FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
1P R O Gw 1 FE S S
OF TLE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
C) T   IVL I C III GA>,
EMBRACING OBSERVATIONS ON THE
GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY
OF THE
L OW %E R  PENINSULA.
MADE TO THE GOVERNOR, DECEXBER 31, 1860.
LANSING:
IHosmer.& Kerr, Printers to the State.
1861.








REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGISTo
To His Excellency MOSES WISNER,
Governor of the State of Michigan:
1 have the honor to submit herewith, the Report required of
me by the terms of the Legislative act, approved February 15,
1859, and entitled "An act, to finish the Geological Survey of
the State."  This Report is intended to set forth the progress
of the geological survey during the years 1859 and 1860.
Allow me, in communicating this Report, to acknowledge the,
many personal kindnesses received at your hands, and the appreciative interest which you have always manifested in the
progress of the work. Whatever useful results may be here
embodied, are due in no small degree to your connexion with
the origin and energetic prosecution of the survey.
I have the honor to be,
Your most obedient servant,
A. WINCHELL,
State Geologist.
Ann Arbor, December 31, 1860.








INTRODUCTION
SKETGH  OF THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY IN MIhtTIAN.
Before entering upon the consideration of the subjects strictly
belonging to this Report, a brief notice of what has heretofore
been done in developing the Geology of Michigan, will undoubtedly be acceptable to the people of our State.
The explorations and discoveries of the Jesuit Missionaries,
prosecuted for many years along the borders of the great Lakes,
may be passed over as too remotely connected with the history
of Geology in Michigan, to justify their introduction into the
present report. The record of the wonderful labors and sufferings of these early christian missionaries, may be found embodied in the numerous volumes of a work entitled, " Relations de
ce que s'est passe de plus remarquable aux Missions des peres
de la compagnie de Jesus, en la Nouvelle France."*   A condensed sketch derived from this source, is given in Foster and
Whitney's " Report on the Geology and Topography of a portion
of the Lake Superior Land District, in the State of Michigan,
Part I."
The existence of copper in considerable quantity, upon the
shores of Lake Superior, had all along attracted the attention
of the Missionaries.  The first mention made of the occurrence
of this metal is found in the Relation for 1659-60.  The first
mining enterprise of which we have any account, was superin*A copy of this remarkable and rare old work is in the possession of Judge Campbell, Prof.
of Law in the University. Other sources of information relative to this period are " Travels
of tho Jesuits into various parts of the world," &c. Vol. II., London, 1762. " Early Jesuit
Missions' in North America,"' by Rev. William Ingraham Kipp; New York, 1847. " Lettres
edifiantes et curieuses," &c. Tome premier, pp. 637-818, Paris, 1846. For a knowledge of
these works, I am indebted to Prof. White. Much further information may be found in the
" Histoire de la Nouvelle France," and is Thovenot's Relations do divers Voyages Ouriouxl'
aad cc Recueil de Voyages," Paris, 1681.




6                    REPORT OF THE
tended by Alexander Henry, near the forks of the Ontonagon
river, in 171.
The exj[lorations of Alexander _McKenzie, commenced in
1789, extended over a portion of the shores of Lake Superior,
and thence north-west, over the country whose waters flow
into the Arctic ocean.  In the account of his travels he speaks
of the occurrence of "virgin copper" on the south shore of the
lake.
In the year 1800, during -the presidency of the elder Adamsr,
Congress passed a resolution,* providing for the employment
of an agent for' the purpose of collecting information relative
to -the "Copper Mines" on the south shore of Lake Superior;
but it does not appear that this resolution was ever put in
execution.
In 1819, General Cass, under the authority of the Secretary
of War, directed an exploring expedition which passed along
the Southern shore of Lake Superior,-t and crossed over to the
Mississippi.  This expedition had among its principal objects,
that of investigating -the north-western copper mines; and was
accompanied by Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft in the capacity of mineralogist and geologist.  His observations are recorded in his " Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit, north-west,'  &c., published in 1821.
In the spring of 1823, Major Long, acting under the orders
of the War Department, and accompanied by several scientific
gentlemen, started on an expedition, the object of which was
to explore the river St. Peters and the country situated on
the northern boundary of the United States, between the Red
River of Hudson's Bay,'and Lake Superior.  In returning, they
coasted along the north shore of this Lake.
In 1831 an expedition was sent out by the United States government, under the command of lMr. Schoolcraft, for the purpose
of ascertaining the sources of the Mississippi river. Dr. Doug.
las Houghton was attached to this party, and he subsequently
*Laws of the United States, Vol. III., p. 403.
t Journal of the Expedition of General Cass,




STATE GEOLOGIST.
speaks of the aid afforded by the observations made at this time
in tracing the fragments of copper to their place in the rock.
Nothing further was attempted at elucidating the mineral
resources of any portion of the territory, until the admission of
Michigan into the Union in 1836, when the government at once
proceeded to the organization of a general, systematic survey.
The original act for the organization of the geological survey
of the State was approved by Gov. Mason, February 23d, 1837.*
It provided for a geological, zoological, botanical and topographical survey. Under this act the following corps of officers
was appointed.-t
Douglas Houghton, Geologist.
Abram  Sager, Principal Assistant, in charge of Botanical
andcl Zoological Departments.
S. ~W. Higrgins, Topographer and Draughtsman.
Columbus C. Douglas, Sub-Assistant.
Bela IHubbard, Sub-Assistant.'William  P. Smith, Sub-Assistant in charge of Mechanical
Zoology.
Messrs. Douglas and tHubbard, during the following years,
were First Assistants.
On the 26th of Januaary, 1838, Dr. Houghton presented his
First AnnualZ 7?eport, a document of 37 pages, in which, after
alluding' to'the topography of the State, he notices the several
geological features of the Lower Peninsula under the following
heads  " UTpper Sandroc7l of the Peninsula," 1 Gray Ligmestone,"
"Lower $acndstonte or Graywacle Group," " Gypsum," " Brine
Spirings," " Clay," "Sacd," "Iarl," "Bog Iron Ore," " Mineral
Sporintgs.". Several pages are devoted to the Brine Springs, and
numerous interesting analyses of the saline waters of Michigan
are for the first time published.
On the 22d of March the Governor approved a new act, reorganizing the survey in more comprehensive terms, and with
more detailed provisions.t: Senate Journal 1837, p. 189. For the Act3 see'~ Laws of Michigan," 1837, p. 14.
Report, 1838.
t  ILaws'" 1837-8, p. 119.




i8                   REPORT OF THE
About the same date, acts were passed for the incorporation
of the " Clinton Salt Works," and for the improvement of the
State Salt Springs."*  January 1, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented
a special "Report in relation to Salt Springs,"t and on the 28th
of the same month, a Report on Iron Ore in Branch Connty.t
The same day the Legislature passed an " Act relative to Salt
Springs."
On the 4th of February, 1839, Dr. Houghton presented his
"Second Annual Report."~  This document, of 153pp., was
made up as follows:
1. GEOLOGY, by Dr. Houghton, 39 pp. "NORTHERN PART OF THE
PENINSULA."I "Topography and General Character," "Rockcs," "Tertiary Clays," "Shell Marl," " Gypsulm, "  Change of Elevation in
the TVaters of the Great Lakes.  SOUTHERN PART OF THE PENINSULA.
t" Coal,"" "Salt Springs and State Salt Lands."
2. ZOOLOGY, by Dr. Abram Sager, 15 pp. A systematic catalogue of the animals of the State, as far as observed.
3. BOTANY, by Dr. John Wright, 29 pp. A catalogue of the
plants of the State as far as observed.
4. TOPOGRAPHY, by S. W. Higgins, 21 pp.
5. GEOLOGY Of Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties, by (. 0.
Douglas, Assistant Geologist, 13 pp.
6. GEOLOGY of Wayne and Monroe counties, by Bela Hubbard,
Assistant Geologist, 36 pp.
The Zoological and Botanical Departments were suspended
early in the year by the resignation of the officers in charge.
On the, 6th of January, 1840, the State Geologist made a
report in relation to the Salt Springsll, and on the 3d of February, presented his Third Annual Report~S of 111 pages, covering
the following documents:
1. GEOLOGY, by Dr. Houghton, 33 pp. A description of the
Topography and Geology of that portion of the Upper PeninI Laws 1837-8, p. 165.
tIlouse Doc., p. 39.
j Ib., p. 342.
House Doe., 1839, p. 380.
House Doc., 1840, Yol. I,. 1.
lb. Vol. H, p. 202.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      9
sula bordering on Lakes Michigan and Huron, followed by a
notice of the " Clay, Iron Stone and Bog Ores" of the Southern
Peninsula. The rocks of the Upper Peninsula are here arranged under the two heads PRIMARY and SEDIMENTARY. The
latter are subdivided into Lower Limnerocl and Shales, and
Lfpper Limerocls.
2. TOPOGRAPHY, by S. W. Higgins, 18 pp.
3. GEOLOGY, by C. C. Douglass, 23 pp., containing " General
Remarks on the counties of Jackson, Calhoun, Kalanmazoo,
Eaton, Ionia and Kent," with considerable detail on the rocks
of the coal measures, which are divided into "Upper" and
"Lower Coal Groups."
4. GEOLOGY, byB. Hubbard, 35 pp. containing reports on Lenawee, Hillsdale, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Washtenaw,
Oakland and Livingston Counties, and embracing a systematic
description of the various formations and economical p-roducts
of these Counties; a notice of the " Ancient Lake Ridage," and
numerous practical suggestions on the use of Peat and Marl.
A Committee of the House of Representatives reported on the
reports of the State Geologist, at this session of the Legislature,*
and the Zoological and Botanical portions of the act establishing
the Survey were repealed. On the 28th of March, an act was
passed relative to the maps of the State and Counties.
The Fourth Annual Report of the State Geologist was presented February 1, 1841. This Report embraced the following
documents:
1. GEOLOGY, by Dr. Houghton, 89 pp. This was devoted to a
description of the Topography, Geology and Minerology of the
country bordering on Lake Superior. The classification of the
rocks will be embraced in the table which follows. The report
embraces a masterly discussion of the Mineral Veins of the
"Trap, Conglomerate, &c.,"'and concludes with notices of the
"Furs, Fish and Harbors of Lake Superior."
2. LATITUDES AND MAGNETIC VARIATIONS, by Frederick Hubbard,
$pecial Assistant, 6 pp.'Ulouse DOGe. 1840, Vol. II. p. 4X6.
2




10                  REPORT OF THE
3. GEOLOGY, by C. C. Douglass, 15 pp., devoted mainly to the
general geology of the Iiorthern portion of the Lower Peninsula,
bordering on Lakes HIluron and Michigan.  The geological
series, as here made out, will also be embraced in the table.
4, GEOLOGY, by B. Hubbard, 33 pp., devoted to a general
resumne of the geology of the organized counties, with tables of
the formations.
5. TOPOGRAPHY, by S. 7W. Higgins, 26 pp., containing valuable
tables of magnetic variations, and of t;he rise and fall of water
in the lakes.
On the 4th February, Dr. Houghton presented a Report of
the progress of the County and State maps.*
Through the pressure of the financial crisis under which the
State and country were still suffering, the Legislature was induced to curtail the appropriations for the continuance of the survey. The Fifth Annual Report therefore, dated January 25th,.
1842,t is a brief paper of six pages, containing some notices of the
geology of the western portion of the Mineral District of Lake
Superior, surveyed by Dr. Houghton in connexion with his
duties as Boundary Commissioner. Dr. Houghton, not content
that a work to which be had devoted so much labor, atnd for,which he had underFgone so many privations, should be interrupted, and perhaps frustrated, by the supposed inability of
the State to carry it on, devised, in 1844, in connexion with
WVilliam A. Burt, Esq., the plan of connecting the linear
surveys of the public lands of the United States, with a
a geological and mineralogical survey of the country. This
plan was fully set forth in a paper prepared and read by
him  before  the "Association of American Geologists," at
Washington, in that year.  The immense advantages likely
to result from such a survey, if successfully carried into execution, were at once comprehended.  The Commissioner of
the General Land Office, having obtained a promise from Dr.
Houghton to undertake the work, recommended to Congress an
*IIouse Dec., 1841, p. 94.
t Joint Doc., 1842, p. 436,




STATE GEOLOGIST                         It
appropriation for that purpose.  This was made, and the survey
commenced by Dr. Houghton.*  According to the plan agreed
upon between Dr. Houghton and Mr. Burt, the township lines of
the Upper Peninsula were to be run by Air. Burt, or under his
supervision, while the subdivisions were to be made by other
deputy surveyors —Dr. Houghton having the especial control of
the whole. All rocks crossed by lines were to be examined,
specimens taken, and the exact locality noted, while at the same
time as much information as could be obtained, was to be collected in relation to the geological and topographical features
of the country. The surveyors were to be accompanied along
the lines by a special barometrical observer.  This system had
been fairly organized, and the field work of one season nearly
completed, when his melancholy death by drowning, occurred
during a storm on Lake Superior, near Eagle river, on the night
of Oct. 13th, 1845.-t This unfortunate termination of the survey
was communicated to the Legislature by S. W.. Higgins, on the
Ith of Jacuary, 1846.jI
According to -the plan entered upon, a full and minute report
was to have been prepared and returned by Dr. Houghton, to
the office of the Surveyor General.  On the decease of the head
of the survey, his administrators employed Messrs. William A.
Burt and Bela Hubbard, to compile reports on the geological
results of the work for 1845, fiom the field notes of that year.
Mr. Burt's Report was prepared from his own notes, and Mfr.
Hubbard's fiom those of Dr. ioughton.  These two Reports~
unfold in an admirable manner the geological structure of the
trap and metaphorphic regions of Lake Superior, and anticipate
results which were subsequently worked out by the United
States Geologists.  The notes and maps of three townships
were in Dr. Houghton's possession at the time of his death, and
were never recovered.
Thus ended the first geological survey of our State —a work
ee' "The Mineral Region of Lake Superior," by Jacob. Houghton, Jr.
Ib. Also Foster and Whitney, Rep. Vol. I, p. 14.
Joint Dhoc. 1846, No. 12.
~ For my knowledge of these Reports I am entirely indebted to the work of Jacob Houghton,
Jr,0 before referred to.




'12                 REPORT OF THE
inaugurated within a little more than a year after her admis-sion into the Union, and prosecuted, consequently, in the midst
of the greatest embarrassments. But though the work was
unavoidably arduous for the geologist, and expensive for the
State, it served to acquaint the world, at an early day, with
many of the sources of our mineral wealth, and to awaken and
maintain a lively desire for more full and definite information
relative to the Coal, Salt, Gypsum, Copper and Iron, of which
the published Reports of Progress had afforded hasty glimpses.
Dr. Houghton's Report, published in 1841, furnished the world
with the first defiflite information relative to the occurrence of
native copper in place, on Lake Superior;* and the promise of
wealth now so rapidly growing up in that region, has been to:a great extent created by the attention drawn in that direction
by this Report of my lamented predecessor.
The subjoined table, setting forth the order of arrangement
-of the rocks of the State, as compiled from Dr. Houghton's
Annual Reports, and those of his assistants, will perhaps suffi~ciently extend, for the present occasion, this historical reference
to the former State Geological Survey.
Succession of Strata in Michigan, as published in 1838-41,
Arranged in Descending order.
XXXI. Recent Alluvions, (Hubbard, Rep't 1841, p. 122.)
XXX.  Ancient Alluvions, (Ib. 120.):XXIX. Erratic Block Group or Diluviums, (Ib. 115.)
XXVIII. Tertiary Clays.  (Houghton, 1839, p. 17; 1841, p. 43;
Hubbard, 1841, p. 123.)
XXVII. Brown or Gray Sandstone.  (Douglass, 1840, p. 69;
Hubbard, 1841, p. 130.)
XXVI. Argillaceous Iron Ore in thin included beds, (Ib.)
XXV.  Coal Strata, alternating with friable, slaty sandstone,
and thick beds of black shale and slate, (Ib.)
XXIV. Red or variegated sandstone. (Douglass, 1840, p. T0;
Hubbard, 1841, p. 129.)
*Whitney's Metalic Wealth of the United States, p. 24.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       13a
XXIII.  Gray and yellow sandstone.  (Hubbard, 1841, p. 128.)
XXII.  Shales and coal of the "lower coal measures."  (Douglass, 1840, p. 65; Hubbard, 1841, p. 126.)
XXI.   Blue, compact, slaty sandstone.  (Hubbard, 1841, p.
136.)
XX.    Gray limestone, or Upper Limerock-14 ft.  (Hubbard,
1841, pp. 125-130.) Douglass places this between>
the', Upper" and "Lower Coal," and says the Gyp.
sum is above, or embraced in it.  (1840, pp. 62-67.)
The Gypsum  is also placed above by Hioughton...
(1839, p. 11.)
XIX.   Fossiliferous ferruginous sandstones. (Hubbard, 1840,.
pp. 81-88.)  Thinned out at Grand Rapids.  (Hubbard, 1841, p. 138.)  Subdivided as follows:
G. Coarse, quartzose, yellowish gray sandrock, 30 ft.
F. Ash colored, or brown sandrock, with  marine
fossils, 15 ft.
E. Dingy and green, finegrained strata, with occasional
fbssils and ferruginous spots.
D. Hard gray stratum of sandrock, 1 ft.
C. Dingy-green, finegrained sandstone, interstratified;
with slaty sandstone, and apparently with blue
clay shale, 15 to 20 ft.
B. Yellow, fossiliferous sandrock. Abounds in marine
fossils. 20 ft.
A. Finegrained sandrock.
XVIII. Kidney Iron Formation, 45 ft.  (Hubbard, 1840, p. 86;
1841, p. 13; Houghton, 1840, p. 25.) Considered
the bottom of the Carboniferous System.
XVII.  Sandstone of Pt. aux Barques.  Passes south-west —
and underlies the sandstone of Hillsdale county,
though not exposed there.  (Hubbard, 1841, p. 132.),
Divided as follows:
B. Coarse sandstone or partial conglomerate.  (Hub-.
bard, 1841, p. 136.)




:14                  nllREPORT OF THE
A. Yellow and greenish sandstones. (Ib.) The sandstones XVII are supposed to be equivalent to the
Ohio " Conglomerate" and "Waverly Sandstone."
(Hubbard, 1841, p. 132.)
XVI.   Clay Slates and Flags of Lake Huron, 180 ft.  (Hubbard, 1841, p. 136.) Divided into
B. Argillaceous sandstone, alternating with sandstone
and clay slates.
A. Blue clay slates and flags, with alternating gypsum beds and gypseous marls. These two (A and
B) constitute the "Upper Salt Rock" (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133).  The gypsum  of Grand Rapids is
placed here by Hubbard, (1841, p. 133).
XV.    Pt. au Gres and Manistee* limestone (Douglass, 1841,
pp. 102, 103).
XIV.   Soft, coarse-grained sandstones, 230 ft.  (Hubbard,
1841, p. 133.) Pierced at Grand Rapids, in the salt
well of Lucius Lyon.  The "lower salt rock" of
Ohio, Va. and Mich.  (lb. 133.)
XIII.   Black bituminous, aluminous slate, with pyrites (Hubbard, 1841, p. 134).
B. Light blue, argillaceous (Douglass, 1841, p. 102).
A. Black, containing pyrites. (lb.)
XII.    Limestone of Lake Erie, (Hubbard, 1839, pp. 88, 105;
1840, p. 83; 1841, p. 134).  Subdivided as follows:
D. Corniferous limestone, (Douglass, 1841, p. 102).
C. Thunder Bay and Little Traverse Bay limestones,
(Douglass, 1841, pp. 112, 103).
(f) Blue silicious limestone, (Douglass, 1841, p.
109.)
(e) A confused mass of broken fossils, imbedded
in clay. (lb.)
(d) Vesiculated chert, colored with iron. (Ib.)
(c) Flaggy limestone in very thin layers.  (Ib.)
*The lim3stono referred to by Douglass seems to be rather on the Muskegon thfan on the
l3anistee river, which is many miles further north.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        15
(b) Blue clay with iron pyrites.  (Douglas, 1841,
pp 109.)
(a) Light blue limestone.
B. Black bituminous limestone.  (Douglas, 1841, pp.
102, 103.)
A. Blue limestone.  (Ib.)
XI.     Mackinac limestone, (Douglas, 1841, p. 102, 103,)"Manitoulin Portion of Upper Limerock."  (Houghton, 1840, pp. 19, 21.)
X.       Polypiferous Portion of Upper Limerock.  (Houghton,
1840, pp. 19, 21.
IX.     Pentamerus Portion of Upper Lmnierocl.  (lb.)
VIII.   Lower Limerock and Shales.  (HIoughton, 1840, p. 16.)
VII.    Sandy Limerock.  (Houghton, 1841, p. 20.)
VI.     Upper grey Sandstone. (Houghton, 1841, p. 19.) Not
coniormable with next stratum.
V.      Lower, or Red Sandstone and Shales.  (Houghton,
1841, p. 119.)
IV.     Mixeld Conglomerate and Sandstone.  (Ib.)A
III.    Conglomerate.  (lb. 17.)B
II.'lfetamorphic  Rocks.  (Ib. 16.)c
I.      Primary Rocks.  (lb. 15 )D
Little more than a year after the suspension of the survey
under Dr. Houghton, Congress passed an act, approved March
Ist, 184'7, emrbracing provisions for the geological exploration
of the Lake Superior Land District, organized by the same act.
Under this act, Dr. C. T. Jackson was appointed by the Secretary
of the Treasury, to execute the required survey.
After having spent two seasons in the prosecution of this
work, he presented a report of 801 pages,* and resigned his
commission.  In the meantime, the survey was continued, and
subsequently completed by Messrs. Foster and Whitney, United
States Geologists.  Their Report, of 224 pag'es, on the ( Copper
a, Ba,. D. The Traps i tersect this series variously.
*Ann. Mess. and oec. 1849-50, Part 11I. Also, Senato Doc. 1st Sess. 31st Cong. Vol. 3,
1849-50,




16                  REPORT OF THE
Lands," was submitted as Part I., on the 15th of April, 1850.*
Part II., on the " Iron Region" and General Geology, was submitted November 12th, 1851, and forms a volume of 406 pages
and XXXV. Plates.t  Messrs. Foster and Whitney were aided
in the field work of the survey by Messrs. S. W. Hill and
Edward Desor as first assistants; by Mr. William Schlater as
Draughtsman, and Mr. AT. D. Whitney as Botanist. The fossiliferous region was also passed over by Prof. James Hall, the
paleontologist of New York, whose observations and general
conclusions are embodied in the Report, together with papers on
the Geology of Wisconsin, by Dr. I. A. Lapham, and Col. Chas.
Whittlesey. The latter also communicated important chapters
on the " observed fluctuations of the surfaces of the Lakes,' and
"magnetic variations," with a "comparison of terrestrial and
astronomical measurements."
The examinations reported upon in Part II., extended around
the entire Lake shores of the Upper Peninsula, as far as the
head of Green Bay, and embraced the islands at the head of Lake
Huron, from Mackinac to Drummond's Island. The groups of
of rocks observed were found to conform to the geology of New
York and other States, and a parallelism was established, from
the Potsdam Sandstone to the Upper Helderberg Group.
No further public geological explorations were made within the limits of our State, until the commencement of the
present survey. The mining companies of Lake Superior, how.
ever, maintained a series of local explorations, which have contributed a vast amount of detailed information,  destined to be
of the greatest service in the compilation of a general report.
During the legislative session of 1858, numerous petitions
were presented for the completion of the geological survey of
the State. The number was greatly increased at the session of
1859, and, although the condition of the State Treasury was reported to be such as hardly to justify embarkation upon any extraordinary expenditures, it was finally deermed advisable to make
*Executive Doe. No. 69, 1st Sess. 31st Cong., Vol. 9, 1849-50.
tExecutive Doe. No. 4, Special Sess. 32d Cong., Vol. 3, 1851.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    17
a commencement of the work of completing the geological survey,
and preparing for publication in a convenient and practical
form, a Report upon the Geology of the State, drawn from original observations, and all other accessible sources. The terms
of the act approved February 15, 1859, were copied almost literally from the original act of 1837; and the survey thus instituted, possessed, of course, all the scope of the original undertaking.
The following Report embraces only the results of the actual
observations made during the past two seasons. It must be
borne in mind, however, that the provision made for the prosecution of this survey, has not as yet been such as to permit its
complete organization; and the heads of the principal departments have only been employed during such time as could be
spared from other and regular professional engagements.








PART I.
v — I  d"'Tw








CHAPTER 1.
ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY, AND PLAN OF OPERATIONS.
On the receipt of my commission, dated March 9th, 1859,
designating me to take the charge of the work provided for
by the "Act to Finish the Geological Survey of the State,"
approved February 15,, 1859, I met you, by request, for the
purpose of consultation upon a plan of operations, adapted to
the circumstances then existing. Besides the act just referred
to, a joint resolution had been previously passed, making an
appropriation for the "publication of Dr. Houghton's Notes."
An examination of such sources of information as were accessible, had shown, howTever, at the time of our interview, that
there were no "notes" made by Dr. Houghton or his assistants
which had not already been reported from, either by the ob-:sserverTs themselves, or in the manner provided for by Dr.
Houghton's administrators, except the field notes upon four
tOwnlships in the Upper Peninsula, which were lost at the time
of the imelancholy occurrence which terminated the original
survey. It resulted, that the only further use which could be
made of the "notes" referred to in the resolution, would be to
work them up into a detailed report upon the geology of the:State, as understood twenty years ago, before the geology of
New York, Canada, and the Northwest, had contributed such
important aids to the proper understanding' of the geology of
our own State, While such a publication as this would be beut
a jjust tribute to the men who had labored and suffered for
years in this great work, it was not deemied compatible with
the interest of the State, nor conducive to the advancement of
science, to prosecute the publication of Dr. Houghton's "notes"
i.n all the details of a final report, and immediately follow it
with another report, already provided for, which should corn



22                  REPORT OF THE
plete the elucidation of our geology, and adapt it in all respects,
to our present wants and the present state of the science. This
view seemed the more consistent, since any adequate report
upon our geology could not fail to do justice to the names of
those who were the pioneers in Michigan geology.
After the interval which had elapsed since the date of the
explorations made in the Lower Peninsula of the State, it was
obvious that a great multitude of facts must have come to
light, calculated to have a bearing upon any final conclusions
as to the geological succession of our strata. New natural
exposures of the underlying rocks, had been discovered, new
q.~arries had been opened, the working of coal and gypsum had
actually commenced on a successful scale; and especially were
new opportunities presented for the collection of fossils-the
language in which geological records are written. It seemed
necessary, therefore, -to undertake the same thing which had
been undertaken by Massachusetts, by South Carolinia, Tennessee, and other States. The ground was to be gone over again,
for the purpose of posting up our collection of facts. The
Lower Peninsula, as being least understood, was to receive the
first reconnoissance. Detailed examinations were to be made,
only with reference to settling the geographical distribution of'
the coal, and resolving other questions of immediate economical
importance.  The report which follows, will show I trust, a
satisfactory degree of success in making these determinations.
The geological'observers, in the progress of their work, were
to embrace favorable opportunities for the collection of zoological and botanical specimens; and the zoological observers were
to make note of all geological data which came in their way,
In pursuance of the plan agreed upon, I made an excursion on thle first of April to the Maumee river, where, by the
enlightened liberality of i{r. George Clark, the proprietor of
several fishing stations on the rivers and lakes, I was enabled
to secure two or three barrels of specimens of the various species of fish, and other aquatic animals common to south eastern
Michigan and northern Ohio. At the same time, Dr. Manly Miles,




STATE GEOLOGIST                       23
who had been designated to take special charge of the department of Zoology, descended the Saginaw river to its mouth, in
company with a young man who was subsequently employed
during thle season as -taxidermist and general assistant. About
the middle of iMay, -the necessary preparations having been
completed, I entered upon the field work of the season, by commencing a geological survey of the county of Monroe. In this
part of the work I was accompanied by Messrs. A. D. White
and Lewis Spalding, two students of the University, who volun
teered their assistance for the mere payment of their traveling
expenses. Mr. W~hite continued in the service of the survey
during the season, and was again employed the present season.
I am happy here to testify to the faithful, able and obliging
manner in which he has co-operated in the execution of: all my
plans.
After the completion of our observations in Monroe countyi
our reconnoissance was extended through Jackson, Hillsdale,.
Lenawee, Branch and Calhoun counties. Having familiarized.
myself with the character of the Coal Formation in the vicinity
of Jackson, and traced its limits to the east and west of the
city, I had no hesitation in pronouncing upon the non-existance.
of coal1 at. Jonesville, or in Hillsdale county.  I subsequently
had the opportunity to discourage the explorations for coal in
the vicinity of Albion, misguided to the same extent as those of
Hillsdale county. Simailar duties, always unpleasant, and often
met by ing'ratituade and incredulity, have had to be performed in
scores of other places. The observations made at Jackson,
Woodville, Barry, Albion, Marshall, Battle Creek, Union City,
Jonesville and Hillsdale, have proved exceedihngly instructive,
as will be shown in the ultimate publication of lthe details of
the survey.
The south-western part of the State promising to be less productive of useful observations, Mr. White was instruc-ld to
traverse the counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren
and Kalamazoo, along designated lines, while I entered upon
the examination of the regions bordering upon the lines of




24                    REPORT OF THE
public conveyance.  Our pa.rty of two, was thus converted into
twvo parties, each attending, more or less, to all the departniments
of the survey.  In the beginning of autumn,  we met by aup}oir)ioltraent, at Grand Haven, and proceeded over the, country  to I(lrand
Rapids.  Here I made an examination olf the geoiogical no iations of -the gypsum and salt, and,annou-ned, as is believeld, for
the first time, the true geological position o-f tlhose irapo-taint
products..iLere A}r, White twas dettaine'd S, sr e,1'Lo we ls'by atnl
intermittent,   contiracted lfromi  exposure at (-Iraind HaIveia. In
the mean time, however, he su-l.cucedwd in tmaklng' ll evc al excu1lsions into the northern part~ of i-ient, comunIty,  iJlowna:' r i" e
last of October, I  returne  to G:rand ll  Rapids, and 1aft1.:  1ote!ting myy geological observation-, cornmunicat,,y jequest,  -to
James Scribner, Esq., in writing, my conclusions as to the
geology of the Grand River Valley, and the depth at which the
brine horizon would be found to lie.  I stated that the source of
the brine was from the shales of the gypseoucs group, near its
base; and that I had no evidence of the existence of stronser
brine at any greater depth in the:formations which outcrop in
the southern part of the State.  I said that thouggh the underlying formations are all somewhat salifeirous, th-ey are not
strongly so, but that there are fissures and powerful currents of
water at certain points, which would render extremely unproilsing -the search for salt below the gypsum formation,  I recill
these declarations at this time, for the purpose of vindic.at ing
the reliability of geological inductions, however unfavorable to
individual or local interests and prejudices.
From Grand Rapids I proceeded to a. cursory examaial.tion of
the coal of Shiawassee co-unty, and the,brinle of  -:;s-inUa.w
county,~ while Mr. White proceeded  through Barry, Ealton and
Jackstonf counties, to Ann Arbor.  I founrd  thle salt il g atb
East Saginaw progressing successfully under the - efl!i/h teiied
management of Dr, Lathrop, one of the best geologists in our
State, who had stimulated this enterprise  as a-n ifi:'Brernce firom
purely geological data.  My obser vati/onns upon the oulctoI,ls of
the rocks which this boring was penetrating, enabled me to




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        25
predict with considerable confidence the depth at whicl the
salt bearing rocks of Grand Rapids would be reached.  The
subsequent result very happily justified myS judgment, and we
are enabled to dai.y to look upon one of the leadintg enterprises
of the State as the direct offspring  of theoretical g-eology.
Dr. MdCes, after speending some time on the Flint 1ad Saginaw
Irivers, visited thle numerous lakes and streams of Oaklaitd,
Livingston, Genesec, Lapeer aind tV ashtenaw conlties, anii toward the close of the season paid a vislt to thel wevterIl part of
the State. lHe was acconmipa:nied duringo mosrel(t of lth,' set's.bi)ll by
Mi'r. Dodge, of Flint, and for a f  c0T weeles bvr    ewT:l,ll of Aan
Arbor.  While in the vicinity of Flushin:,, in ":,.i:lli:e Counr;a'V,
he collected valuable observations   aillt stI,-)' s fmill thet
outcrop of the coal series; and these have Lb.:-,1 comrntll inn,cl,td,
Twith proper diagrams, to this department.
in i)ecember, I entered upon a coillmparative exa:;. nalt-ion of
Michig'an  and Ohio gypsumn.  A chelmlical analysis of each was
made,  at my request, by Prof: L. R. Fisk, of' the Agricultural
College; and at the instance (of C. A. Trowbridg, Esq., of Detroit, I drejw up a paper oil the subject, which was placed in his
hands.
In the nmonth of Februa.ry, 1860, I paid a visit, by request, to
the salt works at C( rand Rapids.  i collected information, and
explained the indic-ations, in the ligllt of the geological observations which I rnod made in the southern part of the State; and
while there, delivered a public le cture upon the subject of Salt
and its Geological Relations.
About the first of March, I drew  up a paper embracing a
brief exhibiit of the g-eology of the southern peninsula, and a
condensed statenent of the borings at various localities for salt.
This was translnitted to Dr. Potter, the Superintendent of the salt
operationsl  at East Saginaw, for the purpose of informing the
company whiclh he represented, as to the geological position
vwhich their salt boring  had reached, and what might be expected as the consequence of continuing to greater depths.  For
4




28                  ]REPORT OF THE
this communication, the company returned nme a very poli-te resolution of thanks, with a request for permission to make the
communication public.
On the 9th of April, I transmitted to you, an Irlforam   Report
on the progress and results of the survey, which, Avwhile not
called for by the terms of the Act, was intended as an acknowLedgement of the enlightened interest whiclh vou had all along
manifested in the progress of this work.
Before the close of' March, I had commenced prepaarations fior
the field work of 1860.  On consultation with Dr. Miles, it had
been agreed to unite the geological and zoological parties, and.
thus incur the expense of but a single outfit. The principal
part of the season's business was to be upon and near theshores of the great Lakes.  In these situations, where natural
sections are always presented down to the surface of the water,
rock exposures are much more frequent than in the interior.
By determining the points on each side of the Peninsula, where
the various formations intercept the lake shores, there is little
difficulty in tracing approximately the lines of outcrop across,
the State.
It wTas intended to prosecute, befo-re the season was sufrfl
ciently advanced for safe navigation in small boats upon the
lakes, an examination of' the ralies of the Cass and Tittiba.
wassee rivers.  Reports which had been rife during  the previous,
season, of discoveries of coal, lead, iron, and "volcalr i" r oc&ks
and "craters," in the vicinity of the Class river, excited the hope
that some unexpected developments ulight accrue fi'om a scien
tific, examination of that regio:,-; while on the, other hand it was
hoped that the ascent of the Tittibawa-ssee would result in
some revelations as to the nature and limits of the coal and
salt formations.  On the 18th of May, Dr. MNliles and AMr. White
set out upon the exploration of the Cass, but the anticipated
survey of the Tittibawassee, by myself,- was prevented by
extreme family affliction, and death, occurring on the very daythat I had tdesignated for my departure.
Finding that a suitable boat could not be procured in the




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      2aT
lower part of the State without great sacrifices, I visited theSault, in the last of May, and purchased, at a great saving, a.
Mackinaw boat, wnhiech proved to answer our purpose perfectly.
Early in Jhune, the surveyinog corps made a rendezvous at East
Saginaw. Besides Dr.,ililes and nmyself, the party consisted of
Mr. White, M r. N. H. Winchell, who had been engaged as.
botanical assistant, and two voyageurs, who had been secured
at the Sault.  After carefully exploring the whole coast, from
the mouth of the Saginaw river to the vicinity of White Rock,.
the party returned and entered upon the examination of the
west coast of the Bay and L     wake,  which vas continued to Mackfiac. After an examination of this and the neighbboring islands
we coasted alongr eastward to Drummond's Island, which, at
this time and subsequently, was completely circumnavigated.
rWe proceeded thence to the Bruce and Welling-tonl  mines, and
thence to the Sa-ult. tiere my plan of operations called me to
another part of the State; and as Dr. Miles, who had left -the
party atJ T"under Bay on the 4th of July, did not rejoin it at
the Sault, Mr. White led the explorations for the remainder ofthe season. IIis instructions took him  back to the islllads at
the head of Lake Huron, and thence to -MNackinac. At this.
place Dr. Miles rejoined the party. Thence they coasted along
as far as Northport, on the south side of c-rand Traverse B13ay,
following all the indentations of the coast, and entering all the
small la-kes accessible by navigable streams.  Fromn  his point-the party returned home.
In August I made an exctlrsion to Cleveland and the Cuyahoga Falls, for the purpose of procuring data with which to,
compare my observations upon -the coal measures and other'
perplexing strata in our own State.
In Septe?:mber, I mLade, by request, a special examination of
the coal measures located in the vicinity of the Detroit and
Milwaukie railway, in Shiawassee county,, and transmlitted t-lhe,results of my observations to W. K. Muir, Esq., Superintendent.
I subsequently revisited Grand RIapids, and rmade exanlina,
tions of some portion.s of Ionia, Clinton and Ingham counties.




