ot putting up a horse or steam pump. When much water is met with in a new place, where the existence of a good deposit is not confidently expected, or previviously proven, the miners often abandon the shaft entirely. Old, abandoned shafts are therefore not proof that there is no ore in that particular place, nor that the ore has all been taken out. For the purpose of supplying the shafts and drifts with fresh air, a wide tube made of cloth is frequently used, the upper end of which reaches to the mouth of the shaft, and is turned against the wind. If this is not sufficient, a small, plain, wooden fan is placed near the shaft and driven by hand. DRESSING. From the materials hoisted, the clean Galena or Zinc ore, is separated by hand, with hammer and chisel, as far as possible. Impure pieces are:crushed and washed in all inclined wooden trough with a square box at. the lower end. A strong stream of water flows over 492 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the crushed ore, which at the same time is worked against the stream with the help of a shovel. The best material remains in the trough; the sludge or "' smiltum," (impure fine ore,) is deposited in the box; and the greater part of the drift is carried off. The contents of the trough and of the box, are jigged by hand jigs, and the clean ore is thus ready for smelting. When the Galena is intimately mixed' with Chert or with Dolomite, the miners lay it on a small wood pile and burn it. The heat must then be kept low enough not to roast or to smelt the Galena, but just enough to make the rock crack, or at least to make it so brittle as to be easily broken by hand. The burnt and broken ore is picked and washed in troughs. If the Galena is finely disseminated through the rock, especially if mixed with Blende or Pyrites, it has to be crushed between rollers to less than pea size, and then jigged. However, as rollers exist only in a, few places as yet, in South-west Missouri, such materials are often thrown among the refuse. The troughs are about 10 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 6 inches deep. Two men or three boys, can wash, per day, from 5 to 10 wagon loads of "' wash dirt" (impure ore). Each load weighs from 1,800!to 3,000 pounds, according to quality, and yields from 200 to 600 pounds of clean Galena. SM ELTING. Smelting of Lead ore is done, either in the Scotch hearth or in the air furnace. The old Scotch hearth, built of stone, and supplied with blast through one single tuyere-ho'e, has been displaced everywhere in South-west Missouri, by the so-called "Scotch-American hearth," which is made of cast iron, and has a water-cooled tuyere plate surrounding the hearth on 3 sides, and containing in its central portions, 3 tuyere-holes. This hearth is shown in Fig. 66 a, in a vertical section. Fig. 66 b represents the tuyere and plate. a. Entrance of blast. b. Wind box.. cc. WVater-cooled tuyere plate, which is represented in a horizontal projection by Fig. 66 b. d. Nozzle of wrought iron. (Three of these pass through the tuyere plate.) e. Basin filled with molten Lead. f. Charge of ore and charcoal. g. Iron plate over which the Lead runs fro m the working basin into the kettle in front of the hearth. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 493 h. Small kettle fronl which the Lead is taken with iadles, to be cast into pigs. A small fire is kept below this kettle to keep the Lead hot. i. Entrance of water. k. Exit of water. 1. ~Water circulation. m. Tuyere-holes. Fig. 66 b, gives a plan of the tuyere plate, which is a very complicated and costly casting. The nozzles are about 1 inch wide. The thickness of iron walls of the tuyere plate, is 1~ inches. All the other dimensions are given in the drawing. The air passes through the wind box and 3 tuyeres, into the hearth. The basin e is always kept full of molten Lead. It holds about 2,500 pounds. The operation is conducted as follows: The smelter makes a wood-fire on the surface of the Lead in the hearth, throws charcoal over it, and starts the blast, which enters the hearth from 1 to 3 inches above the surface of the Lead. He then adds the remains from the last smelting, which consist of a mixture of Lead, slag and charcoal. After the Lead in the basin is heated up well and completely fluid, the regular smelting operation begins. New charges of charcoal and of Galena, crushed to about pea-size, are added continually with the shovel, the Galena in portions of 20 to 30 pounds at a time. Some burnt Lime is added as a flux. The ore is always kept protected by a layer of fresh charcoal. After adding the latter, the fire remains undisturbed for 4 or 5 minutes. The charge is then broken up with a long poker and mixed so as to bring new particles of ore in contact with the coal, and raised slowly with a long, flat spattle to prepare a proper passage for the blast. All these manipulations are repeated with every new charge of 20 to 30 pounds. The Lead runs almost uninterruptedly over the inclined iron plate into the kettle, in which it gathers to be cast into moulds from time to time. The pigs weigh 70 to 80 pounds each. Two smelters melt about 3000 pounds of good ore in less than 8 hours, so that one hearth has a capacity of working 9000 pounds of Galena in 24 hours. The Galena yields about 68 per cent.; a little less than in the air furnace, because the slag of the Scotch hearth is less fluid, and retains more Lead. This slag is crushed and washed, and the best part of it is smelted again on the Scotch hearth, in charges of 2400 pounds, yielding 7CO pounds of Lead. The poorer slag thereby produced, yet holds 30 to 40 per cent. of Lead, and is smelted with coke in a small, square blast-furnace, 8 feet high, 2 to 3 feet square. 494 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The cost of running a Scotch hearth for 24 hours, in 3 shifts of 8 hours, is as follows: Six smelters, (for each shift) at $2.50 per day.................................................. $15 00 Two engineers (one for day, one for night) $2.50 per day............................... 5 00 Three laborers, at $1.50 per day................................................................. 4 50 Forty bushels of charcoal, at 10 cents............................................................ 4 00 One cord of wood for the boiler, etc.............................................................. 2 00 Tools....................................................................................................... 25 Total....$30 75 The 9000 pounds smelted at this expense yield about 6100 pounds of Galena. The cost of smelting for every 1000 pounds of Lead thus amounts to about $5.00. By running a number of hearths side by side, the above cost may be reduced to less than $4.00 per 1000 pounds. Tnr AIR FURNACE Is in most cases preferable to the Scotch hearth, although the capacity is only about one-third of that of the latter. But it is cheaper to build, because it requires no steam-engine, nor blower. It can work poorer or less clean Galena without great disadvantage; it needs a less skilled and experienced smelter, and, finally, yields 2 to 3 per cent. more Lead. The sketch (Fig. 67) represents the usual form of these furnaces in plan and vertical section: a. Fire-place, heated with 4 feet logs. b. Fire-bridge, 6 feet above the hearth c. c. Smelting hearth, consisting of a cast-iron plate, with 6 inches of slag smnelted over it. d. Sheet iron stack, 20 feet high. c. Door for charging and working. /. Door for discharging and cleaning. g. Casting-kettle. The cost of an air furnace is estimated at $500 to $600, including the shed in which the furnace stands. The charge consists of 1400 to 1600 pounds of Galena, from pea to -hazelnut-size, and is thrown into the furnace all at once, through the LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUT-H-W]ST MISSOURI. 495 charging door e. The ore is spread over the bottom of the hearth, and kept there without applying much flame, but under constant stirring, for 60 to 90 minutes; during that time a partial roasting of the Galena -is effected. After this a strong fire is given, throwing a long flame on the ore in the hearth. The reducing action begins, and the reduced and molten Lead runs into the lower part of the hearth and through the door f, into the kettle g. This operation is continued until the Lead ceases to flow. The reaction is from time to time assisted by stirring. When the charge gets too hot and threatens to smelt without being reduced, the smelter throws ashes over it to cool and to thicken it. The lead is cast into pigs of 70 to 80 pounds. A charge is smelted in 9 to 11 hours. The yield from pure Galena reaches 70 and sometimes 72 per cent. The cost of running the furnace for 24 hours, in double shifts, is as follows: Trwo smelters at $3.00................................................................................. $6 00 One laborer in day-time.............................. I 50 One and a half cords of wood, at $2.00................................. 3 00 Tools and repairs.......................................................................................... 50 Total................................................................................................. $11 00 During that time the furnace produces 2200 to 2300 pounds of Lead, so that the cost of smelting 1000 pounds of Lead would be about $4.90. The cost of smelting is therefore nearly equal to that in a single Scotch hearth. SeVeral Scotch hearths are worked together for a large production; they smelt considerably cheaper than the air furnace, and are, therefore, generally adopted in the larger smelting works. SPECIAL NOTES ON GRANBY. The section on which the Granby mines are situated, is owned by the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Comnpany, and leased by the Granby Mining and Smelting Company. The latter Company is under the administration of the following officers: Henry T. Blow, President, James B. Eads, Vice-President; Barton Bates, Harry Blow and - Hensey, Directors; Charles Bingston, Superintendent. The Granby Lead-ores are smelted in place. The Zinc-ores are shipped to the various Zinc-works in St. Louis, at a very high cost of 496 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. freight. The erection of Zinc-works at Oronogo is therefore contermplated. The Granby Company has never mined itself, but always let outclaims on its leased section of ground. But) it has frequently assisted the miners in sinking shafts through hard rock, with the intention of having a new part of the field investigated. In such cases the Company agreed to pay the miners a gratuity of $100, under the condition that they would sink the shafts either to an ore-opening, or at least to a depth of 75 feet. The Company also put up a large steam-pump in the Valley, south of the furnace-building, in a shaft 91 feet. deep. This pump drains a large portion of the Brockhollow and Village Diggings. As all the single-ore deposits, the "openings," are limited in their extent, the continuance of mining in the several Granby districts depends always upon the discovery of new deposits, and this discovery depends upon the degree of activity in prospecting. This is the cause of the fluctuations that have taken place regarding the production of these mines. In 1870 and 1871, when the excitement began at Joplin, many miners left for that place, prospecting diminished, and the production and the reputation of Granby decreased. Happily, about the same time this Zinc-ore began to attract attention, which had before been considered worthless. In November, 1871, Mr. Bellew, agent for the Missouri Zinc Company, in St. Louis, began to work for Lead and Zinc on several old claims, which before that time, had been worked for Lead only. In August, 1872, M~/r. Hopkins began doing the same for Messrs. Martindale & Eddy, of St. Louis, and towards the end of 1872, the Granby Company itself began to buy up the Zinc-ore. The whole appearance of the mines was changed by this getting of Zinc-ores. While the sheets and pockets of Galena are comparatively small and scattered, the Calamine occurs in thick layers, often extending over considerable areas. Consequently the risk of the miners is much less in mining the Calamine than in mining the Galena. Hundreds of old shafts which had been left because the Galena was too scattered to pay the miner, were now re- opened. In following the layers of Calamine, the miners were sure to earn pretty good wages. With one foot thickness of the Calamine they earned about $5 per day. All the Galena was an extra profit. In this way many good Galena deposits were discovered and mined, and the productions of Lead-ore increased with that of Zinc-ore. Thus, the knowledge of the value of this Zincore, became of immense interest and advantage to the Granby mines. Before we close our special remarks on these mines, we will mention the following very interesting fact: As the miners have an in LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 497 terest to hoist as little useless material as possible, they often fill up old drifts with such material, which is here mostly Clay, Chert and Limestone. In the course of years these masses, as the miners say, 4' grow together," and we were astonished in visiting an old mine in Brock Hollow, which had not been worked for 15 years, to find some old posts of timber buried in a hard Conglomerate of Chert and hardened Clay, the whole having the appearance of an original rock. The smelting-works of Granby are situated near the creek, in the north-west quarter of the Section, west of the town. The sketch, Fig. 68, represents a plan of the works. Fig. 68, Granby Smelting- Works. I to 4, Scotch-American hearths. 5 to 8, old Scoteh hearths. 9, Blake-crusher. 10, Washing trough. 11, Sludge-box. The heavy line represents wooden blast-pipe, 18 inches square. The principal building contains 8 hearths, one of which is used for smelting slag. Each hearth has a separate stack. The fan is a large Sturtevant No. 7. The steam is produced by two boilers, 40 feet long and 45 inches diameter. They use 2 cords of wood in 24 hours. The engine runs the fan, a turning-lathe, a pump, 3 jigs, a Blakecrusher and a small saw-mill. Fifty-two feet east of this main building is a smaller shed, with 2 air-furnaces. These works smelt all the Galena from Granby, Oronogo and from the Company's lands near Joplin. In 1873 nearly 7 millions of pounds of Galena were smelted, about one-half of which quantity was from the Granby mines. In summer of 1873, about 200 miners were occupied at Granby, producing an average of 70,000 pounds of Galena per week. NEOSIHO FURNEACE. The Neosho Manufacturing Company,- Stein, President, at Neosho, Newton county, runs one American Lead-hearth, besides its Iron foundry, machine shop and saw-mill. The Scotch hearth gets a sufficient supply of Lead ore from several south-western mines to run about three days in a week. This company smelts not only Galenain the American hearths, but also Dry-bone, which at Granby is invariably taken into the air furnaces. The Galena yields 70 per cent., the Dry-bone 35 per cent. of Lead. In smelting Galena some finely sawed wood is used as fuel, mixed with the charcoal. The slag encloses meG. s-32 498 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. chanically about 12 per cent. of Lead. This slag is crushed between two rollers to pea-size and smaller, washed in running water, and jigged. The slag thus concentrated is smelted in the Scotch hearth with some burnt and powdered Lime, and yields 15 to 20 per cent. of Lead. One jigger makes about 800 pounds of smeltable material per day. The crusher crushes enough in one day to supply the jig for three days. The Company pays $32.00 per 1,000 pounds for Galena, and $12.00 for Dry-bone. TH{URMAN FURNACE. * The Thurman Mining and Smelting Company: President, Colonel Graves of Joplin; Vice-President, Colonel Riggin; Superintendent, Colonel Chapman. It has erected one American hearth, of newest construction, at Thurman, near the Thurman Diggings, T. 27, R. 32 W., Sec 31. Ore, mixed with mush rock is burnt and then smashed by a flat hammer over a cast-iron screen, 3~ feet by 2~- feet, the slits being 8)-inch. All the mineral has to pass through these slits which give it the proper size for smelting. The crushed material is jigged. The pure ore is then smelted, while the impure ore is crushed finer by hand on a plain iron plate and washed in a trough. The hearth is run with charges of 2,000 pounds of Galena, which is smelted in four to six hours, and yields 15 pigs of Lead, weighing 80 to 83 pounds each. Twelve charges are made per week, producing 14,500 pounds of Galena. The blast is produced by a Sturtevant No. 5 blower. The Company pays $31.00 for 1,000 pounds of Galena, deducting a royalty of $1.00 when the ore has been taken from their own lands. SPECIAL NOTES ON JOPLIN. The general mode of mining in the Joplin District has been described previously. The water is in many places plentiful and a great impediment to mining in this district. We therefore find here very frequently pumps in use. The most common kind is the Cornish horse-pump. A horse walking in a circle turns a vertical wooden shaft, the upper end of which is connected with a crank to transfer the movement to a walk-.ng-beam. The latter carries the rod and piston of the pump on one end and a counterpoise on the other, and moves up and down, supported by two horizontal pivots. The stroke of the pump is generally 7 feet, the diameter of the piston 8 inches. The rods are either of wood or wrought Iron. In some places steam pumps are in operation, the pumps being worked by movable steam engines. The Cam.eron pump is often used and does good service for depths of 30 to 40 LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOURI. 499 feet. At greater depths this pump does not work as well on account of the condensation of the steam in the long narrow pipes which carry the steam from the boiler to the pump in the shaft, as well as in the exhaust pipe. The Galena is generally separated from the Zinc ore and Chert by breaking the ore with hand-hammers, and by picking out the pieces of Galena. The finer materials obtained in this process are washed in troughs and jigged in wooden jigs of rough construction moved by hand. Messrs. Riggins & Chapman have lately begun to dress and separate the ores in a more perfect manner by machinery which they put up at their smelting works at Joplin. The ore is crushed by rollers, hoisted by an elevator, separated by screens and cleaned by two large jigs with horizontal piston. All this apparatus, as well as the fan which supplies the blast to three American hearths are moved by steam power. The dressing machinery has a capacity of 24,000 tons of ore in 10 hours. How much Lead and especially Zinc is lost by the ordinary imperfect dressing and washing manipulations may be seen from the following analysis of refuse taken from recent heaps below Swindle Hill. Mr. R. Chauvenet found in it: Metallic Lead......................................................................... 4.23 per cent. Metallic Zinc................................................................... 35.51 per cent. There is no doubt that as soon as Zinc works will be built in the South-west, or as soon as the present enormous freight on Zinc ore to St. Louis will be reduced to a proper measure, it will pay well to work over such refuse as the above and to separate both the Zinc and the Lead ores, when good and efficient dressing machines are used. The cost of washing Lead ore by hand, as it is now done, varies from two to six dollars per 1,000 pounds of clean Galena. Five smelting works are now in operation at various points along Joplin Creek. They are as follows: OWNERS. AIn FURNACES. HEARTIAN Jasper Lead and Mining Company.............................2 2 Davis & Murphy.......................................................; Moffett & Sergeant.4............... 0............ 4 RTiggins & Chapman............................................. 3 S. B. Corn............................................................... 4 2 Total............................................................ 16 7 503 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. While American hearths are usually built in rows side by side, each hearth having its own chimney, the Jasper Lead and Mining Company has built its hearths on a new system, according to which each couple of hearths is placed back to back and has but one common stack. This is represented by Fig. 69. Messrs. IRiggins & Chapman use a No. 5 Sturtevant blower for three American hearths. The Joplin smelters pay to the miners, for 1,000 pounds of Galena, $35, less the royalty, which is paid to the land owners, and which amounts to from $4 to $8. One air furnace, the property of Messrs. Davis & Murphy, is located near the Bentley Diggings, four and a half miles west of Joplin. Another works, which runs exclusively on Joplin ore, is that of Messrs. Sarver & Co., at Baxter Springs, in Kansas. One air furnace is in operation near Scotland, seven miles east of Joplin, one-fourth of a mile from the Grove Creek Diggings and one and a half miles from the Birch Diggings. They smelt a charge of 1,500 pounds of Galena in nine hours, and obtain over 1,000 pounds of Lead from it. The furnace is owned by Messrs. Davis & Murphy, and pays $25 per 1,000 pounds for Galena. The erection of a second furnace in this locality is under consideration. The smelting works at Oronogo, containing three American hearths, are not in operation because the Granby Company, which owns them, prefers to smelt all the Oronogo ores at Granby. The following analyses of Joplin Lead slag were made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. Louis: 1. 2. 3.:Silica.................................................... 23.98 14.15 12.32 Oxide of Lead...................................................... 41.03 59.72 57.72 Peroxide of Iron.................................................. 4.42 2.98 2.53 lum ina........................................................... Oxide of Zinc........................................................ 10.14 6.7 11.51 Lime......15.72 11.25 10.37 M etallic Lead......................................................... 8.09 55.45 53.58 Metallic Zinc................................. 9.15 5.43 9.23 All specimens contain some Magnesia and Sulphur. LEAD AND ZINC OF SOUTH-WEST MISSOUBI. 501 No. 1. Average sample of slag produced in smelting Galena in the American hearth, at the works oi Messrs. Riggins & Chapman, Joplin. No. 2. Average sample of ordinary, good slag, produced in smelting Galena in a reverberatory or wind furnace, at the works of the Jasper Lead and iIfining Company, Joplin. No. 3. Average sample of a slag, of a bluish color and rotten appearance, obtained near the fire-bridge of the same furnace as No. 2. All the above slags are so rich in Lead that they will yield a large and paying percentage of it when smelted over in a shaft furnace. As they contain a considerable amount of Zinc, the Lead thus produced must be, however, less pure and less valuable than that obtained in smelting the ore. The air furnace seems to produce a much richer slag than the American hearth. STATISTICS. We may estimate the total production of Granby, from the beginning of mining to the end of the year 1873, at about 80,000,000 pounds of Galena-equal to about 27,100 tons of Lead, worth, at 7 cents per pound, $3,920,000. The total production of Joplin district, from 1871 to 1873 inclusive, was about 50,000,000 pounds of Galena, from which about 17,500 tons of Lead were smelted, having a value of $2,450,000. The total production of the whole South-western region until 1873 inclusive, was about 140,000,000 pounds of Galena, corresponding to 49,000 tons of Lead, and a value of $6,860,000. The above values are only approximates, but they are sufficiently accurate to give a general idea of the importance of this mining region. We will add here some statistics regarding the production in 1873, taken from a pamphlet entitled "The Mineral Wealth of South-west Missouri," by Messrs. Baumann and Lloyd, who gathered the figures directly from the books of the different mining and smelting companies. The mining companies produced, in 1873, the following quantities of Galena: 502 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Queantity of Galena eM1ined. NAME OF COMPANY. POUNDS. The Granby Mining and Smelting Company: From Granby and Oronogo........................................................ 4, 803, 410 From Joplin, Lone Elm and Leadville........................... 2,075, 590 Davis & Murphy: From Joplin, Stevens and Grove Creek D iggings......................., 360,000 The Joplin Mining and Smelting Company: From Joplin and Thurman Diggings......................................... 5,500, 000 Moffett & Sergeant: from Joplin and Bentley Dig gings................................ 3,731,000 Lone Elm Company: From Lone Elm............................................ 1,120,021 The Jasper Lead and Mining Company, and S. B. Corn and others: From Joplin, Cornwall and other Diggings................................ 789, 000 Total.................................................................... 24,379,021 Of this total quantity, there was produced at: MITnES. PouNDs. Jopliln..;...................................;.................................................... 19, 2 0,000 Granby and Oronogo............................................................................ 4, 803, 410 Other mines................................................................................. 325,611 The above total................................................ 24, 379,021 The total production of pig Lead in Jasper and Newton counties for 1873, was, according to the same publication, (p. 49,) 16,950,000 pounds, or 8,475 tons. This corresponds to a value of about $1,186,500. At present, the Joplin district produces, on the average, about 400,000 pounds, and the Granby district 70,000 pounds of Galena weekly. CHAPTER XXIX. THIE LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH. D..A.-GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION. GEOGRAP HY. The Lead region of Central Missouri, comprises the counties of Saline, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, St. Clair, Hickory, Camden, Morgan, Moniteau, Cole, Miller, Osage and Maries. Lead and Zinc ores have been found also further south, in Laclede, Dallas, Greene, Webster, Wright, Texas, Douglas, Christian, Taney, Stone and Barry counties, forming what we will call the Southern Lead Region of Missouri, a description of which will be published at some future time. The principal and best-paying deposits so far discovered in the Central region, are situated within a district covering the central andsouthern portions of Morgan, the northern half of Miller, the southwestern portion of Cole, and the southern portion of Moniteau counties. It will be seen from this, that the centre of the Central Lead Region lies about 70 miles north-west from the centre of the Central Iron Region, as described in my published report of 1872. In a general way it may be said that the Osage River, in its course from Linn Creek, Camden county, to its mouth, near Osage City, forms the limit between the Iron and the Lead regions. This limit is 501 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. most abrupt in Miller, Osage and Cole counties, although even there9 Lead ore is occasionally found east of the Osage, while single deposits of Iron ore are scattered over the whole Central Lead Region. Westward from the sudden turn of the Osage River, near Linn Creek, this river ceases to be the limit, and the Lead region in Camden, Hickory and Benton counties, has a decidedly southern extension. However, the greater and principal portion of the region lies between the Osage and Missouri Rivers. No workable deposit of Lead ore is known north of the Missouri. T OPO GRAPHY. The general topographical character of this region is rather broken and rough, the country being cut deeply by numerous tributaries of both the Missouri and the Osage, as well as by innumerable smaller water runs and ravines, with steep slopes which are mostly covered by a silicious soil, mixed with Chert fragments. The region, however, contains also much excellent bo.ttom land, and large tracts of good rolling prairie. GEOLOGY. The Central Lead Region contains much Lead ore, and some Zinc ore and Iron ore. These ores are principally connected with the Lower Silurian Limestones, especially with the Second and Third Magnesian Limestone, although in some places in northern Moniteau, and in Cooper and Saline counties, it is found in the Archimedes or Keokuk Limestone of the Carboniferous Formation: that is, in the same rock in which the Lead and Zinc ores of South-west Missouri occur. The Galena, accompanied by more or less Barytes, is found either filling fissures in the Limestone and Chert, or cementing breccia of both, or loose in cherty Clay. In most places, where the Galena occurs in large quantities, the Limestone is softened and altered. The fissures containing Galena, are in some places very numerous inside of a circular space of ground, and thus form a peculiar kind of "stockwerk" deposit, with circular outlines called " circles" by the miners. None of the Lead ore deposits as yet worked, have proved to bepaying to a greater depth than about 80 feet below the surface. This fact is independent of the geological position of the single deposit. It is also a remarkable fact that while Barytes is entirely missing in the South-western region, the same mineral is in this Central region LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MBISSOURI. 5 a nearly constant associate of the Galena, in the Carboniferous as well as in the Silurian rocks. These facts suggest the idea that the occurrence of Lead ore with its associates, is not exclusively dependent on the geological formation, but that its deposition may have taken place simultaneously, in similar rocks belonging to different geological periods, which rocks happened to be under similar conditions at the time of deposition. If this suggestion is correct, it would throw the origin of all the Galena of the Central and the South-western Lead regions, into a later period than the Sub-Carb'oniferous. As Galena is also found in the seams and partings of the Coal strata in Simpson's Coal mine, situated in the Lead district of south ern Moniteau county, which Coal strata, although belonging to a separate basin, must be supposed to be formed simultaneously, or nearly so, with the North Missouri Coal field, we may conclude that the Galena is of much later origin even, than the Coal Measures. CHAPTER XXX.,3.-DESCRIPTION OF ORES AND OF ASSOCIATED MINERALS. The following minerals are represented in the Lead deposits of Central Missouri: GALENA, CERUSSITE, BLENDE, SMIITHSONITE, BARYTES, CALCITE, QUARTZ, PYRITES, (in part cupriferous,) LIMIONITE, MALACHITE, AZURITE. GALENA. Galena, Sulphuret of Lead, is the principal ore found in this region. It occurs as crystals, or crystalline masses. The crystals are sometimes one, two, and more inches in diameter, and have generally a cubic form, the eight corners of the cube being however, taken off by the faces of the octahedron. These faces are mostly very unequally developed on different corners of one and the same crystal, and sometimes produce crystals flattened parallel to two opposite octahedral faces. Fresh-broken faces of cleavage of the Central Missouri Galena have, like most Galena, a Lead-gray color and a bright metallic lustre. After a longer exposure they generally lose their brightnesss without LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 507 altering their color. The Galena from the Streit Diggings, (Cole county,) however, assumes a blue, and sometimes reddish tarnish, on exposure. Galena is often found coated, more or less thickly, with gray Carbonate of Lead, either earthy or crystallized. Galena is also very commonly seen covered and surrounded by Barytes, and in some instances also coated by either massive or crystalline Carbonate of Zinc. At the Hoff Diggings, (Miller county,) pieces of Galena were found rounded off, and coated thinly with Carbonate of Lead, and associated with stalactites of Limonite, adhering to and partly surrounding the rounded forms of Galena. The Galena is undoubtedly the oldest of all these minerals. The following analyses of Central Missouri Galenas were made by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, from average samples of clean Galena, in such a condition as it is usually delivered at the smelting works: Sample I is from Walker Diggings, Miller County. Sample 2 is from Madole Diggings, Morgan county. Sample 3 is from New Granby Diggings, Morfan. county. Sample 4 is from Streit Diggings, Cole county. 1. 2. 3. 4. Insoluble Silicious..................................... 0.15 0.11. 0.21 0.13 [Iron................................. 0.24 trace. 0.48 trace.] Bisulphide of Iron................................... 0.51 trae. 1.02 trace. Zinc.......................................................... trace. none. trace. none. Silver......................................................... none. trace. trace. none. The Silver is in every case less than ~ oz. to the ton. Copper and Antimony were sought for in all samples, but with negative results. Cobalt and Nickel are included in the "Iron," and are not present in a determinable quantity. The above are all the impurities contained in these various Galenas, which are, consequently, almost pure Sulphides of Lead, and contain in the average about 86 per cent. metallic lead. They are the purest Galenas known. 508 GEQLOGICAL SURVEY. CERUS SIT E, Carbonate of Lead, occurs as a coating over Galena, as well as in well developed, yellowish or greenish-white translucent crystals of a columnar form, the prisms being prevalent and cut off on both ends by faces of pyramids and of domes. Such crystals are almost invariably deposited on the surface of either coated or fresh Galena-crystals; they are occasionally of dark-gray to black color. Massive Cerussite, called " Dry-bone," sometimes with a subcrystalline structure, occurs white and yellow at the Boaz Digging, (Cole county,) and in numerous places, though rarely in large quantities. B L END E, Sulphuret of Zinc, has nowhere in the Central Lead Region been found in sufficiently large quantity to be used as an (re. It occurs as dark-green, yellow or red crystalline specks. or as agglomerations of crystals between broken Chert, for instance at the Eureka Diggings, (Cole county,) or surrounded by Barytes, for instance on Coffin Spring Creek,(Morgan county,) also as horizontal and vertical seams in some of the Coal deposits of Moniteau and Cole counties, where it is evidently a product of reduction from Sulphate of Zinc, through the chemical action of the Coal on solutions, containing the Sulphate. Blende is also found as amber-yellow, translucent, well developed twin-crystals of the common form, loose in black Clay, at the Stocker Diggings (Morgan county.) Blende is found in contact with Galena, in Barytes, at the Collins Diggings (Cooper county.) But from the specimens I have seen,I was unable to determine which of the two minerals is the oldest. S M IT ITHSO IT E, Carbonate of Zinc, occurs in mostly small quantity, in such localities where also Blende is found, from which Smithsonite undoubtedly originates. I found it as a thin crystalline coating, of brown color, over broken Chert, at the Eureka Diggings (Cole county.) At the Collins Diggings (Cooper county) it occurs massive, intimately mixed with Peroxide of Iron, which gives it a reddish-brown color, but containing no Lead according to Mr. Chauvenet. This massive Smithsonite shows in places incrustations of light-gray crystalline Smithsonite. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURIo 509 B ARY T E S, Sulphate of Baryta, called " Bald Tiff," or simply' Tiff," by the miners in Missouri, occurs in large quantities, with or without Galena, in the Central Lead Region. It is often sub-crystalline, with a very fine grain, and white or yellow and opaque, or it is plainly crystalline, translucent, colorless, to bluish-white. At the Doph Diggings, on Indian Creek, (Morgan county,) both these varieties occur together; the crystalline variety being deposited over the sub-crystalline and therefore of later origin. Another pretty, common variety is white to yellow, opaque, and very coarsely crystalline, with distinctly lamellar structure and cleavage. A colorless, transparent, and very coarsely crystalline Barytes, with an imperfectly lamellar structure, but with very marked basal and prismatic cleavage, is found in considerable quantity in T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 21, near the Clark Diggings, on Coffin Spring Creek (Morgan county.) In the same locality tabular crystals are met with, 1 inch thick, 2 inches wide and 3 to 4 inches long. Very fine transparent crystals of Barytes of the common forms, I to 1 inch long, were also found at the Caldwell and the Price Mill Diggings, in Morgan county. Galena is nearly always accompanied by Barytes, though sometimes in very small quantity. But Barytes is frequently seen without Galena; less frequently without at least specks of Blende. Whenever large quantities of Barytes occur together with Galena, well-formed crystals of the latter are generally surrounded by the former on all sides except one, where it is mostly in contact with altered or unaltered Limestones. Barytes forms usually veins or vein-like deposits. It is oflater formation than other Galena or Blende, and always incloses both, or fills places left between crystals of these minerals. It sometimes incloses fragments of Limestone and of Chert, with crystals of Galena or Blende adhering to these fragments. Some specimens often have the appearance of a Galena crystal, entirely surrounded by Barytes; but these present only a Section through a string of crystals, the last of which will generally be found to be seated on Limestone or Chert. I have not seen a single specimen that proves conclusively that clean,Galena can be surrounded by Barytes on all six sides. 5.1 0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CALCITE, Carbonate of Lime, the "Glass Tiff" of the miners, is often met with as crystals or coarsely crystalline masses, in seams and cavities of the various Limestones in the Central Lead Region. It is, however, rarely found in close association with either Galena or Blende or Barytes, and does not seem to have any particular relation to the ore deposits, as it has been often supposed. QUARTZ, Mineral Silica, is not infrequent in the form of columnar or pyramidal crystals lining drusy cavities of Chert. This occurrence is, however, independent of the vicinity of the Lead deposits. Drusy cavities, lined with Quartz crystals, are quite common in the Limestones of the Eastern Lead region, and are there known under the name of M' ineral Blossom." In the Central region they are but rarely found in Limestone. PYRITES, Bisulphide of Iron, is frequently found in small quantities in and near the Lead deposits as well as in many other places. It is rarely seen in direct contact with either Galena or Blende. In one specimen I have from the Collins Diggings, Cooper county, it seems to inclose crystals of Galena. It is often accompanied and covered by crystallized Calcite. Much of the Pyrites of this region is cupriferous, and therefore, whenever in part decomposed, it is associated not only with Limonite, but also with Malachite and Azurite (Carbonate of Copper.) I observed Pyrites deposited on broken Chert at the Cordray Diggings, Morgan county; disseminated in crystalline Limestone at the Gabrielle Diggings, Morgan county; deposited on laminated Barytes at the Marmaduke Diggings, Saline county; as specks and seams, also containing some Galena, in Barytes and in clayish Ochre at the Collins Diggings, Cooper county; filling irregular cavities in Barytes, and deposited over Barytes and covered by crystallized Calcite at the Walker Diggings, Miller county. These associations show that the Pyrites is of comparatively late origin. In a specimen from the Collins Diggings, Cooper county, Mr. Chauvenet found 20.96 per cent. of metallic Copper, showing that some of these cupriferous Pyrites are very rich Copper ores. The cupriferous Pyrites may be distinguished from the pure Iron Pyrites by their inferior hardness and only rarely by their color, because they are all LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 511 generally bronze-yellow. True Chalcopyrite (Copper Pyrites), with its greenish, brass-yellow color, has not been discovered in such quantity as to determine its existence with surety. LI MON IT E, Hydrated Peroxide of Iron, occurs both as an original mineral and as a product of pseudomorphism from Pyrites. In the latter case, it is often accompanied by Carbonates of Copper —the latter being always inferior in quantity to the Limonite. I observed Limonite as an apparently original mineral, lining cavities in Barytes at the Thomas Diggings, Camden county; and as Stalactites, cementing rounded and coated Galena, at the Hoff Diggings, Miller county. In the vicinity of the Hoff Diggings, it also occurs in stalactitic forms in considerable quantity, forming an Iron ore bank, as will be seen from the description in division D of this report. Limonite occurs in smaller or larger quantity as concretions and segregations in innumerable localities, without any distinct relation to the Lead deposits. M: ALAC HITE, Green, Hydrated Carbonate of Copper, with about 56 per cent. of metallic Copper, is generally, in this region, a product of decomposition of cupriferous Pyrites, and is nearly always associated with decomposing Pyrites and with Limonite-this latter being also produced by the decomposition (pseudomorphism) of the former. From the fact that the Limonite is found in such instances intimately mixed with the undecomposed Pyrites and passes into the latter gradually, while the Malachite is always deposited in cavities or in seams of the Limonite, and often in the adjacent rocks, it appears that, while the transformation of the Sulphide of Iron into Limonite is effected without change of place, the Sulphide of Copper on the contrary is not only decomposed and changed into a Carbonate, but also dissolved, extracted and redeposited. The Malachite is bright green, vitreous, crystalline, and has generally a fibrous and radiated structure.. The pieces of half-decomposed Pyrites, with Limonite and Malachite, sometimes contain a sufficient amount of metallic Copper to constitute a good Copper ore. But the ore has not been found as yet in paying quantities. The largest accumulations of it which are known to me in this region, are at the Collins Lead Diggings, Cooper county, and at Abbott & Gantt's Copper bank, T. 39, R. 15 W., Sec. 13, Miller county. AZURITE, Blue Hydrated Carbonate of Copper, mostly accompanies the Malachite, and is then deposited over the latter and fills the inmost portion 512 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of cavities which were but partially filled by the lalachite. It is azure blue, in part crystalline. It is found in very small quantities only. PARP AGENESIS. From the description of specimens above given, we may establish the following paragenetic series, beginning with the oldest minerals: Blende.-Galena. lI Barytes. Pyrites. SrCalite. Lmonite. Smithsonite. Cerussite. Calcite. Malachite. A zurite. CHAPTER XXXI, C.-DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF THE ORE. The following rocks occur in or near the Lead deposits in the Central Missouri Lead region: 1. SoIL. 2. SANDSTONE. 3. CLAY. 4. CHERT. 5. LIIESTONE. I will now describe these rocks, and the mode of occurrence of Lead ores in them, and will finally add some more general remarks on the various 6. FOR3MS OF DEPOSITS Of Lead ore in this region. 1. SOIL AND SURFACE INDICATIONS. The Soil in the Central Lead region is either sandy or silico-argillaceous, and almost invariably mixed with more or less Chert fragments. These latter are, in places, very abundant. They are sometimes fresh and hard, sometimes more or less altered or disintegrated, so as to be, in places, converted into a soft, silicious rock, and finally into a powder of clayish appearance. The impression prevails in some districts that the accumulation of Chert fragments in and above the Soil indicates the existence of Lead o.s-33. 514 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ore deposits below. This is, however, incorrect. We find in many places good deposits underneath a Soil with but little Chert, and very cherty hills have often been searched for Lead ore in vain. As the Galena is frequently found in the vicinity of oolitic Chert layers, the presence ofoolitic Chert fragments, whether in large or small quantity, may be considered as improving somewhat the chances for finding Lead ore. The best indication, however, is a clayish soil of dark ired or brown color, especially when observed in or near a depression of the surface of the ground. I consider this even a better indication than the existence of loose pieces of Galena in a soil of light color. The reason will be apparent from the contents of the following Article 3 on "' Clays," as well as from the special descriptions of deposits. In the best districts of the central region, some Lead ore is nearly always found in localities bearing the above characteristics. This fact is well known to all practical miners of some experience. No external sign however, is known from which this presence of ore in paying quantities could be safely predicted. Loose, small Galena, often rounded and coated, occurs occasionally in the soil, also massive Cerussite and porous or softened Chert, impregnated with carbonate of Lead. These are not unfavorable indications. But the deposit from which such ores are derived lies very often not right beneath these indications but at some higher point of the same slope, which point is sometimes difficult to discover. 2. SANDSTONE. Fragments, slabs or broken layers of a rather loose, not very coarse-grained and frequently red colored Sandstone, are found with or below the soil, especially in the northern half of the central Lead region. This Sandstone consists of colorless, clear, irregular Quartz grains, with very little cement. The latter seems to be a clayish Oxide of Iron,'and produces the red or brown color of the rock. This Sandstone often contains layers or concretionary masses of oolitic Chert, the limits between the two rocks being sometimes sharp, sometimes indistinct. It also contains lenticular concretions of common gray Chert, in the vicinity of which the Sandstone is sometimes transformed into oolitic Chert and passes into it gradually. A specimen we have from the Otter Diggings, (Morgan county,) shows this gradual transition of Sandstone into oolitic Chert and finally into common gray Chert very plainly. There can be no doubt that the oolitic Chert was, in many cases, at least produced by the same cause which produced the Chert concretions in this Sandstone, namely by the infiltra LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 515 tions of Silica into pre-existing cavities. The oolitic Chert frequently contains drusy cavities, lined with Quartz crystals. No fossils have beeni found in the Sandstone just described; but if we compare the above description with that which Prof. G. C. Swallow has given of the "Saccharoidal Sandstone," on pp. 117 and 118 of the Missouri Geological Report of 1855, we feel inclined to believe in the identity of both rocks. Mr. G. C. Broadhead has observed similar Chert beds in the lower layers of the Second Magnesian Limestone and in the Second Sandstone. The Sandstone above described, therefore, probably belongs to the Lower Silurian System. This rock generally contains no Lead ores. At the "EurekaScott " Diggings, however, in Cole county, I observed fragments of it on which Galena was directly deposited. The appearance and position of these fragments shows that the deposition of the Galena must have taken place after the breaking and consequently long after the formation of the Sandstone. 3. CLAYs. The Clays play an important part in the Lead deposits of this Central Region. In the best deposits so far discovered the Galena is associated with red Clay. The origin of these Clays is not very plain. In some places they either seem to be purely residuary matter from dissolved Limestones or else it appears as if the solutions that dissolved the Limestone simultaneously deposited white or greenish-gray Clay, or peroxide of Iron mixed with Clay. JIn other places they seem to originate from a gradual disintegration of the Chert through chemical action, in which case they are no true Clays, but fine, soft Silica, mixed with some Clay and with hydrated peroxide of Iron. This subject could not however, be cleared up satisfactorily, except by a series of careful chemical analyses of judiciously selected samples. We may distinguish four kinds of Clays bearing some relation to the Lead formations of Central Missouri: 1. The shaly or stratified Clay, grayish-white or greenish-gray, with alternate yellow layers. It is always silicious, often also calcareous. It passes into shaly Limestone, and is undoubtedly of residuary origin, though perhaps mixed with newly deposited silicate of alumina. It frequently contains gray Chert concretions similar to those found in the Limestones. Good Galena seams, mostly parallel to the stratification, are found in it. When it occurs in a very fine, soft and uniform state with almost or entirely obliterated stratification, the miners call it " Soapstone," on" account of its being slightly 516 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. soapy and very smooth to the touch. Its thickness is generally from 3 to 10 feet. 2. The white or slightly yellow Pipe-Clay which occurs in numerous places in flakes or in irregular layers, between other Clays and between broken rocks, mostly not many feet below the surface. It has been found in considerable quantity in a shaft near the Buffalo Diggings (Morgan county). It is very fine, pure and uniform and would be an excellent material for the manufactory of pottery. Mr. Regis Chau.venet found in itPer cent. Silica................................................................................................ 73.81 Alumina.......................................................................................... 18.4 Iron...................................... Trace. Lime and Magnesia are both present in small quantity, less than one per cent. According to his analyses the "Pipe-Clay" is a mixture of Clay with extremely fine, free Silica, the latter perhaps a production of the disintegration of Chert. 3. Red ("tallow ") Clay, a pretty con'stant companion of the Lead ores. It is fine-grained and plastic. It contains much Iron and much water. It is generally mixed with more or less altered and softened Chert concretions, also with fragments or fine detritus of porous and ferruginous,Jhert. Its relative position is not definite. It occurs in alternate streaks with Pipe-Clay. It occurs both below and above the shaly Clay and shaly Limestone. It is found in many places immediately below the soil or even touching the surface. It mostly reaches down to the surface of the Limestone, its total thickness being sometimes 40 or 50 feet. It encloses nearly always at least some loose Galena, especially within a few feet: from the Limestone. The presence of this Clay is the best indication a miner can have. 4. Black Clay (" Fire-Clay,") together with dark gray Slate, and sometimes with some Blende and Galena, occurs in patches in the northern half of the region mixed with pieces of Limestone and of Chert with numerous impressions of crinoids. It is always found above the Lead formation and is undoubtedly derived from destroyed carboniferous strata. 4. CH ERT. Chert is much less extensively represented in the Central than in the South-western Lead region. Yet thick and extended Chert beds are met with, especially in the galeniferous Keokuk Limestone of Cooper and Saline counties. Most of the Chert found in this region LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 517 -is concretionary, or else it occurs as comparatively thin and noncontinuous beds. It varies in its character according to the geological formation to which it belongs. A bluish-gray, microcrystalline Chert, with dark gray to black:streaks, and sub-carboniferous fossils is found in the Lead diggings in the northern part of Morgan county, near Otterville, and in those.situate on the line between Cooper and Saline counties. The oolitic Chert which has been spoken of in'(No. 2) this chapter, (Sandstone,) is the most common in the vicinity of Lead Diggings:in the greater portion of the region, especially in Morgan, in southern Moniteau, in Cole, and in northern Miller counties. Nearly everywhere, though not frequently in very large quantity, we find a white Chert with gray streaks, in the main amorphous, with smooth, sub-conchoidal fracture, probably belonging to the Second, or sometimes to the Third Magnesian Limestones. This latter Chert is often found in thin, streaky or banded layers, or else as round or lenticular, jasper-like concretions, with rather smooth outer surfaces. These jasper concretions when broken, are seen to consist of concentric bands, colored gray in various shades, and contain sometimes, a drusy cavity in the centre. All the different kinds of Chert above mentioned, occur partly loose in the Clay as fragments or concretions, partly as layers or concretions in the Limestone. Galena is sometimes found adhering to broken Chert, or filling seams and spaces between the fragments. This is very extensively the case at the Anderson Diggings, (Camden county,) where most of the G6alena occurs in this form. The Uherts of the Central Lead Region, undergo similar changes to those described in our report on the South-western Region. They turn gradually into a light, soft, and very hygroscopic mass, having the exterior appearance of a C(lay, yet consisting mainly of Silica. I found lenticular Chert concretions changed in this wise, and yet showing their original concentric structure, loose in the red Clay, at the Blockberger Diggings (Cole county). The oolitic Chert undergoes similar alterations, during which the grains are attacked first. They become opaque and gradually changed into a white clayish mass, and are finally removed, leaving the cement behind in the form of spongy Chert. In some cases, on the contrary, we find the cement removed and the grains left. This happens particularly, when the oolitic Chert is.exposed to weathering on the surface of the ground. We find sometimes altered, porous, or disintegrated Chert, im 5.18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. pregnated with Cerussite. But we never find it impregnated with Galena. This shows that the alteration of the Chert has taken place in a later period than the deposition of the Galena. 5. LIMESTONE. The Archimedes, or Keokuk Limestone, met with in the several Lead Diggings of Cooper and Eastern Saline counties, is a dark gray, dense, crystalline Limestone. At the Old Scott Diggings, (Cooper county,) some layers are very coarsely crystalline, and full of Crinoid stems resembling the Encrinital Limestone. These Limestones alternate with thick fossiliferous Chert layers. The Galena occurs with Barytes as sheets and seams in the Limestone; also loose between Limestone boulders, broken Chert and Clay. The rock is somewhat softened and in part disintegrated, in the vicinity of the Galen a. The so-called Second and Third Magnesian Limestones of the Lower Silurian formation, are the principal galeniferous rocks in the Central Lead Region. They are spread over the whole region, and generally compose the interior bodies of the Lead-bearing hills. The Second is more largely represented in the northern and western, and the Third more in the southern and eastern half of this region. These Magnesiani Limestones, when found fresh and unaltered, are light gray, crystalline, hard, and contain numerous small cracks and cavities, one-sixteenth to one-fourth inch wide, lined with Dolomitic crystals. In this form this Limestone is generally found in the bluffs along the creeks and rivers, and sometimes contains specks or thin seams of Galena. Larger deposits have not so far been found in this unaltered rock. This rock invariably underlies the ore deposits, in the vicinity of which its upper layers are broken into larger and smaller blocks, and mostly softened, and sometimes entirely disintegrated and changed into loosely-aggregated masses of rhombohedric crystals, sandy in appearance and to the touch. These soft, sandy, broken masses of Magnesian Limestone, are always more or less rounded through the disintegrating action itself, and through the slower movements which must have been the consequence of that action, and are therefore called "Sand Boulders," by the miners. The interior of many of these boulders is yet unaltered and hard. A specimen of the outer and entirely disintegrated portion of such a boulder, from the New Granby Diggings, (Morgan county,) was analyzed by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, with the following result: LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 519 Insoluble silicious (of clayish appearance)........................... 14.71 per cent. Peroxide of Iron..................................68 " Lime.............................................................. 2...... 26.11 Magnesia............................................................ 17.17 " Carbonic Acid.........,,...................................................... 40.21 Total.......................................................................... 99.88' This result shows that there is actually no Sand in these masses of sandy appearance. The boulders, as well as the larger, slightly softened masses of fissured Limestone, which are often found adjacent to the ore deposits, show frequently dendritic specks, probably hydrated peroxide of Iron, in their interiors. These* dendritic specks evidently follow extremely fine cracks, entirely imperceptible before the rock is broken. The specks are one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and pretty evenly distributed over the surface of fracture. The miners call this rock " Calico Rock," and justly consider it a good indication. In some districts —for instance, along Buffalo Creek, (Morgan county,)-the Galena is found immediately in the Sand boulders; more frequently, however, it is found in the form of slabs or broken sheets, between and above the boulders, associated with broken "Cotton Rock," of which I will speak hereafter. The thickness of the Sand-boulder formation varies from 2 to 30 feet, within comparatively short distances of 60 or 100 feet. The boulders do not constitute a geological horizon, but are only of local occurrence. They are often missing entirely, and the various Clays and detrital rocks rest immediately on the somewhat sandy surface of the solid surface of the Limestone, which surface is washed off irregularly, forming large pockets, hollow runs, deep chimneys, and occasionally extensive caves. Good deposits of float Galena, are often found in the red Clay in these various excavations, on or near the surface of the solid Limestone. Galena seams sometimes run downward into the latter. In some places veins of Galena and Barytes, traceable over several hundred feet, set down through solid Limestone, and have been followed to a depth of over 70 feet. They were, however, not paying, nor were they found to improve with the depth. Overlying the crystalline Limestone above described, and above the " Sand boulders," and undoubtedly derived from the latter, we meet in most of the richest Lead mines with a more or less silicious Magnesian Limestone of an entirely different character, and eminently Lead-bearing. This riock has a yellowish-gray or drab color, a very fine grain, and is either 520 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. sub-crystalline or earthy, and perceptibly softer than the above described unaltered crystalline rock. Like this latter Limestone, it contains often dendritic specks in fine seams. Locally, and especially in the vicinity of the Lead ores, it gradually becomes softer and more earthy, and is then called "Cotton Rock " by the Central Missouri miners. (It will be noticed that this rock is entirely different from the porous Chert, which the miners of South-west Missouri call " Cotton Rock.") Through further disintegration, this rock passes into a soft, clayish, friable mass, and finally into a silicious and often also calcareous, shaly Clay, which has been described in No. 3 of chapter 31. It contains in places concretions and concretionary beds" of Chert, with brown dendritic specks in fissures occasionally of the same description as the dendrites in the Limestones. This drab colored, fine-grained Magnesian Limestone is the principal Lead-bearing rock in the Central Missouri Lead Region. It contains the Galena in the form of sheets and seams, which, when locally accumulated, constitute the various forms of workable deposits, to be characterized in No. 6 of chapter 31. The Galena, although itself nearly always adhering to the Limestone, or to fragments of it, is mostly accompanied and enveloped by more or less Barytes, which mineral must, as a rule, be considered of later origin than Galena. The form of the Lead ore, as found in the mines, is invariably seam-like, and often conglomeratic, the Galena cementing together fragments of Limestone, or of Chert, or of both. In most places the Galena-seams are themselves again broken, and the empty spaces filled with Barytes. In many localities, finally, the whole conglomeratic mass thus formed is again broken up, and lies in loose chunks in the Clay. In this case, however, the Limestone fragments inclosed in the Conglomerate are either changed into a soft calcareous Clay, or else, have disappeared entirely, leaving only the Galena and the Barytes, with perhaps some little Clay or Sand. The cavities formerly occupied by the Limestone are generally perfectly angular, showing that the Limestone was hard at the time when Galena began to be deposited in its fissures. In these cavities we now find frequently crystals of Carbonates of Lead or Zinc, as drusy aggregates. It is evident from these descriptions: 1. That the deposition of the Galena must have taken place originally in the hard or but slightly altered Limestone after the latter had been cracked and fissured ini various ways. 2. That the deposition of' the Barytes must have followed that of the Galena. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 521 3. That the softening and partial deposition of the Limestones and their alteration into " Sand Boulders," and into "Cotton Rock," and residuary Clay, which caused a gradual diminution of volume of the layers operated upon, and a gradual breaking down of the layers above, has been effected mainly after the deposition of the Galena, and also after that of the Barytes, and undoubtedly continues in some measure to the present day. In regard to the above point, 2, I will remark, that the occurrence of Galena cementing broken Chert concretions, further, the occurrence of Galena as well developed crystals in residuary Clays and Sands, and, finally, the occurrence of Galena as disseminated crystals in the softened and sometimes regenerated outer portion of solid masses of barren Limestone, have been observed occasionally. Although these occurrences are but exceptional, yet they show that in some localities at least the dissolution of the Limestones may have begun before, and continued during the deposition of the Galena. 6. FORMS OF DEPOSITE. The various forms of Lead ore deposits in the Central Region are as follows: 1. SEAMIS AND SHEETS, Either in hard or in altered and softened Limestone, the Galena and Barytes filling horizontal partings between the strata, penetrating into fissured Chert layers, also filling vertical cracks and irregular cavities in the Limestone. The extent of such deposits is generally more horizontal than vertical; the net work of seams sometimes extending horizontally over several acres of ground, but not often reaching to a greater depth than 50 or 60 feet. Single and very thin seams sometimes not thicker than a knife blade, often reach deeper, to a depth as yet unknown. Miost of the main seams strike from north-west to south-east. Deposits as just described rarely pay working when in this crystalline Limestone, but they are often quite rich when in the earthy, drab colored Limestone, or in " Cotton Rock." 2. VEINS. The vertical seams show in places a vein-like character, continuing over considerable distances, and to a considerable depth, without being connected with many horizontal or vertical crossseams, and without deflection or interruption. Such deposits are at the Mineral 522 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Point Diggings, in Moniteau, and at the Doph Diggings, in Morgan county. The former deposit contains very little, the latter much Barytes. The former strikes north to south, the latter north-west to southeast. The Doph vein has been followed to a depth of over 70 feet, without either widening or narrowing, without getting richer or poorer in Galena. 3. CIRCLE, Is a name given by the miners to a kind of stock-werk of circular outline and of the shape of a truncated cone, being somewhat wider below than above. It consists of a more or less conglomeratic accumulation of softened Limestone fragments, with Galena-seams, and of broken masses of both Galena and Barytes. The wall- consists of a somewhat harder, yet altered Limestone, and is sometimes quite distinct and even smooth, while in other instances, or on another side of the same deposit, the Galena-seams reach into the wall rock. In most "' Circles" the best portion of the deposit lies along the wall, which is itself in places covered by a thick sheet of Galena. The broken mass becomes less rich toward the centre, so that the principal and richest shafts will lie in a circular line on the surface. Some of these " Circles " are over 100 feet in diameter, and have been dug into to a depth of 70 to 90 feet. At that depth the rock begins to lose its conglomeratic character and to become simply fissured and less rich, although single seams of Galena yet continue deeper. The origin of these deposits must be explained by a gradual disintegration and breaking down of a circular mass of Limestone underwashed by a vertical water course or spring in the underlying Limestone. The mode and time of deposition of the ore and of the Barytes do not appear to be different in the " Circles " than in all the other deposits, and has been treated of in No. 5 of chapter 31. 4..FLOAT DEPOSITS, In which the Galena and Barytes occur broken and loose, imbedded either in completely disintegrated, silicious and clayish Limestone, or in red and brown, silicious Clays. The mines worked in the latter are known by the name of "' Clay Diggings." The float deposits have been, up to this time, the best yielding and the most paying of the region, because the ore is more concentrated and more abundant inthem than in those previously described, and because the work can be exclusively done with the pick and is therefore cheaper than where blasting is required. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 523 The deposits have undoubtedly originated from a partial destruction and abstraction of the rocks from sheet, vein and circle deposits, and in many cases show their origin plainly by their shape and by their passing into the original deposit in the depth. Sheets and seams of Galena, starting in float deposits and running into the solid, nearly unaltered rock, are frequent. At the Bond Diggings, Morgan county, and at the Mineral Point Diggings, Moniteau county, the main vertical seam continues into the rock, and the broken slabs of Galena found above the rock in the red Clay, stand upright, exactly or nearly in the vertical plane of the seam; yet the heaviest part of each slab or piece generally turned downward. This shows not only that the float Galena is derived from the seam in the solid rock, but also that the alteration and diminution of the rock, and the consequent breaking and settling down of the Galena, has been a very slow and gradual process-so slow, indeed, as neither to disturb nor to throw over the loose Galena slabs. In none of such diggings could I find a proof of any kind of sudden or violent disturbance on a larger scale. The Boaz Diggings, Cole county, furnish an example of circular Clay diggings. The circular float deposit in Clay near the surface, turns into a circle deposit in the fissured " Cotton Rock" below. CO NCLUSION. It will be seen from the above general, as well as from the following special description of the Lead deposits in the Central Missouri Lead Region, that, from the present appearance of the diggings, the Lead ore seems to extend more horizontally through the rocks than into the depth, and to be more extensively developed in certain strata than in others; also, that the local development is exceedingly variable, there being besides the numerous favored spots where large quan — tities of Galena are accumulated, numerous others where the Galena, although present, is not found in paying quantities. The prospect of finding Lead ore in greater depths than that into which the deepest of the present mines have penetrated, are not just, now very encouraging. However, as it sometimes happens in stratified rocks that ore bearing and barren or richer and poorer strata alternate, and as the seams of Galena lead downwards in numerous places. in this region, it is by no means impossible that, at a greater depth, other lead-bearing strata may be found, or that the veins may grow richer. So long as this has not been practically ascertained, we must say that, according to our present experiences, Lead ore deposits in Central Missouri have been found paying to a moderate depth only, but that many deposits are quite extensive and that they are very nu 524 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. merous in certain districts, although undoubtedly many existing are yet undiscovered. An important practical consequence of this is that large stock enterprises should never be made dependent on one single district or locality, however rich it may appear; but that they must be based on the possession of extensive tracts of land, situated in promising districts, to have a chance for becoming financially successful. CHAPTER XXXII. D. —SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS. The special description of Lead deposits in the Central Missouri Lead Region will be given after counties in the following order: 1. DEPOSITS IN SALINE AND COOPER COUNTIES. 2. DEPOSITS IN PETTIS, BENTON, ST. CLAIR AND HICKORY COUNTIES. 3. DEPOSITS IN CAMDEN COUNTY. 4. DEPOSITS IN M/[ORGAN COUNTY. 5. DEPOSITS IN MONITEAU AND COLE COUNTIES. 6. DEPOSITS IN MILLER, OSAGE AND MARIES COUNTIES. Detailed descriptions will, as a rule, be given of such deposits only as I have visited personally. Others will be simply mentioned by name and location with the addition of a few short remarks based on reliable information. I have thus endeavored to make the list as complete as possible. New discoveries are, however, constantly being made in this Region, which is, comparatively, but little developed. Most of the following observations were made in May and June, 1874, and present the state of things at that time. The notes on Camden county make an exception, they being taken in May, 1873. 1. LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN COOPER AND SALINE COUNTIES. An old Lead mining district, already mentioned by Prof. G. C. Swallow in his report on Cooper county, of 1855, p. 199, situated on both sides of the line between Saline and Cooper counties, is at pres. 526 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ent being re-opened at the old as well as some new localities. The Lead-bearing rock in this district is the Archimedes or Keokuk Limestone of the Sub-carboniferous formation, consequently different from that met with in nearly all the other Lead Diggings in the Central Region, but similar to that with which the Lead ores are connected in the South-west. The localities so far known are the following: AIARMIADUKE DIGGINGS, Sec. 19, T. 49, R. 19 W., Saline county, on Salt Fork of Lamine River; owned by Vincent Aarmaduke and Company. The location of these Diggings is on the east side of the Salt Fork, on the great bend near the centre of the Section. A thinly stratified, crystalline, somewhat cherty Limestone crops out along the Creek, dipping towards the latter. A shaft was sunk between this Creek and the bluff, following a crevice in the Limestone filled with loose masses of Barytes with Galena. The shaft struck anl opening in the Limestone at 15 feet depth, containing a considerable quantity of loose Barytes and Galena. The great affluence of water caused by the proximity of the (Creek, stopped the work temporarily. Another shaft is now being sunk through the Limestone a short distance south of the former, and if the prospect proves favorable there, it is intended to turn off the Creek into a new channel across the bend, so as to leave the Diggings dry. Work was begun in March, 1874, and 20,000 pounds of Galena had been obtained in June. A reverberatory furnace for Lead smelting, usually called s" airfurnace " in Missouri, is in course of erection in the vicinity of the Diggings. OLD SCOTT DIGGINGS, T. 49, R. 19 W., Sec. 26, N. E. qr., Cooper county, on a branch of the Lamine River; owned by J. A. Shedd and others. This locality was described by Prof. Swallow. It was first worked about 30 years ago; was worked a second time in 1871, by Dills & Co., who also built an air-furnace and smelted about 400 pigs of Lead. It is now being worked again by Mr. Shedd. Mr. Reynolds and others have also commenced work close by. As the old and the new Diggings are situated along a small branch, this strike of the deposit seems to be N. fW. S. E. The rocks consist of crystalline, fossiliferous Limestone, alternating with thick, fossiliferous Chert layers, in places altered and soft LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 527 ened. The position is nearly horizontal. Seams of Barytes are frequent between and through this Limestone strata. The new shafts, 25 to 40 feet deep, made in the bottoms, passed through various Clays mixed with unaltered, broken Chert. They struck at first a small accumulation of float Galena, somewhat altered and mixed, some Carbonate with Barytes, at a depth of 20 feet, another at 30 feet, and the solid Limestone at 35 feet. The shafts are being worked through the Limestone in search of a deeper galeniferous stratum. The quantity c f ore raised from the new shafts is as yet inconsiderable. COLLINS DIGGINGS, T. 49, R. 18 W., Sec. 19, S. E. qr,, S. W. qr., Cooper county; owned by S. R. Collins, J. W. Alexander and A. Hamilton. Two shafts are sunk on a flat hill slope through white, yellow and red Clays 15 feet thick, then reaching a layer of Clay mixed with broken Chert, much Galena in broken seams, and some Barytes; also masses of disintegrated, crystalline Limestone, (" Sand boulders,") with adhering Galena crystals surrounded by Barytes. Masses of brown-colore.d, massive Smithsonite, containing no Lead, but much Iron, according to Mr. Chauvenet, are seen in places above the Galena. Single crystals of Zinc Blende are occasionally found with the Galena, and a 1 to 3 inches streak of the same mineral, mixed with cupriferous Iron pyrites, (20 per cent. Copper,) lies below the Galena. The galeniferous streak is I to 1I feet thick, and dips into the hill South-east 20 to 300, following the surface of the solid, coarsely crystalline Limestone, which was struck a few feet below. The mine was opened in the summer of 1873. Since that time, four men worked about one-half of their time, sinking shafts and building an air-furnace for smelting, which is about a quarter of a mile distant from the mine. 25,000 pounds of Galena were taken out, and 240 pigs of Lead, 60 pounds each, were produced and shipped down the Missouri and Mlississippi Rivers to St. Louis. The pigs are branded thus: C. & CO. MO. There are several other places in the north-western part of Cooper county where traces of Lead and Zinc ore have been found. In T. 48, R. 18 W., Sec. 5, W. hf., N. W. qr., on J, W. Willis' land, I saw a seam of Barytes several inches wide, with specks of Blende, in a hard, gray, crystalline Limestone, containing some stems of Encrinites. 528 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2. LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN PETTIS, BENTON, ST. CLAIR AND HICKORY COUNTIES. Occurrences of Galena and of Copper and Zinc ores have been discovered years ago in numerous localities in the south-eastern part of Pettis, in the western half of Benton, in the south-eastern part of St. Clair and in the northern part of Hickory counties, and some mining has been carried on in several points. Very little, however, was done since the beginning of the civil war. But the interest of the mining public in this district is now beginning to revive, and the explorations have again been taken in hand in some places. The late Dr. B. F. Shumard, of the Missouri Geological Survey, wrote, in 1867, a private report on this district for R. H. Melton, of Warsaw, who controlled the better portion of the Lead lands then known in the district. This report has been published in a pamphlet from which I will here communicate the following extracts. Dr. Shumard frequently uses the miners' expression "mineral " for Galena: "' WHITE: DIGGINGS, T. 39, R. 21, W. Sec. 2S, N. W. qr. of S. W. qr., Benton county. They were opened about fifteen years ago on the east side of a low range of hills. The diggings extend a distance of about 100 yards in a direction a few degrees east of north. The shafts are numerous and from 3 to 25 feet deep. The ore, a pure variety of Galena, is found in a perpendicular fissure, cutting through soft gray, sandy-textured Magnesian Limestone. The fissure contains, besides the mineral, Sulphate of Baryta in abundance and of very good quality. From careful inquiries I learn that from 6,000 to 10,000 pounds of ore have been raised from these mines and smelted upon a temporary log furnace, the rem. nants of which are still to be seen near the diggings. The fissure exhibited no evidences of exhaustion at the time the work was suspended. The indications appear to me to be favorable that the mines may be made to yield largely by a judicious system of mining." " GUSTKA DIGGINGS Lie a short distance east of the preceding, near the base of the hills. An experimental shaft has been sunk here to the depth of 20 feet. through sandy, sub-crystalline Magnesian Limestone. In sinking this shaft small quantities of Galena were found all the way down, mingled with Barytes, which occurs in massive and in transparent crystals. The prospect is flattering that both Lead and Barytes will be found in paying quantities." LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 529;L HOOPER DIGGINGS, T. 39, R. 22 W., Sec. 2, N. E. qr. of S. W. qr., Benton county. At this place a shaft has been excavated to the depth of 54 feet in the Second Magnesian Limestone upon a Spar vein (" glass-tiff,") containing carbonate of Copper (azurite) and Sulphuret of Lead. The-vein continued downward as far as the excavation was carried. At the time of my visit the shaft was partially filled with rubbish so that I could not ascertain the true character of the vein, but the surface indications and the material thrown out show that the'prospect' is a promising one and worthy of further exploration.". " DEER CREEK MINES, T. 39, R. 20 W., Sec. 6, E. hf. S. E. qr., Benton county. The principal mining for Lead has been done in a ravine at the base of a ridge 200 feet high. At this place 3 shafts have been sunk, the deepest of which is 25 feet. From these shafts Mr. iRobert Nicholson raised about 9,000 pounds of mineral. The ore occurs with Barytes in masses embedded in sandy Clay, and in fissures in the Magnesian Limestone. Small quantities of mineral have also been found at several other localities upon this tract. It is a rich Sulphuret of Lead and probably contains a small per centage of Silver. Very little labor has been expended in developing these mines. For the small amount of work done the results have been highly satisfactory."'COLE CAMP MINES, T. 42, IR. 2t W., Sec. 32, N. E. qr. N. E. qr., Benton county- The principal workings are on the northern declivity of a hill, a few feet above its base, and about 100 feet below its summit. The first discovery of Lead was made here about 30 years ago, but no mining was carried on until about the year 1848, when Mr. Glenn purchased the property and began a rude system of mining operations upon a very limited scale. From a few shallow pits sunk in the Clay he obtained considerable ore, but he was compelled to abandon the work in consequence of too great an influx of water, no precautions having been taken to secure the necessary drainage. During the year 1859 James Atkinson, becoming possessor of the mines, resumed operations after a somewhat more systematic method. The work of reopening the mines was entrusted to Edward Stemmer, who has had considerable experience as a miner in the Lead regions of South-east Missouri and the Hartz mines of Germany. Mr. Stemmer, assisted by his son, commenced operations by cutting a channel along the course of the minG.s.-34. 530 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. eral lode, beginning at the foot of the hill and extending it in a direction nearly south a distance of 70 feet. The depth of this channel at its southern extremity is 18 feet; its width is from 3 to 4 feet. In excavating it Mr. Stemmer encountered several mineral caves or openings, one of which, near the end of the cut, was found to be quite extensive, and gave prospect of being very productive. A shaft was sunk to the depth of 35 feet, with a view of reaching this opening, but from some miscalculation it was excavated too far south and failed to strike it. Considerable mineral, however, was taken out in sinking this shaft. Mr. Stemmer also states that near the end of the channel he encountered an east and west lode of mineral nearly a foot thick. He took its bearings and sunk a shaft upon it, reaching the lode upon striking the Magnesian Limestone strata. It was followed only a few feet in the rock, as water set in too strongly to permit him to proceed further without employing pumps. Previous to the war Mr. Stemmer, assisted by one and occasionally two hands, worked two seasons in these mines, during the fall and winter, and raised about 50,000 pounds of ore, which was stored in a mineral-house near the mines. Most of this mineral was obtained in cutting the channel, and chiefly from the eastern wall." " "CBARTER DIGGINGS, T. 38, R. 21 W. Sec. 18, S. W. qr. of N. E. qr., Hickory county, near the base of a ridge about 100 feet high. The formation here is soft earthy, Magnesian Limestone (Cotton rock,) underlaid by thick-bedded, light, earthy, buff Magnesian Limestone. A shaft has been sunk to the depth of 15 feet upon a small vertical vein of Galena, about half of an inch thick, and bearing nearly east and west. The mineral is associated with Barytes. Between 400 and 500 pounds of ore have been obtained from this place." " BARYTES DIGGINGS, T. 38, R. 21 W., Sec 18, N. E. qr. of S. E. qr., Hickory county, upon the eastern declivity of a low ridge. A few pounds of ore have {been raised from a Clay fissure, running east and west through the same strata as at Carter's. The fissure contains, besides the mineral, pure white Barytes in considerable quantity. The prospect is good and worthy of more thorough exploration. On the same ridge, south of this place, a good deal of Barytes occurs with mineral disseminated." " STEARNS' DIGGINGS, T. 38, R. 21 WT., Sec. 18, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr., Hickory county. At this place'a shaft, 20 feet in depth, has been sunk upon a vein of Barytes, LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 531 cutting through a mottled, gray Magnesian Limestone, and bearing east and west. The opening of the shaft is about twenty feet above the level of Galena branch. The vein contains, besides Galena, Carbonate and Sulpburet of Copper, and Sulphuret of Zinc. This appears to be a regular vein. According to Mr. Stearns, who made the discovery, and sunk the shaft, the thickness of the vein was found to increase the deeper he went. The prospect here is certainly very promising and I believe that systematic mining will develop a rich deposit of ore at this point. About 500 pounds of mineral were raised in excavating the shaft." Dr. Shumard mentions some other localities in this district: among these the " Irish Diggings," in the S. E. qr. of the S. W. qr. of the same -section, in which locality he expresses great confidence; also the P' Post Oak Diggings," one mile north-west of the Irish Diggings. "' DANIEL'S DIGGINGS, T. 38, R. 22, W., Sec. 13, N. E. qr., Hickory county. These Diggings occupy the north-west corner of the tract, near the summit of a high ridge of Second Magnesian Limestone. Two shafts have been sunk here, each 10 feet deep, from which some mineral has been raised. The ore occurs in a fissure, with Barytes as a gangue. The latter is abundant, and the embedded mineral is sometimes found in large pieces. The prospect here is a good one. Mineral has been picked up also at several other places upon this tract, and Tiff is abundant in masses, scattered over the surface and in veins traversing the Magnesian Limestone."' BROWN DIGGINGS,'T. 38, R. 22, Sec. 12, S. W. qr. of S. E. qr., Hickory county. They are located on the eastern Slope of a low ridge. They are the oldest Lead mines in the county. They were opened about 20 years ago, and have afforded several thousand pounds of mineral. A series of shafts, varying from 5 to 25 feet in depth, extend a distance of about 100 yards along the spur of the ridge, and from all of them more or less mineral was obtained. The mineral is a pure variety of Galena, occurring in,cubical masses, some of them of large size." Dr. Shumard also mentions briefly the " Southard's Diggings " in N. hf. of S. WV. qr. of Sec. 11, in the same township. 532 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 3. LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN CAMDEN COUNTY. The Lead district of Camden county lies south and east of Linn Creek, the county seat, and several Diggings are within a few miles from that town, where an air-furnace for smelting the Lead ores, owned by Draper, McClurg & Co., is in operation 3 to 4 months in every year. The furnace is of the same construction as those used in other places in the State, and as described in our report on the South-western Lead Region. It is charged with 1500 pounds of clean Galena, which is smelted in about 10 hours, yielding 1050 pounds of good pig Lead in the average. This is 70 per cent.; weight of pigs about 85 pounds. Nearly one cord of Oak-wood, also Hackberry, Ash or Maple, is used for each charge. One smelter and one helper are employed in the work. The furnace was started in the middle of October, 1871, and produced, until May, 1873, in all 1895 pigs. The Lead is shipped by boat to the mouth of the Osage, and thence to St. Louis by boat or by rail. The hills near the upper part of the town of Linn Creek show the following successions of rocks, beginning from above: No. 1. 10 to 20 feet conglomeratic Chert bed, with porous, cherty Cement, reddish, passing into massive Chert, or in places into reddish-brown Sandstone, No, 2. 30 to 40 feet yellowish, rather soft Limestone, thinly bedded, sometimes shaly, sandy in the upper layers. No. 3. 3 to 4 feet layer of solid, glassy Chert. No. 4. 80 to 90 feet, to the foot of the hill, bluish, crystalline, thick-bedded Magnesian Limestone. About one mile east of this locality are the Ferry Diggings. [EERRY DIGGINGS, T. 38, R. 16 W., Sec. 5, N. W. qr., and Sec. 6, N. E. qr., owned by Mr. Patterson. The hills at these Diggings show about the following Geological Section: No. 1. 1 to 2 feet Soil. No. 2. 10 to 30 feet loose, red Clay and broken Chert, with loobe Galena and sometimes Limonite. No. 3. 50 feet alternate layers of Second Sandstone, gray and porous, with beds, several feet thick, of solid Chert. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 533 No. 4. 20 feet white, calcareous Sandstone, with broken Chert and Chert-conglomerate. No. 5. 