REPORT OF THE
Deeming that a popular exhibition at the State Fair. of the
economical results of the survey, thus far attained, would conduce to the diffusion of information relative to our resources,
and the awakening of increased interest in the survey, I made
for this purpose a selection from such specimens as had been at
that time unpacked, and drew up, on a large scale, an outline
map of' the geology of the State to accompany the specimens
in the exhibition.  This undertaking appeared to be highly appreciated, the vicinity of the collection  being  continually
crowded with interested observers and inquirers.  The appreciative noticles of the press were also of a very gratifying
(character.  I have reason to believe that -the exhibition, thlough
very hastily got together, and very incomplete, was productive
of cnonsderable good.
In September, 1859, 1 issued a circular addressed to County
u1vITyors, and others throughout the State, thie object of whSich
waOs -l )procre reports fronm  competent persons, on O the topog' aphy of the various counties; -the localities of rocks and minerals; the nature of the soil; the distribution of timber, &c.
Several:responses were promptly made to this circulakr, and I
feel confirmDed in the opinion'that the county surveyors or former
su-rveyors of the State, or in case they will not act, the private~
surveyors and en gineers of the variouis counties, have it in
their powier to contribute to the prosecution of the geological.survey, some of the most valuable information.  Localities of
rock exposure must almost always come *to the knowledge of
-the linear surveyor, and, by communicatinag this knowledge to
tho g-eologist, great expense and delay may be saved, in traverlinpg territory barren of geological indications.  I would take
this oppor-tunity to urge'upon surveyors and others, the importanclie of the service they are thus able to render to the geolog-ist, with very little extra trouble to thenmselves.
The only communications actually received -to this time in
response to the above circular, are the following'
1. Kent county, and the region west and north-west.  By.-John Ball, of Grand Rapids.




STATE GEOLOGIST.           2::.Y
2. The valley of the Au Sauble river. Byv S. Pettibolle, of
Ann Arbor.
3. Bro:wnlstlown, Wayne coun:lty. By B. F. Woodruff; (ot
Brownstown.
Several other cormmunications are promised, andr supposed to(
be in progress.
The unpacking and labeling of the immense numbers of' geological specimens required to illustrate the geology of all parts
of the State, and complete the suites of duplicates, called for
by the Act establishing the survey, forms no inconsiderable
share of the mechanical labor imposed upon the geologist
The locality of each individual specimen must be preserved
from the time it is broken from the rock, through all the vicissitudes of bagging, transportation by hand, boxing, transportation by public conveyance, and unpacking; and not only this,
for where a cliff presents two or more strata successively superimposed, it is essential for the geologist to know what fossils
or other speoirens are afforded by each stratum. Allusion is
here made to the subject, for the purpose of explaining thus
early, the system of permanent labels which has been adopted.
Every locality visited by the geological surveyors is designated by a separate number. These locality-numbers form a
series reaching from the beginning to the end of the survey.
In a book of localities provided for the purpose, the precise
locality corresponding to each number is stated in full, to
which are added the name of the owner of the land, (when
known,) the formation exposed, the fossils found, and remarks.
On every specimen collected is stuck a small oval piece of
yellow paper on which is written the number designating the
locality, which, in this way, is sure to be made an inseparable
part of the specimen. The successive strata at any locality
are designated by the letters of the alphabet, in all cases beginning at the lowest stratum,
The specimens collected during the past season have filled
over a hundred boxes, and when it is known that each box contains from fifty to one hundred specimens, so me idea may be




~30                IREPORT OF THE
formed of the amount of manipulation required for the permanent and effectual labeling of the specimens. The subsequent
study of the specimens is still an additional labor.
Besides the keeping of the book of localities, every observer
ikeeps a minute account of all his observations, written in a field
book on the occasion, while the objects are before him and all
their relations are fresh in his mind. Such inferences as the:state of facts is calculated to suggest, are put down at the same:time. Thus, though subsequent observations may materially!modify or reverse these conclusions, they at all times possess
the value of being the impression made upon the judgment,,with all the observed facts vividly before the mind. All these
notes are, at the end of the season, transcribed in order, in a
Note Book kept for the purpose.
The third book kept is intended to show the geology of each
township of the State. Under the several counties are arranged
the townships in alphabetical order; and opposite the name of
each, are references to every locality visited in it. Turning to
these localities in the Note Book, all that has been learned of
the township is at once before the eye.
Still another book is provided for memoranda, historical data,
office work, &c. Thus, by this extensive and minute system of
records and references, everything which has been done or
learned is at all times immediately accessible; and no casualty
to the geological corps, could result in losses as serious as when
a large part of the data are left till the close of the survey, in
the custody of individual memories.
The limited provision;made for the prosecution of the survey,
has rendered it impossible to engage the services of a chemist
and mineralogis t. The work of a geological survey —not including the zoology, botany, meteorology, and other researches
generally:attached to it-embraces field observations, colletion of specimens,.palmontology, mineralogy. and chemistry;
and it is seldom that a single person is competent to do requisite justice to all;these departments.  It is always desirable,
therefore, to attach io the survey some suitable person to devote




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      31
himself to the chemical examination of minerals, rocks, ores,;soils, mineral waters, &c. This part of our survey has thus far
been neglected. A few analyses have been made at my request, by Prof. L. R. Fisk, of the Agricultural College, by which
that institution became connected with the survey, before the
appointment of Dr. Miles to the chair of Zoology. By my arrangement with Prof. Fisk, he has not as yet received any compensation for his services, having agreed to await the action
of'the Legislature, in reference to further provision for the
survey.
Immediately on the organization of the survey, I took steps
to -ascertain whether somre portion of the scientific investigations might not be completed by experts of this and other
States, who would, in many cases, expect no further compensation for their services than the opportunity of looking over our
specimens, with permission to retain for their own cabinets,
duplicates of such species as might prove to be novel or peculiar. I have accordingly had the satisfaction of being assured
that different specialists stand ready to take up the different
orders of our insects, and to furnish catalogues as soon as the
specimens are placed in their hands. The same is true of some
branches of the palmontology. Dr. E. A. Prout, of St. Louis,
is already at work upon our Bryozoa, an important class of
fossil mollusca very abundant in the limestones of Thunder
Bay and Little Traverse Bay. Prof. Hall, the palaontologist of'New York, has also afforded me many valuable suggestions, on
the identification of our fossils, and the parallelism  of formations. Dr. J. S. Newberry, of Ohio, who has already rendered
me valuable assistance, stands ready to undertake the investigation of our fossil Flora. Capt. Meade has agreed to place at
my service such maps, charts and observations of the lake
survey, as may be needed in the preparation of a chapter on
the Hydrography of the State; and Prof. Henry, the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, offers copies of such observations
taken for that Institution, as may be requisite for a chapter on
our meteorology.




39]                 PLt~~REPuRT OF THE
Very many private citizens, besides the surveyors  before
referred to, have already communicated most valuable informa'
tion onl various points, which will be incorporated into my final
report. Mr. James S. Lawsdn, of Disco, Oakland county, has
furnished a description of an ancient lake terrace which is
found traversing that part of the State; and I would be glad to
commend this example to others who have the opportunity to
make observations upon such phenomena.
Mr. A. 0. Currier, of Grand Rapids, has aided ne materially
in arriving at a knowledge of the succession of strata pene.
trated in the salt borings of that place  He has further provided me with a printed catalogue of the mollusca of the
Grand River Valley, accompanied by a nearly complete suite of
specimens
Mr. Martin Metcal.f, of the same place, has likewise, in his
correspondence, furnished me with important notes on the salt
borings, and critical remarks on the parallelism of strata
I am indebted to Dr. DeCamp, of the same place, for a fine
collection of geodes from the Grand Rapids limestone, and for
fossils; and to Prof. E. Danforth for the loan of his collection of
fossils fromn this and otl-er States.
Dr. G. A. Lathrop, of East Saginaw, has contributed important aid in the carefully preserved series of borings taken from
the first salt well at that place; in specimens and suggestions
bearing upon the geology of the vicinity of Saginaw Bay; in
facts and statistics illustrating the salt' manufacture in the
State, and by the loan of a suite of fossils
To Dr. H. C. Potter, superintendent of the salt works at East
Saginaw, I am similarly indebed for important facts connected
with the salt manufac>ture at that place.
Mr. Henry D. Post, of Hlolland, Ottawa county, haA furnished
me with observations on the outcrops of the Marshall sandstone
in his vicinity.
Hon I. P. Christialny, of Monroe, has sent the survey some
interesting fossil remains firom the loIroe limestone; and also
statistics relative to the products of his quarries in the town



STATE GEOLOGIST.                     33
sllip of London, near Dundee. Mr. W. P. Christiancy also contributedl some instructive specimens.
Thomas Crawford, Esq., of Detroit, has laid me under many
obligations for polished specimens of marble from his quarry
near Presque Isle; as also for some unique fossils from the
same.
Mr. M. B. Hess, of East Saginaw, has supplied some desirable
altitudes from the vicinity of Saginaw.
Thomas,Frazer, Esq., of the Mich. C. R. R. office, in Detroit,
has communiated the altitudes of the principal stations along
the line of that road.
Superintendent W. K. Muir has furnished a list of altitudes
of all the stations along the Detroit and Milwaukie railway, accompanied by other valuable observations.
Chief Engineer, John B. Frothingham, of Toledo, has also
promised to supply me with altitudes along the Michigan Southern Railroad. It is hoped that such statistics will be further
communicated by Engineers, and others, to whom they are accessible.
I am indebted to the late John Farmer for a copy of the large
edition of his unequaled map of the State, and to Benjamin
Fowle, Esq., for a mounted map of Hillsdale county.
Mr. John Holcroft, Superintendent of the W'oodville Coal
Mine, furnished me with numerous data, and other facilities,
while investigating the coal formation of Jackson county.
Mr. C. E. Hovey, Superintendent of the Eagle Plaster Co., of
Grand Rapids, provided me with a liberal quantity of samples
of the crude and manufactured gypsum, includinlg some ornamental vases.
Capt Malden, keeper of the light house at Thunder Bay Island, furnished me with some interesting specimens fiom the
Huron Group. He is now engaged in a series of meteorological
and tidal observations of great importance.
I am under obligations to very many of our citizens for ac.
comlpanying me on my explorations, and conveying me to local



34                  REPORT OF THE
ities lof interest, among whom, in addition to names already
introduced, I may mention Hon. L. H. Parsons and Alexander
McArthur, Esq., of Corunna;. Benjamin O. Williams, Esq., of
Owosso; Adam L. Roof, Esq., Lyons; James Scribner and J.
W. Windsor, Esqs., Grand Rapids; H. S. Clubb, Grand Haven;
William Walker, Jackson; Mr. W. N. Carpenter, Detroit; C. H.
Whittemore, Tawas City; J. K. Lockwood and Mr. M- elville, Alpena; the sons of Thomas Crawford, Presque Isle county; James Francis, Drummond's Island; Commissioner S. P.
Mead, Sault; Langdon Hubbard, Willow Creek; J. V. Carmer,
Napoleon; John Manning, London; Prof. L. R. Fisk, Lansing.
Boxes of specimens have been transmitted by C. D. Randall,
Esq., Coldwater; Hon. L. H. Parsons, Corunna; J. H. Holcroft,
Woodville; Winm. S. Sizer, Esq, Jackson; WT. S. Brown, Grand
Ledge; Dr. G. A. Lathrop, East Saginaw; Hon. I. P. Christiancy, Monroe; Francis Crawford, Esq., Detroit.
During the first season of the survey, the work was materially
aided by the free passes granted to Dr. Miles and myself over
the Michigan Southern, the Central and the Detroit & Milwatikee
Railroads. iThe latter road voluntarily tendered the same appreciative acknowledgement of the importance of our labors
during the present season; and I am  happy here to allude to
the great courtesy that has at all times been exhibited by its
officers.
I should not forget to acknowledge -the indebtedness of the
survey to the newspaper press of the State, for numerous notices
of a friendly character, calculated to awaken and increase the
popular interest in the work. Among the notices which have
met my eye, I am pleased to mention those of the Michigan Argus and State News, Ann Arbor; the Commercial, Monroe; Patriot, Jackson; Clarion, Grand Haven; Herald, Mackinac; Tribune, Advertiser, Free Press and _Farmer, Detroit; Enquirer,
Eagle and Great Western Journal, Grand Rapids; Register, Holland; Courier, East Saginaw; Republican, Lansing; Citizen,
Flint; Gazette, Pontiac.
It would be impracticable to enumerate all the acts of hospi



STATE GEOLOGIST.                    35
tality received from our citizens; and it would be almost superfluous to say that we have been everywhere received with a
welcome, and furnished with every possible facility in furtherance of our labors.
I cannot suffer the opportunity to pass without warning our
citizens against lending too credulous an ear to the representations of the self-styled "geologists," itinerating amongst us.
Traveling under the cloak of science, they take pains to keep
out of the way of those who would detect the imposition; and
instead of informing themselves truly of the geological structure of the State, prowl around the frontiers of civilization, and
live upon the falsely excited hopes of a people too ready to
believe that every gravel hill conceals a mine of wealth. This
class of men lead their deluded followers over mounds of drift
materials, they explore clay banks, they dredge the lakes, and if
perchance a stray nodule of kidney ore is found, they proclaim
the discovery of'a mine of hmnmatite; a piece of black shale
turns up, and the country is rich in coal; they discover a green
streak upon a fragment of limestone, and lo! copper is promised
to be forthcoming in unlimited quantities. I have seen too
much of this scientific quackery to allude to it with forbearance.
Let the people bear it in mind, that it is not every man who
styles himself a geologist who is worthy of being trusted in a
geological opinion. The questions which these men attempt to
decide, are the very ones most difficult for an acknowledged
bxpert to pronounce upon. They are the last conclusions of a
general and scientific survey. How can a stranger drop down
in our State, without a line of knowledge of our peculiar geology, and be at once a safe adviser in. important mining or quarrying enterprises. Even the man well versed in general geology
may often be at fault among our formations; but most of the
class of persons referred to, possess neither local nor general
information. It seems unnecessary to multiply words upon the
subject. Trust no "geologist" or "professor" whose credentials are not known; none who clothe their actions with an air
of mystery, and hint at things which they do not plainly state,




36                   REPORT OF THE
who make large pledges with small security for their performance, and have no visible means of support but what their
splendid promises draw from a succession of dupes.
The act establishing the survey provides for the distribution
of duplicate specimens to the University, the Agricultural College, and such other public institutions as thle Governor may
designate. Under these provisions, the following institutions
have been designated as depositories of suites of specimens,
viz.:
BY LEGISLATIVE ACT.
1. The University, Ann Arbor.
2. The Agricultural College, Lansing.
BY EXECUTIVE APPOINTAIENT.
3. Mechanic's Society, Detroit.
4. Scientific Institute, li'lint.
5. Lyceum of Natural History, Grand Rapids.
6. Young Men's Literary Association, Kalamazoo.
7. Young AMen's Society, Detroit.
8. Young Men's Christian Association, Library and Reading
Room, Adrian.
9. The Normal School, Ypsilanti.
Such an extended distribution of the specimens of the survey must necessarily awaken a very general interest in the
energetic prosecution of the work, and the creditable elaboration of the final results. It is quite obvious, however, that
this requirement multiplies the physical labors of the field geolgist, who is often called Upon to carry many pounds of stones
for miles, over rocky and slippery beaches, or through tangled
cedar forests, in an unending conflict with musquitoes and flies,
under circumstances calculated to excite comiimiseration. By
thus increasing the amount of field work, it delays the completion of t le surxey. Still, there can be no doubt that the interests of the State will be Iest subserved l)y the plan proposed,
even should its execution necessitate the outfit of a special
party of collectors.




STATE GEOLOGIST                      81
During the year 1859 no special attention was devoted to
the Botany of the State, for tle reason that the flora of the dis.
tricts then under survey was already pretty well understood.
All species before unobserved, all peculiarities, and some local
floras were, however, noted. In the explorations of the present
season, it was deemed desirable to attach a special botanical
assistant to the party. Combining the observations made
during the past two seasons, with notes kel t by myself for
several years past, I am able to present, with the aid of the
University Herbarium, and  Wright's Catalogue, heretofore published, a pretty complete list of the indigenous plants of' the
Lower Peninsula. It has not been deemed advisable to attempt
to catalogue the plants of the Upper Peninsula, as the list
would necessarily be defective, and it is hoped that the opportunity will be presented for completing it, next season. For
local information respecting many of our plants, I am indebted
to Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor.
For information respecting the progress and state of the
zoological survey, I would refer you to the Report of the State
Zoologist.
The question is often asked when the survey will be completed. It is obvious that the answer to this question will depend
entirely upon the action of the Legislature, in providing for a
more or less thorough execution of the workl; and upon the
number of persons kept in the field. A continuance of the same
provisions which have been made for the past two years, would
enable us to extend the survey over the whole territory of the
State, in the manner in which it has been commenced, and to
furnish the final report ready for publication in three years more.
It would be much better, however; to increase the number of surveying parties somewhat, with the view of effecting a.more detailed examination of the unsettled portions of the State, as
well as the districts which lie along the probable outcrops of
those formations which possess considerable economical importance. It will not be necessary to multiply the zoological observations to the same extent as the geological. It is not nee



38                  REPORT OF THE
essary to identify each species of animals at every point within
the limits of its general distribution; while, for the determination of the limits of the formations, this very minuteness isindispensable. Moreover, the roving habits of animals bring a large
proportion of them  under the notice of an observer who does
not go out of his own township, while rocks must be visited in
their places. It may not be amiss to state with reference to the
nature of zoological field work, that a single industrious collector, employed at small compensation, would be able in one season to accumulate large stores of specimens from the remoter
portions of our State. The same remark is true of botany.
The elaboration of the materials thus collected must, of course,
be confided to the ablest hands.
It will remain for the legislature to decide upon what scale
the prosecution of the survey shall be continued. I cherish the
hope, however, that provision may be made for the creditable
completion of the field work, within the space of two or three
years. So far as the geological work is concerned, I deem it
desirable to have parties engaged, during the nqet season, upon
the exploration of the following districts:
1st. A party upon the south shore of Lake Superior;
2d. A party uponithe shores of Lake Michigan, as far as unexplored;
3d. A party:in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula.
The personnel required for such a prosecution of the work,
besides the geologist in charge of the survey, would be as
follows:
One Chemist and Mineralogist;
One Draughtsman;
Two Assistants, capable of leading parties;
Three Sub-Assistants;
Six Laborers and Boatmen.
Zoological and Botanical Collectors could be attached to the
parties thus organized, with little additional expense.
I desire to close this chapter of my report with an appeal to
all of our citizens to co-operate with the State Geologist in ev



STATE GEOLOGIST.                        39
ery possible way   Every specimen or item of information will
be thankfully received.  Proprietors and managers of important
enterprises, have. in some instances, greatly mistaken their true
interests,jin failing to furnisl the data sought for, even by repeated applications.  No authority is considered more reliable
than a State Geological Report, on the value and extent of the
mineral resources of a particular locality or district; and the
interests of proprietors of mineral locations, require them  to
see that every evidence of the value and productiveness of their
locations is placed in the possession of the State Geologist.
Moreover, isolated  facts or specimens calculated to throw
light upon the occurrence of any rock or mineral, in any part
of the State, especially those parts not yet explored, will always.
prove of interest, and, in some cases, may constitute critical
data for deciding questions in doubt.
It will be seen, therefore, that two general classes of information are desired.
1. Facts calculated to contribute to our knowledge of the
characters and distribution of our rocks, with their included
minerals.
2. "tctisities showing the condition of all mining enterprises,
and their productiveness.  This class of information embraces
every' sp cies of manlufacture fronm the mineral substances of
our;Sate,  as bricks, tiles, pottery, earthen ware, pipes, firebricks, cncrete, tmoulding sand, glass, fluxes, land plaster,
calcinedl plaster, alabaster ornaments, salt, its impurities, marble, qua.rry-stones, quick-lime, water-lime, grindstones, hones,
coal, pveci.;ous stones, iron, copper, lead and other metals.
\VMien the geological department is made the common depository of'all such information, -the way will be opened to such a
presentation to the world of our multifarious sources of wealth
as will constitute  the strongest possible attraction for settlementt, enterprise and capital.








CHAPTER II.
DEPOSITION, DISTURBANCE AND DENUDATION OF STRATA-GENERAL PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHWEST.
The geological series in our State is Very complete. from the
horizon of the oldest known rocks, to the top of the Carboniferouns System. From this point to tile Glacial Drift, the forilmations
observed in other parts of the county are, as far as ihnvestioations have extended, entirely wanting. All that lportion of the
Michigan series lying above the NiagarLa Grolp, is found within
the limits of the Lower Peninsula;  wil  te h  Niagara Group
and all rocks below, are confined to the. UIpper Penlinsuhla and
the islands at the head of' Lakle Iurn.
The rocks of the Upper Penin:.l'uia: not having ats yet come
under the observation of the piresent survey, it is not deemed
necessary to refer to them at the present time, any further than
to show their connection with the geology of the contiguous
districts.
In order to convey a clear idea of the superposition and lines
of outcrop of our difibrent rocks, it will be desirable to offer a
few words on the general conformation of the strata of the
Northwest.  Although the stratified rocks of the country succeed each qther in regular ascending order, it must not be supposed that these strata always occupy a horizontal position,
that they are necessarily continuous between distant points, or
that any given stratum  is always actually overlain by those
strata which belong higher in the series. The sediments from
which these rocks were formed, were seldom deposited in perfoetly horizontal sea bottoms, but to facilitate our explanation,
we may suppose that they were. We will suppose, also, that
one series of sediments was deposited upon another'for the
space of many ages, and forming a thickness of several thou.
6~




42                  REPORT OF THE
sand feet.  We have thus the materials for several geological
formations, each with its own mineral characters, and embracing the organic debris which characterized its own age.
Through some appropriate agency these sediments become
solidified. But at length some movements begin to be experienced by the solid crust of the earth, and our horizontal strata
begin to be elevated in one place and depressed in another.
Here is a dome shaped bulge, and there is a long ridge, rising
in some of its parts above the surface of the sea. Successive
disturbances increase the inequalities, and at length our level
sea-floor presents all the irregularities of a carpet carelessly
thrown down. By degrees the general uplift of the sea bottom
has made an extensive addition to the continent.
Thus far we suppose each successive layer of rock to be continuous over every ridge and through every valley. But now
we must consider the effect of denuding forces-those forces
which move over the surface, and plane down the inequalities.
Whether these results are attributable to the action of the
atmosphere, frost, glaciers, powerful currents of an invading
sea, floating icebergs, or to all of these agencies combined, or
in succession, cannot here be considered. It is sufficient to
know that such forces have acted, and that all the original elevations have been more or less worn- down, and the rubbish.
produced strewn over the general surface, tending still further
to obliterate its unevenness.  Consider what would be the
effect of paring off the summits of the ridges and domes of upraised strata. The uppermost layer would be sliced through,
and the second in order would come in sight. Then the wearing would continue till the second layer would be cut through,
and the third would appear. So, in some cases, the denudation
has continued, till thousands of feet of strata have been pared
off, and the underlying granite has been exposed; and then this
has been planed down some hundreds of feet. Glance now at
the cut edges of the strata. The lowest rock reached will be
found in the center of the dome, or along the central axis of
the ridge. If it is a dome, the overlying strata dip in all direc



STATE GEOLOGIST.                     43
tions from the center. If it is a ridge, they dip to the right and
left of the axis. This ridge may have been planed down to the
general level of the country. If this is the case, we shall then,
in passing from the central line either to the right or left, pass
continually from lower to higher rocks, withour changing our
elevation.  We ascend stratigraphically, but not topographically.
This ridge may not pursue a straight course. It may finally
bend round, and proceed in a direction parallel with itself. It
is obvious then, that the strata between the two portions or
branches of the ridge, form  trough-shaped depressions. In
many cases all the edges of the over-lying strata are turned
up, and they rest in a dish shaped depression. When the
irregularity of the original elevations is considered, it is obvious that the outcropping edge of any stratum, when traced
along over the surface of the earth may pursue a very tortuous
course, or strike. It is also obvious that the width of the stratum  at the surface will be more, if the surface cuts it very
obliquely, less, if the surface cuts it nearly at right angles.
This depends, in other words, upon the amount of the dip; so
that a thick formation, by being nearly vertical" may occupy a
very narrow belt of country; while a thin one, by being nearly
horizontal, may occupy a belt several miles in width.
All this is familiarly illustrated by the lines of the "grain"
of a smoothly planed board, especially if slightly gnarly or
knotty. The knots may represent the granite, while the layers
of wood surrounding it —lere apparently thin, because cut
nearly at right angles, there spreading out, bocause cut more
obliquely, here running in a straight line, and there tracing a
zigzag path-may represent the layers of rock, occupying a
geological.position above the granite.
These explanatory observations are here admitted, in thehope of obviating some difficulties almost always experienced
by persons unversed in geology, in forming general conceptions of the geological structure of a particular region.
The wide interval between the Alleghany and the Rocky




-44                 REPORT OF THE
mountains was once an ocean bed, over which were strewn the
various sediments that have formed the groups of rocks, which
stretch with more or less regularity friom one end of this area
to the other. Geological agencies have left this ocean floor in.an undulating position; and subsequent denudation of the
higher points, has worn many holes through the upper layers
of rock, where they have been pushed up into exposed attitudes. The city of Cincinnati stands upon a dome of older
strata, which have been uncovered by the planing off of the
higher beds. The strata dip in every direction from this vicinity. Toward the north, however, the dip is least, and solmething of a ridge extends towards the common corner of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, however, before reaching
that point, and the east branch runs up to Monroe county,
crosses Lake Erie and subsides in Canada 5West; while the
west branch passes across northern Indiana and Illinois, to the
head of Lake Michigan, and thence north-westward,
A ridge extends through Canada, along a line nearly parallel
with the St. Lawrence, to the region north of Lake Ontario,.and thence trends northwest around the northern shores of
Lakes Huron and Superior. The rocks around the shores of
Lake Huron dip south-west and south, away from. this ancient
axis of elevation.
It appears, therefore, that the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
is surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation; and
even if the surrounding. regions do not in dll cases actually.occupy a higher level, we must expect to find the strata dipping from all sides toward the centre.'Each rocky stratum of
the Lower Peninsula is, therefore, dish shaped. All together,
they form a nest of dishes. The highest strata are near the
centre of the peninsula; and passing from this point in any
direction, we travel successively over the out-cropping edges
of older and older strata. The irregularities in the shape of
these dishes, will be pointed out in the sequel.
The southern part of the Upper Peninsula is covered by the
lower members of the southward dipping series, whose upper




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      45
members are fbund in the Lower Peninsula, and whose axis of
elevation lies north of the great lakes. At XMarquette, Keewenaw Point, the Porcupine Mountains, and other localities, hewv —
ever, we find accessory axis of elevation, giving rise to dips in
various directions, which will be explained on some future occasion. Lake Superior occupies a valley between the elevations
on the north and south shores, while the other lakes rest in,
troughs, which bave been excavated nearly along the outcroping edges of some of the softer formations. On the south, a
basin similar to that of lower Michigan, occupies the southern
part of Illinois; while, passing east from  Sandusky, in Ohio,
we begin to step over the north-western limits of another one,.
which reaches to the Alleghanies, and in the other direction
stretches from New York to Alabama. Still further west, another basin rests, with its northern border in Iowa, and its
southern in Missouri.
A knowledge of these great undulations in the wide-spread
strata of the north-west, and of the effects of denudation of the
crests of the elevations, will aid materially, in connection with
the descriptions which follow, in giving definite ideas of the
geological structure underlying any particular portion of our
State.








CHAPTER  III.
GENERAL SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN, AND ITS CONNECTION
WITH SURROIUNDING DISTRICTS.
The rocks which constitute the solid crust of our earth may
be arranged into great groups according to the following plan:
STRATIFIED.
Fossiliferous.
Azoic, or unfossiliferous.
UNSTRATIFIED.
Volcanic, as lava, trap, &c.
Plutonic, or Granitic, as granite, syenite, &c.
Geologically speaking, the Fossiliferous strata are higher
than the Azoie, while the place of the Plutonic is generally below the Azoic; and the relative antiquity of these three classes
of rocks is represented by this order of superposition.  The
volcanic rocks have burst up through the other rocks at various
periods, and the same is to some extent true of the Plutonicsomle new granites appearing to have been formed since the
granitic substratum of the Azoic rocks was formed. The Upper
Peninsula furnishes us with abundant examples of all these
classes of rocks. After devoting a few words to the unstratified rocks, we shall proceed to speak of the stratified, as nearly
as possible, in chronological order, beginning with the oldest.
I.-PLUTONIC GROUP.
A belt of granitic rocks comes down from the northwest into
northern Wisconsin, and encroaches a few miles over the Mich.
igan boundary line between Montreal river and Lac Vieux
Desert. At the surface this is separated by a belt of Azoic.
rocks from another mass of granite, which is probably a continuation of the first, and which begins near the head waters of the
Sturgeon river, and extends east, gradually widenin'g, until it
occupies the region a few miles back from  the lake coast, all
the way from the Huron river to Presque Isle, at which two




48                   RIEPORT OF THE
points it abuts upon the coast, reappearing again in the Huron
islands on the west, and Granite Island on the east. Another
granitic boss rises up in the district south of the Iron Region,
and covers about twelve townships, and still others, on a small
scale, are found east of the mouth of the Machigamig river.
The rock throughout these exposures is seldom a true granite,
being composed mostly of feldspar and quartz, with occasional
intermixtures of mica in small quantity.  Hornblende sometimes
replaces the mica, and the rock becomes syenite. The plutonic
rocks on tLe south shore of Lake Superior, appear to have been
upheaved after or towards the close of the Azoic period.
II.-VOLCANIC GROUP.
A range of volcanic rocks extends from the extremity of
Keweenaw  Point to Montreal river, running nearly parallel
with the lake coast, and having a-width varying from two to
eight miles. About twelve miles cast of Montreal river the belt
suddenly widens to about fifteen miles, sending a spur off on
the south side toward the southern extremity of Agogebic
lake. Another spur sets off north to the Porcupine Mountains.
To the east of Portage lake this belt is in reality two belts —
the "northern" one consisting  of interstratified  masses of
amygdaloid, conglomerate and coarse sandstone; the "southern," or "Bohemian" range being a mass of crystalline trap.
About a mile north of the northern rannge, another narrow belt
curves round parallel with the coast friom  a point opposite
lManitou Island, to the eastern point of Sand Bay. The belt
called the Northern Range contains the larger number of copper
locations.  These rocks were eruptecld during the period of the
Lake Superior Sandstone.  A contemporaneous range forms the
basis of Isle Royal.*
III.-THIE AZOIC SYSTEM.
An imnmense thickness of ulnfossiiferou> strata is interposed
between the crystalline rocks just re-ferred to, and the Lake Superior sandstone.  These, in the Upper Peninsula, commence at: For i.iorm.ttion conc3rning th3 rocks of Lake Superior, see roster and Whitaey's Report.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      49
and near the mouth of Chocolate river, and extend westward to
join another belt beginning a few miles south of ITuron river.
The first belt in the neighborhood of the Machigamig river,
suddenly expands towards the south, so that on the State
boundary the Azoic belt stretches from beyond Lac  Vieux Desert to Chippewa Island, in the Menomonee river. It extends
thence westward through Wisconsin and to the sources of the
Mississippi. The rocks of this system consist in Michigan of
talcose, chloritic and silicious slates, quartz, and beds of marble.
The silicious slate, becomes, near Marquette, a novaculite, from
which hones have been manufactured. In this system are found
the specular and magnetic iron ores of Lake Superior, as well
as of Pilot Knob, and perhaps the Iron Mountain, in Missouri,
the Adirondacks of New York, and other localities. This series
of rocks attains an enormous thickness on the northern shores of
Lakes Superior and Huron; and Sir Win. Logan, the Director of
the Canadian Geological Survey, has decided that they constitute two great systems, unconformable with each other, the
upper of which he styles the I-Iuronican series and the lower the
Laurentian.*  The Bruce, Wellington, and neighboring mines,
are located in these rocks, and are worked for the ores of copper; while the Lake Superior mines are located in veins which
belong to the age of the trap, and are worked for native copper.
IV.-FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA.
I.-LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEmI
1.-Lake Superior Sandstone.
The reddish, yellowish, grayish or mottled sandstone, found
along the south shore of Lake Superior has, bly different writers, been assigned to different geological periods; ibut the
weight of authority is decidedly in favor of placing it at the
base of the Paleozoic series, and on the horizon of the Potsdam
Sandstone of New York. Further e:xaminations will undoubt* Report 1852-3, p. 8; 1856, p. 1'1.




50                 lREPORT OF THE
edly result in the discovery of data which will settle beyond
cavil this long mooted question.
The examinations of the past season have found this sandstone in place at the Falls of the St. MAary's river, where it has
a neasurecd thickness of at least 18 feet. It is here thin bedded, moderately coherent, reddish and blotched with gray, or
grayish blotched with red. It presents evidence of having been
deposited on an uneven sea bottom, and in shallow water. We
find local undulations, and very distinct ripple marks.  On some
of the surfaces are obscure traces of Algxe. On some specimens
from the Montreal river, not less than three species of fossil
plants have been discovered; "sun cracks" are also frequent.
This sandstone is believed to underlie the whole of Sugar Island, and the northern extremity of Sailor Encampment Island.
On the Canada shore, opposite the Neebish Rapids, an altered
sandstone is found, which apparently belongs to the same formation. It is of a light gray color blotched with reddish-purple spots, and having a rapid dip S. 550 W. It is intersected
by nearly vertical divisional planes, running at right angles to
the dip. Near the northwestern extremity of St. Josephl's Island, a quartzose sandstone appears, striped and banded with
red along lines which appear to mark the original planes of
stratification. A little further east, rock is again seen resemblingr that at the Neebish Rapids, and having a dip of 200
toward S. 550 W.  On the southleast shore of the bay which
indents the northern extremity of St. Joseph's island; a jaspery
conglomeratic sandstone is seen, rising in small rounded knobs,
possessing a general reddish color, and being destitute of obvious stratification. The small islands at the southern angle of
the channel which separates Campement d'Ours from St. Joseph's
Island, are formed by the same rock. It will hereafter be seen
that these quartzose and conglomeratic sandstones occur in close
proximity to fossiliferous limestones. Quartz rock is next seen
on Sulphur Island, north of Drummond's. It is slightly clouded
with reddish spots, and occurs in beds from three to six feet
thick, with shaly partings. It immediately underlies a lime



STATE GEOLOGIST.                     51
stone containing fossils in a perfect state of preservation, A
conglomerate also occurs here, made up of rounded masses of
quartz, ranging from the size of a pea to boulders many tons
in weight, all cemented together by a silicious limestone, not
altered, but appearing as if deposited amongst the interstices
and open spaces of a pile of stones and gravel.
The solid quartzose character of the rock on St. Joseph's and
Sulphur Islands, so unlike the conglomerate and al:ered sandstone of Lake Superior, seems to suggest the idea of its
being azoic, and it is so colored on Foster and WVhitney's
map, where, nevertheless, it is made to appear like a prolongation of the Potsdam sandstone of Sugar Island. The gradual
transition, however, from the unaltered sandstone of the Sault,
to the altered sandstone of Neebish Rapids and the extremity of St. Joseph's Island, the quartzose sandstone and jaspery conglomerate of the shore west of Campement d'Ours,
and the quartz  and conglomerate  of Sulphur Island, favors the idea of the equivalency of the sandstone and quartzose rocks. The superposition of fossiliferous limestone, at
Sulphur Island (probably the Chazy limestone) immediately
upon the quartzite, favors the same inference, inasmuch as
there is no probabiilty that the sandstone would not be interposed at this place between the Chazy and the azoic rocks.
Moreover, the influence of the igneous disturbances which
have taken place at the Bruce mines and along the Canadian
shore but a few miles distant, -furnish sufficient cause for the
alteration suggested. The Canadian geologists have firequently
recognized the Potsdam sandstone in a similar condition.
2. —Calciferous Sandstone.
Though this formation, as just stated, is not recognized to
the east and south of St. Mary's Falls, it is thought best to embrace it in the enumeration, since it is represented as playing
an important part in the geology of the country west of St.
Mary's river.




52                     REPORT OF TlE
3.- Trenton Group.
Thle gray silicious limestone, seen resting on quartz on Sulphur Island, north of Drummond's, is regarded as the lowest
fossilifcrous limestone within the limits which have come under
observation.  On the south and south east sides of Copper Bay,
in 2Montreal Channel, is observed a series of limestones supposed to belong but a short distance higher up.  The following
fossils have been recognized from  the extensive  collections
made along this shore.  I have not the time  at present to
classify them  stratigraphically; nor would such particularity
comport with the scope of the present report.  They are referred to their localities:
At 758, Rhynchonella plena.
At 760, in fragments on the beach, Subulites elongatus, Cypricardites ventricosus, Mlarchisonia bicincta.
At 1i2 A.=d. in the Synoptical Table, next chapter, Bhyn-.
chonella plena, Rhynchonella altilis, Strophomnena (n..p.)
At 763 —-62 F.=upper part of 770 D., Schizocrinus, Leptcna
subtenta, Subulites elongatus, Cypricardites ventricosus, Pluroto.
mnaria subconica, Rh ynchonella plena, Asaphus gigas.
At 764]=762 B., Strophomena camerata.
At 766, (not in place) Rhyynchonella plena, Telradium  cellic
losum.
At 769, the north-eastern extremity of the headland on the
south-east side of Copper Bay, Leperdiliafabulites, Leptctna suEb
tenta, Dalbnannites cailicephalus, Am bonychia amygdalina, Stlropho,mena phcifera, Cypricardites (sp?), Asaphus gigas, Orlhoceras
anellum  (?) Pleuroto'maria subconica, tllcenus, Subuliles n. sp,
Cypricardites ventricosa, lmurchisonia, (sp?) Orlhis bellirugosa,
0. trisenarza.
At 7 t1, Strophomelnafilitexta, Receptaculites
At (85, Rh.ynchonella plena, Orthis (resembling O. pectinelta,
but distinct).
At 786, Streptelasma corniculutm.*
*The region from which the foregoing fcssi's were obtained, is colored on Foster and
Whitney's map, as lying along the northern margin of the Calciferous Sandstone belt.. For
identifications of species I am under great obligations to Prof. Hall.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      53
The Trenton Grcup of rocks forms a belt about four miles
wide, extending west-northwest across St. Joseph's Island, reappearing in the high bluffs opposite Little Sailor Encampment Island, and extending thence across the middle of Great
Sailor Encampment Island.  From here it stretches west in a
gradually widening belt, which, bending round to the southwest, lies with its southern border on the west shore of Little
Bay de Noquet and Green Bay, whence it continues across
Wisconsin into northern Illinois.
4.-Hudson River Group.
On the north side of Drummond's Island are found some
highly argillaceous limestones abounding in the fossils characteristic of the Hudson River Group of New York. These are
first seen about three miles west of Pirate Harbor, and extend
thence around the coast to the point of land north of the bay
which indents the north-west side of the island, thus occupying
a belt about three miles wide. A large proportion of the fossils seen are Bryozoa, which have not yet been studied.  Che.
tltes lycoperdon is exceedingly abundant.  Favistella stellata
occurs in prodigious masses and great numbers, (at 781, 186,
7188.) At 781 (A) is an Ambonychia not yet identified. The argillaceous strata are about fifteen feet thick, and underlain by
a bluish gray, subcrystalline limestone, of which three feet
were observed.
This group forms a belt about four miles wide across St.
Joseph's Island, a little south of the middle, then, intercepting
the southern extremity of Great Sailor Encampnlent Island,
stretches westward along the south side of the' region covered
by the Trenton Group, and occupies the space between Big and
Little Bays de KNoquet. Passing under the whole length of Green
Bay, it reappears at the southern extremity, and continues in
the direction of Winneb-ago and Horicon lakes, in Wisconsin.
All round the circuit which is thus traced, the dip of the
formation carries it under the lower peninsula of Michigan. It
does not emerge on the southern side of the peninsula, being
overlain by the four groups next. described, but dips down




54                 PREPORT OF THE
again beneath the carboniferous basin of Ohio, on the one hand,
and of Indiana on the other. At Cincinnati is another swell,
from the summit of which the overlying formations have beendenuded, and here the Huldson River Group again appears. Like
most of the other groups of the Paleozoic System, it has throughout the northern and northwestern States, a very great geographical development.
II. —UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEMI.
5.- Clitonz Grozp.
At the eastern extremity of Drummond's Island, the lower 32
feet of Dickinson's quarry constitute the upper portion of the
Clinton Group of New York. It is an argillo-calcareous limestone, fine grained and very evenly bedded, in layers from two
to three feet thick, having a very gradual dip toward the south.
In color it is nearly white, some layers having an ashen hue.
The rock presents to the eye every appearance of a most beautiful and desirable building stone, remarkably easy of access
and eligibly situated for quarrying. In November, 1859, the
company organized for working -the quarry got out a large
quantity of fine blocks for building purposes.  Severely cold
weather arrested their operations, and on the return of Spring,
the fine blocks quarried out were found considerably shattered,
apparently by the action of the frost. This effect was undoubtedly due to the sudden freezing of the stone while yet containing a large amount of quarry water. Whether a rock containing
so large a per centage of argillaceous matter would not, under
any circumstances, prove too absorbent' and retentive of moisture, to stand in exposed situations in our severe climate,
remains yet to be ascertained; but I have some hope, that if
quarried in early summer, and left to dry before the approach
of frost, it might be found durable.
As a lithographic stone, whatever its qualities for building
purposes, I believe some of the layers will answer well, when
polished; the surface, to the naked eye, is quite free from imperfections, and under a glass some portions are so homogeneous




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       55
as to seem made from an earthy impalpable powder. I have
not had tlie opportunity, however, to submit any samples to the
inspection of a competent lithograpl-her, which alone would
decide hie value of the rock faor this p'urpcse.
Rocks lower in the group are seen outcropping successively
along the shore of the island, from D)ickinlon's quarry to Pirate
Harbor, which, as before stated, is not more than three miles,
nearly along tlhp strike of the forration, from the first appearance of rocks of the Hudson River Group.  The formation reappears on the northwestern side of the island at Brown's and
Seaman's quarries (190 and  M96). An experimental quarry
of the ship canal company was opened in this vicinity in the
upper part of the group (792), but was subtseqUiently abandoned. The same rocks are seen at numerous points as far
south as the neighborhood of the old British Fort, the northern
extremity of the point of land at the west end of the island
being of; the Clinton Group.
The rocks of this group contain few  fossils, but among our
collections I recognize the Avicula, _3l1urchisonia and Cytherina
(Leperdilia?), referred to by Prof. Hall. The latter, particularly, is characteristic at all the localities, and throughout the
whllole vertical range of the formation.  At Dickinson's quarry,
some arenaceous layers are seen above the. Clinton rocks from
four to six inches thick, somewhat blotched with red, and
strong'ly ripple-marked.  The resemblance to the Medina sand —
stone is so strong' that one expects next moment to find Linguda
cunecta  in it, but careful. search has revealed no organiG
remains.
This group cuts across the southern part of St. Joseph's
Island, and passes on in'the direction of the southern shore of
Munnusco; Bay.
6. —Niagara Group.
The principal part of the promontory known as Marblehead
at the eastern extremity of Drummond's Island, is composed of
the Niagara limestone, so called by the New  York geologists,




56                  REPORT OF THIS
from its occurrence on the Niagara river. It reaches here an
elevation of nearly 100 feet above the lake, and dipping
southward sinks beneath the water on the south shore of
the island. This assemblage of strata embraces a band five
feet thick of highly arenaceous limestone, at bottom, overlain by
seven feet of a hard, gray crystalline limestone, which furnishes
an excellent quality of quicklime.  This is overlain by fortyfive feet of a rough, crystalline, geodiferous limestone, followed
upward by eight feet of broken thin-bedded limestone, and six
feet of rough vesicular limestone.  The white, massive, marble.
like, magnesian limestone, twenty feet thick, occupying the
south shore of the island, is still higher; and the series is completed by about six feet of thin bedded brown limestone,
abounding in.lFavosites niagarensis, Halysites escharoides, Heliolites spinipora, &c. The thicker masses are eminently characterized by Peatanslri, while not one has been found in the Clinton Group. The total observed and measured thickness of
these rocks does not exceed one hundred feet, and it is doubtful
whether the dip of the strata across Drummond's Island would
give them a calculated thickness much greater. The rocks
which emerge from the water on the south side, preserve a
gentle and pretty uniform rise to the top of the escarpment at
Marblehead, and west of there.  Only the uppermost, thinbedded layers seen on the south shore, are wanting at Marblehead.
The economical qualities of this limestone, so far as I am
aware, have not been reliably tested. The large per centago
of carbonate of magnesia contained in tlte heavier beds, renders
them a pretty well characterized dolomite. According to the
researches of Vicat, this proportion of carbonate of magnesia,
mixed with about 40 parts of carbonate of lime, possesses
hydraulic properties; and only a few hundredths of clay are
required to be added, to produce the strongest hydraulic cement.
It is not at all unlikely that somewhere upon the shores of
Drummond's Island a good hydraulic limestone may be fountl
compounded by the hand of natul e.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     57
At several points on the south shore of the island, the thick
strata above the Pentamnerus beds, appear well calculated for
architectural uses.  The rock is highly crystalline, hard and
white, with occasional stripes and blotches of a rose color, and
can be conveniently procured in blocks of any required size.
It is not at all unlikely that quarries may be opened which will
furnish a stone sufficiently homogeneous to be used for ornamental purposes. For rough, substantial masonry, there is no
rock in our State which is more worthy of attention; and' when
once developed, thlere will be no building stone of equal excellence half as accessible to our people.
This group of M'ocks occupies the southern portion of. the
Manitoulin chain of islands to the east and sout}h east of' Drummond's, underlying the peninsula betweven Georgian Bay and
Lake Huron, and stretching thence to Hamilton, in Canada
West, crossing the Niagara river between Grand Isltand and
Lake Ontario, and forming at LockporL, in New York, the quarry
stone which has been sent a thousan-d miles to build the steps
at the St. Mary's Ship Canal.
Toward the west the Niagara Group occupies the whole
shore as far as Point Detour of Lake Michigan, except the
promontory, west of Mackinac.  Continuing south-west, it
forms the Potawotonmie Islands, and the peninsula between
Green Bay and Lake Michigan, the coast of which it does not
leave until it reaches the neighborhood of Evanston, near Chicago.. —Onondaga Salt Groulp.
On the east side of Little St. Martin's Island, north of Mackinac, is seen at the surface of the water a mass of gypseous
mottled clay, constituting the lowest beds of the Onondaga Salt
Group of New York. On the main land west of Mackinac the
clays again appear, and in the vicinity of Little Pt. aux Chene
they are seen inclosing numerous masses of aggregated crystals of brown and gray gypsum. From the latter locality several ship loads were at one time sent off, but the business was
8




58                  REPORT OF THE
interrupted by the death of one of the proprietors, and has not
since been resumed.
At a higher level, we find at the base of Mackinac, Round
and Bois Blanc Islands, as -el as at Sittingl  Rabbit on the
main land west, a fine, ash colored argillaceous limestone, containing abundant acicular crystals, and becoming in the lower
part banded with darker streaks of aluminous matter, and
resembling the water limestone of this group in New York.
Above this, at the west end of Bois Blanc Island, are found
three feet of calcareous clay or marl; while still higher and
immediately underlying the rocks of the next group, occurs at
all the above localities, a fine-grained, brown limestone. No
fossils have been discovered in this group, in the northern part
of the State.
From the region just referred to, this belt of rocks passes
under the bed of Lake Huron, reappearing on the Canada shore
between the river Au Sauble and Douglass Point. It thence
extends to Galt, in Canada West, and crosses the Niagara
river south of Grand Island.  On the west, it passes in a similar manner under the bed of' Lake'Michigan, and barely makes
an outcrop in the vicinity of Milwaukee, whence it has not
been certainly distinguished from the associated limestones of
the Clinton, Niagara and I-Ielderberg groups, the entire assemblage bcing commonly known as the "Cliff Limestone."
iNSo other outcrop of rocks of this group has heretofore been
known in our State.  I have now, however, to announce the
existence of the Onondaga Salt Group in Monroe county, in the
south-eastern corner of Michigan. My attention was first attracted by the peculiar character of the limestones'at Montgomery's quarry, in the south part of the -township of Ida. At:
this place I found the characteristic acicular crystals in great
abundance, in a light, thin-beclded, fine-grained, argillaceous
limestone; and discovered also, some beds of the brownish
banded argillaceous rock forming the water-limestone of the
group. At this place occur the only fossils yet detected in the




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    59
group in this State. They consist of a tu'rrited gasteropod
(Laxo;iema Boydii?) and an obscure Cyatlhophylloid coral.
The group w'as again recognized at the head of Ottawa Lake,
in the south western part of the county, and again at numerous points in the bed of Otter Creek, in the eastern part of the
county. The deepest of the Plumb Creek quarries, two miles
south of Monroe, have penetrated the same formation and revealed marked and satisfactory characters.
Since making the above observations, I have been informed
of the discovery of gypsum. at Sylvania, in Ohio, just beyond
the, State line, and am led to regard this as confirmatory evidence of the distinct existence of this group in the southeastern
part of our State. It might not be too much to allege that the
gypsum exported from Sandusky, probably holds a position in
the same geological horizon.
The economical importance of the Onondaga Salt Group of
rocks is very great. It is the source of all the salt and gypsum of the State of Now York, and supplies at Galt, in Canada
West., a beatiful stone for building purposes. In our own State
it has been already shown to contain gypsum in workable
quantities on the shores of the Upper Peninsula, near Little
Pt. au Chene. The occurrence of gypsum  at Sandusky and
Sylvania, in Ohio, justifies the search for it in Monroe county.
The localities most favorable for exploration are those already
mentioned, viz.: the deepest excavations at lMontgomery's
quarry, the Plumb Creek quarries, those at the head of Ottawa
Lake, and the gorges of Otter Creek.
Some indications likewise exist, of the salifdrous character
of this formation, in Michigan. Occasional salt springs occur
in Monroe county, far beyond the outcrop of the saliferous sandstones of the center of the State. The most noteworthy of
these is 4- miles south of the Raisinville quarries, in the
township of Ida. An Artesian well sunk at Detroit in 1829-30,
after passing through 130 feet of unsolidified materials, and
120 feet of compact limestone, passed 2 feet of gypsum containing salt. On the opposite side of the State, according to




,60                 REPORT OF THE
information furnished by Dr. Miles, is a strong and copious salt,spring, located upon Harbor Island in the west arm of Grand
Traverse Bay. This is now overflowed by the waters of the lake,
but tradition says that the Indians formerly manufactured salt
at this place, when the water was several feet lower. It ap.
pers quite possible, therefore, that borings which should penetrate this group of rocks might be rewarded by a profitable
supply of brine.
One other suggestion may be made in connection with the
economy of this group. The brown and banded argillaceous
limestone, which, in Monroe county, generally occurs in the
deeper parts of the quarries, may, on trial, be found to produce
a valuable water lime. The trial, if never made, should, by all
means, be undertaken. Even should this experiment fail, the
hydraulic character imparted to the quicklime manufactured
from this rock, or from rock with which this is mixed, must add
materially to the cementing properties of the lime, provided
it is used with reference to the peculiar nature of hydraulic
cements.
III.-DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
8.-Upper Helderberg Group.
In the lower part of the cliffs known as Chimney Rock and
Lover's Leap, on the west side of Mackinac Island, is seen a
cherty and agoatiferous conglomerate, irregularly disposed, but
pretty persistent. On the main land west, close to the water's
edge, and beneath the brecciated mass, presently referred to, is
found a better characterized conglomerate, a few feet in thickness. These beds, occupying the place of the Oriskany Sandstone of New York, and corresponding to it in lithological
characters, as seen at some of its exposures, may not improbably be regarded as representing that formation. The uncertainty of the identification, however, prevents me from giving it
a distinct place in the enumeration of our strata.
Above this curious conglomerate, rises one of the most
xemarkable masses of rock to be seen in this or any State.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      61
The well characterized limestones of the Upper Helderberg
Group, to tihe thickness of 250 feet, exist in a confusedly brecciated condition.  The individual fragments of the mass are
angular and seem  to have been but little moved from their
original places. It appears as if the whole fornmation had been
shattered by sudden vibrations and unequal uplifts, and after —
wards a thin calcareous mud poured over the broken mass, per —
colating through all the interstices, and re-cementing the fragments.
This is the general physical character of the mass; but in
many places the original lines of stratification can be traced,.
and individual layers of the formation can be seen dipping at
various angles and in all directions, sometimes exhibiting
abrupt flexures, and not unfrequently a complete downthrow of
15 or 20 feet. These phenomena were particularly noticed at
the cliff known as Robinson's Folly.
In the highest part of the island, back of Old Fort Holmes,
the formation is much less brecciated, and exhibits an oolitico
character, as first observed in the township of Bedford, in
Monroe county. The principal part of Round and Bois Blanc
Islands is composed of the brecciated mass. It forms the
promontory west of Mackinac, which, on the north side, sinks
abruptly to the low  outcrop of the Onondaga Salt Group,
stretching across from. the Ilare's Back to Little Pt. au Chene.
It is seen again in the vicinity of Old Mlackinac, but it evidently
diminishes in thickness toward the south.
The elevated limestone region constituting the northern portion of the peninsula, consists of the higher members of the
Upper Helderberg Group, w-hich gradually subsides toward the
south, and in the southern part of' Cheboygan county, as nearly
as can be judged, sinks beneath the shaly limestones of the
Hramilton Group. The strike of the formation determines the
trend of the coast of Lake Huron, although the limestone bar.
riers to the lake are generally, at the present day, situated
some distance back from the immediate shore. A few miles
north-west of AdaLm's Point, at Crawford's marble quarry, the




.62                 REPORT OF THE
higher members of the series abut upon the shore in a cliff
about seventy- five feet high. At the base we find four feet of
brown calcareous sandstone which is assumed to be next in
order above the oolitic beds of MAackinac Island. From this
point, the outcrop of the formation is traced in a ridge passing
between Grand and Long Lakes, in Presque Isle county, and
abutting upon the shoie again at a point nearly opposite Middle Island. This island is made up of fragmnents of the lime-,stone. Gradually subsiding toward the south, the formation at
Thunder Bay Island rises barely to the surface of the water.
On the east side of the island, in the vicinity of the light-house,
it is seen forming vertical cliffs beneath the surface of the
water. In calm weather, upon a sunny day, the view of these
subaqueous precipices is truly impressive. Dark gorges, gloomy
caverns and perpendicular walls are seen dimly lit by the diminishing light, until darkness cuts off the view, and the plummet
feels its way to the depth of ninety feet, amongst the shadows
of the ruins of an ancient ocean stream. Passing hence under
the bed of the lake, the formation emerges on the Canadian.shore, between Douglass Point and Benson's Creek. It passes
thence in a broad belt to ihe shore of Lake Erie, which it occupies between Buffalo and Long Point. Dipping toward the southwest beneath a trough of newer rocks, it appears again upon
the northern shore of the lake between Point aux Pins and the
Detroit river, and passing into south-eastern Michigan, it arches
over, forming the anticlinal axis whose denudation has uncovered the Onondaga Salt Group. From this axis it dips north,
south-east and south-west, passing beneath three distinct coal,basins.
At the exposures of this group of rocks in the southern part,of the State, we find its thickness very considerably diminished.
The conglomerate, supposed to represent the Oriskany sandstone, has not been recognized. The thick brecciated mass is
not distinctly identifiable, though at Pt. aux Peaux and Stony
Pt., the formation is much broken up. Still the palkeontological
characters of the rock seem rather to ally it with that part of




STATE GEO LOGIST.                       63
the formation seen at Thunder Bay Island.  The oolitic portion
seen at the summit of Mackinac Island is recognized at several
points in ~Monroe county, while the arenaceous strata of Crawford's quarry are repeated in a beautiful white sand, derived
from the disintegration of the rock in  laisinville, 8 miles from
Monroe.  The whole thickness of the formation ili Monroe
county cannot be over 50 or 60 feet from the oolitic beds to the
Onondaga Salt Group, while at Mackinac the same strata
attain a thickness of 275 feet.
To thie west oif Lacklnae,.the Helderberg limestones are
found underlyineg the numerous islands near the foot of Lake
Michigan, and formling   the highlands seen a few  miles back
from the coast of the Penlinsula, as far as Little Traverse Bay.
At the head of this bay, they are seen forming cliffs along the
shore. The highest beds are thick, light, argillo-calcareous, regularly stratified, abounding in Brachiopods, geodes and long
cylindrical cavities. At some points these beds are made up
of a large dome shaped coral, similar to those seen at Thunder
Bay Island.  A calcareo-argillaceous, shaly layer, of a dark
gray color, one or two feet thick, separates these upper beds
from a pale buff, argillo-calcareous, thick bedded, fissile mass,
4 feet thick, which is underlain by 3- feet of a light dingy gray
argillo-calcareous, porous,  geodiferous mass, breaking with a
very uneven fracture.  Still lower we find 6 feet of light argillaceous, fine grained limestone, resembling that of the Clinton
Group.  WVe next come to a light buff limestone, much shattered, destitute of fossils, 6 feet thick, apparently representing
the brecciated mass about Mackinac. Finally, at the lowest
pioirnts, is seen a light bufflimestome, banded with argillaceous
-matter, and resembling the highest beds of the Onondaga Salt
Group.
The Helderberg limestones of Michigan are well stocked
with fossil remains, which are found not only in place, but scattered with the drift to all parts of the State   Probably threefifths of all the fossils picked up from the surface of the Lower
Peninsula-except in the immediate vicinity of the outcrop of




64                    REPORT OF THE
other fossiliferous strata —belong to this group; while more
than another fifth belong to the Hamilton Group. But little has
yet been done toward the identification of the numerous species,
inl consequence of the long- expected, but long delayed, appearante of Prof. Hall's third volume on the Palemontology of New
York. The highest members of the formation in Monroe county,
contain numerous ichlthyodorulites and other traces of fishes,
the most perfect of which have been furnished by Judge Christiancy, fiom his quarry near Dundee.  A finely preserved spine
from  this locality, exhioits the generic characters of Newberry's ]Iachceracanthus* except that it is solid throughout.  I
have also a traditional account of a pair of powerfully armed
fish jaws.  The same quarry contains an abundance of beautifully preserved Tentaculites, showing the telescopic structure of
the shell; a large encrinital stem, and a Govp1hoceras (n. sp.),
which is tf'und again in the highest beds of the formation at
Crawford's quarry, beyond Presque Isle.  A little lower down,
in the borders of the oolitic beds, we find a Rhynchonella (nO
sp.).  At Stony Pt. and Pt. aux Peaux, the 6formation is much
shattered, and elnbraces large concretionary masses several
feet in diameter, -hich easily separate in concentric layers.
A  similar structure was afterwards  seen  at Thunder Bay
Island, forming domes twelve and a-half feet in diameter,
rising  up  through  the rocky  floor of the island.  Here,
however, a  distinct  coralline  structure  was  discovered,
which has led to the conviction that the structure at Stony
Point, is also organic.  Numerous trilobites occur in the rocks
at Monguagon, in Wayne county, among which Phacops bztfo
is conspicuous.  Iwo or three species of Euonmphalus were seen
at Middle Island, and a very large Euomlplaloid shell six or eight
inches across, has been oLtained from  the west end of Lake
Erie.  From Mackinac, besides Phacopls bufo, Proetlts (sp?) and
the other foirms noticed by Prof. ltall,-  I have detected only a
Cyathoplhyiloicl coral.  Fromn Liit:tle Traverse Baty, I have Spiri" " Fossil Fishis from the Devonian Rocks of CLio," in BuZletin, of the Nratiocal Institute,
Jan. 26, 1857.
tlwstcr & Wlhi.ney's Report, Vol. IT, p. 166,




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      65
fer gregaria, Merista, CGyrtia, (n. sp.) Acervularia Davidsoni
(from the limestones separating the Helderberg and Hamilton
Groups,) and numerous other fossils. From other parts of the
State, this group has furnished a Bellerophon, (n. sp.) Spirifer
acuminatus, (cultrijugatus,) Syringopora, Chonetes, Productus,
Atrypa reticularis, Strophomena ruqosa, Spiri/fer duodenaria,
Strophormena hemnispherica, Atrypa (n. sp.), Spirifer (peculiar for
plication in mesial sinus) Strophodonta (n. sp.,) Meristella, ( N.
Y. Regents Rep. 1859,) and many other forms.
The formation is extensively intersected by divisional planes;
and even in those portions not belonging to the brecciated mass
at Mackinac, is apt to be considerably broken up. The open
character of the rock permits the escape of numerous copious
springs of fresh water, and occasionally gives rise to the sudden disappearance of streams and lakes. Various accounts are
current, in Monroe county, of subterranean communications
from lake to lake, and even between Lake Erie and the western
part of the county. I heard it repeatedly stated, that at certain seasons of the year, Ottawa Lake passes off by some
subterranean outlet, causing the death of all the fish which
remain, but that, on the refilling of the lake, the water is always
accompanied by a fresh stock of fish. In Mr. James Cumlmins'
quarry, about five miles, in a right line, north-east of Ottawa
Lake, the rock is described as cavernous and full of sink holes;
and what is remarkable, is the fact that this quarry is always
filled with water when the lake is high, and empty when it is
low; and whenever the quarry is full, it contains bass and dogfish of the common species of that region.
The curious, suture-like structure so often referred to by
other geologists, is frequently met with in Michigan —two consecutive layers of rock being studded, on their contact surfaces
with tooth-like or prism-like processes which fit into corresponding pits on the opposite surface. A thin film of black bituminous
matter generally prevents a perfect contact of the contiguous
surfaces. Sometimes these processes are so little developed,
9\




66                   LREPORT OF THE
th;at te line of cont'act is merely zig-zag, or truly suture-like,
while in eotlher ca ses they bcecome  elongated prisms.  The saume
structure vwas Iong, ag'o noted in the same formation, in Ohio,
by Dr. Lcl ne.*  In New York it is found in the Niagara Limestone, the Waterlime Geroup, and soine of the hig-her rocks.t
These ilrmn  were terlmed by Prof. Eaton, Lignilites, friom their
resembblanlce to woody fibre. In consequence of MIr. Vanuxem's
sug-gestionj that this structure might be owing to sulphate of
magnesia,  Dr. Beeck subjected to analysis a specimen from  the
Niagara Limestone,  and detected about 21 per cent. of carbonate of magnesia.~
The limestones of this group are generally somewhat bitu.
iminous,.giving a brownish color and a fetid odor to the rock.
The bitlumen at Christiancy's quarry in Monroe county, is so
abundant as to exude in the form of an oil, and float upon the
surface of the water.  The bitum-ninous exudation is very marked
in the Heclderberg limestones of Northern Illinois.  Black, bituminous, shaly partings frequently occur between the strata in
the upper part of the group.
Considerable hornstone appears in the formation at Raisinville, in Monroe county, and also at Little Traverse Bay.  Curious cherty concretions are very common.  These sometimes
take the form of a perfect sphere, or ellipsoid of revolution, or
a gourd, and generally reveal at the centre, traces of some organic substance.  These characters are supposed to appertain
to the "corniferousv  or upper portion of the giroup.  At Brest,
Stony Point, Pt. aux Peaux, and some other localities, the. broken strata abound in Strontianite, Dog Tooth Spar and ]homb
Spar.  At Brest, Aimethyst is found in limited quantity. Some
of the cherty nodules or pebbles at Mackinac, pass to the character of chalcedony and well rrmarked agate.
The economical importance of this group of rocks is very
great.  They are everywhere useful for quicklime, and when
*Report of Geological Survey, Ohio, 1S38, p. 230.
tHall, Geological Report, IV District; N. Y.,  p. 95.
tReport, II District, for 1838, p. 271.
oBeck, Mineralogy of N. Y., p. 69.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                          67
not too remote from settlements, are everywhere burned for this
purpose.  Mionroe county has long' been celebrated  for the
abundance and good quality of its lime.  At Christiancy's
quarry, about 10,000 bushels are  ann.ually produced.  The
Plumb Creek qluari'ies, below Monlroe, furnish a much larger
quantity.  At Raisinville, where the outcrop of the limestone
covers aboiut 200 acres, are 13 kilns, with a capacity of 8,540
bushels.  Supposinlg that these kilns burn, on an averatge, once
in three weeks, the total amount of lime produced is 145,180
bushlels per year. -Lime is manuflactured at numerous other
points in the county.  According to statistics on hand, the average cost of the lime at the kilns is about 5 cents per bushel.
It is sold for 12i- cents at the kilns.  Supposing tlhe Plumb
Creek quarries to produce 1.00,000 bushels annually, and all
other kilns in the county 50,000 bushels, we have an aggregate
of 295,000 bushels, which at 12, cents a bushel amounts to the
considerable sum  of $36,875.  This lime is generally  purchased by the farmers, who carry it in wvagons to the surrounding country, for a distance of 30 miles.  It is generally sold by
them for 25 cents a bushel, making a profit to them of $36,815
which is'likewise retained in the county.  The aggregate annual addition to the wealth of the county, therefore, ftomlz  the
manufacture of lime alone, is $73,~50.*
For architectural purposes, some portions of the Helderberg
limestones seem to be extremely well adapted.  The sills, caps
and water table manlufactured at Christiancy's quarry, have a
reputation of many years standing.  They mnay be seen in the
court house in Monroe, in the new hotel, in all the nemw block of
stores en Washington street south of the city hall, in Wing
and Johnson's banking office, and three stores in Monroe street,
There is no stone which stands the weather better.  They seem
even to improve under the influence of exposure.  The distance
of the quarry from the railroad has, however, prevented these
stones from  comingo into general use.  Durling 1859, twelve
*The scope of this report does not permit further details, though the materials are on
hand. They will be introduced into the final report, together with practical suggestions in
reference to selecting and burning the stone, and improving the quality of the lime.