150 feet Third Magnesian Limestone, gray, crystalline, inclosing some Chert concretions. The Galena is found loose in the red Clay, sometimes irregflarly disseminated, sometimes in more or less extensive accumulations. MURPHY DIGGINGS, T. 39, R. 17 W., Sec. 36, owned by McClurg, Murphy & Co. The Galena occurs here in the same manner as in the Ferry Diggings. The layers of red Clay and broken Chert is in places over 50 feet thick, and seems to directly overlie the Limestone. Slabs of pure Galena, ~ to 1 inch thick, are often found between the Clay and the Limestone. In,some places these slabs or fragments of Galena seams are accumulated and piled up in considerable quantity. Very thin seams of GaIlena are occasionally seen to penetrate into the solid Limestone. THOMAS ]DIGGINGS, T. 39, R. 16 W., Sec. 21, leased from Mr. Thomas by McClurg & Co. Large quantities of loose Galena, with some Barytes, are found in the red Clay, mixed with broken Chert, in a depression, near a small ravine. The Galena has the form of broken seams, yet occurs sometimes in pieces ~ to 1 foot in diameter. The pieces lie mostly in rows or " runs " on the sandy surface or along the sandy walls of the Limestone. Ledges or slabs of Heavy Spar with Galena are sometimes found in an upright position, between a Limestone wall and the red Clay. Specks of Galena are often seen in the Limestone, as well as -seams, - to 1 inch thick. Calcite has rarely been found; Cerussite and Zinc ores never. The total production of these Diggings had reached 40,000 pounds at the time of my visit. ANDERSON DIGGINGS, S. E. qr. of S. W. qr. Sec. 35, T. 39, R. 16 W. Owned by Mr. Bender and leased by Mr. Anderson. Situated 6 miles east of Linn Creek. The Galena is there deposited at a depth of a few feet only below the surface, in a layer in part of spongy, in part finely broken, white, fossiliferous Chert, cemented by seams of Galena into a conglomeratic mass. This layer is from 6 inches to 2 feet thick) and lies about horizontally above the irregular surface of the Limestone, the upper part of which is softened and disintegrated into a sandy-like grit. 534 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Lead-bearing Chert layers are, however, in most places, separated from the Limestone by a red or brown Clay or loam, which fills the cavities on the surface of the Limestone, and varies from nothing to several feet in thickness. The Galena is so intimately mixed with the Chert, that the ore has to be crushed and washed, which is done near the smelting furnace at Linn Creek. BRUIN DIGGINGS, S. E. qr. Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 16 W. Owned by the heirs of John Anderson; leased by McClurg & Co. These Diggings are situated on a very steep western slope, in which the Limestone crops out in places, containing fine seams of Galena. The digging is done in red and brown Clay, which is spread over the whole slope, and which contains float Galena in broken chunks and slabs, principally along the Limestone wall and in cavities in the Limestone. It is associated with a grainy Barytes. The Limestone is altered, and sandy externally. DAYTON WILLIAMS' DIGGINGS, N. EW, qr. Sec. 34, T. 39, R. 16 W. Owned by Dayton Williams and leased by McClurg & Co. These Diggings are of the same character as the former. They are situated at the foot of the eastern slope of a hill, opposite to and a short distance from the B uin Diggings. Both these Diggings are worked, and are said to yield handsomely. FIELDING CLARK DIGGINGS, Sec. 33, T. 37, R. 16 W., one mile west of Decaturville, near the southern line of the county. Some fine-grained Galena had been dug from a shaft, sohme years ago. This Galena is intimately mixed with a dark gray, calcareous Clay, and has a different appearance and darker color than the Galena from the other Diggings. This locality has not yet been tested sufficiently, and is not worked at present. 4. LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN MORGAN COUNTY. Morgan county comprises the most developed Lead district in the -Central region. The mining operations are rapidly increasing in LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 535 number, and have been carried on within the last two years, with rising success. The production of Morgan county from July 1 to December, 1873, exceeded one million pounds of Galena, 80 to 100 miners, on an average, being employed during this period. The miners generally pay 10 per cent. of the ore as a royalty, to the land owner, and sell the ore to the highest bidder. The Galena is all smelted in the county, and is sufficient in quantity to occupy seven smelting furnaces during a considerable portion of the year. These seven furnaces are the following: 1. CLARK'S AIR FURNACE, N. E. qr. S. W. qr. Sec. 21, T. 42, R. 18 W. On Coffin Spring Creek. Built in 1867. Owned by J. P. Clark, of Versailles. Galena smelted during the year 1873, 500,000 pounds. 2. BOND'S AIR FURNACE, S. E. qr. N. E. qr. of Sec. 16, T. 40, R. 17W. Built in 1867. Owned by T. S. Bond and his two sons.. Leased by Wangelin, Bradbury & Co., of Jefferson City. -Brand of pigs: " Gravois." This furnace has the following dimensions: Length of fire chamber.......................................................... 6 feet. Width and height of fire chamber.......................................... 2 feet. Fire bridge above grate................................................... 1- to 1 feet. Interior length of hearth....................................................... S feet. Greatest width of hearth..................................................... 3 feet 8 inches. The hearth tapers in both directions, and is only 1-} feet wide near the doors. The fall of the hearth from the chimney to the discharge door is 18 inches. This furnace smelts 3 charges, or 3,600 pounds of Galena in 24 hours. Three-fourths of a cord of wood is used on 1,000 pounds of Galena. Daily smelting expenses, about $1, the yield varying from 70 to 75 per cent. of metallic lead, from well-cleaned Galena-72 per cent. being the average. The furnace has been running, so far, about three months in every year. 3. WYANT SPRING AIR FURNACE, S. E. qr. N. W. qr. Sec. 32, T. 42, R. 17 W. Built in 1873. Owned by the Wyant Spring Lead Company (T. M. Avery & Co. of Chicago). 536 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Runs during about two weeks in every month, smelting all the Galena from the company's own Diggings, as well as some that is bought from other parties. 4. JIANDLIN AIR FURNACE, West hf. Sec. 9, T. 42, R. 17 W., near the New Granby Diggings. Built in 1873. Owned by the Jackson County Mining Company. 5. BUFFALO AIR FURNACE, Sec. 1, T. 41, R. 19 W., near the Buffalo Diggings. Built during the winter of 1873-74. Owned by the Buffalo Mining Company, of Versailles. Brand of pigs: the image of a buffalo. Weight of pigs about 83 pounds. Smelts the Galena from the Buffalo, and from the adjacent Johnson Diggings. 6. OTTERVILLE AIR FURNACE, Sec. 21, T. 45, R. 19 W., near the Corday Diggings. Owned by the Otterville Smelting Company. Built during the winter of 1873-74. Brand of pigs: " Otterville Co." Total amount of ore smelted up to June, 1874, about 35,000 pounds of Galena, obtained from the various Diggings on Flat Creek. 7. O'BRIEN'S SCOTCH HEARTH, Sec. 17, T. 41, R. 17 W. Very old and old-fashioned Scotch hearth, with bellows moved by water-power. Smelts the Galena from the O'Brien and other adj acent Diggings. G A L EN A. All the Galena so far found in Morgan county, occurs in the Lower Silurian Limestone, especially in the lower part of the so-called Second, and in the Third Magnesian Limestones. The former rock prevails in the mining districts of the northern and central, the latter in those of the southern portions of the county. Mr. F. B. Meek furnished, several years ago, a careful report on the Lead district of Morgan county, which may be read in the " Reports on the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1855-71," published in 1873, on pages 152 to 155. Since that report was written, many new aind valuable deposits have been discovered in the county, as will be seen from the following descriptions: LEAD REGION OF CENT&AL MISSOURI. 537 JOHNSON-DAVIDSON DIGGINGS, T. 40, R. 17 W., Sec. 26, W. half of N. E. qr. and E. half of N. W. qr. Owned and worked by Johnson & Davidson. These Diggings are at present carried on on a south-east flat slope, the surface of which is covered with clayish Soil and much broken Chert. The Galena is mostly found at a depth of from 6 to 10 feet, lying loose in the Clay. It extends several hundred feet along the slope. One shaft was carried down to a depth of 40 feet, and passed through Soil, 6 to 8 feet of Clay with broken Chert and loose Galena, 30 feet Limestone, somewhat cherty, partly fissured, partly solid. They finally drilled 18 feet deeper from the bottom of the shaft without reaching a change of rock. The upper part of the Limestone was altered and softened,with cavities and horizontal fissures lined with small crystals of Dolomite or of dolomitic Calcite. It was also broken in all directions by larger fissures containing in places streaks of Galena. The last 7 feet of rock in the shaft were solid and hard, granular to sub-oolitic, unstratified, and contained no Galena. The Diggings have been worked interruptedly by two to four men for nearly three years. Mr. Johnson gives the total production at about 15,000 pounds, but I heard from other reliable sources that it has been considerably larger. The Galena is smelted at Bond's furnace. BOND DIGGINGS, T. 40, R. 17 W., Sec. 9, S. W. qr. of S. W. qr., and Sec. 16, S. E. qr. of N. E. qr. Owned by T. J. Bond and his two sons, RI. P. and W. I. Bond.; at present leased by Wangelin, Bradbury & Co., of Jefferson City. The Diggings are situated on two separate hills, on both sides of a branch of Milk Creek. In both places, the principal portion of the Galena is found loose in the red Clay, occasionally associated with Barytes. It is frequently found in loose sheets in part standing upright, the heaviest part downward, and extends in several parallel, nearly straight lines over distances of 100 to 300 feet. The direction of the deposit is about N. W. to S. E. The galeniferous Clay is 6 to 8 feet thick, and in several places veiical seams and horizontal sheets are found running into the solid Limestone, yet hardly ever thick enough to be worked with profit. In the the western Diggings, a shaft was'being sunk at the time of my visit, near the summnit of a spur of the hill. It had then penetrated through: 538 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. 8 feet Soil and red Clay. No. 2. ]5 feet porous, altered and fissured MIagnesian Limestone. No. 3. 15 feet solid, cherty Magnesian Limestone. No. 4. 15 feet soft, altered and fissured Magnesian Limestone with irregular cavities. Zinc Blende occurs but rarely in the Bond Diggings. Calcite is in some places in Sec. 16 quite common. Barytes is found sometimes with the Galena, sometimes without it. There are now 20 miners at work. The total production of the Diggings during five years amounted to 800,000 pounds of GalenaAbout 10,000 pounds were raised per month during the year 1873. All the Galena is smelted in Bond's air furnace, which is situated in Seco 16, close to the Diggings, and which has been described above. JANUARY DIGGINGS, T. 40, R. 17 W., Sec. 11, E. half N. E. qr. Owned by the January heirs and Spurlock. Not worked at present. The amount of Galena taken out by miners since 1868 is estimated at 60,000 pounds. GRANBY COMPANY'S DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 16 W., Sec. 30, W. half. Owned by the Granby Mining and Smelting Company. This locality was worked 15 years ago, and is marked as Lead land on Mr. F. B. Meek's Geological Map of Morgan county. It is now being opened again by Hon. G. Stover of Versailles. LOWER INDIAN CREEK DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 17 W., Sec. 26, N. E. qr. Owned by EI. P. Bond of Bond's Mines. These Diggings extend about 600 feet along a small ravine on Indian Creek, in an east and west direction. They are right in the water run and the water causes much trouble to the miners. Loose Galena is found in red Clay, either above the sandy, soft Limestone, or in irregular openings and under a "cap" or roof consisting of bluish Chert between soft, yellow, thinly stratified to shaly Limestone. The Limestones are full of Dendrites near the deposit. The work was carried on with long interruptions for three years, and has been taken up again lately. Several shafts had to be abandoned on account of the inability of the miners to remove the water. The production was; never very large, yet amounted to several thousand pounds of Galena. during the year 1873. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 539 DOPH DIGGINGS, T. 41, R.- 16 W., Sec. 18, W. half of E. half, near Sidebottom's farm on Indian Creek. Owned by Th. V. Jones, of St. Louis; leased by Doph. A very good description of this locality is given in Mr. F. B. Meek's Geological Report on Morgan county, published by the Missouri Geological Survey in 1873, on page 154 of the small volume. In the present stage of development, this deposit. represents a vein, striking north-west to south-east, of galeniferous Barytes, in the Magnesian Limestone. The Barytes is frequently banded, and incloses fragments of softened Limestone with crystals of Galena adhering to them. The vein, which can be traced across depressions and ridges for about a quarter of a mile, was followed to a depth of nearly 70 feet without altering either its character or its thickness of 3 to 12 inches. But the wall.rock grew harder with the depth, and the amount of Galena raised was not sufficient to pay for the work. The work is at present suspended, but will, I am informed, be resumed soon. This would be undoubtedly a proper place to attempt a practical solution of the question whether the Central Missouri Lead deposits belong exclusively to these geological strata which lie at present near the surface of the ground, or whether they are in places connected with leadbearing strata which lie deeper. TMADOLE DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 16 W., Sec. 8, S. IW. qr. of N. W. qr., close to Indian Creek. Owned by Hiram Madole, Jr.; leased by George H. Stover & Co. The General Section of these Diggings is represented by Fig. a. It consists of: No. 1. 2 to 4 feet-chety Soil. No. 2. 8 to 40 feet Clay with loose Chert. No. 3. 0 to 6 feet Chert slabs or loose fissured Chert layers. No. 4. 3 to 30 feet "Sand boulders "-loose, broken masses of soft, sandy Limestone. No. 5.? feet solid Magnesian Limestone, containing near the south end of the Diggings a horizontal cave about 5 feet high and 6 feet wide. The bottom of this cave is not Limestone but Clay, and has never been investigated. The cave has been struck 40 feet below the surface in a shaft, and extends from this shaft eastward over a distance of about 150 feet, when it touches the surface of the hill-slope near the creek. It is connected, near the shaft mentioned, with an opening 540 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. in the rock filled with Clay and Galena, and running nearly at a right angles to the cave and parallel to the ridge. This cave is evidently an old water outlet from the Galena deposit. It will be noticed in the above sketch that there are two depressions in the profile of the slope. These extend nearly 800 feet along the slope from S. E. to N. W. On these depressions, sometimes called "breaks," two parallel rows of shafts have been sunk, most of which struck loose Galena in considerable quantities, partly in irregular streaks in the upper Clay, partly below the Chert slabs and between the softened Limestone masses down to the irregular and mashed surface of the Limestone. The Galena varies from pea to fist-size, is frequently rounded off and coated and associated with red Clay. It also occurs in large loose sheets. No Barytes has been found except some loose rounded pieces in the cave. The softened Limestone masses, "Sand Boulders," are more or less rounded off and vary generally from fist to head-size, but reach sometimes a diameter of 4feet. These diggings were worked four years ago, and after a long interruption the work was resumed in January, 1874, at first with two men until May 1st, when the number was increased to 4. From January to the middle of May most of the work was expended in opening and sinking shafts. About 14,000 pounds of Galena were taken out during this period. The total production of these diggings is estimated at 300,000 pounds, most of which was found at a shallow depth in the red Clay. JIELSEY DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 16 WV., Sec. 5, S. E. qr. of S; E. qr., one mile north of the Madole Diggings-owned by Kelsey's heirs and leased by Estell. The deposit is not worked now. The Galena is said to exist in seams and sheets in the Limestone and without Barytes. Total production about 8$,000 pounds. STRONG DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 16 W., Sec. 27, N. W. qr. N. W. qr., on a branch of Upper Indian Creek, near the edge of the prairie; partly on Strong's and partly on Burch's land. The latter portion is leased to Jones, of Independence, who raised, I am told, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds of Galena in January, 1874, from the red Clay. O'BRIEN DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 17 W., Sec. 17, N. hf. of S. W. qr., and T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 24, E. hf N. E. qr. Shallow Clay diggings-yielded largely in summer of 1873. The Galena is smelted at the place in O'Brien's Scotch hearth. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 541 BRUSHY DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 12, S. E. qr., near center. The land is owned partly by Allen and partly by Fair and leased by the Morgan County Mining Company. The diggings are on an eastern slope, and the main streak of ore. seems to run N. E. S.W. The Galena is found loose in the red Clay. At a depth of from 20 to 40 feet broken masses of pretty hard Limestone were struck, with some Chert, mixed with rounded pieces of Barytes and some Galena. The slope is 70 to 80 feet high,' and shows a distinct " break" near the middle of its height. The total production of these and the following Gray Horse Diggings together, is estimated at over 200,000 pounds of Galena. The diggings are being worked with interruptions and were so for several years past. GRAY HORSE DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec 13, N. E. qr., N. W. qr., on widow Allen's land, on the west slope of the same ridge, on whose east slope the Brushy Diggings are situated. The Galena is found loose in red Clay on the surface of the Limestone, in many places only 10 feet below the surface of the ground. Loose pieces of Barytes are met with occasionally. The diggings extend along the slope in a north-east direction and also along a steep ravine, striking eastward. Worked irregularly for the past 3 years with 4 to 6 men. Total productioa of these and the Brushy Diggings together, about 200,000 pounds of Galena. NEW JOPLIN DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 13, S. E. qr. of N. gW. qr.; owned in part by Taylor of Joplin, in part by the Granby Mining and Smelting Compahy and J. H. Stover. Worked in 1872 and much Galena is said to have been taken out by the miners. It is expected that work will be resumed this year. C4ILDWELL DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 14, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr., a half mile from the Brushy Diggings, near Caldwell's farm. Owned by the Central Missouri Lead Company (T. M. Avery & Co. of Chicago). A shaft was sunk nearly 100 feet in depth, on a south-east spur of a high ridge, about 80 feet above the Brushy Creek. There being ino work done at present I could not get into this shaft. The mining superintendent of the mining company says the shaft passed through 40 feet red and yel 542 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. low Clay with loose pieces of Barytes and with much float Galena. Fifty-five feet large sandy boulders with white dense Barytes, broken, and some Galena. Below this, yellow, sandy Clay, with loose Barytes and some Galena and some water. Clark, Libby and others mined about 80,000 pounds of Galena out of the upper 40 feet of Clay three years ago. BLOW DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 23, S. W. qr.; owned by. the Granby Mining and Smelting Company. A few shallow trial shafts were sunk here and some Galena obtained.'WILD CAT DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 12, N. W. qr. S. W. qr.; owned by Judge Rice. Production of 1873 estimated at 30,000 pounds of Galena. PROCTOR DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 18 W., Sec. 29, N. W. qr. and Sec. 30. Indications of Galena in the Limestone on the land of J. N. Hit, on the Upper Proctor Creek. No regular mining has been done there as yet. WILSON DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 19 W., Sec. 12, W. hf. S. E. qr.; owned by William P. Wilson, of St. Louis. Old diggings reopened in the fall of 1873. Seams of Galena in Chert and in Limestone. BUFFALO DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 19 W., Sec. 1, S. E. qr. of N. W. qr., near the head of Buffalo Creek; owned by the Buffalo Mining Company (Stover, Walker & Clark, of Versailles). On a north-west slope of a ridge, a few hundred feet from the creek, two shafts were sunk in September, 1873, about 30 feet apart, both of which struck a deposit of Galena which must be considered one of the richest so far discovered in the county. One of these shafts struck the Galena immediately below the soil, the other passed through a few feet of Clay and of disintegrated sandy Limestone. The latter rock is here the Lead-bearing rock, and undoubtedly before its disintegration reached a very high degree, contained a rich net-work of thick Galena seams without any Barytes. At present we find the Limestone broken and soft, the seams and irregular masses of Galena broken and piled up above each other, the interstices being filled with a sandy mass consisting of loose crystalline grains of Magnesian Limestone. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 543 The main portion of this deposit seems to be circular or elliptic in its outline, as far as can be judged from the present development, with a diameter of about 30 feet. Within these limits the Galena forms from 10 to 20 per cent. of the whole mass. But branches of the deposit reach much'further out; one such having been struck by a shaft about 80 feet distant, and farther up on the Slope. The main deposit has been excavated by a large shaft, 16 feet wide in both directions, to a depth of 50 feet, at which depth the deposit becomes rather less rich in Galena. An open mining cut is now being made into the hill-slope. Streaks of red " tallow" Clay, and occasionally Chert concretions are met with in the deposit. The shaft above mentioned, which was sunk further up the hill-:slope, at about 80 feet distance, shows the following Section: No. 1. 3 feet Soil, with some slabs of red Sandstone, and with much coarsely broken Chert. No. 2. 30 feet red "'tallow Clay," with Chert fragments and some float Galena. No. 3. 10 feet disintegrated and sandy but not much broken Limestone. No. 4. 10 feet large, broken masses, 3 to 5 feet in diameter, of the same rock, (" Sand-boulders,") with thick, broken seams of Galena, running in a north-western direction toward the main deposit. Some trial-shafts, sunk 100 to 150 feet north-east of the main shaft, and from 10 to 20 feet deep, struck a little Clay and then "Sand-boul-,ders," without so far reaching any Lead ore. The Johnson Diggings, to be described hereafter, have struck a good deposit on the same slope, about 700 feet south-east of the Buffalo mine, which fact gives an indication that the Buffalo deposit might extend in' that direction.'The Buffalo Diggings have been worked with an average of 6 men since September 1, 1873, and had produced 190,000 pounds of Galena on May 1, 1874. The Buffalo air-furnace, erected near the Diggings, smelts the ore, JOHNSON DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 19 W., Sec. 1, on the same tract of land as the Buffalo Diggings, about 700 feet south-east of the latter, on the same slope of the hill, are worked by Laridy & Johnson. The shafts passed through Soil, 10 to 15 feet red Clay, 5 to 10 feet disintegrated and fissured Limestone, 10 feet " Sand-boulders," with fmuch Galena, of similar appearance and occurrence as that of the Buffalo mine. The work began in October, 1873, and was carried on rather irregularly with 3 men. The production, on May 1, 1874, had exceeded 30,000 pounds of Galena. M544 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. POTTER NO, 2 DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 31 N. W. qr., owned by Prof. W. B. Potter, of St. Louis, and Alexander Leonhard. Four shafts were sunk near a ravine, in Clay, with loose Galena and Chert fragments; also Barytes and Calcite. In places finely broken Chert is found cemented by hardened Clay and by Galena, forming a Conglomerate, which also occurs in the Clay. Work began here in December, 1873. Production, until April, 1874, 5000 pounds of Galena. WOLF-DEN ]DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 30, S. W. qr. of N.^ W. qr., owned by widow McGhea. Float Galena in red Clay. Also seams in the Limestone. Has not been, as yet, very productive. FERGUSON DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 28, S. W. qr., on Crow branch of Gravois Creek, owned by Prof. W. B. Potter, of St. Louis, and others. I owe the sketch Fig. B, and the following notes on these Diggings to the kindness of Mr. Alexander Leonhard, late Assistant in the Geological Survey. Fig. B, a, a, is a crevice in Limestone, 6 to 12 feet wide, dipping from 45 to 600.' A Chert layer of nearly 1 foot thickness forms the roof of the crevice. The lower wall rock is Limestone. The crevice is filled with broken masses of half disintegrated Limestone, containing a net-work of seams of Barytes, some as much as 3 inches thick. The Barytes incloses cubic crystals of Galena, I to 2 inches thick, forming in places one-fourth of the mass. Red Clay fills the interstices between the loose "boulders " of Limestone, and contains large chunks and some fine crystals of Barytes and loose pieces of Galena. The contents of the deposit are more altered and disintegrated than in the depth, and near the surface of the ground the crevice is filled with sandy, yellow Clay, loose Galena and well developed crystals of Barytes. Several shallow shafts, bb, were sunk on the outcrop of the deposit and have traced it on the surface over a length of 30 feet so far. The main shaft, c, passed through the Soil, through 20 feet of hard Limestone, 1 foot of Chert, and then struck the deposit, and excavated it in the shape indicated by the zig-zag line in the above sketch. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 545 Water rushing in from below in considerable quantity has for the present interrupted the work, which will, however, be resumed shortly -n a more regular and systematic manner. SIMIMOaNS DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 20, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr., on Coffin Spring Creek, owned by Simmons. Caves and cavities in the Limestone, filled with red Clay and loose Galena. Total production about 25,000 pounds. Not worked since summer of 1873. CLARK DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 21, S. E. qr., S. W. qr., on Coffin Spring Creek, owned by J. P. Clark, of Versailles. Galena has been and is yet nmined in several places in this vicinity, along Coffin Spring Creek. Opposite Clark's smelting furnace, close to and on the west side of the creek, the outcrops of numerous seams of Galena and of Blende and -of Barytes, ~ to 3 inches thick, are seen in the Limestone. The main seams strike east to west, and are connected by cross-seams. Some of the Galena and Barytes seams cross the creek at an angle of about -450, and seem to extend into the opposite hill. The Limestone dips toward the creek about 200. Blende and Galena is not generally found together. On the west side of the creek, one east and west Barytes seam separates the deposit in two parts, the northern of which contains the seams of Galena and Barytes, the southern those of Blende and Barytes. Several shafts were sunk in this place from 6 to 15 feet deep, and about 20,000 pounds of loose Galena was obtained from the Clay covering a part of the net-work of seams. The seams themselves were not followed to any depth. The net-work of seams covers an area about 50 feet long and 30 feet wide, but thin seams of Galena and of Barytes are seen crossing the rock in the creek for some distance to the south. All along the creek, on the east side, are old, shallow Clay,diggings 2 to 6 feet deep, which used to be quite productive; but in all the Limestone was struck at a depth of only 2 to 6 feet. They extend over the line into Sec. 28, where less float ore is found, but where a large district of perhaps 200 feet diameter exists in which the Limestone contains Galena disseminated in its mass in numerous small specks. This has been observed in the Diggings as well as in the bed of a small branch running south-west into Coffin Spring Creek. On the west side of the creek, numerous shafts have been sunk.along a pretty steep ravine, up to the top of the ridge. Here we find G.s —35 .546 GEOLOGICAL SURVELY a cherty Soil and 5 to 15 feet Clay below with considerable quantities of loose and often rounded and coated Galena on the irregular, sandy surface of the Limestone. Some Barytes occurs occasionally. In places, large slabs of Chert or of Limestone lie above the galeniferous Clay, and have to be pierced to reach the "opening." The total production of these Diggings has been about 500,000 pounds of Galena during three years. A shaft sunk on the summit of the ridge, 60 feet deep, passed through Soil, 15 feet Clay, 15 feet Chert rock and Limestone, 5 feet Clay with loose Galena and some disintegrated Limestone, then struck the surface of the solid Limestone and went 25 feet deep into it without meeting with any traces of Galena. One hundred and-sixty thousand pounds of ore were taken out of this shaft. About a quarter of a mile south of this, in Sec. 28, a cave 6 feet wide enters the Limestone bluff at the southern end of the same ridge, but no indications of Galena have as yet been found in it. A few hundred feet further down the Creek, between the Creek and the Limestone bluff, a deposit of beautiful, clear and translucent Barytes is observed covering an area of ground 15 feet long and 8 feet wide. A connection with the rock cannot be plainly seen, nor are there any traces of Barytes in the adjacent bluff. The character of this Barytes deposit cannot, therefore, be ascertained without digging. As Barytes is a valuable mineral, selling raw at $S per ton in St. Louis, this place would be worthy of a closer investigation by the owner of the land. No Galena has been observed at this last-described locality. The Barytes is unusually clear and pure. POTTER No. I DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 21, N. W. qr., on Coffin Spring Creek. Owned by Prof. W. B. Potter, of St. Louis, and Al. Leonhard. A. crevice 1 to 4 feet wide, in solid, somewhat softened Limestone, traceable over about 300 feet in a south-west to north-east direction, was followed to a depth of 80 feet. The crevice is filled with red Clay, broken Chert, large masses of crystallized Calcite and loose pieces of Galena, some of which are as heavy as 40 pounds. Worked irregularly during the past two years. Total production about 25,000 pounds of Galena. STOVER DIGGINGS, On Coffin Spring Creek, T. 42, 1R. 18 W., Sec. 21, S. W. qr. of N. W. qtr. J. HI. Stover, agent. Two crevices of a similar character and running in the same direction as that just described. Worked since 1866 with long interruptions. Total production about 30,000 pounds. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 547 ARGENBRIGHIT DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 ~W., Sec. 18, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr. Owned by Argenbright & Co. Sixteen thousand pounds of Galena were taken out during summer of 1873. d FAIR DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 18, S. E. qr. of N. E. qr. Owned by William Fair. Worked in winter of 1873 and a few thousand pounds of Galena produced. MERRITT DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 18 W., Sec. 23, S. W. qr. of N. W. qr. Owned by the Granby Mining and Smelting Company. Irregular crevices and cavities in Limestone with Clay and loose Galena. Worked intermittently for several years past. Total production estimated at 50,000 pounds. NEILSON DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 17 W., Sec. 6, N. W. qr. of N. E. qr. Owned by Mayor Brown of St. Louis. A number of shallow shafts have disclosed some float Galena imbedded in red Clay. A more thorough investigation of this locality is now in progress. WYANT SPRING DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 17 W., Sec. 32, S. E. qr. of N. W. qr. Owned by the Wyant Spring Lead Company (T. M. Avery & Co., of Chicago.) A long row of shallow shafts were sunk along an eastern hill-slope on a line striking N. N. W. to S. S. E., over a distance of about 1,000 feet. These shafts sunk 10 to 20 feet deep into either yellow or red Clay with more or less loose Galena. Some places were found to be very rich. One shaft, situated in about the middle of the row, was sunk deeper and struck a fissure, I to 21 feet wide, in the solid Limestone. The fissure has the same strike as the Diggings, and is filled with black Clay, triturated black Slate and some Chert, also bouldets of disintegrated Limestone. Galena in considerable quantity was found adhering to the wall-rock, as well as to the boulders. The fissure is slightly inclined towards the west. The shaft reached a depth of 55 feet. Another shaft was sunk 35 feet further up the slope and outside of the line of the main diggings, and was likewise carried down to a depth of 55 feet. This shaft struck considerable float Galena in the red Clay and then another fissure, 1 to 3 feet wide, in the Limestone, 548 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. parallel to the former and filled with red Clay, softened Limestone and some Galena. This fissure dips slightly east. In several shallow shafts sunk on this second fissure along the slope, much Galena was found in yellow Clay. Shallow test shafts, sunk yet higher on the slope, disclosed but little ore in the Clay. Eight or ten such shafts were also made on the sufmmit of the ridge to depths of 10 to 20 feet, and below 10 feet of Clay, struck a softened, stratified Limestone with more or less Galena in thin seams and sheets. About 30,000 pounds of Galena were taken out of some shallow diggings in the Clay, situated on a southern hill-slope in the northern prolongation of the main Diggings, separated from the latter by a small valley. This gives hope for a continuation of this deposit in a northern direction, while the attempts to find a continuation in a southern direction have been, so far, without any favorable result. The fact that the shafts forming the southern portion of the main Diggings show a decrease in the quantity of Galena, and the appearance of Barytes in its stead, is interesting in this connection. In all other parts of these Diggings, Barytes is but rarely found. The Wyant Spring Diggings have been worked the past eighteen months, during eight or ten of which the work was steadily carried on with an average force of ten men. The total production was, up to May, 1874, about 300,000 pounds of Galena. One-half of this amount was taken out by the Wyant Spring Lead Company in about four months work, with ten miners. The Galena is smelted in the Wyant Spring Air Furnace, which has been erected in the immediate vicinity of the Diggings. SCHULTZE DIGGINGS, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr. Sec. 33, T. 42, R. 17 W. Owned by Schultze & Cooper, of St. Louis. Specks and pockets of Galena in Limestone. Also, loose pieces in Clay. This locality is now being opened. SPURLOCK DIGGINGS, N. W. qr. of S. E. qr. Sec. 24, T. 42, R. 17 W. Owned and worked by Spurlock. Shallow shafts in Clay. Worked at intervals during the last three years. Total production, 8.000 pounds. T OiWNLEY DIGGINGS, N. W. qr. of N. WV. qr. Sec. 23, T. 42, R. 17 W.; and the Gunn Diggings, in the N. E. qr. of N. W. qr. of same Section, are owned by George S. Wright, of St. Louis, and Alexander Leonhard. Surface Diggings LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 549 near the head of a branch of Gravois Creek. Shafts 10 to 20 feet deep in Clay and disintegrated Limestone. The Galena occurs loose in Clay, and also in seams in Limestone. Much broken Chert and Chert Conglomerate are found in the Soil and Clay of this District. Total production during two years, 30,000 to 40,000 pounds. The work has been taken in hand more vigorously of late, and 2 to 4 farmers now dig out about 1,500 pounds of Galena per week. MORELAND DIGGINGS, N. hf. Sec. 22, T. 42, R. 17 W. Owned by Moreland, worked by Jliff. Worked intermittingly for two years. Production until end of 1873, about 30,000 pounds of Galena. NEW GRANBY DIGGINGS, S. hf. of S. W. qr. Sec. 9, T. 42, R. 17 W. The southern portion of these Diggings is owned by the Granby Mining and Smelting Company, the northern portion by the Jackson County Company. We include under the name of New Granby Diggings, all which are more specially known by the names of Woods, Jliff, Crossroad, and Wilkinson Diggings, which are all situated on the summit and on the south-western slope of a long meandering ridge, whose general direction is about N. W. S. E. The Wilkinson Diggings are situated on the most northern spur of this ridge, about 1,000 feet N. W. of the Crossroad Diggings. There are several shafts which struck the Limestone at a short'depth, and some of which have been sunk 20 feet through the Limestone, containing specks of Galena. They are being continued in the hope of striking an opening below. The formerly so-called Crossroad Diggings, lie about 1,000 feet further south, and nearer the summit of the ridge. The shafts were 15 to 20 feet deep, and worked on float Galena in the red Clay, on the surface of the altered Limestone. One district, about 30 feet wide and 70 to 80 feet long, was especially rich in ore. Lower down the slope, are shallow old Clay Diggings, formerly called the Grass-root Diggings. On the summit of the ridge are the Jliff Diggings, which have yielded large quantities of ore. Some trial shafts are now being sunk further north on the summit of the ridge, in the hope of striking similar deposits. McCoy's shaft has pretty well succeeded in this. It passed at first through 29 feet of red Clay, with broken Chert, but without ore, then through 20 feet of immense boulders of soft, sandy 550 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Limestone, with qmUChb Galena in broken sheets and seams. These Galena fragments are all in rather irregular positions, but the heaviest parts always turned downward. James Wilkinson sunk a shaft a short distance to the north-east, to a depth of 75 feet, passing through 10 feet of Soil and Clay, 65 feet through solid, hard Limestone, with specks and thin sheets of Galena. All these Diggings are on the north and west side.of the road from Versailles to Tuscumbia. The Crossroad Diggings are situated very near the road. Eight or nine hundred feet south-east of this road, near the summit of the same ridge, we find the New Granby Diggings proper, also called the Wood's Diggings. Ten to 15 feet of red and yellow Clay, here covers a large part of the western slope, being only overlaid by a dry, Cherty Soil. Much float Galena has been dug out of this Clay. There is, however, a district of elliptic outline, say 100 feet long and 70 feet wide, which has been opened by several shafts, 20 to 30 feet deep, and by drifts. Here are immense broken and more or less rounded masses of very soft, yellow or white Magnesian Limestone, with numerous broken veins of 1 to 6 inches pure Galena between, and with numerous thinner seams of Galena through them. This rich district has in some places a pretty sharp limit. It seems to get wider with the depth, yet the richest portion lies at about 25 feet below the surface. This deposit seems to be a rather indistinctly developed " circle." A shaft sunk 10 or 15 feet east of the apparent limit of this rich place, and another sunk about 60 feet north of it, struck the solid, barren Limestone, and the eastern shaft passed 40 feet into this rock without reaching a change. The Jackson Crunty Company produced from their portion of the New Granby Diggings, in the year 1873, 150,000 pounds of Galena, which was smelted in the IHandlin air furnace, located at the foot of the slope. The Granby Mining and Smelting Company, worked in the average 4 shafts, with an aggregate number of men of 12 to 16, and produced in the year 1873,500,000 pounds; and from January to April, 1874, 150,000 pounds of Galena. Gum SPRING DIGGINGS, S. E. qr. Sec. 8, T. 42, R. 17 V., near the Handlin furnace, at the foot of the same slope on which the New Granby Diggings are situated. Owned by the Jackson County Company. Shallow shafts in Clay worked in 1873, when they yielded Galena in large quantity. Not worked at present. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 551 AFRICAN DIGGINGS, N. E. qr. of S. W. qr. Sec. 5, T. 42, R. 17 W. Title under litigation. These Diggings occupy several acres of ground on the summit and western slope of a ridge, on a small branch of the Upper Gravois River, 1- miles east of Versailles. The summit is 80 to 100 feet above the water course. The Diggings are shallow. Their main direction is about N.-S. On the lower part of the slope, the shafts present the following section: No. 1. 3 feet Soil, with slabs of red Sandstone. No. 2. 2 to 10 feet red Clay, with some float Galena. No. 3. 6 feet softened, fine-grained Magnesian Limestone, in 1 to 3 feet layers. No. 4. 5 feet loose mixture of Shales, Clay, Sand, and very soft Limestone, with specks and aggregated masses of Galena lying in streaks between the various detrital materials mentioned. (?) Harder, sub-crystalline Limestone. Higher up the slope, much loose Galena is found in numerous shallow shafts in red Clay, immediately above the Limestone, at a depth of 3 to 10 feet. Banded oval Chert concretions (Jasper,) are frequently found loose in the Soil aid Clay. These diggings were worked from January to October, 1873, and are again worked at present. The total production, so far, is about 50,000 pounds of Galena. VERSAILLES DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 17 W., Sec. 5, N. E. qr, of S. W. qr., east of Versailles, close to the town. Worked 10 years ago, when Galena was found in paying quantities. GABRIELLE DIGGINGS, T. 33, R. 18 W., Sec. 17, N. W. qr. of N. E. qr. Owned by the Gabrielle M[ining Company, Dr. L. Pim, of St.. Louis, President. On a flat, northwestern spur of a plateau, a short distance from the Upper Richland Creek. The formation in this flat slope is variable, yet mostly as follows No. 1. Soil. No. 2. 6 to 12 feet red Clay with loose broken Chert and float Galena. The latter occurs occasionally in slabs and chunks of very large size. No. 3. 20 to 30 feet altered Magnesian Limestones and residuary Clays (Soapstone,) dipping very irrenularly, mostly however, with the Slope. 552 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Limestone is found in places in very large, detached, softened layers, containing Chert seams and forming sometimes the "caprock " of Galena deposits. The latter are generally associated with more broken and disintegrated Limestone, with finely broken Chert and with Clay. The Galena is mostly deposited irregularly, but in some places it is found accumulated in more or less straight lines, extending over some distance. rhis is especially the case on the north side, where such a " run " of Galena has been followed over a distance of near 100 feet. One shaft in the southern portion of the diggings was sunk a depth of 65 feet, having on one side large broken and in part altered masses of both fine and coarse- grained Limestone, on the other side black (Coal Measure?) Slate with much Pyrites, dipping straight down between the broken Limestone. The Gabrielle Mining Company does not lease claims to miners but works at its own expense and risk. The diggings have been worked since June, 1873, with an average of 6 or 7 men. The total production in May, 1874, amounted to 250,000 pounds of Galena. PERRY Ross DIGGINGS, T. 43, R. 18 W., Sec. 10, S. W. qr. Property in litigation. Locality mentioned in F. B. Meek's report on Morgan county, p. 152. The Galena is said to occur disseminated in pretty hard Limestone. About 6,000 pounds of it was raised during the summer of 1873. PRICE MIILL DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 19 W., Sec. 35, E. hf. of S. E, qr. Owned by Henry Kuhlman. Leased by W. M. Coventry and others. The mining is done in the hard and fresh Limestone forming the bluffs on the east side of Little Richland Creek. A large and several small veins in the Limestone, filled with Galena, and Barytes crop out in the bluff. The large vein strikes N. VW. S. E., and is very variable in width, 6 inches being the maximum. The Galena adheres to the walls of the vein and sometimes fills the whole of it, but mostly leaves a space which is filled by Barytes. The smaller veins or seams strike about at a right angle to the large vein. A shaft has been sunk 25 feet deep on the principal vein. The proximity of the creek caused a considerable influx of water, disturbing the work considerably. It is, however, being continued. The Galena so far raised does not exceed 1,500 pounds. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 55 OTTEN DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 19 W., Sec. 36, in center. Owned by Otten. Leased by Stover, Walker and Leonhard. Several shallow shafts struck some loose Galena between the sandy Limestone boulders below the red Clay. Sheets and specks of Galena are seen in a small Limestone bluff in the ravine. Work began but lately. STOCKER DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 19 W., Sec. 25, N. W. qr. of S. W. qr. Owned by.Stocker. Leased by Stover, Walker & LeonharO. A hole was dug near a spring and disclosed black Clay and black Slate, with loose crystals of Galena and of Blende. Another hole, dug close by the above, struck red and yellow Clay. The place will be better opened and investigated in the course of the present summer. TWIN SPRING DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 18 W., Sec. 19, S. E. qr. of N. E. qr., on Richland Creek. Owned by John Lewis. Leased by J. H. Robeson of Otterville. Crevices and washed out cavities in the Magnesian Limestone, extending N. E. to S. W. along the slope. The surface of the Limestone is from 5 to 15 feet below the surface of the ground. The Galena is found loose and mostly rounded, imbedded in red Clay on the Limestone. It is occasionally associated with some Barytes. The external indications are all very favorable, but the Galena has not yet been found in well paying quantity. A small vein of Barytes, ~ to 4 inches thick, is visible in softened sandy Limestone in the bluff of Richland Creek, near the diggings. The latter have been worked intermittingly since the beginning of the present year, with two men. The production has not yet exceeded 500 pounds. WEAR DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 19 W., Sec. 34, S. E. qr., on Hawk Creek. Owned by Wear & Thomas of Otterville. Situated on a pretty steep north-western slope. A shaft has been sunk 50 feet deep, and struck below the cherty soil, an irregular mixture of more or less softened Limestone fragments, partly rounded, partly sharp, with red Clay and many loose pieces of Barytes, white and opaque, many of which inclose Galena in considerable quantity. The broken Limestone masses seem to get larger and harder with the depth. The galeniferous Barytes reaches to the bottom of the shaft ani probably continues deeper. This place was worked one month with two men, who made the shaft and produced about 500 pounds of Galena. .554 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ZOLLINGER DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 19 W., Sec. 34, S. W. qr. and N. E. qr., a few hundred yards south of the Wear Diggings. Owned by A. L. Zollinger of Otterville, Jennie Sanders and NW. Williams. Explorations were made at three points on this ground. A shaft was sunk on the south-eastern slope of a ridge 18 feet deep in loose Clay and Chert, and struck two streaks of small loose Galena, one at 3, another at 10 feet depth. The shaft finally struck hard, shaly Limestone. Worked one month. About 2,000 pounds of Galena taken out. Two more places were opened nearer the foot of the hill on both sides of the same ridge, and loose, rounded pieces of Galena were found in the Soil and Clay, but struck the solid Limestone as few feet below the surface. The Limestone is shaly in its upper layers. It contains ~- to I inches of Galena. Some small holes dug on the summit of the ridge disclosed a red Clay of very favorable appearance. CORDRAY DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 19 W., Sec. 22, N. W. qr. of S. W. qr. lNear the Otterville airfurnace. owned by Cordray, Myers & Co. Three shafts are sunk on a steep northern slope near a ravine, the depths of 15, 20 and 35 feet They met with broken masses of softened and rather shaly Magnesian Limestone, mixed with chert-fragments, Clay and loose Galena. The latter is frequently found adhering to the Chert, and occurs in part in rounded masses, in part in regular cubes reaching 2 inches in diameter. Some large crevices were found to be filled with black Clay inclosing crystals of Zinc Blende. Much of the Chert found in this locality is highly fossiliferous, and has the appearance of being of Carboniferous origin. These diggings have been worked since the middle of August, 1873, with two men, and have produced 6,000 pounds of Galena. EDWARDS' DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 19 W., Sec. 15, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr. Owned by Andrew Atkison, leased by George Edwards. A shaft was sunk in a depression on a south-western slope, 34 feet deep, through yellow Clay and Chert, and struck some streaks of Barytes boulders, but no Galena. Large masses of broken Sandstone are seen a short distance below the shaft near the foot of the hill. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 555 EXCELSIOR DIGGINGS,'T. 43, R. 16 W., Sec. 19, N. E. qr. of' N. E. qr. Near Excelsior Mills. Owned by Ratcliffe. Loose Galena in Clay. Production in summer of 1873, is estimated at about 20,000 pounds of Galena. 5 LEAD-ORE DEPOSITS IN MONITEAU AND COLE COUNTIES. Moniteau county has been carefully examined, and was fully reported on by F. B. Meek, in the Missouri Geological Report of 1855, pp. 95 —120. Mr. Meek there either described, or directed the attention to the following localities, in which Lead ores were found: T. 47, RI. 15, Sec. 24. Near a small branch of Howard's Creek. T. 46, R. 15, Sec. 25. (Perhaps what is now known as Klinger Diggings. See the following:) T. 45, R. 14, Sec. 5. On English and Powell's land. T. 45, R. 14, Sec. 17. Worked by English, Saxton and Wells. T. 45, R. 15, Sec. 10. (Now known as the Mineral Point Diggings. See the following:) T. 44, R. 15, Sec. 33. Near Burrows' Fork. T. 44, R. 17, Sec. 12. In the bed of Straight Fork. T. 44, R. 17, Sees. 24 and 25. On Smith's Fork. T. 43, R. 16, Sec. 3. On a branch of Burrows' Fork. T. 43, R. 15, Sec. 17. Near High Point village, and known as the High Point Lead Mine. Descriptions of these various localities will be found on pp. 115 to 119, of Mieek's Report on IlMonitean county. I will add a few remarks in regard to some of these, and describe a few more localities which have since been discovered: Since the publication of Meek's Report, the deposits of Cole county, which will follow those of Moniteau in the present description, have mostly be-n found and opened within the last few years. Most of them probably belong to the Second Magnesian Limestone. - HIGH POINT 1)IGGINGS, T. 43, R. 15 W., Sec. 17, N. E. qr., Moniteau county. Owned by D. C. Sterling, of High Point. For Meek's description and illustration, see pp. 117 to 119, of his Report of Moniteau county. The Mine was opened in 1854 by Harrison, Berthoud & Co., of St. Louis, and worked until 1857. It is said, that when left off, their Circular Mine was 90 feet deep, and 120 feet wide, and that a considerable quantity of Galena was yet in sight, although this deposit was less rich at that depth than at a higher level. At present the Mine is filled with water to the rim, 556 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and used as a pond. It is situated near the lowest point of a high rolling plateau, on a small branch of Burrow's Fork. The debris,, large heaps of which are seen near the Mine, consist of altered Limestone, Chert, fresh and hard Limestone, Galena, Blende and very little Barytes, the latter associated with and surrounding the Galena crystals. It is assumed that a common horse-whim has always been sufficient to keep the Mine clear of water while it was worked. REED DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 15 W., Sec. 12, N. E. qr. of S. W. qr., Moniteau county. Leased by the "Moniteau Mining Company," of California. A shaft was sunk 120 feet deep on a flat, eastern Slope, through No. 1. 15 feet Clay, in which one chunk of Galena was found loose. No. 2. 15 feet broken masses of soft, yellow Magnesian Limestone. No. 3. 30 feet, the same, with large pockets of Galena, also with pockets filled with Barytes and with Clay. No. 4. 30 feet, the same, with smaller pockets of Galena. No. 5. 30 feet, the same, with only occasional traces of Galena. Two other shafts, sunk on the same Slope, were sunk to a depth of 18 and 28 feet, respectively, and did not strike paying deposits. All this work was done early in 1874, and 7,000 pounds of Galena were obtained. The explorations will probably be continued. MINERAL POINT DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 15 W., Sec. 10, N. qr. of N. E. qr., Moniteau county. On a branch of Brush Creek. Meek has described this locality on p. 116; of his Report of Moniteau county. Since then, new developments were made by the Mineral Point Company, of California. One vein of Galena in Limestone, 4- to 2- inches thick, and striking N. and S., has been traced by a number of shafts over a distance of 750 feet,, from the foot to nearly the highest point of the Slope. The Galena is pure and but rarely associated with Barytes. Another vein of the same character, parallel to the former, and about 75 feet east of it has also been traced over several hundred feet.'The shafts struck 6 to 12 feet of Soil and ochrey Clay, with some Sandstone slabs and loose plates of Galena standing upright in the Clay, above and parallel to the veins, the heaviest part turned downward. Below this is 15 to 20 feet yellow or drab-colored, soft Magnesian Limestone, with numerous dendrites, alternating with Chert-layers and with some shaly, clayish Limestone, and containing the Galena veins above described. One shaft was sunk deeper and struck at 30 feet depth, a layer of very hard "glazed" Sandstone. (?) (A gray Quartz rock of light-gray color.) These diggings have been worked since the beginning of the year 1873, with 1 to 3 men. Total production, 15,000 pounds. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 557 BATY DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 15 W., Sec. 4, N. W. qr. of S. E. qr., Moniteau county, on Brush Creek. Owned by the California Mining Company of California, Missouri. Shallow Clay diggings, 5 to 10 feet deep. Worked during two months in 1873, producing 10,000 pounds of Galena. TIFF DIGGINGS, rT. 46, R. 15 W., Sec. 35, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr., Moniteau county. Owned by J. K. Hodge; leased by the California Mining Company. Open quarry on a north-western slope, showing a face about 50 feet wide and 24 feet high, consisting of immense blocks and broken veins of white Barytes between softened, fine-grained Limestone. Galena is found occasionally in small quantity. The veins seem to continue into the depth. One hundred car loads of Barytes have already been taken out. KLINGER DIGGINGS,'T. 47, It. 15 W., Sec. 25, S. W. qr. of S. W. qr., Moniteau county, three miles north-west of Jamestown. Owned by Klinger of California, Mo. Several drifts have been made into the foot of a low ridge, and passed through yellow sandy Clay with some Chert concretions, and with numerous large and small, mostly rounded, masses of Barytes, and in places with some float Galena. The mine has produced nearly fifty car loads of Barytes, and also some Galena has been shipped to Eanes & Berry's Lead furnace. EANES' DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 14 W., Sec. 32, N. half, Moniteau county. Owned by Judge W. H. Eanes, of IRussellville, and Clark Berry, who have also erected an air furnace close to the Diggings. The latter are situated on the northern slope of a high and pretty steep hill. The older Diggings, cnear the summit, had much float Galena in 10 to 15 feet of red Clay, then struck the Limestone with Galena in seams and pockets. Occasionally, some little Barytes is met with in the seams. At present, digging is carried on lower down on the slope, where the red Clay is 15 to 20 feet deep, and also contains considerable quantities of Galena. None, however, has as yet been found in the seams in the rock in these lower diggings. The deposit was discovered eighteen months ago. Total production, nearly 200,000 pounds. At present, it is worked by two to four nen, producing 10,000 to 12,000 pounds of Galena per month. 558 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Eanes & Berry's air furnace is situated at the foot, of the slope, near the Creek. It is of the usual construction, and works almost without interruption, being supplied with Galena from various places in Moniteau and Cole counties. It makes three charges of 1,200 pounds of Galena in 24 hours. Charges of 1,500 and of 2,000 pounds have been tried, but were found disadvantageous in regard to the yield of the ore. The pigs weigh 72 to 80 pounds, and are branded thus: "Moniteau Co. Furnace." DUNLAP DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 13 W., Sec. 5, Cole county, six miles from Centretown. Owned by Dr. M. A. Dunlap, of Centretown. Worked four years ago with two men during twelve months. Production, 20,000 pounds of Galena, found in cavities in the Limestone along a steep slope. WEAVER DIGGINGS, T. 45, R. 14 W., Sec. 25, Cole county, one-half mile from Centretown. Owned by Weaver, of Centretown. Steep eastern slope. A vertical crevice, 2 to 3 feet wide, in the Limestone is filled with Clay and fine Chert with some Galena. All these materials have the appearance of being washed down from above, and red Clay is met with in several places on the hill. A few hundred feet north of this crevice, specks and seams of Barytes are seen in the Limestone. Some work was done in 1873 near the above-mentioned crevice. ELSTON DIGGINGS, T. 45, ZR. 13 W., Sec. 35, Cole county. A short distance from the railroad station at Elston, seams of Galena occur in the Limestone. The locality is now being investigated by mining operations. STREIT DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 14 W., Sec. 2, E. half, Cole county. Owned by Streit and others. Several shafts have been sunk 15 to 25 feet deep. The Suction is as follows: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 6 to 10 feet red Clay with Chert and some Galena. No. 3. 1 to 4 feet white or greenish gray, tough Clay, passing into shaly Clay, shaly Limestone and not shaly but soft Limestone. No. 4. 10 feet broken masses of softened Limestone with broken seams and lumps of Galena, generally with more or less Barytes-the Galena adhering to the Limestone or to oolitic Chert fragments. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 559 The Galena is found in lumps, some of which weigh 200 to 300 pounds, with 1 to l- inch crystals. The Galena found here obtains a fine blue or reddish tint after being exposed some time to atmospheric influence. Worked intermittingly for the past two years by Streit Brothers. Production, about 15,000 pounds of Galena. BoAZ DIGGINGS, T. 43, IR. 14 W., Sec. 2, S. W. qr. of S. W. qr., Cole county. Owned in part by Henderson, in part by Winston; leased by E. D. Boaz. This rich deposit has a nearly circular form and is about 150 feet in diameter, situated near the summit of a flat ridge. Inside the circular outline, loose Galena in red Clay was struck in nearly every place, and in some places very large accumulations of pieces from fist to head size were found, so rich that two men could raise 8,000 to 10,000 pounds per day from some of the shafts. All the richest portions lie in an annular space near the outer line of the deposit, while the central portions yield less. This annular space is from 25 to 50 feet wvide and contained the main part of the float Galena in the red Clay with broken Chert. Several shafts, however, have been sunk deeper and, after passing through 6 to 15 feet of the above-mentioned Clay, etc., struck a circular deposit of Galena in the underlying softened Magnesian Limestone, into which they penetrated 25 to 30 feet, at which depth the Limestone gets less altered and harder, and the Galena seams diminish in number and size. The outer limit of the deposit in the Limestone is formed on the upper or east side at least, by a thick but variable circular seani filled with Galena, and numerous smaller seams run from it towards the centre of the circle, extending from 3 to 10 feet in that direction, but then become very thin or close entirely. As this whole circular deposit gets wider with the depth, it has actually the form of a truncated cone. Some of the seams contain some Barytes besides the Galena, but most of them are free from it. Various kinds of massive and crystallized Cerussite (-"Drybone') are iound occasionally in the Clay, sometimes over 20 feet below the surface. Work commenced at these Diggings on September 1st, 1872, and was carried on very irregularly with a force varying from one to thirty men. The total production amounted to about 600,000 pounds of Galena up to 1May, 1874. 560 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. STEENBERGEN DIGGINGS, AV. hf: Sec. 11, T. 43, R. 14 W., Cole county. Owned by Peter Steenbergen. Some 20 shafts, 12 to 20 feet deep, are sunk in one N. and S. line, down a very flat southern slope. The Galena is found float in the red Clay, associated with much oolitic Chert, as well as between broken masses of softened and altered Limestone. Worked at intervals since spring of 1873, by two men. Production, 25,000 pounds of Galena. HENDERSON- DIGGINGS, S. hf: Sec. 14, T. 43, R. 14 W., Cole county. O wvn ed by widow Henderson. On the edge of a plateau. The Galena, so far as known at present, seems to be confified to an elliptic area of ground, about 80 feet long and 40 feet wide, the main axis lying N. W. and S. E. All the paying shafts are within this limit. They passed through: No. 1. 1 foot cherty Soil, with many long and thin fragmellts of Sandstone. No. 2. 8 to 12 feet red and brown sandy Clay, with Chert and with much loose Galena. The latter is in some places more accumulated than in others. No Barytes accompanies the ore. No. 3. 15 feet softened Limestone, (Calico and Cotton Rock,) with seams of Galena and glazy Chert. The shaly Limestone occurs in places, and is generally very rich and full of Galena seams. Calcite is sometimes found. Worked irregularly since 1871. Total production about 60,000 pounds. ENLOE DIGGINGS, N. E. qr. of S. W. qr. Sec. 15, T. 43, R. 14 W., Cole county. Owned by Ben. S. Enloe. Situated on a western slope. The main strike of the deposits is N. E. and S. W. The shafts are 25 to 30 feet deep, and reach the ore at about this depth. The General Section is: No. 1. 15 to 25 feet Soil and Clay, with Chert. No. 2. 2 to 3 feet "' Cap Rock," shaly Limestone. No. 3. 3 feet "Clay openincg." (?) feet "Bed Rock," fine-grained, massive Limestone. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 561 No boulders nor broken masses are generally met with. One deep shaft was sunk on the top of the hill, and passed through: No. 1. 3 feet Soil. No. 2. 4 feet Clay, with Chert. No. 3. 6 feet yellow and red Clay. No. 4. 4 feet " Cap Rock." No. 5. 4 feet opening, filled with Clay, Galena and Barytes. No. 6. 22 feet Limestone, fine.grained, with specks of Galena. No. 7. 3 feet "second opening," yellow, gray, partly bituminous Clay, without ore. (?) feet hard Limestone. These Diggings have been worked at intervals since January, 1872. Total production estimated at over 300,000 pounds. At present they are worked very steadily with 3 to 8 men, the production being between 5,000 to 10,000 pounds of Galena per month. DOOGAN DIGGINGS, S. E. qr. of S. W. qr. Sec. 15, T. 43, R. 14 W., Cole county. On old Chouteau lands. Some residents, however, have tax titles on various portions. The Diggings are on a S. E. slope. A run of loose Galena in red and yellow Clay, with both hard and rotten Chert fragments. Strikes about E. to W. Galeniferous cavities in the soft Limestone are connected with it. Worked the last 2 to 3 months with two men. Production 25,000 pounds of Galena. EUREKA SCOTT DIGGINGS, S. E. qr. of N. E. qr. Sec. 23, T. 43, R. 14 W., owned by the Eureka Mining Company; and S. W. qr. of N. E. qr., owned by the Pioneer Mining and Smelting Company. Both companies are mining different portions of one and the same deposit, situated in the south-west corner of Cole county, one mile north of Pratt's Mill, on Brush Creek. The deposit is circular, and each company owns about one-half of it. It lies near the southern edge of a broad ridge. Fig. C gives a vertical section through the centre of the' circle," and is principally intended to show the distribution of the ore in the circle, and the relative position of the whole deposit to the surrounding strata of softened Limestone. G s-36 562 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The circle has a diameter of 110 feet at the upper edge of the deposit, and widens out conically so as to reach a diameter of about 130 feet at a depth of 65 feet. The surrounding, somewhat altered Limestone, is plainly stratified with a dip toward the north. The same stratification'and dip can be observed in the least altered central portions of the deposit. The conical wall is in some places very marked, and has then a seam of Galena adhering to it. In other places, it is less distinct. Seams of G(alena extend sometimes from the wall into the surrounding strata outside. Inside of the wall the whole mass of rock is strongly altered and broken, and mixed, especially near the wall,-where also by far the largest masses of Galena are found in broken veins and irregular pockets associated with Barytes. This rich district along the wall, is the richest on the south side, and is there 15 feet wide in the average, although very variable, as is to be,een from the sketch. In some places, the fifth part, or 20 per cent. of the whole mass is Galena. On the north side this rich district is only about 5 feet wide, and contains 5 to 10 per cent. of Galena. The whole central portion of the deposit is broken up into large blocks, with thin and thick broken Galena seams, but is much less rich than the district along the wall. The mining operations have been carried to a depth of 65 feet. Explorations made into a greater depth have shown that the rock becomes harder, less altered, and less broken, and contains much less Galena, either in single seams or locally in a disseminated form; also as sheets between the strata. Barytes occurs in large quantity with the Galena, in this deposit, in thick, broken veins, sometimes 5 to 8 inches wide. The Galena seams also reach a thickness of 4 and 5 inches, and crystals are found of 3 inches diameter. Some little Zinc Blende occurs occasionally with the Galena and surrounded with Barytes. It seems to increase somewhat in quantity with the depth. The Eureka Mining Company has all the cleaning and washing of the ore done by hand, and smelts its ore in its own Eureka airfurnace, located at a short distance from the mine. The Company also buys ore from the Boaz and other Diggings, and has smelted near 500,000 pounds of Galena within six months. The Pioneer Mining and Smelting Comjpany has the cleaning of the coarser lumps of Galena (" block mineral ") done by hand, while all the ore much mixed with Barytes or Limestone is crushed, jigged and washed in a small but elaborate ore-dressing establishment, erected near Pratt's Mill, close to the Pratt's Mill Air-furnace, owned by the same Company. This establishment, which seems to do good service, contain two cast-iron rollers for crushing, a chain-pump for hoisting, LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 563 two large double jigs, and a rotary hearth for washing, all driven by a moveable steam engine. This establishment produces from 1000 to 2700 pounds of Galena in 10 hours. The furnace smelts the cleaned Galena. As regards the production of the Eureka Scott Diggings, I owe the following statements to Mr. C. Norfleet, of the Eureka Company and to Mr. Hacker, local superintendent of the Pioneer Company: The Eureka Company produced, from January 27, until September 12, 1873, about 267,000 pounds of clean Galena, 8 to 10 men being at work pretty steadily. The Pioneer Company produced from this mine, in the year 1872, which was the best year: Large, hand-cleaned Galena ("bllock mineral ")..................... 337,000 pounds. Adding to this the amount of Galena washed out of the "wash-dirt," at the dressing establishment, estimated at about.................................................................... 150,000 pounds. The total production in 1872 was.......................... 487,000 pounds. At present the Pioneer Company employ 7 men, producing 1125 pounds of Galena per day, the " wash-dirt" not included, which may contain 200 to 250 pounds more daily. The Eureka Scott Diggings were first opened in August, 1871, and their total production during the last 2~ years, from both companies. together, may amount to about 2,000,000 pounds of Galena. WHITE'S DIGGINGS, T. 43, IR. 14 WV., Sec. 25, Cole county, owned by J. ID. White, of Jefferson C(ity. Worked since March, 1873, with the purpose of investigating the ground. Worked at present with 3 men. Total production estimated at 5,000 pounds of Galena. WVINNUP DIGGINGS, 1'. 43, R. 14 W., Sec. 25, Cole county, ~ mile south-east of Pratt's Mill, owned by D. Winnup. It has been worked during the past 3 years. Production estimated at 75,000 pounds of Galena. Not worked at present. JUNGMIEYER DIGGINGS, T. 44, R. 13 W., Sec. 29, N. W. qr., Cole county, a few hundred yards from Fluegel's house, north-west of Stringtown. Some holes, 6 to 8 564 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. feet deep, were dug in a small water-run, in fine broken Chert, Sand and Clay, and 2 to 3000 pounds of loose Galena, small and large, were raised. Not worked now. There are indications of Galena on several other points in that neighborhood. RAPP DIGGINGS, T. 43, R. 13 W., Sec. 3, N. W. qr., Cole county,'close to G. Rapp's house, near Stringtown. Small, loose Galena was at first found in a small ravine, at the foot of a flat south-western Slope. Several Shafts, 12 feet deep, were sunk on the Slope, penetrating through Soil, with broken Sandstone, red Clay, with some Chert-fragments and float Galena, without any Barytes. This Clay was 3 to 5 feet thick. The Galena is generally from pea to fist-size, and frequently coated. Below the Clay broken masses of altered, soft Limestone, with brown specks and dendrites, and in places thick seams of Galena was struck. One shaft is being sunk deeper. This locality has been worked at intervals for 2 years. Total production about 40,000 pounds of Galena. BLOCKBERGER DIGGINGS, T. 43, R. 13 W., Sec. 3, Cole county, 4 mile east of Rapp's, owned by Adam Blockberger. Many shallow holes are dug on a fiat, western Slope. They met with yellow Clay below the Soil, and pieces of Sandstone, and of softened, colored Chert, the latter apparently passing into the yellow and red Clay. Loose Galena in the Clay, and numerous fragments of oolitic Chert in Soil and Clay. Worked irregularly during the past year. Production estimated at 10,000 pounds. Several other places in the vicinity and south of Stringtown have a very favorable appearance. FOWLER DIGGINGS, Near Brazito, Cole county. BELCHI DIGGINGS, T. 42, R, 13 W., 3 miles east of Smith's Circle, (see fol.,) Cole county. GOETZ DIGGINGS, T. 42, RI. 12 W., on Bois Brule Creek, Cole county. SMIITH'S CIRCLE, T. 42, R. 13 W., Sec. 28, N. E. qr. of S. E. qr., Cole county, formerly worked by Clark & Eaton, and afterward by E. W. Gaty, of St. Louis. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 565 The shafts are now filled with water. A reliable informant describes these Diggings as constituting a true "circle," or circular deposit, 120 feet in diameter. The only portion rich enough to pay for mining was along the outline, on an annular space of ground of the above exterior diameter, and 15 feet wide. The diameter grew somewhat larger with the depth. But at 20 feet depth the galeniferous portions ran out into an annular edge, pointing downward, and a shaft sunk by Mr. Gaty, 75 feet deep, into the solid Limestone, did not reach another galeniferous stratum. Smith's Circle is said to have produced very heavily, some say about 1,000,000 pounds of Galena. CENTRAL DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 13 W., Sec. 21, S. E. qr., Cole county, close [to the southern county line, owned by Squire M. H. Belcher, of Locust Mound. At the north-western foot of a hill a crack in the Limestone, containing Clay and loose Galena, was followed horizontally about 30 feet, by a ditch on the surface. Finally a small cave was reached filled with red Clay, yellow Ochre, Chert-concretions, concretions of Pyrites, partly convertedinto Limonite, and much float Galena. Near the summit of the same hill a shaft was sunk through yellow Clay and Chert, struck the Limestone at 20 feet, and followed a " chimney " or vertical cavity full of. red Clay, with much loose Galena. These Diggings have only been worked since 1873. The lower place furnished about 4000, the upper 3000 pounds of Galena. 6. LEAD ORE DEPOSITS IN MILLER, OSAGE AND MARIES COUNTIES. The Osage River divides Miller county into nearly equal halves, the northern of which contains valuable Lead districts, the southern a rich Iron district. In a few exceptional places only is Lead ore found south, and in a few others Iron ore is met with north of the Osage River. 1Most of the Galena deposits of Miller county seem to belong to the Second Magnesian Limestone. Osage county is, as far as known at present, more an Iron than a Lead county. Lead ore having been discovered exclusively in a small portion of the south-western corner of the county. Lead ore is also found in the western half of Maries county, and some deposits have been opened lately with good success. Miller county has two Leadsmelting furnaces, namely: the Pioneer and the Grassroot furnace. 566 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HOFF DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 13 W., Sec. 6, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr,, Miller county. Owned by R. B. Hoff. These diggings are situated close to the northern boundary of the county, 4 mile south-east of the Central Diggings above described, on a broad and flat north-western hill-spur, between two small ravines. Galena was first discovered in the year 1872, as loose pieces in the western ravine. By digging on the slope north-east of this place, a crevice was discovered striking S. W. N. E., connected with numerous chimneys and caves in the Limestone, which contained loose Galena in red and yellow Clay. The shafts sunk on this crevice passed through 20 to 30 feet of Clay with Chert concretions, then struck the Limestone and followed the cavities on the surface of the latter to an additional depth of' 10 to 20 feet. The Limestone is finegrained, more or less altered and soft, and often speckled with dendritic oxides of Iron. Some crystalline Calcite was found with the ore, but no Barytes. A crevice, striking at a right angle to the one above mentioned was afterward discovered, and by being followed led to the discovery of another crevice parallel to the first, and 120 to 130 feet distant from it, running across the summit of the spur, S. W. N. E., and not unlikely in some relation to a cave existing near the eastern ravine and situated in the prolongation of this second crevice. The latter also is connected with galeniferous cavities in the Limestone. A few hundred yards south of these Lead diggings, on the upper part of the western ravine, a Limonite deposit is observed on the surface, consisting of fragments of good, stalactitic, partly hard, partly ochrey Limolite, one to two feet in diameter, extending about 50 feet along the ravine on both sides. The Lead diggings have been worked by two men since 1872, with interruptions, and produced fiom that time until May, 1874, 21,000 pounds of Galena. CLAY DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 14 W., Sec. 15, N. W. qr., Miller county. These diggings, which were known for some time past, have taken a great start of late, as I am informed, and are now worked steadily with 10 to 12 men, with excellent success. MCMILLAN DIGGINGS, T. 42, R. 14 W., Sec. 35, Miller county. Owned by McMillan & Hill. They are situated on high, nearly level ground, and extend about 150 LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 567 feet from north to south, and 80 feet east to west. The Galena was found 12 to 15 feet deep, loose in the Clay, and again in cavities in the Limestone. The latter lies from 10 to 25 feet below the surface, is altered and soft and in places contains thin seams of Galena. Some Barytes occurs near the northern end of the deposit. The diggings were worked with interruptions by a few men from 1870 until 1873, and have produced about 200,000 pounds of Galena. WALKER DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 5, N. W. qr., Miller county. Owned by the Pioneer Mining and Smelting Company. J. W. Conlogue of St. Louis, President. These diggings, which are the richest so far discovered in Miller county, occupy a pretty extensive district on both sides of a branch of Saline Creek, which branch flows from north to south. On the west side of this branch a hill slope, called Anderson Hill, is covered with holes and shafts which are said to have produced 400,000 pounds of Galena. On the eastern slope we find the old diggings on the so-called Jew's-harp Hill, extending south across a ravine to the north-west slope of the adjacent hill. Their total production is estimated at 200,000 to 300,000 pounds. They join toward the north those diggings which are worked at the present time and whose total production so far may be estimated at a minimum of 200,000 pounds. These latter diggings are spread to some extent over the slope of a hill-spur. Their best and principal part, however, consists in a row of shafts sunk on the slope in an east to west direction. These shafts followed a crevice in the altered rocks and were very productive. The uppermost shafts, sunk on the summit of the spur, struck finally a very large circular deposit which is being worked at present. The shafts passed through about: No. 1. 3 feet of Soil. No. 2. 6 feet of fractured Chert layers, with Chert Sand. No. 3. 10 feet Clay, with Chert fragments. No. 4. 15 feet hard, bluish crystalline, Magnesian Limestone, porous, owing to numerous denticulated cavities throuoghout the whole mass. This rock exists here in fissured layers. Below it a very large circular "opening " was struck, 30 to 40 feet wide above and getting rapidly wider with the depth and filled with loose, soft and wet red Clay (" tallow Clay,") in its upper part, while the lower part was filled with broken down masses of Limestone more or less altered and softened, mostly angular, with broken veins and seams of Barytes and Galena through and between them. Large cavities between the broken 568 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. masses are filled with red Clay. The whole mixture contained in its main portion 5 to 10 per cent. of Galena, mostly in thick slabs and chunks. The excavation has now reached a depth of 85 feet, at which depth the deposit has a diameter of nearly 80 feet. The walls are in some places very marked and cut off the Galena; in other places, however, thick seams of Galena run into the pretty hard wall rock. Some of these have been followed to a distance of over 30 feet. Seams of Galena also extend into a greater depth, but the rock seems then to get harder and. more solid. Copper Pyrites or cupriferous Iron Pyrites, and some Malachite are often found associated with the Barytes. The Galena is always deposited directly on the Limestone, and the Barytes fills the spaces left and thus surrounds the Galena. Fine, transparent, colorless crystals of Barytes, J- of all inch long and -J inch thick are occasionally met with in drusy cavities. The Walker Diggings have been worked for about three years. Miller is said to have discovered the Galena on Walker's land. Walker sold the land in 1872 to Fox, and the latter shortly after sold it to the Pioneer Company, about 100 acres. The figures stated above may give an approximate idea of the total production, which can not be far from 1,000,000 pounds. The present production from the circular deposit which is the only portion now being worked and in which 7 men are steadily occupied, is somewhat over 4,000 pounds weekly. The Galena is smelted in the Pioneer air furnace, situated in T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 25, N. W. qr., Miller county, on Saline Creek, 6 miles south-east of the Walker mines. This furnace is also owned by the Pioneer Mining and Smelting Company. BLACKBURN DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 10, N. E. qr., Miller county. Owned by Bill Blackburn. They extend over several acres of ground on a rather fiat, easttern Slope. The Galena exists loose in red Clay at shallow depths, and also in long subteranean water channels (caves.) The production has been quite large for some time. TEMPLE E. BELL DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 2, S. WV. qr., Miller county. 0 wned by K. G. Martin, of Tuscumbia. Old Diggings, not worked at present. CURTEY DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 11, N. E. qr. of N. W. qr., Miller county. In litigation between D. M. Curtey and the Pioneer Company. They are considered as good diggings. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 569 FLETCHER RYAN DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 10, S. E. qr., Miller county. Much Galena is said to have been raised here in 1873. HACIKNEY DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 14 W., Sec. 14, S. W. qr. of N. E. qr., Miller county, 5 miles from Tuscumbia. Owned by Wesley A. Hackney. The diggings are on both slopes of an E. W. ridge. The greatest number of shafts are at present on the southern Slope, the surface of which is strongly wavy. The shafts generally pass through No. 1, 3 feet Soil, with fragments of Sandstone, No. 2. 3 to 15 feet yellow Clay and broken Chert. No. 3. 6 feet " cap-rock," altered Magnesian Limestone, in places shaly. No. 4. 2 to 10 feet red, tallow-clay, with loose Galena and often much fine Chert. No. 5. 10 to 25 feet "Sand boulders," broken masses of half disintegrated Magnesian Limestone, with broken seams of Galena, with more or less Barytes. The solid, Limestone has not been reached as yet. The depth of the shafts varies from 10 to 50 feet. The diggings occupy an area of about 800 feet long and 400 feet wide. They have been worked since March, 1872, but more actively since February, 1873. The production is very irregular and very different in different places. In one of the richest places 3 men obtained 100,000 pounds of Galena in 14 months. The total production until May, 1874, may be estimated at 300,000 lbs. About 270,000 pounds were raised since February, 1873. FrommJanuary till May, 1874, 15 men were at work in the average, and produced about 120,000 pounds of Galena, or 30,000 pounds per month. The Galena is smelted partly in the Grassroot, partly in the Pioneer, and partly in Eanes & Berry's furnaces. GRAssRooT DIGGINGs. T. 41, R. 14 W., Secs. 23 and 26. Miller county. Owned by James J. Blackburn. The principal diggings are situated on all sides of a pretty steep and high hill. The shafts are, however, the most numerous on the north-eastern Slope. Nearly all of them struck loose Galena in red Clay, at depths from 10 to 20 feet. On the upper part of the north-eastern Slope, a shaft was sunk to a depth of 80 feet, and passed through 25 feet of Clay, so rich in Galena, that 100,000 pounds were raised. The shaft then struck solid Limestone with occasional seams 570 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and specks of Galena, and penetrated 55 feet into it, until it struck a Chert-layer. As the Galena was very scarce, and the work not paying, the exploration was stopped for the present. Slabs of Sandstone occurs on the surface of the south-western Slope of the hill. These diggings have been worked since 2 years ago, and have produced about 500)000 pounds of Galena. The latter is smelted in the Grassroot-air Furnace, erected in the vicinity of the diggings, and owned. by Blackburn and Johnson. The pig-lead is shipped per boat down the Osage River, and from Osage City by rail to St. Louis. WILLIAMSON DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 13 W., Secs. 7 and 8, Miller county. CAPP'S DIGGINGS, T. 40, R. 13 W., Sec. 12, N. W. qr., Miller county. Near Humphey's. Creek, south of the Osage River. Owned by King & Kirby, of Jefferson City. Leased by Capp's and others. The Diggings lie alonga south-western Slope, near the summit of a high, steep ridge. Large outcrops of Magnesian Limestone may be observed below the diggings on the same Slope. The Slope round the diggings is covered by a cherty Soil, below which red Clay with float Galena is found. This galeniferous Clay extends also into both horizontal and vertical cavities in the Limestone. Sheets and seams of Galena, in hard Limestone, are also met with, but too thin to pay. The Galena is often found adhering to broken oolitic Chert. I noticed some Calcite, but no Barytes, associated with the Galena. These diggings are said to have been worked, from time to time, during the last 20 years. They are worked at present with 2 to 3 men, irregularly. The total production is estimated at 30,000 to 40,000 pounds, of which 10,000 to 12,000 pounds were taken out in 1873. A few hundred yards north of the Capp's Diggings, in T. 40, R. 12 W., Sec. 7, near the summit of the same ridge, on the opposite Slope, specular ore is seen in loose pieces on the surface, together with Chert-conglomerates, and with ferruginous Sandstone and some Limonite. JONES' DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 13 W., Sec. 36, S. hf. of S. E. qr., Miller county, south of Osage River. Owned by Lewis Jones. Leased by Charles Himrod, I am informed that these diggings were worked with good success in spring and summer of 1873. 'LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 571 SUGAR CREEK DIGGINGS, T. 41, R. 11 W., Sec. 17, near centre, Osage county, on Sugar Creek, south of the Osage River. This locality is mentioned in G. C. Broadhead's Report on Osage county. (See Reports of Mo. Geo'l Sur. 1855 and 1871, p. 34.) Some work has been done there since by the Pioneer Mining and Smelting Company, which also built an air-furnace called the Sugar Creek Furnace in that vicinity, near Scheiler's ferry. Neither the diggings nor the furnace are at present in operation. WILLIAMS' DIGGINGS, T. 39, R. 10 W. On upper Maries Creek, Maries county. This locality was opened in the spring of 1874, and is said to be now worked successfully. CERISMAN DIGGINGS, T. 40, R. 11 W., Sec. 34, N. W. qr., Maries county. This place is mentioned and described in G. C. Broadhead's Report on Maries county. (See Mo. Geo'l Reports 1855 and 1871, p. 22.) Another occurrence of Galena in Maries county is there mentioned in T. 41, R. 11 W., Sec. 20, S. E. qr. E. LIST OF LEAD ORE DEPOSITS AND OF LEAD SMELTING FURNACES. A. DEPOSITS. DIGGINGS. SECTION. *______________________-'- I ______ ____ __ *____ _ Saline County. Miarmaduke............................................19 49 19 W. Cooper County. Old Scott.................................... ne qr 26 49 19 W. Collins....................................................... se qr sw qr 19 49 18 W. 572 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Deposits-Continued. DIGGINGS. SECTION. c - Benton County. White....................................................... nw qr sw qr 28 39 21 W. Gustka............................................ nw qr sw qr 28 39 Hooper.................................................... ne qr sw qr 2 39 22 W. Deer Creek................................. e hf se qr 6 39 20 WV. Cole Camp.................................................... ne qr ne qr 32 42 21 W. Hickory County. Carter sw qr ne qr 18 38. 21 W;ET. Carter.......................................................... sw qr ne qr 18 38 21%~. Barytes...................................................... ne qr se qr 18 38' Stearn's........................................... se qr se qr 18 38' Daniels'..................................................... ne qr 13 38 22 W. Brown.......................................... sw qr se qr 12 38 " Camden County. Ferry.................n....................................... nwqr 5 and ne qr 6 38 16 WV. {Murphy...................................... 