68                  REPORT OF TUE
hundred feet of caps, window sills and water table were worked out, and about two hundred feet of door sills. About one
hundred and twenty cords of rough stone are annually sold for
building purposes.
At Crawford's quarry, on the shore of Lake Huron, about
eighteen miles beyond Presque Isle, this liimestone presents
characters which create the hope of very interesting developments. The rock here is compact, fine-grained and handsomely
clouded by the unequal distribution of the bituminous matter,
so that polished surfaces of the general mass present quite an
elegant appearance. The large dome-shaped coral, however,
spoken of as occurring at Thunder Bay Island and Little Traverse Bay, produces in the stone at this quarry a very beautiful
effect. The undulating concentric laminae, when cut by right
planes, and the surfaces polished, exhibit a beautiful agate-like
structure, the effect of which is greatly heightened by the coralline disposition of the calcareous matter, and the varied distribution of the bituminous color. Should it be proved that this
sort of rock can be procured in samples sufficiently large, the
Lake Huron marble will take its place by the side of the most
highly esteemed varieties.
The agricultural capabilities of the district underlain by this
group of rocks is very great. The whole of the elevated limestone region north of the line joining Thunder and Little
Traverse Bays, is capable of supporting a dense population.
The contrast noticed in passing from the arenaceous soils of the
Marshall and Napoleon Groups, to the calcareous soils of the
Helderberg Group, is very striking. The islands of Bois Blanc
and Mackinac, but especially the former, are covered with a
growth of timber, which, except the addition of a few scattered Conifercs, is a perfect reproduction of the forests of
Monroe county, and Northern Ohio. The same might have
been said of the plateau upon the Niagara limestone, extending
west from Centralia, on Drummond's Island. I saw here the
beech, black. birch, sugar maple, and other trees growing to
an enormous size. One birch measured 10 feet in circumfer



STATE GEOLOGIST.                      69
ence. Mr. Francis showed me here excellent crops of Indian
corn, potatoes and oats.
9.-Hanmilton Group.
On the east side of Thunder Bay Island, the rocks of the
Helderberg Group are seen overlain by a black bituminous
limestone, abounding in Atrypa reticularis, and numerous other
Brachiopods allied to the types of this group. The locality
furnishes, also, two or three species of trilobites, a Favosites,
a large coral allied to Acervularia and some fish remains.  The
rock breaks in every direction, and abounds in partings of dark
shaly matter.
The same beds are again seen at Carter's quarry, two or
three miles above the mouth of Thunder Bay river, and here it
contains the same fossils. It is seen again on the south shore of
Little Traverse Bay, replete with Brachiopods and Bryozoa, and
is here eighteen feet thick.  It is overlain by two feet of dark
chocolate colored, compact, argillaceous limestone, much shattered, and abounding in Cyathophylloids and other corals,
which, in turn, is surmouinted by 14 feet of a limestone varying
from calcareous and crystalline to argillaceous, in beds from 2 to
24 inches thick. The whole series is completed by 6 inches of
black shale.
The exact order of' superposition of all the rocks constituting
the Hamilton Group, has nowhere been observed. The bluff at
Partridge Point, in Thunder Bay, is believed to come in next
above the bituminous limestone of the localities just cited. The
rock here is at bottom, a bluish, highly argillaceous limestone,
with shaly interlaminations, the whole wondertully stocked
with the remains of Bryozoa and not a, few encrinital stems.
No calices of Encrinites, however, could be found, except two
Pentremzites picked up along the beach, and one Cyathocrinoid
found in place. Above these beds, which are but five feet thick,
occurs a mass of blue shale, six feet thick-, calcareous in
places, and irregularly interstratified with blue, arg'illaceous
limestone. It contains Bryozoa, Cyathophyllidae and Trilobites.




70                    REPORT OF THE
Still higher, is a massive limestone, below, filled with Bryozoa,
Encrinites and 31rachiopods, above, little fossiliferous, the whole,
with interlaminations of clay.
At the upper rapids of Thunder Bay river, still a different but
entirely detached section was observed, and it is, as yet, impossible to collocate it with the others.  The same must be said of
the isolated exposure at the lower rapids.  At the upper rapids
(N. E. I of S. W~., sec. 7, T. 31 N., 8 E.,) on the south side of
the river, limestone is seen in a bluff 15 feet high, dipping E.
S. E., about 50. The whole section exposed is 25 feet, made
up as follows, from above:*
8. Limestone, bluish, fiaggy.......................... 8 ft.
7. Limestone, dark gray, highly crystalline, thick bedded,
with Favosites,..................................9 ft.
6. Limestone, dark bluish, very fine grained, hard, compact and heavy, with a few reddish streaks and spots,
and some encrinital stems and shells, and a few crystals of spar interspersed, with occasional seams of
the same in the form of dog tooth spar.  WVould make
an excellent building stone, and probably would receive a fine polish,..............................6 ft.
5. Limestone, gray, crystalline, thick bedded, seen in bottom of river.  This rock resembles frag'ments seen at
the highest level about the lower rapids,........... 2 ft.
4. An interval of no exposure.  Half-a-mile higher up the
stream, the section is contiined, as follows:
3. Limestone, dark, bluish gray, fine grained, compact, in
layers 2-4 inches thick. Resembles the rock at the
lower rapids.
2. Clay, indurated, regularly stratified, rather dark,..... 3  ft.
1. Calcareous shale, with fossils, forminlg  the bed of the
river.
The dip at this place is abnormal and evidently local.  The
true geological position of the rocks must be determined by
future investigation.
The rocks of the Hamilton Group are traced from  the south
shore of Little Traverse Bay to near the outlet of Grand Traverse Bay. At some of the exposures Spirifcr mucronatus is
recognized in great abundance, though by far the most abunldant Bra'hiopod is Atrypa reticularis.
*In all the sections given in this.Report, the numlering proceeds from below.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        -1
The l-l~amilton Group seems to play a very important part in
the geology of til:e northern portion of the peninsula, but in the
southern part of the State it has not yet been satisfactorily
identified   From Thunder Bay it passes under the bed of Lake
Huron, and reappears upon tile Canada shore, between Benson's Creek and Cape Ipperwash or Kettle Point.  From here,
as nearly as can be ascertained from the ieports of the Canadian survey, it passes southward in a belt about ten miles
wide to the south-eastern part of the county of Lam:bton, where
it is met by another outcropping belt, extending east from the
shores of Lake St. Clair.  The united belts fill a trough in the
Helderberg limestone, which extends east to the shore of Lake
Erie between Point aux Pirs and Long Point, whence it crosses
the lake, and reappears in Ohio.
The branch which comes in from  the direction of Lake St.
Clair, ought to be recognized in the southern part of our peninsula, but though we have here a great thickaless of argillaceous
strata, they are supposed to belong rlather to the group above
than to this one.  It seems, at any iate, pretty obvious that the
eminently fossiliferous limestones of Thunder and Little Traverse Bays, do not reach ie latitude of Detroit, a fact whllich
accords with the,,roe l: attenuation of the Felderberg lime.
stones, in thie sarr!' c1irection.
In an econ),.iical point of view, the rocks of this group have
not been  siown tLo possess great interest.  It would certainly
be well, h-)owever, to test the hydraulic properties of some of
th-e argillaceou.s limestones of Thunder Bay.
10.-EHuron Group.
At Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, not more than a mile
east.south-east fromn Partridge Pt., is found a black bituminous
slate, which is believed to overlie the fossiliferous cliffs at the
latter place.  No undisturbed strata  are seen on the Island,
which consists of a mass of fragments rising' a few feet above
the water.  These slates or shales burn with considerable freedom, and it is stated that a combustion started from  camp fires
has, in several instances, continued spontaneously for many




72                  REPORT OF THE
months, in one case 16 montlhs.  The cinders resulting from these
fires are still-very conspicuous. These shales furnish no fossils,
except a few vegetable impressions resembling a Calamzites, and
some very indistinct impressions of shells. Pyritous nodules and
septaria are quite common. Capt. Malden, of Thunder Bay
Island, gave -ne a specimen of' the latter, in the shape of a very
oblate ellipsoid, 14 inches in its greater diameter and 3 in the
lesser.
At Squaw Pt., on the mnain land south of the island, near the
residence of the old Indian Chief, Zwanno Q-uaddo, the black
slates are found in place, in a cliff 10 feet high. The exposed
surfaces are very much discolored by oxide of iron.
On -the opposite side of the State the black shales are seen at
-the south-east extremity of Mucqua Lake, in Emmet county; on
the north side of Pine Lake, (sec. 3, T. 33 N., 7 WY.); near the,outlet of Grand Traverse Bay, (sec. 3, T. 32 N., 9 W.), and a
few miles south of there, and again near the head of Carp
Lake, in Leelanaw county. The greatest observed thickness in
this part of the State is 20 feet.
On the east shore of Grand Traverse Bay, nearly opposite
the north end of Torch Light Lake, is a bed of green shale occiupying a position above the black shale. It is rather a soft,
semi-indurated clay, traversed by bands of lighter color, apparently calcareous.
No rocks have anywhere been seen reposing upon the black,or green shales.
From Sulphur Island, in Thunder Bay, the black shales pass
-under the bed of Lake Huron toward the south-east, and
emerge at Cape Ipperwash, on the Canadian shore.  From here
they are traced to the township of Mosa, in Middlesex county,
and, firom their occurrence at Enniskillen and other localities in
the vicinity, they may be regarded as occupying the triangle
embraced between the two belts of Hamilton rocks, before
referred to, and the National boundary line. This triangle
would be the thinning out corner of the great basin which
forms the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       T3
TheSe shales, at Enniskillen, Bear Creek and neighboring
localities in Canada, become the source of large quantities of
petroleum; and there is little doubt that the mineral oil of Ohio
is derived from the same formation.*  These shales, and the
great mass of less bituminous shales lying above them, contain
a vast amount of vegetable or animal matter, the source of the
rock oils. This oil is eliminated by a slow spontaneous distillation, and rises up and saturates the overlying porous sandstone rocks, in which, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, it is found by
boring.
Does the rock oil exist in Michigan?  The oil bearing rocks
-of Enniskillen, are but an elbow of a formation which belongs
properly to the Michigan side of the boundary line. The oil
producing shales unquestionably dip under our  State, and are
not far from the surface throughout St. Clair, Oakland, Macomb,
Sanilac and Huron counties   But are they overlain by a
porous sandstone capable of becoming the repository of the
products of the spontaneous distillation of the oil, or are they
overlain by argillaceous strata which would prove completely
impervious to the ascent of volatile matters?  In the present
state of our knowledge this question cannot be satisfactorily
answered, but the indications are not altogether favorable.
Nevertheless it is well known that at several points in St. Clair
county evidences of bituminous exudations exist, and streams
of inflammable gas have escaped firom the earth; moreover, an
overlying sandstone does not seem to be everywhere an essential condition to the accumulation of oil. In the present state
of the case there seems to be sufficient encouragement to emnbark in explorations on a cautious scale.'1he strike of the black bituminous shales beneath the bed of
the lake, froml Thunder Bay to Kettle Point, must pass several
miles to the east of Point aux Barques. It follows, therefore,
that the shales and flagstones occurring along the shores of
Huron county and dipping toward the south-west, must be many
See an interesting paper on the " Rock Oils of Ohio," by Dr. J. S. Newberry, extracted
from the Ohio Agricultural Report for 1859.
10




'14                 REPORT OF THE
feet higher than the shales of Thunder Bay and Kettle Point,
The Huron county shales and flagstones, however, are the- next
rocks observed in ascending order. Not less than 180 feet of
them, are seen in Huron county, and the total thickness must
be much greater.  They were penetrated 59 feet in Butterworth's salt well at Grand Rapids, 130 feet in the State salt
well, and 214 feet in Lyon's well.
The greater part of this member of the group consists of
shales, which are laminated, fissile, dark blue or blackish, bituminous and pyritiferous.  Their exposed surfaces generally
become  covered  with  rust, and when protected  from  the
weather, with an astringent eflorescence resembling sulphate of
iron. Throughout the whole thickness, we find occasional bands
of hard limestone and bluish, fine-grained, somewhat argillaceous sandstone, which at many points has been manufactured
into whet-stones, and might be used for flagging. The more
shaly portion is surmounted by a more important mass of the
sandstone fifteen feet in thickness, from which the celebrated
Huron grindstones are manufactired. The rock here is bluishgray, fine-grained, perfectly homogeneous, with sharp grit and
a limited amount of argillaceous matter. Between the layers
are found some serpentine grooves and casts like worm tracks.
One of these was traceable twenty-eight inches and was threeeighths of an inch in width. In one fragment the pectoral fin
of a fish is preserved. Numerous obscure traces of terrestrial
vegetation are found between the strata, and in one place the
workmen opened a cavity fiom which they took out a bushel of
good bituminous coal-a discovery which was imlnedately followed by a fever!
The junction between the gritstones and underlying shales,
is finely seen at the old quarry, about one mile east of the
principal one, the upper fourteen feet being sandstone, and the
the lower six, shale.'It is again seen at the mouth of Willow
Creek, where, near the saw mill, the shale rises six feet, and is
overlain by the gritstone. The latter is struck in all the wells
of the neighborhood, and forms a high ridge to the east of the




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        75
village.  Following up the creek for two and a half miles the
land is found to rise rapidly, and the banks of the creek are in
some places sixty to eighty feet high.  The elevation here rises
up into the group next above.
At the light house, one mile east of Willow Creek, the following section is seen:
9 Shale, with interlaminations of sandstone........... 12 ft.
8. Sandstone, bluish, fine,..........................2 ft.
/. Arenaceons shale,................................        ft.
6. Sandstone, bluish, hard, concretionary............... 2  ft.
5. Shale, very persistent,............................. 3 in.
4. Sandstone, calcareous, hard, highly fossiliferous; contains Retzia, Merista, Gomphoceras (?) Clymenia, Rhync7honella, a Spirifer resembling S. mucronatus and S.
mredialis, but distinct from  both, and a large Leptenoid shell, 2- inches across the hinge line,..........2 ft.
3. Shale,......................................... 2 ft.
2. Sandstone, hard, pyritiferous, very persistent,........ 1 in.
1. Shale.................................... 12 ft.
The hard, projecting, pyritous layer, (2) affords an excellent
opportunity for measuring the dip of the formation, which was
found to be one and a half degrees toward the south-west.
A short distance west of the light house occurs the most
extensive dislocation seen south of Mackinac.  In the neighborhood of the disturbance, on each side, the strata exhibit
short undulations, which finally become an actual break, and
downthrow of five or six feet.  Indications of a sliding movemernt are seen in the vicinity, and the whole effect is such as
might be produced by a lateral pressure from the west.
The gritstongs of Lake Huron are destined to play an important part in the economical geology of the Lower Peninsula.
The principal quarry owned by Johnson, Pier and Wallace
(sec. 30, T. 19 N., 14 E.) is now worked over an area of
little more than four by twelve rods.  Two hundred tons of
grindstones were taken out during  1859, and I was informed
I y the foreman that he expected to manufacture five hundred
tons during 1860.  Several stones have been finished, weighing
a ton each, and one which weighed three  tons.  These fats




16:REPORT OF THE
show the soundness and homogeneous character of the formal;ion.
For flagging, and for window caps, sills and water-tables,
this stone is equally adapted. When wrought, it has much the
appearance of the WVaverly sandstone. Its color is decidedly
preferable to that of the freestone, so extensively introduced
from Cleveland, Ohio. It contains less ferruginous matter, and
is less likely to stain.
The outcrop of the shales of this group is seen in the southern part of the State, near Adrian, in Lenawee county; near
Union City, and again near Coldwater, in Branch county; at
Athens, Leroy, and Newton, in Calhoun county; at Mendon and
Leonidas, in St. Joseph county; and at Bangor, in Van Buren
county. There is little doubt that the low argillaceous belt of
country between Adrian and the region west of Detroit, marks
the continuation of the outcrop of the same rocks. An Artesian well bored at Detroit 1829-30, showed the existence
of 118 feet of plastic clay overlain by 10 feet of soil and
sub-soil, and underlain by 2 feet of sand and gravel resting on solid limestone. It has already been stated that the
shales were penetrated in three of the salt-wells at Grand Rapids. At the well of Hon. Lucius Lyon, the boring extended
214 feet into these strata, without reaching the bottom. This
boring passed a 2 feet band of sandrock 18 feet from the top of
the shales, and a 1 foot band 50 feet from the top-the arenaceous element being thus shown to be much less abundant than
in Huron county. The shales were penetrated 130 feet in the
State salt well, 3 miles west of Grand Rapids, and 59 feet in
Butterworth's well.
In Branch county the shales, or more properly clays, are
freighted with a considerable abundance of kidney iron ore,
which was formerly used, to a limited extent, in the furnace at,Union City, but found too highly charged with sulphur to
answer well.
At two localities —Leroy, in Calhoun county, and Mendon, in
St. Joseph county-these argillaceous beds present the charac



STATE GEOLOGIST.                      77
ter of a black bituminous shale. In Mr. Canwright's well, near
Coldwater, the upper part is also bituminous, but soon passes
into a plastic dark blue clay, which he has worked very exten —
sively in the vicinity, in the manufacture of bricks. For this
use, the kidney iron clays are generally well adapted.
No fossils have been detected in this group in the southernl
part of the State; except a Tellina, a Solen undistinguishable
from one in the Marshall Group, a Chonetes and a Grammnysia.
The bitumicous character of most of the shales of this group,
and especially of that portion known as the "Black Bituminous
Shales," has given rise to numerous misapprehensions in regard
to their geological relations, and has been the occasion of the
practice of a great amount of geological quackery.  The popular opinion is, that coal must exist somewhere in the vicinity
of the black shales. The opportunity has been very many
times presented for discouraging explorations contemplated or
undertaken, under the influence of this illusion. Large tracts
of land have been secretly taken up, with the view of securing
eligibly situated coal mines. The reports so rife among the
Indians and their missionaries, of the occurrence of coal in
the neighborhood of Grand Traverse Bay, are undoubtedly
traceable to the same illusory shale. There is not the remotest
probability of the occurrence of coal within a hundred miles of'
Grand Traverse Bay. This statement is made in full recollec —
tion of the allegation of a learned judge, that he had seen
anthracite coal that was said to have been collected in that region.
One of the localities, of Indian notoriety, is at the southern,
extremity of Mucqua Lake, south of Little Traverse Bay. The
Indians report that they have often resorted there for fuel, and
that they have burned the coal in their camp fires-a statement
perfectly credible if we substitute shale for coal.
Similar misguided expenditures have been made in the same
rocks in Canada, New York, Ohio and other States.
The geological positon and equivalents of the Huron Group
of rocks, cannot yet be regarded as satisfactorily settled, and
for this reason they have received a provisional, local. name,.




-78                  REPORT OF THE
The black bituminous slate of Michigan has generally been
regarded as equivalent to the "black slate" of Ohio and Indiana, which is reputed to occupy the horizon of the Marcellus
shale or perhIVaps the Genesee slate of New York.  The Marcellus shale, however, lies below those New York rocks whose
equivalents are found at Partridge Point, while ou' black slate
lies above, more nearly in ihe position of the Genesee slate, or
some of the shales of the Hamilton Group. The lithographical
resemblances, as inferred from the New York Reports, seenm to
give color to this identification.
With reference to the setttlement of this and similar geolog.
ical questions, I paid a visit to several localities in the vicinity
of Cleveland, where observations have been made by Dr. Newberry, Prof. Hall and others. Dr. Newberry accomlanied me
to several points and rendered me every possible assistance.
About 3 miles east-south-east from Cleveland is an outcrop of
sandstone dipping south-east.  This is at top, coarse, -,listening
and somewhat mottled.  Below, it- becomes light colored, then
dirty reddish gray, and then highly ferruginous, with ironstone
partings.  On the whole it closely resembles the sandstone of
the upper part of the Marshall Group.  It is said by Dr. Newberry to be 150 to 200 feet below the conglomerate.  At Mecca,
in Trumbull county, it is completely saturated with'joil.
At a lower level I observed chocolate colored or reddish
shales with interlaminations of light blue, argillo-calcareous
slate. From the equivalent of these shales on the west side of
the Cuyahoga river, is manufactured the  mineral paint of
Ohio
Still lower, were noticed beds of concretionaty shale, cr flagstones, underlain by fissile shale. The under surfaces of the
former are marked by -the appearance of flowing mud, a phenomenon described as occurring in the Portage sandstones of
New York.
At a still lower level occurs a large stone quarry, showing a
section through a series of bluish, fine-grained sandstones with
shaly partings from half an inch to a foot thick.  These beds




STATE GEOLOGIST.                          r9
very closely resemble ithe ituron county gritstones, and are
regarded by.Dr. Newberry as the base of tlhe Pol'ta.e Group
in  1Ohio.
Furtaler down t:e ravine are seen twenty or thir1-y feet of
dark fi ssiie shlales, covered with iron rust and an astring'ent
efflorp'scen, c   nce. inll very respect reset  bling the shales -which
uancdlerlie Le grtil..-es of Llike Huron.  Unfortunately thlere is
no possibiity  of' snaicng'  an equivalency  on palvaontological
evidnce,.   Aside friom this I aml constrained to reg'ard the fl(gstones a.nd s:,.-   i ~_; (f C...  te h1 orizCn of the gritstones  anld shals of LUake I Huron. But ti  Cleveland slhales
are regar(ded  b  Dr Y'wM)elrry as "H lIuamilton shales," perhaps,
otwevei, usingl the terrm  Halmilton. in the extended sense, so as
to include al the Nerw York strata firom  the Ma.rcellus to the
Portage.  If' the overlying, shlales and flagstones of Lake Huron, and the underlying argillaceous limestones of Partridge
Pt. fall into the IHtamilton Group, the intermediate black bituiminous shales occupy the same position.. So I had been inclined to yregard them   So I subsequently learned the black
shales of Enniskillen -were at first regarded by Mr. Billings,
thoungn he afterwards placed thern in the Portage Group on the
judgment of Prof. Hall.  This palcuontologist, whose authority
is not to be questioned  where palnontological evidence is
within reacl,  thinks lie likewise recognizes in the vegetable
impressions of the black shales of Mtichigan, and in their general physical characters, satisfactory affinities with some of
the shales of the Portage Group.  In this state of the case we
shall be constrained  for the present to regard  the Huron
Group of Michigan, extending friom  the conglomerate above
the gritstones of Huron county, to the top of the argillaceous
limestones of Partridge Pt., as probably representing the rocks
of the Portage Group of New York.
From the description which has been given of the vHuron
Group in its northern and southern outcrops, it appears that
the group is composed of coarser materials toward the north,
and probably attains in that direction, much the thicklest devel



80                   REPORT OF THE
opment, while, in the State of New York, the source of the
materials seems to have been from the east.
11.-.Marshall Group.
In Huron county, we find the gritstones separated from
the higher safidstones by a conglomerate about two feet
in thickness, in which occur some of the fossils of the overlying group, especially a Rhynchonella of undescribed species, which, in some localities, forms entire masses of rock.
From the grindstone quarries to Point au Chapeau, the coast
is occupied by s.-ridstones which, at the various "Points"
rise in bluffs from  eight to twenty feet high, and farther
back from  the shore attain, in some instances, considerable
elevations.  The distinction between the Marshall and Napoleon Groups is not clearly traced along this coast.  At
Hard Wood Point, three-fourths of a mile west of Pt. au Pain
Sucre, (called also Flat Rock Point,) are seen, proceeding from
the west, the first undoubted fossils of the Marshall Group.
The rock here, which rises but a few feet above the surface, is
a fine grained, bluish sandstone, with minute glistening scales
of white mica. It embraces a NVucula characteristic of the
Marshall sandstone, a Solen, a CGyrenia and a Goniatites. The
Clymnenia occurs in a purplish, fine grained sandstone of exceeding hardness, equaling, in this respect, the Medina Sandstone. In a specimen of the rock found here, containing carbonaceous specks, were seen small geodes lined with rusty
crystals of calcareous spar, and containing small imbedded
crystals of native copper.
Between this locality and Flat Rockl Point, the section near
the shore reveals several feet of purplish, greenish and yellowish strata, success vely lower in the series; in some of which I
recognized a minute Cypris-like slhell similar to one seen at
numerous points in the southern part of the State. At Flat
Rock Point, still lower rickis rise. ten feet above the water,
characterized by oblique lamrinm of great extent and uniformity,
dipping 450 toward N. 380 E. The whole rock here is a purely




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      81
quartzose, friable sandstone, with many disseminated small
pebbles.
From this place to the immediate vicinity of Port Austin,
rocks lower and lower in the series rise to the surface, frequently
attaining an elevation of 12 feet or more.  The first of the
series is a bluish gray sandrock, 12 feet thick, followed by a
whitish and grayish, sometimes yellowish, fine grained sandstone, very pure and massive, occurring in beds 10 to 12 feet
thick, without pebbles or seams, and moderately coherent. At
the point one mile west of Port Austin, it is broken into immense angular fragments forty feet and less, in diameter, which
lie about like the work of Titanean quarrymen.  Immense
chasms produced by fissures through the rock, extend inland
several rods, and in some cases return again to the water, thus
detaching areas a quarter of an acre in extent, and even more.
Upon these rocks are growing the Red Cedar, Hemlock, Pinus
resinosa, Arbor Vitm or White Cedar, White Birch, Wintergreen
and extensive beds of the delicate little Linnca borealis.
At Pt. aux Barques, is seen a sandrock dipping south-west
1I" and consequently passing beneath the last. The outcrop;
exposes 12 feet. The lowest beds here are red-striped sandstone, similar to some parts of the Marshall Group, in Calhoun
and Hillsdale counties. Farther along, on the most projecting
part of the point, the striped sandstone rises four feet above:
the water, and in the immediate vicinity, the cliffs attain the
heighth of 1.' feet. This is by the Trigonometrical Station of
the Lake Survey. The overhanging cliffs here, seen from  a.
distance, bear a rude resemblance to the prow of a vessel projecting over the water, and suggested to the early navigators
the name which is still borne by the point, and to some extent
attaches itself to the whole region for several miles east and
west.
At the fishing station and residence of J. G. Stockman, half
a mile east of Pt. aux Barques, I saw a fine specimen of highly
ferruginous sandstone, completely filled with, fossils, among
11




84 21          REPORT OF THE
which occurs a Bh]yinchonella (n. sp.) and the Belleromhon, so abundant iii tihe Mlarshall sandstone, which I have named B. galeriieulab'us.
At th70e r1'St small point east of Burnt Cabin Pt., a greenish
blue sandstone is seen rising to the surface and forming a bluff
8 feet high. This rock contains the Clynmenia of the grindstone
quarries, a mile further east, and with care may be traced to
that point where it is found overlain by a conglomerate 2 feet
thick, apparently forming the base of the group.
such is a general description of the sandstones of the coast
of Huron county, from the highest beds containing Nucula to
the ccnflomerate above the gritstones, both included. It has
not been deemed proper to occupy space with the details of
stratification at the several points at the present time.
The rocks of this group, as well as those of the Napoleon and
Huron Groups, should make their appearance again on the
opposite side of Saginaw Bay, between Thunder Bay and Ottawa Pt. This whole coast is, however, destitute of a single
outcrop. Nevertheless, the great accumulation of sand along
the beach, and the well known arenaceous character of the
country further west, affords a sufficiently strong presumption
that the limits stated cover the place of outcrop of these
groups.
In Sanilac county, near the head waters of the Cass river,
sandrock is exposed to a considerable extent, which undoubtedly belongs to the Huron county series. On the S. E.; see.
I, T. 13 N., 12 E., are found numerous fragments of a coarse,
gray, micaceous sandrock, sometimes inclining to greenish, and
sometimes mottled or striped with red. Many of these fragments contain white quartzose pebbles, and the whole aspect
of the rock recalls that seen at PL. au Pain Sucre. From this
point actual outcrops are frequent as far down the stream as
the. line of Tuscola county, and even to S. W. - sec. 1, T. 13
N., 11 E., where it rises 5- feiet above the water. The general
character of the rock is shown by the following section on see.
1, T, 13 N., 12 E.:




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      83
10. Sandstone, coarse,- thin bedded and  quite soft, (545
A-F.)
9. Flaggy sandstone, (545 G.)
8. Thin shaly sandstone, passing down to a sandy shale,
containing much carbonaceous matter, and with occasional partings of a substance composed of sand,
clay and carbonaceous matter finely colmminuted,
(545, ll-L.)
1. Sandstone, shaly and flaggy, (545, N.)
6. Sandstone, flaggy, striped with red, (545 0, and 544.)
Interval of 40 rods, up stream.
5. Sandstone in thin layers, (5438, A-B,)...........2...0 in.
4. Sandstone, thick beaded, mottled with red above,
striped below, (543, C-D,).................... 4 ft
3. Sandstone, with quartz pebbles, (543, E-F )
2. Sandstone, thin bedded, (543, G.)
1. Sandstone, coarse, soft, very ferruginous, (543, I.)
Interval of 30 rods to collection of fragments before referred to.
From this neighborhood to Jackson county, no outcrops of
rock are known; but the arenaceous character of the drift
materials through Lapeer and Oakland counties and portions of
St. Clair and Macomb, renders it not improbable that the arenacous strata of the Marshall and Napoleon groups would be
found underlying that region.
In the southern part of the State, the Marshall Group is better characterized and more fully distinguished from the Napoleon Group above. Throughout all the northern part of Hillsdale county, we find a series of highly ferruginous sandstones,
generally very fossiliferous, and easily recognized. The ferruginous matter is often collected  into bands of iron-stone,
from  one-fourth of an inch to four inches thick, sometimes
horizontal, sometimes oblique and sometimes concretionary
in their arrangement. From  a brick red sandstone the rock.
varies to pale red, yellowish and buff; and lower down, becomes
yellowish-green, reddish-green, bluish-green and bluish. At the
lowest points, as in Noe's well at Jonesville, it becomes a
bluish, micaceons, thin-bedded, shaly sandstone, and thus passes into the shales of the Huron Group below.
Good exposures of the formation nmay be seena in the quarries