36 39 17 W. Thomas....................................................... 21 39 16 VW. Anderson..................................................... se qr sw qr 35 39 1' Bruin......................................................... se qr 27 39 6 Dayton Williams......................................... Inw qr 34 39 " Fielding Clark............................................... 33 37 4 Morgan County. Johnson-Davidson........r 26...................40 17 W.. e hf nw qr 26 ond........................................................ sew qr sw qr 16 40 17W. Jaary..................................... e hf ne qr 16 January........................................................ e hf ne qr 11 40 Granby Company's..................................... hf 30 41 16 W. Indian Creek............................................... ne qr 26 41 17 W. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 573 Deposits-Continued. DIGGINGS. SE:CTION. W Morgan County-Continued. Doph.......................................................... w hf e hf 18 41 16 W. adole........................................................ sw qr nw qr 8 41 C Kelsey........................................................ se qr se qr 5 41 Strong.................................................... w qrnw qr 27 42 " O'Brien......................................... 17 41 17 W. O'Brien................................................... 24 41 18 W, Brushy........................................................ se qr 12 41 " Gray Horse.................................................. ne qr n qr 13 41 New Joplin............................................... se qr nw qr 13 41 Caldwell..................................................... ne qr ne qr 14 41 Blow................................................. sw qr 23 41' WVild Cat............................................... nw qr sw qr 12 41'' Proctor......W................................... qr 29 41'| Proctor........................................................ 30 41 Wilson............ w hf se qr 12 41 19 W., Buffalo...................................... se qr nwq r 1 41 " Potter No. 2...................................... nw qr 31 42 s18 MV Wolf Den.................s............................... sw qr 30 42 " Ferguson................................................ sw qr 28 42 Simmons...................................................... se qr se qr 20 42'' Clark.......................................................... se qr sw qr 21 2 42 Potter No. I............W......... qr sw qr 21 42'' Stover...................................................... sw qr nw qr 21 42 Argenbright........................................ se qr n11W cr 18 42 Fair.........................................se qr ne qr 18 42'' MIerritt................................... sw qr sw qr 23 42'' Neilson................................ nw qr ne qr 6 41 17 W. 7Wyant Spring..................................... se qr nw qr 32 42 ~74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Deposits-Continued. DIGGINGS. SECTION. Morgan County-Continued. Schultze......................n................. ne qr ne qr 33 42 17 W. Spurlock.................................................... nw qr se qr 24 42 " Townley.................................................... nw qr nw qr 23 42 G-unn..ne.................. ne qr nw qr 23 42 AiMoland.............................................. n hf 22 42 New Granby..................................... se qr sw qr 9 42 CGumn Spring............................................. se qr 8 42 African.................................................. nw qr ne qr 85 42 African............................................ se qr sw qr 5 42 42 African...................................................... sw qr se qr 5 42'' Versailles.................................................... e qr sw qr 5 42 Gabrielle.................................... nw qr lie qr 17 43 18 W. Perry Ross................................................. sw qr 10 43'" Price Mill..................................................... e hf se qr 35 44 19 W. Otten.................................. centre 36 44 4' Stocku.......................................... nwqrsw qr25 | 44q 6 Trim Springs................................................ se qr ne qr 19 45 18 W. Wear............................................ se qr 34 45 19 WV. Zollinger......................................... sw qr 34 45 s Zollinoer................................ ne qr 34 45 Cordray.................................................... nw qr sw qr 22 45 Edwards...................................... se qr se qr 15 45'6 Excelsior...no................... ne qr lne qr 19 43 16 W. Moniteauz County. iigh Point....no................................ ne qr 17 43 15 VW. Reed..................................... ne qr sw qr 12 45 Mineral Point........................ near centre 10 45 I LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 575 Deposits-Continued. DIGGI~NGS. SECTIO~N. Q Moniteau County-Continued. Baty......................................................... nw qr se qr 4 45 15 W. Xlinger....................................................... sw qr sw qr 25 47 " Eanes................................................. w hf 32 44 14 W. Cole County. Dunlap............................................. 5 44 13 ~W. WVeaver.............................................. 1 25 45 14 Wr. Elston............................. 35 45 13 W. -treit............................. e hf 2 44 14 W..Boaz...w qr........ s w qr 2 43 " Steinbergell............................................. hf 11 43 13endes n............................q...............n... r swhf 14q la 43 Enloe..........................................................I ne qr sw qr 15 43 Doogoan....................................................... se qr sw qr 15 43 Eu reka-Scott.............................................se qr nw qr 23 43 W intup............................................... 25 43 Jungmeier............1.W.......................... nw qr 29 44 13 W. Rapp.............................................. nw qr 3 43 4' Blockberger..................................... nw qr 3 43 Fowler...................e............................. near Brazito... Belch........................................................... 3 miles east of Smrith's circle.................... 42 13 W. iGoetz........................................................... on Bois Brule Creek 42 12 VW. Smith's Circle......... ne qr se qr 28 42 13 W. Central................................................ se qr 21 42 576 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. De2posits-Conltinued. DIGGINGS. SECrTION. Ml;igler County. Hoff:.......................................................... ne qr ne qr 6 41 13 VW. Clay............................................................ w qr 15 42 14 W. eCiilln 5ll 4............................................ 35 42 " W alker........................................................ e lf niw qr 5 41 Blackburn......e................................ ne qr 10 41'' Temple E, Bell............................................. sw qr 2 41 Curtey...,.........................whf 11 41 Fletcher Ryan............................................. se qr 10 41'' Hackney..................................................... sw qr ne qr 14 41 Grassroot...... 23 and 26 41 Williamson....................................... 7 and 8 41 13 W. Capps...........................................................! iw qr 12 40 " Jones...................................................s...q 36 41 Jones.se qr 36 41' Osage County. Sugar Creek......................................... ear centre 17 41 11 Maliaies County. W Villiams.......................o...... on upper 3aries Creek 39 10 W. Chrisman............................q.................. nw qr 34 40 11 W. LEAD REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. 577 B. FURNACES. FulRNACES. SECTION. Saline Ciounty. Marimaduke Air Furnace......................... 19 49 19 W. Coopecr Coeunty. Old Scott Air Fturnace...................,... 206 49 19 W. CollinsAir Furnace. (Brand: "C.& Co., AMo.")! 19 49 18 TW. Cramden County. Linn Creek Air Furnace.............25 39 17 W, M'organ County. I Clark's Air urnace..................1.........42 18 W. Bond's Air Furnace.................................. 16 40 17 W. WVyant Spring Air Furnace.........3.............2 42 Handlin Air Furnace............................. 9 42 Buffalo Air Furnace..................................... 1 41 19 W. Otterville Air Furnace..................... 21 45 "' O'Brien's Scotch Hearth............................... 17 41 17 V. iMfoniteauz County. Eanes e& Berry Air Furnace......................... w f 32 44 14 W. Cole County. Eureka Air Furnace...................................... se qr nw qr 23 43 14 W. Pratt's Mill Air Furnace.............. ne qr 26 43 "' MJfillel County. Pioneer Air Furnace.................................... uw qr 25 41 14 W. Grassroot Air Furnace................................. se qr sw qr 23 41',. s —37 CHAPTER XXXIII. PRACTICAL RULES FOR JUDGING OF AND FOR DEVELOPING DEPOSITS OF IRON ORE IN MISSOURI. BY ARDOLF SCHMIDT, PH. D. in the perusal of my treatise on the Iron ores of Missouri, contained in the Geological Reports for 1872 of this State, it has been noticed undoubtedly that, generally speaking, no practical conclusions for the miner or smelter were drawn in that treatise from the observed geological facts, and from the results of the numerous chemical analyses, and that it Was avoided even to draw such conclusions in places where they would have come in naturally. The reason of this is that I had intended to spare all the practical results, as much as possible, for two separate chapters; one for the miner or land owner, and another for the smelter, which chapter were to be appended to, and to conclude the treatise. As the time allowed to me last year for preparing my report was too limited to enable me to add thtse chapters, I will now present them to the public. The one will give practical rules for judging of, and for developing deposits of iron ore in the State, the other will treat of the metallurgical properties of the Missouri Iron ores. The former will be principally based on the observations contained in Division C, the latter on results contained in Division B of my report of 1872. As that report gives all the data required for the following considerations, many readers, having already drawn the proper conclusions from these data, will not find anything new in these two chapters. However, considering the exaggerated views often held by practical miners, regarding subterranean treasures, consider MISSOURI IRON DEPOSITS. 579 ing the great excitement, well excusable in itself, and the consequent confusion of judgment of many land owners, when they discover some useful mineral on their property, considering, finally, how much capital may be, and how much really has been spent uselessly by injudicious " prospecting," these lines certainly will not appear superfluous The observations by which the character and extent of unopened deposits of Iron ore in Missouri may be ascertained or estimated with a greater or less degree of safety, from their exterior appearance, must refer principally to the following points:' 1. Character of the ore. 2. Size, shape and extent -of the surface ore, or of the outcrops. 3. Character, shape and extent of the associate rocks. 4. General geological position. 5. Geographical and topographical position of the deposit. 1. CHARACTER OF THEE ORE. A careful determination of the character of the ore is of great importance, not only because it is one of the elements necessary to judge of the character and extent of the deposit, but also, in a more immediately economical point of view, because it gives an approximate idea of the value of the ore itself. The chemical analyses published in last year's report show that the specular ores of Missouri are uniformly very pure, regarding Sulphur, Phosphorus and other injuri-.ous ingredients; the red Hematites less so, and the Limonites less than the latter. In the same way as the impurities increase the per centage of metallic Iron decreases in these ores. In the great aver-.age it may be said that: Specular ores contain.................................................... 65 1 I Per cent. of Red l ematites contain................................................... 60 - I metallic Iron. Lismonites contain............................................................ 55 J We see that there is a descending scale of value from the Specular, through the Red, down to the Brown or Limonite ores. The difference in value of these ores is, from certain metallurgical reasons, considerably greater than it would appear from the above figures. I have explained on pp. 50 to 52 of my former report how these three kinds of Iron ores may be generally recognized and practically distinguished from each other by their color, streak and hardness, in brief thus: 580 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Table. I COLOR. STREAK. HARDNESS. Specular ore....................... Dark bluish-gray.$ Dark-red............ Scarcely to bet scratched with a knife. Red Hematite........................ Red to reddishgray............... Light-red............ More or less easi-. ly scratched with a knife. Limonite............................. ellowish-brownl. Yellowish-brown Scarcely to bescratched with a knife. With the help of this simple table, it will be possible, in most cases, to determine and distinguish Missouri Iron ores. In comparing: several specimens of the same kind of ore with each other, darker color, darker streak, greater hardness and weight are indications of greater richness in metallic Iron. For obtaining a correct view on the character of an ore bank, it is often important to determine the origin of the various ores which origin may be a different one for the same kind of ore in different. localities. Such determinations are, however, sometimes very difficult and have to be made with great care.'he following rules may guide in them: SPECULAR ORE May have originated either in Porphyry or in Silurian Sandstone. The ore from the Porphyry is mostly very hard and compact; that from the Sandstone can generally, with some effort, be scratched with a knife, and is full of small, irregular cavities and cracks, so small sometimes as to be hardly perceptible with the naked eye. As the Specular ore from Porphyry has not, so far, been found in stalactitic forms, the presence of such forms is an indication that a certain specular surface ore has originated in the Sandstone. As the Sandstone ore undergoes transformations into soft, red Hematite and into Limonite, neither of which transformations has been observed taking place with the Porphyry ore, the occurrence of red ore, or of Limonite, together with the Specular, shows that the latter originated from and perhaps rests on the Sandstone. We shall see in the following portions of this chapter how important it is, in valuing an ore bank, to ascertain facts as those just mentioned. MISSOURI IRON DEPOSITS. 581 RED HEMATITE'Occurs in Missouri either as a product of alteration from specular ore or as an apparently original mineral in the carboniferous formation. These two kinds, although very similar in color and streak, can -n most cases be readily distinguished from each other. The Red Hematite produced by alteration has always a partly earthy, the carboniferous ore a more stony fracture. While the latter can be scratched with a knife without great difficulty, the former is so soft as to be easily scratched with the-finger nail or crushed between the fingers. The red ore formed by alteration frequently incloses bright crystalline particles, disseminatcd through the red, earthy mass. Whenever this is not the case, this ore is either greasy or clayish to the touch, and often mixed with small flakes of white JClay. None of all these characteristics are ever observed in the carboniferous red ore, which is never crystalline or clayish. Thus their.distinction is easy. When fresh or half decomposed specular ore is found with the red ore, the latter must always be considered as produced by alteration. Although this red ore from alteration is never seen to pass into brown Limonite, and although the carboniferous red ore does this very frequently, the mere presence of Limonite is no proof of the ~carboniferous origin of the red ore, because the same specular ore ~which is transformed into red Hematite under certain circumstances, is under other circumstances changed into Limonite; and, therefore, the red ore and the Limonite may occur together in the same bank without the latter being necessarily produced by an alteration of the former. LIMONITE -May be derived from three different sources: 1. From a transformation of specular ore. 2. From a transformation of carboniferous red Hematite. 3. From original deposits in the Silurian Limestone. These three Limonites can not always be well distinguished from each other. Yet it may be said that nearly all Limonites having a stalactitic or botryoidal structure, and all those associated with pyrites, or existing as pseudomorphs in the crystalline form of pyrites, are original Limonites. When the pores seen in the fracture of dense pieces have the shape of thin cracks with denticulated or slightly ragged outlines, the ore is mostly an altered specular ore. When the:structure is spherulitic, amygdaloidal, or else when it is sponge-like, -the ore is mostly an altered red Hematite. 582 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2. SIZE, SHAPE AND EXTENT OF THE ORE. An untouched ore bank may show the ore either as surface-ore, or as outcrops, or as both surface-ore and outcrops. The larger in size and the more angular in shape the surface-ore is, the greater is the probability of finding a deposit in that vicinity. This probability increases with the greater concentration and accumulation of surface-ore on certain spots. On the other hand, small. rounded surface-ore spread. sparingly over a large area is no sure indication of the presence of a good deposit. Outcrops of solid ore are a more valuable sign than the surfaceore. The thicker, the more extensive, the less rounded and boulder-,like they are the better. Outcrops may have the appearance of veins or of beds, or of rounded pockets or of other irregular deposits. The specular ore alone has so far been found in veins, and then exclusively in Porphyry. But the same ore occurs also in small irregular deposits in Porphyry. The specular ore occurring in Sandstone is found in regular, often very large lenticular pockets of well-defined, irregular basins (?) or elliptical outlines. The carboniferous red Hematite is found in continuous beds with Sand and Sandstones. Original Limonite is always found in very irregular deposits on or in Limestone. Thus, if specular ore is in some locality found in Sandstone, it must be considered as a pocket, according to our present experiences, however closely it may resemble a vein in its surface. If Limonite is found outcropping along the slope of a Limestone hill, it should not be judged as a bed running through the whole hill,, but as an irregular, though possibly large deposit. The mania of seeing veins and beds everywhere has led to great errors and loss of capital within the last few years. 3. CHARACTER, S1HAPE AND EXTENT OF THE ASSOCIATE, ROCKS. In investigating ore-banks, the character of the associate rocks, must be considered of the greatest Importance. I have shown in my report, the relations existing between the different iron ores and rocks. The following facts seem to be well established: Specular ore occurs either with Porphyry or with Sandstone. Red Hematite with Sand or Sandstone. Limonite with Limestone. MISSOURI IRON DEPOSITS. 583 Thus, if you find Specular ore on a Limestone hill, without Sandstone, or else original Limonite on a Porphyry hill, without any Limestone in the immediate vicinity of the ore, the deposit is to be considered as residuary or drifted. If you find a circular accumulation of specular surface ore, surrounded by an annular outcrop of Ferruginous Chert-breccia and of brown Sandstone, the latter getting lighter in color as you move away from the ore,.you may expect to find a good pocket of massive specular ore, extending over the whole interior of the circle, and from one-sixth to one-third as thick as it is wide. If you find no regular outcrop of Chert-breccia or brown Sandstone, but these same materials as loose fragments on the surface, round a circular or elliptic accumulation of specular surface ore, you may yet have considerable confidence in the value of the deposit. If boulders of Specular ore, partially altered into red ore, and showing in other respects the characteristics of that kind of Specular ore which occurs in the Sandstone, are found over the surface of a Porphyry hill, do not expect to find veins of ore in the Porphyry, but consider the deposit as residuary, if not drifted. It will be noticed that in some of the instances just mentioned, the study and determination of the origin of the ore, is of the utmost and even decisive importance for judging of and for mining an ore bank correctly. 4. GEOLOGICAL POSITION. The Sandstone in which Specular ores occur in Missouri, has been found to be the Second (Silurian) Sandstone, which has its place above the Third and below the Second Magnesian Limestone. This fact has been established in all those instances in which the geological position of the ore could be at all determined. The chances for discovering good Specular ore deposits in the strata, are therefore more favorable in this particular Sandstone than in others. This Sandstone is extensively represented in the central part of Southern Missouri. Specular surface ores found on some other Sandstone, or on Limestone, is not so likely to lead to a coherent deposit. That kind of Specular ore which occurs in Porphyry, is mostly found in the vicinity of the flesh-red Porphyry. This color of the rock would therefore somewhat improve the chances. The strata of red Hematite occur in the sub-Carboniferous formation, or in the lower strata of the Coal Measures, and their out-croppings will therefore have to be looked for along the border of the 584 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. North Missouri Coal fields, from Vernon and St. Clair, in a range across the whole State to Lincoln and St. Charles counties. The original Limonite does not seem to be connected with any particular formation, but to occur indiscriminately in almost any Limestone, from the Coal Measures down to the Lower Silurian. The study of the geological formation is, therefore, of less value for judging of Limonite deposits. 5. TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITION. A comparatively elevated position of an ore bank is always a favorable indication. Nearly all the best ore banks occupy such positions. The chances for finding solid and undisturbed deposits are then much greater. A fine show of surface ore in a bottom or in a ravine, or even on the lower portion of a slope, proves sometimes very deceptive, while on high ground it is almost invariably connected, if not with some large deposit, yet with a deposit of some value. 6. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. What I have said (under 4) will show the importance of considering the geographical position of an ore bank in connection with its geological position in certain cases. It is, beside, important under the following point of view: A look on the ore-bank map which accompanies my report of 1872, will show that all the various kinds of ore banks form richer, as well as less rich districts, the former presenting evidently greater advantages to the explorer than the latter. Of the Specular ore deposits in Sandstone, it mnay, moreover, be said that they occur in more or less distinct small groups, generally composed of one or two larger and little disturbed banks, and of some smaller and less regular ones; also, that the largest deposits so far discovered, are centrally located within the central ore region., I mention this however merely as a fact. For there is at present no intelligent reason for supposing that such large deposits could not be found in other parts of the region. As regards the eastern Porphyry district, where the Specular ore partly occurs in veins and beds, it is evident that a deposit situated in the prolongation of the Iron Mountain or Shepherd Mountain veins, or in that of the ore bed on Pilot Knob, would inspire more confidence than one not thus located. All the various points treated of are to be considered not only in estimating the extent and value of untouched deposits of Iron ore.in Missouri, but also in opening and developing them. Much money MISSOURI IRON DEPOSITS. 585 has been and is yet being wasted by inconsiderate or improper mining operations, partly through miners who arrive from other States where the natural conditions of the deposits may be entirely different from those in Missouri, partly by geologists and engineers who work on the basis of obsolete or of false geological theories. Any person who thinks that every stone he finds on the surface of the ground has been -thrown out by a volcano; that every hill owes its existence to an upheaval through subterraneous action, and that all metalliferous minerals have been squeezed into a molten condition from the interior of the earth, must needs conclude that indications of ore on the surface prove the presence of more ore below, and that the deeper one goes the more he must find, because he approaches the source. Such, however, is not the general experience in other States and countries. On the contrary, in by far the most mining districts the ore deposits are limited below or decrease in volume with the depth. Here in Missouri, quite especially, we shall have to accustom ourselves to the idea that the majority of our ore deposits, both Iron and Lead, were brought into that position in which we now find them, by a gradual downward movement, being originally deposited in strata of rocks which have been long since destroyed or dissolved and carried into the rivers and the seas, leaving the less alterable matters, such as flint and ores, behind. We must accustom ourselves to the idea that the ores, in many instances, have come into their present position from above and not from below. If, therefore, we find surface-ore in a valley or over a slope, we have to look for the deposit from which it may be derived, not by a deep shaft at the lowest points, but by examining the ground on the upper part of the slope, and to commence digging at such a spot where either the larger size of the surface-ore or the deeper color of the surface-rocks point towards the existence of a deposit of Iron ore. The nearer the summit of the hill we can find such a place the better are our chances for succees. Again, if we have found a deposit and sunk a shaft through it, and strike a rock below which is either not ferruginous or is getting less so with the depth, and contains no seams of ore leading downward, we may safely stop operations in that direction, instead of going deeper as has been done on the strength of the theory above mentioned, and in the hope of reaching a larger body of ore below. U e see from the above the great practical importance of geological theories. It is certainly not one of the least duties of a State Survey to correct erroneous and practically injurious views on geological subjects. This must be done by the substitution of better 586 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and more natural ones, a process which is neither quick nor easy. For many will rather believe in the most wonderful and supernatural actions and occurrences, than to think one moment that the mechanism of nature might be simple, its ways plain, and its workings, as we may daily observe, smooth and slow, but wondrously steady. METALLURIU CAL PROPERTIES OF MISSOURI IRON ORES. BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH. D. Iron ores are used at the present time, principally, for two purposes namely, for fettling in the puddling process and for the manufacture of pig iron, the latter of which is by far the most important. A good fettling ore must be able to stand a high temperature without cracking and falling to pieces and without smelting. It should therefore not contain much water, nor much Quartz, nor any admixture which would be liable to lower its smelting point, as Alumina, Lime, Magnesia, Alkalies. Neither should it contain much Sulphur or Phosphorus. It should be compact so as not to smelt and to dissolve too rapidly when in contact with the iron-bath in the puddling-furnace. It should finally be neither too brittle nor too tough, so as to be conveniently broken into that shape in which it just happens to be needed for fixing up the puddling-walls. Missouri contains excellent ores for this purpose, especially the Specular ores from Iron Mountain, Shepherd Mountain, and from the Central ore-regions. The last named ores, however, have to be picked,. so as to separate the softest ore and to obtain the hard, unaltered ore as pure as possible. The second and most extensive use made of iron-ores is in the manufacture of pig-iron in blast-furnaces. In taking under consideration the value of iron-ores for this manufacture, we can not say in a general way, which is a better and which a less good ore. But we have to inquire into the special use intended to be made of the pig-iron which we wish to produce. No sufficient attention has been paid as yet, to this subject, by the majority of our western pig-iron manufacturers, and thd opinion yet prevails that a good ore will make good iron, and that good iron can be used for any purpose. This is, however, correct only within cer 588 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. tain limits, while on the other hand, irons which may be generally considered as inferior, may be of superior value for certain purposes. The reason for this is that certain impurities which are injurious for,one purpose, may be beneficial, or even necessary for another purpose. Sulphur, for instance, is required in an Iron good for the manufacture of cut nails and spikes, because it makes the wrought Iron tough when cold, and because the red shortness; it produces, is no great impediment to the manufacture of this speciality. Silicon is required in Bessemer-pig, Phosphorus in foundry-Iron. Scotch-foundry-Iron, for which the highest prices are paid in St. Louis, is one of the most impure Irons made, containing from one to two per cent. of Phosphorus. It is superior for foundry purposes, although entirely unfit for any other use. Another remarkable fact to be mentioned in this connection is this, that the St. Louis Rolling Mills, though having the pure Missouri pig-Irons at their disposition, so to say, in unlimited quantities, have to buy and mix in, impure Eastern brands to make a good Iron-rail. These examples may suffice to show the necessity or usefulness existing for the pig-Iron manufacturer to distinguish between differ-ent ores, and to select and to mix his ores carefully with reference to their composition and properties, as well as to the properties which they are expected to impart to the pig-Iron. The principal uses of pig-Iron are: a. In foundries for making castings. b. In forges and rolling-mills for making wrought-Iron bars, rails, plates, etc. c. In Bessemer works for making rail-Steel, etc. d. In cruciblle Steel works for making tool-Steel, etc. a. Good foundry-iron for remelting has to be in the first place gray and graphitic, and to be fully charged with carbon. It shall contain some Phosphorus, and may contain as much as 2 per cent. of it without serious injury for common castings. It should be as free as possible from sulphur and silicon. The latter can not be avoided in this Iron, because a very gray Iron can only be made at a high temperature, which never fails to reduce silicon in some degree. A very gray coke or Coal-Iron generally contains about 3 per cent. of Silicon. Too much Silicon makes the pig-Iron weak and the castings brittle. The presence of Sulphur in the blast-furnace prevents the complete saturation of the Iron with Carbon, and makes the Iron inclined -to become white, hard and brittle. The ores fit for making a good foundry-iron should be therefore: MIETALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 58' 1. Not too compact so as to be easily reduced and carburized. 2. Non-silicious. 3. Non-sulphuric. 4. Phosphoric. They should be smelted in capacious furnaces, with pure Coke or sulphurless Coal, with a highly heated blast. Very compact or hydrated ores should be calcined. b. i[ill-Iron, or pig-Iron used for the manufacture of wroughtIron in hearths or puddling furnaces, does not need to be gray. It may be the more mottled or white the purer it is in regard to Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulphur, etc. It is evident that whenever the blast-furnace-materials are so pure and good, that a white pig-Iron produced from them, will make a good puddle-bar, it would be an absolute waste of material, labor and time, in the smelting as well as in the puddlingoperation to make a gray forge-iron instead of the white. On the other hand, when the ores and other materials used contain much silica, especially when combined or intimately mixed with the oxides of Iron, or else much phosphorus or sulphur, the pig-Iron will have to be made gray to give a satisfactory product in puddling. Silicon is injurious in bar-iron under all circumstances, making it brittle when cold and inclined to rot in the fire and to crumble under the hammer. Sulphur makes the Iron red-short, that is cracking at the edges when worked at red-heat, but it makes it very tough when cold. Phosphorus makes it cold-short and somewhat brittle, but imparts to it a certain hardness and resistance to wear by friction. Phosphorus also seems to make the wrought Iron hammer and roll smoothly, and, therefore, in a certain measure, and within certain limits, to counteract the bad effects of red-shortness. An Iron may, however, be both red-short and cold-short, when both Phosphorous and Sulphur are present in considerable quantities. Some Sulphur is desirable in Iron to be used for making cut nails, mentioned above. Some Phosphorus is desirable in Iron to be used for heads of nails, because it makes them hard and durable. Nevertheless, with a few exceptions of this kind, these substances must be considered as injurious. A good wrought Iron for ordinary purposes, should not contain over 0.15 per cent. Silicon, 0.15 per cent. Sulphur, 0.20 per cent. Phosphorus. 590 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The amounts admissable in the pig-Iron will depend greatly as its degree of carburization, and on the mode of conducting the refining processes. Generally a mill Iron may contain about 0.2 per cent. Silicon, 0.3 per cent. Sulphur, 0.5 per cent. Phosphorus, Without necessarily producing a puddled Iron of inferior quality. Whether an Iron entirely free from Silicon, Sulphur and Phosphorus, would be the best, is very doubtful, not only because Silicon improves the welding capacity, and because Sulphur increases the toughness -of bar-Iron, but also from the following more mysterious reason: Very pure Irons, with but traces of Phosphorus and Sulphur, are fre-,quently red-short, perhaps owing to an imperfect reduction in the blast-furnace, and a consequent retention of some combined Oxygen during the refining processes, or from some other cause as yet unknown. However this may be, it seems probable that small quanti-. ties of Phosphorus, Silicon and Sulphur. are beneficial to bar-Iron. As,Silica is always contained in the smelting materials, not its absence, but only its excess is to be feared, especially when it is intimately mixed with the ore. Thus the ores adapted to the production of the best mill-Iron:should be 1. Non-silicious, 2. Slightly Sulphuric, 3. Slightly Phosphoric. They should be carburized as little as their general quality will allow, and smelted at a comparatively low heat. The more Sulphur and Phosphorus the fuel and flux contain, the less of these impurities is admissable in the ores. Nearly all the Phosphorus, and on the average about two-thirds of the Sulphur contained in all the smelting materials, enter into the composition of the pig-Iron in the blastfurnace process. The more Limestone is used as flux, and the more basic the slag is, the less Sulphur combines with the Iron. c. Bessemerpig, or pig-Iron to be used in the Bessemer process, must, as a first and indispensable requirement, contain a certain amount of Silicon. About 21 per cent. of it are needed for continued success, unless the Iron contains a considerable per centage of Manganese, in which case, the the Silicon may be less. Phosphorus and Sulphur have to be avoided, and neither of these should, as a rule, exceed 0.11 per cent., although pig-Iron with 0.14 per cent., and even METALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 591 somewhat more Phosphorus, may be worked into a good rail-steel under favorable circumstances. Copper above 0.2 per cent.: Aluminum or Calcium above 0.1 per cent., are considered injurious. An important requirement in Bessemer pig is, uniformity of composition, and as the gray Irons are generally more uniform than the half-gray or mottled, the former are preferred even then, when the latter may be obtained with a sufficient quantity of Silicon, which is not often the case. An excess of Silicon, say over 3~ per cent., is injurious, and over-;silicious Irons have, therefore, in the the Bessemer process, to be mixed with Charcoal Irons, with only 1 to 19 per cent. of Silicon. Ores adapted to the production of Bessemer pig have, therefore, to be 1. Silicious, 2. Non-Phosphoric, 3. Non-Sulphuric,. 4. Uniform in their chemical compositions. Ores which are either hydrated, or very compact in their structure, should be calcined. In making Bessemer pig, all the ores should be smelted with particular care, with pure fiiel and pure flux. If the ores are highly silicious, and liable to produce an over-silicious pig-Iron, large furnaces, rather cool blasts, wide tuyeres and a large quantity of blast are to be recommended, so as to reduce and carburize the ore gradually and thoroughly at the lowest possible temperature, while at the same time accelerating the smelting operation, thus to prevent the reduction of too much Silica. If either the ores or the fuel contain Sulphur in objectionable quantity, the highest possible amount of a pure Limestone should be used as flux. If this is not sufficient to keep the Sulphur low in the pig-Iron, it will be advantageous, in some localities, to add a moderate quantity of Manganese ore, or of Manganesic Iron ore to the charges. I know of no means to prevent any part of the Phosphorus from entering into composition with the Pig Iron, whenever it is present in the smelting materials. The latter must, therefore, be carefully watched in this respect, and frequently analyzed. d. For the manufacture of crucible steel, especially for tool steel, the very purest Pig Irons only can be used, and the ores of which, to make such a Pig Iron, should contain Silica, Sulphur and Phosphoric Acid, in as small quantities as possible, and should be smelted with great care, with a non-phosphoric flux, with charcoal as fuel, and as an effective means for keeping the Silicon low, with cold blast. 592 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. We have seen above, what kinds of ores are required for the manufacture of the different kinds of Pig Iron. Let us now examine how far the qualities of the various Iron ores of Missouri correspond. to those respective requirements. 1. IRON MOUNTAIN ORES. The Specular ores from Iron Mountain, of which ores a description and analyses will be found on pp. 52 to 56 of my report on Iron ores of Missouri, contained in the Vol. of 1872 of the published parts of the Geological Survey, are very rich, (66 per cent. of Iron,) very compact, moderately silicious and phosphoric, nearly free from Sulphur, very uniform in their physical character, somewhat less so in their chemical composition. The free Silica varies from 1~ to 4- per cent.> and is mostly very intimately mixed with the Oxides of Iron. Phosphorus varies from 0.03 to 0.11 per cent. This substance is principally contained in the crystals of Apatite, (Phosphate of Lime, etc.,) which are found in the ore along the walls of the veins, in some places in great abundance. For making a good, strong, highly carburized foundzy Iron, these ores, being very compact and, therefore, rather difficult to reduce, should be calcined and smelted in very capacious furnaces, with Coke or Coal, and with highly heated blast. They may be mixed with softer ores to advantage, as, for instance, with calcined Limonites, or with red and specular ores from the Central Ore Region; provided that the ores selected are not too silicious nor too sulphuric. When smelted in small furnaces, or with charcoal, such an addition is very desirable to insure a continuous good operation of the furnaces. The Iron Mountain ores make also a good M1ill Iron, although wrought Iron made from it is often found to be somewhat inclined to red-shortness, which may be due to the insufficient capacity of the blast furnaces in which it is at present smelted, and to the use of raw Coal in these furnaces, as well as to the use of very sulphuric Coal in puddling mills. All the ore taken fromn central part of the different veins in the Iron Mountain, and, therefore, free from Apatite, makes a Pig Iron of sufficient purity to be used in the BESSEMER process. When smelted with Coke or Coal, the Pig Iron takes up a sufficient amount of Silicon to be used in this process without admixture of other irons. When the Iron Mountain ore is smelted with charcoal, the Pig Iron produced contains less than 1- per cent. of Silicon, which is not sufficient. Under all circumstances, in making Bessemer Pig, constant attention must be paid to the purity of both the fuel and the METALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 593 flux in regard to Phosphorus, also to the uniformity in size of the smelting materials, and to the regularity in charging, so as to obtain not only a pure but also a very uniform product. Calcination of the ore is recommendable. To produce Pig Iron for the manufacture of crucible steel, the Iron Mountain ore should be smelted with charcoal and under all possible precautions, regarding impurities in admixtures and fluxes. 2. PILOT KNOB ORES. The description and analyses of the Pilot Knob Specular ores are given on pp. 56 to 60 of my report on the Iron Ores of Missouri, contained in the Vol. of 1872 of the published reports of the Geological Survey. These ores are very compact, variable in richness, highly silicious, very pure in regard to Phosphorus and Sulphur. The latter ingredient is somewhat variable, depending on the greater or less quantity of Barytes, (Sulphate of Baryta,) which is found in the fissures and on the faces of cleavage of the ore. It varies from 0.006 to 0O 08 per cent. The free Silica varies from 5 to 12 per cent. in the west-.ern and central portions of the main ore bed, but rises as high as 30 per cent. near the eastern outcrop,.and is exceedingly variable in the ores above the seam filled with Clay, which forms the roof of the main deposit. If we, therefore, divide the Pilot Knob ores in No. 1 ores from the western and central portions of the main ore bed below the,seam, with about 60 per cent. of iron, and in No. 2 ores from the eastern portion of the main ore bed, and from above Clay seam, with 36 to 55 per cent. of Iron, a division which can be carried out in practice, we find that the No. 1 Pilot Knob ores are very good and useful for.most purposes, while the No. 2 can be used only for certain purposes -in a limited measure. The NVo. 1 ores, although too silicious to pro4duce a good Fioundry Iron, when smelted alone with Coke or Coal, would, however, with charcoal and with proper fluxing, make a Pig Iron to be used extensively in foundries when mixed there with more!phosphoric coke Irons. When this ore is mixed with other less silicious and more phosphoric ores, a very fair foundry iron may be obtained, even with coke and coal as fuel. The Big Muddy Iron Company at Grand Tower, Ill., smelted in 1872 and 1873, a mixture of one-half unselected Pilot Knob,ore (which may perhaps be considered as consisting of 4 No. 1 and ~ No. 2,) and of one-half Central Missouri mixed hematites (in part soft -red, in part specular,) with pretty good results. The remarks just made may also apply to the manufacture of mill i.son. G.s.-38. 594 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Pilot Knob No. 1, being silicious and very low in phosphorus, is specially adapted for making Bessemer Pig. For this purpose it may either be mixed with at least one-half its weight of other less silicious, non-phosphoric ores, and smelted with Coke or Coal, or else it may be smelted with little or no admixture in a Charcoal furnace.. The ore should be calcined and broken to pieces of pretty uniform size. Although sufficiently free from phosphorus the Pilot Knob ores are less adapted for making Pig Iron to be used in the crucible steel' process. The No.: may, however, be used as an admixture in the production of such Iron. No. 2. PILOT KNOB ORE. See analyses 5 to 8 on p. 58 of my report on Iron Ore of Missouri contained in the volume of 1872 of the published Reports of the Geological Survey. This ore is exceedingly silicious, so much so as to be utterly unfit to be smelted alone. But when mixed with a large proportion of softer and less silicious ores it will produce a good Bessemer Pig and also a fair foundry and mill iron. The ore should be calcined and, broken and well mixed with crushed Limestone and smelted witht Charcoal in comparatively large furnaces, with wide tuyeres and with a large quantity of not very hot blast, so as to obtain a quick yet cool run of the furnace. Calcined Missouri Limonites will prove an excellent admixture in smelting this ore on Foundry Pig. A pig Iron made at the Pilot Knob furnace in 1872 from a charge, consisting of one-third of Shepherd Mountain ore and of two-thirds of a mixture of No. 1 and No. 2 Pilot Knob ore, contained, according to Mr. A. A. Blair's analysis: Sulphur, 0.017; Phosphorus, 0.062; Silicious, 2.624. This is a most excellent Bessemer pig, besides being very valuable as foundry Iron. The Pilot Knob ores will prove an exceedingly valuable admix. ture in any (especially Charcoal,) blast furnace where there is a difficulty in obtaining a sufficient amount of silicious in the pig Iron, for Bessemer purposes. No. 3. SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN ORE. The analyses communicated on p. 62 of my report of 1872, show that the Shepherd Mountain ore is very uniform in its chemical composition, very rich in Iron (66 per cent.), almost free from Sulphur and Phosphorus. It contains 5 to 6 per cent. of free Silica. It is less hard and dense than the Iron Mountain ore and therefore easier to reduce and to smelt, and liable to make a softer and tougher pig Iron. It, METALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 595 counts among the best and purest Iron ores known. It is actually too pure and contains too little Phosphorus to be smelted alone on foundry pia, except with a highly phosphoric flux and fuel. It will make an excellent mill Iron, but is especially valuable for all Steel purposes where purity is always the main requirement. Whenever the flux and fuel used are not very impure, this ore will, under all circumstances, furnish a superior pig Iron for the use of crucible Steel works as well as for that of Bessemer works. For the latter purpose, especially when smelted with Charcoal, an admixture of a more silicious but otherwise pure ore, as for instance, that from Pilot Knob will be advantageous, calcination will be found useful, although less important with this ore than with those from Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob. 4. CENTRAL MISSOURI SPECULAR ORES. The specular ores occurring in the SILURIAN SANDSTONE of Central Missouri, including the ores from Scotia, Steelville, Meramec, Salem, Iron Ridge, St. James, Rolla and other districts, are described on pp. 66 to 85 of my report on Iron Ores, in the published volume of Geological Reports for 1872. They contain in the average about 60 per cent. of Iron. Nearly all are to a greater or less extent softened and partly altered into soft red ores. The numerous analyses and considerations given in the published report of 1872, show invariably that the hard blue, unaltered portion of these ores have about the same chemical composition as the purest of the Iron Mountain ore, and may be put to the same uses as the latter. As they are less silicious,'less hard and compact, and therefore easier to reduce, they actually constitute a better ore. There are, however, but a few localities in Central Missouri where this unaltered specular ore is found in larger coherent masses and unmixed with the soft red ore which is less rich and less pure. Such of the Central Missouri Specular ores as are mined and shipped at present, consist of hard and soft ores irregularly mixed, and may be said to be rich in Iron, easy to reduce and to smelt, not very uniform, neither physically nor chemically, moderately phosphoric, as a rule non-sulphuric and non-silicious. The per centage of Phosphorus is very small in the hard blue ore, but rises to over 0.2 per cent. in the soft red ore, especially when the latter is mixed with yellow Ochre. These ores, when properly treated, will make a good foundry as well as mill Iron. The least disintegrated and purest of these ores make a pig Iron pure enough to be used in th3 Bessemer process. Those, on the contrary, which are soft,. earthy and red in color, must be mixed with about their double quantity of purer ores to produce an Iron adapted 596 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. for that process. The Limestone used in smelting should then be nearly free from Phosphorus. The sample of pig Iron which I took in 1872 at the Scotia Iron Works, made from Scotia ores with Charcoal, contained 0.116 per cent. of Phosphorus. This figure is pretty high for Bessemer purposes, and yet it is the lowest obtained in any of the Central Missouri specimens. One taken at the Meramec Iron Works and made from Meramec ores with Charcoal, contained 0.165 per cent.; one taken at Moselle, and made from Iron Ridge and St. James ores with 8 per cent. Limonite, contained 0.196 per cent., according to Mr. A. A. Blair's analysis. [See Missouri Geological Report of 1872, p. 43.] The several Irons above mentioned, like most Charcoal Irons, are low in Silicon, especially the Meramec, which is made with cold blast. In the latter Iron. Mr. Blair found 0.942 per cent., in the two others about 1.3 per cent. of Silicon. To make a Bessemier pig for exclusive use these Central Missouri ores have to be selected and smelted with Coke or pure Coal. 5. RED HEMATITES. The original red Hematites occurring as strata in the Carboniferous Formation, have not yet been mined extensively. From the description and the analyses communicated on pages 85 to 87 of my report of 1872, we see that these ores are very variable in character, composition, richness and purity. All of them will however prove a valuable admixture in the manufacture of foundry pig. 6. LIMONITES. The Missouri Limonites are described on pages 87 to 92 of my report on Iron ores contained in the volume of 1872, of the published Reports of the Geological Survey. They contain in the great average, 50 to 55 per cent. of Iron. They are moderately silicious and sulphuric. Most of them are rather phosphoric, containing from 0.1 to 0.3 per cent. of Phosphorus. Some ores from the middle and upper Osage River, make an exception, being much lower in Phosphorus. All Limonites contain from 11 to 14 per cent. of water, and have therefore to be calcined before being smelted. Belonging naturally, not among the very compact ores, they are all made porous and very easy to reduce and to smelt, by being calcined. They are therefore principally adapted to produce a gray, soft, foundry Iron, and will do so with any kind of fuel. When smelted with Coal or Coke, they are likely to produce a foundry Iron similar to the Scotch. Many Limonites will also make a fair mill Iron, and the Osage METALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 597 ores seem to be mostly pure enough to be used as an admixture in the production of Bessemer pig. In general, the value of the Limonites as an admixture in smelting the very compact Specular ores from the Iron Mountain district, is not: yet sufficiently recognized. If the companies which smelt these compact ores would erect calcining kilns, and mix three-fourths or two-thirds of these hard ores with one-fourth to one-third of good, non-sulphuric Limonites, in a calcined state, they would not only produce a superior quality of foundry pig, but they would undoubtedly also correct in some measure the red shortness of their mill iron. The following tables will show the respective fitness of each kind of ore for the various purposes. Each series begins with the best ore for the particular purpose mentioned, and ends with that which is least adapted to it. The ores are beside classified in three grades, thus: GRADE 1.Very good. The ore may be used exclusively, or nearly so. GRADE 2.Pretty good. The ore may be used in considerable proportion (to one-half or mnore) in a mixture with better ores. GRADE 3.Not adapted to the respective special purpose. The ore cannot be used at all for that purpose, or else in a small proportion only. The Specular ores from Central Missouri, which are all more or less mixed with soft red ores, will be mentioned as " Central Missouri Mixed." In regard to these ores, it must be kept in mind that they are variable, and contain the more Phosphorus the softer they are. In the following classification it is assumed that they consist, in the average, of one-half Specular and one-half soft red ore: 598 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. FOR FOUNDRY IRON. ORES. GRADE,. REMARKS. a. Charcoal as Fuel. Limonites....................................... 1................... Central Missouri Mixed...................................... Iron Mountain.................................................. 1 Hardly Phosphoric Shepherd Mountain........................................... enough. Pilot Knob, Nos. 1 and 2................................... 2 Too silicious. b. Coke or Coal as Fuel. ILimonites.......................................... Central Missouri Mixed..................l....... 1 Shepherd Mountain.................................. 1 Hardly Phosphorus Iron Mountain................................................ I enough. Pilot Knob, No. 1............................................ 2 Too silicious. Pilot Knob, No. 2................. 3 Too silicio us. FOR MILL IRON. ORE. GRADE., REMARKIS. a. Charcoal as Fuel. Shepherd Mountain........................................... 1 Iron Mountain...............,.................................. Pilot Knob, No. 1.......................................1...... Central Missouri Mixed.............................. 1 Pilot Knob, No. 2....................................... 2 Too silicious. Limoniters.................................... 3. Too phosphoric. b. Coke or Coal as Fuel. Shepherd Mountain.........................1............ 1 Iron fMountain.........:............... 1 Central Missouri Mixed....................................... 2 Too phosphoric. Pilot Knob, No. 1.......................................... 2 Too silicious. Limohiites........................................ 3 To phosphoric. Pilot Knob, No. 2............................................ 3 Too silicious. METALLURGY OF MISSOURI IRON. 599 FOR B ESSEME]R I R ON. [Bessemer iron should contain 2.5 per cent. Silicon, and not over 0.11 per cent. Phosphorus.] ORES. GRADE. REMARKS. a. Charcoal as Fuel. Pilot Knob, No. 1.................................1..... 1 Shepherd Mountain......................................... 2 Not sufficiently siIron Mountain.......................................2 J........... licious. Pilot Knob, No. 2............................................. 2 Too silicious. Central Missouri Mixed................................. 2 Too phosphoric. Limonites..................................................... 3 Too pospsp horic. b. Coke or Coal as Fuel. Shepherd Mountain.......................................... 1 Iron Mountain.......................................... I Pilot Knob, No. 1............................................. Rather silicious. Pilot Knob, No. 2........................................ 2 Too silicious. Central Missouri Mixed...................................... 2 Too phosphoric. Limonites...................................... 3 Too phosphoric. FOR STEEL IRON. ORES. GRADE. REnMARKS. a. Charcoal as Fuel. Shepherd Mountain................................... 1 Pilot Knob, No. 1.............................................. I1 Rather silicious. Iron Mountain................................................... 2 Too phosphoric.;Pilot Knob, No. 2.............................................. 2 Too silicious. Central Missouri Mixed..................................... 3 Too phosphoric. iLimonites................................................. 3 Too phosphoric. 600 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. F OR S T E E L I R O N-Continued. ORES. GRADE. REI ARKS. b. Coke or Coal as Fuel. Shepherd Mountain............................. 1 Pilot Knob, No. 1..................................... 2 Too silicious. Iron Mountain................................................... 2 Too phosphoric. Central Missouri Mixed...................................... 3 Too phosphoric. Pilot Knob, No. 2....................................... 3 Too silicious. Limonites....................................... 3 Too phosphoric. The Limonites should be calcined under all circumstances, but es — pecially when the furnace gases are to be used for heating the blast,, or the boilers, and when the furnace-top is closed. Calcination will also prove to be of advantage with the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob ores, as well as in some measure with the Shepherd Mountain and Central Missouri ores. Wherever raw Coal is used in the furna — ces, the calcination may be effected by the waste gases, without addi — tional fuel. CHAPTER XXXIV. PROF. G. C. BROADHEAD, State Geologist: SIR-I have the honor to herewith submit a report of examinations made in the "Lead District of South-East Missouri," during the latter part of spring and summerel of 1873. I would take this opportunity of tendering thanks to Messrs. Scott and Lockwood, of Mine LaMotte, and their Superintendent, Mr. Allen, to Mr. Frank Pratt, of VaIle }Mines, and to Mr. Fox, of " Fox ]Mines," at Fredericktown, and to many others,. for kind attention and much valuable information. Very respectfully, Ass't on State Survey. LEAD MINES —SOUTH-EAST MI S SOU RI. BY J. DR. GAGE. The Lead Districts of Missouri embrace not only the most important deposits of this ore on the western continent, but by the late'discoveries of the enormous deposits in Morgan, Newton and Jasper counties, would seem to entitle her to the claim of being ranked as the richest and most important Lead region, as far as yet known, in the world. Besides the Lead mines of the Mississippi Valley, there are none of much commercial value except those of the European Continent and the British Isles, but neither the mines of Spain, Germany or England, nor any of those in our sister States, have ever yielded within a given area such quantities of Lead-ore as has lately been mined in Morgan, Newton and Jasper counties. The Lead deposits, besides possessing interest to the land owners, the capitalist and the economist, present in their varied geological distribution, their mode of occurrence as layers, impregnations, stock werk and veins, and the paragenesis of associate minerals, a study of especial interest to the Geologist. The Lead deposits of Missouri are divided into three great districts, Middle, South-west and South-east. I examined a number of mines in the South-east District. This Lead mining region is principally confined to Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, St. Francois, St. Genevieve and Madison. I have thought it advisable for a better understanding of the subject, to render my report under the following order of arrangement: Divisions A, B. C. A. This division contains a general description of the topographical features of the South-eastern District and the geology taken as a whole, then a general idea of the mode of occurrence of the metalliferous ores, the different forms in which they are found, the para LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 603 genesis of associate minerals, and as far as advisable the relations which these forms geologically and mineralogically bear to each other and the rocks in which they are found. B. This division will comprise a detailed description of special deposit3, showing the geographical location of the mines, the topographical and geological features of the District, an account of the mining and smelting operations of each mine, with a description of the dressing floors and furnaces, and as far as could be obtained, statistics showing the amount of ore raised, smelted and shipped; with cost of mining the ore, facilities for transportation, and cost of placing the products of the mines on the market. C. This division will contain a summary of the Lead mining statistics in tablet form, showing amount of Lead raised and smelted. Then a special mine will be described, showing the manner of the operation and the cost of mining, dressing and smelting the ore; the various furnaces will be described, and an estimate of the cost of their erection-with some suggestions as to the most economical and judicious method of carrying on mining and smelting operations. DIVISION A. This region embraced in the South-eastern District, is very broken and hilly, traversed by ridges not more than two hundred feet in height, but with an occasional knob which rises higher. The region contains a great many fertile valleys, well adapted for agricultural purposes, irrigated by an innumerable number of streams too small for naviga- tion, but invaluable to the miner, as they furnish inexhaustible and unvarying supplies of water for mining operations. If Crawford county is excluded from this district, the Lead deposit would then begin in the southern half of Franklin county, extending west into Jefferson county, with a width of about twenty-five miles, then striking southeast, somewhat increasing in width in the southern part of Washington, but retaining 25 miles as an average width, extending on through St. Francois, taking in the western half of St. Genevieve and the northern half of Madison, making an area of about 25 miles in width by about 100 in length. This whole area is not by any means entirely underlaid by Lead deposits, nor does it necessarily follow that the country lying outside the boundary line of this district is entirely devoid of Lead-ore, for in portions of Iron county, south half of Madison, and in parts of Bollinger, I have seen the occurrence of the mineral, but in such small quantities as not to entitle them to be included in this District. 601 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The geological formation of this district is almost entirely composed of a subdivision of Lower Silurian, known in Missouri as the Third Magnesian Limestone (occasionally capped by the Second Sandstone. This is almost the principal rock of Franklin county, where little, if any, igneous rocks occur. This same Third Magnesian Limestone extends on through Washington, Jefferson, St. Francois and Madison, and fills all the valleys of the Porphyry mountains of Iron county. The formations of the above named counties, (except Iron,, which is chiefly igneous,) though principally of sedimentary origin, still contain igneous rocks which are frequently met with, especially as ridges commencing in the southern part of Washington and extending on through the south-western portion of St. Francois into the southern part of Madison. These igneous rocks are more rarely met farther east, but sometimes occur, as in the form of Granite at Knob Lick, St. Francois county, or as Porphyry at several points. There is a Porphyry ridge to be seen cropping out near the Bluff Diggings at Mine LaMotte. The ridge can be traced several hundred yards; it has a strike of N. W. S. E. Porphyry is- also to be seen on the railroad at several points above Mine LaMotte Station. The igneous rocks of this region are older than the overlying stratified rocks; for wherever they come in contact the latter lie against the former in horizontal beds-in most cases with scarcely any perceptible dip, showing no indication of disturbance in position or change from metamorphic action. Though there have been no changes since the deposition of these rocks from internal action, the changes in denudation produced by the forces of nature, both mechanical and chemical, have been prodigious. The Porphyry ridges have been worn down and ravines formed in their sides, which have afterwards been filled by the washing down of the decomposed mineral forming the mass. Then the Silurian sea came and deposited the Third Magnesian Limestone and afterwards the Second Sandstone was formed. The latter has almost entirely disappeared, but remnants of old beds are frequently found capping the Limestone ridges. Rains and chemical action have worn deep ravines of several hundred feet in the Limestone, thus bringing about a complete change in the aspect of the country since the first deposition of the rocks. The Porphyries of this region are very silicious and so hard that they cannot be worked to advantage, but the Granites, especially those of Knob Lick district, are of the best quality for building purposes, being of a gray color, very much in appearance like the Vermont LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 605 Granite, is easily worked, and as it takes a beautiful polish, is vyell adapted to ornamental and monumental purposes. The Limestones of this region sometimes vary much in color, texture and quality. Most of them can be used as rough material for building purposes, while a large per centage is adapted to the manufacture of Lime and Cement. The formation is almost entirely devoid of fossils. I found but a single species, (a ingtula,) which occurs in considerable numbers inclosed in a Clay Slate in Ihe Lead-bearing rock at Mine LaMotte. The Lead-bearing Limestone is, throughout the whole district, very similar in character, more usually of a light-gray, sometimes owing to the presence of a greater quantity of Dolomite passes into different shades of yellowish gray, very uniform in its crystalline texture, though at times so dense as to appear compact, yet the crystalline particles, though very minute, still exists, as can be seen under the glass. Frequently cavities occur both in the dense crystalline and in the more granular portions of the rock, containing crystals of Galena, Copper Pyrites, Iron Pyrites, Calcite and Dolomite. In its physical character, the Limestone appears to be very uniform throughout the district. Analyses made by Chauvenet and Blair show the rock to contain the Carbonate of Lime and Carbonate of Magnesia nearly in the proper proportion for forming Dolomite. Limzestone from Iron County. A. B. C. insoluble silicious..................................... 5.11 3.85 2.06 Peroxide of Iron.......................................... 4.67 1.07 none. Carbonate of Lime................................................ 47.50 52.50. 54,32 -Carbonate of Magnesia............................ 42.19 42.56 43.82 This Limestone (especially B) is very similar to the Galena Lime-stone of Iowa and Wisconsin, as seen from the following analysis taken from Wisconsin Report: Limestone fromn Dubuque. Insoluble.......................................................................................... 2.46 Carbonate of Iron................................................... 1.35 Carbonate of Lime......................................................................... 52.00 Carbonate of Magnesia.......................................................................... 43.93 606 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. I found it impossible to take different portions of the Limestone series and so connect them as to calculate the entire thickness of the Lead-bearing rocks, and I can only say that we proved the Magnesian Limestones to reach as high as the 300 foot contour line along the ridges; and at a different point, where the country was comparatively level, a shaft was sunk 180 feet before coming to the Lead-bearing Limestone, thus indicating a thickness of four or five hundred feet. MINERALOGY. The ores of the Lead district are: r Galena-Sulphuret of Lead. LEAD ORES............ Cerussite-Carbonate of Lead. L Pyromorphite-Phosphate of Lead. CoPPER ORES........ - A mixture of the SulphfUret and Carbonate. S Calamine-Carbonate and Silicate of Zinc. \ZINC ORES.............. Blende-Sulphuret of Zinc. zNICKEL AND COBALT ORES. There are a great many minerals, as Quartz, Calcareous Spar, Iron Pyrites, etc., which occur associated with the above-mentioned ores,. but a description is omitted as they are of no practical importance. LEAD ORES. Sulphuret of Lead-universally known to thi miners of the West as "mineral." When perfectly pure, Galena contains: Sulphiur................................................................................. 13.34 per cent. Lead..................................................................................... 86.66 per cent. The Galena of the Mississippi Valley is remarkably pure, and in this State has a specific gravity of 7.3 to 7.6, possesses a very charac — teristic cubic cleavage, a bright metallic lustre and Lead color. By these qualities it may be readily distinguished from all other minerals. it is frequently found crystalized in the form of cubes, and occasionally as octahedrons, this is especially the case in the cave deposits, but the most common occurrence is in the dense, massive form, and both in the crystalline form and general occurrence, the Galena of the Mississippi Valley presents a remarkable uniformity. Wherever LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 607 the crystalline faces have had an opportunity to develop themselves, they have crystallized as cubes without modifications, except occasionally the corners of the cubes are cut off by the planes of the octahedron; it is also the characteristic of the cubes, when found in the caves or Clay diggings, that the surface of the cubes are of a dull, lead lustre, with a rough, corroded appearance. This rule only holds good in the case of the cave and similar formations, for in the cavities of the mineral bearing rock of Mine LaMotte, I have observed beautiful brilliant cubes sometimes plain, and again with the derived forms of the regular system, from the microscopic size to an inch square besides the cube I saw, but more rarely, the octahedron and dodecahedron. These small crystals are called by the miners " dice mineral," large crystals "cog mineral," and when indistinctly crystallized, "chunk mineral;" where the terms of'"sheet mineral" or "block mineral," are applied to large masses of ore inclosed in the rock, or lying loose in the caves. The ores of Missouri are remarkably free of Silver, as may be seen from a list of analyses made from more than twenty fine specimens taken at different points, and given by Dr. Litton on page 13, Volume 2, of the Missouri Geological Report for 1855, the per centage of Silver usually averaged fiom 00.1 to 00.2, that is less than one ounce to the ton, being too small to repay for its separation. On the Continent, where labor is cheaper, ores containing 7 or 8 ounces of Silver to the ton, can be desilverized with profit; and, although the igneous rocks of our State may contain Galena sufficiently argentiferons to justify separation, it can be seen by the analysis made from the Lead-ores of the Limestones, that we have not yet found Galena sufficiently rich for that purpose. CERUSSITE, Carbonate of Lead, or more universally known to miners as " Drybone." This mineral is found in considerable quantities in the various mining localities of the world, and is of some commercial importance; when found in quantity, is a very valuable ore. It was at one time mined and smelted at Mine LaMotte, but owing to the large quantities of Galena found, it has lost nearly all its economic importance. When found in Missouri, it is usually in the Lead bearing veins, or in the loose Clay near the surface, and is, no doubt, of secondary formation, being a product from the decomposition of the Galena. ~Its chemical composition consists of Carbonic Acid, 16.4, and Oxyde of Lead, 83.6, or 77.7 per cent. Metallic Lead. When pure and crystallized, is generally white, but often gray, brown or black, of a. '608 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. diamond lustre; specific gravity, 6.4. When uncrystallized, it has the appearance of dry bones, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture; when found in any quantity, it is usually in the latter form. Very beautiful crystals of this mineral occur coating the Galena in the crevices at Mine LaMotte, but the finest specimens I saw, were found at the Valle Mines. On breaking large cubes of Galena, I frequently found them hollow with the interior walls lined with crystals of Cerussite and Anglesite; these two minerals also frequently occurred in the cavities of the solid masses of Galena taken from the caves at the Valle Mines, but in the latter case the minerals did not posses the bright diamond lustre as seen in the hollow crystals. ANGLESITE, Sulphate of Lead. This mineral is in its mode of occurrence very similar to the Carbonate, but more rarely found; like the latter, it is produced from the decomposition of the Sulphuret; when pure, consists of 26.4 of Sulphuric Acid, and 73.6 of Oxyde of Lead, or 68.28 per cent. of Metallic Lead. ZINC ORES. The ores of Zinc are quite as numerous as those of Lead, but the former metal like the latter, for commercial purposes, is nearly all obtained from a very few ores, the most important of which are Zinc Blende, (Sulphuret of Zinc,) the Carbonate of Zinc and the Silicate of Zinc. The ores of Zinc like those of' Lead, are distributed throughout nearly all of the geological series, and scattered through nearly every mineral district, but the principal supply of the metal, for commercial purposes, is furnished by a few localities. In'reference to their geological position the Zinc ores are divided into two classes: the first includes all of the Zinc ores occurring in the regular veins of the older rocks, and associated with other metalliferous deposits. The second mode of occurrence, and in fact, the only one of real importance, at least in Missouri, is that occurring in the Third Magnesian Limestone of the Lower Silurian. The Zinc ore deposits of Missouri are seldom found alone, they usually occur associated with 1Galena in the cave formation. The principal localities furnishing Zinc-ore, are the Granby and Joplin Districts, and the Valle Mines. ZINC BLENDE, Or Black-jack, is composed of 33.10 parts of Sulphur, and 66.90 of'Zinc. LEAD MiNES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 609 It is frequently found in beautiful crystals, as in the South-west, and when pure, is transparent and of a white or of a fine honey color, with a resinous lustre; it, however, almost invariably contains more sor less Iron, which causes it to become opaque and change to a darkbrown or black color, and it is under this form known to miners as Black-j ack. The Sulphuret of Zinc, next to the Sulphuret of Lead and Iron, is one of the most widely diffused minerals in the West; but as a long and careful roasting is necessary in order to free the ore from its Sulphur, and necessarily the process becoming very expensive, this ore is yet but little used in the West for the production of the metal, nor is it necessary, as the Carbonate and Silicate occur in such profusion, and can be smelted so much more cheaply. A specimen of Black-jack, analyzed by Dr. Chandler, gave: Zinc.................................................................................................. 6.37 Iron..................................................................................................79 Sulphur.................................. 33.41 Insoluble............................................................ trace. 100.57 SILICATE OF ZINC, Known to the Mineralogist as Calamine, (electric,) or Galmei, and to the miner as "Dry Bone," usually occurs crystallized, associated with the Lead ores in the cave formation. This mineral crystallizes in the Prismatic System, and occurs here in very small, fine crystals, fixed on the inner walls of cavities, whose incrustation are found of the same material, but in a dense uncrystal. lized mass, has a specific gravity of 3.35, hardness about the same as the brown Hematite, usually colorless, but occasionally passing into different shades of yellow and gray-as at Granby and Valle Minesgenerally very transparent, with a glassy lustre. The crystals through heating acquire polarity; the positive pole being at the upper and the negative pole at the lower end of the crystal. When pure, this silicious Oxide of Zinc contains, according to the analyses of Berzelius, 7.5 per centage of water, 25.5 of Silica and 67.0 Oxide of Zinc. This is one of the most important of the Zinc ores, and furnishes a very large per centage of the Zinc of commerce. It is certainly by far the most abundant and valuable ore in Missouri for the extraction of the metal. G.s-39. 610 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CARBONATE OF ZINC, Zinc Spar, or Smithsonite, and also called " Dry Bone" by the miners. This Zinc ore is very similar in general appearance to the Silicate. It differs by crystallizing in a different system, (the Hexagonal,) being a half degree softer, less brilliant in its lustre and heavier, possessing a specific gravity of 4.1 to 4.5. It is very readily distinguished from the Silicate, as it contains carbonic acid, and the addition of muriatic acid immediately causes effervescence. When pure, according to Berthierr it contains 35.5 of carbonic acid and 64.5 of Oxide of Zinc. Before the Blow-pipe it soon looses its carbonic acid, and then acts as Oxide of Zinc. This is probably the most important of all the Zinc ores, and from which most of the metal of commerce is derived. In Missouri it is invariably associated with the Silicate, though not so abundant; is frequently found in crystals, though the largest masses occur in an earthy, friable form, and generally contain impurities, especially the Oxide of Iron. This Carbonate, like the Silicate, derives its name of " Dry Bone "' from its cellular, bone-like texture, which is so characteristic of both when found in the massive form. The mode of occurrence and general appearance of the Carbonate of Zinc would seem to demonstrate that this mineral is of. secondary origin. It is almost invariably found associated with the Sulphuret of Zinc, (" Blende,") occurring as pseudomorphs after this mineral, and frequently gradual transition from the Sulphuret into the Carbonate can be observed in the same mass, without any of the peculiarities of structure being changed. The changes always begin on the outer surfaces, and frequently when the transition has not proceeded through the entire mass. If the piece is broken, a nucleus of Sulphuret is found in the interior. ZINC-BLOO M Is another of the Zinc ores. I observed it at the Valle Mines as an incrustation on the Carbonate. It contains 71.28 per cent. of Oxide of Zinc, but as it occurs in such small quantities it possesses no economic value. SUJLPHURET OF COPPER I [s found in considerable quantities in the Mine LaMotte property, associated with Lead, Nickel and Cobalt ores. The Lead is separated, LEAD 2MINNES-SOUTH[-EAST MISSOURI. 611 and a matt formed of the Copper, Nickel and Cobalt, and in this shape barrelled and shipped to Europe, where these metals are separated and sold at immense profits. There is no reason why furnaces should not be built here for their separation, thus adding large profits to the owners arnd wealth to the State. NICKEL AND COBALT. Besides the Zinc and Copper ores, the only metalliferous deposits of any importance, associated with the Galena, are the Nickel and Cobalt ores. These ores occur intimately mixed with the Galena, in more or less quantities, throughout the whole formation at Mine LaMotte; very little of the Galena being entirely free from some traces. These two ores occur in two forms, one as a very soft, blue, earthy mass, sometimes mixed with the Galena, in seams, and again cemented in cavities, and again as small crystals in the Clay-slate between the beds of Limestone. The two ores occur as Sulphurets and Arseniurets, and will be more particularly described under a detailed description of the Mine LaMotte Mines. Nickel is a very useful metal, as it enters into combination with other metals, forming valuable alloys, the most important of which is German Silver, formed by the addition of 8 parts Copper to 3 of Nickel and 3- of Zinc. As the proportion of Nickel increases the whiter becomes the metal; besides, the proportion being changed, other metals can be added, forming different products. Cobalt also forms several valuable alloys with the different metals; but its principal value lies in its property of imparting beautiful and various shades of permanent blue to glass-ware. The Lead ores of the United States are profusely scattered throughout the country, especially in the lMississippiValley, and have yielded a larger revenue, for the amount of capital and labor invested, than. any other metal except Gold and Iron, (possibly the mining of Silver and Coal have been equally as remunerative). Though the Lead ores are widely scattered throughout the country, the paying mines are embraced in a comparatively small district, being principally situated in the two regions known as the Upper M3ississippi and Lower Mississippi regions, the former comprising Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois, the latter chiefly confined to Missouri. HISTORY OF LEAD MINING IN MISSOURI. The first excitement on the subject of mining was created by the famous expedition of LeSeur, which passed up the Mississippi in 1700, but active operations did not commence until 1720, when under a pat 612 GEOLOGIOAL SURVEY. ent granted to Law for the exclusive privilege of mining through the Mississippi Valley, Renault and LaMotte commenced their explorations; they were rewarded by numerous discoveries of Lead deposits, the most important of which were the mines of Mine LaMotte and the different localities in the neighborhood of Potosi, but the Company was sorely disappointed in not finding Gold and Silver, which were reported to exist'so abundantly, and for which purpose the Company had been chartered and organized. GEOLOGICAL POSI TION OF THE LEAD ORES, Thle geological position of these metalliferous deposits, as previously stated, is confined to the Third Magnesian Limestone, (a subdivision of the Lower Silurian) and to the Clay deposits imbedded in the superficial soil, immediately overlying the Limestone; in the latter position the masses of ore are called' float-mineral," and when sufficintly concentrated, pay large returns on the capital invested and the labor expended, but the ore is very irregularly distributed, and this kind of mining, termed "Clay-Digging," is very uncertain. As the " Clay-Digging " of the South-east is such an unimportant feature in the economic Lead mining of that district, a detailed description of this mode of occurrence will be omitted. I have arranged the mode of occurrence of the Lead-ores in this district under the following heads: DEPOSITS IN LI MESTONE. [1.:' Disseminated ore." 1I. Deposits in " flat-sheets." IIl. Deposits in "vertical-fissures." IV. Deposits in " horizointal-fissures.1" r'HE DISSEMINAT]ED LEAD-ORE Usually occurs in a stratum of Lirmestone, varying from 2 to 6 feet, occasionally reaching a thickness of 15 or 20. The beds of Limestone are nearly horizontal, usually having a dip of 8 to 10~, but rarely does the inclination become greater. The Galena in this formation seldom occurs alone, but is usually associated with Iron and Copper pyrites, and at some points in considerable quantities, and in some cases, as at, Mine LaMotte, Cobalt and Nickle-ores occur. Fig. 70, taken at Mine LaMotte, will give an idea of this mode of occurrence. LEAD MINES-SOUTH-,AST MISSOURI. 613 Figuqre 70. a. Represents the roof-rock, which is a dense, alumost white, crystalline Limestone, 10 feet thick. b. A Limestone 10 inches thick, very similar in character to the roof-rock, but containing small blotches of Galena disseminated through the rock. c. Represents the true "Lead-rock" of this region, here in this cross section given as only 19 inches in thickness, this being the case at the point where the sketch was made, but this " Lead-rock " throughout the District varies very much in thickness, this is especially the case at Mine LaMotte, where it changes in a short distance fronm 2 or 3 feet to 8 fand 10, and at some points has reached a thickness of 20 feet, the whole mass of roek containing the mineral in sufficient quantities for mining. This stratum besides being very rich in Galena at certain points, contains Copper pyrites in considerable quantities. d. Represents a 4-inch Clay Slate, which widens and diminishes in thickness more or loss throughout the mines of Mine LaMotte; this Slate is very interesting, as it contains the only organic remains (a Lingula,) I have observed in the formation; it is also the depository of the only crystallized specimens of the Nickel and Cobalt ores. I have observed in this Slate, and especially under the microscope, beautiful cubes of Cobalt glance, (Cobalt pyrites.) These crystals have a bright metallic lustre very much resembling Iron-pyrites, color almost Silver white, with a reddish tinge, and when scratched on a rough surface of Porcelain gives a grayish-black streak, has a specific gravity of 63, quite as hard as feldspar, not being cut with a knife, is very brittle, and easily cruimbling under the stroke of a hamrer. This disseminated occurrence of the Lead-ore is probably the most valuable we have in Missouri, for although not yielding so largely in a given area as the "Clay Diggings" and "Cave-formations " of middle and South-west Missouri, the mining is more remunerative and certain, and the yield more constant. DI:EPOSITS IN "; FLAT-SHEETS." There are two ways in which the "Flat-Sheets" occur-one is a stratum containing the disseminated ore, and is caused by greater quantities of the ore being concentrated at certain points, presenting the appearance of "sheet-mineral," but when this is the case the sheets are of small dimensions, usually a few inches in extent, rarely extending even a few feet; but more persistent in its extent is the other form occuring as " sheet-mineral " in a Limestone containing very little or no disseminated ore, and instead of lying imbedded directly in the rock, the sheets are enclosed in horizontal layers of "'Heavy-Spar " (' Baryta.") The sheets of mineral are usually from 1 to several inches in thickness, and though confined to the bed in which 614 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. they occur, are usually constant as far as this particular bed extends. The layers of "Heavy-Spar " usually contain cavities filled with crystals of Galena, associated with crystals of Quartz and calc-spar, (dog-tooth spar.) Fig. 71 is a cross section representing a horizontal deposit. a. Represents th:e 5Magnesian Limestone. b. Eiglhteen inch es of "' Heavy-Spar."' c. Sheet of Galena varying from a half inch to 2 inches in thickness. This sketch was taken at the bottom of a shaft about 30 feet below the surface, near Potosi. III. VERTICAL FISSUr.ES. These may be subdivided into "True Veins," "Gash Veins," and "Stock Werk." a. A true vein is a vertical opening almost invariably filled with a gangue; and if a Lead ore vein the gangue usually consists of Galena, frequently in crystals, associated with Quartz, Cale Spar, Heavy Spar, Iron Pyrites, Copper Pyrites, and not infrequently Fluor Spar, Zinc Blende, Silver ores and other minerals. The Lead ore found in true veins is usually so argentiferous as to pay for the separation of the Silver, and especially is this the case when the vein occurs in the older crystalline or metamorphic rocks. The " true vein " is the most important mode of occurrence of the metalliferous deposits. Unlike all other deposits, they seldom give out; in fact, I believe, no well defined vein has ever been found entirely terminating in depth, though some of them, as at Freiberg, Saxony, have been worked from the time of the Riomans, nearly a thousand years ago, and some of the veins are now worked at a depth of nearly 3,000 feet. IV. HORIZONTAL FISSUiRES. The Lead ores of Missouri, when found in a horizontal position, occur in " caves," " pipe veins," and "stock werk." i" Cave Fogrmnation."-This mode of occurrence is one of the most interesting to the scientist, and, on account of the quality and quantity of the ore thus found, is one of' the most important to the economist. The "caves" are horizontal fissures in the rock which have neither been produced by internal agencies, as the "true veins," nor by shrinkage, as the " gash veins," but have been slowly produced by the dissolution and removal of the softer portions of the rock. The formation in which the caves occur is composed of several beds of Limestone LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 615 That bed in which the Lead ores occur is invariably softer than either the overlying or underlying strata of Limestone, and consequently water or any solution percolating the rock seeking an outlet would naturally follow the softer and more porous rock as a conductor; the:solution acting upon the rock as a solvent would dissolve out portions, until a perfect net-work of horizontal fissures would be formed, passing into each other at every angie, and varying in size from a few inches to many feet in height and width, according to the nature of the rock. After the formation of these caves, which were probably at first open, water passed through, slowly refilling them by depositing the various minerals held in solution. It is possible that the metalliferous deposits were formed synchronously with the formation of the ~caves, as the same water which dissolved the rock away may have also, at the same time, held the various minerals in solution. These caves are sometimes completely filled throughout all their ramifications, and again portions will be only partly filled. Both of these occurrences are to be met with at the Valle Mlines, while again, as is the case in Wright county, the caves are open and sometimes so large as to admit of a person walking upright. In the latter case there is little mineral, which occurs usually in small bunches or cubes along the roof and sides of the cave. The gangue in the filled caves, as seen at Valle Mines, consists of Galena surrounded by red Clay, intermixed with Gale Spar, Heavy Spar, and detritus from the adjacent *rock. Not infrequently, besides the Galena, are alternate layers of other metalliferous deposits, as Silicate and Carbonate of Zinc (called by the miners "' Drybone "), and Sulphuret of Zinc, often accompanied by Iron Pyrites and brown HIematite. This association is frequently met with at the Valle Mines. The accompanying cross section represents this mode of occurrence,sketched in the mine. Fitqure 22S. ci. Limestone. b. 1Red Clay. c. Silicate of Zinc. d. Galena. e. tIeavy Spar. f. Clinker Zinc or Drybone. Fig. 72 is a cross section representing the head of a drift in the'Valle Mines. The drift at this point was 4 feet wide and five feet high -— some blasting being necessary, as the cave was only 3 feet wide by (616 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2- feet in height. The ores occurring at these points will be more, minutely described in Division B. At another place, the brown Hematite occupies the place of the Silicate over the Galena. In these cave openings, mining is carried on with great ease and very little labor, as the contents of the caves are entirely removed without blasting. When the caves are 4 or 5 feet high by several int width, blasting can be dispensed with entirely. In some of the caves, as at Valle Mlines, the Zinc ores occur in such quantities that it pays better to mine for them than for the Galen a. The "pipe vein" and "stock werk" formations were probably originated by the same agencies. They are very similar in character, with the exception that the former is more continuous. In some respects, they resemble the cave openings, but differ by being confined to smaller spaces and devoid of all gangue matter, simply containing a. deposit of "block mineral." Mining in these two deposits is very precarious and deceptive, as they are very rich for short distances. DIVISION B. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIAL MINES. VALLE MLNES, T. 38, R. 5 E., Sees. 7 and 8, Jefferson and St. Francois counties. The Valle Mines are situated nine miles south-east of DeSoto, a station on the Iron Mountain Railroad. The property, about 4,50( acres, is situated along the county lines-mining operations being carried on in both counties. The principal mining work is confined to about 40 acres on a ridge in Sec. 7. On the north and east side,. Galena predominates, and considerable mining is done by miners who sell the ore to the company at a stated price. On the west and south side of the hill the Zinc ores predominate, but are accompanied by large quantities of Galena. A large number of shafts have been sunk on this and the adjoining hill, but most of them have been abandoned. There are now only three or four in use. The principal one, known as the'" new shaft," is 160 feet deep and represented by the following section: Figure 73, is a Section of shaft at Valle's Mines. This shaft is 164 feet deep, being 110 feet above the valley; the LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 61T floor rock of the lowest cave is consequently 54 feet below the bed of the valley. In sinking, the shaft passed through 6 or 7 feet of red Clay mixed with Chert boulders, then over a hundred and thirty feet of Limestone of a very hard, dense texture, a light cream shade being the predominating color as far down as the roof of the upper cave; from this point: to the floor of the lower cave, a distance of about twenty-five feet, the Limestone very perceptibly changes its character, being much softer and looser in texture, and disintegrates much more rapidly than the overlying rock, it is also very porous containing a great many caviities filled with crystals of Calc-spar, Dolomite and Quartz. Besides crystals in the cavities, the Limestone also shows, especially the portions which have been exposed and partly undergone disintegration, small but well defined crystals of Dolomite. This Limestone, in places, is very silicious, which is very perceptible on weathered surfaces, the Limestone in part having disappeared, and the Silica deposited in the forms of grains of Sand. Frequently the Silica is met in a more concentrated form, and occurs as irregular masses of Chert or crystallized Quartz, known to the miners as "mineral blossom." This "mineral blossom" is found in large quantities lying scattered over the surface of the adjoining hills, having been weathered out of the Limestone. As previously stated, there are a series of three caves in which the mining operations are carried on, but at present the work is chiefly confined to the lowest cave. Formerly a large amount of Lead ore was taken from the first and second cave, but they have now been nearly abandoned, not because they were exhausted, but because the lowest proves to be so rich and the yield is so much greater on the; same amount of labor expended. The depth at which the caves lie below the surface, depends upon the point of the hill at which the shaft is sunk. At the foot of the new shaft, there are five drifts leading off in different directions; these drifts have been openings in the rock produced by the forces of nature posterior to the deposition of the Limestone, the openings then afterwards filled by Clay, tumbling rock and the various minerals which they now contain. These caves are one continuous opening, observing no general direction, but winding on through the hill at all angles, continually crossing each other, forming a complete net-work, represented by a sketch of Dr. Litton in his Report contained in the Geological Survey of Missouri, on Plate No. 9, page 35, Volume 2. These caves, although at times greatly changing in size, never completely close; sometimes the chambers are reduced to the size of 6318 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. a pocket a few inches in height and width, and then spreading out into large rooms 10 or 12 feet high and as many feet wide, but they usually are not less than 2 by 3, nor greater than 3 by 5 feet. These caves not only form a complete net-work of communication in each distinct series, but the three series are connected by vertical openings, called by miners " chimneys." These chimneys almost invariably occur where two or more drifts cross each other, though several may cross without necessarily forming a chimney. Another and almost invariable result of the crossings of these openings, is that the caves become much higher and wider, in most instances forming large chambers. The Limestone in which the caves occur, is entirely free from all traces of mineral, the deposits being confined exclusively to the openings which are filled with red Clay, containing very irregular mixtures of Lead and Zinc ores, the first in the form of Galena (Sulphuret of Lead,) with a few crystals of Cerussite, (Carbonate of Lead,) in the cavities of the Galena, and the Zinc ore principally in the form of the Silicate, with a small occasional quantity of the Carbonate; also quite frequently small quantities of Iron ores occur as Pyrites and thin sheets of brown Hematite. Figure 72 represents the occurrence of these minerals; the solid Limestone contains a fissure entirely filled with minerals and gangue; the minerals are completely enveloped by the red Clay, above are two thin folds of Silicate of Zinc, separated from each other and from the Limestone by the red Clay; the folds of Zinc ore are sometimes perfectly solid, being from 1 to 6 inches thick, and consisting of alternate layers of the same material in very compact folds; again the mass of Zinc ore is from 1 to 6 inches in thickness, but instead of being dense, consists of a thin crust, with a cavity, whose interior walls are lined with beautiful, brilliant crystals of the Silicate, and occasionally the Carbonate of Zinc; more rarely crystals of Galena occurin the cavities, but in this case, are invariably covered with a thin coating of the Silicate, and not unfrequently portions of the cavities are partly filled with red Clay, highly impregnated with Oxide of Iron and has the appearance of a highly decomposed brown Hematite. Occasionally Heavy Spar (Barytes,) lies in a dense mass in close contact with the Zinc ore, but more frequently it is associated with the Galena. Often, but not invariably immediately below the folds of Zinc ore, occur irregular masses of the Zinc ore in the crystallized form, as pseudormorph or Galena. The characteristic position of the Galena is in dense uncrystallized or undeveloped crystals, lying under the Zinc ore; occasionally LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 619 large cubes, several inches square, will occur, but always of a very dull, lustreless a~ppearance, usually covered by a thin coating of the Carbonate. Frequently crevices occur both in the crystals and dense masses of Galena, and it is in these crevices that the beautiful, brilliant crystals of the Carbonate and Sulphate of Lead are found. The Barytes, (Heavy Spar,) occur in close contact with the Galena, especially is this the case in the western part of the hill. The Heavy Spar, like the other minerals, lie loosely in the fissure, completely surrounded but separated from the Limestone by the red Clay. Besides this red Clay is another Clay called by the miners " tallow Clay," it is white, very soft, and of a greasy feel. I have made no analysis of either, but presume both are Clays, (the Silicate of Alumina,) the white being more pure, the red owing its color to the presence of Oxide of Iron. On exposure to the atmosphere both these Clays-lose some of their moisture and become very dry and brittlein a few hours crumbling away to a powder. Besides the above described minerals, there also occurs quite frequently thin sheets of brown Hematite, (probably a decomposed product of the Sulphuret,) and more rarely, irregular, uncrystallized pieces of Sulphuret of Zinc. I observed no crystal forms of this latter mnineral. MINIT G. The ore, on account of its occurring in the fissure, is mined with very little blasting. It is dug out with picks, and loaded into cars, which are run on small trucks to the foot of two different shafts, and then raised to the surface by horse power. Water not being availaable, steam power is dispensed with, and whims used instead. At the time of my visit, 56 men were on the pay roll, most of them negroes, receiving as wages $1.50 to $1.75 a day. Beside these men, employed by the company, a number of miners were working on the property on their own account, and paying a royalty oI\ the ore mined. All the ore, except.the larger masses of Galena, which is separated by hand, is first calcined in kilns, like Lime kilns,' 12 feet high, with grate bars. Two charges of 8 tons each are passed in 24 hours. The charge is made by sprinkling on thin alternate layers of Coal and the ore. The Zinc ore which is free from Galena, is hauled to De Soto, (the shipping point on the Iron Mountain Railroad,) by wagon, at a cost of 25 cents per hundred, and from that point shipped to Carondelet, where it is treated for metallic Zinc. The Galena is hauled by wagon from the mines to the dressing 620 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. works, where the impurities are separated by first crushing, and then washing in jigs and in wash floors. When sufficiently pure, the ore is not washed, but immediately passed through a crusher, and then rollers; is then mixed with the washed ores, weighed, and then placed on the furnaces. The furnaces, two in number, are " Scotch hearths," and consist of solid cast iron sides and bottom, built on a Limestone rock foundation. The blast is furnished by a No. 6 Sturtevant blower. The engine also runs the dressing works. There is but one shift a day, consisting of six hours, during which time 3,500 pounds of mineral are smelted on each furnace, yielding in all, 70 pigs at 70 pounds each. Two brands are produced from these ores called the c' Valle " and " Rozier." The former has been picked and dressed, but is not entirely free from Zinc ore. The Rozier brand is very soft, being entirely free from Zinc, and made from the'" block mineral." Beside the two Scotch: hearths, there is a blast furnace which is used for treating slags, the refuse of the Scotch hearths. The Scotch hearths, in producing 70 pigs of Lead, consume each? bushels of charcoal, and one-sixteenth of a cord of light wood. The company cuts the wood at a cost of 75 cents per cord, and supplies it, to Coal burners, who in turn deliver the charcoal to the company at 8 cents per bushel. STATISTI S. It is now impossible to obtain an accurate statement of the total amount of Lead ore produced by these mines, as a perfect record from 1824 to 1854 was not preserved; but from 1854 to 1873, nearly all mined has been recorded, and the following statement, though not giving the total amount, may be taken as a fair estimate of what was mined by the present owners, and furnished me from the books of the company by Mr. Pratt, the Superintendent: From 1824 to 1830...........5.......................... 6,229,146 pounds. From 1830 to 1834............................................................. 5,000,000 " From 1834 to 1839................................................. 2,890,959 "' From 1839 to 1845.................................................... 2,227,495 " From 1845 to 1850....................................................... 1,559,040 " From 1850 to 1854............................................................ 2,577,137 Total..........................................................................19,483,777 LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 621 During 1854..................................................... 783,407 pounds. During 1855.......................................................... 722,210' During 1856.................................................................... 534,357 During 1857....................................................................... 750,000 " During 1858.........................................................1,089,783 During 1859....................................................................... 641,985 " During 18601....................................................................... 765,600 " During 1861 During 1862j During 1863) During 1864................................................................. 1,086,621 During 1865 During 1866 During 1867.1.......................................1371,215 During 1868 J Durin 1869..................................................................... 357,42 During 1870.... 372.240 During 1871 During 1872.842,300 " During 1872 f.................................................................. 13,463,648''Total amountFrom 1824 to 1854.................................. 19,483,777 pounds. From 1854 to 1873..................................................... 13,463,648 " 32,947,425' Up to the year 1869, the Zinc ores were considered of no economic value, and were consequently thrown away; but since that time they have been utilized, and these mines now furnish a large per centage of the ore from which the metal is extracted in this State, and these Zinc ores, at present, yield larger profits to tlhe company than the mining of the Lead ores. The following statement shows the amount of Zinc ore shipped by the company during the last three years: Fsrom 1869 to 1872Shipped to the Missouri Zinc Company............................... 2,830,640 pounds. esselmeyer............................................. 1,858,849 " " Beck................................................ 1,369,031 " F. F. F. ozier.............................................. 2,016,468 " " )iMartindale & Eddy..................................... 1,298,189 "' Richards..................................................... 872,715 Total amount in three years.............................0,245,822 " BISH MIINES, Jefferson county, T. 38, R. 5 E., Sec. 18. These mines are very near the Valld mines, situated in the adjoining section, on the same range 622 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of hills, and is separated from the latter mines by a slight ravine. The general geological formation is very similar to that at the Valle mines, though the paragenesis and position of the minerals and ores are somewhat different. There are two series of caves on the same level-or three at the Valle mines. The two series are also connected by chimneys. The Limestone is lighter in color, and more dense and crystalline than at the Valle mines, and containing many more cavities filled with "mineral blossom.." A great deal of blasting is necessary, as the fissures are very small and contain little or no Clay, but are filled generally with "block mineral" (Galena) —seldom in crystals. The Zinc ore is entirely wanting. Occasionally a small quantity of Baryta and brown Hermiatite is found. With these differences, the formation very much resembles that at the Vall mines. MINIaG. The mining is carried on in the usual way, a driller and striker working together. The ore is conveyed from the head of the drifts to the shaft and raised by a whim. When a sufficient quantity of ore is accumulated it is smelted in an air furnace. I visited the mines several times but was unable to procure any statistics in regard to the amount of mineral raised or smelted. AVON MINES, Or Saline Valley Mining Company, Ste. Genevieve county, T. 35, R. 7 E., Sec. 12. The geological formation at this point is very similar to that of Mine LaMotteo A similar" Magnesian Limestone occurs, contain — ing disseminated Galena, though the occurrence of the Galena is on a much smaller scale than at Mine LaMotte, the seam of Limestone containing the disseminated mineral not being more than two feet thick. On extending my exsaminations into the adjoining Sections, I found wherever the faces of the rocks were exposed, that the valleys and hills were underlaid by the Third Magnesian Limestone, the Limestone on the hills generally being capped by the Second Sandstone. In the beds of streams where the 1Third Magnesian Limestone has been subjected to the action of watser, impregnations of Galena are exposed showing the formation throughout to be the same. MINING. At the time of my visit 8 men were employed in an open cut blasting off the Limestone containing the Galena. The superintend LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 623 ent informed me that they averaged in blasting one ton to the man, and each ton of rock yielded 500 pounds of mineral rock, and 25,000 pounds of mineral rock yielded 5,000 pounds of washed mineral. This is 20 per cent., an enormous yield, and I doubt if the yield is so great. In smelting, 5,000 pounds of washed mineral yields 4,000 pounds of the metal. There were 18 boys employed at $1.12- a day to break the rocks with hammers in order to prepare it for the rollers. I strongly advised the company to procure a Blake crusher at a cost of $1,500,, which would accomplish ten times the amount of work as the boys, and as they already had a good engine the rock could be crushed at a nominal cost. After the rock is blasted it is carried up to the dressing works; here the boys separate the poor rock from the disseminated Galena; 5. the latter they break with hamimers into fragments about the size of hen eggs. These fragments are then passed between two rollers and then carried to jigs, where, by a washing process, the rock and lighter materials are separated from the ore. The latteris then crushed very fine under a stamnping mill and from these passed to the furnace. FURNACES. There are three furnaces, two of them air furnaces and one blast furnace, the latter for smelting the slags of the two former. Only one of the air furnaces was in operation during my visit. Two charges are made in 24 hours. At each charge 1,200 pounids of the ore is put in, from which, on an average, they get one pig to every hundred pounds of ore. The slag from the air furnace is- again smelted in a blast furnace, which yields from 8 to 15 per cent of metal. MIISCELL ANEOUS. About two miles distant fromt these mines, in Sec. 7, T. 35, iR. 8 E., is an old abandoned Marble quarry. The rock occurring here is a white, dense, very hard Limestone, containing abundant crystals of magnetite, and traversed by veins filled with a yellow coloring matter caused by the decomposition of the magnetite. I had several pieces polished in ir. Parks' Marble works of St. Louis, but he informed me on account of the hardness of the stone and the difficulty of polishing it that it was useless for monumental purposes. In the same section, township and range, on Mr. Brigg's farm, occurs a large deposit of brown Hematite. Boulders, varying in weight from a few ounces to several hundred pounds, thickly strew the ground for several acres. Some of the ore is very much decomposed, form ing a soil in places several feet thick. Some of the ore, especially :624 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the larger boulders, when broken show a smooth chocolate brown conchoidal fracture and seems to be of a good quality. The analysis ~of the ore has not yet been made. The property has never been worked, but should the ore prove to be free of Sulphur and Phospho-rus, and of a good quality, it could no doubt be worked to advantage,.as the quantity is certainly considerable. I was unable to procure any statistics in regard to the amount of ore raised and shipped by the Saline Valley Mine. ST. JOE MINES. St. Francois county, T. 38, R. 4 E., Sec. 33. These mines are situated 5 miles south-east of the Valle mines and six miles from Cadet, its shipping point, a station on the Iron Mountain Railroad. The property embraces 1,800 acres of fine ridge and timber land, supplied by a sufficient amount of water for mining and smelting purposes. MI[INING. The principal mining operations are carried on at a depth of 85 to'90 feet in a bed of ore averaging two feet in thickness. Above this rich bed is an 8 or 10 foot bed of' poor rock with some little Galena very thinly disseminated. Overlying this comes; a seam ranging from 4 to 10 inches of very rich disseminated ore, making a thickness of 11 to 12 feet of rock to be worked out. Pillars are left at proper intervals to support the roof, which consists of a thick bed of solid Limestone. The rock here is much harder than at the Valle Mines. As so much blasting is necessary the diamond drill is used in the mnines to great advantage. It is worked by forcing steam down pipes from the engine. Each diamond drill does the work of five miners drilling by hand, being able to drill 25 feet in each shift of 8 hours. The rock in which the ore occurs is in the Third Magnesian Limestone, of a dark-drab to dark-gray, very much resembling that at Mine LaMotte. The mode of occurrence at this mine and at Mine LaMotte present a remarkable uniformity. The Galena, like that of Mine LaXl~otte, is slightly argentiferous. Occasionally with the Galena occur as associate minerals, small quantities of Copper pyrites, and, more rarely, Nickel and Cobalt ores. There are 250 to 350 feet worked out. The ore is moved from the head of the drifts by wheelbarrows to the bottom of the two shafts, one of which is worked by steam and the other by horse power. When it reaches the surface it is removed by cars to the dressing works, and then thrown into a Blake Crusher, from which it drops to a lower floor and is then fed to rollers arranged with levers and comb weights to relieve the strain when large and hard pieces are to be crushed. LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 625 From the rollers the fine ore is carried by a Jacobs-ladder to the story above and fed to the end of an inclined, revolving screen cylinder, the fine ore passing through into a trough below, where it is met'by a stream of water, and then carried to the jigs in the adjoining building. The coarser particles which cannot pass through, fall out at the end of the cylinder and are delivered again to the rolls. There are six double jigs worked by horizontal plunges. FURNACES. The furnaces are those known as air-furnaces, and are managed in the same way as at other mines; the same amount of mineral put in at one charge, the same quantity of wood and coal used, and about the same wages paid as elsewhere. I was unable to procure exact statistics, but the mines have been in operation several years, and yield more mineral than the furnaces can smelt. On an average 120 pigs of Lead are smelted each day. From present appearances the mines can not only continue to furnish mineral for the same number of pigs, but the production could be considerably increased, and will certainly continue in its yield for many years. MINE LAMOTTE. The Mine LaiMotte property consists of an old Spanish reservation situated in Madison county, and covering an area of nearly 24,000 acres. As this is one of the most important mines in the State, in an economic view, and one of the greatest interest both to the economist and scientist, a more detailed description will be given than has been done for the other mines. The property is situated 100 miles south-east of St. Louis, on the Iron Mountain Railroad. The principal mining is done at the village of Mine LaMotte, 3 miles east of Mine LaMotte Station. Extensive mining is now being commenced a mile and a half west of said station. At present all the ore smelted is hauled in wagons from the works to the Station and there shipped. A good dirt road connects the mines with the station. The country being moderately undulating, with no deep ravines or high hills and but one stream to cross, a 3 mile railroad connecting the works and station could be constructed at a small cost. G.s —40. 626 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. TOPOGRAPHY. The mines are situated in a valley surrounded by small hills, the country for 15 miles being of an undulating character. Through the larger ravines several streams find their way, which are utilized by the dressing houses for washing ores, and by the furnaces for running the engines and other purposes. The quantity of water furnished by a single stream is sufficient to meet all the wants of the mines, dressing and smelting works. The hills, like a great portion, of that district, are heavily timbered with a fine growth of oak and pine, in such quantities as to furnish charcoal material for the smelting works and material for timbering the mines for many years to come. GEOLOGY. The rock of the country is a hard, dense, highly crystalline Limestone, which forms the beds of the streams, and, in fact, underlies the whole valley, and forms the principal mass of the hills. This Limestone belongs to the Lower Silurian, probably the Third Magnesian or older. It is, so far as I have observed, entirely free front petrifaction. I saw but one fossil in the formation, which was a small Lingula. This fossil occurs in large quantities in a seam of Clay-slate inclosed in the Limestone, and usually underlying the disseminated mineral. The Limestone overlying the mineral possesses many good qualities as a building stone, and is extensively used in the construction of furnaces, foundations for the houses, supports in the mines, etc. Besides the Limestone there is but one other rock occurring at this point in any quantity, which is a large-grained, dense Sandstone of a reddish-brown color, being highly impregnated with the oxide of Iron. Besides these rocks, at several points a Porphyry is visible. This rock crops out as a ridge running N. W. S. E. It is sometimes visible for 50 or 60 feet and then disappears, but is again seen some distance on, but always in this same line. The ridge is never more than 30 or 40 feet in width. The rock is a very hard, dense, liver-colored Porphyry, and breaks with a smooth, even fracture. No crystals of Feldspar are seen, but occasionally a crystal of Quartz is visible. This ridge divides the "Jack Diggings" from the'Bluff Diggings." These two mines are the principal point at which the mining is now carried on. LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST. MISSOVRI. 627 It is impossible, in a single cross section, to give an idea of all the various modes of occurrence of the metalliferous deposits in these mines, but figure 70 will give an idea of one mode of occurrence, and a very characteristic one. By reference to it will also be seen a description of the geological position of the minerals. The thickness of the mineral bearing rock at these mines varies very much, sometimes not being more than 2 or 3 feet, and again increasing to 25 feet of mineral paying rock. At the Jack Diggings the shaft passed through 12 or 15 feet of Limestone. Near the foot of the shaft I observed 6 inches of Limestone with no mineral; then 8 inches of Clay-slate; then 10 inches of Limestone with disseminated mineral; then 6 inches of almost solid Galena, mixed with sheets and solid masses of Sulphuret of Copper; then several feet of Limestone reaching down to the floor-rock, but containing very little mineral. At this point only the 6-inch sheet of Galena and Copper Pyrites paid for mining; but further on the sheet became much thicker, though not so solid. The Clay-slate was filled with small cube crystals of the Sulphuret' and Arseniuret of Cobalt and Nickel. This Slate formerly was thrown out as useless, and on exposure has crumbled away to a powder; bput the richness of its Cobalt and Nickel ores having been discovered, all these piles of Slate are now being collected and hauled to the furnaces, where the Slate mass is smelted and a matt made of the Nickel and Cobalt. Going south-west from the Jack Diggings, the formation changes very much; the Copper Pyrites almost disappear, and the Clay-slate seam becomes thinner, until the Porphyry ridge is crossed, when the Clay seam disappears entirely, and scarcely any Copper Pyrites is found. The Galena in quantity and general appearance makes but little changes.' The Nickel and Cobalt ores lack in quantity, and in their mineralogical aspects make very great changes. Instead of occurring here at the " Bluff-diggings " as cube crystals in the Clay-slate as they do at the Jack Diggings, these ores occur sometimes intimately associated with the Lead, covering its surface with a soft, blue powder; again they occur in pockets, much more concentrated, occasionally as a soft mass, but generally brittle, and can be easily crumbled by a pressure in the hand. At this point I found the first and only disturbance that I have observed in this district. The beds of Limestone seem to'be almost horizontal, but observations made at different points show them to have a dip varying from 6 to 100. 628 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. A number of analyses made by Mr. Chauvenet, the State Chemist, show the ores to contain a variety of metallic ores. A few characteristic ores I herewith subjoin: JACi DIGGINGS. BLUFF DIGGINGS. No. 1. No. 2. No. No. 2. Copper metallic................................................. 13.90 21.00 16.25 1.00 Nickel...................................................... 3.25 4.50 3.66 18.10 Cobalt.............................................................. 2.00 5.16 4.65 13.90 Lead.................................................................. 37.10 6.40 trace. 17.45 Assay No. 3 (not given here) of Jack Digging, from the 6-inch seam of Galena, yielded pure Sulphuret of Lead, with 4 ounces of Silver to the ton. Assays Nos. 1 and 2, from same Diggings, taken from mixed ores. No. 2, from Bluff Diggings, is from a very characteristic deposit in that formation, the deposit in places being several inches in thickness, and being chiefly composed of Nickel and Cobalt ores, with some Galena. New discoveries have just been made. The assays by MEfr. Setz, the chemist of the Company, show some of the deposits to be pure Nickel and Cobalt ores, entirely free of Lead and Copper. One assay gave 38 per cent. of metallic Nickel. MITES, NING. The mining at present is not carried on as extensively as it was a year ago, owing to a fire which occurred in the summer of 1872, which destroyed 12 Scotch hearths, being the greater portion of the Smelting works, The 4 furnaces now in operation are not near competent to smelt the ore raised by the 170 miners now at work. At the Jack Diggings, 5 acres of rock have been excavated; the whole mining being confined to one immense room, the vault being supported by stone columns, either left as a support during the mining or built up from the refuse rock. Shafts have been sunk, and borings carried on over more than a thousand acres, and at every point, showing the same formation to exist, and proving its great extent. Some shafts lately sunk a mile distant, passed through this same mineral-bearing Magnesian Limestone.' From these facts, and other data, I am inclined to think the LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 629 whole valley of this region is underlaid by this mineral rock, having at different points the ores more concentrated than at others. Owing to the incapacity of the furnaces to smelt all the ores raised within the last two years, a very large amount has accumulated, there now being no less than a million of pounds of the different ores piled up on the surface near the various shafts. DRESSING WoRKS. The ores are transported from the mines to the dressing works, in small cars, capable of carrying from 4 to 10,000 pounds of ore; the mines being much higher than the works, the cars are carried down by their own weight. The Nickel and Cobalt ores are not washed, but alternate layers of the ore and charcoal are placed on a log-heap and then roasted. When they have been sufficiently long subjected to heat to free them of the Sulphur, they are smelted in a blast-furnace, which produces a matt of Nickel and Cobalt, some little Copper and usually traces of Lead. This matt is broken up into fragments of several pounds weight, and then barrelled, and in this form shipped East and to Europe, where refining works separate the Nickel and Cobalt. The matt is worth at the railroad about 75 cents a pound. When the rock chiefly contains[Galena, with a small per centage of the other ores, it is taken to the dressing works, where it is crushed in a Blake-crusher, and then reduced to a powder by being passed through rollers and then washed. A description of the washing apparatus will be omitted as the old works had been removed and new ones were in process of erection during my visit. FURNACES. At present there are 4 furnaces in operation-2 Scotch hearths, 1 blast furnace and 1 furnace for smelting the Nickel and Cobalt ores. On the 1st of January, as an experiment, 53,000 pounds of cre were smelted with washing, and yielded 37 per cent. of metallic Lead, and also a matt of Nickel and Cobalt, which sold at the rate of $68.00 a thousand pounds, making the ore, before smelting, worth 7 cents. At present the Company is very much interested in experimenting with furnaces for the reduction of the Nickel and Cobalt ores, but they, notwithstanding, smelt from 6 to 800 pigs a week, weighing 80 pounds, and ship, on an average, 30 to 40 barrels of matt a week, weighing from 12 to 1500 pounds per barrel. 630 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Statistics. From June 1 to December 31. Dressed mineral No. Pigs. Weight of pig. 1S868................................................. 3,122,118 23,398 70 poun s. 1869................................................ 6, 699, 7 0 62ou504 1869.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~6,699,800 62,504 ) 1871................................................ 15,853,100 44, 643 80 pounds, 1872...................................... 5, 511, 600 39,912 Total.................................. 32,186,618 170,457 Was unable to procure any statistics previous to 1868. COPPER MINES. These works belong to the Mine LaMotte Company, and are on the same reservation, situated one and a half miles west of the Mine LaMotte Station. The geological formation is similar to that at the Jack Diggings.. The ores are hauled in wagons to the Mine LaMotte, where they are smelted with the other ores. Formerly this mine was worked for Copper, and in the washing all the Cobalt and Nickel ores were lost. The mine not proving profitable it was abandoned, and work has only lately been resumed and is now carried on for the Cobalt and Nickel. The ridge in which the mine is worked extends a mile almost due south, at the end of which is situated the CF OX MIN E. T. 33, R. 6 E., Sec. 12. These mines have just been opened. A shaft of 50 feet deep proves the formation to be identical with that of the Copper Mine just described. There is, at the bottom of the shaft, 20 feet of disseminated ore-the last 7 or 8 feet being very rich. I had two tons of the richest ore crushed. From the two tons, I crushed 100 pounds still finer, and then powdered 10 pounds of this, from which I took a gramme for analysis. My first analysis yielded: Metallic Lead....................................................................................... 16.4 Metallic Iron....................................... 2.00 Metallic Copper.............................................................. Not determined. Metallic Nick el........................................................... Trace. M etallic Cobalt...................................................................... Trace. LEAD MINES —SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 631 From the strong reaction in the qualitative tests, I thought the presence of Nickel and Cobalt must be considerable, and not being satisfied, concentrated the ores and made two more assays, which yielded: AMetallic Lead...................................................................... 29.37 Metallic Copper................................................................. Not determined. Metallic Iron...................................................... Not determined. M etallic Nickel................................................................................... Trace. Metallic Cobalt................................................................................ Trace. No work has been done except at the bottom of the shaft, as the formnation is the same as at the other end of the ridge. A number of shafts have been sunk within a radius of a mile —all with the same results, showing the formation to be uniform throughout the valley. B URNETT'S DIGGINGS, (Texas County,) These Diggings are situated in Sec. 22, T. 28, R. 12 WI. The report of mineral being found at this point created considerable excitement, and at the time of my visit active operations were being carried on. The mineral (Galena) was first discovered in an open cave. This cave is 5 feet high and 4 feet wide at the entrance, but on being penetrated the size becomes very variable, sometimes decreasing so greatly that we find it necessary to crawl, and occasionally we were compelled to lie flat and pull the body along. The cave sometimes enlarges at points to 8 and 10 feet wide and as many high. The roof, sides and floor are mostly covered by a layer of red Clay, varying in thickness from that of a knife blade to several feet —the Clay being continually deposited by the dripping water. The cave, on penetrating the hill, follows no definite direction, but continually changes its course. Numerous smaller caves branch off fronm the main cave at every angle, nearly all of which were too small for examination. The Limestone varies in color from a dark cream into lighter shades, is free from any fossil remains, and belongs to the Lower Silurian Formation, (the Third Magnesian Limestone.) Several shafts are sunk on the hill, but the Limestone seems to be entirely free of Galena, and I found this mineral only occurring in the,crystallized state as large cubes along the roof and sides of the caves. The cave, about 200 feet from the entrance, is 5 feet high and 8 feet wide. Large crystals of Galena are fastened to the rock, but are easily detached by a hammer. Of these, quite a number are to be seen, but not sufficient in quantity for any commercial value. The 632 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. roof has also occasional small patches of a soft, dark brown Hematitev together with Stalactites and Stalagmites formed by the dripping and evaporation of water holding Lime in solution. On penetrating the. caves for several hundred feet in different directions, I found the same general occurrence of Galena crystals along the roof and sides of the cave, but only in small quantities. Several shafts having been sunk demonstrated the fact that the rock did not contain the mineral in the disseminated form. I now learn (six months later) that active operations have been carried on, but without success. Several other points were visited in the neighborhood where "Clay diggings" had been worked, and "float" mineral was said to have been found in two or three of the open pits. A few small particles of Galena were to be seen lying loose in the Clay, but this was the only indication of its occurrence. THE LEAD HILLL DIGGINGS, Sec. 27, T. 28, R. 12 W., Texas county. These Diggings are situated. some eight or ten miles east of the Burinett Diggings. A shaft 12 feet deep is sunk on the top of the hill, passing through 8 feet of red Clay and 4 feet cf gray Magnesian Limestone. The rock taken from the bottom of the shaft contains the Galena very sparsely disseminated, and would not yield more than one per cent. of themineral. Near the shaft is a large outcrop of the rock, being exposed for several hundred feet. At one point a very narrow seam of Galena not more than the thickness of a knife blade, could be traced for 20, feet. Some work had already been done on it, and the owners were inclined to continue, but I advised them to discontinue as it was not a true fissure vein but a gash vein and would lead to no permanent resuits; but they concluded to continue. After a time, not meeting with any success, the whole work was abandoned. THE INDIAN DIGGINGS, At several points on the road from Hartville to Marshfield, in Webster county, are to be seen old diggings in the Clay, said to have been the work of the Indians in search of Lead ore, and though it is currently reported they mined the mineral in considerable quantities, the fact is to be doubted, as there is no indication of its existence. ENLOE BIINES. The Enloe Mines are situated in T. 40 in the line of Rs. 1. and 2 W. The county lines of Franklin, Washington and Crawford. corner on the hill where the mining operations are conducted. The presence LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 6333 of Galena on this hill has been known for a great many years, but no systematic mining has ever been carried on. The farmers of the neighborhood have been allowed to come here and mine at their pleasure. No record has ever been kept of the amount of mineral mined. A farmer who had also mined on the hill, and a perfectly reliable and, competent man, told me he was confident that at least a half million pounds of mineral had been raised. This ore was principally found in the Clay between 5 and 20 feet' from the surface. No successful mining has been carried on in the rock. The principal deposits occur'in loose irregular masses, mixed with Chert, at about 18 feet below the surface. Several attempts were made to mine in the rock but the ore occurring in such irregular deposits made the mining unprofitable. At three different points on the hill the rock has been attacked; the principal ore is in the " tunnel." This is the true pipe-vei-n formatixon, andk as previously stated, is a very irregular deposit of the ore, and very rarely the mining for these deposits proves unsuccessful. At the present time this hill and several similar mines in the neighborhood have been abandoned. FRUMET MINES, T. 40, R. 3 E., Secs. 28, 33 and 34, Jefferson county. The Frumet minming property is situated in Jefferson county, 8- miles distant from DeSoto, its shipping point, a station on the Iron Mountain Railroad. The tract embraces upwards of 1,300 acres but the mining at present is chiefly confined to a few acres, and, active operations are now goingon at four points. There are numerous outcrops at various points, but as yet undeveloped. The results obtained on those veins already worked would warrant the developing of a number of outcrops I examined. The country is undulating, some of the hills rising several hundred feet in height, the physical features of the land furnishing a fine drainage to the mining district. The property is bounded on the west by Big River, which furnishes. inexhaustible stores of water power and supplies all the water required for mining, the dressing works and the furnaces. GEOLOGY. The metalliferous deposits occur in a bed of Limestone belonging to the Lower Silurian formation, and as far as I was able to determine in my short visit, the Limestone is that known as the Third Magnesian Limestone. -63- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MIODE OF OCCURRENCE. The deposits of Lead ore occur in veins and approach nearer to a true vein than any occurrence I have observed in Missouri. All over the land outcrops can be seen, varying from a few feet to 50 in width. This outcrop is composed of decomposed Baryta, brown Hematite and fragments of Galena, varying in weight from a few grains to several ounces. Several of these veins have been developed by driving in open cuts from the sides of the hill. The cuts vary in width from 12 to 50 feet, depending on width of vein, all the vein matter being excavated between the wall rock. It is impossible at present to say to what depth these veins extend, and am unable to determine whether -the deposits are confined to the sets of beds in which they occur or whether they extend on down through the Limestones into the older underlying rocks. The veins have been worked at several points at a depth of from 40 to 85 feet with no indication of diminution in yield; -in fact the deposits seem to grow richer as the depth increases. The wall rock is a very hard, dense, crystalline Limestone, inclosing veins crossing each other at all angles. The vein matter is at some points chiefly composed of Baryta very much decomposed, sometimes dense and again crystalline, with irregular concretions of Chert, crystallized Baryta and Galena mixed. This deposit is very easily mined. Sometimes the miners, simply with the use of a pick, are able to follow the vein forty feet without putting in a single blast. At other points the vein matter is more dense; in this case much of it is composed of Limestone. Whenever the Galena occurs in Limestone -it is found in the disseminated form, when not in Limestone it occurs mixed with Baryta and Chert in irregular masses, varying in weight from a few ounces to many pounds. Besides Galena, Baryta and Limestone very few other minerals occur in the vein matter. Occasionally Iron Pyrites and decomposed brown Hematite occur, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the mining. MINING. The Lead ore, on account of its mode of occurrence, can be mined at very little cost, as open cuts can be driven, thereby avoiding the necessity of timbering, and on account of the softness and decomposed state of the vein matter in many places blasting can almost entirely be dispensed with. The natural advantages for mining at this point are unequalled by any mining district I have ever seen, and science has united with nature and made the work complete. LEAD MINES-SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 635 The ore is mined in the open cuts, dumped into the cars, and the cars, without any other locomotive power than that of gravitation, immediately pass to the dressing works. DRESSING HOUsE. Tbis building is a most complete work. It is built of heavy timber on a rock foundation, low down on the bank of the river; the stream, some 6 to 10 feet in depth and 75 feet in width sweeps by furnishing an inexhaustible supply of water all the year. The engine, crusher, jigs, rollers, etc., are all under one roof. The works are so complete but very little handling of the ore is necessary. The cars pass down from the mines into the roof of the house where they dump their contents into a No. 9 Blake crusher, which crushes 100 tons of material in 12 hours. The crusher empties the material into a large screen which acts as a separator, separating'the ore into four classes. From the large screen the material passes to four smaller screens, and thence to the jigs. There are six jigs for the ore and six for the tailings. The richest ore taken from the jigs is put into barrels and is ready to be transported to the furnace. The poorer quality has to undergo a further separation; a portion goes back to the rollers and from thence again to the jigs, where it undergoes the same washing process. Another portion, called the tailings, is further washed and separated, and after this final process the waste material is almost absolutely free from Galena. These are the most complete works I have seen in Missouri, as the amount of manual labor is reduced to a minimum, and accomplish the greatest amount of work at the least cost. I have not seen the St. Joe works, which are said to be very complete; but leaving out of consideration what science has done, these mnines possess natural advantages unequaled by any other. FURNACES. There are two furnaces, a Flintshire and a round Cupola, and two Scotch -IHearths. Since the erection of the former, the latter are very little used. The manipulations of the ore in this furnace is precisely the same as the common reverberatory furnace. The advantage claimed for this furnace is that more ore can be smelted with a given amount of fuel, and a larger per centage of metal obtained than from any other furnace. 636 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ZITC MINES. The Zinc Mines situated on the same property, and a short distance from the Lead Mines, are now being worked. The hill seems to be a mass of Carbonate of Zinc, and wherever excavations have been made, some ore was found. A large face on the western side of the hill is now exposed showing a mass of the ore; as it can be quarried with picks, with little or no blasting, theexpense of mining is very small. I advised the proprietor to prosecute the work, as cost of mining was so trifling, for one man can mine a ton a day, with ca cost of $2.75,. to be delivered at the railroad where it is, worth $15. Should active operations be carried on here, I believe the returns would be as great if they did not exceed those of the Lead Mines. My short stay prevented me from determining the extent of the deposit. Professor Forest Shepherd, one of the Directors of the Geological Board, examined this deposit, and says: "The Zinc ore can be traced one half of a mile in a southeasterly direction, and over 1,000 feet in width; the quantity of ore in sight is very large indeed, and the amount of production seems altogether to depend upon the number of hands employed." My brief stay did not admit of my determining the extent of the metalliferous deposits on this property; but in respect tolthe Leaddeposits, Prof. Shepherd says: " One of the veins, known as the Great Mother bearing vein, isestimatbed to be not less than 50 feet in width, and of unknown depthWhere it has been opened at different distances along its course, it gives the most satisfactory evidence of its ability to supply countless stores of profitable ore for many years to come. By calculating the plainly visible part of the Mother vein where it has been uncovered on the surface, and opened in the centre by a shaft, and by the north and south cut about 1,000 feet in length, an average depth to the present level of the railroad 100 feet, and 50 feet in width, (the vein being much wider on an average,) we have upwards of 185,000 cubic yards of ore, or vein-stone in sight; and at the rate of 100 tons a day, would require over 15 years to work out this small fractional part of the'Great Mother vein."' The value of this small fraction, calculated at the rate of 5 per cent. of mineral, would give over 55,000,000 pounds of mineral, and at the rate of 4 cents per pound, over $2,000,000 worth in sight still leaning to the level of Big River, 120 feet deeper. LEAD. MINES-SOUTH EAST MIISSOURI. 637 There are a number of other veins equally as rich and productive,;some of which are partly developed, and there are many outcrops not yet opened, but would certainly warrant being worked. Taking into consideration all the advantages these mines possess, both naturally, and those which science and capital have added, the.extensive deposits of Lead and Zinc ores, the inexhaustible supply of water, fine drainage, abundance of timber and accessibility to market, which will soon be increased, should the contemplated railroad be built connecting the Iron Mountain and Pacific Railroad; all these ~considerations give these mines advantages possessed by no other. And so far as our geological knowledge is able to determine, the deposits are practically inexhaustible, and the ore is so rich as to yield ~profitable returns, which is now and will further be increased by adding to the number of laborers employed. The amount of yield seems -to be limited only by the number of workmen and capacity of the,works. CHAPTER XXXV. THE IRON OR ES OF SOUTI4-EASTERN MISSOURI. BY P. N. MOORE. The South-eastern Ore District was named and described, in outline, by Dr. Adolf Schmidt, in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1872, pp. 46 and 88, and special descriptions of some deposits of this region given on page 176, et seq. Since that report was written, a somewhat more detailed examination of this region was made by the writer of this, which resulted in finding that the area over which the ores are found, is somewhat wider, and that their centre of greatest development is situated further south than supposed. It embraces, so far as we at present know it, the southern portion of Iron and M-adison, the greater part of Wayne and Bollinger, and the northern part of Butler and Stoddard counties. It is probable also, that on investigation, it will be found to extend into Reynolds, Carter and Ripley counties, and even farther west. There are also deposits known to exist in Gape Girardeau county, but these would be embraced in the " Ore District along the Mississippi River," of Dr. Schmidt's classification. The ores of this district are essentially all Limonites, or so-called brown Hematites; although in the northern portion one specular ore deposit has been examined, and it is not unlikely that others may be found in connection with the Porphyry hills, which here frequently occur. The Limonite deposits are so vastly in the majority, however, IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 639 that it is not improperly called the South-eastern Limonite District. The Limonites occur in great variety of character, from the soft, porous, Ochrey, light-colored Stalactitic ore, through a number of dark, amorphous and more massive varieties to the porous, dark, red ore, which often gives a red streak and powder, and can hardly be distinguished from red Hematite, save by the fact that it contains chemically combined water in almost the same proportion as the lighter ores. The Stalactitic ore occurs as often as any other variety, and is commonly known under the name of Pipe ore. In some -deposites the Stalactites are larger, and of well-defined concentric structure —each one possessing a distinct individual character, while in others they are so small as to be almost microscopic. Usually the Stalactites, especially when small, are of uniform length, parallel, and cemented together, both at top and bottom, by more solid ore. But occasionally they are found inclined at angles to each other, and at one locality (T. 26, R. 5 E., Sec. 12, Butler county) a specimen was found which consisted of a large number of Stalactites of pure ore, of various sizes, which had been broken and thrown together at all angles, and then loosely cemented again by amorphous, cherty ore. These changes prove that the deposition of the ore continues after the disturbance from the position where it was begun; for the Stalactites are only formed in a vertical position, by the gradual infiltration fromu above into cavities in the Limestone, of water holding Iron in solution. They are formed in exactly the same way as the Stalactites of Carbonate of Lime, which are so abundant in caves in many portions of the country. Hollow concretions, or shells of Limonite, commonly called bombshell, or pot ore, are often found, and are especially abundant in Bollinger county. Some of them are of large size, and partially filled with a whitish Clay. In others, small, needle-like Stalactites, tipped with Quartz, occur; while in others still, mamselons of fibrous Limonite, from which depend small, irregularly conical Stalactites. They are usually found lying on the surface or in the Clay, and broken Chert near the surface, but not often at any great depth below. The stalactitic and concretionary ores, are generally of good quality, and reasonably free from any impurity, unless it be an occasional admixture of Ochre. The more massive and amorphous ores, however, show a much greater variation in quality. The changes froam pure to cherty or sandy ore, take place so often and so suddenly, that 640 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. it is extremely difficult to form in advance any reliable opinion as to;the amount of available ore in a deposit. The prevailing impurity through all this region, is Chert or flint. In Madison and Bollinger counties, Sulphur is present in sufficient,quantities to materially injure the value of some deposits, but further south this does not seem to be the case. In the northern part of the region under consideration, Chert is found mixed with the ore of nearly all the banks, from that degree where it is only an occasional lump, to that where the ore is nothing more than a Chert-breccia, the Limonite serving as a cement or matrix which holds together the mass of broken (hert lumps. To the south, in the southern part of Wayne, and in 3Butler and Stoddard counties, the relative amount of Chert is less, and the common impurity is a coarse Sand. This, in its turn, is found in all proportions up,to where the ore becomes nothing more fhan a Ferruginous Sandstone. Many specimens of this kind seem to have been originally a silicious Limestone, in which the Carbonate of Lime has been replaced by Oxide of Iron, by the infiltration of Ferruginous waters,'probably containing free carbonic acid, which dissolved the Carbonate of Lime, precipitating in its place the Oxide of Iron, and leaving unaffected the silicious matter. The variation in the quality of these ores is great, but not quite so sudden as in those which are cherty. In some deposits in Wayne and Butler counties, is a light, olive brown amorphous Limolnite, which to the eye appears very pure, but on inspection with a glass it is seen to contain much finely intermixed Silica. It shows stalactitic structure rarely, though very finle mameneons of fibrous Limonite occur, filling crevices in the more solid ore. The silicious nature of this ore will be seen from the following analysis by Mr. Chauvenet: Water..5 8.46 ~a.ter................................................................... 8.56 8.46 Insoluble silicious matter........................................................ 37.88 28.18 Peeroxideof Iron............................................................................ 53.26 68.05 MUetallic Iron............................................................................ 37.28 44.13 No. 1. Specimen from the L. Johnson bank, Wayne county-No. 30 of the ore bank list. No. 2 Specimen from Speer's Mountain, Wayne county-No. 24 of the ore bank list. IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 641 These specimens are not average samples of the whole deposit, but are merely taken to show the composition of the light-colored ore. The ores of this district, as far as I had the opportunity of examining them, belong to that class of ores which, in the reports of 1872, page 87, have been described as original Limonites, being originally deposited in about their present form and composition. In some localities, some of the Limonite found, has undoubtedly been formed by the decomposition of Pyrites; but these are exceptional, and as a rule in this region, the Limonite has the appearance,of being original mineral. In all cases it has been deposited from aqueous solution, and in nearly all, upon Limestone, in depressions in its surface or in cavities near the surface. There are some facts which go to prove that occasionally the ore,deposition is continued in the Clay and Chert detritus, after disturbance from its original position and destruction of the associate Limestone; but there is not enough known as yet to enable us to fully understand the circumstances of, nor the laws which govern this,later deposition. The Limestone which carries the ore through all this region, is the Third Magnesian. The chemical reactions which produced the deposition of the ore, were probably two-one a precipitation of Oxide of Iron ftom all aqueous solution by the carbonates of Lime and Magnesia of the Limestone, which were dissolved and carried away at the same time the Oxide of Iron was deposited; the other partook more of the nature of a deposit from solution by oxidation and evaporation. The amorphous massive ores seem to be a result of the first method of deposition by precipitation. Waters charged with oxide of Iron, and probably also carbonic acid infiltrated through the Limestone, dissolving and carrying it away, depositing in its place the oxide of iron. The infiltration in most instances seems to have come from above, and the iron may have been obtained wholly or in part from the Second Sandstone which formerly overlaid the Third Magnesian Limestone in many places in this District, for the ore is often found high in the hills, and associated with broklen fragments of Sandstone, which are the remnants of a destroyed stratum. This theory of deposition accounts for the prevalence of Chert in so much of this amorphous ore. The siliceous Cherty materials existing in the Magnesian Limestone were unaffected by solutions which readily dissolved the calcareous portions, and the precipitated oxide of Iron at once became intermixed with and surrounded the Chert. G.s —41 642 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The method of deposition of the stalactitic ores has been briefly alluded to before. They were deposited by the second method from solution by evaporation in pre-existent cavities in the Limestone. Their stalactitic structurelitself, their comparative purity and freedom from Chert, and the fact that specimens have been found showing the position of the walls of the cavities where the ore was in contact with the rock, all go to prove this beyond reasonable doubt. The solutions in this case must also have been infiltrated from above. The chemical constitution of these ores will be seen froom the following analyses by Mr.'hauvenet. They were all made from average samples taken at the ore-banks, in the summer of 1873, and in selecting the samples for analysis, no specimens were taken from those portions of the deposits (if any) where the ore appeared to the eye so sandy or cherty as to be worthless. ANALYSES OF SOUTHWEST MIISSOURI. L. I ONITE O RP.ES. G~lenn i Nifong Emma Myers Bear Alt. Spiva Black River Black River Shrout St. Francis Bank. Ba Dk. Bank.ali~ Bank. Bank. B~ankr No. 1./ Banlk No. 2. Bank. B ank, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. j 6 i. 8 7 9. Z Water........ 11.43 8.92 10.38 8.99 10,97 6.72 8.50 8.57 9.58 Jnsoluble siliceous matter. 47.46 33.97 1472 15.29 17.19 42.25 16.46 25.97 25.88 Peroxide ot Iron.............. j19. 7 5 3.3-37 74,37 74.87 70.43 50.01 74.71 64.18 i 63,25 r~l Sulphur.......................... 0.017 trace........I.., 0.037 none trace- 0.016 0.0033, trace Phosphoric acid............... 0.323 0.143 0.154 0.130 0.096 0.164 0.153 0.147 M~etallic Iron., 5................... 5.70 37.36 52.06 52.41 49.30 35.01 52.30 44.93 44.27 ~ j Phosphorus.....................i 0.141 0.062.0.067 0.057 0.042 0.071 0.066 0.064 (12 644 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. It will be seen that these ores, although not equal to the specular ores of this State, are yet rich enough in Iron and poor enough in injurious impurities to be of great value. Nos. 1, 2, 3 4, 5 and 9 are samples of the ordinary porous and cherty Limonite..Nos. 6 and 7 are samples of the dark-colored reddish Limonite which bears so close a resemblance to Hematite. They are mtixed with both Chert and Sand. No. 6 especially being very cherty. Notwithstanding their red color and streak, they show in proportion to the Iron present, about the same amount of combined water as the lighter ores. No. 8 is a sample of Limonite in which the impurity7 is a coarse Salnd instead of Chert. It will be seen that it does not differ greatly in its composition from the others. The following two analyses of specimens frorn the Indian Ford region, were made by Messrs. Chatuvenet and Blair, lor AMr. James E1. M3ills, and kindly furnished by him for publication: 1. 2. Oxide of Iron.7.1...................7.................................1...__ Oxide of Iron....................................................................... 75.140 77.11 Alumina........|................................................................. Lime............................................................................ 0.26.................. M3agnesia........................................................................... 0.15................. ananese...................................................... 1.................. Sulphur.......................................................................... 0.012 0.070 Phosphoric Acid..................................................... 0.126 0.1.81'W ater...................................................................... 1.1.44 8.46 99.928.................. Insoluble silicious muatter........................................... 10.56 10.98 lMetallic.l...01. *..52.6....r.r~.. 50 53.98 Phosphorus........................................................................ 0.055 0,079 No. 1. Averaoge sample, by Mr. James E. Mlills, friom T. 26, g. 7 E., Sec. 35, N. hf. N. E. cqr. No. 2. Average sample, by Mr. James E. Mills, from T. 26, It. 7 E., See. 22, S. W. qr. The variation in size of the ore deposits is as marked and great as the variation in quality, but the great majority are of limited ex IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 645 tent. Any Iron manufacture which may be established in this region and which relies upon these deposits for a supply of ore, must, if it would be permanent, control a large number of them in order to secure a sufficient amount of ore to last for any length of time. In Mlfadison and Bollinger counties a number of banks have been opened, so that their character can be pretty well ascertained; but in Wayne and Butler counties there are only a few in which any devel.opment at all has taken place. The majority of the banks, and those too in the most promising locality of all-the Indian Ford region —are as yet wholly undeveloped. The ore at the undeveloped banks is usually seen lying upon the surface and partially imbedded in the Clay and broken Chert, which almost invariably covers thickly the surface, and often occurs to a great depth, completely hiding the underlying rock. In most cases no rock is seen in position near the ore, but when it is, it is mentioned in the description of the deposit. The ore deposits of this region may be classed under two general divisions, in each of which there is admitted a wide range of variation as to character, size, quality and position. They are: CLASS G. Deposits of Limnonite on Limestone. CLASS JIt. Disturbed or drifted deposits'of Limbonite. This is the system of classification, adopted by Dr. A. Schmidt in the Report of the Geological Survey for 1872, and there explained at some length by him. Observations during the past season have served to confirm the correctness of this system in its general features. As all who read this report may not have access to that volume a general description of these classes of deposits, as displayed in South-eastern Missouri, will be given before proceeding to the detailed description of deposits: CLASS G. DEPOSITS OF LIMONITE ON LIIMESTONE. The Limonite deposits of this region seem to have been originally deposited on the Third Magnesian Limestone, which is the prevailing rock. These deposits are not in veins or masses of any regular shape, but occur in a great variety of forms, as may be inferred froml the manner of deposition. The form which is rather more common than any other is the horizontally bedded lenticular mass of irregular outline but this is not universal, nor does it occur often enough to make it the rule. There is a popular opinion that the ore occurs in true veins of large size and regular course, which run continually through the 646 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. hills, and that the masses of ore found are outcroppings af the main vein. Nothing can be further from l the truth and nothing tend i more to incorrect valuation of the deposits or mistakes in mining than this theory. The facts can not be too prominently kept in view, that these deposits are not true veins; that they are not of inexhaustible extent, and that a large outcrop does not indicate of necessity that there is a correspondingly greater amount beneath the surface. CLASS HI. DISTURBED OR DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF LIMIONITE. 1Many of these deposits in South-east Missouri, in fact the great majority of them, seem to have been disturbed from the position where originally deposited. AWe find thein in all stages of alteration, some merely slightly tilted or moved and lying near the original position; others are completely broken up by the dissolving or washing away of the surrounding and underlying Limestone, and nearly destroyed, so that they should perhaps be more properly called residuary deposits. Of this class are some few deposits of Limonite which are found resting in the porphyritic detritus near the base of Porphyry hills. They are probably residual from Limestone, which once extended farther up the hill and has since been worn away by slowly acting erosive agencies. The proof of this is found in the fact that these Limonites are never found at any great height on the Porphyry hills, and that with them is usually found more or less Clay and Chert, the invariable accomIpaniments of the erosion of Mlagnesian Limestone. These deposits occur in a great variety of positions, but usually lying in much broken, irregular masses, buried in the Clay and Chert or oftentimes merely resting on the surface. From this can readily be seen their very uncertain and unreliable character. There is almost no class of mineral deposits which require more careful and intelligent examination in order to determine their true value, and none the surface appearance of which is more deceptive, many banks showing a fine outcrop of ore on the surface, prove on opening to hold little or none beneath. It is this feature which leads to the over estimation of many deposits, some of which will be described. They show a large amount of ore lying thickly and almost solidly over the surface, which a careless observer would naturally infer to be the outcrop of large solid masses, but when shafts come to be sunk or other thorough means of exploration used, they prove to be nothing more than residuary deposits resting on the Clay. IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 617 DESCRIPTION OF' SPECIAL DEPOSITS. CLASS G. DEPOSITS-OF LIMONITE ON LIM3ESTONE. NIFONG RANI'K, T. 31, R. 8 E., Sec. 2, S. E. qr., two miles from Marquand, Bollinger county. At this bank, two large cuts have been made in the top of a high hill, about a quarter of a mile from the Iron Mountain Railroad west.'The larger of these cuts, of irregular shape, is about 30 feet deep, running in a north and south direction. The ore is exposed at its best on the south wall. It is seen here in an irregular mass 8 or 10 feet thick and about 20 feet long, inclined toward the west at a high angle, overlaid by a mass of reddish Clay and Chert, which shows semi-stratification in about the same direction. The ore at the south end of the cut is of good quality, a dense Limonite and comparatively free from Chert. That exposed on the east wall is very cherty, so much so as to be almost worthless. An analysis of the ore, averaged from such of it as is marketable, is given on page 643. About 125 feet east, just over the top of the hill towards the railroad, another cut has been driven in a westerly direction. about 60feet long and 20 feet deep at the head, where it has exposed a mass of very cherty ore, 6 to 8 feet thick, and tilted at the same angle as in the first cut. RHODES' BANK, T. 31, R. 8 E., Sec. 14, S. W. qr., Bollinger county. As will be seen from the sketch (Fig. 74), the ore here lies upon the south-east slope of a low hill. It has also been exposed by the two cuts. The upper cut reveals nothing but pieces of ore in the Chert and Clay. At the lower, is exposed over an irregular area, perhaps 40 feet in diameter, ore, Chert and a peculiar porous Quartzite with cavities filled with Ochre. The ore is frequently found adhering to this, but is present in very small quantity in comparison with it. The surface of the hill above is covered with large boulders of ore and Chert, but the ore is freer from cherty admixture than would be expected. At the upper cut the ore is better, but the same Quartzose rock is found adhering -to it. 648 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. JESSE LUTE'S BANK, T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 11, N. E. qr. of N. W. qr., Bollinger county. At this place at the time of my visit, the ore had been disclosed by two cuts on the north slope of a hill, near the top. The main cut is some 30 feet deep and shows an extremely irregular mass of ochreous, cherty ore, which in its general direction dips steeply toward the north. Much Ochre is associated with the ore, and at places the ore is almost replaced by Ochre. Lying above the main body of ore is found, in irregular pieces, a peculiar, silicious red ore, a specimen of which, on analysis by Mr,. R. Chauvenet, gave the following results: Peroxide of Iron.............................................................................. 36.81 Insoluble silicious residue..................................................................... 57.92 Combined water.................... 4.96 rMetallic Iron................................................................... 25.76 It is said to occur often in long, stalactitic pieces standing upright in the Clay. Scattered over the surface of this hill and the next one north, and occurring in the Clay and Chert at the cut, are found large numbers of hollow concretions of good ore-the so-called "Pot" ore-some of' them of considerable size. SPEER'S MOUNTAIN, T. 29, R. 7 E., Sec. 3, W. half lot 2, N. W. qr., Wayne county, is a high hill in the ridge or divide between Turkey Creek and Bear Creek. The ore occurs almost exactly on top or inclining a little towards the eastern slope. It is in almost solid masses lying irregularly over an area about 45 feet wide and 150 feet along the ridge, while the broken pieces extend down the hill about 100 feet. The surface of the hill is covered with soil, and no rock is visible save occasional Chert lumps. The ore is porous and contains Chert in small pieces, usually not overone-half inch in diameter, which occur at pretty regular intervals. The uniformity of the Chert admixture is unusual, and while sufficient to injure the value of the ore, it does not render it worthless. ST. FRANCIS BANK, T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 24, S. half N. W. qr., or possibly N. half S. W. qr. Butler county. As will be seen from the topographical sketch (Fig. 75), that the ore here occurs on a steep hill about 80 feet high, which rises almost from the edge of the water, on the west side of the St. Francois River. The ore has been traced for a distance of 550 feeL IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 649 along the hill, and it lies scattered in immense boulders from the 65 foot level down the slope. None is found above the 65 foot level. At this height, for a distance of 200 to 300 feet, the ore shows a persistent outcrop, which seems at a number of places to be solid and in position. The thickness of it could not be well ascertained. At the southern end of the hill, the ore lies in greatest abundance over a wider surface and lower down on the hill; but though lying thickly, almost completely covering the ground, it is in broken pieces of greater or less size, and evidently not in position. Some 200 to 300 yards to the south-west, at a point not shown in the sketch, on the banks of a small branch that flows into the St. Francois River, is a large amount of ore lying scattered in- large boulders on both sides of the creek. The ore is of only medium quality" being porous and sandy with small Chert admixture at some places. An analysis, by Mr. RI. Chauvenet, of a sample from this bank has been given on page 643. This deposit is the best one seen in the Indian Ford region. INDIAN FORD BANKT, No. 1, T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 24, N. half N. E. qr., Butler county. Here the ore is found upon a low hill, not above 50 feet high, which is quite near to the old Indian Ford of St. Francois River. The ore lies upon the south-east slope of the hill in an oblong mass, (or rather two masses with a vacant space between,) about 300 feet long and 100 feet at its widest, with its longest diameter in a north-east and south-west direction. It reaches about 100 feet down the hill-about half way. The most of the ore outcrop is in large pieces, but in the centre they lie so closely connected as to seem an almost solid mass of unbroken ore. In quality it is porous and cherty rather than sandy, but is pure enough to be valuable. INDIAN FORD BANK, NO. 2, T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 23, N. E. qr., Butler county, is upon a hill, about 110 feet high. The principal mass of ore lies upon the S. E. Slope, and shows at its thickest about 10 feet below the top, although it is thinly scattered over the top and thick again at about the same level on the northwest. It reaches some 30 feet below the top, extending down in a belt about 80 to 100 feet wide. In its most prominent outcrop it shows apparently solid but limited in extent, while the most of the ore is in large pieces. The quality of the ore is so poor, however, being both cherty and sandy, as to materially detract from the value of this otherwise promising deposit. 650 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. IND)IAN FORD BAN'l, No. 3, T. 27, R. 7 E., Sec. 23, N. E. qr. of S. W. qr., Buter county. The ore here occurs upon the south-eastern Slope of a low hill, about 30 feet high. Near the top it shows an almost or entirely coherent mass, about 75 to 100 feet long, and extends with this width down the Slope about 150 feet, in an outcrop of broken pieces, ranging from 6 inches to 3 feet in diameter. The ore is porous and quite free from Chert, but is inclined to be sandy. INDIAN FORD BANK, No. 4, fT. 27, R. 7 E., Sec 22, S. hf. N. W. qr., Butler county. This is a large deposit of ore, occurring on the north-western Slope of a hill, about )5u feet high. Near the top the ore lies in an apparently coherent mass, and below it scatters, spreading over a large area. The value of the deposit is, however, greatly injured by the poor quality of the ore, which is lean, soft and sandy, and almost none of it of first quality. BLUE SPRING BA.NK,'T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 26, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr., Butler county (Fig. 76.) Here the ore is found in large and small pieces, and in one place in solid outcrop, overlying an outcrop of 10 feet of Third Magnesian Limestone, which shows at 30 feet above the bottom of the hill. The ore is not seen in any great amount, the outcrop being only about 75 feet along the Slope, and 30 feet wide; but it is interesting as showing more plainly than usual the relation of the ore to the Limestone. In quality it is not first class, being quite sandy. SPIVA BANK,'T. 27, R. 8 E., Sec. 26, Stoddard cointy. This deposit is upon one of the high hills south of Mingo Swamps, on the southern Slope, but quite near the top. The ore first occurs in large lumps, about 20 feet below the crown of the hill, and some 120 feet down the Slope. At about 30 feet down is a solid ledge of ore, which shows an average thickness of 4 or 5 feet, and is continuous for 100 to 120 feet in length. From the sketch (Fig. 77) the relative position of this ledge will be seen. After an interval of about 40 feet the ore is seen again at about the same level, and apparently a continuation of the same ledge. Broken ore, lying in almost solid masses beyond the visible end of the solid out IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MIISSOURI. 651 crop, is seen, and it also covers the surface for 200 feet or more down the hill. In the sketch only the top of the hill is attempted to be shown. The ore is of fair quality, porous, with pockets or cavities, filled with Sand, and occasionally somewhat cherty. An analysis by M1r, Chauvenet of ore from this bank is given on page 643. This deposit is the most promising one seen in Stoddard connty. SHROUT'S BANK, T. 27, R. 6 E, Sec. 16, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr., Butler county, upon the western Slope of a steep, high ridge, running north and south, overlooking Black River. The ore lies scattered in broken lumps, some of which are of large size, for a distance of 500 feet along the Slope, and perhaps 100 feet wide, while at one place, near the top of the hill, a solid outcrop is seen, showing some 6 or 7 feet thickness of very finty and silicious ore. This outcrop of solid ore does not show for any great length. There are in it occasional seams of better ore running through the mass, but the best showed Silica in coarse grains. The quality of the whole outcrop is poor, being extremely sandy, some of it so much so as to be little more than a ferruginous Sandstone. The ore of the solid outcrop is both cherty and sandy. An analysis of a sample from this bank is given on page 643. Upon the same tract of land, ~ mile south, on the N. E. qr. of the S. E. qr. of same Section, there is a smaller outcrop of ore in large and small pieces, scattered thickly over an area 100 feet east and west, by 175 feet north and south, and at some places the mass seems to be solid. The ore is porous, semi-concretionary, and quite cherty, while many of the cavities of the concretions are filled with Sand; yet, notwithstanding this, it will average better than the larger outcrop just described. SWATTLER BANK, T. 25, R. 6 E., Sec. 28, N. E. qr. of N. W. qr., Butler county. The ore, in a belt about 75 to 100 feet wide, lies along the ridge, and down the point to the bottom, a distance of about 500 feet, on a low hill pointing north. Down the Slope it is in broken pieces, mostly of large size; but higher up it lies in apparently solid mass, which shows at one place about 10 feet thick. This solid outcrop is, however, of limited extent, and the great proportion of ore seen is broken. It is of medium quality, porous and sandy. At other places on this tract, ore is found outcropping, and at one 652 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. place, on the N. E. qr. of the same section, a considerable quantity is seen, which seems to be in position; but; the quality is so poor that it, is not worth a special' description. MORRIS CREEIE BANK, T. 27, R. 4 E., Sec. 35, S. E. qr., Wayne county (Fig. 78.) Upon the east Slope of a low hill, about 75 feet high, and scattered into the bed of the creek, which here runs north into Black River, the ore is found. It lies thickly about 200 feet along the Slope, and extending up to the 40 foot level, but none above. All the ore is lean and cherty, and often little more than a ferruginous Chert. It seems to have come from a ledge of ferruginous Chert, or very cherty ore, which shows a persistent outcrop of the 40 foot level for about 150 feet. That which is broken and lying in pieces over the surface shows a larger proportion of good ore than the solid mass, but even in this there are irregular masses of better ore. The value of the bank is much injured, however, by the quality of the ore, which, taken as a whole, is poor. In addition to these already described, the Gregoire, West, Peterburger, Big Lake Creek and other banks are probably deposits of this class in the South-eastern Ore District. CLASS H. DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF LIE ONITE. FOSTER BANK, T. 33, R. 7 E9 Sec. 16, N. E. qr., Madison county. At the time of examination, three cuts had been made at different places in this quarter section. The upper cut was made near the end of a tramway, constructed to carry the ore down to the Iron Mountain Railroad, about half a mile distant. This cut was about 80 feet long, running into the hill near the summit in an easterly direction. Considerable ore had been obtained, but it was all found as broken pieces or boulders lying in the Clay and Chert, and no solid mass was found. The ore was very cherty. About 250 to 300 yards north, by the side of the tramway, another small excavation was made without reaching any solid ore, but much ore in pieces, mostly of small size, was found in the Clay. This was a much better quality than inthe upper cut, being dense, dark-colored, often Stalactitic and quite free from Chert. At still another point, west of the last described, an excavation of about 10 feet deep had disclosed a mass of ore of irregular shape, the extent of which could not be seen. It was lying in the Clay mix IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MIISSOURI. 