84                  REPORT OF THE
at Jonesville and Hlillsdale, and at many points in the townships
of Moscow  and Scipio.  In Jackson county the formation
extends up into Liberty and Hanover, and has been pierced
nearly through at the depth of 105 feet in the well of S. Jacobs,
Jr., in the township of Pulaski. The most characteristic outcrops are found in Calhoun county; and from that at Marshall,
the group has received its provisional name. At this place the
stratification is as follows:
4. Sandstone, rather thick-bedded, reddish,............. 10 ft.
3. Sandstone, dark-reddish, rather hard, very fossiliferous, 5 ft.
2. Sandstone, reddish-green, homogeneous, thick-bedded,. 10 ft.
1. Sandstone, light, greenish-gray, thick-bedded.
Several characteristic outcrops occur in the township -of
Marengo, Calhoun county. At Battle Creek the lower beds of
the group are seen in places, highly calcareous and very hard,
but filled with characteristic fossils. The formation has not
yet been seen in place in Kalarmazoo and Allegan counties, but
numerous fragments of a purple sandstone are strewn over the
surface, identical in general aspect with some layers of the
group at Pt. an Chapeau, on Lake Huron. In Ottawa county
the group presents well marked exposures at several points
on sec. 21, T. 5 N., 15 W.-township of Holland. I am also informed by Henry D. Post, Esq., of Holland, that an outcrop occurs
in T. 5 N., 16 West., near the shore of Lake Michigan. At these
points it embraces, as usual, the characteristic fossils. -One
mile east of Eastimanville, on the wagon road from Grand
Haven to Grand Rapids, a cut in the valley of Deer Creek exposes the laminated areno-argillaceous strata belonging to the
lower part of the group; and where the same road crosses
Sand Creek, about four miles east of Lameont, numerous fragments and other indications of the neighborhood of an outcrop
may be seen. In some of the fragments, which are highly
ferruginous, I found the best preserved fossils that I have seen
in the State, including Nucula, Orthis, Chonetes and Orthoceras.
Further north than this, the group has not been traced; and
even to this puint, the boundaries are poorly defined, in conse.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      85
quence of the drift materials strewn over the surface, and the
perishable nature of the rock. From  what has been said, it
appears that this group touches Lake Michigan, and that the
Huron and Hamilton Groups (if both exist) must pass entirely
beneath the lake, re-appearing probably in Mason, Oceana and
Manistee counties, while the Marshall Group proceeds in the
direction of Newaygo and Lake counties.
Details of stratification and fossils at the various outcrops
cannot, of course, be appropriately given at the present time,
nor even an enumeration of all the outcrops.
The paleontology of the Marshall Group possesses considerable interest, both in consequence of the number of individuals and species found fossil, and the distinctness of the
fauna from that of other regions in the same geological horizon.
Considerable attention has been bestowed upon the collections
from this group, but not a single satisfactory identification
has yet been made. The most abundant and characteristic
fossils at the various localities belong to the genera Nucula,
(5 species,) Solen, (2 species,) Bellerophon, (3 species,) Orthooeras (5 species), flyalina and Clymenia (5 species). Besides
these, I have referred to Cyrtoceras, 4 species, Cryptoceras,
2 species, Trocholites, 1 species, Goniatites, 5 species, Pleurotomaria, 1 species, Tellina, 1 species, Cardiurm, 2 species, Lucina,
i species, Chonetes, Orthis and other Brachiopods, one or more
species each.
There are, moreover, numerous species which have not yet
been particularly examined, among which are a few fish remains
and land plants. As I intend communicating to the public at
an early day, further particulars regarding this assemblage of
fossils, I refrain from extended remarks at the present time.
The delay experienced, however, in printing this report, enables me to append a few observations relative to the Clymenive.
According to all authorities, tle two genera Clymenia and
Goniatites are widely distinguished by the position of the
siphon, being interior in the former and exterior in the latter.
It is true that all my specimens of Cephalopods from the Mar



86                   REPORT Oi THE
shlall Group are rather imperfect; but I have had the opportunity to examine a large number of transverse seCetions of the so-i
called Clymlenia, and in every case I find indications of a siphon.
closely internal, while in an equal number of cases, the best
possible observations upon the dorsal sur'face havTe failed entirely to disclose a siphon in this position. At the same time,
it must be admitted that some of Sandbergers figures of
" Goniatites" present a close resemblance  to some of my Clymenim-for example, Figs. 13, 14a Taaf. IiI., and 11e Tafi VIII~.
Even the sectional view, 11a, Taf. VIII., pre,sents much the appearance of some of my specimens; but while the speciImen
here fgured may have a dorsal siphon, my own specimens have
not.
Further, many of the Goniatites (now so-called), figured by
DeKouinclk, afford to my eye no indications of an external
siphon. I have specimens f rom  Rockford, Ind, generally reputed identical with DeKoninck's G. rotatorizus and G. princeps,
(properly G. Ixion and G. Oweni, Hlall,) and while I admit that
the latter has a distinct dorsal siphon, I confess that the former
seems to me to have a distinct ventral one!
Sdch were my convictions at tthhe e time of Prol Hiall's
visit to Ann Arbor, near the close of November last.  In view
of the contradictions, I showed him some of my specimens, and
without nmaking a critical examination, he did not dissent from
my conclusion as to their generic relations. More recently, however, in a letter accompanying a copy of his " Contributions to
PasIeontology," for 158-9, and C60, he says, with reference to
specimens in his possession from  New York and Indiana: "On
reviewing my specimens after my return home, I do rnot find
reason to doubt their Gonliatitic character."2 And with reference
to my specimens, he adds, " The appearance of siphuncle on the
ventral side, which you pointed out, is, I think, deceptive."  In
accordance with this view, he has referred to Gon.iatites all of
the closely coiled Cephalopods, characterized in; this last number of his "(Contributions."  If, on careful examination of my
specimens, Prof. Hall should  pronounce them  Geoniatits, I




STATE GEOLOGIST                             2~
shonld yield to his judgment.  But thle shells in yquestion seem
to my eyes to belon,   to  Clyvenia,, and I can do'nothino   but
regard them  as i  suc    ntil I am  covictied I  or positilAvely contradicted.
I cannot doubt that the pale-ontological caIracters  and stratigral lical  position of the A:arshall sandstone place it concltsively above the horizon of the i-lariltonl Group; and  1ence I
am not surprised that none of the -nine species of Goniatites
described by PIof, Iall, and referred by him  to the Hamilton
Group, bear any considerable resemblance to  the MAichigan
fossils under consideration.
From  this group were collected, at Battle Creek, the speci.
meins described by R. P. Stevens,* as Leda dens-mammillata,
L. nzuczdceformis, L. pandorlccformis, Nucula HIoucghtoni and
Chonetes  fichigaynesis.  Not one of' the Lamellibranchs has
been satisfactorily identified by me, amongst the fossils collected at the same locality.  The Nuculoid shells have not the
pallial sinus nor posterior elongation required by their assignment to the genus Leda; nor, supposing them truel Nuculce, do
I find their specific characters clearly indicated.  Moreover, Dr,
Steve ns' refArienee of tlese -fossils to " ochreous shales, belonginr. to toe  oal rmleasurces.' because " associated withi a1  Orthocereas, ald NBe lPr7op hTon  Uirei, which is evidently carbonifroul,' TS illus      tCldly 1e regarded as an oversight. The occurre11nce:f  yFenza iain these rocks establishes thleir Devonian
a.ge, while thel BJ<el/erophon, supposed to be the one referred to, is
qlit-clistinct hfTorn B. UiTei of Fleming, which is a dorsally sulcated shell, while ours presents no trace of such a character.  Still
furlther  B1. Urei,  even if occurring here, would not id-entify
these rocks wi.hb thle "coal measures," since the;range oOf this
species is firom  the Upper Silurian to the Mountain Limestone.
The general aspect of the fauna of the Marshall Group bears
some resemblance to that rep esented  by the figures of the
fossil rermains of the.ienishli Provinces of Nassau,t in Ger-.Silliman's Journal, Vol. XXV, [2] p. 262.
tSco Sandberger's Systematische Beschreibung und Abbildung der Versteinerunigen des
lheiniscihena chichtensysLtems i. NTassau.




88                  REPORT OF THE
many, though we have not so large a proportion of Goniatites;
while Trilobites and Spiriferidce are entirely wanting. Neither
is our fauna by any means as rich.
The rocks of this group have been quite extensively employed
n the southern part of the State for building purposes, and in,moderate sized structures they answer sufficiently well, but for
very high structures the stone needs to be selected with care,
as some portions are too incoherent for security. For cellar
walls and other rough masonry they prove of gi eat utility. At.Jonesville and other localities the uniformly colored, homogeneous, greenish strata, in the lower part of the group, have
been worked into very handsome caps and sills.
12.-Napoleon Group.
In approaching Point au Chapeau of Lake Huron, from the.south, the bottom  of the lake is seen to be a solid greenish
Isandstone. At the point is an outlier containing about four
square rods. The section exposed here is about 8 feet. The
action of the waves has undermined the rock, and excavated it
into purgatories through which the water rushes with the hollow
sound described as occurring in similar situations on the sea
coast. In one of these purgatories the following section was
observed:
4. Sandstone, reddish gray, with rusty specks, and many coarse
grains of white quartz.
3. Sandstone, very thinly laminated, fine-grained, and of a dirty
greenish color.
2. Sandstone, yellowish-red, with conspicuous grains of white
quartz, and particles of rusty matter.
1. Sandstone, reddish and otherwise similar to above
All the strata exhibit oblique and curved lamination, the dip
of the oblique laminae being at this place toward the north, at
an angle of 45Q. Between (2) and (3) are thin layers of bluish
micaceous, carbonaceous sandstone of local occurrence.
On the east side of this point, the overhanging cliff has
formed a sheltered cave, in which, with some additions from,rude art, it is said an old hermit found a tolerable habitation
for several years. The ruins of his stove are still visible.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      89
It must be confessed that in lithological characters, these
rocks cannot be distinguished from  strata of the Marshall
Group; and they are assigned to the Napoleon Group simply
in consequence of their occurrence at a higher geological level
than the highest strata, (those at Pt. au Pain Sucre,) which
contain Nucula and Clymnenia.
There is little doubt that some of the sandstones before referred to, as occurring near the forks of the Cass river, should be
assigned a position in this group, but it is impossible with our
present knowledge, to draw dividing lines.
The next outcrop of these rocks is found at Napoleon, in
Jackson county, where they are quarried over an area of 88
acres, and expose a section of about 75 feet.  The rock is for
fthe most part of a grayish color, inclining to buff. The beds
are generally of sufficient thickness and perfection to answer
either for flagging or building. The following is the stratification:
4 Sandstone, buff and bluish-gray, composed of transparent
and colored grains of quartz, thick bedded,.........40 ft.
3. Sandstone, yellowish, thick bedded,................. 4 ft.
2. Sandstone, thick bedded, pale greenish,.       20 ft.
i. Sandstone, greenish-buff, composed of minute rounded
grains of colored quartz pretty firmly cemented with
a very perceptible quantity of white calcareous matter,......................................... 11 ft.
The higher beds are worked on the grounds into excellent
window sills and water-tables, which sell for 28 cents per linear
foot. I saw some fine floated and moulded stone steps and
door-sills, selling for 37-1 cts. a square foot. Thp rough stone
costs 25 cts. a perch at the quarries, or 50 cents a perch of 1600
lbs. on board cars. The charges for freight are two cents a
hundred to Jackson, four cents to Adrain, ten cents to Monroe.
The quarries at this place furnished the cut stone for the new
Union School building in Monroe, also for the City Hall at that
place, and the Union School House at Tecumseh. A fine store
of this stone, with smooth front, has been erected at Hillsdale.
Some beds of this stone are sufficiently clean and sharp to
12




90                    REPOPRT OF TMHE
answer the requisites of a coarse grindstone, and some years
ag'o tlhis manufacture had attained here a considerable degree
of importance.
The Napoleon. sandstone outcrops at numerous other localities in the soath part of Jackson county, and furtlher northwest,
Being entirely destitute  of fossils, it is not easy to distinguish~
it fi'or the sandstones above, and the unfbssiliferous portionsn
of the sandstones below.  The most northern exposure yet examined on the southern slope of the State, is in the right bank
of the Grand River about a mile above Grandville, in ](enat
county.
In all the borings for salt which have passed through the
Napoleon sandstone it has been found separated from  the Marshall Group by a bed of clay.  This, at the State salt well, was
14 fe'et thick; at Lyon's well, 9; at Butterworth's, 10; at Scribncr's, 10; at the Indian Creek well, 15; at Windsor's,- 10; at
East Saginaw, 64 feet.  The thickness of the overlying sandstones is pretty uniformly about one hundred feet.
The Napoleon sandstone bears considerable resemblance to.
the conglomerate of Ohio, as seen in the gorge of the Cuyahoga,
at the fctlls; but it contains no pebbles, and occtpies a position,~
moreover, below the carboniferous limestone.  As a distinct
formation, therefore, it has no satisfactory  equivalent in surrounding States; and there is no reason, except its negative
pall,ontological characters, for separating' it fiom lthe MAarshall
Group. The unifolrmnity in the petrog'raphic charbacter of the
sandstones of Iurjri  county, has already been alluded to.
Should it hereafter appear that the separating shale which lies
between the Marshall and Napoleon Groups of the southern.
part of the State is wanting in the north, we shall be obliged
to regard the one hundred and nine feet of sandstone passed
in the deep well at East Saginaw  as representilg both these
groups, diminished to the thickness of one of them;. while the
shale beneath, penetrated to the depth of 64 feet, must be regarded as the commencement of the argillaceous portion of the
Huron Group.  Such la thinning of strata toward the north




STATE GEOLOGIST.                             91
would, however, constitute a reversal of tbe general law of our
strata, and I have consequently been induced for the present to
regalrd tile shale reached in the Saginaw deep well as the ihllickened separating  shale lying  between the Napoleon and kMarshall Groups.
13.-A iichigan Salt Grozp.
The Napoleon sandstone, exposed along the right bal.nk o the
Grand River a imile or two  above Grandville, in Kent county
(S. E. 1 sec. 17, Wyoming), near the residence of Mr. Davidson,
is succeeded upwards  by  a remarlkable seriess of salif'erous
shales and intercalated beds of gypsum  and mainensian linmestollne,  attaining  a maximum  observed thickness of 184 feet.
The lower portion of this formation outcrops in  an extensive
salt marsh, on sec 3, T. 6 N., 12 West (Wyoming, Kent county).
This is the locality of the State salt well, near Grand RPapids.
Nearly opposite, on the north side of the river, in a bluff rising'
60 or 80 feet above the water, are located extensive gypsum
quarries.  At the quarry known as McReynolds &  Stewart's,
I observed the following section:
19. Loam, varialsle in thickness.
18. Clay, yellowish and plastic................. f.  3 ft.
17. Shale,.....................................3 t.
16. "Plaster rock" —a  series  oil irregularly alternating layers of arenaceous limestone and shale,
inclosing' many masses of reddish gypsutm,....   5 It.
15. Limestone, argillo-arenaceous (called  "flint,")..            4 in.
14. Shale, blue, thinly laminated, pretty uniform,....  4 ft. 6 in.
13, 1" Water limestone,".............    8 in.
12.   haIe, e.....................................     f
11  7Water limestone,..........................                  in.,
10. S hale,.......................          8 ft.
9. "Plaster rock,"9 composed of plaster, wit-h some
clay,...*.........................  2 ft.
8. Shale......                 3 fi
W,'Water limestone, (which in Hovey's quarry was
found to pass into gypsum,)................   2 ft.
6.  Shale,......... O........................... e d ft.
5. Gypsum,........... o o.....................  6 ft.
4. Shale,.................................                     9 in,
3. Gypsum,..............................                 13 ft. 6 in.




92                       REPORT OF THE
2. Shale,..................................... 2 ft.
1. Limestone and gypsum, more than............ 4 ft.
Total,..................................... 5  ft. 7 in.
The following is the section at Hovey & Co.'s plaster quarry
within a few rods of the last:
16. Loam,................................... 6 ft.
15. Clay..................................... 3 ft.
14. "Water limestone,"....................   1 ft.
13. Shale,.....................................4 ft.
12. Gypsum,.....................                  10 in.
11. Shale,.                                                1 ft. S in.
10. Water limestone and clay in thin layers....... 2 ft.
9. Shale,.................................... 3 ift.
8. Gypsum,...                       1. I ft 6 in.
7. Shale,.................................... 3 ft.
6. Water limestone..........................      10 in.
5. Shale,..................................... 4 ft.
4. Gypsum.................................... 6 ft.
3. Shale,..                                      ft... 3 in.
2. Gypsum,.............13  ft.
1. Gypsum, hard, rather dark Colored, through which
the excavations have not yet extended.
Total,........................ 44 ft. 8 in.
In establishing a parallelism between these two sections, it
is probable that we must regard Nos. 1 and 2, (Hovey,) as the
equivalent of No. 3, (McReynolds;) No. 3 (H.) —4 (McR.) &c.;
No. 13, (H.) corresponding to 14 (McR.); 14 (H.) to 16 (McR.);
15 (H.) to 18 (McR.); so that the beds 15 and 17, (McR.) find
no equivalents in Iovey's quarry.
The 13 feet bed of gypsum is a pure and solid mass.  At top
it is reddish, veined with the bluish color of the shale; below,
it becomes more bluish as a mass.  At the center the fracture
and lustre remind one of hornstone, the mineral being  translucent, fine grained, compact and homogeneous. From this to
the bottom of the bed, is a mottled and clouded gypsum  of a
coarsely fibrous structure.
AThe shales of McReynolds &  Stewart's quarry  are said to




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       931
effloresce with common salt in dry weather and furnish a favorite "lick" for cattle.
The roof of McReynolds &  Stewart's quarry dips N. W.,.
about one foot in twenty. The dip in Hovey's quarry is very
slight, N. 10Q E.
By connecting these observations with those made in boring
the State salt well on the opposite side of the river, we arrive
at an approximation to the whole thickness of the group, thus:
Section measured at McR. & S.'s quarry,.............. 58 ft,
From bottom of quarry to alluvial flat by river's edge,.. 50 ft.
Allowance for dip of formation,..................... 15 ft.
Thickness of alluvium at salt well,................... 40 ft.
Residual thiclkness of salt strata in well,..............   21 ft..
Total,...................................... 184 ft
This series of rocks is penetrated in all the borings for salt,.
at Grand Rapids and that vicinity.  It is found passing upwards through a few feet of calcareous sandstone, into the well
characterized carboniferous limestone. The thickness of the.
group in Lyon's salt well, was found to be 1t11 ft.; in Butter-,
worth's, 151 ft.; in Scribner's, 153 ft.; in the Indian Creek well,
(Ball's) 133 ft.; in Windsor's, 184 ft.; and it was penetrated
100 feet in Powers & Martin's well. In Jackson county it is
found to be 49 feet thick.
In Kent county, the Michigan Salt Group is undoubtedly the
source of the supply of brine, though the strength remains undiminished, as a matter of necessity, while the boring is continued in the underlying Napoleon sandstone, uintil a stream of
fresh water is struck, which, rising up, materially dilutes the
brine
On the opposite side of the State, this group outcrops on the
shore of Tawas Bay (Ottawa Bay), on the -west side of Saginaw Bay. Two miles beyond White Stone Pt., Bay county, T.
20 N., 7 E., is a bluff aboutl; 19 feet high, known as "Plaster
Bluff," at which the following section was observed:




-91                 It~a~~~~ltREPOIRT OF THE
[I. Clayey subsoil.
G. Linmestone, 1thin-bedded, resembling.,..............  4  ft.
F. Sand, light greenish, with some ferruginous streaksscarcely at all cemented-having  l-aminm  dipping
north 450,..................................... 4 ft.
E. Limlestone, thin bedded, with lenticular structure and
undulating lamina —-streaked with dark, efitorerces
with a salt having a cool and somewhat bitter taste,
resembling epsom  salts,........................ 3 ft.
D. Sandstone, greenish-gray, friable-the  lower half
browner and harder. 2  ft.
-C. Gypsum, massive, white, hard, in small masses impressed in the upper part of B..............
B. Limestone, brown, glistening, hard, with streaks of
green,................................................. 8 in.
A. Sandstone, bluish or greenish, moderately hard, with
concretionary masses harder and more brown,.....3 ft.
The dip seems to be from this point both north and south.
The strata, E, become in places highly ferruginous, and exhibit a tufaceous structure, which is probably a recent change
in the rock.  In other places it becomes a true breccia, with
angular fragments of a brown limestone, held together by a
tufaceous cement.  Small stalactites are forming in places
where the rock overhangs.
About 20 rods south from the main bluff, a blue clay is seen,at the water's edge, in place of D, the strata, E, being commingled with the subsoil.
The layer, B, is not very persistent, being sometimes quite
sandy, and passing into A.
The gypsum is in places imbedded in the blue sandstone A,
in belts.
To the north of the main section, the limestones, E, become
more arenaceous, and the sandstones, D, become shaly and in.
crease to 4 feet, while the upper part of A is blue clay.  The
sand, F, becomes 5 feet. The amount of gypsum increases
making a varying bed from six to twelve inches thick.  A sec-.ond gypsum layer appears in A, thicker than the other.
It is unlilkely that a bluff of materials embracing so much
soluble matter, has remained exposed to the action of the




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      95
atmosphelre and the lake, without undergoing important changes
from its original character. Especially are we unable to decide
from this exposure, as to the whole probable thickness of the
gypsaous deposites. The waves of Lake Huron have for ages
been breaking against the exposed edges of the strata, and'the
gypsum has necessarily been dissolved out to a considerable
distance back from the shore. In confirmation of this inference
I found at Plaster Point, one mile north of the north line of Bay
county, numerous "sink holes," as if produced by the subsidonce  of the overlying beds, after the dissolving out of the
gypsum. Some of those are eight feet deep. Water is standing in them, probably at the level of the lake. Tile sides are
steep, exactly as if the rocks had sunken. In one place a sink
is seen pursuing an irregular course for several rods, toward
the lake, and the whole appearance is exactly such as is produced by the falling in of the roof of a miner's "drift."  Off
this point, in calm  water, the bed of the lake is seen to be a
mass of pure white gypsum-the same, undoubtedly, which
rises above the surface at Plaster Bluff half-a mile further north.
The land, back from the shore of Tawas Bay, rises in a succession of ridges running parallel with the lake.  About 12
miles back, in the vicinity of the Au  Gris river, the country
becomes very broken, resembling that upon Grand River in the
vicinity of the gypsum quarries. At the residence of Sherman
Wheeler, 4- miles south of Tawas City, one of the parallel
ridges has attained an elevation of 40 feet, and the acclivity
facing the lake presents a slope of 30( with the horizon. This
ridge is said to increase in height as far nortl  as the Tawas
River. Mr. Wheeler informed me that no explorations had
ever been made in this bluff, except to a limited extent by Mr
Challis. Strata were found, called clay by Mr. Wheeler, though
the specimen shown me was the brown limestone of the Michigan Salt Group, as seen at Plaster Bluff. The green streaks in
it were pronounced by Mr. Challis to be indications of the
proximity of copper. Coal was also prophesied in this ridge.
Arriving at Tawas City, I obtained some further inform;lation




96                  REPORT OF THE
from Mr. C. H. Whittemore. He says that a "slate rock" can
be seen off White Stone Pt., extending out a mile from shore
into 12 to 18 feet of water. He has traced this north to the
neighborhood of Wheeler's (630), where it approaches within
8 or 10 feet of the surface, and disappears beneath the sand.
Mr. WVhittemore has bored 30 feet at Tawas City, to strike it,
but thinks he has not succeeded. "It appears like a blue rock.
Challis says it is iron ore.  Mr. Whittemore bored 21 feet in
the pure clay at the foot of the bluff, back of Wheeler's. He
bored in several other places, including the top of the bluff,
and found nothing but soft clay. It will be noticed that the
statements of Mr. Whittemore are at variance with those of
Mr. Wheeler. In the present state of the case, while it is obvious that gypsum  occurs in considerable quantity along the
shore of Tawas Bay, it is necessary that borings should be
carefully made in several places, under the direction of a competent geologist-by which I do not mean one of those who search
in the MLIichigan Salt Group for coal, iron and copper.
The rocks of the Salt Group should be found gradually rising toward the north along the shore of Tawas Bay. The
gradual rise of the ridge, back of Wheeler's, conforms to this
condition. If this is the case, the gypsum of Plaster Bluff and
Whitestone Pt., should be found in this ridge. The limestone
shown by W~heeler as taken from the ridge by Challis, belongs
to one of the beds exposed at Plaster Bluff. In spite, therefore,
of the negative results said to be obtained by Mr. Whittemore,
I cannot resist the conviction that adequate explorations along
this shore would be amply rewarded.
A short distance south of Tawas City, this ridge is cut
through by Dead Creek, which has very high banks. Though
no rocks are seen in place, numerous angular fragments are
said to occur. In town 23, range 7, on the Ottawa river, are
some hills 200 feet high, cut through by the river.
The region between the head of Tawas Bay and Kent county,
has not yet been geologically explored. It is likely that numerous valuable facts could be gleaned from the notesgof the




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      97
linear surveyors. Mr. Win. B. Hess, of East Saginaw, has in
his custody maps and notes of resurveys, copies of which I had
hoped to procure, but the limited nmeans at imy disposal have
not been suficient to enable me to incur the expense of copying them   In the mean time there is little doubt that the rocks
of the Michigan Salt Group out-crop in a broad belt arching
northwad from  Tawas Bay through  Ogemaw, Roscommon,
Missaukee, iTexford, Lake and Newaygo counties. The interests of the State demand that explorations be made across this
rugion at as early a day as possible. If the indications observed, be found verified,'this resource will prove of incalculable
value to the central counties of the peninsla.1  at present cut
off from all ready communication with other parts of the State.
On the east side of Saginlaw Bay some clays were seen at the
mouth of Pligoe-on river, in Huron county, which very much resemble those of the Salt Group; and as this is about the place
for the formation to strike the main land again, after crossing
the bay, there are reasons for undertaking somee more thorough
explorations in that vicinity. Indications also exist of the
occurrence of the formation in Tuscola county. It is likely,
however, that the group thins out toward the soutlh and nearly
disappears through Lapeer, Oakland, Washtenaw, Jackson and
Eaton counties, thus filrnishing another illustration of the
thickening of our formations toward the north. The salt springs
at Saline, in Washtenaw county, and at various points in Jackson, may possibly issue fi:om the attenuated repyesentative of
the group; but I am more inclined to think that these waters,
like similar ones in' Branchl, Oakland, and the northern part of
Huron county, are supplied by the various. formations outcroping at these localities. Borings for salt have shown the Napoleon and Marshall sandstones to be saliferous, while at Saginaw,
water from the coal measures stood at 10 of the Salometer in
the upper part, and increased to 14~ before reaching the Parma
Sandstone. It is important to bear in mind that the occurrence
of a brine spring proves nothing more than that there is salt
somewhere in the State.
13




98                  REPORT OF THE
Comminuted carbonaceous matter is found in considerable
abundance in some of the shales of the Salt Group. Besides
this, no organic traces have been discovered.
14.- Carboniferous Limestone.
The best known outcrop of this formation is at Grand Rapids,
in Kent county, where the Grand River experiences a fall of
about 18 feet in the space of two miles. The rock here exhibits gentle undulations, but the resultant dip is slightly toward
the north-cast. It occurs in generally thin, irregular beds,
which are considerably broken up, and embrace frequent partings of argillaceous and bituminous matter. In composition,
it is generally eminently calcareous, but in the lower portion,
arenaceons matter gradually gains preponderance; and belts
and patches of the same material are irregularly distributed
through the formation. In the upper part of the exposure
here, is a belt, 5 feet thick, of red, ferruginous, arenaceous
limestone. The thickness of the formation below this is 51
feet, while the thickness above, at this point, is unknown,
though it is probably less than that below. The portion of the
formation below the ferruginous stratum, contains numerous
geodes, filled with brown and white dog-tooth spar, brown pearl
spar, rhombic calcareous spar, selenite, anhydrite, aragonite,
pyrites, &c.
From  Grand Rapids; the formation has been traced north
through Ada and Cannon, in Kent county, and to the rapids of
the Muskegon, in Newaygo county. South of Grand Rapids, it is
followed through Walker, Paris and Gaines, in Kent county,
to Bellevue, in Eaton county, and thence by numerous out.
crops to Parma, Sandstone, Spring Arbor, Summit, and Leoni,
in Jackson county. The S. W. 4 of S. E. 4, sec. 13, Summit, is
believed to be the most southern -well-characterized exposure
of this formation. It occurs in a quarry belonging to Michael
Shoemaker.  The section exposed here is about 14 feet, as
follows:




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        99
D. Sandstone, red, calcareous, highly shattered, breaking
into cuneiform fragments, with conchoidal surfaces,
changing locally to C.,......................... 5  ft.
C. Limestone, highly ferruginons, brecciated ih places,
containing nodules of chert.  Passes upward into D. 4  ft.
B. Limestone, quite arenaceous, brecciated, shattered,
with thin layers which are sandy and greenish; the
whole exterior of some of the blocks covered with a
thick, loose coating of the same material; upper
surface undulating, but smoothed as if by aqueous
action, before the superior layers were deposited,. 2 ft..
A. Limestone, compact, crystalline, silicious, bluish-gray,
with some crystals of dog-tooth spar.  Exposed,... 3 ft.
The stratum D. is the parting layer between the upper and
lower portions of the formation.  The characters of this bed
are exceedingly uniform  at all the outcrops on the south and
west sides of the geological basin.
At the quarry of C. Roberts, S. E. I N. W. - sec. il, Spring
Arbor, is found a section similar to the preceding:
D. Sandstone, ferruginous, highly calcareoous, breaking with
cunoidal fracture.
C. Limestone, bluish-gray, hard crystalline, thick-bedded,
of excellent quality, containing small crystal-lined
geodes,.................................5 ft
B. Limestone, ragged, arenaceous, with irregular seams
and blotches of greenish sandstone,............... 2  ft.
A. Limestone, fine-grained, hard, bluish................ 2 ft.
This formation outcrops on sections 21, 20, 21, 28, 29, 31
and 32, in the township of Bellevue, Eaton county.  From  the
various quarries in the vicinity of the village, the following
succession of strata was made out:
G. Limestone, thick-bedded, calcareous,...............3  ft.
F. Limestone, yellow, silicions........................2  ft.
E. Limestone, massive, destitute of fossils,......       6 ft.
D. Belt filled with a cmspitose Cyathophylloid,.........6 in.
C. Limestone, thick-bedded, containing Allorisma and a
large coiled shell (not seen).
B. Limestone, blue, compact, hard, thick-bedded, containing geodes.
A. Sandstone, bluish-gray.
From Leoni, in Jackson county, no actual outcrop of this




100                   -REPOPT  OF THE
formation is known, until reaching  Tuscola county.  On  et
S. E. ~ sec. 16, T. 12 N., 9 E., are found nlurmerous fragments of
a compact, blue, non-fossiliferous limestone,.which has been
quite extensively employed for burning.  Rock is also felt in
the bed of Cass River, at this place.*
On the S. VW.   see. 22, T. 16 N., 9 E. (Sebewaing), Tuscoha
county, are found abundant fragments of' the lower a'enaceous
member of the Carboniferous limiestone, containing an Allorisrnai Further north, on the N. W~. I sec. 13, T. 16 N., 93.,
half a mile above the mouth of Cheboyong Creek, is a distinct
outcrop of an arenaceous, yellowish limestone, containing nmumerous specimens of AlloPriszmc clavata, and other species irlentical with the one found at Grand Rapids and Bellevue.  In
this sandstone occurs a thin layer, highly calcare.ous and exceedingly tough.  The next outcrop occurs  at the northern
extremity of Stone Island (Shung-woi gne), in Saginaw  Bay.
The rock rises but four or five feet above the water, and is
generally much brecciated.  It is for the most part calcareous,
but exhibits bands and patches of a.n arenaceous character;
and the beach is strewn with fragments apparently -thrown up
fronl a greater depth, which seem to belong to the arenaceous
strata exposed at Cheboyong Creek.  Allorisnma occurs  heem,
and geodes are not unfrequent.  The lower arenaceous layert
appear again on North Island (zAsh-qua-guin dai-gue).
On the south side of Wild Fowl Bay, is a characteristic outcrop of the formation, extending along nearly the whole shore.
The- dip is very slight toward the south-east.  The greatest
actual exposure is only four feet, but the rock undoubtedly
rises in the baTlk'to the heiglht of 15 feet above the wvater.  The
following stratigraphical characters were noted:
F. Limestone, argillaceous, cherty, perforated extensively
by a Syringopora,...........................10 in.
E. Limestone, compact, bluish, weathering    - white,..... 1 ft.
*About the forks of the Cass, above and below, are found numerous framents of a limostone of quite different character, and some kind of rock is felt with a pole in the bed of thl
stream. The limestone is dark argillaceous, and occasionally aronaceous. This is the pi/sone from which the Indians of this vicinity cut their pipes. It has somewhat the appearance of a hydraulic limestone.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       101
D  Limestone, arenaceous, with nodules of chert.  Seen
dipping into the water 10 rods west.............. 4 in.
C. Limestone, dark, calcareous, with bituminous (flinty?)
streaks and laminm-intersected by broad cracks
which have been subsequently filled with material
like D,...................................... 10 in.
B. Limestone, yellowish, highly arenaceous, thin bedded,
rather incoherent, the lower one-fourth curiously banded with lightelr and darker streaks,................1I  ft.
A. Limestone, arenaceous, highly shattered and recemented.
The flint nodules in the layer D, are bluish, of a fine, homogeneous structure and strike fire with steel, with great readiness.  They exist in large quantity.  Should there be a demand
for such an article,  Wild Fowl Bay could furnish an abundant
supply.
The layer E, would furnish a superior building material.
The layers D, E and F, will make excellent lime, and the elevation above the water, especially if the rock enters into the
formation of the high bank along here, would fully justify the
opening of a quarry.
From this point the formation crosses Saginaw Bay, and next
appears on the Charity Islands.  The rock is seen under water
for a long distance southi-west of Little Charity Island.  It outcrops, along the northern, western and southern shores, consisting, of one or two layers 12 to 15 inches thick.  It abounds in
the Syringopora, before referred to, and contains some concretions of a cherty nature.  It is replete with traces of organic
rernains, but nothing is well preserved or identifiable, save some
Bryozoa and Cyathophyllidce.
The formation outcrops more extensively on the north side of
Great Charity Island, where it rises about five feet above the
water, ard presents the following section:
C. Lmestoane, areno-calcareous, containing' B)ryozoa, Cyathophyllidce and Allorisma,.........................10 in.
B. Limestone, with cherrty nodules...................10 in.,
A, Sandstone, calcareous, obliquely laminated,......... 4 ft,
Some portions of A  are well characterized sandstone, of a




102                 REPORT OF THE
whitish or grayish color. The laminva extend from  top to
bottom of the mass, dipping north-west at an angle of about
45~  They are quite undulating and even contorted, and the
whole mass shows something of a rude concretionary structure.
The formation strikes the main land at Point au Gres. The
rock here,, in spite of the name, is a limestone. That part of
the outcrop above the water consists of three layers, each about
15 inches thick. The upper layer is, in places, quite arenaceous, but is more solid than the rock at Cheboyong creek. It
contains stains of greenish matter and irregutlarly cylindrical,
somewhat concretionary, bodies, considerably colored. Here
occurs the Syringopora which occupies the top of the section at
WVild Fowl Bay. This layer is separated from the next by two
or three inches of laminated, argillo-calcareous sandstone.
The middle layer is more purely calcareous, but contains
some sand. Here I saw an Acervularia, a Syringopora, a Cyathophylloid, and the remains of a bony body, whose impression
left pits regul'arly disposed upon the rock.
The'lower layer abounds in concretionary cherty nodules,
perforating the rock in every direction, often appearing, when
broken at the surface of the stratum, like plugs driven into the
rock. These nodules are less flinty than those seen at Wild
Fowl Bay.
A large Productus was picked up on the beach.
Between this point and Newaygo county, no definite information has yet been collected respecting this formation. We
know  from the surveyors' notes, that limestone outcrops at
various points, but I have seen no specimens, and its geological characters are in doubt.
The thickness of this formation is much greater on the western (and probably northern) borders of the basin, than on the
southern. It is 51 feet thick at Scribner's well at Grand Rapids,
and the whole thickness in this vicinity is probably not less
than 10 feet. It is found 65 feet thick in the salt wells of East
Saginaw.
As this calcareous member of the (arboniifeous system pos



STATE GEOLOGIST.                      103
sesses great economical and scientific interest, I have thought
best to enter into a greater amount of local and stratigraphical
detail than I have done in respect to the other groups.  For the
determination of the parallelism between this formation and the
carboniferous limestones of the North-west, lithological considerations become the more important, from the great'scarcity
of fossils in our formation, and the entire absence of those
forms which furnish the means of certain identification in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and other States.
From the account which has been given, there is obvous difficulty in identifying our limestone with any of the groups that
have been established by the researches of Owen, Hall, Swallow, Worthen,  fcChesney and others.  Little attention has
yet been  riven to fossil remains, but the following notes of
species thus far observed, may be here recorded:
Notes on the Fossils of the Ca0'boniferous Limestone of Michigan.
[The numbers prefixed refer to the University Catalogue.]
POLYPI.
237. Lithostrotion mammillare, Edwards and Haime.
The specimens agree entirely'with figures and descriptions
by Hall (Iowa Rep.) andtd Owen (Geol. Iowa, Wisconsin, &e.),
Localities-Grand -Rapids and boulders in that vicinity.
250. Lithostrotion (Lithodendron) lang-iconicum? Phillips.
This abundant, generally distributed, luxuriantly cmspitose
and branching Cyathophylloid, presents externally the nonstriated appearance of L. longiconiciam, while it has the oval
columella of L. sociale, Phillips.  It is less straight than
either of these species, and not improbably constitutes a distinct type.
Localities-Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Great Charity Island,
Pt. au Gres.
252. Cyathophyllum fungites, De Konincl.
These specimens considerably resemble Turbinolia fungites,
Fleming, (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshilre, PI. III, Fig. 23.)  They
are less broad than the figure of De Koninck, (Animaux Foss.
de Belg. P1. D, Fig. 2,) but agree well with Owen's figure of
the same, (Iowa, &ec., Table IV, Fig. 4.) The last named is
reported from  the Keokuk rapids.