653 ed with much yellow Oclire and ferruginous Chert. The ore itself was dense, cherty and very silicious. No rock was visible near the ore save the associated Chert, which was found in abundance, both lying with the ore and scattered over the surface of the hill. GLENN Em.mfA BANK, T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 16, Bollinger county. This bank was described in the Geological Report for 1872, by Dr. Schmidt, under the name of the iAurdock Bank. Since that time considerable development has taken place, which has shown more clearly the character of the deposit, and up to the time of examination some 1,500 tons of ore had been mined and shipped. The bank was opened low down upon the hill at a point about 20 feet above the level of the valley. Here three irregular excavations had been made along the hill-side, in all some 200 feet along the Slope, and the deepest of them about 80 feet into the hill. Two principal ore masses were disclosed. Of these, the most southerly was a broken mass, seemingly formed of concentric layers of ore in small pieces. Considerable of this was cherty, but in the northern mass a much larger proportion of Chert was seen, so much as to render a large amount of ore valueless. The ore in the extreme north part of the cut was better quality, but mixed with much Ochre. An-analysis of an average sample of such ore as is not too cherty to be marketable from this bank, is given in the table of analysis. Were the whole averaged the per centage of Iron would be much less than is here shown, and the silicious matter correspondingly greater. TIBBs' BANK, T. 31, R. 10 E., Sec. 29, S. W. qr. of S. E. qr., Bo]linger county. Upon the north Slope of a hill about 60 feet high, the ore is exposed by a cut at the 40 foot level. It is seen at the head of the cut which runs in a southerly direction, lying in a broken, irregular mass, much mixed with Ochre, and imbedded in the Clay. There is not much Chert present, but the ore is full of Ochre, and occasionally sulphurous. A great deal of very good Ochre can be obtained from this bank; in fact, so far as can be seen, there is more Ochre than ore present. Much ore is scattered over the surface, and several small test pits have been dug,, but without revealing the presence of any solid mass of ore. 654 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ROBBIN'8 BANK, T. 31, R. 9 E., Sec. 10, Bollinger county. Here the ore occurs upon ~the north Slope of a high hill on the divide, between Hurricane and Crooked Creeks. The ore lies in many broken pieces of uniformly large size, in a belt about 200 feet long, N. and S., and 75 feet wide. It is dense, hard ore, silicious rather than cherty, and much of it dark-red in color. There are many Chert pieces scattered with the ore on the surface, and considering this fact, it is rather surprising that there is so little cmixed with the ore. T. W. SHELL BANK, T. 29, R. 9 E., Sec. 10, N. E., qr. of S. E. qr., Bollinger county. The hill, upon which this deposit is found, is low and flat, and singular, in that almost no Chert is found upon it. It seems to be deeply covered with Soil, and the only rock visible is the ore, which lies in a belt 50 or 60 feet wide and 200 feet long, over the top of the hill. The most of the ore is upon the S. E. Slope, and is in large boulders. It is dense, sometimes Stalactitic, and usually pure and free from Chert. MYERS' BANK, T, 30, R. 8 A, Sec. 32, S. E. qr. of N. E. qr., Bollinger county. This deposit; occurs upon the S. bank of Davault's Creek, a branch of Castor River. The ore is found low down upon the hill, not rising over 20 feet above the bottom. It lies very closely along the foot of the hill, for about 100 feet, in large boulders that seem almost solid. A little prospecting has been done at two places by means of small cuts, which have revealed the presence of large boulders of ore underneath the surface, which were so large as to be unmanagable by the prospectors. The ore is comparatively free from Chert and other impurity. An analysis, by Mr. Chaluvenet, is given on page 643. REED BANK, T. 28, R. 8 E., Sec. 17, N. W. qr. of No. qr., Bollinger county, Fig. 79. This deposit is a singular one, in that the outcrop of ore which is usually large and heavy, occurs near the foot of a gentle Slope, which can hardly be called a hill, in the high lands between Castor River and Lost Creek. The ore is near the level of a dry branch with a southerly course, and the Slope deeply covered with Soil, and showing no rock in position, with only few Chert lumps, rises gently toward the east at the iate of about 5 feet in 100. The ore covers an area about 300 feet long, N. and S., by 100 feet wide. It lies thickly over the sur IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 655 face, and at about the centre is an irregular mass perhaps 100 feet long, which seems at first sight to be solid and coherent, but on closer examination proves to be formed of large pieces lying closely together. It is quite porous, of only'medium quality, and inclined to be coarsely silicious rather than cherty. The bank is wholly unprospected, save at one point near the heavy outcrop, where a small test pit had been dug. What was its original depth could not be ascertained, but that it had revealed no ore was pretty certain, from the character of the material thrown out and lying at the mouth, which was a whitish Clay mixed with Chert. REESE CREEWK B.ANK, T. 28, R. 6 E.,Sec. 5, Wayne county. The ore of this bank shows itself in a zone about 100 feet wide and 300 feet long, lying across the top of a very high hill or ridge. The largest amount occurs almost at the top of the ridge, where it is in large boulders 3 feet or more in diameter, but there is no solid mass or close outcrop appearing nearly solid; on the contrary, it is all broken and much of it in fine pieces. The ore is mostly dense, close-grained and of fair quality, although at places it is both silicious and cherty. Some specimens give a reddish streak. Towards the edges of the outcrop it grows more cherty, at some places shading off insensibly into a ferruginous Chert. PETTIT BANKI T. 27, R. 7 E., Sec. 19, S. E. qr., Wayne county. The ore here occurs in two principal outcrops upon the east side of a high hill, quite near the top. Neither of them seem to have been much disturbed or far removed from the place of deposition. The southern outcrop shows one mass that appears nearly solid, and a large amount broken and scattered down the hill cdver an irregular area, perhaps 125 feet diameter. This outcrop, in a limited space, shows a great variety of oresome of it pure and dense, some stalactitic, some very sandy, and some cherty. The northern outcrop is about 250 feet distant, at about the same height, and is smaller but more solid. The ore, too, is of poor quality, being porous, sanly and cherty. RAISAY BANK, T. 27, R. 6 E., Sec. 23, Wayne county. [Fig. 80]. The ore of this deposit is found lying in the St. Francois River and embedded in the alluvium of its west bank. The bank is formed of Clay and mud and rises 20 to 30;feet above low water. This level extends back 100 to 200 feet on the west side, where it strikes the foot of the hills. The 356f GEOLOGICAL SUR'VEY. ore is scattered along the bank for about 50 feet, but does not rise to within 10 feet of the top. Large pieces of Chert and cherty Limestone are found embedded with the ore, which is all stalactitic, in large masses, showing stalactites of unusual length, some 3 or 4 feet long. There is no Chert mixed with the ore, but considerable Ochre in the intestices between the fine stalactites. No rock is seen in position anywhere near, but at a point afew yards below the ore there is a ford in the river which is there quite shallow and runs among many boulders of Limestone or Chert. At time of high water the whole. deposit would be covered. It is evident that it is a residuary deposit of limited extent. IMANS BAN K. T. 27, R. 6 E., Sec 21, N. E. qr.) Wayne county, is upon the top of a high hill, north of Otter Creek, which runs here in a large bend on three sides of the hill, which is the highest in the neighborhood. It is covered with Chert, but no solid rock is visible. The ore lies close, almost covering the top, over an area 250 feet north and south by 175 feet east and west, but it does not extend more than 20 feet below the top down the slope. It occurs in large pieces, that do not seem much disturbed. In quality it is poor-the prevailing impurity being Ochre, but Sand and Chert are also present, and the ore is almost always mixed with one or the other. OTTER CREEKI BANK. T. 27, R. 5 E., Sec. 3 S. W. qr., N. hf. S. E. qr., and Sec. 4, lot 1 N. E. qr., Wayne county. Along the top of the range of hills just north of Otter Creek there are a number of small outcrops of ore in scattering boulders, but the largest of them is situated on the N. E. qr., Sec. 4. Here, upon the south slope of the hill, near the summit, the ore covers an area about 200 feet in length along the slope, and 60 to 75 Jeet in width. Over the crown of the hill, at about the same level, on the north slope, a small amount of ore is seen. The ore is mostly in quite small pieces, and of poor quality, being quite sandy and often cherty. Upon the S. W. qr., Sec. 3, lying low on the hill near the Creek, there is a small outcrop over an area 40 to 100 feet, of very good statactitic ore, but it is in small pieces, and the total quantity seen is so little that it does not promise to be of any importance. IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 657 HANEY BANK, T. 26, R. 5 E., Sec. 5 S. W. qr., Wayne county, is another one of this class of deposits where the ore is found only on the summit of a high hill. It is one of the largest of three and likely to be thought much more extensive and reliable than it really is. It occurs on a high ridge, which here forms an elbow, turning from a north-east course to north. The ore lies scattered over an irregular area along the summit, from 500 to 600 feet in length and 200 feet wide. It is in patches more or less thick, but at no place is anything like a solid outcrop seen, and it does not extend over 20 feet below the top of the hill. A number of large boulders are seen, but the greater part of the ore is in small pieces, which are not rounded but flat. It is, however, of unusually fine quality, being dense, somewhat inclined to botryoidal forms and almost entirely free from Chert, Sand or other impurities. Occasionally there is some of it porous, but the cavities in it are not filled with Sand but with a fine Clay and not much of that. There is no rock seen in position on this hill, but considerable Chert and cherty Limestone on the slope below the ore outcrop, while on the east side there are a few large pieces of ferruginous Chert lying with the ore. The ore disappears both to the north and south with -the slope of the hill but reappears again a few hundred feet to the north at about the same level in much less quantity. The depression between the two outcrops is only a few feet deep, and from this fact it seems probable that the extension in depth of the ore is very limited. BEAR IJOUNTAIN BANIK, T. 29, R. 3 E;, Sec. 2, N.'W. qr., Wayne county. The appearance of this bank around the ore outcrop can be seen from the accompanying sketch, Fig. 81, but the general geology needs a slight explanation. Bear Mountain is an oblong Porphyry hill, having its greatest diameter N. and S., and some 400 to 500 feet high. Detritus of sandy Limestone, Chert, Clay and broken Porphyry covers the base of it for from 100 to 125 feet up, and it is in this that the ore has been found. As shown by the sketch, the surface is covered at several places with ore, and several shafts and cuts have been dug in search of a solid body of it. The lower cut was run altogether in a lightcolored Clay. The upper one revealed, at the end, a considerable mass of broken Limonite lying in cherty Clay and a disturbed, decomposed sandy Limestone. The shaft above the cut was sunk 30 feet in light colored Clay or decomposed Chert, passing through a few thin G. s —42 658 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. seams of ore, and ending in the Clay without reaching any solid body of ore. The upper shaft was only a few feet deep, all in the same Clay. The ore in the upper cut is much broken and shattered, drawing from the mass in rectangular pieces of 2 to 3 inches to the side. There is considerable Chert mixed'with it. Upon the surface much ore is of stalactitic structure, and quite pure. YANCEY MIOUNTAIN BANiK, T. 30, R. 4 E., Sec. 35, N.W B. qr. of N. E. qr., Wayne county. This deposit and the one following are peculiar in that the Limonite ore is found at the foot, of a Porphyry hill, lying scattered in large and small pieces upon the Porphyry and in the porphyritic detritus. Little or no Chert or Clay is present, and the ore is singularly free from Chert. At the lower part of the outcrop the ore is brown in colot, free from impurity; a true Limonite of first quality. Higher up it glrows more siliceous and darker in color, and finally presents the appearance of a decomposed Porphyry, highly ferruginous. hCISTER B]ANK, T. 30, R. 4 E., Sec. 35, N. E. qr. of N. W. qr., Wayne county. This deposit is upon the flank of the same hill as the last described, and similar to it in the absence of Chert detritus. The ore lies some 50 or 60 feet higher on the hill upon a ridge between two ravines, and running down into them both. At the bottom it is Limonite of poor quality, being quite siliceous; but on ascending the hill it grows redder and leaner, and presents the same changes into an apparently decomposed red Porphyry that were seen in the last described deposit. CEDAR BAY BANK, T. 28, R. 3 E., Sec. —, Wayne county. The ore of this bank lies upon the western slope of a high hill, about two-thirds distance to the top, and covers a surface perhaps 200 feet square. An excavation has been made in the hill side about 250 feet in length, but not at any place more than 12 feet deep, and a large amount of ore, mostly in small lumps not over one foot in diameter has been found, but no solid body has been reach.ed. The surface ore is mostly in small pieces, stalactitic and of good quality, while that in the cut is dense and often cherty. INDIAN CREEK BANK, T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 35, N. W. qr., Butler county. At this place the ore lies upon the top and down the south slope of a low hill not over 50 feet IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 659 in height. Ore is thinly spread over an area perhaps 150 feet in diameter, perhaps rather more in an east and west direction. It occurs mostly in small pieces, save at one place, where is an almost solid outcrop of perhaps 20 feet diameter. The ore is of poor quality, being either cherty or porous and full of Sand. AMILLER BANK, T. 26, R. 6 E,, Sec. 35, N. W. qr. of N. E. qr., Butler county, is another, and quite characteristic instance of the deposits of this class which are found capping the hills, apparently not far removed from the place of original deposition, but still showing no solid ore masses. The features of it can be seen from the accompanying sketch, Fig. 82. The ore lies upon top of a hill on the south side of Indian Creek, in two outcrops. These cap the highest points of the hill, but are separated by a shallow depression in which no ore at all is found, nor does it extend far down the slope. In quality it is very poor, being sandy and ochreish-the southern outcrop so much so as to be almost worthless, as is it is little more than a ferruginous Sandstone. BLACI RIVER BANi NO. 1, T. 26, iR. 6 E., Sec. 18, Butler county; Fig. 83. The ore of this deposit was first found upon the top of a hill about 70 feet high. A large circular excavation has been made here about 10 to 15 feet deep, from which much cherty ore has been taken in pieces usually of small size, and a large mass of the same ore of irregular shape is disclosed in one wall of the cut. Much very ferruginous red Clay and larger masses of Chert are associated with the ore. About 30 feet below the summit a cut has been run, and from the end a tunnel, which has penetrated below the main cut, but no ore of any amount has been reached by it. At the lower cut, near the surface, some ore was found, but it did not extend to any depth. The tunnel runs through red and yellow Clay, tumbling Chert, and occasionally small:seamls or streaks of siliceous ore, but these disappear towards the centre of the hill. The excavation above had not been opened down to the tunnel at the time of my visit, so that the exact extent of the mass of ore seen in the wall could not be told, but that it does not extend far is proved by the fact no trace of it is seen in the tunnel below. The ore is usually of a dark red color, but of a very poor quality, being very cherty and sandy. An analysis of an average sample of such of it as is marketable is given in the table of analyses. 660 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BLACK RIVER BANK NO. 2, T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 18, Butler county, (Fig. 84.) This deposit, both in its character and in the way in which it has been opened, is very similar to the last. It is not quite a quarter of a mile distant, upon top of a hill about 40 feet high, and the ore has been exposed by a summit excavation of irregular shape. A tunnel has also been run about 20, feet below the summit, under the ore, and the excavation has been opened down to the tunnel. The materials through which the tunnel penetrated are about the same as in No. 1, save that less Chert was found and the Clay was not quite so ferruginous. The principal ore mass exposed is on the side of the cut opposite to which the tunnel penetrated and the bottom of it was not well shown, but it seemed of irregular shape, broken and lying in the Clay. Not much Chert was found with the ore. It is of much better quality than at No. 1, and shows the same-variations in mineralogical character. Much of it is red and gives a red streak, and in its lustre and fracture appears like Specular ore, but that it is not is proved by the fact of its containing combined water. It is this ore which has given to this bank the name of a Specular ore deposit, and it was recorded as such in the list of ore banks in the Geological Report for 1872. Specimens of this ore, showing Stalactites and botryoidal forms, are often found adhering to and passing insensibly into true brown, ochreous Limonite. These Stalactites show every appearance of Specular ores but on analysis by Mr. Chauvenet, were found to contain 9.39 per cent. water —thus proving the ore to be very nearly a true Limonite. Much of this ore which appears red will give a brown streak upon porcelain, showing at once and without the trouble of further examination that it is Limonite. An analysis of an average sample of the ore from this bank will be found in the table. A number of other banks owned by the same company occur in this region, but they are mostly unopened, and present few peculiarities which are not found in other banks. ALLEN BANK, T. 24, RP. 6 E., Sec. 4, W. half N. W. qr., Butler county. This bankshows the ore upon the western slope of a low hill not above 40 feet high. The ore lies along the slope some 300 feet or more, and is perhaps 50 feet in width. It occurs in pieces of various sizes, but shows no solid mass. In quality it is porous and sandy, but not enough so to render it worthless. IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSoURI. 661 There are a large number of other banks of this class in Southeast Missouri, as can be seen from the accompanying list, but the descriptions given are believed to be fairly typical instances of the character and appearance of these deposits. DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE. The only deposit of Specular ore seen in this region was in Wayne county and called the "Cheeney Bank," T. 29, R. 4 E., Sec. 21, N. E. qr. of S. E. qr.; (Fig. 85.) Specular ore of very fine quality was here found scattered over a large surface down the south slope of a high ridge, between and in two ravines, and a considerable distance down the main ravine formed by the union of these two. In the west ravine, Limonite was also found in considerable quantity upon the surface, but it proved, on being tested, to be only a disturbed deposit of limited extent. A number of cuts and test pits had been dug between the ravines in search of Specular ore, but no large mass of it had been found. At the time of examination, one shaft had reached a depth of 30 feet, but no Specular ore was found after passing the first 4 or 5 feet below the surface. The same thing was noticed in the cuts below this shaft. The Specular ore occurred in Clay quite near the surface. The shaft was sunk in a red Clay with much broken, ferruginous Chert intermixed. In the cut and shaft at top of the hill, considerable Limonite was found in scattering pieces. No rock was seen in position anywhere near this bank. The top of the hill was covered with Chert and sandy Limestone, and much ferruginous Chert was found in the cuts. It is reported on reliable authority that afterwards another shaft was sunk about half way between the 30 foot shaft last described and,the top of the hill. A large boulder of ore was found here near the surface, and ore in larger and smaller pieces in the Clay and Chert all the way down, to a depth of 90 feet, where the shaft stopped without reaching solid rock. It is not improbable that other deposits of Specular ore will be found in the northern part of Wayne county, but time failed for a complete examination of the whole county. LIST OF ORE BANKS. The accompanying list of ore banks has been made upon the plan of that by Dr. A. Schmidt, published in the report of the Geological Survey for 1872. It may be regarded as merely a continuation of the list there given of the ore banks of the South-eastern Limonite District. No deposit is here given which has not been visited by Dr. 662 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Schmidt or myself. It is not of course a completed list; but for some portions of the region, it is believed to approach it, as for instance, that portion of Bollinger county around Marble Hill, and the northern and the north-eastern (but not the western) parts of Butler county. In the south-eastern part of Wayne county, east of the St. Francois River, are reported a number of valuable deposits of ore, but unfortunately they could not be examined at the time with the others. Many so-called ore banks have been visited in this region, which have not been included in the list, for the reason that they are not deemed of sufficient size and importance to deserve it. Of this class are a few deposits which were reported'in the last list, but not visited by any member of the Survey. These ore deposits, nearly all, must find their exit to market over one or the other branch of the Iron Mountain Railroad, or by the partially completed Illinois, Missouri and Texas Railroad, a line from Poplar Bluff to Cape Girardeau. The classification of ore deposits remains the same as that adopted by Dr. A. Schmidt, in the last volume of the Missouri Report, and the same symbols are used to indicate the probable nature and extent of the deposits. As the deposits are so nearly all Limonite, it will be sufficient here to republish only the divisions of these, and the symbols for them. They are: g. Deposits of Limonite on Limestone. h. Disturbed or drifted deposits of Limonite. The signs used in the column indicating probable size, are also the same as before: 1. Estimated at less than 20,000 tons. 2. Estimated at 20,000 to 100,000, etc. COLUMN 1 — Consecutive numbers. COLUMN 2Names of deposits or banks. These names are such as are commonly used to designate the deposits in the neighborhood, or they have been given them from the owners, or from some stream, town, county, or other object hav-w ing some relation to the deposit. IRON ORES OF SOUTH-EAST MISSOURI. 663 COLUMN 3Location of deposits. This was obtained from the mnost reliable sources attainable, and is generally correct, but there may be a few instances in which the number of the section or the quarter section, is incorrectly given. Itis not believed, however, that an error of maore than a half mile will be found in the location of any of the banks. COLUMN 4Counties in which deposits are situated. COLUMN 5Names of owner or lessee. COLU;MN 6Probable character of deposit, indicated by the signs just described. COLUriN 7 — Probable size of deposit. COLUMN 8Distance from railroad. Number one of this list is equivalent to No. 40 of the ore bank list of Dr. A. Schmidt, in the report for 1872: LIST OF ORE BANKS. Name. Location. County. Owner or Lessee. Distance from nearest Railroad. 1 Matthew's Bank.... T. 32, F. 6 E, Sec. 3............ |Madison........ Dundas and others................ St. L. I. 14. & S. R. W., 9 miles. 2 Ford's Bankl.......... T. 33, R. 7 E................. " Ford & Burll............................ 2 mile. 3 Gregoire Bank....... T. 33, R. 7 E....................... H. Gregoire......................,"2' mile. 4 Foster Bank........... T. 33, R. 7 E., Sec. 16, tN. E, qr........................... Madison Milning Company.. I-I I | 1~ mile. 5 Nifong Bank......... T. 31, R. 8E., Sec. 2.,S.E. qr. Bollinger...... Nifong, Belken & Ruth...... G 1 mile. 6 Rhodes' Bank......... T. 31, B. 8 E., Sec. 14, S. W. qr...................... Rhodes.................... " " miles. 7 Gilman Bank......... T. 31, R. 8 E., Sec. 1, N. W. qr............................. Mir. Gilman of Frederickt'n. H 1'' mile. S Deal's Bank........... T. 31, R. 8 E., Sec. 2......... Col. Deal, Charleston, M[o... G 1 - mile. 9 Turkey Hill........... T. 31, R. 10 E., Sec. 32, N. TW. qr............................. Mr. Brown, St. Louis....... E " " 2}n miles. 10 Poblick's Bank..... T. 32, R. 8 E., Sees. 23 & 24. Mr. Gilman, Fredericktolwn " 1'' 2 miles. 11 Glenn Emma Bank T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 16......... Missouri Furnace Company1 " " " 3 miles. 12 Cushman Hill...... T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 18, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr................ 1 miles. 13 Jesse Lute's Bank... T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 11, N. E. qr. of N. W. qr.........A... Antrim & Tyler................. G 1'' 3 miles. 14 Francis Bannk......... T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 25.......... R. 0. Thompson and Co..... H 1 6 miles. 15 Philip Baker Bank.. T 31, R. 10 E., Sec. 2, N. E. qr.... J. R. Keep..................' 1.. 1 mile. 16 Tibbs, Bank...........T. 31, R. 10 E., See. 29, S. W..qr. of S. B. qr............ A. J. Tibbs...................... 1' 1 mile. Q 17 Bobbins' Bank....... T. 31, R. 9 E., See. 10 B........ E. 0. Thompson and others'' 1........................................ 18 Peter Baker Bank.. T. 30, B. 10 B., Sec. 6, N. E. qr......... Orth&Sevei-no....1.....1 mile. o 19 John Lute's Bank... T. 30, B. 10 B., Sec. 7......... Gilman & Stevens..............' mile. 0 20 Mouser Bank........ T. 30, R. 9 E., Sec. 35, N. ci W. qr................ E. Mouser....1...................... 6 miles. W 21 T. W. Shell Bank... T. 29, R. 9 B., Sec. 10, N. E. 0 qr. of S. E. qp................. T. W. Shell...........1............ 1 miles. 22 Chilton Bank......... T. 30, B. 9 E., Sec. 13........' Mr. Jessop, of St. Louis...... 12 miles. 23 Myers' Bank......... T. 30, R. 8 B., Sec. 32, 5. E. qr. of N. E. qr................ Mo. Furnace Co................. 13 miles. c 24 Speer's Mountahin Bank................. T. 29, U. 7 E., Sec. 3, W. hf'. Lot 2 N. E. qr................. Wayne........ E. C. Cushman.................. G 1'''' 16 miles. 25 Sin-i's Bank........... T. 29, R. 7 E., Sec. 2, W. ht. t 2 N. W................J. S. Sims s...... H 1 15 miles, 26 Beed Bank.. T. 28, P-1. 8 B., Sec. 17, N.W. qr. of N. W. qr.Bollinger...... U. Reed, of St. Charles......' 1 20 miles. LIST OF ORE BANKS —CONTINUED. It ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~9 Name. Location. County. Owner or Lessee. o Distance from nearest Railroad. 27 Reese Creek Bank.. T. 285r, R. 6 E., Sec. 5.......Wayne...... raff, Bennett& Co.......H 1 St. L. II. M.& S. R. W., 15 milcs. 28 Roe Bank.........T. 28, R. 6, E., Sec. 15, S.WV. 1 mls qr. of S.W. qr. 0 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 28 At~kins' Bank......T. 28, R. 6 E., Sec. 6, 5. W.' qr................... J. A. Atkins.............H 1' 14 miles. 3 0 Lewis Johnson B'k T. 28, R. 6 E., Sec. 15, N. E.M qr. of S. W. r............Mrs. N. T. Dalton... 1'' 15 miles. z 31 Pettit Bank.......T. 27, 1R. 7 E, Sec. 19, 5. E.1L.eti1' 8mls qr........................L.MPett............18mls 32 Otter Creek Bank... T. 27,.R. 6 E., Sec. 35, S. E.j i qr....................................................... mi 33 Dewine Bank...... T. 27, R. 6 E.,I Sec. 25, 5. E. qr.....Estate of J. W. Dewine...... 1 7 miles. 34 Joiner Bank.......T. 27, R. 6 E., Sec. 19, N. E, I ~~~~~~~~~qr. of N.E qr.Jie.' 5 miles. 35 Ramsay Bank... T. 27, R. 6 E., Sec. 23 Singer........., Nim-lick & Co.......... 1 7 miles. 36 Manii Bank............ T. 27, P. 6 E., Se. 21 H. Mann.......1....6 miles. 37 Dalton Bank......... T. 27, R. 5 E., Sec. 4, lot 3 N. W. qr........................ J. Dalton.............. 1.... 1 St. L., I. M. & S. R. W., 6 miles. 38 Sloan Bank............ T. 27, R. 5 E., See. 15, N. E. qr. of N. E. qr..........o...... A. Sloan........................... 1 6' 3 miles. 39 Haney Hollow B'k T. 27, R. 5 E., See. 5, S. W. qr.......................... C. McCormack.............. 1 3, iles. 40 Bosanban Bank...... T. 27, R. 5 E., Sec. 9, S, E. gqr..................... ". Bosanban, of St. Louis...... 1 " 3 miles. 41 Bank........... T. 27, It. 5 E,, Sec. 8, S. E. o qr........................ Jno. S. Wilson.............. I iles. 42 Otter CreekBank.... T. 27, R. 5 E. Sec. 4, N. E.l qr............................... P. illir s........... a 5 iles. 43 Morris Creek Bank.. T. 27, R. 4 E., See. 35, S. E. qr.............................. O..I P. Williams.............. G 1" " 2 miles. 44 Haney Bank.......... T. 26, R. 5 E., See. 5, S. W. qr............................ A. F. Burns.................... 1 2 miles. 45 Daniel's Bank........ T. 29, R. 3 E., Sec. 26, N. E. qr.............................. Mrs. G. C. Bowen... 1.......... l mile. 46 Bear M't Bank....... T. 29, P. 3 E., Sec. 2, N. W. qr........................ McKenzie Mining Co. L" 1 1 mile. 47 |*Cheeney Bank....... T. 29, R. 4 E., Sec. 21, S. E. qr.................................. Clark & McCabe................ D 1 "'c 6 miles.? 48 MIaxwell Bank....... T. 29, R. 4 E., Sec. 25, S. E. qr........................... Estate of A. Brown....... H I........................................ * Specular ore. I~ LIST OF ORE B.INKS —COsTINUED.' o~~~~~~~~~~oo Name. Location. County. Owner or Lessee. Distance from nearest railroad....... 49 tYancey M't Bank... T. 30, R. 4 E., Sec. 35, N. E. I I aqryne..........T. T. C. MeCorack............... 1 St. L. I. 3M. & S. IR. W., 5 miles. 50 IKister Bank......... T. 30, R. 4 E., Sec. 35, N. W. t qr....................J.......... C. Kister..................... 1' miles. 0 51 Cedar Bay Bank..... T. 28, R. 3 E., Sec........... Clarkson& Bro................ 1' " 2 miles. 52 Clarsson Bank...... T. 28, R. 4 E,, Sec. 19................ " " 1 2 miles. 53 Big Lake Creek B'k T. 28, R. 4 E., Sec. 1, S. W. c 51 Little Lake q................................. C. HI. Hickman............... G 1 7 miles. Bank.................. T. 29, R. 5 E., Sec. 31, S. E. qr................................. HO.. P. Williams............... 1 8 miles. 55 Mason Bank........... T. 28, R. 5 E., Sec. 6, N. E. qr................................. 8 iles. qr.............. 1.. S.Imile. 56 Spiva Bank......... T. 27, IR. S E., Sec. 26......... Stoddard...... James M. Spiva.................. G 1 I. M. & Texas Railroad, - mile. 57 Leach Bank........ T. 27, Rl. 8 E,, Sec 34, S. E. qr...................... G. C. Williams................... 1 miles. 58 West Bank........ T. 27, R. 10 E., Sec. 5, N. W. qr............................ Mrs. J. West.....................'' 2 miles. t Limonite on Porphyry. 59 Spencer Bank...... T. 27, -P,. 9 E., Sec. 1, N. E. q...............................R. Spencer............... H..... II 1 1 mile. 60 Loufey Bank.........T. 27, R. 9 E., Sec. 1, S. E........................ J.Loufcy....... 1 1miles. 61 Scott Bank............i T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 33....... Butler.......... - Scott........................ 1'' 3' miles. 62 Blue Spring Bank.. T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 26, S. E. qr. of S. E. qr................. W. H. Rigger.................. G 1 mile. 63 Ferguson Bank...... T. 26, iR. 7 E., Sec. 28, N. E.[ qr...J. S. Fergluson................ H 1'' 2 mie 0 64 Rigger Bank.,.... T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 26, W. lif S. E. qr..................... Singer, Nimick & Co......... C 1 2mile.' 0 65 Romine Bank......T...T. 26, R. 7 E., Scc. 35, N. B. 0 qr............................. G 1 1 mile. U2 0 66 St. Francois Bank.. T. 26, R. 7 B., Sec. 24, 5. FordBank half N. W. qr.......'..... 2 11rmiles, 67 Indian Ford Bank No. 1................. T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 24, N. C, half N9~. E. qr..,...,............................ mile, 3 67 Indian Ford Bank h N q No. 2.. T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 23, N. E. qr.........................'...'.'............ 11 miles. W 69 Indian Ford Bank 2 0 No. 3,,............ T. 26, 11. 7 B., Sec. 23, N. E. qr. of S. W7. qr......................... V mies 70 Indian Ford Bank No. 4...,.............. T. 26, R. 7 E., Sec. 22, S. half N. W. qr........................................... 1r 21 miles.. 71 Indian Ford Bank No. 5.................. T. 26, PTh 7 E., Sec. 22, S. B. 72 Gibson Bank....T. 26, H. 7 B., Sec. 27, N. WY. (Tqo................................... C L e, 2 - miles. jQ LIST OF ORE BANtKS —COsTI-NUED. Name. Location. County. Owner.. Distance from nearest railroad. o. S 1 i. T a 73 IMudia Creek Bank... T. 2f* P.7 E., See. 26,S. half| No.2........ T. 26, H. 6 E., Sec. 35, N. half I N. W. qr........................ Btler.... Singer,.inick Co............ H I. J. & Texas Pailroad, 1 74 Connor Bank........ T. 26, R. 7 E., See. 16, N. W. qro................................... A. F. Burns...................... 3 miles. 75 Indan Creek Bank.. |T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 35, A. W. qr............... G.C. Thillenis................ S. L., I. M.& S. R.W., 4 miles. c Indian Creek Banlk |No.2............... T. 26, R. 6E, Sec. 35, N. halfs S.E. qr............... 2 H 6 1 4 miles.1 77 Bank l.,.......... T. 26, R. 6 E,, Sec. 35, S. ha lf i... l N. E. qr.......................... " U. S. Government land. G..... G miles. 78 Miller Bank..........o T. 26, E. 6 E. Sece, 85, N. |W. qr of N..qr..,.,.......... c........ Jacob Miller............... II. 1 1 tt " 4 miles. 79 Peterberger Ba'nk.. T. 26, R. 5 E., Sec.......... F. Burns.................. G; 1 lile... 80 Turkey Pen Hollow Bank -................ T. 26, R, 5 E., Sec, 27... "......... Sith........S...........I 1 4 21 miles. 81 Watt's Banll....... T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 18, N. E. qr.................. th W att................. I 1 " j 2 82!r T. 26, R. 6, E, Sec. 18............ Taylor & Williams............ 11 mile 83 ljT. 2r6, P.. 6 E., Sec..15. "................... H, mile. 84 T 26. R.6E.,Sec. 1S, S. E.qr............... |H | mile. BlaLek River banks s.835 T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 1S,.................. H,mile. 86 T. 26, R. 6 E., Sec. 19........ 1 1 ".. mile. 87 v iT. 26, R. 6 E., See. 19, N. E. qr'...... "' H 1 I e. 88 Hfuskey bank........... T. 25,R. 4E.,Sec. 24,S.E. S. E.......Jno. Huskey................... H 1 8 miles. 9 Post ban.............. T. 26, R. 4 E., Sec. 12, N.W. qr..... P. Post......................... H. 1. |4 90 Sutton banlk..... T.26,R. 6E., Sec. 20,S.W. qr. ".. A... A. HI. Dunn................!...... H 1 1 mile. o of S. W. qr............ 91 lAllen bank............. T. 241, R 6 E., See. 4 W hf. N......... E.Allen....Hm....l................ lH I 13miles. WY. qr.................... I.....i. 92 Shrout bank.........T. 25, R. E. Sec. t, N.E. qr...... th................. G 1 1miles. of b N.E, qr o.......................e. 93 ill bankl........... T. 2, R. 6 E., See. 9,W W.. hf. S......... Mrs. D. W. ill.H t 1 ile I E. qr..................... 94 Dillard bank....... T. 25, R. 6 E., Se. 17,.. Jas. Dillrd......................... " 1 iles. of N. E............................ 95 Hendrickson bank... T....... 25. G E., See,. 1 E6, lE qdr....... sta te D.............. H 1 mile. 96 Swattler bank.........T. 25,. 6 E., See. 28,N. E. qr. Iile of N. W. qr. and N. E.qr.'......... C. Thiller.ius & A. 11 G 1 2 miles. N. E. qr. Dunn. 97 Dunn bank..............T. 25, R. 6 E., See. 17, E. hf........... unn..................... G 1 2 miles. S. W. qr. j H ] —~ I-~-s* ~ —-— ~~-~- ~ ~-~ —— ~ APPENDIX A. NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF LEAD MINING IN MISSOURI. BY HENRY COBB. The first step taken by the white man in the Mineral Region of Missouri was during the summer of 1511, when DeSoto, a grandee of Spain, who had distinguished and enriched himself while aiding Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, being appointed Governor of Cuba, determined to explore the central region of North America, in the hope of discovering rich mines of Gold and Silver, and establishing a colony in the El Dorado, which would secure for him fame and fortune more blilliant than Peru afforded to Pizarro, or Mexico to Cortez, and where he would rise above all his rivals in the list of historical immortality. Only a short sketch will here be given of this adventure, which should be elaborated with more minute details hereafter in,the history of the Geological Survey of Missouri, and in the heroic poems to be written of the bold enterprise displayed in those early days; as it is manifest in the past that the motive of the Spaniard in Missouri, in 1541, fired the breast of the French, in 1719, when Renault & LaMotte came with their band of miners and artisans to re-explore this mineral region, and discover the mines of Gold and Silver, whose existence the igneous rocks of Granite and Porphyry suggested, the signs of Gold Quartz and Argentiferous Lead indicated, and the Indian rumor asserted; although the coveted prize had eluded the search of DeSoto; and a kindred motive impelled Schoolcraft, in 1818, to view the mines of Missouri, and trace the track of the Spanish hero from the sources of the St. Francis, along the summit of the Ozark range, to the sources of the White River; and, although in his survey Schoolcraft found no mines of Gold or Silver, -he discovered the Lead mines of South-west Missouri, and built the first furnace there in January, 1819. Renault and LalMotte having made discoveries and started the first Lead furnace in South-east Missouri, in 1720; and it is manifest in the present that, though the mines of precious metals are not yet discovered in Missouri, those of useful ones-particularly of Iron, Lead and Zinc-are HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 673 so abundant and productive, and the impulse given to their development is so strong that several millions dollars, in value, yearly flow from this source; and, by the manufacture of mineral, vegetable and animal materials, mainly of Missouri, its great metropolis in 1874, is producing, in value, yearly, more than $200,000,000; and thus the dream of wealth and fame in which DeSoto indulged, 333 years ago, is now a reality to St. Louis. DeSoto, according to Bancroft, left Cuba with 600 men, many of them cavaliers and noblemen, with 300 horses, splendidly equipped, and, passing into Florida, fighting several fierce battles, traversed the Southern country, discovered and crossed the Mississippi River, in May 1541, ascended into the mineral region, and remained 40 days, from the 19th of June to the 29th of July, at Pacaha, " a spot which can not be identified;" having passed on his way tribes of Indians cultivating fields of corn, sent an exploring party north, toward the Missouri, into a land of hunters and buffaloes; then, turning westward, during August, followed the range of the Oz:lrk Mountains to the high lands of White River; and, thoug'h he found the country was a mineral region, "the mountains offered neither gems nor Gold." Marching to the south in the land of the Tunicas, he wintered in Arkansas, at the town of. Autiamque, then returning to the grandest object he discovered, DeSoto died, May 21, 1542, and was buried at midnight in the middle of the Mississippi. The scientific and researching spirit of Schooleraft was dissatisfied with the uncertainties in the narrations of the course pursued and places visited by DeSoto int Missouri, and endeavored to locate them with more accuracy, while traveling over the reputed ground from the South-east to South-west Missouri and Northerin Arkansas inr 1818 and 1819. Amongr his various and valuable productions, Schooleraft wrote a report of these researches, entitled " Scenes and Adventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas, which were first traversed by DeSoto in 1-541," and from his investigations in Madison county, where he mentions " mineral discoveries — not of Gold, indeed, which was DeSoto's search, but of Tin, Lead, Copper, Iron, Cobalt and Antimony," he states: "I was now in the probable region of DeSoto's Coligoa, the utmost north-westwardly point of his exploration, and it ceased to be a matter of surprise that the Indians had given him such wonderful accounts of the mineral wealth of the sources of the St. Francis." "The Iron Mountlins of Belleview, so called, are part of this development." But in the greatest work of Schoolcraft's life on the " Indian Tribes of the United States," published by authority of Congress, in 1853, he furnishes a "M' ap of the route of DeSoto," drawn by S. Eastman, U. S. A., from which it appears that the river was discovered at the lower Chickasaw Bluffs, near what is now the north-western corner of the State of Mississippi, in the county of DeSoto, where the route ranl north of west to the St. Francis River, in the land of the Casqui Indians; thence east of north to the present Missouri line near what is now the site of New Madrid, when he fought the Capahas; thence west of south and across the St. Francis, to Quiguate, below and near the mouth of the L'Auguille; thence north, along Crowley's ridge, to the Missouri line, and on between the St. Francis and Black Rivers, to Coligoa, the land of mineral wealth, which seems to have been located, according to this map, in what is now known as the valley of Arcadia, described by Schooleraft as being "' at the foot of the high granitical peaks of St. Francis county, Missouri, celebrated in modern days for the Iron Moulntains, and the Lead and Cobalt rhines of LaMiotte;" thence west of south across Black and Current Rivers in Missouri, in search of a rich province called Cayas; and, probG.s.-43. 674 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ably, crossed White River at Tanico, in Arkansas; thence west through Tula, anld over the Pawnee, now Boston Mountains, to Autiamague, now Fort Gibson, where, among the Quipana Nation, he wintered in a fruitful country of meadows; thence down the Arkansas River to its mouth, where, according to Schooleraft, DeSoto died. This bold adventure of DeSoto, in the mineral region of Missouri, within fifty years after the discovery of America, by Columbus, has been viewed with mingled feelings of admiration at the enterprise, and regret at the failure; the history of the event is involved in clouds of obscurity by reason of the vague reports made of the expedition, upon which Schoolcraft, by his researches, has thrown much light, which may be increased by future investigation in Missouri, as it has been lately in Arkansas. Yet, withal, the influence of DeSoto is still felt by many scientific and practical seekers after mineral wealth, as it was felt in France in 1717, when the first great practical impulse was given to open the mines of Missouri. Some facts in the history of the Company of the West, chartered in Paris, August 23, 1717, were.noted by Dr. Litton in the Geological Report of Missouri 1854, to which,a few more may be added in this sketch. Philip Francis Renault, agent of the " Company of St. Philips,'" an association of individuals which had been formed under the patronage of the Western Company for prosecuting the business of mining Gold and Silver in the Upper Country of Louisiana and Illinois, as the Missouri region was then called, left France in the year 1719, with 200 artificers and miners, provided with tools and means to execute the objects of the Company. On his way, at the Island of St. Domingo, he purchased 500 slaves to work in the mines. LaMotte, a companion, an agent versed in the knowledge of minerals, in one of the earliest excursions, in 1720, discovered the Lead mines on the St, Francis River, which bear his name; and soon after those extensive mines north of Potosi-the Old Mines and others-were discovered by Renault, to one of which his name was given. Many other mines of Lead were discovered, among them the Mine a Gerbore, and numerous deep holes were dug throughout the mining reglon, from the waters of the St. Francis to those of the Meramec, by these searchers for Silver and Gold; but no Silver, except the small per cent. found in the ore of LaMotte and near Mine a Renault, was discovered, although the La Motte was called " Gold Mine," on account of the immense size of the vein. The Lead produced by Renault supplied the hunters who roamed and the settlements located through the French possessions from Canada to New Orleans. The largest portion of it, which is reported a very great quantity, was shipped for France. In 1731, after the Company of the West was united with the Royal Comnpany of the Indies, the whole Territory of the Mississippi Valley-bounded by New Mexico on the west, and by the lands of the English of Carolina on the east-watered by the river of St. Louis, heretofore called the "l Mississippi and its tributaries," " with the exclusive privilege of the commerce of Louisiana and the working of the mines," which had been ceded to the Company, was retro-ceded to the crown of France. Renault, however, remained in the country until 1742, when, having sold his slaves, he, with many of his worknmen, returned to his native land, and the mining interest languished. In 1762, France ceded Louisiana to Spain, and although the possession of the country remained unchanged until 1769, in the meantime, the mining spirit seems to have revived, as Francis Burton, born in 1710, and while a youth employed under Renault, having changed the pursuit of mining to that of a hunter, on an excursion for game about the year 17603, made one of the richest discoveries in the mineral region, which was called Mine a Burton, now known as Potosi; and the Mine a Robina, two ~ miles from the Mine a Burton, was discovered about the same time. Miners were work HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 675 ing in the Old'lines at this date, when it was abandoned for many years, and the workmen were gathered from the Old Mlines and others to the New Mines, where the mineral was found lying in great abundance on the surface of the ground, and large quantities of ore were raised from these mines on their first discovery. The historical facts regardinog Renault's operations, were first published in 1819, by Schooleraft, who gained them by his researches among papers, documents and testimony in law suits on land claims, by the heirs of Renault, and data derived from the obscurity of private life, both in France and America; and the progress of mining, during the latter half of the eiphteenth century, with the prospect in 1804 was shown, mainly, by the report of Moses Austin to the President of the United States, which most valuable document, on the early history of the " Lead Mines in Upper Louisiana," is preserved among the American State Papers and reproduced in this Appendix. Under the Spanish Government, the mining business seems to have been moderately conducted with very little change, and with uncertain data of the quality or value of the mineral produced, until near the end of the last century. The process of smelting was rude and imperfect, only common open log furnaces were used and the Lead ashes wasted, so that not more than fifty per cent, of metal was turned out of the ore; and neither shot nor any other manufacture of Lead was produced until the year 1799. Early in this era and as a pleasant relief to the weary searcher among the obscure events of history, Longfellow has thrown some rays of social light, through the poem 4 of Evangeline," by introducing his leading characters in this region, and locating the devoted heroine, at that time, here for a year.' Into this wonderful land, at the base of the Ozark Mountains, Gabriel far had entered, with hunters and trappers behind him." "Mounting his Mexican steed, with his Indian guides and companions, Homeward Basil returned, and Evangeline stayed at the Mission." This Mission ihay have been at the village of St. Michaels, now Fredericktown, near Mine La Motte, or at Mine a Burton, now Potosi; as these must have been the chief villages among the valleys of the Ozark 3Mountains in the days of the wandering " sad and afflicted" Acadian. Although the history of mining in Missouri, during the eighteeth century, is so obscure that it is difficult to form an estimate of the quality and value of the metal produced, yet, from the year 1800, so much light has been thrown on this subject by Austin, Schooleraft, Litton and others, that a close approximate estimate may be formed of the production during the seventy years, and of the production during the four years between 1869 and 1874, the exact facts are known. It would beinteresting to gain at least a reasonable, speculative estimate of the production during the 80 years the mines were worked in the last century, and with the history of the 700 workmen who commenced operations in 1720, together with the historical and statistical facts stated in Austin's Report of 1804, hereto appended, the chief factors are furnished to operate in the demonstration, which each curious critic mnay test. The large number of workmen under Renault, might raise the presumption of a greater production than the other facts in the case justify, and, doubtless, the most of them were engaged in other pursuits than mining. Besides the six mines already mentioned by Austin, four more are recorded by him: The Mine a Lanye, discovered in 1795; the Mine a Maneto, or American Mines, and the..Mine a la Platte, both being discovered in October, 1799; also, the Mine a Joe, now called the Bogy Mine, which was 676 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. discovered in 1801. Although it appears that not more than five of these ten mines were operated in 1804, and that the three of Burton, Old and LaM~otte, furnished nearly all the metal made, according to the condensed, specifie statement by Austin, of the yearly production in 1801-4, as follows: Mine a Burton................................................................ 366,667 pounds. Old Mines................... 133,333 8' Mine a La otte.................................................................. 200,000' All the other M1ines.......................................................... 30,000 " Total..........................................................,................. 730,000 " The price of lead was $5.00 per hundred, making the yearly value of metal $36,500. To which value M[r. Austin added $30.00, for each thousand on 120,000 pounds manufactured into shot and sheet Lead, $3,600, making the total ananal value $40,100, which he states was the average annual product for the years 1801, 1802 and 1803. Austin also states that men were operating' Mine LaMotte, Old Mines and Mine a Gerbore in 1763, when Mine a Burton was discovered; that AMine LaMotte "furnished almost all the. Lead exported from the Illinois," about the years 1738-40; that the mineral was formed in regular veins from two to four feet solid; that five of the veins have been opened and the Lead found within four or five feet of the surface; and that. for the years 1802 and 1803, about 30 men were employed in this mine from four to six months in each year; and that, of all the other mines in the district, there were 91 families, consisting of 728 in total population. From all these and many other facts, which might be adduced, it seems reasonable to conclude that the annual production of all the Lead mines, during those 80 years, was at least equal to the annual production of M3ine LaMlotte and Old Mines in 1801, if not to, one-half the total production of all the mines at the latter date. The difference being small, assuming the lowest estimate,. 333,333. The total production during the 80 years from 1720 to 1800, was 26,666,666 lbs., being about equal in quantity to the total production in the single year of 1873; and estimating the price, at the rate stated by Austin, the annual value equalled $16,666, and the aggregate for the 80 years amounted to $1,333,333. By assuming the higher estimate, the total quantity amounts to 29,200,000 pounds, and the value, $1,460,000, which still is less in value than the production of 1873. It is possible, however, that one may be justified in estimating the total quantity, in the last century, at 40,000,000 pounds, and the total value at $2,000,000, though 30,000,000 pounds in quantity, and $1,500,000 in value, may be the estimate sustained by the strongest probabilities. Accepting the last stated estimate as the most reasonable one attainable, and adding it to that furnished by Austin, which represents an aggregate quantity of 2,190,000 pounds, the value of which was $109,500, it appears that before the Government of the United States came into possession of this country, at the end of 1803, the mines of Missouri had produced 32,190,000 pounds of Lead, valued at $1,609,500. In addition to the important historical and statistical facts above noted, from the report of Austin, lie estimated the number of workmen employed, including miners, smelters, wood cutters and carters, at 150 men, at all the mines; and that of this number 120 worked four months, and 30 the whole year-each man employed in the business averaging $43.00 per month; from which data accurate and valuable results are gained, showing that the average number of workmen during the whole year was 70, and that their annual wages, which seem to have mainly included the profits of the proprietors, amounted to $36,120. HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 677 Austin went to Mine a Burton in 1797. Ill 1798 he sunk the first regular shaft, uand built a reverberatory furnace which did the work of 20 French log furnllaces then there; and in 1799 he erected a shot tower and a manufactory of sheet Lead. "' The Spanish arsenals at New Orleans and Havana, drew a considerable part of their supplies for their navy from this source." Austin's report on the Lead mines, communicated to Congress by message from the President, doubtless speedily drew a large amount of capital and workmen to this newly acquired and rich region. The next era in the mining business includes the 15 years of territorial order from 1804 to 1819. In determinining the facts of this period, the chief source of information is found in the very valuable publication by Schoolcraft of his "View of the Lead Mines of Missouri," for which an everlasting debt of gratitude is due him by the State; and this entire work which now is almost out of print, should be reproduced, both for its intrinsic value acnd as atl honor to the memory of the author for the services he rendered this cause. Such an immense variety of important facts are furnished in this work, that the task is difficult to epitomize them properly, for the purpose of this sketch; therefore, only a few of the leading ones, pointing to the most valuable final results, may be here noted. One of the main final results sought, is the annual production. This is furnished, with evidence and skill commanding strong confidence, by first discovering the quantity shipped during three years, from Ste. Genevieve and Herculaneum, where the Lead from the mines was mainly delivered, and adding the quantity manufactured into shot at Herculaneum, which latter item was found to be 1,356,700 pounds for three years, muaking a total sum of 9,515,512 pounds, and an annual average amount of 3,171,837 pounds; and afterward securing estimates from each mine of the productions during the three years; by which process it was found that the total sum amounted to 11,180,-,000 pounds, and that the average annual product was 3,726,666 pounds. As a picture in the history of the Missouri mines at the end of the territorial era, a copy from Schooleraft may be here presented, representing the main result sought for-the production in detail, and total of the area, together with the number and nlames of all the mines, the number of hands employed at each, and a list of the minesnot worked at that time: 678 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Estimate of the Workmen and Production at all the lMines of Mllissouri, during three year& ending June 1, 1819. No. of' No, Mines. Pounds of Lead. Hands. 1 Mine a Burton............................................................ 1,500, 000 16 27 M ine Shibboleth...................................................... 2,700,000 240 43 Mine LaMotte.................. 2, 400,000 21G 39 Richwoods............................................................1,300,000 140 41 Bryan's Mines............................................................. 910,100 80 42 Dogget's Mines........................................................... 6 Perry's Diggings.......................................................... 600, 000 60 28 Elliot's Mines.............................................................. 2G Old 1MVines............... 45,000 20 29 i Bellefontaine......................... 17 Mine Astraddle............................. 33 Mline Liberty.............................................................. 84 enault Mines............................................................ 450,000 4 36 Mine Silvers..................................... 35 M iller's Mine.............................................................. 30 Canon Digings.......................................................... 32 Becquet Digg(ings................................................. 75,000 30 10 Little Mines................................................................. j 11 Rock Diggings......................................................... 5 Citadel Diggings.............................................. 25 Lnmber's Mines............. }- 1,160,000j 130, 9 Austin's Mines....................... 10 Jones' Mines...................J.......................I...... 19 Scott's Mines,............................................................. 3 |MNine a artin...................................... 50,000 20 2 Mine a Robina..............J................... Total..................................................................... 1,1180,100 1,180( HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 679 List of Mi/nes not Worked. No. 5Mines. No. Mines, 4 New Dioggings. 38 Pratt's Mine.. 40 Mine a Joe. 44 Gray's Mine. 8 Rosenburg's Mine. 23 Moreau Diggings, 22 Henry's Mine. 7 Hawkin's MGine. 15 Bibb's Mline. 24: Tapley's Digginos. 37 Fourche a Courtois. 21 Micheaux's Diggings. 18 Masson's Diggings. 16 Tebault's Diggings, 13 Brushy Run Diggings. 19 J. Scott's Digginos. 45 i McKane's Mine. "In this estimate are included all persons concerned in the operations of mininig, and who draw their support from it —wood cutters, teamsters and blacksmiths, as well as those engaged in digging and smelting Lead ore, etc. The estimate is supposed to embrace a period of three years, ending 1st June, 1819, and making an average product of 3,726,666 pounds per annum, which is so near the result arrived at in the preceding details, as to induce the conclusion that it is essentially correct, and that the mines of Ilissouri, taken collectively, yield this amount of Pig Lead annually. "The United States acquired possession of the mines in the year 1803, 15 years ago last December; and assuming the fact that they have annually produced this quantity, there has been smelted under the American Government, 55,000,000 pounds of Lead." The average value of Lead, during these 15 years, was estimated by Schoolcraft at four cents per pound; and he had a good opportunity to reach the closest approximation to the fact, through Austin, who had been actively engaged in the business during that period. Allowing the above estimate of quantity and price, the'result follows that the total value of the Lead produced from 1804 to 1819, was $2,200,000. The estimate of quantity appears very high since the annual production in 1803, as stated by Austin at the time, was only 730,000 pounds. Yet, when one considers the fact that immediately on the transfer of the country to the United States, a new era was started, that the discovery of several immense bodies of ore near the surface of the ground greatly increased the fame of the mines and the number of the miners; that during 1811 the new mine, Shibboleth, yielded 5,000,000 pounds of mineral, equal to 3,125,000 pounds of Lead, and in 1819 only about 1,000,000 pounds; that Mine a Burton, which in 1818 produced only 500,000 pounds, had previously yielded as high as 3,000,000 per annum, and that the Richwoods and Bellefontaine became amazingly productive on their discovery, confidence in the estimate stated is confirmed; and by adding this total production to that gained under the French and Spanish Governments, one finds that in 1819 the mines of Missouri had yielded Lead to the amount of 87,190,000 pounds, and $3,809.500 in value. (;So GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. From the days of the Report of Schoolcraft and the formation of Missouri into a State, another era was started in the mining business and extended to the date of the first Geological Report of Missouri in 1854. Dr. Litton, Assistant Geologist, rendered the State great service by giving a minute and scientific account of many of the mines and most of the furnaces in the mining region, and especially for the tables of production he has presented on pages.63 and 64 of his Report, to which the reader is referred. All these statements are declared by Litton to be "incomplete," yet, so far as they extend, are to be highly prized. The shipments from the three points of Selma, Plattin Rock and Rush Tower, from 1824 to 1854, are stated at 86,709,605 pounds, to which is added the production of Valle's mine sent elsewhere, increasing the sum to 106,193,382 pounds; yet no statement is made of the shipments during this period from Herculaneum and Ste. Genevieve, at which points all this business was transacted in 1819, when, as above shown, it amounted to more than 3,700,000 pounds yearly, and was divided nearly equally between those points. This order of business seems to have continued until 1831, when Selma supplanted HIerculaneum, and, therefore, the shipments from the previous points during twelve years, which at previous rate amounted to 44,400,000 pounds, together with the Lead shipped at Ste. Genevieve from 1831 to 1854, estimated on same basis at over 40,000,000 pounds, should be added to the sum gained by Litton, and the result would show the total amount of Lead shipped from 1819 to 1854, by the Mississippi River below StLouis, to be more than 170,000,000 pounds. To this should be added the shipments from the mines in Franklin, Crawford, Newton, Jasper and other counties up to 1854-the famous Virginia Mines of Franklin having been discovered in 1834, and having yielded, 10,000,000 pounds of ore up to 1854, and the Mount Hope Mine nearly 2,000,000 pounds of Lead during the five years previous to this date, while the mines of Newton and Jasper, as reported by Prof. Swallow, were discovered in 1850, and, during four years, produced 1,551,022 pounds. The production of these four counties, previous to 1854, can be estimated at not less-but doubtless much more-than 10,000,000 pounds, and therefore the total production of Missouri Lead, from 1819 to 1854, may be stated at 180,000,000 pounds, which is a little above an average of 5,000,000 pounds yearly. Upon a careful investigation of the average price in the pages of the "Western Journal and Civilian," and elsewhere, it was fixed at four cents per pound, and thus the value of this quantity was shown to be $7,200,000, which, with the quantity added to the previous production, swelled the total amount to 267,190,000 pounds in quantity and $11,009,500 in value. In confirmation of the last estimate, a portion of an " incomplete statement," by Dr. Litton, of the annual production, in pounds of Lead, in three counties of Missouri, may here be reproduced: COUNTIES. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. Franklin................ 496, 744 3809606 378,630 658,169 St. Francois........... 1,350,3905 1,270,334 1,281,068 1,311,275 Washingrton........... 2,211,586 2,294,194 2,376,742 2,099, 638 Total............ 4,058,725 3,945, 134 4, 036,440 4,069,082 HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 681 It thus appears that these three counties, during four years from 1850 to 1854, produced 16,109,381 pounds, making their average annual production at that time 4,027,345 pounds. To this should be added the production of several other counties above mentioned, and particularly Jefferson and Madison. In the latter, AMine LaMotte yielded 800,000 pounds per annum from 1816 to 1819. This mine, which was opened more than 150 years ago and which has been steadily worked, produced, as above shown, 200,000 pounds per annum from 1801 to 1804, and continued increasing in its production until in the single year of 1870 the amount arose to the immense figure of 5,128,000 pounds, as determined that year by the Iron Mountain Railroad Company in transporting it to the St. Louis market. This production of iMIadison county, let it be remembered, was entirely omitted from the United States Census of that year; as the production of all the mines of Missouri was also entirely omitted by the Census of 1860. Moreover, the Sandy AMines, of Jefferson county, which were discovered in 1824, soon after Schooleraft made his report, yielded 886,905 pounds of ore from the southern third of the mine during the year ending September 23, 1826. This fact is derived from high personal authority and an investigation of the record at the time of the transaction, and now in the possession of Charles S. Rankin, of Pevely, Jefferson county, Mo. From other evidence derived from the same source, it appears that the northern third of this lode, in 1832, was yielding ore at the rate of 666,666 pounds yearly; and those who are most familiar with these mines, and especially with the superior yield of the middle one-third partly described by Litton, estimate their production during the thirty years from 1824, at 10,000,000 pounds. The Mammoth, the Tarpley, Gopher, Plattin and other mines of Jefferson county, which have produced several millions of pounds, according to Litton, must likewise be considered; also, the mines of Crawford and of Newton and Jasper, as above stated, and their production added; and further, it shonld be observed that the production of the rich mines of Golconda, Valle and Skewes, the Cove and Short Lode, Evans, Mount Hope, Darby, Virginia. and others of Franklin county, all discovered after the Report of Schoolcraft was made, was very incompletely reported in 1854, to which year the total production of Franklin county was stated at only 1,914,149 pounds, as above shown; while, during this period, Litton allowed the estimate of the production of 10,000,000 pounds of ore from the Virginia Mine alone. Also, it must be remembered that in the years 1816, 1817 and 1818, the annual production of all the mines was 3,726,. 666 pounds. Therefore, since all these things are so, the conclusion arrived at, that the production of these thirty-five years was 180,000,000 pounds of Lead, is strongly sustained by the facts in the case. The next stage in the progress of the history of mining in Missouri brings us at home, from the distance of twenty years between 1854 and 1874. The facts of production during this space of time are more easily attainable, from living witnesses at the mines, from merchants engaged in the trade, from the reports of their Exchange, and most particularly from the records of the railroads which bring nearly all the Lead produced in the State directly to the St. Louis market, and latterly have kept a separate account, easy of access, by which the amount in pounds of the different mineral productions for each year can be exactly determined. By the use of the latter means in 1870, when the " Scientific American" of New York reported the annual production of AMissouri Lead at less than 2,000,000 pounds, the problem was proved with mathematical precision that the production of Missouri Lead, during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 13,658,000 pounds. 682 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Here, the process of arriving at the desired estimate may be shorter and even more reasonable than that previously employed. Take the average annual production determined for 1854, and by adding it. to that still more accurately determined for 1870, the sum amounts to 18,000,000 pounds. Onehalf of this amount, 9,000,000 pounds, represents the theoretical average annual production from 1854 to 1870. Extend the application of this average to the end of 1873, and the result gained is that the total amount of production of Missouri Lead, during the twenty years froln 1854 to 1874, reached 180,000,000 pounds, which, by a singular coincidence, is exactly equal to the estimate of total production during the thirty-five years preceding 1854, and which result, theoretically deduced, is firmly corroborated by practical facts too numerous to mention, which may be introduced in evidence hereafter-many of them being presented in the body of this volume, and a few very significant ones added to this Appendix. Although the supply has vastly increased yet the demand has surpassed the supply, and the price has risen from 4 to 7 cents, where it ranged a long while, and frequently rose far higher during this term, reaching 10 cents in 1864, and ended at G cents per pound December 31, 1873. Taking, therefore, 7 cents as a moderate average figure, it follows that the average annual value of the Lead produced in Missouri, during this term, was $630,000, and that the total value during the 20 years was $12,600,000. But the value of the total production, preceding 1854, was shown to be $11,009,500; therefore, by adding these values and omitting the fraction of a few thousand dollars, a demonstration is presented which is doubtless somewhat within the bounds of the reality, showing the total value of Lead produced in Misssouri during the 134 years, from 1720 to 1874, was $23,600,000; and, in the same way, by adding the quantities developed-267,190,000 and 180,000,000and omitting the final fraction, the amount of Lead produced in Missouri during the century and a third, from 1720 to the present year, is shown to be 447,000,000 pounds. In conclusion of these notes on the history of mining in Missouri, so far as they relate to thre Lead business, a few more items of evidence may be adduced to show the rapidly rising power and honor gained for Missouri in the ranks of the United States, by plying the energies of the people to minining and other congenial industrial interests. The United States Census of 1870, with all its errors against the credit of our State, acknowledges that, in the production of Lead, Missouri has as many establishments as, and more capital invested than all the rest of the United States-all the United States, by this authority, having 62 and Missouri 31 establishments; and the capital invested in the Missouri Pig Lead works being stated at $1,428,600, althouglh Mine LaMotte, one of the largest Lead works in the United States, was omitted from both the number and the capital invested; and the total capital invested in the Pig Lead works of all the United States was lput at only $2,191,600; and further, in the year 1870, when the Scientific American of New York, as above mentioned, reported the Lead product of Missouri at less than 2,000,000 pounds, and the United States Census stated it at 8,794,000; the railroads of Missouri, which are the best authority, proved that the amount of Pig Lead freighted by them from the furnaces of Missouri to market, during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 13,658,000, and daring the year ending December 31, 1870, was 14,128,725 pounds, and finally the railroads prove that the prodcuction of Missouri Lead in 1871 was 13,676,883, and in 1873, was 27,676,320 pounds, being an increase of more than 100 per Oent. in the last two years. HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 683 MI:SSOURI LEAD. PRICEs DURING 30 YEARS AT ST. LOUIS. Table of average price of Lead per 100 pounds for 30 years, from 1874 to 1844, as determined by Henry Cobb, on data derived from various sources, especially from Messrs. Chadbourn & Forster, of the St. Louis Shot Tower Company, the Merchants' Exchange, the "Missouri Repnblican, " and the "' Western Journal and Civilian:" Year. Price. I Year. Price. 18738.....................87 158......................... $ 5 20 1872....................................... 6 87 1857......................................... 6 O l871....................................... 7 00 1856................................. 6 22 1870......................................... 25 1850..5..........5....5.......5...... 5 74j1 1869.............................. 8 75 1854e........................ 6 19 1868............................ 9 00 1853...................... 5 98 1867................. 9 00 1852.................... 4 35 180;4..****ss*****vb*****sesX+* 12 80 1849.4 07 1865..8 62 18.......................................18............ 3 6 1862......................................... 50 1847........................................ 3 71 1861........................ 5 25 1846....................................... 3 42 1860................................. 5 25 1845..................................... 3 301 1859........................................ 5 25 1844........................................ 3 024 MISSOURI LEAD. QUANTITY AND VALUE PRODUCED DURING 5 YEARS. According to the circular dated January 2, 1874, of iMlessrs. Ferd. F. Rozier & Co., merchants of St. Louis, and large dealers in Pig Lead, the quantity of Missouri Lead produced, each year, for five years, from 1874 to 1869, is stated; and according to the figures gained in the price table with these, the quantity and value of Missouri Lead, produced each year for five years, is shown on the following table: 6184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Table. Years. Pounds. Value. 1873................................................................................ 27,676,320 1,902,747 1872................................................................................. 20 427,120 1,40149364 1871................................................................................ 13,676,883 957,381 1870................................................................................. 14,128,725 1,024, 322 1869............................. 12,963,975 1,134,347 Total 5 years.............................................................. 88, 873,023 $ 6,423,171 WHITE LEAD WORKS OF ST. LOUIS. When Pig Lead is brought to market it is turned into bar, sheet, pipe, shot, plumbing and white lead, and all these industries are driven energetically at St. Louis, the white lead business being the leading branch, with works of a capacity and commanding influence unsurpassed by any others in the United States, although neither the white lead nor the lead paint of St. Louis is mentioned in the census of 1870, while the value of their productions, the same year, amounted to $1,768,777. The white lead works of St. Louis deserve further notice than can be bestowed on them here, where the object is to present merely a statistical table of their production from data furnished mainly by the Collier, White Lead and Oil Company and the Southern White Lead and Color -Works. VWHITE LEAD PRODUCTION OF ST. LOUIS IN 1873. Number of establishments....................... 4 Hands employed..................................................................... 352 Capital invested.....................$................................................. 1,850,000 Wages paid............................................................................. 2379600 Cost of raw materials............................................................. 1, 450,000 Annualvalue of product......................................................... 2,228,000 To which table may be added an item of the capacity of these works for yielding white lead, yearly, to the value of $3,250,000. SIHIOT, PIPE, SHEET LEAD, ETC. The St. Louis Shot Tower has turned out about $9,000,000 since 1858, producing ~on an average $600,000 yearly, although this establishment also was unmentioned and no shot reported for St. Louis in the census of 1860 and none in 1870. The two establishments of Pipe and Sheet Lead in St. Louis yield products amounting to an annual value of $200,000. Without including the Plumbing business, in which the article of Lead is extensively used, a reasonably comprehensive and minute view of the LEAD INDUSTRY OF ST. Louis, Based on the raw materials of the mines of Missouri, is here presented: by which it,appears that the yearly increase of permanent wealth from this source amounts to HISTORY OF LEAD MINING. 685 $4,882,424; which rivulet of tribute, together with the annual scores of millions flowing from a hundred kindred streams of OTHER INDUSTRIES OF ST. LOUIS: Flour, Pork, Lumber, Iron, etc., amounting, in 1873, to the value of $200,000,000* is kept at home, accumulating domestic wealth, and filling the treasuries of the people with wages of workmen; cost of raw materials, interest on investments and profits on products; thus insuring to St. Louis an independent, easy, London like seat of capital. Abundant evidence is at hand to prove that this business has increased on an average fully 10 per cent. per annum since 1870; a few effective facts, on only one branch of industry, being above presented, touching this point; and, therefore, by simply adding 30 per cent. to the annual value of products manufactured in St. Louis, according to the ninth census of 1870, it appears that the annual value of products imanufactured in St. Louis in 1873, was $206,389,319. sThe United States Census of 1870, on Industry and Wealth, reported the annual manuffactures ot St. Louis, as follows: Number of establishments........4.......................................... 4,579 Hands employed............................................................... 40,856 Capital invested................................................................ $60,357,001 Wages of workmen............................................................ 24,221,717 Cost of raw materials.................................................... 87,388,252 Annual value of products............................................... 158,761,013 APPENDIX B. ST1I CONGRESS.] No. 103. [2D SESSION. DESCRIPTION OF THE LEAD MINES IN UPPER LOUISIANA. COMrMIUNICATED TO CONGRPESS NOVEMIBE.R 8, 1804. (Extr-acted from the " American State Papers, " Public Lands, Vol. 1., p. 188.) By mressage from the President of the United States, of which the following is an extract. "The Lead mines in that territory (Loulsiana) offer so rich a supply of that metal as to merit attention. The report now communicated will inform you of their state, and of the necessity of immediate inquiry into their occupation and titles." ST. Louis, June 16, 1804. SIR: In consequence of a request made me by Captain Lewis, before he left this, I now do myself the honor of enclosing you a copy of a dissertation on the Lead mines in Upper Louisiana, furnished by Mloses Austin, Esq. This gentleman owns an extensive mine, situated about thirty-eight miles back of Ste. Genevieve, which he has worked for some years past, and, from his education and experience, I conceive him to be better calculated to give correct information on the subject than any other man in this quarter. I am, sir, with sentiments of high respect, Your very humble servant, AMnOS STODDARD, Captain andJfirst Civil Cosm7andant of Upper Louisiana. The PRESIDENT Of the United States. DESCRIPTION LEAD M1INES-UPPER LOUISIANA, 687 SiR: Agreeably to your request, I have annexed a memorandum of the number, extent and situation of the lead mines in Upper Louisiana, with an estimate of the average quality of mineral produced, and the number of hands employed at each mine; with the probable quantity which may annually be produced, when the country becomes populated so as to afford workmen sufficient to occupy the mines to advantage. NAMES OF THE lMINES. 1. Mine a Burton, 2. Mine a Robina, 3. Old Mines, 4. Mine Renault, 5. Mine a Maneto, 6. Mine a la Plate, 7. Mine a Joe, 8. Mine a Lanye, 9. Mine a LaMotte, 10. Mine a Gerbore. 1. The Mine a Burton, situated thirty-eight miles west north-west of Ste. Genevieve, was discovered by Francis Burton, about the year 1763, on a fork of Grand River, * ten miles from its junction with the main River, after which it takes the name of Renault's Fork of the Meramec, and unites with that River, about twenty-five miles above its junction with the Mississippi. Fourche Renault is navigable in the spring season, within ten miles of the Mine a Burton. In the year 1798, a concession of one league in superficies, comprehending about one-third part opf the mine, (on condition he should erect a smelting-furnace, and establish a lead manufacture,) was granted to Mr. Austin, all of which he has carrried into execution. Francis Burton, also, obtained a grant of four acres, as a compensation for the discovery. There is a small village at this place, of twenty families, who cultivate a little land near the mines, bnt have no concessions. Two grist-mills, with a saw-mill, furnish the inhabitants with grinding and plank. The greatest part of the workings at Mine a Burton are in an open prairie, which rises nearly a hundred feet above the level of the Creek. The mines may be said to extend over two thousand acres of land; but the principal workings are within the limits of one hundred and sixty acres; and perhaps no part of the world furnishes Lead ore in greater quantities and purity. The mineral is found within two feet of the surface of the earth, and it is seldom the miners dig deeper than ten feet; not that the mineral discontinues, but because they find it troublesome to raise it out of the ground; the French miners being unacquainted with the utility of machinery, and generally are able to procure plenty nearer the surface. The manner in which the mines have been wrought renders it impossible to determine whether the mineral terminates in regular veins or not; for when the miner finds himself ten or twelve feet below the surface, his inexperience obliges him to quit his digging and begin anew, notwithstanding the appearance of mineral may be good. Thus, one-half his time is taken up in sinkinking new holes or pits. The mineral is of two qualities, gravel and fossil mineral. The gravel mineral is found immediately under the soil, intermixed with gravel, in pieces from one to fifty pounds weight of solid mineral. After passing through the gravel, which is commonly. * Now called Big River. 688 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. from three to four feet, is found a Sand-rock, which is easily broken up with a pick,. and when exposed to the air easily crumbles to a fine sand. This rock also continues five or six feet and contains mineral nearly of the same quality as the gravel; but mineral of the first quality is found in a bed of red Clay, under the Sand-rock, in pieces from ten to five hundred pounds weight, on the outside of which is a white, gold, or silver-colored spar or fossil,* of a bright, glittering appearance, as solidl as the mineral itself; and in weight as three to two; this being taken off, the mineral is solid, unconnected with any other substance, of a broad grain, and what mineralogists call potter's-ore. When it is smelted in a common smelting-furnace, it produces sixty per cent.; and when again smelted in a slag-furnace, produces fifteen per cent. more, Imaking cleanly smelted, seventy-five per cent. The gravel mineral is incrusted with a dead-gray substance, the eighth of an inch in thickness; has smlall veins of Sulphur through it, and will not produce more than sixty per cent. when cleanly smelted. When 1 first knew the Mine a Burton, in the year 1797, the French smelted their mineral in stone furnaces, somewhat similar to Lime-kilns. At the bottom they put a floor of the largest logs to be found, setting smaller ones around the sides of the furnace. In a furnace thus arranged, is put from three to five thousand pounds weight of mineral; and a fire being lighted under the bottom of the furnace, is kept up until the mineral is entirely smelted, burnt or lost in the ashes. In this way, each miner smelted his own mineral; extracting about three hundred and fifty pounds of lead from each one thousand pounds weight of mineral; but, since my works have been established, they have found it more advantageous to sell their mineral than to smelt it themselves. In the year 1798, there were twenty French furnaces, but, in 1802, one only was in use. The time for working the mines is from August to December. After harvest, the inhabitants of Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon resort to the mines; the rich send their negroes, and the poor class depend on the mines to furnish them with Lead to purchase all imported articles. From the middle of August to the fifteenth or twentieth of December, there are from forty to fifty men employed in digging mineral; the remainder of the year but little mineral is drawn from the mines, and but few hands employed. From the year 1798 to the year 1803. the average quantity of mineral may be stated at five hundred and fifty, or six hundred thousand pounds, French weight, each year; procured, mostly in four months, by not more than fifty men. The same number of hands employed the year round would produce at least fifteen or sixteen hundred thousand pounds, making proper allowance for spring rains. From the extent of the mines one thousand men might be employed to equal advantage. 2. Mine a Robina, two miles ea.st south-east of the Mine a Burton, was discovered about the same time. This mine has not been wrought for many'years, until the last season; a few experiments were made and a small quantity of mineral raised. The old diggings are not extensive, although it is said large quantities of mineral were drawn rom the mines on its first discovery. It is public property, and there is every reason to believe will become advantageous when the population of the country shall afford workmen to open and work the mines. 3. Old Mines, so-called from being discovered many years before the Mine a Burton. It is said the Old Mines were opened and wrought by Mr. Renault, about the year 1726, when he explored this country for the famous Law and Company. It is situated five miles north-east of the Mine a Burton, on the discovery of which it was abandoned, mineral being found in great abundance at the new mines. The Old Mlines remained in this situation until February, 1802, when fifteen French families made a set* This mineral (a fossil as he calls it.) is undoubtedly Heavy Spar-sulphate of Baryta. AUSTIN-LEAD MIINES UPPER LOUSIANA. 689 tlemnent near the mines, and have formed a village, since which the mines have been opened, and the last year produced three hundred and sixty thousand pounds weight of mineral of al excellent quality, not inferior to the best produced at the Mine a Burton. A Gold-colored fossil,- similar to that found at the Mine'a Burton, is also connected with the mineral taken from this mine, The prospect of obtaining immense quantities of mineral from the Old Mines, is at present very flattering, and there is not the least doubt of there being as extensive asthe Mine a Burton. The present workings, with the old, include about one hundred acres of land. The mines are elevated, and may be easily drained to the depth of a hundred feet. In the year 1799, a grant for four hundred acres of land was obtained, and surveyed in 1800, but includes no part of the workings; therefore, the mine, with the adjacent lands, excepting that concession may be considered public property. No smelting furnace has, as yet, been erected at this place, except a French one-most of the mineral being transported to the Mine a Burton to be smelted. The greatest numnber of hands employed at the Old Mines, at any one time since the late establishment, has not exceeded twenty-five or thirty, and those only for a few months. It is not improbable that the space between the Old Mines and the Miine a Burton may produce min.m eral in as great abundance as either of the mines. The Foueche Renault is navigable within seven miles of this mine. 4. 3Mine Renault, situated six miles north of the Mine a Burton, on a creek of the same name. Little can be said relative to this mine, it not having been wrought for more than seventy years, but, from information, and the extent of the diggings, a large quantity of mineral was drawn from it. It was discovered and opened by Mr. Renaultabout the year 1724-5, with an expectation of finding Silver ore. The country near the mine is hilly and broken. It is supposed that Renault's concession, granted by the King of France, if ever it should be brought forward will comprehend the mine. The mineral drawn from these mines is of a good quality, generally found in Lirme stone rock, in regular veins, and is said to be inexhaustible. I know of no reason why they have been so long neglected, unless 1 attribute it to the discovery of mines nearer the settlements, and the small number of workmen to carry them on. As they are within ten miles of navigation, by the Fourche Renault, great expectations of their utility to the public may justly be entertained. 5. Mine a Maneto, or American Mines, on Grand River,t' was discovered and opened in the month of October, 1799, by the Americans settled on Grand River, is situated twelve miles east, south-east of Mine a Burton. The appearance of the mines being very flattering, a plan was executed by Messrs. Valle and Pratt, of Ste. Genevieve, to dispossess the Americans of the privilege allowed in such cases, of four acres in superficies, as a compensation to the discoverers of mines. In 1803, Mr. Pratt brought forward two concessions, one for himself, of one thousand acres, the other in the name of his son, a minor, for eight hundred acres. In consequence of these concessions, the Americans have been excluded from the mines. The Mine a Maneto, from its fiat position, will not admit of deep mining, the water rising at the depth of fifteen feet, and the situation is such it cannot be drained. The mineral is found within two or three feet of the surface of the earth, in a soft, gray Limestone rock, in small particles. The rock lies in a horizontal position, in sheets of five or six inches in thickness. Two or three layers of this rock are found one under the other; between each is a layer, either of Clay or mineral, one or two inches thick, l Heavy Spar or Barytes, f Big River. o-s.-44nie~ 690 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. most commonly mineral. In places where the rock will admit of sinking eight or ten feet, the mineral is found in thin flakes, covered with an Iron colored rust. Before the mineral can be smelted, it requires to be pounded and washed; after passing through this operation, out of one thousand pounds, as it is taken from the mines, three or four hundred only is found to be mineral. Notwithstanding this additional labor, the ease and facility with which the mineral is procured would leave a handsome profit in the hands of experienced workmen; but, to the present holders, yields but little. There is not the smallest appearance of the Marcasite to be found in these mines. The land carriage to Ste. Genevieve, from the NMines a Mlaneto, is about twenty-six miles. 6. Miine a la Plate, situate on a river of that name, about two miles from its junction with Grand River, and eighteen miles south-east from the Aline a Burton, was discovered in October, 1799, by an American; but the injustice done the settlers at Grand River, in the affair of the Mine a Maneto. discouraged those concerned in the discovery from making any great attempts to open and improve it. In 1800, thirty thousand pounds weight of mineral was drawn from this mine by two Americans, obtained near the surface. The mineral assumes the appearance of regular veins, and there is not a doubt but that this mine will be very productive. A Silver-colored fossil is found at this mine, but not in such quantities as at the AMine a Burton. rlhe mine, at present, is unoccupied, for the reasons before mentioned, and will remain so until a more favorable moment. The land carriage from the mine to Ste. Genevieve, is about twenty miles.' The mine may be considered as the property of the public. 7. Mline a Joe, on Grand River, about four miles from the Miine a la Plate, and fourteen south-east of the Mine a Burton, was discovered by Messrs. Baker and Ally, American settlers at Grand River, in September, 1801, but was taken from them in 1802, by one of those acts of injustice not uncommon in absolute governments. While Messrs. Baker and Ally were suffered to work the mine, they obtained mineral in abundance, but since it has been in the hands of the present holders, it has produced but little. This mine is said to be private property, which renders it difficult to ascertain its extent and richness, but, from circumstances, it is supposed not to be very extensive. Tlie mineral is found in pieces of several hundred pounds weight, pure and solid. 8. Mine a Lanye; this mine is situated six mil:es west of the Mine a Joe, and sixteen miles south, south-east of the Mine a Burton. It was discovered about the year 1795, and bears the name of its discoverer. The mine has not been much wrought, and, from what I can learn, never produced any large quantity of mineral. It is not in much repute, and at present, is unoccupied. 9. Mine a la Motte, is situated on the waters of the River St. Francois, six miles from the main river, and thirty south south-east of Ste. Genevieve, was discovered by -Mr. Renault about the year 1723 or 1724, who made an exploration, but finding no Silver ore, he abandoned it. About the year 1723, a man by the name of LaAlotte opened alnd wroulght the mine, after whom it is called. Mine a la Motte differs in every respect from the mines on Grand River and its vicinity. The situation is flat and low; the water bad and unhealthy., The mineral is found in regular veins, from two to four feet solid. Five of the veins have been opened and wrought, They are found within four feet of the surface, with a declination of about forty-five degrees, but cannot be mined deeper (on account of water) than twenty-five feet, and to that depth only in the dry season. The mineral is of a fine steel grain, said to contain fifty ounces of Silver to a ton of Lead, and is highly charged with Sulphur. Notwithstanding the French inhabitants of this country have followed the mining business upwards of eighty years, yet AUSTIN-LEAD MINES UPPER LOUISIANA. 691 -they have not advanced in the art of smelting a step beyond their aincestors; the methods they pursue bespeak their surprising ignorance. As the Mine a la'Motte differs from those already described, so does their mode of,smelting. The first process is, by depositing the mineral in a pile of logs, after the manner sea shells are burned to Lime; the piles being set on fire and consumed, the quantity of Lead produced is five per cent. It is then put into a furnace of stone, such as before described; from this process, if well attended, is produced fifteen per cent. more. After this second burning, they consider the mineral in a proper state for smelting; therefore, collecting it from the ashes they again put it into the furnace, arranged with logs at the bottom and sides, and make an end to smelting. From the last process they commonly obtain about fifteen per cent., making thirty-five per cent. the greatest quantity obtained. At the Mine a LaRMotte is also found in beds what miners call Gravel Mineral, because it is found intermixed with the Soil like fine gravel, in particles from the size of a pin's head to that of ahickory nut. This mineral, after an imperfect washing, is put into a furnace where it is suffered to'melt into a slag, no attempt being made to create a fiuxility of the metal from the dross. It is then put into a furnace not unlike a miller's hopper, with a grate at the bottom. Underneath a fire is lighted, and continted until the slags are all melted and a partial fluxion effected. This mode of smelt-mng produces about 250 pounds of Lead to 1,000 of mineral. Notwithstanding the immense loss in smelting, the richness of the mines and the small expense of obtaining the mineral, leaves an astonishing profit to the proprietors. I found by experiments, that the mineral in the hands of skilful smelters will produce 60, and some of the veins 70 per cent. About the year 1738-40, the Mline a LaMotte was considered as public property, and the people in general were allowed to work at it. At that time it furnished almost all the Lead exported from the Illinois;; but soon after the discovery and opening of the Miine a Burton, the Mine a LaMotte was in a great measure abandoned, the mineral at the Mine a Burton being much easier melted. The Mine a LaMotte is at this time claimed as private property, in consequence of which the inhabitants in general are denied the privilege of working. Therefore, the annual quantity of Lead is greatly reduced. For the years 1802 and 1803, the quantity of Lead made at the Mine a LaMotte did not exceed 200,000 pounds weight, although about 30 men were employed from four to six months in each year. It is evident that 50 men, under a proper manager, with a good smelting furnace, might produce five or si x hundred thousand pounds weight of Lead per annum. It is difficult to say what part of the mine is private property, but from the best information about 50 or 60 acres have been granted at different times. The mine, although not so extensive as the Mine a Burton, is supposed to comprehend a much larger boundary than what is granted to individuals, and may be of consequence to the public. The river St. Francois will not admit of navigation for a hundred miles below the mines; therefore the produce of the mines must be transported by land to Ste. Genevieve, which is the nearest to water carriage. 10. MAine a Gerbore, on the waters of the river St. Francois, 18 miles north of the Mine a LaMotte, is also a discovery of Renault, who made an explorement in 1745, but not finding Silver ore, the principal object of his researches, he abandoned it; after which it was wrought by a Mr. Aura and others, until the Mine a Burton was discovered when it was again abandoned. The old Diggings are extensive, but the quantity of Lead produced, I have not been able to ascertain. It is said to be equal to any of the 692 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. mines in the country. The commandant of New Bourbon has a concession of a league in superficies, comprehending the mines. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Within 12 months past, several discoveries have been made near the Mine a Burton. Valuable Lead mines have likewise been discovered about 200 miles'ip the river Meramec. Some of the mineral I have seen, is of good quality. In short, the country, for 12 or 15 miles round the Mine a Burton, exhibits strong appearances of mineral. In all the small creeks mineral is found, washed down from the hills; and it is not uncommon to find ill the draughts, leading to creeks and rivers, and in gulleys made by the spring rains, mineral in pieces from 10 to 50 pounds weight, brought down by the torrents. Some hundreds have been collected in this way. No country yet known, furnishes greater indications of an inexhaustible quantity of Lead mineral, and so easily obtained. One motive to render the mining business generally advantageous is, that every farmer may be a miner, and when unemployed on his farm, may by a few weeks' labor, almost at his own door, dig as much mineral as will furnish his family with all important articles. From a view of the Lead mines in Upper Louisiana, it may be seen that nothing is wanting but an increase of population, to augment their produce to a surprising degree. It is also evident there are valuable discoveries yet to be made. It may therefore be matter of consideration with the Government, whether the donation of four acres in superfices to the discoverers of mines, would not be advantageous to be continued. The Spanish Government has also allowed the inhabitants to work on public land, free from any kind of tax. A continuation of this privilege will exhaust both the mines and the timber, without the least advantage to the public. On the other hand, if a heavy imposition is imposed, it may discourage the mining business; yet the man who can, with his pick and shovel, make his $30, $40, and sometimes his $100 per month, may well afford to pay a small tax to Government. The country about the mines is broken, but not mountainous, and furnishes the best land for cultivation, and streams of water sufficient for all kinds of water works. Grand River rises 10 miles south-west of the Aiine a Burton, and in its course forms nearly three parts of a circle round the mines, and loses its name in the Fouche Renault, which is navigable to the Mississippi. They unite ten miles north of the Mine a Burton, and it is remarkable that in forming this circle, its distance from the mines does not exceed 14 miles in any one place. It also furnishes both land and water of a s uperior quality, sufficient for eight or nine hundred families. Thus situated, the time cannot be far distant when the country will furnish Lead sufficient not only for the consumption of the United States, but all Europe, if moderate encouragement is given by the Government, and protection against the Osage Indians, who yearly plunder the inhabitants. The mines on the waters of the St. Francols, are capable of furnishing vast quantities of Lead. The Mline a La;Motte has been termed the Gold Mline, as descriptive of its wealth, and if under proper management would verify the observation. From the annexed estimate, it will be found that the gross produce of all the mines now occupied, amounts to $36,500. The whole number of workmen employed, including miners, smelters, wood-cutters and carters, has not exceeded 150 men, of which number 120 may be supposed to work four months, and the remaining 30 the year round. From this calculation, it will be found that each man employed in the business, averages $43 per month. AUSTIN-LEAD MINES UPPER LOUISIANA. 693 To this may be added the increased value on 120,000 pounds weight, manufactured at the Mine a Burton into shot and sheets, which makes the export valuation $40,100 per annum, the average produce for three years past,. Admifting 1,000 men to be enmployed the year round, at the different mines now known, and the quantity of Lead produced to be in proportion to what is now obtained by 150 men, a supposition by no means extravagant, the proceeds are found to amount to $500,000 and upward. This calculation, perhaps, by some, may be deemed incredible; but the riches and extent of the minesjustify the calculation. An estimnate of the Produce of the several 3fines. Mine a Burton, 550,000 pounds mineral, estimated to produce 66., is 366,6662 pounds Lead, at $5, is.................................................. $18,333 33 To which add $30 (on 120,000 pounds manufactured) to each thousand, is..... 3,600 00.$21,933 33 Old Mines, 200,000 pounds mineral, estimated to produce 66:,, is 133,333!pounds Lead at $5 per hundred weight, is........................................... 6,666 67 MIine a LaMotte, 220,000 pounds Lead at $5 per hundred, is........................ 10,000 00 Suppose at all other mines 30,000 pounds Lead, at $5, is............................. 1,500 00 Total amount is....................................................................... $40,100 00 When the manufacture of White and Red Lead is put into operation, the export valuation will be considerably augmented on the same quality of Lead. The folowing table will show the present population of the Mine a Burton and its vicinity: Table. DIVISION OF SETTLEM.ENT., WHOLE NUMBER OF -' i INHABITANTS. iMPine a Bi'toln, includingo several plantations............................. 14 12 Suppose each family to conBellevue.........................................I 10 20........ ain 8 persons, the whole Old Mines.................................. 5......... 15 number will be 728 souls. Grand River................................... 30 Total...................................... 64 27 In June, 1799, when I removed my family to the Mine a Burton, the whole number of inhabitants settled on the Grand River and its waters did not exceed 63 or 64 persons, consisting of eight families. 694 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. N. B.-Some late transactions, by order of the Governor of St. Louis, if valid, will entirely change the situation of the public property within ten miles of Mine a Burton. Surveys of all the lands worthy of notice have been made with an intention to include every spot of land supposed to contain mineral. These surveys amount to thirty or forty thousand acres, and have been made, except in a few instances, since the first of the present month. The above observations and estimates are as accurate as the nature of things would permit and the shortness of time I have had to collect information. All of which are submitted with respect. MOSES AUSTIN. February 13, 1804. APPENDIX C. METALLIC STATISTICS OF MfISSOUPRI. [U-NION MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE REPORTS FOR 1872.] Lead —Imnporltations to St. Louis from 1856 to 1872. YEAR. |Total pounds. YEAR. Total pounds. 1856..................................... 16, 372,480 1865.............................. 9,330,880 1857......... 13,004,400 1866.......................... 11,966,720 1858............................... 25, 311,760 1867..................... 11,564,400 1859...........2.......................... 21,150,400 1868.............................. 14, 865,840 1860.................................... 19,059,280 1869..................... 18,264,240 1861..................................... 9,220,720 1870............... 18,963,120 1862....................................7,664, 000 1871.............................. 18, 396,880 1863..................................... 6, 385,840 1872............................ 22,861, 520 1864............................ 7,442,800 1873.......3.....0,090,050 ~Froma Circular of F. F. Rozier. Lead reee in St Lowuis ifro 186L io 187 b /e foilow?'ng'Goles: ~Y~k'E~. Upper Missis- Lower Missis- Missouri Iron Mountain Atlantic and issori Paci- North-is ois Rai PaRcific R. R- fib R. F- souri RR aRi sippi, —pounds sippi. —pounds River.-poundsR. R. R —popunroads —pounds pounds. pounds. pounds. roads —pounds 1865....................... 2,610,000 729,920.................! 3,630,560 - 418,560................... 1,596,880 186................................ S61,600 1,711, 200..................... 4,282 640................................ 2, 60,400 1867.................................. 2, 643,200 1,417,440................... 4, 467, 120.............. 2,266,640..................... 770, 000 1868..................... 2,260,880 2,760,000 1.................. 5,084,560.......... 4,194,320..................... 1,063,680 1869................................... 349,120 2,236,960.................... 8,038,000. 3,756,320.................. 561,360 O 187................................... 52,320 340,400 6,320 11,264,808 2, 460,880 692,400 55800 o 32 1887...................2................,806,960 124,4 53,440 9,126,160 3,569,680 1,127,600 1,001,920 260,640 r 1872................................. I, 5,96,640 |........ I 57,920 8,270,135 4,463,360 6,316,080 1,181,680 16,'480 -— ~~ —---— ~- -----— ~ — ---- ----------— ~ —~ —---------- ---- -- ---------- - - --------------------— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, METALLIC C STATISTICS. 697 Of the foregoing amount 1,580,640 pounds were shipped from Galena; 869,680 pounds from Omaha, and 20,411,200 pounds produced in Missouri during 1872. From data furnished by the different railroads we find that the amount of Lead shipped from their stations, within the State of Missouri, during 1872, were as follows: STATION. COUNTY. POUNDS. TOTAL. By the Atlantic and Pacific RL. R.: From Granby................... e... wton.............. 3, 760, 000 From Carthage..........J.................... Jasper.................. 1,160,000 4,920,000 By the Iron Mountain Il. t.: From Desoto................................... Jefferson.............. 746, 385 From Vineland.................................... 145, 090 From Blackwell....................... "............... 190,030 From Potosi................................ Washington........... 1,307,435 From Hopewell.............................. 193, 740 From Cadet.2,761,87........................... 2,761,870 From Mineral Point......................... 95,870 From Mine LaMotte................... adison.............. 2, 829, 77 8,270,135 By the Missouri Pacific 1R. 1L.: From Centretown...................... Cole................... 240,000 FProm Tipton.............................. oniteau............ 120, 000 360,000 Total production of Lead in Missouri............................................ 13,550,135 Importation from other States................ {...............*I 9,311,385 22,871,520 698 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Zinc Ore, in form of Carbonate of Zinc, often mixed with the Silicate and Sulphuret, was shipped to St. Louis from the following stations: STATION. COUNTY. POUNDS. From Granby....................................... Newton........................... 4, 838,440 From DeSoto.................................... Jefferson......................... 3280, 000 From Blackwell.......................................................... 146,000 From Potosi........................................ Washington.................... 2,918,000 From Hopewell................................... ".................... 400,000 Total for 1872......... J......................................... 11,582, 440 WVhich total equals 5,171 and 1710-2240 tons of 2,240 pounds or 5,792 and:750-2000 of 2,000 pounds. Of these, nearly 5,000 tons were smelted for Zinc, giving 1,727,450 pounds, or an average yield of 34 per cent., while the rest was used in the manufacture of White Oxide of Zinc. Baryles, used in the manufacture of White Lead, was shipped to St. Louis by the Iron Mountain Railroad as follows: STATION. POUNDS. From Vineland......................................................................... 2,208, 250 From Blackwell........................................................................ 62,200 From Cadet............................................................................... 7,961,920 From Potosi.............................................................................38,000 From Mineral Point............................................................... 167,050 Total for 1872.............................................................10,437,420 Which equals 4,659 and 1265-2240 tons of 2,240 pounds each, or 5,218 and 1420-2000 tons of 2,000 pounds each. METALLIC STATISTICS. 699 Pig lroon produced and shipped to St. Louis: |ToNS OF 2,240 LBS. TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. EACH. 6WHVERE FRiOAI. COUNTY. Tons. Pounds. Tons. Pounds. M-oselle................................ Franklin............ 2,836........... 3,176 1,4556 Leasburg............................. Crawford........... 6,742..... 7,550 800 St. James........................ Phelps.......... 3,109....... 3,481 400 Carondelet.....................St. Louis: 1. Vulcan Iron Works.............................. 22,000............ 24, (40........... 2. Missouri Furnace Co................. 22,000............ 2, 40........ 3 Carondelet Iron orks................................... 7,168. 4. Soulth St. Louis Iron Works....................14,750 10............... Total.............................................. 59,930.... 87,176 656 From this amount was exported..........................30............ 62,641............ Used in Missouri.................................07............ 241,535 656..... 700 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Iron Ore brought to kt. Louis during the month of December, being an approximate estimate, except Iron fIountain and Pilot Knob: TONS OF 2,240 LBS. Toms oF 2,000 LBs. EACH. EACH. WHERE FRO.I. Tons. Pounds. Tons. Pounds. By the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad: 1 Ironridge...........................1.......... 14 841 6,628 1, 280 Leasburg............................. 326 1,100 367 1, 720 St. James................................... 12,905 900 14,454 320 Taylor'...... 512 1,400 i 574 112 Burkland............................. 1,734 1,200 1, 942 1,280 Beaver.......................9.. I....... 9,578 400 10,716 1,760 Kelly's.......................................... 218 400 244 320 Hancock....................................... 676 800 757 1,360 By the Iron Mountain railroad: Iron Mountain.......................... 264,284 850 295, 998 1,010 Pilot Knob.................................. 12,272 1 330 13,744 1,610 Cornwall..................................... 2,626 9 10 2,941 1,150 aruand........................... 384 290 430 450 Marble Hill.................................. 412 420 461 1,300 Fredericktown............................. 45 1,340 51 140 Bessville......................................., 80 i, 300 90 500 Glenn Allen................................. 17 1,920 ~ 20 Giving for 1872 a total shipmennt of. 280,-123 640 3859,424 312 Two hundred and ninety-one thousand two hundred tons, each 2,000 pounds, of ore were exported and the ore necessary for producing the 87,000 tons of pig Iron made in 3Missouri was about 122,000 tons (taking 60 per cent. as the average yield); the whole anmount of Iron ore mined in Missouri then cannot be less than 509,200 tons, each 2,000 pounds, equal to 454,643 gross tons, each 2,240 pounds. APPENDIX ). MINERAL SPRINGS. BY G. C. BROADIHEAD. This does not pretend to be a full description or to be a full list of Mineral Springs -others are included in county reports, and there are still others which we have not seel. IRON ORt CHALYBEATE SPRINGS. These may be seen flowing fri'm Drift Sands or else chiefly Sandstones. Several fine springs were observed at BIRD PRICE's, 11n Ramsey Creek, PIKE county. One indicated the presence of considerable Iron; others had a pleasant but no particular mineral taste, while others were inaccessible on account of the marshy character of the ground. The water from one is said to act on the kidneys, another to be beneficial to dyspeptic persons. The neighboring ground is low and flat, and no beds of rock are seen near by. From this "' flat " the country spreads off into rich, rolling, heavily timbered, beautiful valleys gradually merging into the surrounding knobs, which are capped with Burlington Limestone reposing on the Chouteau beds. Lower down the vallev, we find occasional outcrops of the shaly, pyritiferous beds of the Cincinnati Group. The springs being near the horizon of this Group, probably flow from these shaly beds. We certainly do believe that the Sulphur Springs of this vicinity owe their origin to reservoirs in these beds. At W. B. SITTON'S, in Lincoln county, near Louisville, is a mild Chalybeate Spring. A brown deposit is found in the adjacent wells. On Bryant's Creek, near the Mississippi River bottoms, are also several springs of similar character. At LEXINGTON, Lafayette county, there is a Chalybeate Spring which has been somewhat resorted to. Its flow is weak, but it has a strong taste and seems to flow probably from Shale beds of the Coal MIeasures. The overlying surface deposits are ferruginous and sandy, and may probably somewhat affect the character of this water. 702 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. On Clear Fork of Blackwater, six miles north of Knob Noster, Johnson county, a weak Chalybeate Spring issues from Coal Measure Shales. Another fine Chalybeate Spring is said to be ten miles south of Warrensburgh. In the northern counties, where the Sands of the Drift abound, the waters are often colored by Oxide of Iron. Such waters and many such springs may be found in Knox, Adair, Sullivan, Mercer and Harrison. In KNox county, in Sec. 12, T. 62, Ri. 10 W., is a fine Chalybeate Spring, that is much esteemed as a mild cathartic and good tonic. In ADAIR the waters of some of the streams flowing through beds of Coal Measure Sandstone, partake of a Chalybeate character. The waters of Hog Creek, Hazle Creek, etc., have marked diuretic properties, and on waters of Hog Creek are several Chalybeate SprinCs. Inl SULLIvAN county, in Sec. 24, T. 64, R. 21 W., a Chalybeate Spring issues from Coal Measure Sandstone. It is of pleasant taste and has marked diuretic properties. A few miles north-west of PRINCETON, MERCER county, in Sec. 16, T. 65, R. 24 W., numerous springs issue from the drift sands, most of them containing much Oxide of Iron in solution and a thick, rasty crust is deposited on the adjacent ground. Near MT. MoRIAH, HARRISON county, a fine Chalybeate Spring flows from drift sands, in which a small Nautilus and other cretaceous fossils were found. Near SMITHTON, WORTH county, a Chalybeate Spring issues from sands of altered Drift. Two miles north of NEi+VADA, VERNON county, there is a very pleasant Chalybeate Spring. SALT AND SULPHUR SPR1NGS. In RHALLS County are many noted Springs. BUFFALO Lick, in Sec. 28. T. 55, Hl. 7 W., issues from Chouteau Limestone. A Saline taste is perceptible. About the year 1820, or a few years since that time, Salt, in remunerative quantities, was made at this place by the Messrs. Ely. Bones of Buflalo are found imbedded in the marshy ground lear the Sprinog, and on the north side of Salt River a Buffalo trace was observed from two to five feet in depth and from twenty to fifty yards wide. The waters of Buffalo Lick are very healthy, and are said to be good for liver complaint. TRABUE'S Lick, near Spencer Creek, is a mild Sulphur, and probably issues from the Shales of the " Cincinnati Group.!' Further down Spencer Creek Valley is an extensive i; Lick." Around the Spring the ground is marshy, and near by it has the appearance of being a resort of cattle for many years. FPEMON'S LICK, in See. 33, T. 56, R. 5 W., is a strong Salt Sulphur Spring, and many years ago Salt was made here, but the settlers becoming frightened by the presence of Indians, the kettles were thrown into a well and the works abandoned. The source of the Spring seems to be from the Shales of the Cincinnati Group. The tpper Spring does not afford much water, but is decidedly Saline. The lower one is a strong blue Sulphur, imuch stronger than Elk Lick. A blue coating has been formed on the adjacent gravel as well as on the gum which incloses the Spring. Cattle and horses are very fond of the water. At BOUVET'S or TRABUE'S LICK (or as now more often called MULDROW'S,) formerly much Salt was made, and the owners realized good profits. This water issues out boldly from the Black River Limestone Group. Borings have been made to the depth of 300 feet, reaching Salt water. This would place its fountain head in the Magnesian Limestone series, about the base of the Saccharoidal Sandstone, which is Saliferous in other places. Its location isin Sec. 25, T. 56, R. 6W. MINERAAL SPRINGS. 703 The Spring at SAVERTON somewhat resembles Fremon's, but the water is not so strong. A dark indigo blue deposit is formed on the gum composing its wall; without is a black deposit, and in the branch is a whitish deposit. Salt and Sulphur are predominant. In PIKEr county there are many Mineral Springs. Most of them contain Sulphur and Magnesia, etc., in combination, and they generally issue from Shales of the Cincinnati Group. I would include the following, reputed to possess valuable medicinal properties. ELK LICI, on Spencer's Creek, is very much resorted to by invalids and pleasure seekers during the summer months. The water is a mild white Sulphur and very much valued for its medicinal properties. There are three springs. Their source is in the Cincinnati Group. The three springs on BUFFALO LIcK probably possess as valuable properties as Elk Lick. Other springs are: Epsomr SALT SPRING at M]rs. MIERRIWETHERS, and of less note are MVuD LICK Spring (Sulphur,) near Louisiana and Frankfort Road: FRANKFORT Salt Spring; Spring on the J. W. DAVIS' farm; LINDSAY'S LICK; the FORD Spring, on Big Ramsey, near Paynesville Road. On Mr. THnOMAS' land, in N. W. qr. of Sec. 6, T. 53, R. 1 W., at upper part of the Lick, are two acres of marshy ground. The water apparently contains Iron. At the lower part a Sulphur Spring breaks out. Flint pebbles strewn around are covered with a bluish incrustation. Mastodon teeth and other ancient bones have been found near the spring. MUD LICK occupies a wet area of about three acres, on which are two Sulphur springs. Cattle seem very fond of the water. Shales, probably referable to the Cincinnati Group, crop out in the spring. At Mr. JOHN W. DAVIS' a spring issues forth from near the junction of the Hudson River Shales (Cincinnati Group,) and Upper Trenton Limestone (Galena Group). It contains Sulphate of Magnesia and Iron. A briown deposit settles on the mud and a scum on the still branch water. The water is clear and occasionally a slight ebullition takes place, and gas arises. The springs at Mrs. MERRIWEmTHER'S resemble the springs at Mr. DAVIS'. They are Epsom Salt issuing from the upper bed of Trenton Limestone. When stationary, a dirty scum will collect on the surface; a ferruginous deposit lies on the earth around, seemingly in a semi state of crystillization. This water is much esteemed as a diuretic. About three quarters of a mile above the junction of Big and Little Ramsey is LINDSAY'S LICK, a large spring, covering an area of half an acre; Sulphuretted hydrogent rises from it frequently. FORD SPRING, three-quarters of a mile above Litdsay's, flows out copiously-contains Salt and Sulphuretted Hydrogen. On BUFFALO Creek, in S. E. qr. Sec. 34, T. 51, R. 1 W., is a Salt Spring with a Lick of several acres seemingly quite barren, and is mostly covered with a white saline incrustation. Many small concretions of Oxide of Iron are found and also bones of large:animals. Lower down the creek is another Sulphur Spring. In LINCOLN county, near waters of Cuivre, sulphur springs are reported to exist. L'OUTRE LICK, west of Danville, Montgomery county, is a Salt Sulphur, and during the early settlements much Salt was made here. The water issues from the Second -afgnesian Limestone. The Spring at GOREHAM'S LICK, Randolph county, is 12 feet deep, and embraces 10 square leet of surface. The adjacent wet ground covers an area of about 20 square 704 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. feet. The water seems to be strongly saline, and on stirring it, bubbles of Sulphurettred Hy1drogen arise. Much Salt was formerly made here. Some of the ruins of old works, including ashes and fragments of posts, were yet to be seen a few years ago. Cattle are very fond of the water. SWEET SPRINGS, on Huntsville and Glasgow road, in Sec. 17, T. 53, R. 15 W.a contains common Salt, Epsom Salt, and some Salt of Magnesia. The water is very beneficialin some diseases. Its action appears to be chiefly on the bowels, as a regulator and tonic, and is, therefore, good for dyspeptic persons. It has a Sulphurous taste. Nine miles west of Marshall, Saline county, are several large Salt springs and Salt ponds; they occupy a flat valley, depressed but a little below adjacent hills, Some of these springs are quite Saline, and it would probably pay well to manufacture Salt here. On Salt Creek, Chariton county, are several Salt springs, At Linn's Coal Mine, 2 miles north of Brunswick, Chariton county, there is a strong Copperas spring, with quite an abundant flow of water. An account of the Howard county Salt springs will be found in the Report of that county, Sulphur Springs, on Iron Mountain Railroad, 20 miles below St. Louis; Meramec Springs, Cheltenham Springs, in St. Louis county, and Chouteau Springs, in Cooper, have been much resorted to. SWEET SPRINGS, near Brownsville, Saline county. These springs flow from cavities in the Upper beds of the Burlington Limestone. The hill here is 47 feet high, above water in Blackwater, spreading out back in a flat table land. The spring itself is about 20 feet above the river, and has a sweetish, alkaline taste. It is useful to promote general good health, and is much resorted to in the proper season. It is owned by the Rev. J. L. Yantis, who informed me that he used the water for ordinary cooking and drinking purposes, for which it was very suitable, except for making tea. Dr. Y. has evaporated the water and obtained a Salt resembling Rochelle Salt. Dr. Litton made an analysis of the water and found it to contain the following constituents, arranged in regular order as to quantity, the greatest first: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chlorine, Sulphuric Acid. Also, traces of Iron, Manganese, Allurminum, Silica, and Phosphoric Acid. Organic matter was also present, whether in water or from the vessel could not be ascertained. Just below, at edge of water, in River, is a very pleasant tasted Sulphur spring. On Mr. Carpenter's land, 2 miles north-east of Knob:Noster, Johnson county, is a well of very clear and pleasant tasted water, reputed to contain Alum. MONAGAW SPRINGS, in St. Clair county, are much resorted to in watering season, but I have not seen them. An account of other springs in South-west Missouri will be iound in the county Reports. There are probably many other good minleral springs in the State, which have not come under my notice, APPENDIX E. SAINT LO'UIS, Oct. 23,'874. 3;tn. G. C. BrOAal)EAD, D)irector of M2issozuri Geological,Srvey: DEAR Sin: ilerewith I hand you the results of most of the chemical Awork done in connection with the State Survey, during the past year. Many analyses, chiefly qualitative, are not included in these abhles. The results of most of these examinations are given in the various reports, in which are also included the g'reater part of the present work, here presented in a svstematic and tabular form. Respectfully yours, REGIS CHA.UVENET. CHEMICAL ANALYSES. BY R1. CtHAUVENErrT. The following tabular statements of analyses do not include the results of all the, ehemical examinations made in connection with the field work of the survey. In nurmerous instances, samples were sent to the laboratory, the nature of which being uncertain, qualitative examination was required to settle the question. In other cases, the per centage of one constituent only was required, or some special test was directed to be made. A statement of the result obtained in any given case, is made in the proper connection in the report of the field work, and no mention made of it in the, present report. Analyses made in a regular series, however, and illustrating the nature of important deposits, are here brought together, and the tables may be found, convenient to refer to, although most of the analyses are given in their proper connection in the body of the work. Some of the results, however, are to be found only in the present report. Among -these are the analyses of Limestones taken from various depths of the artesian well at the Insane Asylum, St. Louis county, which were originally made for the report of' 1872, but not published. A number of Coals are here given, not elsewhere mentioned, and a few examinations of spring and well waters from Howard and other counties, In reference to these last it should be said that they are by no means exhaustive analyses, but are intended merely to indicate the nature of the saline contents of the waters. In the Salt springs, Lime, 31Magnesia, and Sulphuric Acid were determined suo as to give a fair idea of the probable quality and purity of their product. A few peculiarities in some of the results on Lead and Zinc ores, may be pointed out as of some interest. Among these is the fact that while Zinc was usually found' in the Galena from the Granby region, the Blende of the same region is free front Lead. This, of course, applies only to single crystals of the two minerals in question, since in numberless instances, Galena and Blende are found associated, and often intermixed in the same mass of ore. Taking a mass of this kindl, however, and separating the crystals ot Blende and Galena by hand, the latter would be found to contain a small per centage of Zinc; the former, no Lead. The presence of Cadmium in the Blende from the South-west, is of some interest.. In making the analyses from which the per centages of Cadmium were determined,. 20 grammes of the Blende was the quantity used. From the solution, Cadmium was thrown down by Sulphuretted Hydrogen, (accompanied by no small amount of Zinc,) the Snlphides redissolved in 1Muriatic Acid, and the same separation repeated. A third CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 707 precipitation from solution in Sulphuric Acid, the slightest excess of the latter being carefully guarded against, gave a perfect separation. The Cadmium being now re-dissolved, precipitated and weighed as Oxide, was always brought again into solution, and carefully tested for Zinc. The " Cyanide" method was used also for separating the two, the results given being a mean of several trials, all agreeing within 0.05 per cent. The method used forthe 1"proximate" analysis of Coals, was the same as that described in the report of 1872. A brief account of it precedes the present tables. The locality of each sample is indicated by section, township and range, in most instances, and when these are not known, the name of the owner of the bank is given. For more particular descriptions of localities, mode of occurrence and size of deposits, whether of Coals or ores, reference must be made to the proper reports of the field work. The analyses of Slag from the Joplin Lead flrnaces, were made by fMr. A. A. Blair, to whom I am also indebted for much assistance on other parts of the work, more especially on the Iron ores analyzed in connection with the report of Mr. Ph. N. Moore. Analyses slhowbng Average Cobmositelon and Parity of Galena firom the Granby Region. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. ______________________________________- __________ —" —-— I- -. — ---—...-~-. Silicious....................................... 0.61 0.12 0.05 1.72 0.53 0.71 0.44 0.33 Lead........................8..5................I.......... 84.06 85.84................................... Iron.....................................0.16 0.05 0.09 0.21 1.96 1.95 Zinc..............0......................................94 0.12 1.32 0.94 0.52 0.73 0.91 trace. Li en.................................................... 0.42 trace. lione. trace. trace. 0.86 trace. none. Silver..l...oz. to 0. to ton 1 07. to ton 1 oz. to ton. o0. to ton. 4 oz, 07. 07oz. oz _____ ___ ____ __-.____I__~ —- ________ __________________ 0L; 02W CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 709 Silver in all cases obtained by fire-assay. Iron and Zinc are here estimated as in the state of metal. For example, in No. 1, the Zinc (0.94) estimated as Blende would be 1.41 p. -c., and the Iron (0.16) as Pyrites would be'0.34 p. c. L;OCALITIES AS FOLLOWS: No. 1. From shafts 20 and 22, HIolman Diggings, Grailby; as delivered to smelting works. No. 2. Shaft 499, Trent Diggings; cleaned, and in condition as delivered to smelters. No. 3. Shaft 215, Village Digginos, Granby; pure, as delivered to smelting works. No. 4. Minersville, Jasper county; cleaned, but not washed. No. 5. Joplin Mlining and Smelting Company; cleaned and washed sample, as delivered at Riggins' and Chapman's Furnaces. No. 6. Swindle Diggings, Joplin; washed. No. 7. Temple Diggings, Joplin. No- S. Stevens' Mines, near Joplin. In all of these samples, search was made for Antimony, Arsenic and Copper, but no trace of any of these metals was detected in a single instance. The direct determination of Lead was usually omitted, the objects of the examinations being to ascertain the nature and the amount of the impurities. ralena fo'on Miller and M1Iortgan Counties. No. 1. 1No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. Silicious................... 0.15 0.11 0.21 0.] 3 Iron (met.).................................... 0.24 trace. 0.48 trace. Iron Pyrites.............................. (0.51)........... (1.02) Zinc................................ trace. none. trace. none. Silver............................................. none. trace. trace. none. Neither Copper nor Antimony could be detected in these Galenas. No. 1. Walker Mine, Miller county. No. 2'. Madole Diggings, Morgan county. No. 3. New Granby Diggings, Morgan county. No. 4. Streit I)iggings, 2 miles south of Centretown, A softened Limestone from the "'New Granby" Diggings, known as "Limesand,' contains: 710 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Silicious matter, (Clay)............................................. 14.71 per cent. Peroxide of Iron.............................6......"........... 1.68 Lime............................................................ 26.11 " M5agnesia...................... 17.17 " Carbonlic acid.................21.............................. 40.2' " Total........................................................................ 99.88 Carbonates of Lead, (known as "Dry-bone" at the 1Mines:) No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Silicious.................................................... 0.36 9.95 I 10.35 Lead (metal)........................................ 72.36i 66.35 63.64 Peroxide of Iron................................................ 0.55 1.51 3.11. Oxide of Zinc................................... none. 0.75 0.73 Lime (Carboinate)........................... 0.72 trace. 1.34 Miagnesia........................................................... none. trace. 0.75 W ater.............................................................. trace. none. none. Sulhur..........................................t................. trace................ No. 1. Frazier Diggings, Granby; altered Galena, bluish-gray in color, (woolmineral,) shows remains of Sulphur. No. 2. Granby; massive; of brownish-red color; the Iron exists in this and next No., as peroxide. No. 3. Ennis' shaft, Minersville; this is a loose, Clay-like mass, which is washed, yielding, however, only the small amount of 30 per cent. of Carbonate of Lead by the process. Analyses of Slag or "I Cinder," Jrom Lead Snmelting Ff urnaces. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Silica............................................... 23.98 14.15 ] 2.32 Oxide of Lead................................................. 41.03 59.72 57.72 M:etallic Lead............................................... (38.09) (505.45) (53.58) Peroxide of Iron........................................ 4.42 2.98 2.58 Oxide of Zinc.................................................. 10.14 6.77 11.51 Metallic Zinc.......................................... (8.13) (5.43) (9.23) Lime..........1 0......... 7............................. 15.72 11.25 10.37 CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 711 All contain traces of Mlagnesia and of Sulphur. No. 3, contains Carbonic Acid,,romn having been exposed to the air for some time after cooling. No. 1. Cinder from Scotch hearth, Riggins and Chapman, Joplin. No. 2. Jasper County Smelting Works, Joplin; ordinarily good l~ead cinder from reverberatory furnace. No. 3. Same works as last; bluish and somewhat burned, from near firebridge of the reverberatory furnace. A sample ot "' tailings," or refuse from the washing and jigging operations, being,well mixed and ground, gave: Metallic Lead....................................................................... 4.23 per cent. Metallic Zinc....................................................................... 5.51 The Lead being present as Galena, and the Zinc as Blende. This sample was ffroil Joplin, and illustrates the intimate mixture of Galena and Blende, (" Black-jack,") in the ncighboring deposits. Trhe following analysis shows the composition of various Zinc ores from the'Granby leegion: 1. CARBONATE OF ZINC (White Jack). This sample was from shaft 23, Hart Shaft District, Granby, taken from a large rtmass: Per cent. Silicious matter................................................................................ 1.22 Peroxide of Iron............................................................................. 1.21 Oxide of Zinc................................................................................ 63.02 Carbonic acid................................................................................... 34.58 100.03. 2. SILICATES OF ZINC. 1. 2. 3. Silica................................................................................. 23.32 27.51 26.8. Silica.. ~ 23.32.. 1 27.51 26.83 Peroxide of Iron................................................................. 0.61 1.22 0.65 Oxide of Zinc..............................................,........,.......1 63.05 66.37 Water.............................................................59 7.10 6.46 Lime.....1e........... |.................................... one. 1.21 Trace Totals...................................................... 99.67 100.09 100.31 ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ i _ _ _ I _ _ 7 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 1. Bellew's shaft, East Point District, Granby. Represents average of the ore. No. 2. Village Diggings, Granby, cleaned. No. 3. Frazier Diggings, Granby. Shaft 408, as delivered to smelting' works. 3. BLENDE. Average sample friom Bellew's shaft, East Point, Granby, gavePer cent. Silicious matter........... 2.0.5 Iron (as metal,)............................... 0.53 Zinc.................................................................................. 64.67 Lead..............................................................................................None. The composition of most of the samples of Blende sent is very nearly tile same as this, but the following two are very interesting: 1. 2. SiliciouBs..........................................................41 0.25 Iron (metal)........................................................... 0.37 0.32 Cadmium'(metal)....................................................................... 06232 0.509 Zinc (m etal)..................................................................................... 64.87 65.92: No. 1. From Leadville. Dark, gree-ish yellow in color. Crystalline. No. 2. Porter's Diggings, shaft 18, Joplin. Same description as No. 1. Other samples of Blende from the same region failed to give even a trace of Cad — mium. 4. "'BLACK SAND, " So called by the liners, is a Clay impregpnated with Peroxide of Iron and conltaining a small per centage of Zinc. it is of very variable composition. o. (4 6 2. Silicious (Clay)................................................................................ 43.68 87.82 Peroxide of Iron............................................................. 27.96 4.13 Oxide of Zinc.. 14.98 4.48 Water and C O 2.................................... 13.33......... Lime.............................................................. 1 No. 1. From Hart shaft 27, Granby. Yellowish-brown, soft aind Clay-like. No. 2. Crystalline Sand from Minersville. In this sample the "Silicious matter " was nearly pure Silica. CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 7 1 For various qualitative analyses and examinations of ores and minerals found il Zinc deposits, reference may be made to description of same in Dr. Schmidt's report. L IMl:E S TON]E S, Accompanying Lead ores in the Joplin region. 1._ _ 2. 3. Silicio.............................................................................. 1.24 2.98.20 Peroxide of Iron..........................2............ 2.03.................. Carbonate of Iron.2.04................................ 2.04 1.14 Carbonate of Lime.............4...7................... 91.84 54.52 Carbonate of TMagnesia........................................................ 41.98 2.83 44.46 Totals.................................................................. 9-.97 9969 100.8 No. 2 contains a very trivial amount of Bitumen. No. 1. Soft, gritty "'Spar." Parr shaft, Joplin Hill. A loose aggregation of small crystals of reddish-yellow color. No. 2. " Altered Limestone," Joplin, showing black specks of Bituminous matter. No. 3. From Sherman shaft, Joplin. Resembles Spathic Iron ore. Full description of these Limestones will be found in Dr. Schmidt's report. 4. 5. Siliciou............................................................................... 1.57 023 Peroxide of Iron.0.2 0............................................................. 0..18 Lime...82..................0 5..................................... 54.04 55.82 Magnesia..............0.3........................................ 9 0.32 No. 4. Light gray crystalline. Watkin's shaft, Jasper,;No. 3 District, Joplin. No. 5. White oolitic Limestone, from Holman Diggings, Granby. CLAY. A yellow " Tallow Clay," froom shaft 195, Frazier Diggings, Granby, gave 33.94 per cent. Oxide of Zinc. The Zinc was present as Carbonate, as was evident from the effervescence of the Clay with acids. A yellow Clay, taken from shaft 4, Lone Elm, gave — Water....................................................... 8.88 Silica................................................................................................ 46.15 Alumina........................................................................................ 38.55 Lime, Magnesia and Alkalies not determined. *Includes Oxide of Iron. 714 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. NICKEL AND COBALT ORES. 1. Mille LaMotte, " Old Jack" Digoings. The Galena obtained here was found to contain no Nickel, but an accompanying ore gavePer cent. Metallic Copper.................................. 2.04 Nicke................................................................................ 2.27 " C obalt................................................................................ 1.66 " Lead............................................................ Trace. Iron Pyrites being present in much larger amount. 2. Mine LaMotte, Niedner's shaft. Here the Galena is intermixed with Nickel.and Cobalt. A sample, containing some Gangue, gavePer cent. Lead (metal)................................................................................... 63.53 Copper (metal).............................. eTrace. Nickel (metal)........................................................................ 4.26 Cobalt (metal)............................................................................... 1.42 3. Galena fromn- Old Copper Mine," same region, gavePer cent. Copperi................................................................ None. Nickel.......................................................................................... 1,68 Cobalt.................................................................. 0.63 The following analysis of a slag from the furnaces of the "' St. Joseph Lead Connpany," shows the curiously mixed character of the ores found in the S. E. Lead Region. It was niade for the Company, and is published by permission.of Mr. C. B. Parsons. Superintendent: W ater................................................................................................ 1.89 Silica... 2.04 Carbonic acid.................................................................. 4.35 Manesia................. 9.98 3faonesia................................................................................... 4.84 Potash and Soda............................................................................... 2.10 Lead (metal)....................................................................................... 41.42 Copper (metal)............................................................................. 1.10 Iron (metal)..................................... 14.44 Nickel (metal).............................................................................. 1.24 Cobalt (metal).................................................................................... 1.43 Zinc (metal). 1.19 Sulphur............................................................................................ 646 Oxygeu, required by metals less that replaced by Sulphur............... 7.47 99.95 CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 715 This slag had been exposed to the air for some time, absorbing water and carbonic acid. Antimony, absent. S I L V E R, (Argcentiferous Galena). A sample from the so-called "' M3adison County Silver Mine," Sec. 9, T. 32, R. 6 E., a thin vein in Porphyry, on land of John Revels, gave: Silver........................... 4 ounces to the ton. Lead.............................................................. 12.84 per cent. Most of the "fine-grained" Galena in Madison county will yield from 2 to 7 ~II~~.I.369 INDEX. II[.PAGE Blirch Iines.................................................................................... 88 3ish M ines..........................................................................................................621 Bitter taste of water...... 115..................................................................... 115 Bitum en............................................................... 51, 52 89, 114, 153, 176, 397, 452 associated minerals and occurrences........................................... 398 BRitumino us concretions.............................................................. 52, 125 Limestone-Group..................................................126, 125 rock of South-west lfMissouri............................................... 385 Shales and Slate are not always signs of Coal................................. 85 Coal and Pyrites associated............................ 127 Limestone.......................................................................52, 100, 121, 183 Limestone with Blende and Galena............................................ 467 Sandstone.........................................103, 114, 115, 122, 12 B1itumen —source and analysis of......................................................................... 52 in Limestone...............................80........................... SO, 99 Shale on Duval Cleek...................................9................... 94 Galena and Calamine.............................................................443, 444 Galena, Blende, Calcite and Dolornite...........................................O 454 and Quartzite............................ 482 BIlae:ck Sand 347................................346, 47, 3 51 at Lead ines........................................................................... 409 Analysis......... e 409 B1ack Limastone........... 102..........................................114, 162.Black Slate of Arkansas............8........................... 82 of D evonian form ation........................................................................ 27 Black l River and Birdseye Limestone.............................29.................... 3Blaylock Brid ge........................ 231 Blend e-an alysis................................................................................................. 391 and Bituminous Coal..................................................................... 335 description of, in Central M issouri.......................................................... 08 altered to Calamine and Smithsonite........................................................ 413 inclosing G alena..................................................................................... 387 of garnet color........89.............................................................. 89 an(i Pyrites in Coal........................ 35........................... 885 in Q uartzite......................................................................................... 478 globules of.......................................................................................... 892 form and occurrence............................................................................ 91 its other. namnes...1.............................................. 391 passing into Calam ine........................................................................... 391 varieties of..................................... 391 Blue ash-lilllit of................................................................ ISO Blue grass......................................................................................................... 241 Blue MIouind, Vernon county................................................10...............103, 140 Blue MIountain.................................................................................................... 342 Bluff Diggings.'..................................................... 375 Bluffs of B arton county...................................................................................... 97 on Centre Creek................................................................ 7 of Adair................................................................................................... 244 at B urkhart's Spring................................................................................ 183 -IV INDEX. PAGIE Bluffs Cole county............................................................................................. 322 form ationll-description of......................................................................... 21 Glasgow....................................................... 179Sac River.................................................................................................. 62 Lone Elm ollow......................................................... 469 mouth of odaway River......................................................................... 306 Bog Iron ore...................................................................................................21, 4 Bonne Femm e...................1......9................................................. 197 Boone, athan................................................................................................ 19 Boonslick.......................... 196, 197 Borings Insane Asylum.....................32j Mile Laz;~otte. ~~~....................,31, 367, 368 for salt water.................19. 19 7 Bottom prairie................ 21. 259, 274, 97,5 Soils....................................................................................................... 41 of streams..........................................................................................62, 120 Boulders in mines.................................. 405igneous................................................................................................... 228 ill Drift................................................................................................ 22 Boughan Col..................... 152 Braggins....................................................................................................... 160 Breccia at Leadville............................................................................................ of Calcite, Zinc, Galena and Clay............................................................ 87 Brannan's Section at.............................................................318 Brewer's Cre e k............................................................................................. 357 Broken land..................................................................................................97, 227 Brookfield-rock east of.........................................2............. 262, 271 shaft........................................................................................... 26, 269 Broken rock in shafts...........................................................................385, 90 Brown Hem atite in Jasper.................................................................................. 91 Brecia...................................................................................................... 3 Brecciated Conglomerate....................................................................... 370 Breaking down of rock and depositing ores...............................406, 407 up and replacing by recemented rocks........................................ 406 Broken Chert in, valleys..........................................................407 Brushy M ound................................................................................................... 141 Buhr Stone......................................................................................................... 327 Bumelia......................................................................... 63, 326Buckeye M ines................................................................................................... 373 Building Stone......54, 75, 115, 137, 175, 193, 225, 239, 270, 271, 288, 309, 320, 325, 326, 352, 357 Burkhart's Spring................................................................................ 196, 197 Buffalo Lick........................................................................................................ 198 Burns' M ountain................................................................................................ 369 Burr Oak on hills..........................................227, 243 Burton, Francis.........................................................................................,,, 2 Butler, Section..............................................................................................160, 161 Burlington Limestone.......................................................................25, 26, 183, 324 INDEX. V (PAGE Caches in Sandstone............... 152 Cadmium.......................................................................................................... 48 Calamine....................................................392 432, 609 analysis and mode of occurrence and formn of crystal............................ 393 on Blende................................................ 392, 431 on Dolomite..................................................................396, 430 associated with Galena.........................................385, 431, 475, 476 or Cerussite on Galena......................................................................... 393 how deposited........................................... 405 Calamite.......................................................................................................186, 231 Calcareous Soils......................................................................................... 41, 42, 321 Sandrock.................................................................................. 337 Calciferous Sandrock.............2............................... 29 Calcite-Central Missouri................................................................................... 510 at Lead mines....................................................................................... 334 and Blende...................... - 90 brow n, and conc retions.......................................................................... 83 crystals of beauty................................................................... 84 form and general description.......................... 397 inclosing Galena.............................................. 397 veins in Lim estone.............................................................................67 84 violet................................................................................................50, 83 iln Coal..........112, 266, 267 Cale Spar.......................................................................................................75, 89 Campbell, J. B.-ores at....................................................................................... 373 Cam pophyllum.......................................................................................... 127 Captain's Creek...................................... 376 Capacity of hearths............................ 493 Carbonate of Iron...............................................................47, 114 in D rift.......................................................94........... Carbonate of Lime.......................................................................................99, 112 generally diffused...... 49 Carbonate of Zinc....................................................................................... 48 Carboniferous Rocks-Lower...............................................................80, 93 System.......................................................... 228 Upper..................................... 304 Carroll County Sandstone.............................................................. 55 Carnahan, W m............................................................................. 84 Carthaoge m ines.................................................................................................. 84 Cassady, Thompson.......................................................................................... 239 Castle ock...................................................................................................... 354 Castor River....................................... 344, 345, 361 Causes of circles-O ro nogo........................................................................ 483 Cav es................................................................................................................ 35 Conner's, Fisher's, Friede's, Hannibal. Ozark (Christian county).................. 36 containing eyeless crawfish........................................................................ 36 at Grauby filled with red Clay................................................................ 406 floor of.............................................................. 406 Holman Diggings...................................................................................... 405 VI PINDEX. PAGE Caves, Lead, etc., Conglomerate formed..................................................... 40 keep m eat.......................................................................... in minines-Oronogo.................................................................................... 48 MInler, Ozark, Pulaski...................................................... 37 produced by dissolving process................................................ 405 Trenton Limestone.................................................................................... 36 Section of...................................................40 with Nitre or Saltpetre.....................................................................37, 5 Cedar county........................................................................................ 62 Creek bluffs............................................................................................... 377 gap... 67 Creek Marble............5............................................ Creek M ountain......................................................................................... 377 Creek Valley................................................................ 343 Timber..................................................................................................... 344 Cem ent......................................................................................................, 145 Cenozoic...................................................................................................... 19 Centre Creek banks- dclescription.......................................................................... 7 Centre Creek........ 8 85 Mines................................................................................. 475 early mining......................................................... 489 Centre shaft-, Oronogo......................4....................................8............................. 4S Central AMissouri-list of counties in Lead district.................................................. 52 Cerussite.421, 438, 484, 607, 608 Cerussite........................................, 8, 44, 607 608 ill Central M issouri............................................................................... 508 analysis and composition of.......................................... - 390 and Anglesite in Galena cubes............................................................... 608 crystals of-how formed and occurrence at Oronogo............................. 389 Drybone and Wool Mineral. 422 description of..................................................................................... 388 distinyguished from other similar minerals.............................................. 88 and Galena in Soil............1.......................................................;... Chatetes Limeston e............20................. 207, 210, 211 Chalcopyrite......................... 511................................ 11 Chalybeate Springs...............................................................37, 64, 139, 240 Charcoal for furnace................74 M ineral.................................................................................. 267, 71 Chariton Hills...................................................................................... 297 Mii lls.......28.................................................................. Charlevoix..................................................................................................... 11 Chem ung...............................................,..................................................... 26, 25 Cherry-Mound....................................................................................... 98, 105, 10trees on mounds............................................. 9 Chert, altered to red Clay.................................................................................. 2 beds......................................................................................................... 99 breccia...............................................................................................43, broken acccumulations.......................................................................... 413: called Cotton rock................................................................................... 40 Cerussite, and alamine....................................................................... 485 INDEX. VlI PAGEI Chert of Central Missouri-description.......................................... 516, 517 changes, near line of contact with Quartzite................................... 4179 Clay and Calcite breccia................................ 83 beds at Grand Falls, Lone Elm, Shoal Creek and.Turkey Creek, and thickness.................................................... 81 concretions in Limestone......................................................................... 411 Conglomerate...............................................4............ 469, 486 local corrosion and dislocations............................................. 414 description of at S. W. Lead Mines......................................... 402, 403 fossils..................................................................................... 82 in Iron ores....................................................6........... 640 its thickness in S. W..................................................... 403 layers...................................................................................................... 81 of Madison county................................................................................. 363 Oolitic-chanes of...........................................................81, 517 ore-bearing, etc. 40 porous-no ore in...................... I.............. 414 in Sandstone......................................................................................... 514 near St. Thomas.................................................................................... 327 thins out.................................................82............................. S2 wavv form ed.......................................................................................... 363 Chester, group............................................................................................. 24, 99 Chouteau group....................... 26, 27, 38, 65, 67 Chouteau Lim estone.......................................................................................67, 182 Cincinnati group................................................................................... 28 Circle, definition of.............................................................................................. 522 Circle Mines, Old................................................................................................ 333 Circular Digging at Orono o............................................................................. 484 Cisterns........................................................................................... 181, 274, 258 Clays of Adair county............................... 255 Clays-Analysis......................................................................................... 409 black Bituminous...................................... O...479 Brick.................................................................... 300 and Coal at Minersville......................... 402 Central Missouri Mines................................ 514 of Cole county........................................................................................ 326 Fire.............................. 53, 136, 176, 195, 289 Chert and Quartzite....................,81..............., 483 for glazing. 270 for -:lazhic......,.................................................................70 greasy, etc., with Calamine..................................................................... 407 inclosin g G alena..................................................................................... 407 interstratified with Chert......................................408 joint............................................................................ 257 in'mines at Mline la Motte.............................................. 376 Pipe.... 516 Potter's.......................................................................................53, 255, 239 Red................................................................................... 79, 82, 232, 407 of S. W. Lead Region..................497 Soil................................................................... 137 VIII INDEX. PAGE Clays-T allow.....................................................................82, 407. 516 Clear water................................................................................................. 78 Clear Creek-Little............................................................................... 149 Sandstone................................59, 69, 100, 121 Coal-Abernath y branch............................................................. 253 Adair county, below No, 26............................................................250, 251, 252 Adair-ro clks of........................................................................................ 245 A erhart................................................................... 165 agregate quantity in Barton..................................................................... 106 amount of in Andrew.............................................................310 amount of in Linn..................................................................................... 269 Analysis of Bates county........................................................................... 175 Anderson's....................................107.................................. area and thickness-Barton county........................................................... 106 area-Missouri.......................................................... 2 24 Arnott, T. Cisw**.~~**e~~ ** ~~~~~~~~~.e~ ~I~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~ 93 Arnott, W mT. C............................................................................................ 170 Atrinsott, Jno................................... 6....................... 164 "; B s" of Howard................................................................................. 192 Balder................... 130 Barden, M r 70...... 71.............................................................. Barker-in well......................................................................................... 109 banks of Howard.......................................219, 220, 221 Barton county —Measures.......................................................................... 100 Lowest Coal................................................ 108 description of.......................................................................... 106 on W est line.................................................................. 110 Barr......................................................................................................... 310 Bass, avid.............................................................................................. 109 B3asingfer............................................................................................ 339, 340 Bates county, in N. E............................................................................. 106 am ount of.....................74.................................................... and. n Vernon line..................................................................130, 131 Beach.2.........2.....................................................08, 218 Beard's....................................... 169............................................ eebe.......................................................................... 109 Beck P. J.................................................................... 190 Bender................................................................................................. 170 Benharm..................................................................... 165 Besanco.......252.............................................................. Blaylock Bridge........................................................ 231 233 Bois Brule.............................................326 Bone Fork.................,,168 Boonsboro.....191 B oughan................................................................130 Bow man..........................................................174............. l agg in.................................................................................... 168 Brand....................................................................................................... 130 Brid eman....................................................................................... 165 INDEX. IX PAGE Coal —Brid ewater............................................................................................. 165 Broadhnrst................................................................................ 112 Bowman, H. L......................................................... 189 Brown's, Vernon county...................................................................... 140 Bryan........................................................................................................ 130 Burton........ 216 Butler....................................................................................................... 168 Burling -ton Limestone- under.................................................... 219 Calcite-in..........................................................252, 254 Callahan..............................................7.........................2 Campbell, Jno............................................................................. 254 Cannel.............................................................................. 89, 340, 341 Carter, T hos..............266 Carr's........................................................................................................ 165 Caspary, Thos................................................. 2 Cedar and Barton, at corner of.................................................................. 109 Centreto wn.................................................................................334, 335, 386 Charcoal makings-in................................................................................ 253 Chariton-limit of on.................................................................................. 298 Clayton.................................................................................................... 149 Cline...................................................................................... 106 Coke, from................................................................................................ 8341 Cook's........................................................................................... 126 comparisons of Coal rocks........................................................................ 58 Conncr's Mill............................................................................................ 252 Cooper's.............................................................. 171'Cox............................................................................................. 126, 133 Cox, Al.................................................................................................... 148 Cox, J. D.................................................................................................. 130 Crabtree........................................................................ 112 Croohan's............................................................................................... 105 Curless, W. I -I......................................................................10................ 109 Davies county.......................... 314, 320, 321 Davis, m................................................................................................ 214 Day, P........ 254 Deepwater-Bates county...................... 166, 167,depth in Andrew county............................................310, 311 Deer Creek....................................... 168 Dickerson...................28.......................................................285, 286, 339 Dio's.... 200 DiO.. _............................,......................................,,.... 200 Dillon........ 128 Dip of.................................................................................................340, 341 Ditzler...................................................................... 133 Double Branches.........................................................................167 Downing, M r............................................................................................ 238 Dru mmond.........11....................... Drywood................................................................................................... 103 XS INDEX. PAGE Coal- Dunlap...................................................................................................... 17 Dutncan Creek....................................................................................... 132 Edwards................................................................... 261, 269 Einstein Shaft......................................................................................... 339 Elston.........323, 324 Elsto ll..................................................................23, 324 Evans.........107...................................... Fairchild................................................................................................. 148 Fayette..................................................................................................... 190 Ferry....................................................................................................... 150 Field's M ill............................................................................................... 235 Flack.......................,............................................................... 110 Foland........................................... 145 Fort Scott beds..........................................................................13, 149,16 Foster.......................................................................................... 167, 16 Freshour, NW. S..................................................................... 334 Gaddy....................................................................................................... 108 Gallatin............................................................................................ 321 Geological Description of Coal Pockets....................................................... 338 Gilbert, Dan.............................................................................. 167 Gilmore........................................................... 191 Goff, Jas................................................................................................... 95 Goodman........................................................................................... 171, 172 Gray, M ilton............................................................................. 254 Grish, J. S.................................................................................... 149 Grouping, correct............................................................................. 59 Hackler..........................................................................159, 167 Haines.14.................... 144 Hallam................................................................................................... 162 Ham ilton.6 2......................................................... 162 H arris, Geo............................................................ 147 2-Iarrison.................................................................................................. 150 Ilarrin ton................................................................ 112 Hazel Creek, Adair county......................................................................... 252 Hawley.................................................................................................... 165 H-azelton.............................. 112 Hecadon................................................................................................. 172 H ickory Hill.............................................................................................. 326 Ililltow n..............................................................2............................... 295 Holmes..................................................................................................... 252 Holt, M rs. Annie......................,.......................................................... 