REPORT OF THE
Localities —'ld Rapids, Stone IslIand, (Saginaw Bay.)
253. Cyathophyliumn, sp?
More expanded than the preceding, and more irregular in its
outline.
Localityl'-Grand Rapids.
~251. Caryophyllia duplicata, llartin.
Agree-rent very good.
Locality —Great Charity Islainid.
249. Acervu-lcaria-4, sp?
The obsulre stiiformin eleaton in i n lh' cup of this large coral
strikes th1e eye'It first as beloonoling to a Lithostro'ion, but
after carefal exiamnation, I am convinced eth-at the coral possesses no colurniella   As ibr as its characlo';eis can be inspected, it does not differ forolmn ksrorbodis, as restricted 1)y Pictet.
It has the general aspect,  however, of an A(crvularia, andonly diifers in having tie transve rse floors more numerous
in the visceral chamber.
Locality-Pt. au Gres,
248. Syringopora, sp?
Tubes small; much geniculated and with numerous oblique
connecting  tubes or bars as large as the main tubes.  Avery
characteristic fossil, but very obscure.
Localztie,-Grand Rapids, Pt. au Gres, Wild Fowl Bay, Great
and Little Charity Islands.
ECHINODERMIATA.
236  Archebocidaris.
Remtiains of spines only, which more resemble Hall's figures
of A. Agassizii,- (Burlington Limestone,) and A. Kleolculz,
(,(eokuk Limestone,) than any others accessible to me.
Lccality —Grand Rapids.
BRYOZOA.
238. Fenestella rmembraracca (?), Phillips.
Very closely related to Gorgoiria (Retepora) memebranacca,
Phillips and DeKoninck.  Ther fenestrules, however, are buat
little iongaer than broad.
Locali.y -Grand Rapids.
339. Fenestella, sp.?
Similar to the preceding, but the fenestrules are mlore elolngated aind less quadangular.  A distinct, shartp keel runs along
the ray between the two rows of cehllles.  The form  and
disposition of the collules is a miniature representation of




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       105
the fenestrules. This species is scarcely distinguishable
from specimens collected from the St. Louis limestone, two and
a-half miles west from  Charboniere, on the Missouri River.
It must bear considerable resemblance to F. patula, McCoy.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
241. Fenestella, sp.?
The rays are very narrow and flexuous between the lines of
small roundish fenestrules. No cellules have been seen.
Locality —Grand Rapids.
240. Polypora, sp.?
Allied to P. Shumardii, Prout, (Trans. Acad. St. Louis, I., p.
271), a Devonian  species.  The cellules are exceedingly minute and indistinct, though I imagine the specimen shows
the reverse side
Locality-Grand Rapids.
242. Cladopora (?) sp?
Prof. Hall's characterization of thlis genes, (Pal. of N. Y., II,
137,) does not disagree with these sqpecimiens.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
243. Cladopora, sp?
The cellues are promiscuorisls, alranged upon a flattened,
branching axis.
Locality-Great Charity island.
244. Coscinium (?)
Fenestrules quincuncially disposed: on a flattened branching
axis, which is minutely porous.
Locality-Great Clhlaritty Island.
245. Monticulipora (?) sp?  (Rhinopora, [Hall.)
Minute, polygonal, crowded, rayless pores or cells, irregularly
studding i;he surface of a compressed, lobated, subspheroidal
mass.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
247. Ptilodyctia (?) sp?  (Stictopora, Hall.)
A branched, nearly terete stem, with polres apparently on all
sides.
Locality —Grand Rapids.
BRACHIOPODA.
201. Productus Altonensis, Norwood and Pratten,- (Journal Acad.
Nat. Siet, Phil. [21 III, 7.)
Agrees very well. " It bears some resemblance to P. costatus,Soserby, Var, Hall, (Iowa Rep. p. 712,) but it is hardly
14




106                  REPORT OF THE
broad enough for this variety, and has no mesial sinus
though apparently flattened.  It also resembles P. costatus,
Sow. (DeKoninck, Carbon. Foss. Belg. p. 164,) but it is not
broad enough nor does it exhibit any granulations.  The
striation of some specimens is exceedingly like that of P.
comoides, Sow. (Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, P1. VII, Fig. 4,) P.
Altonenmsis is from  the upper portion of the Carboniferous
limestone, (St. Louis limestone of Alall.)
Locality-Grand Rapids.
208. Productus pileiformis, M:Chesney (New Pal. Foss. p. 40).
It bears some resemblance to P. ovatus, Hall, but the strim
are too fine.  It differs in the same way from P. Altonezsis,
and is, besides, broader than that species. From P. tenuicostus, Hall, it differs from  the mode of increase of the strim
which is -by intercalation instead of bifurcation. The concentric ruga3, moreover, are not sufficiently conspicuous.
P. pileiformis is from the Kaskaskia Limestone.
Locality-Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of' Jackson.
209. Productus.
This was thought by Prof. McChesney, (without making direct comparison) to be his P.fasciculatus (Op. cit. p. 38).  It
does not, however, agree sufficiently well.
It has some resemblance to P. Cora, D'Orbigny, as figured
by Owen (Op. cit. Table IV., Fig. 1), but my specimen exhibits seveen or eight ribs raised higher than the intervening
ones. The surface is covered by fine undulating concentric
strit, and when exfoliated, shows numerous punctate depressions beneath. The spine bases are very scattered on the
ventral valve.
Locality-Unknown.  Supposed to be with preceding.
210. Productus Wilberanus (?), McChesney.
The agreement is moderately good, but the concentric stri;ce
or ruge are not generally distributed.  This species comes
from the coal measures of Charboniere, Mo. It differs fromn
P. scabriusculus, DeKoninck, (Op cit.,pl. IX., Fig. 5,) by the
irregular disposition of' the pustules.
Locality-Unknown.  Supposed to be with the preceding.
211. Productus, sp?
A delicate species much too finely striated for P elegans, Norwood and Pratten, and somewhat too much so for P. Altonensis, while it is too regularly and coarsely striate for P. pileiformis.
Locality-Stone Island, iii Saginaw Bay.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       107
212. Productus, sp?
A species destitute of radiating strim tor ribs. The ventral
valve shows five or six varices or lines of growth; the dorsal, (if it is the same species) more than this. The surface
is punctate.
It is allied to P. gryphoides DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 182,
P1. IX., Fig. 1, but not to the other figures.)
Locality-Grand Rapids.
213. Productus, sp?
Considerably resembles in form  and size, P. muricatus, Norwood and Pratten, from the coal measures, but the radiating
ribs are too fine. It is somewhat like DeKoninck's figure of
P. costatus, (P1 VIII., Fig. $,) but is not sinuated.  It closely
corresponds with P. costatus from the coal measures, 9 miles
north of St. Louis, Mo., except in not being sinuated, and in
*the less conspicuous character of the concentric rugm.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
214. Productus, sp?
Hlas the form of the last, but the radiating strie are much
finer and the concentric folds little conspicuous.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
215. Orthis umbraculum (?) von Buch.
Allied to 0. robusta, Hall, (Op. cit. 713.) Resembles O. uzmbraculurm as figured by DeKoninck, (Op. cit. p. 223,) from
carboniferous limestone, but better as figured by Owen, (Op.
cit., Tab. V., Fig. -11.) It exceedingly resembles this species
as figured by Hall in Stansbury's Report, (P1. III, Fig. 6.)
Locality-Grand Rapids.
216. Orthis (?) sp?
A single flat valve with slender auriculate appendages extending the hinge line to nearly the greatest width of the
shell.
Locality —Grand Rapids.
232. Orthis, sp?
A single dorsal valve more finely striate than the preceding.
Locality —Stone Island, in Saginaw Bay.
217. Athyris subquadrata, Hall, (Iowa Rep., 103.)
This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone.
Locality -— Grand Rapids.
218. Athyris sublamellosa, Hall, (Iowa Rep., p. 702.)
Agrees pretty well, but the shell is not more than one-third
the diLmensions of Hall's, and is proportionally a little thinner.
This species is from the Kaskaskia limestone.




108                   REPORT OF THE
Locality —Unknown.  Supposed to be with the last..219. Athyris, sp?
Considerably resembles  Terebratula rhomrboidea.   Phillips.
Also has some affinities with McChesney's A. obnmawims
from the Keokuk limestone
Locality-Grand Rapids.
220. Athiyris Roysii (?)  DeKoninclk.
Closely related to smooth specimens of this species.  (Op,
cit, Pl. X, Fig. 1 )
Locality-Grand Rapids.
221. At hyis, sp?
Locality —Grand Rapids.
222. Athlyris, sp?
Locality-Grland Rapids.
223. Athyris,. sp?
Locality —Grand!tapids.:225. Athyris? sp?
Bears considerable relationship to Terebralula Roy-sii, var, hoveilie, (DeKoninck, P1. XXI, Fig. I,) but it is somewhat
broader and more quadrate.  It resembles A. obuia Mcbhesney, (p. 81,) but differs in having its two valves equally
convex, and in its faint radiating lines.  It is less sinuato
than A. d{fferentius, McChesney.
Localities —Grand Rapids, Pto au Gres.
229. Athyris? sp?
Locality —Ferris' limekiln, 2 miles north of Jackson.
224. Terebratula sacculus, var. hastata (?) DeKonirclk.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
226 Terebratu!a subretzimforma (?) McClhesney.
It is b'oader proportionally than this species from the Kaskaskia limestone, but otherwise it agrees closely.  The correspondence is also very good with 2' subtilila, Hall, (Stansbury's Rep., p. 409,) but our shell is smaller.  It is smaller,
thinner and less deeply sinuated than specimens of T2. subilita, Hall, from the coal measures of La Salle, Ill.
Locality —Grand Rapids.
Locality-Grand Rapids
228. Terebratula, sp?.TLocality-Grand Rapids.




STATE GEOLOCGIST.                       I 0 0'
233. Terebratula, sp?
LocZliy —Stone Island in Sagina-w,7 Bay.
235. Atrypa, sp?
Large, very gibbous, with nunecrous inad,ti ag'  ribs.
Locality-Pt. au Gres.
234. Spirifer K eokuk, var, Hallt
The general aspect is of this variety.  The principal poinlths
are as follows: The valves are necarly equally convex; the
mesial sinnus of the dorsal valve is abruptly elcvated, but
instead of being divided into four distinct plications, presents
but two, which are distinctly markcd.'e The vent'ral v'ealve
has a sinus, simple at its orrin,  but so-n divided by a distinct plication, and in sonme specimens by ltwo Eluteral' Cnes.
Surface on each side of the moesial fOld and sinus marked by
about 8 plications, the two adjacent t;( tohe mncsial. sinus and
elevation originating from  a single one near the apex.  No
strim are seen on the surface.
The variety above is from the St. Loui-s limles"tone.
Our shell bearls also a close relation to S. otunidatus var.
planata, DeKoninck (P1. XIV, Fig. 2, anid XVII, Fig. 4)  It
is, however, a little more transverse than thiese figures, approaching in outline S. acuticostatus, DIeYoninck.
Locality —-Grand Rapids.
LAM ELLIBRANTCIArA.
201. Allorisma clavata, MIchChesney.
The "flattened or slightly concave space extending like a
sinus from the beak to the base" of the shell is scarcely perceptible in my specimens.  Froam the Kaskaskia L'imestone.
Locality —Cheboyong Creek, Tuscola county.
202. Allorisma, sp?
Bears some resemblance to A. sinuata, McChesney, from  the
Kaskaskia Limestone, but differs thus: Not prolonged posteriorly, nor extremely gibbous; beaks less tha.n one third. the
length of the shell back from the anterior extremity; ventral
margin but ver'y slightly  sinuate, and surfaces of valves
scarcely depressed; concentric ridges not very strong
In form and makings it resembles Lithodontus Jcnkinsoni,.
McCoy, (Brit. Pal. Rocks and Foss. P1. 3 F. Fig. 2).
Localities -Grand Rapids, Stone Island, Great (.CNharity ilsland..
203. Allorisma, sp?
Allied to A, sulcata, Fleming (King, Permian Fossils, Pi. XX.
Fig 5), "from  carboniferous shales, RIedesdale, Northumber



110                 REPORT OF THE
land."  I cannot, however, detect any radiating pimples.
This form also resembles. A. regularis (Owen, Rep. Iowa, &c.,
Tab. V. Fig. 13).
Localities-Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek.
204. Allorisma, sp?
The umbones almost overhang the anterior extremity.
Localities —Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek.
206. Allorisma, sp?
Very gibbous, umbones sharp, incurved, overhanging the
anterior extremity.
Localities —Grand Rapids, Cheboyong Creek.
205. Nucula? sp?
Perhaps an Allorisma or Myalina; very obscure.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
231. Nucula? sp?
Locality-Cheboyong Creek.
230. Myalina lamellosa (?), DeKoninclc.
The beak is rather too much reourved, and the surface too
smooth, for this species. It has some resemnblance to M.
Swallovi, McChesney (Op. cit., p. 57), from the coal measures.
Locality-Grand Rapids.
GASTEROPODA.
Remains of Euomphaloid casts have been found at Grand
Rapids. Very complete coiled shells have been met with
at Bellevue, in Eaton county, but I have not been fortunate
enough to secure any.
TRILOBITES.
254. Phillipsia, sp?
Fragments of tails, resembling P, Brogniarti, Fischer (Do
Kon. Op. cit., P1. LIII, Fig. 7).
Locality —Grand Rapids.:255. Phillipsia, sp?
Fragments of two tuberculated tails.
Localities —Grand Rapids. From  Great Charity Island is a
portion of a htead which may belong to the same species.
FISHES.
Remains of spines and Psammodus-like teeth have been met
with at various localities.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       111
Of the fifty-five species discriminated in the foregoing list,
only sixteen have been even doubtfully identified with species
hitherto described.  Of these sixteen, twelve only are known
to the writer to occur in the carboniferous rocks of the Western
States, and are distributed as follows:
In the Coal Measures: Productus WTilberanus (?).
In the Kaskaskia Limestone: Productus pileiformis, Athyris
subquadrata, A sublamellosa Terebratula subretziceforma (?) Allorisma clavata.
In tlh-e St. Louis I',nimston:.Lith.o.:_trotio2? mammnillare,   Productus Altonensis, Spjirifer  Keolzlku, var.  Also the Fenestella,
No. 239.
In the Keokuk Limrestolne: Cyathophyllun fugites (?)
In the Carboniferous Limestone generally: Orthis umbracu.
l rn.
In the present state of our knowledge, it would be premature to atterpt to identify the Carboniferous Limestone of
Michigan with any of the group of Illinois and neighboring
States.  Atte.-ntion mlay, however, be directed to the following
points:
1. No indications of Archiinedes have been detectedl in the
form ation.
2. Very few indications of Encrinites have been discovered.
3. The probable identification of five species, wi.th forms belonging to the   askakskia Limestone, affords a pretty strong
indication thatu at least some parts of our formation lie in the
horizon of' the very top of the general series.
4.'The identification,.of four species with formln  from the St.
Louis Limestone, foreshadows a strong affinity with that part
of the system.  The brecciated character of many portions of
the rock, points, if anywhere, to the same relationship.
5: The ferruginous, arenaceous stratum, occurring in the
midst of the formation, may easily mark the boundary line between the two successive epochs last mentioned; although, at
present, it is impossible to say whether the distribution of the
fossils conforms with such a separation.




112                    REPORT OF THE
6. The arenaceous character of the lower part of the f'ormation, becoming on the Charity Islands, a thlick mass of yellowish  sandsi]tc.ne; t'he blotches and disseiniiated particles of
greenish matter loundd here; the frequent shaly partings of tho
strata; certain "vermicular ramifications" upon the bedding
surfaces, all -recall the char-acters of the  upper pa.rt of bthe
Warsaw Limestone.
i. At the same time, the portion below  the ferruginous arem
naceous bed abounds in g'eodes filled wilth crystals of calc spar,
dog-tooth spar, peairl spar, selenite, anhydrite, pyrites, &e., which
recall the "Geode Bed," below -the Warsaw Limestone.
Whet-her our foirmxation possesses real affinities wvilth all the
grt-oups fromt- the "g geolde. ed" X -to the: Kaskaskia limestone, is an
interesti,ng questiion which  probably WTe shall ye t be able to
resolve.  Such a result would not be surprising.   T1he various
groups  of' the Silurian  and  Devonian  Systems, stretching
tho.lo- na vertical thicklness of many tthousand  feet in New
Y ork and Pennsylvania, are all faithfully represelntecl  within
thei0 spaee of as many lnilmdred feet in the Lower Peininsula lcf
KMichigan; and we are prepared to foresee'lhlat our situa;tion,
sinmilarly, upon the borders of the great car.lboniferous seaw, has
resulted in an attenuated representation of- the various grolups
of thei carboniferous limlwestone,  lwhich towards the south west
-thickens up'to so-nm thousands of feet
15. —.Parma Sandst:jne.
In tle townships of Parlma, Sandst;one and Springport, in
Jackson county, is found a white, or slightly yellowish, quartrose, glistleninag  ndstone, cont aining occasional traces of terrestrial -veeta-tion.  On the line between sections 18 and 19,in
the township of' Sandstone, thlis roc' is seen. succeeding' upwards
to the furruginous tbed of thte Cairboaniherous limestone,  On the
N. W. J of N.  rV, W  ec. 29, at, the quarry of M:rs. Titus, the
sandstone presenicts a cht-rL cteristic expos-;ure.  The rock is
light-colored,'thick-bedded,  firmily cenmented and appears to
furnish an excellent atrtic le for buildingr purposes.  It presents




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     113
the remarkable dip of 450 SSW, with vertical divisional planes
running parallel with the strike. The rock is occasionally
stained with ir'on, is of medium fineness and glistens in the sun,
from the glassy clearness of the quartzose grains. For caps
and sills it is apparently superior to the Napoleon sandstone.
This quarry occurs upon a ridge elevated about 35 feet above
the limestone, which is exposed over an area of a square mile,
beginning a few rods further west. It has every appearance of
a violent uplift, but the undisturbed position of the underlying
limestone seems incompatible with this supposition, and we are
forced to conclude that the apparent dip of the formation is
nothing more than a very illusory example of oblique lamination.
At the N. E. I of S. W. I, sec. 18, Parma, near where the
highway crosses Rice creek, this sandstone affords a Calamite.
At the S. W.   of N. E. I, sec. 19, Parma, it has been quarried
by Mr. L. H. Fisk. The rock is nearly white, sometimes varying to a light straw color; and in some places is quite full of
small white quartzose pebbles. A portion of the Albion flour
mill was built of stone from this quarry.
Very numerous quarries have been opened in this formation
in the northern part of Jackson county, but it is unnecessary
to particularize at present.
From Mrs. Titus' quarry, the outcrop trends south-east toward
the village of Barry, and is worked at several points. At Boynton's quarry, half a mile north-west of the Barry coal mines, is
a fine exposure of massive sandstone, which, though occupying
a higher geographical position than the coal, is nevertheless
believed to belong geologically below it. It is found above
the limestone in the vicinity of' the quarry of Chester Wall,
and seems to be the highest rock throughout most of the interval between Barry and Woodville coal mine. South of Woodville it may be recognized by its glistening character, to the
immediate vicinity of Hayden's coal mine, and from here to the
region south of Jackson. It is unnecessary to particularize
localities. Indeed, it is separated in this part of the State, by
15




114                REPORT OF THE
so short an interval, froum the Napoleon Sandstone below, and
the Woodville Sandstone above, that the geographical distribution of this formation has not been very accurately determined,
even after a pretty careful survey.
This sandstone was pierced in the boring for salt at East
Saginaw, and its thickness was found to be 105 feet. It cannot
be a third of this on the southern border of the basin.
No fossils, except imperfect Calarmites and vegetable traces,
have been detected in the Parma Sandstone, but accompanying
its outcrop, throughout its whole extent, are found angular
fragments of a flinty or cherty sandstone abounding in impressionns of Sigillarice. Not unlikely these remains belong to the
formation in question. They frequently recall the characters
of the Ohio Buhrstone.
The Parma Sandstone occupies the geological position of the
Ohio Conglomerate. The occurrence of pebbles at a single
locality observed, constitutes a faint physical resemblance, but
in other respects the correspondence is rather remote. Unlike
the Ohio Conglomerate, it is separated from the upper Devonian rocks by a considerable thickness of calcareous and
arenaceous strata.
16.- Coal iMeasures.
The Coal Measures, with the overlying Woodville Sandstone,
occupy the whole central area of the Lower Peninsula. The
territory covered, embraces the counties of Saginaw, Shiawassee, Clinton, Ionia, Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella and Midland,
and the greater part of Tuscola, Genesee, Ingham, Eaton and
Bay, being nearly thirteen counties, besides considerable portions of Livingston, Jackson, and probably other counties on
the north. The whole area underlain by the coal measures is
approximately 187 townships, or 6,700 square miles. Over
nearly the whole of this extent of country the measures will be
found productive.
The southern border of the basin reaches probably into the
township of Blackman, in Jackson county. Beyond this seem
to be several detached outliers in which the measures do not




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       115
attain their normal thickness, though the principal seam of coal
is very little diminished. The most southerly point at which
coal has been found in place, is at Hayden's mine, where it was
discovered in 1835, in digging the foundation of a mill.  This
is on section 1, in the township of Spring Arbor.  The opening
occurs on Sandstone creek where it is crossed by the highway,
on the lth section line running south through the S. E. L. The
outlier seems to be embraced in a gentle elevation, covering,
perhaps, 40 acres to the west of the opening.  Some distance
tp the hill slope, a boring was made with the following result:
E. Drift materials,............................. 8 ft.
D. Shale,.........................................22 ft.
C. Coal........................................... 4 ft.
B. Under clay,.............................14 ft.
A. Parma Sandstone.
In the drift which has been carried into the hill the coal is
found only three feet thick, and contains a seam of Iron Pyrites
one foot from the top.  Fragments of Black Band Iron Ore are
brought out, which contain impressions of fishes. The sandstone (A) comes to the surface a few rods to the north, and a
boring for coal was executed in it, of course without success.
The boring, however, became an Artesian well.
One mile north of Hayden's mine, occurs the Woodville mine,
owned by the Detroit and Jackson Coal and Mining Company.
We here find the coal measures overlain by a sandstone, which,
from its good exposure in the cut of the side track from the
mine to the Central Railroad, has been designated provisionally
the Woodville Sandstone.  The section passed in the shaft of
this mine is as follows:
E. Superficial materials............................ 12 ft.
D. Woodville sandstone,............................. 30 ft
C. Shales, dark bituminous, with 6 feet of fine light colored clay,...................................... 43 ft.
B. Bituminous coal.....................  4 ft.
A. Under clays,..................................... 3 ft.
A few rods from  the shaft toward the north-west, the sandstone was found 45 feet thick in a boring.  The cut of the side




116                 REPORT OF THE
track shows this rock to be strikingly marked by lines of
oblique lamination, which generally dip toward the south. The
rock has a pale buff color, unequally distributed, and is but
moderately coherent, rather -friable, and towards the top is
wholly disintegrated.
The shales are compact, fine, black and highly bituminous.
In traversing the drifts or chambers leading from the shaft, the
shaly roof is seen to be somewhat undulating and to present
many evidences of slight disturbance since solidification.  It is
intersected by numerous fractures, and in many instances the
movements of the opposing faces against each other have polished them most perfectly. The blackness and solidity of the
shale give specimens the appearance of polished jet. The shale
contains a Lingula probably unknown to science.
The coal is bituminous, solid, generally free from fbreign
matters, but is intersected by a thin belt of iron pyrites which
is also slightly disseminated through the contiguous portions
of the coal. The coal furnishes a glistening coke, samples of
which were much admired at the State Fair.
It is uncertain whether this outcrop is connected with the
main basin or is only another outlier. Numerous explorations
for coal have been made in vain on the N. E. I sec. 36, Sandstone, and extending over the line into the N. mT.  of the section. At one point a boring was carried to the depth of 2719
feet. The coal measures seem to be mainly denuded along the
interval between WTodville and Barry. At the deep boring,
the Parma Sandstone was found 24 feet thick; a series of
calcareo-arenaceous strata holding the place of the carboniferous
limestone, 22 feet; a series of argillo-arlenaceous strata occupying the place of the gypseous, or Michigan Salt Group, 49
feet; the Napoleon Group, including 20 feet of separating shale
at bottom, 114 feet. The boring extended 56 feet into the Marshall Group.  With such an interpretation of the results of this
experiment, it would be obviously inconsistent to encourage
further expenditures in the exploration of rocks below the
shales of the coal measures.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     117
A little further west, at the village of Barry, the coal is
found again outcropping and has been worked to a considerable
extent by the Jackson City Coal Company. The coal possesses
nearly the same qualities here as at TWoodville, though what I
saw seemed to be of a less solid character. Some specimens
were furnished me, however, for exhibition at the State Fair,
which, in physical characters, appeared equal to any in the
State.
The geology of this vicinity is exceedingly complicated-the
carboniferous limestone and overlying Parma Sandstone appearing at points north-east and north-west of the mines, at a higher
geographical position than the coal. There can be no doubt
that these mines are also situated on an outlier of the coal
basin, of but limited extent
An outcrop of coal is said to occur about half a mile west of
the village of Barry,  East of here the coal is seen again outcropping in the bank of the Grand River at the mill-dam in the
city of Jackson, and indications of its approach to the surface
are seen at several other places in the neighborhood. Borings
and excavations have been made at various points, with no uniform results.  In the shaft which was sunk by the Jackson City
Coal Company, the following section was passed, according to
the statement of Mr. William Walker:
G. Superficial materials,............................ 3 ft.
F. Sandstone, white or slightly stained, banded below with
ferruginous and argillaceous streaks; contains Calamites and carbonaceous matter,................... 26 ft.
E. Black bituminous shale with Lingula,................14 ft.
D. Black band iron ore, with abundance of Linguzla,.....   3 ft.
C. Cannel coal,......................................  2 ft.
B. Bituminous coal................................. 2 ft.
A. Finely arenaccous fire clay, with abundance of Stiqmarice,........................................ 7 ft.
In the boring close by, tlie section continues downward
through 30 feet of arenaceous materials, probably representing
the Parma. Sandstone.
Numerous explorations have been made in thee vicinity of the




118                PREPORT OF THE
city of Jackson, but it would occupy too much space to detail
the results. Itp uust here suffice to say in general terms, that
the statistics accumulated seem  at first view to constitute a
perfectly chaotic mass, without the least trace of a fixed order
of succession among the strata, but that after correcting the
errors in the mineralogical language of the well borers, it is
found that the different explorationsi have pierced the WVoodville Sandstone, the Coal Measures and the Parma Sandstone;
that these three formations present numerous sudden flexures,
so that after denudation of the ridges, each has been brought
to the surface at numerous points. The consequence is, that in
some cases the exploration has commenced in the Woodville
Sandstone, in others, in the Coal Measures, and in still others,
in the Parma Sandstone, which is shown to consist in the lower
part, of an alternation of quartzose and argillaceous beds. It
further appears that the Artesian waters of this vicinity proceed from the lower portion of the Parma Sandstone, and that
the trough shaped attitudes into which the rocks have been
thrown, are exceedingly favorable -to the reception and retention of large quantities of water. In a full report upon our
geology, it will be interesting to exhibit -the correspondence of
the results of the various explorations and to illustrate the
whole to the eye by appropriate diagrams.
As the three localities already referred to as the seat of coal
mining operations are thought to be situated upon outliers
of the great coal basin, so nothing more can at present be said
of the city of Jackson —the indications being, that rocks below
the coal measures occupy the surface to the north of the city.
Between Ingham and Genesee counties the boundary of the
coal formation has not been traced. In the south-western part
of the  township of Mt. Morris and contiguous portions of
Flushing, in the latter county, according to the observations
of Dr. Miles, the shales and sandstones of the coal measures
make numerous outcrops. On the S. E.' sec. 26, Flushing,
the following section is observed in the bank of the Flint
River:




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                 119
Superfic-ial marials................................. 4  ft.
Black  shale, containing  Lingula, Chozetes linithii, Productu.s aszecrus and  iSpirifer cameratus,..............  3  ft.
Sandstone, tinged  with iron,......................... 7  in.
Shale,............................................                    1  ft.
Sandstone,....................................... 3  in.
Shale...........................................  4  ft.
Sandstone,........................................  6  in.
Shale to surface of water,......................... 10 in.
A  short distance west of here the section  is seen  to be  extended upwards by the superposition of I inches of sandstone
and five feet of an overlying shale.  The bed of the river here
is covered by a somewhat undulating and shattered gray sandstone which is considerably quarried for building.  At a point
on the N. E. I, section 35, Flushing, a sandstone was seen to
attain a thickness of about 12 feet, in  an excavation made by
Mr. Niles.
On the N. E. I of S. W. 4, section  22, Flushing, a shaft was
sunk on the farm of A. J. Brown, of which the following account
was obtained:
Superficial materials,................................ 14 ft.
Sandstone, below, bluish, gritty......................   8 ft.
Coal,...................2.......................... 2in.
"Horseback claystone," (Blackband?)............  2 ft.
Same with kidney iron ore.........................   2 ft.
Shale,..........................................  5 ft.
Sandstone and salt water,............................  3 ft.
Shale,.............................................  4 ft.
"Black hard  stone," combustible,....................  4 ft.
White Fire-clay,.:..............................; 2 ft.
Hard  white sandstone,..........................          2 ft.
Darker Sandstone,...................          Unknown.
Striped sandstone,..................................  3 ft.
Shale,...........n........................... Unknown.
"Coalblaz6e" with bands of iron ore,................... 11 ft.
A small hole was bored from this point to the depth of 12
feet illn the last named material, making the total depth attained
83 feet.
The work seems to  have been  directed  by  "Prof. Challis."
The shaft is now  filled with salt water.