163 Hosey...............................................................................................71, 72 H ubbard.....................................................................07 Hubarly..............................107.......................... Hu lghes.......................................................... 132 Jam es, m..........................................................................................300 Jasper..................................................................................................... 91 Jasper, thickest.......... 93 Jasper, section........................................................................................... 95 JohnsonL................................................................................. 160 INDEX. XL I'rAGE Coal-Johnson, R............................................................ 190 Karnes............................................................................. 129 Kauffman......................................... 131 Keaton..................................................................................................... 171 Kfirbye................,............... 235 ] inrksville................................................................................................. 252 Lamar, near........................................................................................ 112 Lander Branch............................ 129 Lead Shaf........................................................................ 84 Lebec..................................................................................... 7 Ledford, Jno................................................................... 296 Leroy..111 LCeroy................................................................................................... 11 Lexington, absent....................................................................... 232 Lick Fork................................................................................................. 32 Linn county............................................................................................. 26 Linn county, number of working............................................................ 2G Little Os age............................................................................................... 131 Longans... 167 Lohman & Price.....................................................................340 Lower of Bates county............................................................................. 162 Malony & Mulky................................... 235, 254 M2lanning.................................................................................................. 169 M-arec us........................................................................... 70 Marais des Cygnes, north of..................................................................... 17C M arais des Cygnes..............................................................., 124, 125, 129, 150 Markham, Mrs........................................................................................... 284 M artindale................................................................,....................... 110 Miastodon........................................................................................ 338 cCarthy Branch............................................................................. 128 M cConnell................................................................................................ 9 M eCoole................................................................................ 16 MAcCafferty.......................2................................................................. 1. 215 MlcCraw & Ohler..........................................................................173 McCullough.............................................19..................0........ MAIcKill................................................................................................. 129 McFetride................................................................................................ 253 Measures............................................................................................. 261, 276 of Bates........................... 157 Iron ore.......................................................................... 73 Topography................................................................................ 57 Meddlin, Jasper......................................................................................... 148 3edoc...................................................................................................... 94 Mlilan, near........................................................................................30, 238 Millers............................70, 71 1M iami Fork...........................................................................................170,172 M ining in Barton...................................................................................... 106 M ines, Soils, adjacent to............................................................................. 69 Mocks'............... 300) MIoniteau M ii nes...................................................................................340, 341 3II INDEX. PAGE Coal —in Mounds................................................................................................ 93 in Mounds south of Marais des Cygnes................................................ 138 oundville..........................................................................................127, 128 m other of........................................................................... 2 2 Mlorerod................................................................................ 110 Mooney................................................................ 110 M3 oudy.................................................................................................... 191 Mulberry......................................................................................168, 172, 173 thinning out.......................................................... 58 M[ulky..................................................................................................... 173 uinli k................................................................................................... 286 Neil Gilbert's............................................................................111, 112 New berry................................................................................... 166 N iag C ara................................................................................. 310 Nichols, Jn o............................................................................................... 310 N ineveh.....................................................................................250,251, 252 none under Lower Carboniferous Roks................................................ 96 Norwood, Section of Howard county............................................. 200 of Vernon county........................................................... 140 not recognized........................................................................................... 59 N utters'............................................................................................. 266 Outlies of................................................................................................ 340 Parallelism......................................................................191 Pacific Coal Mining Company..............................................334, 336 Page's........................................................................................................ 218 -Panther Creek................................................................ 63, 164 Parishe.................................................................................................... 71 Parton, Nancy............................................25, 286 Parker, Sam'l........................................................................................... 14 Parker & W ells.......................................................................................... 164 Peter Creek............................................................................................... 167 Phelps........ 217 Pierce............................................ 211 Pitney................................................................................. 216, 217 Pleasant Gap............................................................................................. 158 Pockets, etc........................................................... 24,326,323,334, 238, Porter....................................................,167, 252 Putnam county..............................................................................276,287 287, 288 General Remarks on........................................................... 293 number of......................................................................... 276 Quantity in A dair...................................................................................... 265 B ates................................................ 374 Howard.......... 193 Linn............................................................................. 269 Sullivan...........................................................239................. Vernon........................................... 135, 136 Quinlan's................................................................................................. 107 Reed, Jer......................7................................................................... 71 R eed's................................................................................................... 170 INDEX. XIII PAGE Coa! — rema rks, general................................................................................... 347 Reynold's, M{ont......................................................................................... 216 Reynolds, Robert................. 216 Riclhards................................................................................................. 112 Rising.......................................................................................................112 Roanoke............................................................................217, 218 Robinson.................................................................................................. 267 R1 ye Creek................................................................................................. 252 rocks, comparison..................................................................................... 5 Runlkle's, Jno............................................7..........................3 Sac River, E. of.................................................... 7 Sandstone of Coal Measure....................................................................... 84 Schuyler county..........................................................................299, 300 Seam s of Barton county.............................................................................. 100 Sebree..................................................................................................200, 214 Shackleford...................148.................................. 148 Shi n s'......................................................................................... 133 Simmons, Joel........................................................................................... 72 Shafts in l A dair............................................................................... 252, 2.55 Shaver...................................................................................................... 16 S hrum m................................................................................................... 165 Sizemore, G............................................................................................... 253 Slate and Coal of South-west Lead Region............................................... 40 Slate, imicaccous.......................................................... 442 Sm ith, Thom as.......................................................................................... 94 Sodder, David.................... 238 Soils of.................................................................. 40....... Sparks....................................................................................................... 11 Spring Creek...............................................236, 252, 253, 254 Spring Creek, Upper......................................................... 237 Stanley J., character of............................................................................ 254 Stron's................................................................................................... 131 Tatum's.................................................................................................... 19 Taussey, Dr.................................... 163 Taylor's.................................................................................................... 696 Thick Coal in pockets..............................................................338, 339, 340, 341 Thinning of in Howard.......................................................... 215 Thornbrough.......................................................... 171 Todd...................................... 190 Trace........................................................................................................ 112 Tucker, Ward & Co................................................................................... 111 Turner's........................................................................................ 261, 269 Upper Measures, Adair................... 246 Upper Spring Creek................................................................... 237 Upper Measures, Sullivan..............................2....................229, 230, 251 V anbibber............................................................ 2606 Van Pelt.............................................................................. 108 V ernon..............................................................................................121, 127 table of quantity.......................................................................135, 13 XIV INDEX. PAGE Coal — alker Mounds......................................................................................... 142 V alls, D................................................................................................... 163 W ard's.......................................................................... 108 W ard, M rs................................................................................................ 145 Wvells...... 285 Trell at Boonslick, Coal in........................................................................ W hite Oak M ills........................................................................................ 128 Williams, Bates county...............................................142, 1 62, 171 WRillit lms, J. MI.. Adair county.................................................................... 253 Wilson............... 169 W oods, Avery........................................................................................... 236 W oodfin, M rs........................................................................................... 169 Wood, N. B............................................................................................... 107 Wright & Wells.................... 172 Cobal,......................................................... 49, 1.1, 62 Coalt..........48., 49, 611, 627 Coffin Spring Creek............................................................................................. 545 Cole county........................................................................................................ 322 Cole Camp Mines........................................ 520 Cole county Rocks............................................................................................. 326 Colliers................................................................................................... 373 Comstocl's well........................ * * 117 Concretions of Carborltte of Iron in Shales..................1.........28......... 128 Congt lom erate......9.....................................................................353, 379 and Chert hills..........3................... 343 of Lead, etc., at mines................................................. 470, 520 in lines, reccn t..................................................................... 497 Porphyritic..............................................................................354, 369 atnd Sandstone resting on Granite........................................... 354 and Sandstone wanting............................3........... antd Shales resting l on Porphyry................................................... (Coniferous wood............................................................................................... 104 Cooper place on Ceda r Creel....................................................................... 344, 356 Copper.......................................... 48, 329, 330, 3.57, 368. 333, 374, 378, 568, 610, 611, 627 and Nickel....................................................................................374, 611, 627 Copperas on Coal.............................72, 111 taste of water...................................................................................37, 116 well..................................................................................................... 91 Cordai tes............................................................................................................ 70 Cotton rock, description, Centrall Missouri........................................................... 20 of South-west Miissouri.................................................................... 43 Cottonwood Creek............................................................................................ 132 Cost of air furnace land runninog it....................................................................... 494 running Scotch Hearth................................................ 494 Cott;olln, Jasper county..................................................... 79 and Corn South-east M issouri.................................................................. 41.Creasy ore....:........................I.......................................................... 865 C-reasy orel Iil.............................. 365 Crescent Hill................................................................................................... 173 Crops of Cedar county........................................................................................ 76 Daviess................................................................................................ 321 1NDEX. XV PAGE JCrops of Hov ard................................................................................................ 199 Putnam................... 290, 291 S c h uy l e r.............................................................................................. 807 on third-class Soil........................................................................ 44 yield......................................................................................................... 79 Crucible Steel............................................................................................ 91, 593 Curless,-Bituminous Sandstone. 114 Crumnpacker's Mill.............................................................................................. 234 Crystals of Bleinde and Calcite.90 Cutlery from 3Missouri Iron...................... 16 Cythere in AI agnesian Limestone......................................................................... 29 Da(guerre M ountain-field on top........................................................................, 345 Dark colored Sandstone...................................................................................... 114 Davis & M urphy..............................................................85................5, 89 Daviess county............................................................................................... 312 crops............................................................................ 321 Dlecaturville............................. 534 Deep borin s in Drift.......................................................................................... 245 shaft at Leadville.............. 89 Deer Creek mines.............................. 52'9 Dendrites in Ma nesi an Limestone......................................................... 32 Dendritic............................................................................................................ 519 Deposits of Madison county minerals......................... 365 of ore.............................................................. 407 of rocks of South-east Missouri-era of.................................................. 604 surfatce......................................................1.................1 of Shoal Creek................................................. 414 special description of ore........................................................................ 415 of Turkey Creek..445 Deposition of Galena-period of......................................................................... 520 of rocks of South-west Lead mines-period of... 412 Depression of surface-i ndications.................................... 407 Depth of Coal-Andrew county........................................................... 310 of workable Coal-Daviess county............................................................. 321 of ores- Central Missouri....................................................... 523 to reach Coal-Schuyler county............................................................... 299 of openings-Crabtree Digings........................................... 42 Descriptive Section — Barton county.................................................................. 102 Description of mines........................................................................................... 12 of streams — Barton county................................................... 97 Devonian......................................................................................................27, 324 Dickerson's mill.............................................................................. 285, 286 Difficulty of recognizing beds............................................................................. 80 Digestion of Soils.............................................................................411 346 Diggings, Old............................................................. 99, 151, 152, 153 Dimensions of Coal pockets................................................................................. 323 Dip of Coal......................................................................................................... 95 Coal in Putnam county........................................................ 276 XV IN DEX. PIAGE Dip of Coal in Schuyler county........................................ 300 M3 agnesian Lim estone.............................................................................. 359 rocks............................................................................................212, 218, 260 strata in Linn county............................................................. 260 Dissolutions of Limestone................................................................................. 405 D iscrepancy in Sections.................................................................................... 215 Disturbance of rocks................................................................................298, 299 Divisions of Lower Carboniferous rocks in South-west Mlissouri............................. 80 D ivide, G rand.................................................................................................... 242 Do wood................................................................. 6 Dolerite....3.....................................................................................................51, 3582 Dolomite...... o......................................89 356: 3579 360 and associated minerals in South-west Missouri....................................... 396 and bituminous Limestone at Lead mines................................................ 85 Breccia.................................................................................................. 85 Calcite and Zinc Blende............................................................... 85 of Cedar county................................................................................... 65 crystals- mode of occurrence................................................................. 395 gangue of in South-west Iissouri........................................................ 395 general description................................................................................ 395 rotten...................66, 407, 455 at Swindle Diggings-character.............................................................. 451 replaced by tallow Clay......................................................................... 4 w hite.................................................................... 396 Dolomization at same time that ore-beds were formed.......................................... 405 in openings and process of............................................................. 405 -period of............................................ 412 Dorsey........................................................................~..................................... 91 D rainage of Soils.................................................................................... 301 Draper, McClurg & Co.......................................................................... 532, 533, 534 D rains................................................ 227, 258D ressing............................................................................................................ 491 D rift...........................................................................................................258, 259 agency...................................................................................................298, 299-A d air county....................................................................42 24, 244, 245 boulders......................................................................156, 157, 245, 275, 276, 304 components and Section and depth-Adair county.................................2..44, 245 Copper in.................................................................................................. depth........................................ 23 erosion.................... 156 Gold in................................................................................................. 259, 289 in Howard county............................................................................... 181 in Jasper county........................................................................................ 80S lim it, etc..................................................................................................... INDEX. XVII PAGE Drift, logs i....................................................................................................... 121 Local of Cedar county........................................................................... 64 Local of Madison ccunty................................. 34, 347 Lead iu....................................................................................................... 28) sprlinos i.n..................................................... 37 Sands-water in.......................................................................................... 258 St. Louis county.......................................................................................... 22 Schuyler county...........................294, 295 Verno county....................................................................................... 121 Drybone....................................................................... 8 Drywood Coal.................................................................................................. 103 Ironstone on.................................................... 104 D rusy Quartz................................................................................... 363 Dudley & Tarter...................................81. 8-3 Duney's Mill..................................................................................................... 248 Duncann (C-reek........................,,............ 1...32 Dunnigan's Mill.......................................6.....5....................... i.......65, 66, 75 Eanes & Berry air furnllace................................................................................... 5 Early miningo-Centre Creek............................................................. 489 at Joplin and Leadville.......................................... 439 at G-ranby................................................................................. 4 inl Missouri-Historical Notes of..............................................11 t 1 Early well-paying shafts in South-west Missouri.......486............................. 4S8 Economical Geology......................69, 127, 162, 189, 235, 266, 283, 300, 300 Elevation above the sea........................................................................ 44 -banks of streams........................................................... 120 -Insane Asylum................................................................................ of rok............................................................................................... 34 Elliott, Col........................................................................................................ 217 W. 1.................................................................................................... )67 Elm H ollow,.................................................................................................... 4 5 Elston black Slate...................................................................... 335 m ines................................................................ 3360 E ncrinital Lim estone.......................................................................... 25, 67, 68, 183 Enloe ine........................................................................................................ 3 Eozoic....................................................., 119 Epidote.........................................................................................................348, 951 Equivalent of Arkansas rocks in South-west 3Missouri.......................................... 82 form ation................................................................................... 25 Era of rock deposits in South-east Missouri........................................... (;04 Erosion of Drift...................................................................23 57, 156, 298, 299 Coal Measures......................................................................7 G.s —48 XVITI INDEX. PAGE Erosion of rocks.................................................................................................. 121 Ewell's Coal.................................................................................................. 130, 131 Excavations below White Oak Fork Spring River................................................. 83 Fault............................................................................................................147, 372 Fayette Salt Spring............................................................................................. 98 Sect ioil......................................................, 189................. 189 F eldspar...........,............................................................................................. 369 Feldspar.50, 369 Ferruginous Limestone over Coal........................................................................ 125 Fossils............................................................................. 125 Sandstone.............................................................................24, 68, 385 Coal rocks resting on................................... 189 Soil. 158 Fields' ill........................................................................................................232 Fire-clay.53...................53, 195, 176, 289 at Lead m ines..................................................................................... 482 Fisher's cave...................................................................... 36 First Iron furnace............................................. 15 Flat of Lead......................37......................................... 374 Flat w oods, M adison county............................................................................... 346 Float Deposits of ore-Central Missouri............................................................. 521 how formed in Central Missouri.................................... 528 Fluor Spar....................................................................................................49, 50 Fleming, W. S., mines......................................................................................... 85 Formation, Geological, of Cedar county........................................................ 64 thickness-Madison county............................................................... 365 Forms of ore deposits Central Missouri................................................................ 521 Fort Scott beds.................................................................................................. 133 Marble and Group.................................................... 158, 126 Fossils-Burlington Limestone............................................................... 183 Chouteau Lim estone......................................................................67, 182, 324 in Chert of Madison county........3...................................... 364 Clear Creek Sandstone........................................................................... 124 of Daviess county Coal Measures................................319, 320 Fort Scott Group................................................................................... 127 G rove Creek.........8......................................................... 80 Keokuk Group.......................................................25, 81, 99, 122, 184 Lithographic Limestone....................... 27, 66 Lower Carboniferous........................................................ 81 Magnesian Limestone.................................................................. 357 Q uartzite............................................................................................. 410 Round Mound, Barton county.................................................. 105 Second Sandstone........................................................................321, 364 St. Louis G roup.............................................................................. 25, 185 Sullivan county.......................222............................ INDEX. XIX PAGE Fossils-U pper Coal Mi easures.....1..................................................................61, 162 Y erm icular Sandstone................................................................... 67 W arsaw Limestone.....................2............................................. 25 Foundry Iron..................................................................................................... 588 from Pilot Knob ores.................................... 593 Four Corner D iggings.................................................................... 457 Fow ler M ines...................................................................................................... 332 Fox M ines............................................................................................... 367 Frazier Digg ins.......................................................................................... 428 TFredericktown, country around...........................................................372, 373 rocks............................................................................................ 368 Soil............................................................................................. 345 IFrench B uhr Stone..................................................................................... 76 Friede cave...................................................................................................... 36 Fruits, Andrew county........................................................................... 311 Barton county..................................................................................... 118 Bates county....................................................................................... 178 Cedar county............................... 76 Jasper county........................................................................................ 79'Frumet Mines...............................6...................3..................3............ Dressing-house.................................................................... 635 Furnace.......................................................................................... 635 ruins........................................... 634 occurrence of ore........................................................................... 634 Fucoids-Big Dry-wood....................................................................................... 122 F'ucoid on Magnesian Limestone........................................................................... 325 in Sandstone........................................................................... 100 Furnace, air, description of and cost,....,..................... 494 Bond's air............................................................................................. 535 Buffalo.................................................................................................. 536 Central Missouri list.....................577......................... Clark's..................................................................... 535 Eanes-& Berry.... 558 Frumet................................................................................................. 635 at Garrison's-old.................. 153 andlin............................................. Iron....... 16 the first in Missouri..................................................................... 5 Joplin, character of....................................... 500 Linn Creek-charges...................................... 532 N um ber of at Joplin............................................................................. 489 Neosho.................................................. 497 O'Brien's, S. W..................................................................................... 536 Otterville............................................................................................. 536 Pratt's Mill..................................................................................... 562 XX INDEX. PAGE Furn ace, Sac iver.............................................................................,... 1 75 Thurmond............................................................................................ 49 Tong's................................................................................................. 15 Vernon county, old......................................................... 1 W yan's Spring......,,,....................... 535 Gage, J. R., Report.................................................... 602 Galena..................................................................87, 89, 371, 37,5 altered to Cerussite or Pyromorphite....................................................... 413 and Cerussite at Sawyer Dieging.............................................................. 438 runs..................................................................................................... 460 and Cerussite at Conley Diggings.......................... c,.......,.. 438 Blende and Dolomite....................................................................89, 470, 458 in Quartzite........480 Analysis................................................................... 388 associated minerals..................................................................... 385 Bituminous.......................................................................................387, 440 onL Brewer's Creek.................................... 357 Blende and Pyrites.......................................... I............... 440, 457, 462, 4639) Calamine and Blende................................................................................ 41 Cerussite and Calamine and Bitumen...........................................423 439 inclosed ini Calcite................................................. 387 Central Missouri, impurities.................. 507 chemical action on....................................... I. 38'I0. chief ore of South-west........................................................................... 386 coated with Cerussite.......................,................................................ 4 deposits in fissures............. I...................... 41 3 description of............................................................................06, 507, 387 and Drbone....................................................................................... 497 at Dr. Gosny & Deguire's.................................................. 372 found contemporaneous with Coal........................................................... 505 form of crystals..................................................................................... 387 Group................................................................................................... 28 inclosed in Dolomite................................................................................ 9 at Jasper. No. 1........................................ 449, not in Limestone which has been Dolormized..................................... 405i in pockets.............................................................................................. 483 mode of occurrence.......... 38 repllaced by other minerals........................................ 3 in red Clay..........8................., 5..................................................... 85 Silver in................................................................................................... 387 of South-east Missouri....................................................................606, 607 of South-west, very pure......................................................., and Zinc in Porphyry........................................... 369 INDEX. XXI PAGE Gallatin Sections........815, 310, 317, 318 Galt's Mill................................................................................................85 Gait's Mill.....***.***e+*** *&&*** i*@@@@@@0000000+e****ttt* 000*vs*+seB@****s*D 285 Garner's —Section at............................ 208 Garrett, W. E............................................... o............................................ 65 General characteristics South-west Lead region............................................... 384 Gas in well........................................................................ 177 General Geology of Putnam................................................................................ 275 Schuyler.......................................................................... 294 Geology............................................................. 19 Section — Timber Hill & Walker Mound........................................... 142, 143 South-west MiAssouri................................................................. 601 G-eodes in Chouteau Limestone............................................................................ 26 of Quartz......................................................................................... 67 Geological base of Soils.............................................................~........................ 44 chlart.................................................................................................. 19 formations.......................................................................................... 78 and Geographical occurrence of Bitumen.................................. 57 position of Iron, Cole county............................... 338 relations................................................,............................. 30 structure of Missouri.......................20, 21 Geology-Central Missouri Lead region..................................50................, 504, 505 of Andrew county................................................ 304 Glacial agency........................................................................................... 56 trouogh.................................................................................................... 245 Glades on Maognesian Limestone Slopes................................. 326 Glasgow rocks..................................................................................................... 187 Section.............. 187 Glass Sand................................. 327 Glidewell-rocks at.......................................................................................231, 233 Globules of Carbonate of Zinc......................................................................... 89 Gcethite........... 46 Gold........................................................................................................ 47, 366, 379 in Drift..................................................................................................259, 289 Golden vein.............................................. 375 Grove-old digings...................................................................... 99 Graftoil rock..........................................................28, 55 Granite...................................................................31, 54, 55, 354, 372, 376, 377, 378 Congclomerate and Sandstone resting on................................................... 354 boulders.... 228 for building............................................................................................. 352 Granulite........................................................................................................... 54 (- ranby bed-rock................................................................................................ 418 Mines.............................................. 414 elevation above sea............................. 415 XXII INDEX. PAGE Granby leases........................................................................................... 49 special notes......................................................................................... 495, AMines and Smelting Company................................................................ 550 profits of miners.................................................................................... 49G production for 1873................................................. 497 Topography...................4............................................................. 415 Miines-grand division of..................................................... 419 G rand D ivide................................................................................................., 293 River tributaries..........................................156 G rass-blue..................................................................................................178, 241 Grasses in Howard.................................................................. 199 Gravel at Joplin, etc................................................................................. 41 in MNiadison county Soils.....................................................34............ 34G of South-west..401............................... G ravelly Soils............................................................................... 43 Gray's Mountain-description of...............................................................369, 370 Grazing in Benton county.................................................................. 119 G reenockite............................................................................... 48 Green m ineral...........................................37....................0.................. Greenstone.............................................................................................351, 369, 370 G rindstones..........................................................................................5....., -115 Gritstone......................................, 174, 353, 355, 356, 357, 371 G room er's IMill..................................................................................... 315 G rowt h alon stream s......................................................................................... 98 of grape.................................................................................................. 44 on good lands Cole county.............................................................. 338 G rove Creek M ines.............................................................................................. 85 G um, sweet...................................................................................................... 344 Gypsum...................................................................................... 136, 167, 176, 195 Halley's Bl uff.............................................................................................151, 152 H am ilton Group...................27.......................................................................... 27 Hannibal-cave near...................3..............................................6... H ard rock at AMi nersville.................................................................................... 89 Hargrave's Mil.............................................................................................. 285 H asselm eyer....................................................................................................... 17 Hatteen's Limestone....................1........................................ 137 I Jayney's M ill.................................................................................................... 263 Heavy Spar................................................15........................... 50, 84, 332, 334 Hearths........................................................................................... 493 Heberling, Dr................................................................. 196, 197 H eight of Bluffs, A ndrew county...........................................................0............. of M ountains...................................................................................... 342 of Round ound.................................................................................... 94 H elderbur,'gh, Lo w er......2................................................................................... 282 INDEX. XXIII PAGH Hematite, brown.......................................................... 46, 113, 373 red....................................................................113, 233, 264, 270, 581, 596, origin of............................................................................... 581 and Heavy Spar........................................................ 329 H enry M ill....................................................................................................... 233 Highest rocks-Barton county........................................................... I 104 H ighpoint, Schuyler county................................................................................. 293 Historical Notes of Early Mining.........:..........................................11 to 17 -Schuyler county............................................................................... 292 Hoffman, Jacob- Iron at...................................... 365 Holderm an................................................................................................. 164 Holes in Sandstone at Halley's Bluff....................................................... 152 Hornblende........................ 1, 302, 369 Hornstone......................................................................................................... 65 Horseshoe Diggings............................................................................................ 89 orse-fossil.............................57................................................................. 257 Iovis, Eli-Iron................................................................................................. 365 Howard county..........................179.............................................. 179 Section of-Norwood.......................,................................201'to 206 Hudson River Group.................................................................... 28 Hurlbert's Mill................................................................................................. 265 Hydraulic Limestone...........................................188, 194, 195, 209, 239, 256, 271, 288 at Am azonia....................................................................... 53 of Devonian Formation........................................................ 54 of' Vernon county.......................................... 22, 137 Hydrography-Putnamn county.............................................................. 274 Schuyler county..................................... 293 Impurities of Central Missouri Galena.......................................................07 Inclination of strata........................................................................................... 260 Insane A sylum................................................................................................... 34 Iron.....................................................46, 113, 133, 162, 176, 195, 255, 327, 328, 329, 376 -analysis of So'ih-east Missouri ores........................................... 643, 645 Iron banks-Allen...................................................................................... 660 Bear M ountain............................................... 651 Black River....................................659, 660 Blue Spring........................................................ 650 Cedar Bay..................................................................................... 658 Foster............................................................................................ 652 Glenn Em m a.................................................................................. 653 Haney..657................................................ 657 Indian Creek........................................... 658 Indian Ford Nos. I and 2.................................................... 649 Indian Ford Nos. 3 and 4................................................................ 650 Kister............................................................................................. 658 XXIV INDEX. PAGE iron baks-John L ut e's................................................. 648 Miorris..,..., 652 M iller....................................................... 59 tters.............ree............................................................................... 65 Pettit............................................................................................ 655 Ram sey................................................................................... 655 Reese Creek.................................................................................... 655 Rhodes........................................................................................... 647 Reid............................................................................................... 654 Shell....................................................................................... 654 Speer's M ountain............................................................................. 648 Spiva....................................................................65............. 650 Shrout's.............................................,651 St. Francois........................................................................ 648 Swattler....................................................................... 651 Yancey Mountain......................................................................... 658 Iron, Bog....................................................................................................... 304 at C. Bolton's................................................................378 Carbonate of..........................................,..........128, 176, 310 at Powell Callaway's......................................................................., 366 at Circle Diggings....................................................................................... 329 of Cedar county.............................................. 73, 74 classification of South-east Missouri ores............................... 645 concretionary form................................................................... I 639 in Coal Measures....................................... 73, 110, 124 frorm Chert beds........................................................................................ 91 in Clear Creek Sandstone.......................................................................... 151 Creasy's................................................................................. 365 on Castor hills.....................................6...... 366 for cut nails............................................................................................... 588 distinguishingf characteristics of ores................................79, 580 description of special deposits..................................................................... 647 deposition of ores, South-east MilEissouri —mode of...................................... 641 developing ore deposits- rules.................................................................. 578 disturbed or drifted deposits...................................... 646 furnace- the first.......................................................................... 15 furnace-o thers....................................................5....................E., 16 furnace-Cedar county................................................ 75 geogrlaphical position.................................................................... 584 geological position................................................................... 329 483 for cut nails, rails and spikes................................................... 588 INDEX. XXV 1PAGE Iron, H ovis & H offm an's..................................................................................... 365 Iron Mountain ores........................................ 592 Iron Ridle................................ 596 K idney ore................................................................................................ 310 analysis of Kings................................................................................... 367 nodules..................................................................................................... 239 Mieramec and Moselle............................... 596 ores-deposits on Limestone....................................................................... 645 in D rift......................................................................... 289 in Ferruginous Sandstone.................................................................. 24 E. W. Gaty..................................29 E. WV. G;caty......... 329 at B. Lothin's............................................................................... 329 list of banks in Souith-east Missouri.......................................661, 662, 663 Jacob M iller's................................................ 366 metallurgical properties.....5..,............,............................... 7... 587 m ixed.......................................................................... 594 near Rockville.................................................................................. Jasper county................................................................................... 91 m icaceous.................................................................... 348 MIadison county.3.................................. 365, 366, 367 varieties of......................................................................... 4 47 of Vernon county............................................................. 136 near surface....5............................................... 585 Pyrites..1.........1,326, 366 pig- uses................................................................... 588 pig and crucible steel................................................................................. 583 pipe ore..................................................................................................... 639 pot ore............................. 639 report in Ninth Census.............................................................................. 17 rust in Coal.............................................................................. 149 Sand in D rift............................................................................................. 259 in Soil........................................................................................................ 158 stalactitic................................................................................................. 639 for spikes and rails.................................................................................... 588 Sulphur, Silica and Phosphorus in........................................................588, 589 Ironstone and Ochre........................................................................................ 69 Conglomerate over Coal.......................94.......... Irregularities of strata....... 182 Jack, Black....................................................................3....................391, 392 D iggings................................................................................... 374 W hite..............................................................................324, 427 Jasper county Drift..................................................6....... 3, 76 streams, topography, etc................................................ 78 XXYV INDEX. PAGE Jefferson City building rock............................................................... 336 Jessup's Mill....................................................................................................... 309 Jew sharp Hill.............................................................................. 567 Jinkins' and Jones' Creeks.................................................................................. 78 Joab's Creek............................................................................. 250 Joint Clay........................................................................................................... 259 Johnston, Rocks............................................................................................... 159 Jointed Bituminous Limestone....................................................................125, 126 Joplin-analysis of refuse at..................................... 499 Creek.....................................................9...........0.......... Mines on.................................................................................425, 446 analysis Lead slag................................................................................... 500 position of rocks................................. 446 furnaces................................................................................................. 489 smeltin g process..................................................................... 499 Special Notes............................................. 498 Kaolin............ 53, 57, 385 Kauffm an V alley............................................................................................... 137 Keokuk Limestone............................................................... 25, 68, 150,151,152, 184 equivalents.............................................................................. 25 fossils........................................................... 25 Group, Vernon county............................................................ 121 thickness.................................................................... 80 K ennedy Shaft................................................................................................... 75 Kirksville-Section of, C. J. Norwood.................................................................. Kitten Creek............................................................................... 149 Knox Creek............................... 36 Koch Shaft..3......................................................6 Lam ar Coals.................................................................................................... 95 L aM otte......................................................... 1.........2.. Lancaster............................................................................................ 292, 293 Lander's Quarry..30................................................................. 309 Laurentian...............................................................................1, 19, 38 Lead analysis............................................................................................., 441 Austin's list of mines of.....................................12........ in Benton county....................................................................................... 106 Lead-bearing..................................................................................................... 25 Lead-bearing Rocks-circles.....487.................... 559 Mine LaMotte................................................................ 31 Lead leases and claims......................................................... 490, 495 Lead-bearing Magnesian Limestone................................................................... 373 Lead in Cole county............................................................................... 330, 334 in rocks of South-west-General Section........................................ 400 INDEX. XXVII PAGEl Lead-Cedar county................................................................. 75 Cedar Creek............................................................................................ 37 7 Lead-bearing rocks in South..east Missouri............................................................. 605 Lead Caves..................................................................................................... 615 in Chert-breccia....................... 332 counties containing, inl South-west......................................................... 384 cost of transportation................................................................................ 1 on Old Chouteau lands....................................................................... 561 deposits, depth of 5.....................................,....................................... 504in flat sheets......................6...................1..............................3..... at Old Copper Mines................................................................................... 372 Mines of South-east Missouri-detailed description...................................... 61(; Lead Diggings-Africa...................................................................................... 537 Anderson................................................................................... 533 Argenbright...........547....................................................... 47 Ashcraft's Hollow.................................................. 416 Barytes....................................................................... 530 Batz........................................................................................ 001 Baxter........................................................................ 440 Belch........................................................................................ 564 Bently................................473...................................... 474 Bell, Temple E............................................................................ 568 Blow.......................................................................................... 542 Blackburn.56..............................................................., 568 Boaz.................................................................................... 559 Blockburgoer.......................................................................5. 564 Bond......................................................................................... 537 Branch........................................................................... 479 Branch, Oronogo..................................................................479, 481 Brock's................................................................................... 8 Brock Hollow.............................................. 416, 422 Brow n's............................................................ 531 Bruin........................................................................................ 534 Brushy...................................................................................... 541 Budlong..................................................................................... 444 Buffalo........................................... 542 Burch.............................................................................. 88,476, 477 Burnett..................................................................................... 631 Capp's....................................................................................... 570 Caldwell.................................................................................... 541 Carney....................................................................................... 4441 Carter....................................................................................... 530 Central...............................................................565 Centre Creek........................................................................... 475 Chester...................................................................................... 41 XXVIIR INDEX. IPAGE L:ead Diggilgrs-Ch risma an................................................................................. 5 71 Circle......................................................................................... 562 Clark......................................................................... 545 Clark, Fieldin................................ 534 Clay.......................................................................................... 56(; Collins..........5..........................7............... 527 Conley's, and shaft...................................................................... 438 Cornwall................................................................................... 439 Cordrey.................................................................................. 534 Crabtree....................................................................416,422, 423 Crossroad............................................................... 549 Culpepper................................................................................... 435 Curtey.......5............................................................................ 68 D aniels'................................................................ 531 Dodson M ines, and............................................................. 331 Doph.......................................................................................... 539 Doogan..................................................................................... 561 Dunlap....................................................................................... 458 Eanes'....................................................................................... 557 Eastpoint................................................................................... 430 Excelsior............................... 4............................ E dwards'............................................................4... Elston..........320, 558 Enloe......................................................................................... 560'Eureka, Scott........................................................................61, 562 Fair............................................................................................ 547 Ferguson.................................................................................... 544'erry......................................................................................... 53 Fow ler...................................................................................... 33 Frazer............................................................................... 416 Fletcher..................................................................................... 569 Gabrielle.................................................................................... 551 Granby...................................................................................... 538 near Granby.................................................................... 34 position of Granby.................................. 416 Grassroot............................................................................... 569 Gray H orse................................................................................ 541 Grove Creek..............................................................86, 87,476, 477 Gum Spring S.550..... G ustka.......................................69............................................ Hackney.................................................................................... 569 H ardshaft.................................................................................. 416 H enn.................................................................................... 435 Hickory Creek............................................................................ 437 INDEX. XX1X PAGE Lead Diggings —Hen derson............................................................................... 560 H ig h Point............................................................................... 556 H olm an.................2...........................................................416, 423 H ooper....................................................................................... 524 Horse-shoe..........................471.................................... H off.......................................................................................... 566 Indian....................................... 63Z Irish........................................................................................... 5 31 Jack............................................................................. 374, 627 January..................................................................................... 53 Jasper-N os. 1 and 2.................................................................... 45 Jliff....... 548 Jones................................. 57(1 Johnson................................................................................ 4 3, 54 Johnson & Davidson.................................................. 537 Joplin, east and shaft............... 457 M iddle.......................................................................... 453 V alley.............................................................................. 4S Lower......, 459....... Jungmneyer........................................................ 56 IK elsey......................................................................................... 540 K linger...................................................................................... 557 Lead Hill................................................ 632. Lermlline & StL hlein....................... 531 Leadville.............................................................................89, 469 Lone Elm..........................................;...........................462, 463, 464 Lone Elm Hollow, in bottom and west side...................... 467 TLow er Indian.................................................................... 538 Mladole..................................................................................... 539 Marmnaduke............................................................................... 526( Mc nn.................................................................................... 459 McMi1an.................................................................................... 566:aerritt..................... 4 Mineral Point................................................. 556 and Poor an's Point.......................................... 432 Moon........................................................................................ 455 Moorland........................................................... 54 Moseley................................................................................... 437 TM urphy............................................................ 533 Neilson........ 547 N ew G ranby.............................................................................. 54 N ew Joplin.............................................................................. 541 O'Brien...................................................,................ 541 Old Diggings reopened..................................................... 420. XXX INDEX. PAGE Lead Diggings-Oldest in South-west................................................................... 434 Old Scott..................................................................................... 526 Orchard, when worked............................................. 455 Old Diggings in Hickory county................................................. 437 Otte.. 553 Otten~~r.,,,.,,.,..,..,................................................................... Old Chouteau............................................................................ 561 Perry................................................................ 475 Perry Ross................................................................................. 552 Phillips' shaft............................................................................ 472 Pitcher.......................... 446 Potter- No. 1............................................................................ 546 No. 2......... 541 Prairie...................................................................... 434 Prewitt's................................................................................... 75 Price M ill........5......5........................................... 552 Rapp........................................................................................ 564 Reed....................................4................................... Sawyer........................................................................................ 438 Galena and Cerussite at.................................................... 438 Schott.................................................... 447 Schultze............................................................................... 548 Sibley...................................................................................... 441 S purlock................................................. 54S Smith's Circle................................... 564, 565 Stearns'...................................................................................... 530 Steenberger................................................................................ 560 Stover.................................................................. 546 Stover, Walker & Clarke........................................ 542 Stevens'......................................................................................472 Strong....................................................................................... 540 Streit..............................................................332, 558 Simmons'................,............................... 545 Sugar Creek............................................................. 571 Swindle Hill............................................................................... 451 Thomas...................................................................................... 533 Thurmond.................................................................................. 441. Tiff............................................................................................ 357 Tower's...................................................................................... 85 Townley.................................................................................... 548 Twin Spring................................................................ 553 V ersailles..................................... 551 Villa ge.......................................................................................416, 419 W alker.................................................567..............'W ear.............................53.............................. W eav er....................................................................... 558 WVebb........................................................................................ 472 W est.....................................460.................................... 460 W hllite................................................................... 528, 5 63 W ilkinson.......................................... 549 INDEX. XXXI PAGE Lead Diggings-Williams..................................... 440, 533, 570, 571 Winnup....................................................... 563 W olfden................................................................................. 544 Wyant Spring.......................547 Zollinger............................................................. 554 Lead formation of South-east Missouri.................................................. 604 at Granby-thickness of ore formation....................................................... 433 in gravel............................................................................................... 87 at John Hills............................................................................................. 372 in Lower Carboniferous rocks................................................................. 49 in Madison county.................................................... 860, 367 mines...............................................................................................83, 87 -description of......................................87, 88 -importance of in Missouri........................................... 602 in MIagnesi an Limestone.................................................................... 49 north of Centretown...................................................................... 331 minining in Central M issouri................................................................ 14 in Miller, Morgan and Moniteau.............................................................. 14 ore deposits-list in Central Missouri.....................................555, 571 to 576 Camden..... 532 Cooper and Saline..................................... 525 extend horizontally........................................................................... 523 disseminated...........................612 ore-Moniteau and Cole.................................................................................55 Morgan............................................................................................. 534 openings............................................................................ 330 Osage, M iller and M ari es..................................................................... 565 in Porphyry.................................................................................. 49 in South-east Missouri............................................................... 606, 607 mines-History of in South-east...................12, 612 Little Tavern m ines................................................................................... 333 with Silicate of Zinc and Blende.............................................................. S5 reports of Shum ard.................................................................. 14 ore period of deposit..................................................................... 505 pure, of Central Missouri..................................................................... 507 production of Cooper county.......................................... 526, 527 production of Pettis, Benton and St. lair................................... 528 South-west M issouri........................................................... 502 South-west Missouri-Geological History................................. 412 Central Missouri-linmit of................................. 503 Central'M issouri —centre of.................................................................... 503 Lead Shaft, Abbot & Co...................................................................................... 437 Acten............................................................................... 465, 168 Bellew, worked before war............................................... 431 Byer's............................................................................................. 463 Calverts................... 85 Carpenter......................................................................................... 440 Chester................... 416............................................... Carwin & Clow......................................................................... 87,476 XXXII INDEX. PiAGE Lead Shaft, circular space in............................................................................. 434 Dalton............................................................................................. 465 Day............................................................................................... 411 Early, well paying in S. W..................................................... 489 FourL Corne r............................................................ 457 Frazer............................. 489 at Granby, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 11................... I................................. 420 No. 15............................................................................. 421 Nos. 122, 148............................................................... 425 Nos. 123, 125................................................................... 424 Nos. 209, 286.......................................................... 420 No. 292...........................................................429, 432 No. 218............................................................................ 428 No. 271, 292...................................................................... 431 No. 341........................................ 4033 Graves............................................................................................. 472 HIarring to n..................................................... 464, 465. Hayes........................................................465, 466 Hopkins.....17............. 432 Hurlbub rt.............................................................. 451 Jackson and others.................................................... 450 Jasper county, pumlp.......................................... 450 Joplin, East..... 457 Leadville, deep............................470, 471 on Lone Elm................................... 465 east side Lone Elm Hollow...............................465, 4166; Lone Elm, Pierce & Smith................................................................. 466 other shlafts at Lone E]lu................................................................... 468 McCoy.............................................................................44.......... 443 Minersville, Section in............................................................... 480.orse........................... 46;4 Nelson............................................................................................ 457 Oronogo, Center..... 485, 480 Nos. 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 17, 18........................................ 484 Nos. 19, 20, 1., 22 23, 24, 25...................................... 485 No. of, at Granby.............................................................................. 43 Pounds............................................................................................ 469 Rhominr us..................................470, 471 Snead............................................................................... 463 Sutton............................................................................................. 464 Tussin er........................................................................................ 476 Lead in slag, per cent.......................................................................................... 49 Statistics, 9th census.......................................................................... I 5 Prof. Swallow's List of AMi es...................... 1.5 Texas county....................,........................................................... 66, 31, 632 INDEX. XXXIII PAGE Leadville............................................................................................................ 89 Leatherwood.................................................................. Lebec..................................................................................................... 71 Lepidodendron................................................................................................... 1.56 Leroy................... 114 Lexington Coal thinning out........................................................................... 59 Lim e............................................................................................53, 75, 137, 194, 175 Adair......................................................................................................... 9-256 Limestone, bituminous................................... 52 Lime of Burling'ton Limestone....................................................... 184 of' Andrew county..........................................................08, 309 for building..................................................................91, 270, 271 black, with fossils....................................................................................... 411 of Central M issouri..................................................................................... 518 changed to Dolom ite................................................................, S1 405 concretions in Bluff................................................................................... 21 leached...................................................................................................... 40 at Lone Eln...............................4...................................5 and Limestone at Dublin........................................................................... 115 Limestone, Putnam county................................................................................ 288 Lim onite......9..................................., 596 of Central M issouri..................................................................... 518 drifted deposits of............................................................................... 652 occurrence in Central Missouri.......................................... 511 ori in................................................................................................... 581 water in............................................................................................... 59( Lincoln Creek.................................................................................... 303 Liln- count..........................................................................57............... 257 rocks........... 261 Linneus...................2 653..............................65, 270, 271 Lingula.............................................................................................................. 327 Lingulell.................................................................................................., 19, 357 List of counties in Central Missouri Lead Region...................................... roeks~..... rocks....................................................................................................... 348 fbrmations in Cole county.................................................................... o4,. 4S L trees in MadLison county....................................................343, 344 Lithographic L imlestone.................. 9...............................................................27 ( Litton, Dr...................................... 13 Lochon, De........................................................................................................ 1 1 Logan lountain................................................................................................ 69 Logs in Drift....................................................................................................... 12 Lone Eh:n Creek.................................. -........................................................ 90 Lovwer Carboniferous, Vernon county.................................................121, 122 for building.................................................................. 5 Lower kMagnesiani Limestone, fossils................ 57. Lowest rocks, Bar on county 1.1.....0......................................................10...., 10 Bates county................................................................................. 57 adison county........................................................................356 359 (G. s.-49. XXXIV INDEX. PAGE Lower elderburgh..................................................................................... 28 Mtaditon county, 343, its soil................................................................................ 345 A'Tagnesian Limestone- Analysis.....................................0............5................. 605 2d, 3d, 4th......................................0, 328, 359 or!iginal....................412 of Cedar Creek..............................64, 65, 377, 378 at Birch's and Jno. Boswell................................................ 359of Cole county.............................................................24, 325 first.................................................................................... 325 on Porphyry...................................................................... 32 Madison county..................................358, 363 thllick beds......................................................................... 359 at'Tarter & Dudley's............ 81...................................... 81 mineral bearing................................................................. 372 Soils................................................................................ 41 1M alachlite.....................................................................................................330, 571 amm il ary Quartz......................................................................... 361 anitou.............................................................................................................. 180 MIvanganese.......................................................................................................... 49 Mianner of mining..4....90,................ 491 MI:[arais des Cygne Coal.................................................. 124, 125, 158?,4arb le..................................................................... 1, 56, 623, 148, 149, 3 5, 3 6 Mlarble.... 31, 56, 623, 148, 149, 355, 356?M{armaton........................................... 119, 120, 121, 37 6, 377 arquis and ulligan........................................................................................ 83 lartindale......................................................................................................... 10 Mastodon in drift.............................................................23, 151 M assey-furnace................................................................................................ 16 ilatthews' Creek..........................................................................................358. 378 {cDaniel —hron.................................................................................................. 91 MlcDa~niel-IrXOn..** *v**** —*-@-@ —*ee-s@-**@@v@@@*@@@W-*91 Mc Dowell' s cave................................................................................................. 36 NMeadows of Sullivan..........................................................................................241 eat iept in caves.............................................................................................. 36 Mieek, F. B........................................................................................13, 536, 39, 555 Allerame c Mine s................................................................................................. 12 ~~Merx ~am~~ee Mines.12 Mletan-orphlic action on S. W. Lead-ro cks............................................................. 412 Slates............................................................... 56 MAle7,zozoic ~~~~~~~~~..........- *-19 Mica in Sandstone.....................................................................................10 MAicaceous Iron................................. -.,. 348 Miica.......... -. - *51 t~ilan, Sec. at.........~.. ~~~~~~~~~~~I~........I...................................... I.............................. 39-luHaul, Scc. at.~~I~~~ll~~~~~ ~.~r~~..~.~.....l T 229 M ~i~tles Mill.-. —* —— er*!*~|@Z****|**@eres@@**x@**vss~vs0X~v *- -ea******@s-lsO-*9265 Mill Iron............................................. 9, 592 INDEX, XXXV PAGE i lilford well............. 11.....7........................................... M illerite............................................................................................................... 49 AMillstones............... 55 Mineral Charcoal.. 71 M inerals............................................................................................ 46 of Central Missouri, list of...................................... 506 sm elted on log-heap.......................................................................... 87 Springs.......................................................................1...................... 116 Mines-Austin's, list of................................................................................... 12 Miner's profits............ 496 AMining before the war.....................................................87, 420, 424, 431 M inerals of Cole county....................................................................... 334 mode of occurrence South-west Missouri................................................ 85 Mineral water........39.......................... 176 MIineral, borne away and deposited in Sand, Clay, etc..................................... 413 loose in Chert................................................................................. 413 in seams............................................................................................. 413 of South-west M issonri........................................................................... 606 inersville......................................................................................................... 89 ining at Granby.............................................................................................. 496 history of South-east Missouri................................................................ 489 and sm elting, South-west M issouri.......................................................... 489 Mines near Scotland......................................476, 477 AIline LaMotte................. 31, 368, 372, 374, 375, 376, 378, 625 dressing works..................................................................... 629 analysis of ores....................................................................... 628 Copper mines..................................................................... 630 Furnaces, 629- -Geology................................................................ 626 minin................................................................................. 628, 629 Alissouri bottoms-Soil.;..................47............................................................. 47 Mloniteau mines.................................340, 341 MIoore's Report................................................................................................... 638 Mroore's quarry................................................................................................... 271 M oudy's shaft.....................................173 Mou nds of Cedar county.................................................................................... 24 of Bates county...........................................55,159, 161 Blue...................................................................................................... 120 and plains. 57 Sand.....................................7....................................6 MAoundville....................................................................................................120, 127 Alounds at WaCnlker Station...........................................................................141, 142 Muderacks........................ 364 Mulberry Coal, thinin out............................................................................... 58 MIulberry Creek........................ 161. Nar rows of St. Francois River............................................................................ 376 Natural Bridge................................................................................................36, 37 Neil Gilbert..................................................................................................... 111 XXXVI INDEX. Nen e.............................................................................................................. 11 Neosh o.............................................................................................................. 437 Nevada................................................................119,120, 121 Newberry place.................................................................................................. 378 New ome....................................................... 161 Niagara Limestone.................2.......... 28, 55 Nickel...........................................................................................................69, 374 and Cobalt............................................. 48, 49, 611 Ninth Census.................................... 17 Nitre.................................................................................................................. 54 Nodules of Iron Pyrites in Limestone................................................................. 326 North fork of Spring River.................................................78, 97 Norwood, C. J., Report on Putnam..................................................... 273 Norwood, J. G., notes on M adison...................................................................... 371 O'Bannon...............................................367, 371 Ochre.........................................................., 74, 113 analysis..................................................................................................... 113 Con lomerate................................................................................................. 118 concretions................................................................................152 and Iron-stone.................................................................... 69 Ochreous Clay below Coal.............................................................. 94 Ochre-R ed............................................................................................70, 239 Ochre shales..................................................................................................65, 169 Oil ell...................................................................................................... 105, 164 Old Copper m ines.............................................................................................. 372 Diggilngs- Golden Grove............................................................................. 99 Duff mines................................................................................................... 88 Oldest ine- Schuyler county...................................................... 301 Older and later formed minerals..................................... 398, 399 fld Scotch Hearth...........................4......................................... 4.5 Oolites-Cedar county........................................................................., 65 Oolitic Chert.............................................................................26, 327, 363, 364, 517 Oolitic Limestone........................................................................................ 309, 435 Openins —at Granby................................418, 42 and runs at Joplin.............................. 413 Orchards-Schuyler county.................................................................................. 301 Orchard mines................................................................................................ 89 Order of succession of South-west m inerals......................................................... 398 ot Primordial Rocks..................3.................................... 352 Ore banks-extent of........................................ 582 bed, lowest at Granby................................................................................... 420 openings, the first...... 417 the second....................................... 418 420 thinning S........................................................................... 418 -Ores and associated m inerals, list of.................................................................... 386 in altered portions of Silico-Calcite................................. 404 of Central Missouri.................................................................................... 59 classified table of...........................................................................59, 599, 600 descriptions ol rocks and modes of occurrence............................................. 373 INDEX. XXXVII PAGE Ore deposits not near stream s....................................................................... 384 three districts in South-west........................................................... 385 fitness for special purposes......................................................................... 597 formations, thickness of at Granby........................................................ 433 m aterial containing......................4.............................................. 418 no outward indication................................................................................. 514 o I Osage River.. 596'preparation for smelting.............................. 492 in Quartzite and Chert.............................................................................. 410 in small branches, tributary to large........................................................... 384 sm elted at Neosho...................................................................................... 497 two horizons at Swindle Diggings.................................. 482 two runs at Lone Elm.......................................................................... 467 Oronogo...............................................................................89, 478, 479, 481 to 485,Oriskany Sandstone.............................. 27 Orthis Carbonaria.................308........................... Osage Cole and Mining Company........................................................................ 149 banks of.............................. 156................ bridge...........................3...........27 bottom s...................................................................................... 337 river navigation......................................................................................... 156 tributaries................................................................................................. 156 Owen, Dr. —Report of Arkansas.......................................................................... 82 O wners of Granby................................................................................ 495 Oxidation of ores.................................. 413, 414 Oxide of Lead..................................................................................................... 85 Ozark cave............................................................................. 3 Paint Clay................................................................................255, 270, 289, 309, 320 red.............1................ 150, 270 -Palleozoic rocks............................................................................................. 181 tim e.................................................................................................... 19 Panther Creek..........................................................................................155 to 159 Papinsville.........15................ 156, 157 Paragenesis of minerals, Central lMissouri......... 512:Paragenetic order of succession............................................. 398 Patches of Slate and Gravel........................................ 402 Pearl Spar........................................................................................................ 49 Pecan.....................................................................138, 1 178 Pentrernites Rewmeri................27, 66 Perry's Iron furnace............................................................................................ 16 Mill........................................................................................................ 265 ines................................................................................................... 84 Period of alteration of Limestone............................... 52 of deposit of Galena................................................................................. 520 of regeneration....................................................................................... 413 Persim mon on prairies........................................................................................ 98 Pete r Creek................................................................................167 Pickeringite............................................................................................ 50, 11 XXXVIII INDEX. PAGEE: Pilot Knob ores......................................................593, 594 classification of..................5...9.....................................3................ furnace built...................................................................................... 16 Company organized....................................................................... 76 Pine Creek Section............................................................................ 353 Pines...................44, 378 Pine log in Dr i f t.................................................................................................. 314 tim ber............................................................ 9 Pioneer Mining and Smelting Company...................562, 563 Pits in Golden Grove.......................................................................................... 100 Plains and Mounds of Coal Measures.....................................7............................ 57 Plants in Sandstone............................................................................................. 101 Plant-roots in fire-Clay....................... 16G Platinum.................................................................................................... 352 Pleasant Gap.......................1.......................................................55, 1 56, 157, 158 View, Iowa............................................................................................ 285 Valley.............................................................................. 138 Pleurotomarica Carbonaria......................................................... 266 Pockets of Coal and Slate in South-west.............................................................. 385 in railroad cuts.................................. 323Polishing Stone.................................................................................................. 54 Poor Soil............................................................................................................. 345 Poplar................................................................................................................ 344Porous L imonit e................................................................................................. 73 Porphyry, banded...369, 370 black.................................................................................................. 377 crypto-crystalline........................ 369 lescription of.............................................54, 349, 351352, 3552, 0359 rocks resting on............................................................. 21, 355 at Toler's.......................................................................................... 35 Porphyritic Syenite................................. 376 Porter's land.......................................................................................... 90, 91 Potsdam Group................................. 358, 359, Potter's Clay...................................3, 239, 255, 269, 270, 326 Pottery........................................................................ 153, 269, 270( Powder used in mini ng........................................................................................ 491 Powh atan Clay................................................................................ 379, Prairie City.................................................................... 155 Preparation of ore for smelting........................................................... 492 Pratt's M ill....................................................................................... 562 Primordial rocks................................................................29, 31, 352 Pseudomorphosed Galena........a.en..38....7......................................... 387 Process of smelting............................................................................................. 493 Process of smelting..493 Products of Vernon county................................................................................. 137 Profits of M iners............................................................................................ 496 Protozoa......................................................................................... 32 Pumps at Joplin.................................................................................................. 498 Putnam cou nty.................................................................................................... 249 description................................................................... 27& INDEX. XXXIX PAGE Pyrites.5.. 8, 166, 369, 370, 455 Pyrites............................................................8 5,1 6 6, 369, 3 95, 455 associated with Bitum en..................................................................... 395 and Blend e in Coal....................................................................70, 71, 267, 335 cupriferous. 510 in Lim estone............................................................................... 206 or mundic, form of Crystal........................................................................ 394 howv to distinguish Iron firom Copper 39..................35, 510 in South-west mines................................................................................. 395 Pyronmorphite................................................................................................... 390 Quantity of Bitumlen in Barton county................................................................. 115 Coal in Howard county.............................................................. 93, 19 Quarries of How ard............................................................................................ 194 Quarry of Caldw ell.................................................................................. - 306 at Dunnigan's Mill........................................................................... 75 Sandstone...................................................................................193, 194; 271. Quartz.................................................................................................33. i 3 69, 409 and Bitum en............................................................................................ 482 Central M issouri — Mineral Blossom............................................................ 510 and Chert at Oronogfo........................................................ 481, 483 crystals in veins........................................................................................ 360 large crystal............................................................................................. 377 foliatec.................................................................................................... 361 geodes.................................................................................................67, 327 with Galena..................................................................... 485 grains in arble....................................................................................... 356 ammillary............................................................................................. 361. vein.............................................................................................366, 367, 377 veins-direction of................................................................................ 367 Quartzite-description of..................................... 410 Quartzose Sandstone............................................................................................ 397 Quaternary................21, 259, 274, 275, 294, 295, 304,'314 Quillan'S Coal..................................................................................................... 07 RP ailroads-good natural routes............................................................................ 57 Rariton branch................................................................................................... 262 Ray county- Bitumen......................................................................................... 57 Receptaculite Limestone...................................................................................... 28 Rector's Alum well.......................................................116, 117 Red Clay and Gravel........................................................................................... 7 H em atite................................................................................................... 46 Paint..................................................................................... 255 Shales...................................308, 320 RPemarks of Norwood on Howard Section................................ 206 on Coal in Schuyler.......................................297, 298, 299 Residuary Sand............................................................................................... 408 Review of Bates county Coal................................................................................ 174 Reynolds county M al rble...................................................................................... 56 Rhodes, David..................................................................................................... 354 XL INDEX. PAGE Rhomboidal Lim estone................58....................1................., 193, 206, 262 Richardson......................................................................................................... 359 TRicker's Diggingsr.................... 85 Ripple m a rks..................................................................................................... 124 iRoad m aterials..................................................................22, 289, 300 Rock at Baker's, Bayle's and near Brookfield........................................................ 271 Rockbottom branch............................................................................................ 15 -Rock solid- of Granby........................................................................................ 411 structure of- Cedar.................................................................................. 64 Ibocks of Central Missouri-list of....................................... 513 of Coal M easures...................................................................................... 69 at Glasgow............................................................... 187 on high mounds, Barton county............................1......... 104 rise-Linn county...............................................................................260 261 slipped.......................... 84 Roifnd mound-Barton county........................ 1.05 Jasper....: 93 Section at........................................................................... 04 PIluogose, appearance of rocks............................ 124 Runs at Joplin.................................................................................................... 405 Saint Jo ines.................................................................................................. 624 St. Louis Banking Company.............................................................................. 14 county Drift.............22.......... Group...................................................................... 99 Limestone for building....................................................55 Saline lands.......................... 198 Salt springs of Adams.............................................. 92 Bear Creek............................... 198 Boonslick...10.....................................................................19C, 197 Burkhart................................................................................196, 197 borinog for................................................................................................... 197 sprilg —Epso......................................................................1....... 76, 177 Fayette........................................................................................... 198 W ade Jackson's...................................................................... 198 of Lewis....................................................................................... 197 M cCafferty...................................................................................... 198 MIPartin............................................................................................. Morris........ 198 in C. J. Norwood's Report.................................................... 198 of Price..................... 196 Ternon cou nty.............................................................................. 139 works-old................................................................................................... 196 water at Insane Asylum............................................................... 34 Saltpetre in caves........................................................................................... 37, 54 Sampson Creek Limestone.............................. 316 Sand...... 288 black......................................................................................................... 367 INDEX. XLI PAGE Sand boulders................................. 519 crystal...................................................................................................... di ginos...................................................................................................... 333 for glass............................................................................29, 53, 327 m ound.....1................................................................................................ 176 residuary.................................................................... 408 resulting from disintegration of Chert......................................................... 408 Sanads in Alluvium.................................................................................. 275 -water flowinog through................................................................ 37 Sandstone....................................................................... 336, 439 banded................................................................................................ 354 bituminous........................................................................................... 114 at Bro nsvill e................................................................................... 69 for building...............................54, 55, 75, 91 above Coal.............................................................................. 93 -Central M issouri............................................................................ 514 -Clear Creek.......................................... 144 145 149, 150 -strata below........................ 145 over Fort Scott Marble......................................................................... 148 — ferrugoinous................................. 69, 185 at Granby.............................................................................. 401 on Granite.......................................................................................31, 354 for grindstones................................................................................... 115 in Linn county................................................... 265 -L one Elm........................................................................................ 401 -Lower............................................................................................. 352 -Lower —Coal Iceasures..........................,...................... 402 -M icaceous......................................................................................... 207 at M ine LaM otte.................................................................................. 375 quarries..........................................................................................55, 355 like Qua rtzite.................................................................................... 100 passing into Qua rtzite....................................e.............................. 408 Saccharoidal...............................29, 325, 337 Saint Peters................................................... 29 Second.....................................................................................327, 364 at S. W. Lead mines............ 401, 408 of Sullivan county................................................................ 231, 239, 240 surface rock of Barton county............................................................... 100 thickness........................................................ 354 Sassaftas............................................................................................................ 180 Schuyler county.................................................................................................. 292 its water-power........................ 294 Schoolraft.....................................................................................................12, 13 Scotch hearth................................................................................................ 492, 494 Scotia ores.......................................................................... 596 Seams and sheets................................................... 521 of Galena and Blende.................................................... 545 Seasoning rock......................................................................... 326 Seclinger's well.................................. ].57 XLII INDEX. PGE Section, Andrew county.......................................................................303, 305 to 30 Barton county.......................................................... 102 at Beeler's............................................................................................. 237 below the Fort Scott series................................................................. 101 Bluffs w est of Jefferson City.................................................................... 320 Brennan's.............................................................................................. 318 north of Butler..................................................................................... 15 Carney diggings..................................................................................... 444 Carpenter's shaft.................................................................................... 440 on Castor................................................................................................ 361 Central diggings, general....................................................................... 424 Cline's Mound...................................................................................... 102 Crabtree diggings, general.............................................................. 422, 424 Daviess county....................................................................315, 316, 317, 31S R. D iggs.......................................................................213................... 21 Eastpoint dig ings................................................................................ 430 Edwards & Turner's Coal bank.................................... 261 Fayette........................................................................ 188 Frazer & Chester.................................................................................... 428 Garner's, at............................................................................................. 20 General, of South-west Mo..................................................... 60 Granby......................................................................... 417 Grovner's mill................................. 315 Hardshaft........................................... 426 Harris, T. B............................................................................................ 214 Henny's mil......................................................................................... 233 Hopkins'................................................................... 432 Howard county, general of part.........................................210, 211 of C. J. Norwood.....................................................201, 206 near Jasper diggings...... 448 K irksvi lle...................................................................................... 247 west of Lam ar.103............................................................. 10 Leadville...................................................................... 470, 471, 472 Linneu s.................................................................................................. 265 Lone Elm...................................................................................465, 466, 467 Little N orth Fork of Spring River........................................................... 103 of Marble. Gritstone andc Magnesian Limestone........................................ 355 oMarmaton.......................................................................................... 122 at Mineral and Poor lMan's Point................................................. 433 M oreau bridge......................................................................................... 326 South Moreau........................................................................ 327 of well at Milan......................................................................28 of Norwood, near ilan........................................................................ 229 Nutter's, of Norwood.............................................................................. 263 on Little Osage............................. 125 Osage River-Vienna Road............................................................... 327, 328 Pitcher land........................................................................................... 447 on Panther Creek................................................... 163 at Y ates', Bates county....................................................................... 163 INDIEX. XLII[ PAGE Section north of Pleasant Gap.............................................................................. 158 Putnam county...........................................................................249, 277, 283 Round M ound......................................................................................... 104 Salt Creek, Howard county....................................................................... 181 Savannah, genera]...........................................................................,,306, 307 Second Sandstone resting on Granite................................. 356 Schuyler county........................................................................... 296, 297 in shafts 50, 51, 55, 71, 73.................................................................... 423 220 and 195.42.......................................... 429 93, 95, 101, 103, Granby.............................................................. 427 St. Catherine shaft....................................................................... 267 St. Francois PRiver, mouth of Leatherwood Creek...................................... 355 Trace Creek, Madison county.................................................. 362 Todd's, Bates county....................................................................... 125 Thurm an shaft...................................................................................... 442 Turner's, Howard county....................................................................... 209 Village diggings, N. portion.................................................. 421 White Oak mills.........12........................................................ 1 Wilhite branch, Sullivan county............................................................... 230 Selenite..................................................................... 195, 176, 256, 261, 335 Seneca........................................................................... 43 Septaria.............................................................................. 310 Serpentine.......................................................................................................... 34 Settlements of Barton county........................................!......................... 106 first, in H oward................................................................................ 179 Shafts-deep, at Leadville................................................................... 89 Early-well paying in S. West..................................................... 4S9 first in M issouri.....................1......................... Frazier's......................................................................489 of Miarquis & MIullian.......................83.................................................... 83 of M oudy.............................................................................................. 178 at Old Circle M ines.................................................................................. 33 Shales, purple................................................................................................. 264 Sharr's m ill................................................................................................. 248 Shepherd ountain........................................................................... 594 Shibley-rocks......................................................................................... 349, 253 Shumard........................................................ 528 Shut- in.......................................242, 362 Shutley Creek.................................................................................. 360 Sieur de Lochon.............................................1....................................... 11 Silicate of Alimnina.................................................... 82 of Zinc.48, 8............................. 4.............................................4, 84 Silicious Group of Tennessee...................... 83 rock..................................................................................................... 7 Limestone with Galena................................................... Silico-calcite..................................................................................................404 48 Silver........................................................................... 47, 111, 369, 607 Silurian..,.............,..........................................................27, 28, 324 Sink holes.35.368.................................................................. 3, 36, 487 XLIV INDEX. PAGE Sinking shafts for Coal................................................ 207, 252, 255 Slaog, pieces of Lead i...................................................................................... 493 Slate outliers..................................................................................................... 323 black, at Joplin.....................................................................................450, 452 and Coal-Oronogo.......................... 481 over G ranite...................31.......................................... 31 Metamorphic............................................................................................... 5 roofing........................................................................................................ 56 3Slater's Creek, Madison county...................................................................377, 378 Slopes between Mounds......................................................................... 121 Sloping prairie-Jasper........................................................................ 92 Smelters, list of at Joplin................................................................................... 499 Smeltinlg............................................................. 492,493,497,498, 499 and minling in South-west Missouri......................................................... 489 Smithsonite......................................................................393, 394, 508, 610 Soils.....................................177, 178 Alta Vista, Daviess county.......................................................... 321 Andrew county........................................ 311 Barton county, not rich........................... 117 on bluff....................................................................................................... 43 classes of in Cedar county............................................................................. 76 Cole county.................................................................................................. 337 calcareous of Daviess county......................................................... 321 D aguerre M ountain................................................................. 345 description of kinds of.......4...................................................................... 44 digestion of................................................................................................. 41 drainace.................................................................................. 301 fourth class................................................................................................ 44 iFredericktown.......................................................................................... 45 gravel............34................ 346 Iron in.....................................41................................................. 41 M adison, yield of........................................................................................ 346 Madison................................................................................................... 345 Magnesian Limestone.................................................................................. 38 on mo unds...............................................................139 North-east Missouri............................. 43 MIartindale to Leroy, Barton county................................................................ 117 near Coal m ines..................................41..................................................... 41 on prairies................................................................................................... 41 in mininD region.......................................................................................... 401 Putnam county.......................................................................................... 290 Schuyler county..................................300, 301 ISecond class............................................................................ 42 South-east Missouri...................4...................1.................................... of Sullivan.................................................................................................. 240;and sub-soil................................................................................9 and surface of Central Missouri........................... 573 third class..................................................................43, 44 Ve rnon county..............................................................137, 138 INDEX. XLV PAGE Soils, yield of.................................................................43, 44 Spathic Iron..........................................................................47....................... 47 Special description of deposits......................................................................... 525 notes on Joplin........................................................................................ 498 Granby..................................................................................... 495 Specular Iron.......................................................... 47, 580, 6 1I Springs, alum........................................177.............................. 177 Bates county.......................................................................................... 177 and caverns......................................................................... 78 Cedar county...s*@@@**@ @*|s*s*9*o*e**63, 244 Chalybeate........................................................................................ 144, 240 Coal measures....................................................................................37, 38 Cole county........................................................................................... 338 from lower carboniferous rocks...............................;............................. 98 and wells of Daviess county.......................................................... 313 in drift......................................................................... 37 i[outze.................................................................................................. 140 Jasper county.................................................................................. 78 M ineral.................................................................................................. 139 of Howard county........................... 196, 197, 198, 199 peculiar to certain geological formation.................................................. 37 Putnam county....................................................................................... 274 and streams of Andrew....................................................................03, 304 Schuyler county..................................................................................... 294 Schoolers', Jasper county.......................................................... 78 S tockton.............................................................................. 63 in St. Louis Limestone...................................................................... and stream s of North M issouri............................................... 3 Sulphur..............................,.......................................37,139,140, 154 in the Lim estone.................................................................................37, 78 Sulphur spring of Batz........................................................................................ 4 W in. Y oun.............................................................................. 154 Springs in various geological form ations............................................................. 198 Spurgeon's prairie......................................................... 438 Statistics of Lead.................91, 501, 502 Steel of Shepherd Mountain...... 595 Stem m er, Edward............................................................................................. 529 Stephen's mines................................................................................................ 8 Staehlin's m ines....33......................................................................... 35 Sternbergia................................................................................ 124 Stigmaria.................................................................................................. 306 Stock grazing..................................................................................................... 57 Stock in Putnam................................................................................................ 291 Straparo 1 hs resicut..a. 65 Stratification of Chert obliterated...................................................................... 404 Streams, A dair county................................................................. 244 Barton county.................................................................................... 97 Cedar county....................................................................................... 63 Daylviess county.......................................................................... 313 XLVI INDEX. PAGE Streams, oward ounty..............................................................179, 180 Jasper county....................................................................................... 78 Linn county.25.............................................................. 257 Prairie.................................................................................................. 227 Schuyler county............................... 293 in shafts............................................................................................... 79 system of, Putnam county................................ 274 and surface deposits, Sullivan county............................ 228 tim ber on............................................................................................. 45 Stylol ite..............................................................., 183 Sub-carboniferous............................................................................................... 385 rocks, Scotland county.................................. 299 Sub-leases, Grqnby................................ 496 Succession of older rocks.................................................................... 352 Su ar-cost to m ake.......................................................................................... 290 trees in Putnam county.................................. 290 Sulphate of Lim e in water.................................................................................. 117 Sulphuric acid in w ater....................................................................................... 117 Sulphate of Iron in w ater................................................................................. 116 Sulphuret of Iron...........................47.................................................. 47 Sullivan county...................................................................................222, 227 Sum m it of P utnam........................................................................................... 274 Supplies- of water................................................................................................ 37 Surface confi.uration, Adair county....................................................... 242 deposits....................................................79, 98,121,156,181,242. 244 Andrew county....................................................................................... 303 Barton county............................................................................ 97 Putnam county.................................273, 274 V ernon county....................................................................................... 199 MIadison county........................................................................342, 343 G eology of M adison county................................................................... 346 Cole county....................................................................322, 323 Swallow......................................................................................................206, 207 Swallow's list of Lead mines....................................................................... 15 Swamp land soils of South-east MIissouri............................... 41 Syenite.................................350, 351, 376, 378 Sym m estow n............................................................................................ 372 Synchronous beds............................................................................................ 57 Table of thickness geological formations............................................................ 3 Talcose slate....................................................................................................... 370 Tallow Clay.................................................................................39, 44,'87, 408, 442 analysis.......................................................................................... 408 Tar, mineral........................................................114,153,154,157,1 76, 397 Tarter & Dudley's mill.................................................................. 81 Taylor's Barytes m ill................................................................................. 334 Temperature of well at Insane Asylum............................................................ 34 Tear blanket....................................................................................................... 343 Thickness of Andrew county rocks.................................................................. 304 1N:DEX. XL VII I'AGE lThickness of barren Limnestone of Arkansas........................................................ 82 Chert beds.................................8......................1.................. S Coal Measures...........................................................................69, 276 Keokuk Limestone......................25, 69 First Maognesian Limestone............................................................... 29 formations of Madison county..............................................360, 363, 365 Thick outcrop of Magnesian Limestone.............................................................. 360 Thickness of Third Magnesian Limestone............................. 328 Saccharoidal Sandstone................... 30 iMagnesian Limestone in Cedar countty...................................... 65 of rocks in South-west Missouri......................................................... 80 Thlinningr and thickening of Coal....................................................................59 212 Limestone....................................... 297 Tiff- various kinds..................................................................... 373,395,397, 500, 501 Timber.............21,44, 45, 97,138,139,17S, 180, 200,227,244,257,258,289,290..302, 303 344 Timbered Hill.........................................120, 141, 163 Ti othy............................................................................................................. 241 Topography......................44, 57, 76,120,150,155,179,180, 227, 243, 244, 257, 292,293, 303,312,322,342,343, 504 Toer's~ 1....358 Tower & Regan Minc es......................................-...................................... 84 Trace Creek........................................................................................................ 359 Transition of Sandstone and Chert.... 514 Travis vell......................................................................................................... 83 Trenton Limestone........................................................................ 29 Trees... O.............. 200, 290, 313, 377, 378 second growth............................................................................................ T'ributaries of Centre Creek........................................................ 78 Tripoli................................................................................................. 403 Tucker, Apos............................................................................ 346 Tucker, W ard & Co............................................................................................ 111 Tulip tree......................................................................... 344 Tun sten........................................................................................................... 366 Turkey Creek Mines.......................................................................................89, 445 Twelve-Inile Creek.........................................................................................355, 359 Union Coal and MJAining Company.......................................................... 217 Upper Carboniferous in Andrew......................................................................... 304 Upper Coal Measures................................................................................... 186 Upper Coal Measures. Bates.................................159, 160, 161, 162 UDplands Cole county............... 337 Valle Mines.................................................................................................... 616 caves............................................................ 617 description of mining.............................. 619 hearths............................................. 620 horizontal fissures.............................................................................. 614 occurrence of ores.............................................................................. statistics............................................................................................. 620 XLVIII INDEX. PAGE Valle Mines, vertical fissures.............................. 614 Valleys, Bates county.................................................................................... 55, 156 Cole county.............. 3... 376 Vegitables, Sullivan county................................................................................. 241 Veins of Lead......................................................................................... 519, 521, 539 depth in Central issouri............................................................... 523 Veinstone........................................................................................................... 369 Vermicular Sandstone..........................................................................., 67 Vernon county-Coals not recognized................................................................ 59 Vertical Section-Linn, Sullivan, Adair....................................................... 222 to 226 Vertical Section of Jasper Coal rocks................................................................... 95 W achita Conglomerate............................................................. 355 W alker Mound............................................................................................ 141, 142~ W alnut, Black.................................................................. 258 White, limit................................................................. 22 7 WVard's well.....98........................................ 9 Warrensburg Sandstone........................... 55 W arsaw Limestone...................................................................... 25, 184 W ater, bituminous.............................................................................................. 5 Chalybeate................................................................. 13 fresh..................................................................................................... 17 hard...................................................................................................... 258 at Insane Asylum.................................... 4............................... 34 in Mladison count;y.............. 345 Mineral................................................................................................... 139 plants.................................................................................................... 98S shed of, Barton county................. 97 soft..................................................................................................... 25S Sulphur................................................................................................. 1393 supplies........................ 139, 258 worn pebbles.......................................................................................... 80 Watkinson, C..................................................................................................... 4 Wavy cells in Magnesian Limestone.......................................... 361 Webb, Jas.-quarry......................................................................................... 24 Weight of pigs of Lead.......................................................................3..... 498 Weihtman & Waters......................................................................................... 351 Well in Daviess county..............................................3.....3, 314 in Golden Grove..................................................................................... 00 at Mlilan................... 228 Wells in Schuyler coulty.................................................................................. 294 W heat land...................................................................................................... 43 W hite Oak ills................................................................................................. 123 Whitt's, [Elijah-rock at.................................... 320 Wild Cat Creek l.................................................... 285 Wilhite Branch................................................................................................... 23 Williams' Mill.................................................................................................... 279 Willow Creek.................................................................... 146 Winston —rocks at........., 319 INDEX. XLIX PIAGE Wolfram....................................................................................................... 49, 357 Wood and Charcoal in -well.....................313, 314 Y ates-Se ction at................................................................................... 163 Yield of crops or soils................................ 42, 43, 44,178, 199,240,291,301, 346 Yield or production of ore.............................................................88,89,333,469, 477 Zinc.................................................47, 48, 87,88,330,332,405, 418,527,608,609,610, 636 Blende, Calcite and Dolomite............................85,387,405, 538 associated with other m inerals............................................................ 387 description and mode of occurrence................................................ 394 in Coal............................................................................................... 330 in Porphyry.................................................................. 369 in Slate............................................................................................. 134 and Galena..................................................................................... 87 Zinc Bloom.......................48................................48,330, 394, 610 Carbonate and Silicate..............................48,330,609, 636; early mining.............................................................................................. 7 ore on altered Limestone............................................................................. 418 found with Dolomite.............................................................................. 40 South-east Missouri........................................................................ 608 o. s-50 ERRA.TA. Page 98, 12th line, for " springs" read " vells." Page 116, near middle, on 2d line of Chemical Analysis, omit "1H2 04." Page 139, in Norwood's Report, for " Chalybeate " read "' Sulphur." Paage 166, in middle of page, for " calcereous" read " calcareous." Pare 181, the words "Coal Measures " should be in the same type as'"Ferruginous. Sandstone "' is, and in line just above the latter words. Paoge 185, for "'Dithocorinus " read " Dithocrinus." Page 245, in capital heading, near bottom of page, omit the word " Lower" before " 0Carboniferous." Page 318, for " David Smith" read "Daniel Smoot." Pagce 357, 4th line from bottom, for " reniform " read "vermiform." On iAladison County Map, in title, for "sC. J. Norwood' read "J. G. Norwood;" and In See. 11,'.' 33,. 5., the sign for Copper should be erased and insert; the sign for Iron; and In T', 32, IL'. 7 E., for " Mine L. M& Motte AMill" read "' Mine LaMlotte Mill." On Cedar County Map, near left side, at top, for " R. 203," read " R. 28." On Barton County 3Iap, T. 33, IR. 32, for "' 3McKennon" read "I IcIKerrow:." Page 643, Mioore's lReport, in capital heading, for "Southwest Alissouri" read 1" South-east M issouri."' [I would add that I tam under many obhllgations to M3Ir. S. II.rtrowbridg, i'ormerly of Glasgow, XMo., now of Aurora., Ill., who rendered voluntary assistance in the field dunring the months of July and Aulnust, 187:3. ] ERRATA AND IC-ORRECTIONS. [ADOLF SCHMIDT'S t.EPORT.] Page 385, line 10 fromn. bottom, instead of 1" horizontal veins," read "' horizontal Page 390, line 18 from bottom, instead of "average " read "' Oronogo."; Same page, line 6 from top, the whole line should be stricken out. Page 394, line 1 from bottom, instead of "into " read " in." Page 397, line 4 fronm bottom, instead of " Mineral Picth'? read "Mineral Pitch.1" Page 398, line 8 from top, instead of "mineral. " read "Lminerals," and instead of "' relation " read "relations." Same page, line 12 from top, instead of "'found" read "formed." Page 401, line 19 from top, instead of " Cooney "read "Conley." Page 403, line 19 from bottom, instead of "Chert; fragments" read "Chert-fragments." Same page, line 16 from bottom, instead of " surmounted' read "surrounded." Page 405, line 13 from top, instead of "Dolomite Limestone"' read "Dolomitic Limestone." Page 411, line 3 from bottom, instead of " this " read "'the." Page 412, line 8 from top, instead of "of highly" read "or highly." Page 446, line 12 from top, instead of 1" is generally " read "are generally." Page 481, the followincg lines should be stricken off: "Fig. 57. Branch Diggings, Oronogo."'' Fig. 58. Loose Chunks, Oronogo." "Fig. 59. Oronogo." Pafge 486, the line "Fig. 65, Circular Diggings, Oronoga," should be stricken off. Page 492, line 3 from top, instead of " smiltum" read " smittum.1" Same page, line 4 from above, instead of " Drift" read " dirt.".Page 493, lines 5 and 7 from bott;om, instead of "Scotch hearth" read "American hearth." Page 494, lines 1 and 16 from top, instead of "Scotch hearthll read "American hearth."' Same page, line 11 from bottom, instead of "6 feet" read " 6 inches." Same page, line 3 from top, instead of "' for each shift " read " two for each shift." Page 495, line 13 from bottom, instead of " single Scotch hearth. Several Scotch hearths," read'" single American hearth. When several American hearths." Same page, line 3 from bottom, instead of "Hiensey" read "' Hersey,"' and instead of "' Bilnston" read:" Kingston.," 2 ERRATA. Page 497, line 7 from bottom, instead of " Scotch hearth" read "' American hearth." Paoge 498, line 3 from top, instead of " Scotch hearth" read " American hearth." Same page, line 14 from top, instead of'" mush " read " much." Page 499, line 15 from top, instead of "' tons" read " pounds." Paoge 501, line 4 from top, instead of " wind furnace" read " air furnace.7" Page 509, line 9 from bottom, instead of " other" read "' either." Page 514, line 17 from top, instead of "this presence" read' the presence.' Pag-e 516, line 18 from top, instead of "manufactory" read "m lnanufacture."' Same page, line 12 from top, after the words " Iron;o- - " trace," add the following sentence: "What lacks to make 100 in this Clay analysis is mainly water."' Same page, line 14 from top, instead of "' his analyses 9" read 1" this analysis.") Page 517, line 10 from top, instead of "Blockberger" read "Blwchberger."' Same paoe, line 7 from top, instead of "slower" read " slow." Pag-e 519, line 16 from top, instead of " solid surface of the Limestone " read " solid Limestone."' Same page, line 4 from bottom, instead of " and undoubtedly derived from the latter," read " which are undoubtedly derived from it.' Page 521, line 1 from top, instead of " cdeposition "9 read'" decomposition." Same page, line 8 from top, instead of "1in this crystalline" read "in the crystalline." Page 524, line 4 from top, the words " district or" should be stricken off. Page 535, line 8 from top, instead of " daily smelting' expenses about $4, the yield averaging," read "smelting expenses per charge about $4. The yield varies." Page 556, line 6 from top, instead of "It is assumed " read " it is assured." Pagfe 563, line 7 from top, instead of' Hacker" read 1" Harker." Page 564, lines 17 and 19 from top, instead of " Blockberger" read "Blochberger." Page 574, line 12 from top, instead of "$ Stocku" read" Stocker." Same page, line 11 from bottom, instead of " Trim Springs'" read " Twin Springs." Paoe 575, line 6 from top, instead of "Blockberger" read i' Blochberger." Page 5S1, line 6 from top, instead of " existing as" read " with." Page 582, line 18 from top, instead of "irregular basins (?) or elliptical outlines," read " circular or elliptical outlines." Same page, line 24 from top, instead of " in its surface" 1 read " in its surface appearance." Page 585, line 9 from the top, instead of "squeezed into 1' read "squeezed, in," Page 589, line 8 from top, instead of'mentioned above," read "as mentioned above." Same page, line 7 from top, instead of " nails " read "rails." Page 590, line 4 from top, instead of "0.2 per cent." read "2 per cent." Same page, line 1 from top and line 11 from bottom, instead of " admissable" read' admissible." Page 591, line 5 from top, the words "of which" should be stricken off. Page 592, line 8 from top, instead of " parts " read "reports." Page 594, line 11 from top, the words "No. 2, Pilot Knob ore," should be printed small and in line with the succeeding text. Same page, lines 9 and 13 friom top, instead of "silieious " read "silicon." Sa me page, line 7 fromn top, instead of "No. 3? read simply "3." The following Errata occur in Geological lteport of Missouri Geological Survey for 1872, R. Pumpelly, Director. Printed in New York, by Julius Bien, 1873. [Persons having the volume containing this Errata can cut this out and insert in that volume.] PART I. CHAPTER IV. Pacge 61, line 7, instead of 1" one-eightieth' read " one-eighth." Page 67, "uniform," in line 11, and "local" in line 14, from bottom, should be italics. Page 71, line 15 from bottom, instead of " the uppermost layer of boulders " read' the outer layer of'each boulder."? Page 72, line 11 from top, instead of " 9.039 " read "'0.039." Page 74, lines 7 and 8 from bottom, instead of " this sample consisted only of onehalf inch good specular ore," read " one-half of this sample only consisted of good specular ore." Page 77, line 9 from top, instead of "cropping" read "er cossing." Pa-e 85, line 9 from top, instead of' the third Chapter" read c "this fourth Chapte'r." Page 87, line 9 trom top, instead of "' chapter (III) " read -' chapter (IV)." CIIHAPTER V. Pa'e 93, line 5 from top, instead of "' Chapter II and IIl "- read 1" Chapters III and V." Page 100, line 7 from top, instead of "' eastern portions" read " western portions." Page 100, line 2 from bottom, instead of "western portion " read " eastern portion." Pa.ge 101, line 8 from top, instead of "l north-west " read " north-east2" Page 1.01, line 3 from bottom, instead of " Fing. 6 "' read Fig. 16." Page 114, illustrations Fig. 21, the thickness of the main ore-bed should ble " 3& feet? instead of 1" 40 feet." Page 114, line 6 from bottom, instead of "nearly 40 feet " read "' about 30 feet." Page 115, line 4 from top, instead of Fig. 11" read'" Fig. 21].' Page 115, line 5 from top, instead of "Fig. 10 ": read " Fig. 20.:' Page 115, line 11 from bottom, instead of "' 8 and 9" read 18 and 19.' Page 116, line 13 from bottom, instead of "4 Fi. 8 " read "' Fig. IS." Page 117, line 9 from top, instead of " but C" read " Cut C.") Page 120, line 13 from top, instead of "' Fig. 13 " read "' Fig. 23.1' P:age 120, line 4 from bottom, instead of' Fig. 13 " read "Fig. 23." Page 122, line 20 from top, instead of "' Big Bogg'" readl " Big Bogy." Page 124, line 8 from bottom, instead of " Chapter III " read " Chapter IV." fPage 124, line 3 from bottom, instead of "' Chapter I[ " read " Chapter III." Page 125, line 22 from top, instead of " Chapter V' read 6C Chapter VI." 2 - 3ERRATA-187'2. Page 151, lines 2 and 3 from top, the words "Gilkerson's Ford, onil Grand River, HIenry county," should be stricken out. Paoge 154, line 13 from top, instead of "Chapter V" read i Chapter VI." Page 158, line 3 from bottom, instead oft " Chapter V" read "Chapter VI." Page 159, line 11 from top. instead of "layer" read "larger."' Page 160, linle 14 fronm top, instead of " Chapter V" read "Chapter VI." Page 160, line 17 from top, instead of "Chapter IV" read Chapter V." Page 165, line 1 from bottom, instead of " Chapter V " read'" Chapter VI.' Page 167, line 3 from top, for " chapter V 1" read " chapter VI." Page 167, line 20 from top, instead of 1" chapter V"' read'" chapter VI." Page 169, line 3 from top, instead of " chapter I and described in chapter I[," read "chapter III, and described in chapter IV."' Paoge 176, line 12 from top, instead of "chapter II " read "chapter IIT.' Page 179, line 14 from bottom, instead of " chanter IV" read "C chapter VI." Page 179, line 22 from top, instead of "Lutz " read " Lutes." Page 183, line 12 from top, instead'Qf' chapter V" read "chapter VI." Page 189, line 13 fron top, instead of "i3angua" read "'Niangtuia;" instead of "C' rl' read " Carroll." Page 191, line 3 from top, instead of' M11urdoch" read ".Murdock." Page 191, line 138 fron top, instead of "Lutz " read "1Lutes." CIt.HAPTER VI. Page 194, line 12 fromn top, instead of "I. C." read "V. C.", Page 194, line 15 from bottom, instead of " Ie. A." read "II 1. A." Page 197, No. 16, instead of "Big Bogg" read 6' Big Bogy." Page 198, No. 32, instead of " Gilvy " read " Silvy." Page 199, No. 47, instead of "Lutz" read " Lutes.'" Page 199, No. 48, the figures "9';, 2 " should be stricken out in the 6th and 7th colPage 199, No. 54, instead of " Leetz" read "Lutes." Page 199, No. 56, instead of "' Spion'" read " Spiva." Page 199, No. 57, instead of " Grungstown "' read " Youglistown." Page 203, No. 95, instead of " Revold"'read " Ravold." Page 208, No. 157, instead of "Jones' estate " read " James' estate." Page 209, No. 173, instead of' " — bank, T. 39, IP. 11 W., Sec. 5," read "Chrisman bank, T. 39, R. 11 W., Sec. 6." Pagle 212, No. 218, instead of "Carl" read " Carroll." PART II. CHAPTERI I. Page 5, for'Chilhonmee " read "Chilhowee." CHIAPTER] II. Page 17, for'" Gilkenson's frod read Gilkinson's ford." Page 18, for "Lepidastrobzas" read " Lepidostrobus." Page 19, in 11th line from bottom, for " dip " read " slip." ERRATA- 872. 3 CHAPTER III. Page 46, 15th line from bottom, for' castatu.s " read' costatus." Page 48, 4th line from top, for "vein" read "' seam." Page 51, 6th line from top, for " Meekelea" read "MA-eekella," and in 7th line from top, for "' castatus" read "costatus." Page 62, for " Wiirsten' read "Wiirster." CIHAPTER IV. Page 88, in No. 218, omit commnla between " Entolium " and' aviculatum." "SSbci?nata" shoulld be "subcuneata;" " AIarconianus " should be " Marcouanus;" " istztafbora " should be "Fistulapora."' Page 89, in No. 211, for " Syncladia " read "' Synocladia." Page 89, in No. 210, for " punctalifera" read.' punctulifera." Page 90, in No. 206, omit comma just after " Pleurotomaria." Page 90, in No. 197, for'"?microspivus read " nuc),ospinus." Page 91, in No. 188, for' Marconianis' read " Marcouazus." Pa ge 92, in No. 152, " Jllonopti'ra " should be M' lionoptera." Pagfe 92, in No. 150,' Chest " should be'" Chert." Page 92, in No..150, for "SyntriolasmQa" read'" Syntrilasnza.l" Page 94, in No. 21, for "Spirifuria" read " Spirifeerina." Page 94, in No. 112, omit comma after word "productus." Page 94, in No. 110, for "1 Syn-triclasma " read "Syntrilasma." Page 94, in right hand column, opposite No. 110, for ~; Saul, Missouri," read ", Sam' Morrow." Pacge 95, for "' eutolizo ma" read " entoliunm." Page 95, in No. 98, for "' Syntuclasma " read " Sylrilasma." Page 95, in No. 96, after "' Myalina " omit "?.'.' Page 96, in first column at bottom of page, for'" 3 feet 8 inches " read' 5 feet 8 i nches." Pages 107 and 112, for'" Eutolium' read "Entolium,." Paoges 119 and 120, for " Jatan" read "Iatan." Page 126, sixth line, omit the words " in scalenohedraE." CHAPTER VI. Page 193, second line from top, for " fine" read "fire." Page 199, line 3 from bottom, for "Lymingrto "' read " Symingtotn." Page 205, for " Cocknell " read "' Cockrell." CHAPTER IX. Page 290, for "' Collins" read "Colliers." Pagre 291, line 3, for " red chestnut " read "1 rock chestnut." Page 293, in No. 20, erase word " limestone." Page 302, for "' Ch. AMarster " read "Ch. Wiirster.'" CCHIAPTER SIII. Pages 361 and 373, " Tarlkie " should read "' Tarkio."' Page 364, line 22, for "Took "' read "Zook." 4.EIrRATA-1872. CHAPTE S XlV Page 377, in line 22 from top, for " Suieda" read i lucida.'" In several places for " Tarkie " read " Tarkio." Page 384, for "' Vaugundy " read "1 Vangundy." CHlAPTER XV. Page 393, line 7 from bottom, omit comma after " Rhogmbopora." Page 396, for "zElis " read "Aclis;" also for " Cetenacanth/us " read "' C atenacathuts.") Page 400, for "Lund county " read "Sand Creek.'" APPENDIX C. Page 417, No. 27, for "' nanzes "' read I' nzanus." Figf 1. iA0~~ I Slope, to Hi top -. N2' 9 Sa Sandyne at top nt7,. j Zzerztanbledf znawsw and or= CastonaZ outcrops of the same belo fi Alb. J 5' IbPromN ]3r~w~ Hematite Yo 4 16'~ O. V.at.~o ~" ~~Bed of oro Ore6- il Sec. 2P293. R22. Cedar Co..-f. -. \~~~~Sae F-?t. - I inc7 P1,11, 11 1'IW C~.. +~~~~~~~~~ + 4 + ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + + 4- + M|_(%q7zew 7 1 inrer c t -+ | a Chert EE11E_7SwtzOI Nketcb in, Old.Shaft at -Leadvilte Sca e,. <3Ft. -incA~ -4. Ca~Tmo. -i@. SazJ7zz r~. _ _, a_ Xd >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iC~ II Ske~ch~anv~ihSCkertaplay and a lO7t; lIdowt Sarfa~ce -; -actsk in $anrdne illX~~a tffalys Blbff 0s'a ye Rwe 18' _~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _TI~i -- Owe II 5 " NO. 8 Coat "~.e 3, a Lm~~AOf theLowerae bo2t /5 Scale — 5 feet to the inc/i HLAr. o.B4w (Saa1P o a ld i'o. ti~ol' _ z. -— ri~ ofUper Of Xe~~~ow~r~~o~bou t, A5.~'' Scl- ee otzetcf L; B~~o~~ns~oaZ~~ctn~owazd~Cov~~~y; * V>. So a/'.;'eI::.LIvOzft / [(rnwzMW Shafts ID /: - S Groener r \ ao/?s C u[ 7~~~~~~~~~~ / / N. 07'/ a i' -I 0~SA - *:&' TO- 0 Gontowzr LuIws S Ft. 1rt. DisTwze % \- Scale.': l_,le = 25 f7~he. Plan, and S'ec Uon' of~ he Cornzw~;Z S~haZfts. 2//Or//,/ 0U. // /, S 30 D,'l 3 i1i l!J' ^:: Po - Contours /0' l I.i Distczce _________________ 6cale S M -1 Dizi. Scetch/ of -77nwua Dusrzet _Fg.33. T2.p',Diq p'. -anmp7,e D~iq!s.Jop-li, 7. I~~~~ic~~~~~:32~~~W 3~ ~ ~ 3 ~ t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1500' / L-~-'+ + I c~~ —7/jo., -r.c t +. C-~I _ t, f -e + + + + -'~4-~- +__ __1 + 4-t 4+ 4- +f ~ -4- + +I ~ c t + c t~4r- -e7~f +-4- e4-++4~ — + 7 4 -...+. + " %'-:cv'"~':"~':~- + low'A, +t-~ c';. -4.:,-.?~.~'C^.: — ~~~t:$ ~ ~ C..- + + ~' 4 4 + + *-:dL.'O.t>/ I*/.4/,. 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"'~ " —....'",, x4), $/3ruP, — ~ - ~...'.... a,,,, i:~~ ~'..',,, ~ "~i~;ql~il~ ~: -,,,,: —-',~,~, ~.4~,-,_,-,,,,O~ Co ozo: IOl~rt e,.,Sco e. 10 iim.h, // / ~i~ p Fig.~~~~~~~~~~. /Pi. q.8 ().00N C~~~~~~~~~~ \\ >\NN \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\,d,, ~ (bntOZZ7 1Q'Vedt.Di-t. Secae 12' I..ndu?' Suface Ore B'ea~/'.,_,l//t,.(ir B ank. Contow-s 10 Vo7 t. Di,~. Ycale_9. 200 =1" slvface OreB ear Mt. B awmlh. Contours 10'ert.-Dist. Scal A'=1 1" Contours O1' Yert..DzivtcTw Scale,00'= 1";. ~,o Surface Ore>. B 1 a ckRi vge rN9 1. ThYj. 84.' O / CottouMrs 10'er-tDist. Scale 200'-=";,Lac&face 0-a or 1 lxccBr(2MP2. C> I4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 Hill[H Co F T -madoia Diyyi,-zvs' 1~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.1$ I, I~ II / / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I'll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ilI T),rici i irng111 kfa ok 1' I i Oj jI;iiIIi