120                 REPORT OF THE
Coal crops out at numerous places in the vicinity. It is said
sometimes to shlw  a thickness of two or three feet at the outcrop, but soon thins out.
Mr. Patton, on the east side of the river, near the south line
of section 22, has made an excavation for coal and found a
seam 18 inches thick which is tolerably hard.
The sandstone taken from  the quarry above Flushing, is a
pale, bluish rock, abounding in scales of white mica, ferruginous streaks, pyrites, carbonaceous streaks and curls, and much
oblique lamination. What is quite remarkable, I saw in a
block of this stone, in the vault of the Bank in Flint, a long
club of fibrous talcose slate, a mineral said to occur in considerable abundance. This rock does not answer to the characters
of the Woodville sandstone at any point where its identity is
undoubted, and I am induced to regard it as a sandstone included in the coal measures. If it is so, this is the only instance
within my knowledge where any of the included sandstones
have attained sufficient development to be worked. It is likely,
however, that the gray, homogenous, fine, gritty, faintly-banded
sandstone, found within a mile or two of the city of Lansing,
will be found to hold the same position.
Sandstone, not unlikely the Woodville sandstone, is found
outcropping in the township of Montrose, on the borders of
Saginaw county.
The next observed point in the boundary line of the coal
field is near the village of Tuscola, in Tuscola county. On the
S. W. I Sec. 29, T. 11 N. 9 E., a seam of coal crops out in the
bank of the Cass river. Numerous fragrments of an arenaceous
fire-clay, filled with Stigmariia roots, are strewn about. Some
shales occur here, in which is found a Lingula.
According to information recently received from Dr. G. A.
Lathrop, to whom  I am under great obligations for his free
co-operation in my researches, a shaft has been sunk on the
north side of the river, with the following results:
Clay............................................. 14 ft.
Fire-clay,......................................... 3 ft.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    121
Dark shale,..................                  4 in.
Coal similar to cannel,............................... 8 in.
Bituminous coal,..............................  2 ft.
Fire-clay.............................   4 ft.
Shale continuing at bottom,................. 8 ft.
One-half mile east of this, on the south side of the river, a
hole was bored with the result as follows:
Sandstone......................................... 18 ft.
Coal,....I    -................... 4~ ft.
Shale,.............................................. 11 ft.
Sandstone continuing...........................   ft.
The outcrop of these strata traced northward, would probably
strike the bay shore in the vicinity of Sebewaing.
Fromn Barry, in Jackson county, aroundcthe northwest border
of the basin, the boundary is still less perfectly known. The
coal strata are known to outcrop, however, on Sec. 22, in the
township of Benton, Eaton county, near the mouth of Grindstone Creek, and still again near the mouth of Coal Creek,'in
the same county. Indications also exist of the neighborhood of
an outcrop near the center of Ionia county; but beyond this no
authentic observations have been made. Coal is reported, however, to occur near the Big Rapids of the Muskegon, in Mecosta
county. As a white quartzose sand, suitable for glass, is stated
to occur at the Big -Rapids, there is no improbability of the
approach of the coal basin to that vicinity, for there are no such
sandstones known except those which immediately overlie and
underlie the coal series.
Numerous outcrops are known within the area marked out
above. In the township of Lock, Ingham county.the coal has
been taken from the bank of the Red Cedar river. This point
is nearly in the straight line passing through Tuscola, Flushing
and Jackson, and possibly like these points, occupies a position
on the confines of the basin. As the strike of the underlying
rocks, however, bends considerably toward the east, it is not
unlikely that the eastern boundary of the coal basin will be
found' passing through Livingston county.
16




122                    REPORT OF THE
In the vicinity of Corunna, which is still further within the
basin, the coal has been successfully worked on a small scale
for a number of years.  From  an outcrop in the bank of a small
creek on the XV. I N. E. fr1. i, sec. 22, Caledonia, Mr. Alexander
[McArthur has removed several thousand bushels of broken coal
for the supply of neighboring blacksmiths. An excavation
made at this place by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad Company, reveals the following section:
Highly ferruginous loam,........................... 4 ft.
Blue clay, intersected by undulating bands of kidney iron
nodules,................................   4 ft.
Black bituminous shale,........................... 2 ft.
Bituminous coal,....................................31 ft.
Clay.
Sandstone.
The coal is of a handsome quality, and is intersected, like the
seam in Jackson county, by a streak of pyrites.
Half a mile east of here, the overlying W/oodville sandstone
makes its appearance.  In a shaft sunk by Frazer and Stanton,
not the one now worked, the following section was passed:
Superficial -materials,........................ 5 ft.
Sandstone,..                                                   5 ft.
Clay,............................................  5 in,
Coal,.............................................. 3 ft.
Fire-clay, intersected by a band of impure, argillaceous
iron ore,....................................... 16 ft.
Sand stone,.........................................   3  in.
Fire-clay,..4................................                4 ft.
The prevailing sandstone exposed at Rock Bar, at Blossom's
quarry, and numerous other localities in the vicinity of Corunna,
is probably the sandstone which overlies the coal.
At Owosso, a shaft was sunk by the Detroit and Milwaukee
Railroad Company, with the following result, as communicated
by B. O0  Williams, Esq., to whom  I am  indebted  for much
assistance:
Sandstone, flesh colored, seen also in bed of river,....    14 ft.
Black band iron ore,.......................1...... 1 ft.
Cannel coal......................................    2 ft.
Dark shales wth vegetable remains,...,...........         15 ft.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                            123
Black band............................             I               in.
Black band,...                                                       in,,  O
Bituminous coal,.............3...............    3 ft.
Bluish soft clay,...................         ft
Shales and  arenaceous fire-clays, (as ascertained by
boring,) the lower' part black, terminating in a hard
pyritiferous stratum,............................ 1481 ft..
Near -the mouth of Six Mile Creek, in the township  of New
Haven, numerous explorations have been made.  A  shaft sunk
at the mouth of the creek, furnished the following section, according to information received from  Mr. George  Ott.  The shaft
was sunk by Messrs. Silliman and Walker, 271 feet, and the
section continued by boring:
Superficial materials,.......................... 11 ft.
Clay, bluish black,................................. 9 ft.
Calcareo-argillaceous black band,....................   2 ft.
Cannel coal,....................................... 2 ft.
Clay and coal,....................................... 3-  ft.
Coal,..........................................    5 ft.
Clay, light colored,................................. 21 ft.
Coal,..............................2 ft.
Clay, light colored................................. 1~ ft.
Coal.............................................    ft.
Clay, light colored.
A sandstone is seen in the vicinity, overlying the bluish black
shale.  The black band outcrops in -the bed and bank of the
Shiawassee river at the bridge, and has been quarried for building purposes.  Half a mile up the Creek it is seen presenting a,
compact, fine-grained, calcareous character, of very black color,
and seems capable of taking a polish.  According to the statements given above, we have here 11 feet of coal within a vertical thickness of 18- leet.  The shafts which I have visited have
generally been fouid filled with water, so that it has been impossible for me to malke personal observations.  In such cases
I have deemed the statements of persons who watched the progress cf the work as better than an entire absence of informiation.  At this place, as in most others, I had the opportunity to
inspect samples taken out.  As to the nature of the strata,
therefore, I have judged for myself, while for their thickness, I
have had to depend upon others.  If the information obtained




124                        REPOPRT OF THE
f'rom  Mr. Ott is  correct, (and  it is  corroborated  by Mr. B. 0
Williams,) Six Mile  Creek  furnishes the  greatest thickness of
workable coal that has yet beconme known  in the State.
Next to this, the greatest known thickness of any single vein
of coal is 4 feet 1 inch, in a shaft and boring sunk on Sec. 35, in
the township of Delta, Eaton county. My only knowledge of this
locality is recently obtained fronm  Messrs. J. A. Kerr and LaRue,
of Lansing, who furnished me from their records the following
statement of rocks passed through:
superfiiial materials,..........................  5 ft.
Fire-clay, soft,.................................                      2 ft.  8 in.
Coal,..........2 ft. 3 in.
Clay, somewhat bituminous,...................... 4 ft.  3 in.
Coal,......................................        1 ft. 11 in.
Fire-clay, white and hard....................... 5 ft.  8 in.
Argillaceous  shale.............................16 ft.  2 in.
Coal,.......................................                               8 in.
Argillaceous shale, with some pyrites............12 ft.
Sandroek,..................................                         4 ft.  2 in.
Coal,......................................... 4 ft.  1 in.
Sandstone, grayish, soft.
WVe have here a total thickness of 8 ft. 1  in. of coal, distributed ill bands, as follows:
Coal,...................................  2 ft.  3 in.
Clay,......................................... 4 ft.  3 in.
Coal,....................................... I ft. 11 in.
Argillaceous strata,............................21 ft. 10 Fn.
Coal,.......................................                              8 in.
Intervening strata,...........................16 ft.  2 in.,Coal,....................................... 4 ft.  1 in.
Total.................................51 ft.  2 in.
The coal also outcrops  at Chesaning, on  the  land  of Sheriff'Turner, and  at several  other  points  along  the  river  in  this
township and St. Charles.
In the salt borings  on  the  Sagitnaw  river, coal is struck be~
tween 120 and 140 feet.   At East Saginaw, according to notes
-of Dr, Lathrop, the following was found to be the  section through
-the coal measures:




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     125
Alluvial and drift materials,............................ 92 ft.
Brown sandstone, (Woodville,)...................... 79 ft.
Shales, dark colored above, light below............... 40 ft.
Bituminous coal,..............................3 or 4 ft;
Highly arenaceous fire-clay and sandstones,..........  20 ft.
Shales, below, dark, bituminous,................. 12 ft.
Sandstone, with thin seams of coal,.........1........ 10.f
Shale,......................................... 38 it.
White sandstone, (FParma,)..........................105 ft.
The whole thickness of the coal nmeasures here, between the
overlying and underlying sandstones, is thus shown to be 123
feet, which is the greatest thickness yet measured. Probably,
however, the thickness is still greater at Owosso.
Putting all the observations together, (of which it is not necessary to mtake any further details,) it appears that the rocks.
of the coal measures occupy a shallor basin, the longest axis
of which is nearly coincident with the axis of Saginaw bay.
This bay breaks over -the northeastern rim  of the basin, and
near its head the rocks will probably be found to exhibit their
greatest depression.  It is not likely, however, that this depression varies greatly between Saginaw  and Ionia county. In
other words, the lowest depression of the carboniferous trough
lies beneath a line extending from  lonia county into Saginaw
bay. Along this line the coal measures will be found to have
the greatest thickness, and the coal seams will be developed in
greatest number and. force.
When we speak of the carboniferous basin or trough, it must
nevertheless be remembered that all these rocks repose very
nearly in horizontal planes, so that the slight undulations into,
which they have been thrown by gentle disturbances since their
solidification, have presented eminences and ridges which have
subsequently been more or less worn down. It follows, therefore, that the Woodville sandstone is not everywhere found
covering the coal measures, even within the area that has been
described.  The denudation has sometimes extended entirely
through this sandstone, or into the shales below, or evern so faras to reach below the coal seams. The tracts, however, within.
the carboniferous area, which have been entirely denuded of coal,.




d126                 REPORT OF THE
must be very limited, so that in general terms, the whole area
~will be found productive.
From the numerous sections which have been given, it appears that one persistent seam of coal runs through the whole
formation. This ranges in thickness between three and five
feet, being thinnest near the borders of the basin. Toward the
central axis of the basin, all the members of the series thicken,
and several accessory seams of coal make their appearance.
When this occurs, one of the seams is a cannel coal about 2
ft. in thickness.  Immediately above this seam is a belt of
black band, becoming iDa places highly calcareous, and passing
into a black ornamental limestone or marble. To present the
general structure of our coal measures more clearly to the mind,
we may make use of the following table:
E. Bituminous shales and light clays...................40 ft.
D. Black band passing into black limestone,............ 2 ft.
C. Bituminous and Cannel Coal in one or more seams, with
aggregate thickness of 3 to 11 feet,............... 11 ft.
B. Fire-clays and sandstones;.........................23 ft.
A. Shale, clay, sandstone and thin seams of coal,.......50 ft.
The shales of the coal measures are well stocked with the
remains of the terrestrial vegetation. Fern leaves, in a beautiful state of preservation, are sometimes found in the black band.
But few marine fossils occur, and these have been already
noted.
17.- Woodville Sandstone.
Some account of this formation has necessarily been embraced
in the description already given of the Coal Measures, and I;shall add but few observations. Wherever it is not denuded,
it is the capping stone of the coal measures. It is a friable,
rather coarse, quartzose sandstone, stained to a variable extent
with oxyd of iron. At Jackson, the rock is nearly white, and
bhas been used in tho manufacture of fine glass; at Corunna it
is pale buff, and embraces abundant rich nodules of kidney iron
-ore, which, on the disintegration of the rock, are left in the soil;;at Owosso it is flesh colored; near Lyons, in Ionia county, it is




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    127
striped and mottled with red, or even of a uniformly brick red
color. It varies equally in hardness, being sometimes sufficiently solid for grindstones and building stones. The State
Prison is built of a rock supposed to be this. The material for
the county offices at Ionia was also derived from the same
source.
This rock embraces numerous comminuted remains of vegetation, and some well preserved stems of Calamites and Lepidodendron.
Although I have trlleated separately of the Parma Sandstone,
the Coal Measures, and the Woodville Sandstone, there is no
doubt that they all belong strictly to one geological epoch, and
constitute what, in a more extended sense, may be designated
the coal measures. This remark, however, is somewhat more
applicable to the Woodville than the Parma Sandstone.
18.-Superficial Materials.
No traces have yet been discovered in the Lower Peninsula,
of any of the geological formations intervening between the
Coal Measures and the Boulder Drift. Drift  materials are
strewn over nearly the entire surface, and constitute a very
serious obstacle in the way of the investigation of our geology.
A large number of facts and observations is on hand as data
for the discussion of this formation, but it will be necessary to
content ourselves with a few general remarks.
Numerous evidences exist of the movement of heavy bodies
over the underlying rocks, previously to their burial by the
Drift. Wherever considerable surfaces are found exposed, they
are seen smoothed and striated in the manner usually attributed
to drift agency. The most remarkable examples are seen upon
the Helderberg limestone at Brest, Stony Pt., and Pt. aux Peaux
At Stony Pt., the surface of the limestone has been denuded
of soil by the action of the waves, over an area of several acres.
The whole surface is level, smooth and floor-like, and covered
with a set of strime running in perfectly parallel lines N.;0~ WV.
One deep groove is seen belonging to this set The most




128'            REPORT OF THE
remarkable  feature  seen here, however, is the  occurrence  of
two parallel grooves crossing  the first set and  bearing N. 60~
E.  These grooves  are 4 ft. 6-, inches apart, 13 inches deep, 2
inches wide, and 25 feet long, issuing  from  under the cover of
diluvial materials, and  terminating  at the point to which the
waves have broken away the rock.  The first impression which
irresistibly forces itself upon the mind, is the conviction that a
loaded wag'on has been driven over the surface while in a yielding condition; and a couple of grooves parallel to these, seen
for a part of' the distance  like the tracks of the second pair of
wheels, greatly confirms the illusion.
The Island of Mackinac shows the most indubitable  evidences of the former prevalence of the water, to the height of 250,
feet above the present level of the lake; and there has been an
unbroken continuance of the same kind of aqueous action from
that time during the gradual subsidence of the waters to their
present condition. No break can be detected in the evidences
of -this action from  the present water-line  upward for 30, 50 or
100 feet, and even up to the level of the grottoes excavated in
the brecciated materials of "Sugar Loaf," the level of "Skull
Cave" and the  "Devil's Kitchen."
While we  state  the  fact, however, of the  continuity  of the
action during all this  period, it is not intended  to allege  that
the water of the lakes, as such, has ever stood at the level of
the summit of Sugar Loaf.  Nor do we speak upon the question
whether these changes have been caused by the subsidence of
the lakes, or the uplift of the island and adjacent promontories.
It is true that the facts  presented  bear upon  these and  other
interesting  questions, buht we must forego  any discussion  of
them.*
*Abundant evidences are furnished along the shores of Lake Huron, of the unbroken continuity of the action of those physical forces which have transported and assorted the materials of the Drift. From the shingle beach formed by the violence of the last gale, we
trace a series Of beaches and terraces, gradually rising as we recede from the shore, and
becoming more and more covered with the linchens and mould and forest growths which
denote antiquity, until, in some cases, the phenomena of shore action blend with the
features which characteriz, the glacial drift. These observations tally so well with the
views of Pictet on the continuity of the Diluvian and MIodern Epochs, as established by
palseontological evidences, that I cannot forbear referring the reader to an article of his
which falls undtler my notice as this report is goiug through the press. See Bibliotheque
Universelbte ri Gesvec, Vol. VIII., p. 255. Also, soilliste n'$ Journal, [2] XXXI, 345.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    129
Upon -the smooth and striated surfaces of the rocks, has been
brought an immense deposite of waterworn and comminuted
materials, derived froml the breaking up and disintegration of
pre-existing strata. We generally-almost universally-find
the face of the rock overspread with a confused mixture of blue
clay and azoic and plutonic boulders and pebbles. These coarse
materials are often arranged in rude courses which have a
curved or irregular dip, and may often be seen outcropping on
a hill-side, or even upon the plain. At East Saginaw these ma'
terials are 90 to 100 feet below the surface. At Detroit they
lie 130 feet below the surface. Through the interior of the
Statd they are found outcrcpping at irregular intervals, producing occasional patches of ground principally noteworthy for
their cobble stones. A field was noticed in the southern part
of Jackson county in which, by measurement, the average, distance between adjacent stones was only four inches. This
small field had already furnished many hundred cords of these
stones; but every plowing seemed to favor the development of
a new crop. Strange to say, this and similar lands are found
to produce excellent crops, of wheat.
Great use is made of these cobble stones for purposes of paving in the cities, a use for which their great hardness and
toughness renders them  eminently fit. ]lineralogically, they
consist mostly of rounded fragments of syenite, greenstone,
vitreous and jaspery sandstones, and hornblendic, talcose, and
serpentinous rocks of the azoic series.
Above the boulder bed we find a deposite of argillaceous
and arenaceous materials more distinctly stratified snd assorted,
as if by the action of eddying waters. So far as I have observed, the lake ridges and terraces are worked in these materials. Here we find buried, numerous tree trunks, generally of
the White Cedar, many of which may be seen projecting from
the bank which overhangs Lake Huron, near Fort Gratiot, and
at numerous other points on the lakes.
The materials of this assorted drift are not so exclusively of
extreme northern origin as those of the boulder drift. Perhaps




1N30                 REPORT OF THE
two-thirds of the whole has been derived from the destruction
of rocks within the Lower Peninsula; while a large and char
acteristic portion comes from the strata in the immediate neighborhood. The vicinity of a coal outcrop has filled the subsoil
with fragments of coal, which can be traced, gradually diminishing in abundance, for one, two or ten miles.  The experienced
observer, however, is able to tell whether the source of the
materials is near or remote, for the further theyr have been
transported the more uniformly they become scattered amongst
the other materials, while in the immediate vicinity of the
outcrop the carbonaceous debris is not only more abundant but
contains  ore fine matter, and is disposed in streacks.  In a similar manne-r the vicinity of a limestone formation produces a
caleareous soil; sandstone an arenaceous one; shale an arg'illacoots one.  Nowhere is the connection between the soils and
geological structure better shown than in AMichigan.  Even
the arboreal vegetation of the peninsula is distributed in belts
across the State, corresponding to the calcareous, arenaceous
and argillaceous belts of soil overly.ing the corresponding
rocks.
To this epoch of the drift seems to belong' a bed of lignite
discovered on Grand Traverse Bay, near the outlet, or the north
shore.  The following section embraces the lignite and associated beds:
F. Ver-y fTie yellow  sand,............................  12 ft.
E. Smnall boulders, pebbles and coarse sand with shells of
J]eltasia, and Physa,.                                 1.f. t.............  I ft.
D. Arenaceous clay, bituminous, soft, and somewhat plastic............................................. 2 f2E
C. Lignite, dark brown, containing woody stems, (white
cedar?) becoming below, a highly bituminous clay,.. 3 ft.
B. Clay, dark gray, very -tough, with a few grains of sand
and small pebbles, and considerable bituminous matter..,............................. 21- ft.
A. Comrnrin-ated g'reen shale, passing above into g'reen clay, 2 ft.
Still lowe!', but not seen in this section, is a bed of green
sh0ale, lying above the black bituminous shale,......  13 ft.,.!',The lignite is compact, bituminous, and highly combustible.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      131
The bed is traceable along the shore for a quarter of a mile,
but nothing more is known of its extent. A single fragment
was seen on the opposite shore of the bay.
The bed E, above the lignite, has evidently been deposited by
the action of fresh water, since the epqch of the lignite; while
the bed B, beneath the lignite, may belong to the same or may
represent tl;he glacial or boulder epcch.
Several other lign ite beds are known upon the shore of Lake
Superior, and I am informed that the ii-habitants of that region
are beginning' to learn their use.
The inequalities left in the surface of the assorted drift, upon
the withdrawal of the submerging ccean, remained filled with
water, which, by constant drainage -to the sea, in connection
with accessions of fresh water only, lhave become our numerous
inland lakes. These -for many ages ha-e been gradually filling
up friom several sources.  1st. Rains have transported the finer
materials from the surrounding hilis into these little basins.
2d. Spring-waters, charged with calcareous matter, ihave not
only supplied the lakes with that material, but have precipitated
large amounts upon the bottom. 3d. Mingled with these cat'
careous sediments, the dead shlells of fresh water molluscs have
accumulated in. very great abundance. The union of these
calcareous materials has formed a deposite of marl, continually
thickening.
Around the shallow margins of these lakes is always a belt,
abounding in various forms of aquatic vegetation, which, decaying, form a deposite of vegetable matters, -esting upon the
marl, from the water's edge to the inner limit of vegetable
growthi. With the filling of the interior, the shallow  belt
extends toward the center, and the vegetable cepdsite continually encroaches upon the lacustrine area,, until the whole lake
becomes a peaty marslb, with a bed of marl at bottom. Subsequent accessions of vegetable and calcar.eous matters fill the
interstices of the porous soil, exclude the standing water, and
<oonvert, the reeking. mnarsh'<' into dry and arable land. We




132                 REPORT OF THE
behold, at the present day, tfhese changes in all stagces of
progress.
The beaver and the muskrat may exert some agency in the
inundation and drainage of lands, but a few observations upon
the borders of our lakes w1il suffice to show th3at they are by
no means the principal agents.
The beds of marl and peat thus accumulated cons-titute almost
exhaustless repositories of nutritive matter for the recuperation
of the hill-side soils, that have been exhausted of -their soluble
inLgredients by the le 1ching rains, andL an inprovident system
of farming.  A conisideration of the manner of proeparing and
applying'these materials would be exceedingly intereating, but
must be postponed for a final report.
Imbedded in these accumulations of marl anld peat, are found.
the remains of the Eilephant, Acastodon and Eil/,, the two former
of which are now extinct friom  the continent, and -t[he latter is
only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State.  A fragmen-t of a molar of the Mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at
Green Oak, in Livingston county.  A perfect molar of an elephant has been exhumed in ditching in the northern part of
Jackson county.  Other remains occur in Macomb county. By
far the most interesting discovery has been nmade by Mr. G. M.
Shattuck, in the township of Plymouth, in Wayne county.  Mr.
Shattuck here exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a Mastodon, including a piece of one of the tusks several feet in
length.  Some of these remains were in too friable a condition.
to be preserved, and others were injured by the injudicious
handling of visitors.  I have only had the opportunity as yet,
of seeing five'teeth. These prove -to be the molar teeth from
the lower jaw of Miastodon giganuteuts, three being froul the left
side and two from  the right..  The anterior one from the left
side, is the single permanent premolar, aLnd the posteriorl two,
like -th  two on the right side, are the first and second true'tmolars —-the thicrd, whfich iS the largest of all, nIot appearing to
have been developed at the tille of the anima.l's death.  These
teeth are all in a beaut'iful state of preservation, still refaining




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      133
their glossy enamel, and most of the fangs which belong to
molar teeth. The tubercles of the crowns of the teeth were
but little worn, showing, together with the absence of the third
or largest true molar, that the animal had scarcely attained full
maturity. The dimensions of the teeth were not extraordinary
for proboscideans, being firom two inches to four or five inches in
antero-posterior diameter along the crowns, while the third mo1ar of an adcul;t lastodon ranges from  1- to 8: inches in the
same dimension.  These interesting relics of a former age and
formler population, are retained in'the hands of their discoverer. It is greatly to be hoped that he will not allow them  to
become scat-tered or destroyed..During the progress of the former survey, a large vertebra
was discovered in the western part of the State which was
recognized at the time as the caudal vertebra of a whale, by
Prof. Sager, then State Zoologist.








CHEAPTER IVo
Genreral Observaionnse- I'ble of Geological Pc~S -"tioq2n
Many interesting  considerations present themselves on a
general review of the geology of the peninsula.  From the Lake
Superior Sandstone to the close of the Helderberg period, Our
State seems to have had a common history with Canada NWst;.,
and the States on both sides of us.  The same groups of rocks.
are traced uninterruptedly firom New York across the peninsula
of Canada to Michigan, and even to the Mississippi river, preserving' tllronufhout that whole extent as great a degree of
palsoontological identity as could be expec-ted of faunas stretching over so many degrees of the earth's surface. It is true, as
has been long since shown by Prof. Hall, that nearly every
member of the Silurian and lower Devonian systelms, thins
gradually in its westward prolongation, loses somewhat of its
arenuclaceous or ar'gillaceousl character, and becomes at the west
much mnore calctalweol.... chainges which have generally been
re-ga.tded as provil  -1 the origin of the materials of those groups
to lhave been  t -ithe east  _It is interestting to observe, however,
uotwvittc-qr'<'flg' 11- 1m west-wt ar  d atten at ton, how coTp eiely  we
are able to reecgnize al.l the e.(en- md ftcli-r'tls.e  -  New'' o1,
Systcsi l iIn olr1 ow1l St.teo
FProcm'i;e close of the Heldirberg period, cn- ihte conlray,
AMichlig-al has had a his'-itor y'to some extent peculiar.  Th'e
rocks o(f t[tle THlamilton group can indeed bh traced aImot 4continuously f'orn IN evw  ork into our own State, tbut lihe pal0ontiolog-ca  charIacters are:found ma-te-rical y   cla1ong ed, anld the
strata  ire  more a d'g' llateous, u T'he Poritagte, Group, of' Nw
York, sUpinlgl' Lit 0l'o be nvprcse-ted by our 1-1 iro;A roul, a5s
received e, lcat access3ions of argill/aceous matterx,  anJ. c1m., t-o
have been depocsited unde.r ciicuAs tances     more unfTavorable, to,., t.' si'      F...- 5   i-:....,'




136                  REPORT OF THE
the existence of animal life  The Chemung Group, supposed to
be represented by our Marshall Group, has been traced uninterruptedly into Ohio, where it becomes allnost non-fossiliferous.
The Marshall Group is to-tally isolated from rocks of the sauime
age any where beyond the limits of our peninsula; and though'the sandstones bear some physical resemblance to those of the
Chenmung Group, of Ohio and New York, tour form -ltion contains
~ittle or no argillaceous ma-tter; its fauna is remlarkably rich,
and its species are nearly all peculiar. The Napoleon Group,
if correctly separated from the Marshall  Group, has1 no distinct
equivalent in surrounding States; and its entire destitution of
organic remains will cause its true geological relations to
remain in doubt.
If anything were wanting to show that the geological column
in Michigan has been built up as a distinct and independent
structure, the existence of the *gypseous or Michigan Salt
Group, supplies the deficiency. But even further than this, no
obvious parallelism has yet been traced between the overlying
carboniferous limestone, and the groups of this system further
west. The indications already pointed out, however, lead to
the conjecture that our limestone was accumulating during several of the epochs into which geologists have divided this
period, though the isolation of our sea has resulted in little
correspoadence of organic remains.  The paucity of rock-producing materials seems to have continued through the epoch of
the coal-our measures not attaining one-twentieth the thickness of the same rocks in Ohio. The evidences lead us to -the
conviction that the Ohio and Michigan coal basins were never
continuous, and that the waters did not flow over the separating
ridge between the close of the Helderberg period and the Drift.
It cannot be denied, however, t-hat, supposing the carboniferous
sea to have been a general one, the remoteness andt_ comparative
isolation of the Micl-igan bcay,:fanisled  occasicol foir great contra~t:s;n s4t-ratig rapbical, lithological,1 aand p al,_moo-t loogical
characters.
One other class of' fiacts must be refered to, wh-ich weigll in




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        131
-the same direction.  They constitute  evidence-s that the nlaterials for our upper Devonian and carbonlilferous rocks have been
deLived front the north. The Ielderberg- limestclnes are 350
feet thick at Mackinac, and not'more than 60 feet thick in Mionroe county.  Thi-e Hamilton Group, so well developed in Thunder and Little Traverse Bays, is not riccogninzed in the soutlhern
part of the State.  The Huron Grouop with its goritstones and
flagstones at Pt. aux Barques, contalins only two satl.al-ei of
flagstone at Grand Rapids. The congZo1imeoriae at the bas-e of
the Marshall Group, at Pt, al. Bqarues, s1, is c.,,ieogw.%ze  a;It none.
of the southern outcrops.  The pe'oles s.atterecl      -llhougI   the
Marshall and Napoleon G-roups.in Huron counil-n   alre entirely
wantuing  in Jackson and Calhoun coulntiesi w'n-e,  on the contrary, extensive pa-tches of the MarLhallh    s'rdston    e otr-).nd
finely ceninteci by calscareous matteir ait Bfttlet Creek, 3'Ilsville,and other soutlhelrn points.
If our later paloeozoic rocks aret e.(l 0iAlely   isolated'-from those
of adjoining regions; if their hlt,!itigical  clinuact:,,,e'  are different; if their organic contents are peculiar; if their materials
have been received fiom  another direction; what prevents us
from saying that Michigan has had a little geological history of
her own, that her bounldaries were marked out many thousand
years ago-in short, -that she was the very first of the States to
take her place in this great and imperishable Union.
One other remark is suggested by this review of our rocks.
The geology of Michigan discloses little connection between
the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures; while the
transition to Devonian rocks is imperceptible.  I see no reason
for drawing  the broad lines which separate great systems,
between the Marshall and Napoleon groups, or between the
Napoleon group  and  the Carboniferous limestone.  On the
contrary, I see this limestone characterized by a peculiar, persistent, mar-ine fauna, while the Parlma Sandstone, the Coal
Measures and Othe  V Woodville Sandstone, were accumulated in
shallow waters near shores, or even in marshes; and are char18O




138                   REPORT OF THE
acterized, fromr  bottom to top, by evidences of t1he proximity
and abundance of terrestrial vegetation. These contrasts holdI
throughout the country, anld in all countries.  WVhatever'marino
remains are found in the coal measures, belong, to species distinct from  those in the Carboniferous Limestone; and if the
generic distinctions are not complete, the organic facies of Cne
is vegetable and terrestrial; that of the other, animal and
marine. Downward the types of the lower Carboniferous rocks-:descend in-to the upper Devonian —-some carboniferous species,
and numerous carboniferous types, even reaching the Hamilton.
group.  Observations in Michigan suggest rather to draw the'
broad systematic lines below the Hamilton group, and betweena
the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures.
SYOPTICAL VIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE LOWER
PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN.
V.-QUATE1RNAARY SYSTEM.
(c) Soil-Peat, Marl, Calcareous Tufa, Bog Iron ore, Ochre
Beds.
(b) Lake and river terraces, and other phenomena of altered,
drift; Lignite beds of lakes M!ichigan and SuperiorF
Bu1ried tree trunks.
(a) Boulder Drift; Diluvial strim.
IV.-CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEMI.
16. Woodville Sandstone, Ii9 feet; Jackson,  Torodville,  Barry
Shiiawassee count-y; Lyons; Tuscola county, &c.
15. Coal TMeasures, 123 ft.; consisting of
(e) Bituminouols shales anl clays, 40 ft;.
(d) Black band, pas:ing into black limestone, 2 ft.
(c) Bitunlinous and(l Cannel coal in one or more seams, witht
agoreagat, thickness of 3 to l1" ft.
(b) Fire clay tand Sandstonic, 23 fte
(a) Shale, Clay, Sanldstone e and thin seams of coal, 50 ft.
14. Parmna Sandstone, 1.05 ft.; Jackson xcounty and salt boringis
at Saginaw~v
13. Carboniferous Jimestone,  66 fleet:
(c) Upper, 1) ft.; Griand Rapicl1r, Beilevue, Parmia, Sprl1n1g.Arbor, Wild  Iowl Iay, C(ha1ity  Islands, Pt. au Greast
(b)  oiddle, o R Ied  -Layer, 5 feet; Grand Rapids, Bellevue,
SaQt ndt on  Spring  Arbor.




STATE G-EOLOGIST.                       139
(a) Lower, 51 feet: seen at most of the abovoe localities.
Becc-mes arenaceous below1.
12. Michliogan Salt Group, 184 feet:
(c) Caribonaceous and argillaceous shale, gypseous and pyritonlS marls.
(b) Shales, marl, magnesian  and silicious limecstonei, and
thick beds of gypsum.  The shales impregnated with
s alt.
(a) Salier      halou s shales and alternat-ing arenaceous irncstones,
11. Niapoleon Group, 123 feet:
(d) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet.
(c) Napoleon sand.lstone, 18 feet, highliy salif6rous in mainy
localities; Napoleon, Grandville, IRush lake, Pt. aux
Barques.
b) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 15 feet: Salt borings.
a) Clay or shale, 15 feet, [more than 6/4 feet at  East Saginaw (?) ]
IIT -— DEOMAN SYSTEM.
10. Marshall Group, (Chemung,) 159 -feet:
(c) Reddish, yellowish and greenish sandstones, 14I -feet:
liarshall, Jonesville, Hillsdale, Battle  Creek, Holland,
Pt. aux Barques.
(b) Shaly micaceous sandstone, 10 feet: Jonesville, &c.
(a) Conglomerxate, 2 ft.: Grindstone Quarries, Pt. aux Barqnes.
9. Huron Group, (Portage), 224 feet:
d) Fine bluish gritstones, 14 feet: Pt. aux Barques.
c) Shales, limestones and flagstones, i8 feet.  The Kidney
Iron clays of Branch coulnty are supposed to belonrlg
here.  Shore of Lake Huron, below  Pt aux Barurcies;
Bralnc'h, Calhoun, Karlamazoo anid Lrenawce counrties.
(b) Green shale, 10 feet: Grand ~Traverse B3ay.
(a) Bla(ck bituminous,Ghale, 20 feet; Sulplhur Island, Squ a e
Pt, CGrand Traverse Bay.
S. Hamilton Group, 55 fe,:t:
(c) Crystalline limes tone, writhl included lenticular  clayey
nasses, t3 -eet: Partri dge Pt., Little ITr1avi-  seL t3 -y.
(b) Arygillaceous limestones, enine.lly fiossiFtilerow, wilh  h-.
teriiating shales, 1' I ft.: Palartridge Pt., Little TLcaverse
Bay.
(a) Black bitruminous limestone,  15 fet;: Carfcr's quarry,
nlear Alpena; Tihunlcer PBay  Island, Little  Tralver,-oe
BGay.
S. Uppemr Heldoeberg Group, 351 fieet,:




140                  7REPORT OF THE
(e) Brown, bituminous limestone, 75 feet: Monroe, Presque
Isle and Emmet counties.
(d) Arenaceons limestone, 4 feet: Monroe county, Crawford's
quarry.
(c) Oclitic limestone, 25 feet: Bedford, Raisinville, &c., Monroe county; Mfackinac.
(b) Brecciated limestone, 250 feet: Stony Pt., Pt. aux Peaux,
Mackinac and vicinity.
(a) Conglomerate, cherty, and sometimes agatiferous, 3 feet:
Mackinac, Sitting Rabbit.
II. —UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM.
6. Onondaga Salt Group, 37 feet:
(d) Chocolate colored limestone, 10 feet: Monroe county,
Mackinac.
(c) Calcareous clay, 3 feet: Bois Blanc.
(b) Fine, ash colored, argillaceous limestone, with acicular
crystals, 14 feet: Monroe county, at Montgomery's
quarry, Ida; Otter Creek and Plumb Creek quarries;
Mackinac; Round and Bois Blanc islands.
(a) Variegated, gypseous marls, with imbedded masses of
gypsum, 10 feet: St. Martin's islands; Little Pt. anu
Chene.
5. Niagara Group, 97 feet:
(g) Thin-bedded brown limestone, 6 feet: south side Drummond's Island.
(f) White, massive, crystalline limestone, 20 feet: south and
southeast sides Drummond's Island; coast west of
Detour.
(e) Rough, vesicular limestone, 6 feet: east end of Drummoend's Island.
(d) Limestone, in thin broken layers, 8 feet: Ibid.
(c) Limestone, geodiferous, rough, crystalline, 45 feet: Ibid.
(b) Limestone, hard, gray, crystalline,' feet:!bid.
(a) Arenaceous limestone, 5 feet: Ilid.
4. Clinton Group, 51 feet:
(c) Argillo-calcareous limestone, very light colored, and
evrenly bedded, 14 ft.: E. and W. ends of Drummond's
Island.
(b) Argillo-calcareous limestone, dark, containing geodes and
gashes, 3 feet: N. E. side Drummond's Island.
(a) A.lternations of argillaceous, bituminous and calcareous
limnestones, 34 feet: Ibid.




STITE  GEOLOGIST.                         141
I.-LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM.
3. Hudson River Group, (observed,) 18 feet:
Argillaceous limestone, filled with fossils in the upper
part, 15 feet: N. side Drummond's Island.
Bluish-gray subcrystalline limes-tone, (observed,) 3 feet.
2. Trenton Group, 32 feet:
(e) Dark blue, subcrystalline limestone, with 3 feet of darkgreen areno-calcareous shale above, 7 feet; North side
Drumnmond's and St. Joseph's Islands.
(d) Dull-gray limestone, hard, siliciolis, 2 feet. Ibid.
(c) Blue, argillaceous linestone, 9         I:e.,:  Ibid.
(b) Limostone, dark, bluisnh-gsray, wiy   h part1ings of green
shale, 12 feet: Ibid.
(a) Limes!one, gray, silicious, resting on quarttz, 2 feet: Sulphur Island, north of Drunilmond's.
1. Lake Superior Sandstone, (Porsdam), ai;t the Sanlt, 18 feet.
Total observed thickness of the Pai tozoic rocks, 1,~5 feet.
Actual thickness probably 2,500:feet.








CH A P TER V
Thabes oqf deep borizngs in the State, with an exhibition of thei7r
Geology.
Re-ferences have frequently been made to borings that have
been executed in our State, in search of salt, coal or other valuablo products; and -isoliated -a.-S, obtained by such borings,
have, in manly instances, been incorporated into the preceding
hbaptersi. In thel present clhapter, I present connected and comrpleto statemenlts of the kind of rocks passed thierough, in most
of the deep borings of ouro Soate.  It has not been thought best
to present these records in all their details;  I have, therefore,
greatly condeised tlhem, t;aking care, however, to mention every
important change in the strata. The first column in all the
tables shows tLie depth of' the well at the upper part of the
stratum named in the last column.  The second column shows
the thickness of the stratum.  vWhen the several strata which
constitute a forma-tion or group, are passed, a line is drawn
across the second column, and the total thickness of the formlaion or group is entered opposite, in the third column. The
table at the end is a summary of the whole.
L. —ARTESIAN WELL AT DITTROIT.
["l;)uring the years 1829-30, the Hydraulic Company, with a
view of supplying this city with spring water, commenced and
completed, (although witihout gaining the object iittended,) an
artesian well, near that point where Wayne Street intersects
Fort Street. This point is elevated 36 feet above the level of
the surface of Detroit river.  The work was conducted under
the direction of A. E. Halhon,  In the North-western Journal
for Apr-il 21, 1830, an article was published from  the pen of
that gentleman, of which the following is an abstract of the
strata and depth, inl the wbrds of the article to whlich a;-llusion
is made:"-Dr. 7Houghton's Notest]




144                          PREPORT OF THE
At ]        a'S.
Depth                                       DESRIPTION OF ROCKS, &.
Ft.    Ft.   Ft.
0    10        " Common Alluvion. "
10   118        "Plaster Clay."  [" IMarly. " —_Erolghton.]
128     2        "Comlmlon beach sand, with coarse gravel."
130
130   120       I"Compact limestone."' [Probably Relderberg and Onondagasalt group
together. —f. ]
250     2          G-ypsum and Salt. "
252     8        "C   ompact Lbie.."  [Probably Niagara limestone.-W.]
260
IL. —SlA'l'e   SALIT  AV ELL, G-RAND  RAPIDS.   SeC. 3,. 6  NT, 1-2 
Conftensed.sfromI  the records kenpt tnder Dr. HougIhtolgs direec
tions.  B1ored in  1_841-2O.
Depth      T    a                      DESCRIPTION OF.OCKS, &c.
of       a
Ft.   Ft.   Ft..
O    40        Alluvial, &c., 5-6 feet clay; thin sand andc gravel.
40
40     7        " Clay;" Gypsum 61 feet.
47     1        "Very hard rock, supposed to bze hornstone.."
48    13'! Clay" and " slate" alternately, with 1-3 in. "l hard roclr)  several
21   times recurring in the lower 4 feet.
61   109       1" Sandrock.,". hard."'  At 68 feet. a spring, water brackish, cavity 3
in.; sandrock continuing; softer, with numerous cavities; brine
strengthening; rock harder at 104 ft.
170     9        " Mixture of clay and sand — quite hard."
179     5' Clay slate."
123
184   101        Hard sandrock, 19 ft.; cavities, water very salt; "'soft sandrock" at
204-244 ft.; very hard at 245-246; soft, 247-278. At 265 feet, brine
overflowing profusely, and increasing to 284 feet.
285     2' Blue clay."
287    20 ]   "Common sandrock."
307    24        " Ash colored clay and sandrock," " about equal. parts."
331    12        "Sandrock, quite hard."
159
343   130   130 "Clayrock."  Water doubled at 361, and somewhat stronger. From
417-421 very soft like blue clay, then a few black gravel stones, then
shale.
473              " Clavrock."  Continuing.




StAT.E GEOLOGIST.                                     145
It -- LYON'S SALr W MELI, GBRAND RAPIDS, near Bridge St. Bridge,
commenced January, 1840, and finished Dec. 25th, 1842, condensed from records kept under the direction of Horn Lucius
Lyon.
At. i *
Depth |          i a   1               DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c.
Ft.   Ft.    Ft.
i   13         Limerock, lower 9 feet geodiferous.
14     6        "Yellow  sandrock."  [Probably lower axreiaceous beds of the lime19   stone.]
20     2        " Blue Clay."
22     6        " Coarse, reddish sandrock."
271   47        Argillaceous beds, interstratified with gypseons deposits.
74     V        " Very hard, sharp-gritted, bluish sandroclk."  At 76 feet, fresh spring.
81    19        "Clayrock."  " First indications of salt."
100'79        Argillaceous beds, sometimes " sandy," [pyritous grains,]' sometimes
gypseous.
179     1        " Hard sandrock."  [These layers are also called " waterlime."]
180    11        Clayrock.
171
191   109        Sandrock, varying from " dark" and " hard," to " white" and " soft, "
(199 feet); dark blue (216); coarse, loose aid reddish (248). Cavity
of 6 inches, and great spring of water at 264'4 filet.
300     9' Clayrock, intermixed with fine particles of sand."
118
309    66        Sandrock, varying between " hard,"' "coarse" and "' loose."
375    14        " Clay and sandrock of about equal parts."
889    34        " Sandrock, coarse, loose,-of about an ash color."
423    12        "Clay and sandroclk of about equal parts."
435    11        " Coarse, loose sandrock;" water doubled, an  salter.
137
446    18        "Clayrock."
465     2        Sandrock.
467   194   214 Clayrock. One foot of sandrock at 495 feet.
661             iClayrock continuing. Temp. of water in well 50i:Fab.
111




146                           REPORT OF THE
IV —SCRIBNER'S SALT WELL, NEAR THIE RAILROAD DEPOT, GRAND
RAPIDS.   Bored in 1859-60.   Notes furnished by James Scribner, Esq.
At         I 
Depth    o 0                           DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &o.
of            o                                                                     _ 
Ft. I Ft. I Ft.
511           The portion of the Carboniferous Limestone below the "FRed Layer."
51     1        Shale, compact.
52     2        Hard blue limestone, called here " Waterlime."
54    79        Argillaceous strata with occasional beds of limerock, and coarse and
fine grained layers of sandstone, from 1 to 5 feet in thickness.
133    66        Argillaceous rocks, somewhat harder. First indications of salt. Tho
whole series saliferous, gypsiferous and pyritiferous. Occasional
layers of sandstone and limestone.
199     5        Highly ferruginous and pyritous rock, exceedingly hard.
153
204    54        Sandrock, porous, with salt water.
258    57        Sandrock.
315    10        Clay.
121
325    55    55 Sandrock.
380              Sandrock continuing.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    147
V —PowvERS AND  MARr'lN's   SAfLT  WEL.   Grand Rapids, half mile
N. W. from   Scribner's Well.   Samples  of the  borings were
furnished for examination by Mr. A. 0. Currier.
Depth J|   |4 0', g                   DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &o.
of  ii~s
Ft. Ft. F    Ft. I
0    16       I Superficial materials.
16
16     3       Limestone, light grayish buff, fine grained, with small disseminated
crystals of spar.
19     5       Red, arenaceous limestone, passing above and below into the gray
limestone.
24    32        Limestone, gray above, then somewhat pyritiferous, with alternating
40   shaly layers. Toward the bottom, becoming arenaceous, and in
places cherty.
56     7        Shale, black and carbonaccous, with grains of pyrites; becoming moreo
arenaceous below.
63    10       Clay, light colored, effervescing.
73     8       Clay, light, with nodules of pyrites, and some streaks of a, white, pulverulent substance, which effervesces.
81     2       Shale, dark greenish, somewhat indurated.
83     9       Clay, unctuous, pyritgus, arenaceous.
92     5       Shaly grit, dark, carbonaceous.
97     1       Fire-clay, with streaks of snowy gypsum.
98    18       Shale, pyritous, arenaceous, gypsiferous-sometimes greenish.
116     4       Shale, filled with grit.
120     7       Shale, with angular fragments of chert and streaks of gypsum. Lower
portion highly gypseous, and then dark brown.
127     9       Shale, abounding in quartzose sand. Between 131-5 feet, highly gypseous.
136     2       Sandstone, dark, shaly, very fine.
138    18       Shale, with gypsum and sand. First saltwater. Below this, alternating
100   clay and shale, both abounding in grit.
156             Siliceous limestone, very hard. Salometer 100~, the supply being half
gallon per minute. It is not thought that any brine was obtained
below 138 feet.




148                          lRE PORT OF THE
VYI.:B —BUrlEwoRm' SALT WELL, Grand Rapids, at his Foundry.
Notes furnished  by  R. E. Butterworth,  Esq.   Bored  in 18,60.
At          a 1z
ecpth  D F,4                          DESCRIPT1ON OF ROCKS, &C.
Ft.    t.   Ft.             - 
0    24        Limestone, 12 ft.; soft sandrock, 5 ft.; limerock, 1 ft.; clay slate, I ft.L.
limerock, hard, 5 ft.
24     3        Calcareous sandrock, soft.
27
27    30        Clay, 7 ft.; shale, 8 ft., fresh water; limestone and clay alternately, 15
feet.
67     4        "Brown, hard limestone," filled with spar. First salt.
t1 61           Varying argillaceous strata, all saliferous, with occasional beds of gypsum.
122     7        Very hard limerock, with gypsum.
129    48        Argillaceous strata, with much gypsum. Brine 91 gal. to bushel of salt.
(Butterworth). At 146 ft. brine 5~, Beaume, temp. 50~ Fah.
177     7        Limerock and gypsum.
184    77        Sandrock, bluish-gray. Water increasing.
261    13        Sandrock, gray. Water suddenly gushing up at the rate of 350 gallouis
274]   19        per minute.
274    19~       Sandrock, argillaceous.
293    10        Dividing shale. Sal. 20~ to 26~.
119
303   128        Sandstone with shaly partings. Sal. 20~ to 269..28
431  19          Alternating shales and flagstones.
400              Same continutug.




ST-ATE  GEOLOGIST.                        149
VTI.-SALT XWELL OF INDIAN MIL~L CRERIEK SALT Co. Grand Rapids, 25  rods  N. of Powers  and  Martin's.   Bored  in  1860.
Notes furnished by Ball, Clay & Co.
At kh,           I
DUepthb  n (    od                     DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c.
of  o[
Ft.   Ft. I Ft.
0    81        Gravel, sand, &c, with 4 inches clay at bottom.  [This well seems to
81   have struck a fissure in the limestone, or a place whero the limestone had been entirely denuded.]
81     3        Gypsum, white.
84     8        Clay and shale.
92     4        Hard rock.
96    34        Clay, generally soft. At 128 feet, first brW.
130     7        Hard sandrock.
137     4        Clay.
141     9        Coarse gravel (!)
150      7       Fine gravel. [Possibly the gravel, so called, consisted of grains and
nodules of pyrites disseminated through the clay, as in Powers &
Martin's well.]
157     4' Sandrock," extremely hard. [Supposed to be the bottom of Po:wers
& Martin's well.]
161    42        Gypsum and Clay.
203     2'" Black sandrock."
205     9        " Hard sandrock."  [These are probably the " Waterlimer" layers.]
133
214   105        Sandrock, soft. Brine, flowing 10 gallons per  milatc, alt 190 Sal. At
295 feet, Sal. 27~.
319    15        Clay and shale
120
884    29        Sandrock.
363     2        Black Iron-sand.
366    59        Saandrock.
424-   10        Streaks of clay and sandrock.
434Clay    Discharge   ate 100
434              Clay. Discharge of water, 135 gallonsper iminute.




150                           REPORT O.F THE
VIII.-J.   V. WINDso        OR'S  SALT  WELL  NEAR  GRAND  RAPIDS.   Locality-fraction  No. 1, See. 12, T. 7  N., 12  W.   Notes  futr
nished by Mr. Windsor's Superintendent of operations.  Well
bored in 1860.
At "
Depth |                                P  DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c.
of P.
43    21        Limestone. 8 in. clay and gravel at 53 ft. Drill went down rapidly 15
21 inches, at 57 ft.
64     8        Dark shale, with blue below, underlain by 8in. hard limestone.
72     4        Sandstone, very hard, yellow and gray.
76    12        Shale, gypsum and clay.
88  1          Sandstone.
89    10        Clay, shale and gypsum.
99     9        Greenish clay and shales, with black streaks.
108    24        Gypsum, alternating with shale of varying hardness, and occasionally
greenish.
132    20        Blackish-blue shale.
152    A4        Gypsum.
156    10        Black shale. First brine at 164 feet.
166    13        Gypseous clay, very sltl, underlain by black, salt shle, alternating
with gypsum.
179     4        Black, very hard rock..183    57       Dark flinty beds, interlaminated with clay and gypsum. Shale below.
240     8        Very hard, pyritiferous rock, with gypseous clays.
248    79        Sandrock. Brine 16~ at 259 ft. —20  at 278 ft. —l7~ at 319 ft.
327    22        Clay and sandrock, followed by clay, with some very hard streaks.
---      101   Sal. 26~.
~349    74       Sandrock, white. Sal. 31~ at 391 ft. The overflow, 24~.
423    23        Argillaceous sandrock, fine. Brine remaining the same.
4461,Samle con timing: Disdcharge of water about 35 ga.llons per rainute.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                       151
IX.-DEEP BORING FOR COAL. S. W. 4 N. W. 4 Sec. 36, Sandstone, Jackson county. Notes made mostly from  samples
preserved by John Ho(lcroft, Esq.  Greatly condensed.
At. 
Depth. W          c                 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &c.
Et.   Ft. FI t.
O     4        Superficial materials.
4    24        Sandstone, varying from nearly white to yellow and ochreous, mostly
-      24   incoherent.
28    15        Limestone, siliceous, (3 feet,) followed by ochreous sandstone, argillaceous sandstone (3 feet), calciferous sandstone with greenish streaks
(2 feet), cherty limestone (2 feet), all which might come under
carboniferous limestone.
43    15        Sandstone, light, becoming argillaceous, micaceous, with partings of
shale.
15     2        Limestone, brownish, siliceous, with green blotches (4 in.); shale, bui32   ish dark (S in.)- limestone arenaceous (9 in.); hornstone (1 in.)
60    31        Argillaceous strata, not effervescing, with thin bands of micaceous, argillaceous sandstone, ending with 9 feet of unctuous clay.
91    11        Sandstone, with a few pebbles (3 feet); followed by alternating shale
and ironstone.
102      7       Chaert (6 feet); sh'ale with pyrites (1 foot).
49
109  ~94         Sandstone, bluish-white, quartzose-a powerful water-course at 127
feet, and another at 156 feet. In the lower half, less uniform, by.    turins colored, argillaceous, effervescing, coarser.
203    20        Clay, coarsely arenaceous, then finer.
--        114
2213    56      5Arenaceous strata,  with occasional thin argillaceous partings; powerful
water-courses at 269 feet and 278 feet; ending in a very hard sandrock.
279     [        Sand- ock c (-1tifnting.
X. T.A    "s  A.:,,,IAN  ll, El ACKsO. Notees -furnished  by
\Willi 11sd   W\alk. er,
At
Depth'        1I                       IDESCRIPTION  OF ROCKS) &c.
of
It.     F.    Ft. 
O    18        Sandstone, (with some overlying soil).
1S      6       " Light colored slate."  [Argillaceous micaceous sandstone?]
24      4       Sandstone, with kidney Iron.
28
28    16        Shale, black, bituminous.
44      3       Bituminous coal.
47     16        Shale, coptaining ironstone above, and becomiinf fire-clay at bottom.
35
rC)   20         Alternations of fine and " cherty" sandstone, with blue and light colored " slate," which may have been a fine argillaceous sandstone.
83    18        Sandstone, varying from coarse to fine.
101              Water.
1017.    5       Sandstone.
106              Sandstone continuing.




1B52                          REP ORT OF THEL'
XI.-    AST -SAGIN-AW  SALT' C('8 MS VELLS.    About. - mile north east
from  the center of' town, on the river, nearly  opposite Carrol-'ton.  Condensed  from   records  kept by  G. A.!,athrop, M. D.
Bored in 1,859-60,
Depth | P E,     o                      DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS, &U.
of...    FF t.
0    92        Alluvial and Drift materials. Salometer 1'.
92
92    79        13r own sandstone, with angular grains. Temp. 47'; Salometer 20.
-     79
171    40          hales, first dark, then light.
211    23         alndstone, [highly arenaceous Fire-clay?] and 3 or 4 ft. of Coalt.
234    12         ihales, below, dark, bituminous.
246    10        sandstone with thin seams of Coal.
256    38        ihales. Temp. 50', Sal. 14~. Discharge 80 gallons per minnte.
123
294   105        White sandstone.
-    105
399    65        Limestone, embracing 6 beds of " sandstone," from 6 in. to 2 ft. thiclt,
65   (the uppermost 5I/ ft.), and terminating in an arenaceous limnestone
with shaly matter.
464     3j       Ibales.
467    201      aSndstone. Sal. 26~.
~487    29'hales.
616    43       -.hales, with intercalated sandstones 6 in. —2 ft. thick. Sal. 44o-60'~.
659    10        Fine blue sandstone. [" Waterlime"?] Sal. 64 att.:568 ft.
669    15        Dark shales.
584    11        Fine blue sandstone, [" Waterlime"?] 3, ft. shale at 590y ft.
5956    3        Grayish, coarser sandstone, with angular grains.
698     7        Dark shales.
605    15        iandstone, hard, becoming mieaceous-at 610 ft. calcareous.
620     7'ark shales.
627     6        Limestone, hard, brown.
-     169
633   109        Iandstone
669              Bottom of first well.
742    42        fred shale.
784     1         i Blue shale.
785    18         led shale.
803     3        Rlue shale.
8061         17 Bottom of second vell.




SHOWING THE THICKNESS AND DEPTH OF FORMATIONS AT VARIOUS POINTS.
_,.,. ___.__ _._ __.___    __.__         ___.________                       ____.._                                  ___    ___._
State Well,     Lyon's        Butter-      Scribner's, I Powers and   Ball, Clay &    Windsor's,        East
G.rand Rap-   Well, Gr'd   worth's, G.   Grand Rap-   Martin's G.   Co. Grand   Grand Rap-            aginaw
ids.        Rapids.       Rapids.          ids.     I  Rapids.        Rapids.         ids.        Saginaw.
FORMATIONS.                              I R                   K                                                        I i             A   
_   _     _       _     _  _  _._......     __.......  
Ft.   Ft.    Ft.   Ft.    Ft.   Ft         Ft.   Ft.    F t.   Ft.    Ft Ft. Ft       Ft     Ft.    Ft.   Ft.       t
Superficial,............0    40........................          0     16       0    81       0    43        0    92
Woodville Sandstone........92    79
Coal Measures,..............................171  123 
Parma Sandstone.................................................                                                     105
Michigan Salt Group...................    40    21         19   171       27   157      51   153       56   100      81   133       64   184    464    169
NapoleonGroup.61 17    190                                               184 109   204 1ill                         214 1053)  248 91)  633 109),
Hamilton Group,............................... - 
elderberg Group................... 1  1      1              12811  325    55.....1 00............
Ouron   G   roup.............................4]3o 1   1.......................
aamitonGrop,.................,.....................I.................. I.....  [............
Onondaga Salt Group,...................,..
Niagara Group,..............   -       I    1     
Totals............1  65911.....................           1      4011......   38.    1  15611.....  1  43411..... 1  44611.....      806
* In giving the thickness of the Napoleon Group, the parting shale is distinguished f'om the sandstones.
The last number given for each locality does not show the total thickness of the corresponding formation, but enly the depth to which it was penetrated
before the boring stopped.




CA
SHOTING THE TIICKJESS AND DEPTFT   OF FORMvATIONS AT VARIOUS POINTS.
~~Sa~~~~~,hi~   ~ Ports-~                                                 ~ ~Hibbard's   Deep bor- 
1 1   w C arrolton.    mOif      Bay City.    Tuscola.       Detroit.     Adrian.   Well, Jack- i n g, n e ar 
City.              mzouthz. 
son.      Woodville.
FORIMATIO NS.                                      K              U2                                                                                
F           t.. Ft.     t....  Ft...        F Ft.   Ft.....Ft..          Ft..
Supcr'........................................                  I....                  0      8....0    130    0                      8    0       4      0      4 
feull I~'is.18~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~g                                                                           16.28                                  35.
POW~lzl'G 000101210.63                                                                                                                              43      4     24    H
C2arboniferoes Limestone.28 22
leo Croup..........~................                   545 1.109 20
h o..............223  56
Huronsl~tl    Group........................................... I                                                               8     01.........................,urilton Group.,                                                                                                                         31~........
IL nhlten Group..............................0........
Helderberg Group................................130  122..
OuonOl~a~g Salt Group.0
nanera rSalt Group.......................r......I......252   8..
a otalsra  p.-........................................2605.....I 891....I.06.......  2
In giving the thickness of the Napoleon Group, the parting shale is distinguished from the sandstones.
The last number given for each locality does not showv the total thickness of the corresponding formation, but only the depth to which it was'penetrated
before the boring stopped.




CHAPTER VI.
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
It is undoubtedly contemplated, that in the presentation of a
final report upon our geology,4prominence shall be given to the
economical materials furnished by the earth's crust, embracing
an explanation of the principles concerned in searching for
them, plain practical rules of procedure, the best methods of
extracting, purifying and preparing themr, and the uses to which
they may be applied.
In the -:reeding descriptions of our formations, I have, in
many cases, made allusion to the uses to which the various
rocks and mineral products of the Lower Peninsula seem to be
well adapted; and as a general statement, I do not deem  it
best to do anything more than this in the present report.  In
regard to the leading mineral interests of the Lower Peninsula,.
however, it may be expected that I should furnish, even in a
report of progress, a greater amount of data for the practical
guidance of those interested.  For the purpose of presenting a
view  of the variety of our mineral resources, I subjoin the
following table:
CLASSIFIED  LIST of Products of the Economic Geology of
the State of  fichigan, amnd of suijects connected wuith their'
description.
I. MITETALLIC OES.
1. Ores of Iron.
a. Iron Pyrites.     f. Spathic Iron Ore.
b. Mispiclkel.                   g. ManLufactured Iron.
c. Magnetite.                     h Associated MIinerals.
d. I-Rematite.                 2. Coopper and its Ores.'Specular.                     a. Native Copper.
iMicaceous.                    b. Copper Pyrites.
Rled.                         c. Erubescite.
Red Ocher.                     d. Gray Copper Ore.
Red Chalk.                     e. Chrysocolla.
Jaspery Clay Iron.            f. Copper in process of MaRnfacture.




158-                            REPORT OF THE
Clay Iron Stone.                          g. Associated Minerals.
Lenticular Iron Ore.                  3. Silver aned its associates.
e. Limonite.                              4. Lead acnd its associates,
Brown Hzematite.                      5. Other Metallic Ores.
Yellow Ocher.                         6. Fluxes used in tlhe reducdion of Ores.
Yellow Clay Iron Stone.
Bog Iron Ore.
I. COAL.
1. Bituminous Coals.                          4. Cokes.
2. Cannel Coals.                              5. Gas.
3. Associates of Coal.
III. BuILDIsNG STONES.
1. Syenite and Granite.                       4. Gypsum.
2. Sandstones.                                5. Marble.
3. Limestones.
IV. MATERIALS FOR CEMENTS.
i. Quicklime.                                 3. Gypsum.
2. Waterlime.
V. MATERIALS FOR ORNAMENrTAL PURPOSES.
1. Gypsum.                                    3. Chrysocolla.
2. Marble.                                    4. Agate, &c.
VIi. MIATRmIALS  FOR PAINTS.
1. Ocher.                                     3. Ferruginous shales.
2. Manganese.
VII. GYPsum.
1. As a fertilizsr.                           3. for architectural purposeg.
2. As a cement.                               4. For ornamental purposes.
VIII. SALT.
1. Geological relations,                      4. Sections of Borings.
2. Brine.                                     5. Statistics and Calculations,
3. Salt.
IX. CLAYS.
1. For Fire-bricks.                           3. For Pottery.
2. For common Bricks, Tiles, &c.              4. For Pipes.
X. SAND AND GRAVEL.
I. For Mortar.                                4 For Bricls and Walls.
2. For Glass.                                 5. Stationer's Sand..
3. For Moulding.
XI. GRITSTONES.
I. Materials for Grindstones.                 3. lIaterials for Hones and Oilstones:
2. Materials for Whetstones.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       -15Y
XII. LITHOGRAPHIC STONES.
X111. IZATERI S FOR ROADS A-ND WAS.
XIV. SOILS.
XV. MATERIALS FO.R IMPROVING THE SOIL.
I. Gypsum.                     4. Brine.
2. Marl.                       5. Sand.
3. Peat.                       6. Clay.
XVII. WELLS AND SPRINGS.
1. Common Wells and Springs.   3. Mineral Waters.
2. Artesian Wells.
Most of the materials embraced in the above enumeration.
are of the very best quality; and when the union of' capital
and intelligence shall, have brought our resources to such a.
degree of development as they admit, Michigan will be sc:,(:  to
stand among the leading States in point of mineral weoalth.
COAL.
Many facts have already been stated which have a direct
economical bearing upon the search for coal. A few suggestions may here be added:
1. The occurrence of fragments of coal in the soil, or in ex>cavations for wells, does not prove the existence of a coal seam
within many miles, as the outcropping edges of all the rocks -
have been broken up, and the fragments distributed toward the
south.
2. In the examination of loose fragments, it may be remerrbered that the nearer we approach the outcrop of the solid
seam, the more abundant the fragments become, especially the
finer ones, while at the same time they are less equally distributed through the soil.
3. The occurrence of an extensive nest of fragments may
result from the destruction of a former small outlier of the coal,
basin, and may be detached many miles from  the principal
seam.
4. When an outcrop is actually found, it will frequently be
seen to dip away from the coal basin, as if bent down at...
the margin, The miner should not be misled by this peripheral.
dip.




158                REPORT OF THE
5. Such seam will be found, generally, thinner than at points
nearer the centel of the basin.
6. The coal will be found much changed and deteriorated by
the action of the elements. The quality will be found to be
improved at increased distances from the surface.
7. The structure of our measures is such that it is useless to
dig or bore anywhere to a greater depth than thirty feet below
any seam of coal two feet thick. All the rest, if any, will be
embraced within that distance.
8. It should be remembered that there are black shales below
the coal as well as above.
9. It should also be remembered that the overlying (Wroodville) sandstone is not easily distinguished from the underlying
(Parma) sandstone, while these two sandstones are essentially
distinct-sometimes 123 feet apart, and sometimes, on the borders of the coal basin, only 15 feet apart.
10. At any point favorably situated in other respects, lying
a few miles within the circuit which has been traced out, productive coal seams may be confidently sought for.
11. The great practical difficulty in working them will be
found in their situation below the general level of the surrounding surface, so that the shafts and drifts will contain
water. By using good judgment, however, locations can be
selected sufficiently high to obviate any serious annoyances
from this source.
12. Care must be exercised against being misled by the
black bituminous shales of the northern part of the peninsula,
They burn freely, and closely resemble the coal shales; but
-they lie five hundred feet below any seam of coal.
The qualities of our coals have nlot yet been scientifically
tested. It should be done. The following, the only chemical
analysis in my possession, is said to have been procured in
New York, by Mr. Hayden, of Jackson, upon a specimen of can-el coal, from the shaft of the Jackson City Co.:




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      159
Analysis oJ Cannel Coal from Jaclcson.
Carbon,.................................-...         45
Volatile matter,..............................  I...... 49
Ash,...............................................  2
Water,..............................................  2
Sulphur,........................................... 2
100
Of the bituninous coals, several qualities may be easily distinguished by inspect io(n. S'oe!1i samples, too carelessly quarried, retain a considerable quantlity. of pyrites,  which, on heatMing- gives off its sllplht, whichl becomes an an unoyance in
domestic use, and a,positiVe detrimenllt for mechanical purposes.
Other samples, taken at points near the outcrop, possess little
solidity, and present, to some extent, the appearance of mineral
charcoal. These samples, besides their liability to contain sulphur, possess little durability in combustion, and but low heatproducing propertiis.  Still other samples, taken from the more
solid portions of the seam, present a degree of lustre, hardness,
homogeneity and purity, which entitle them to a place in the
very first rank of bituminous coals  It is evident that our coals
ought to be judged from the character of these deeper-seated
portions of the seam.
Coal has been mined at several points in the vicinity of Jackson. At Woodville and Barry, the work has been prosecuted
with great energy and perseverance. At the latter place, drifts
have been carried in from  the outcrop. I am informed by Mr.
Penny, one of the Directors of the company, that they are now
taking out about five hundred tons of coal per month, aid that
it sells readily at the following prices:
Prices of Stevens' Pidge Coal, per ton.
COARSE.       NUT.        SLACK.
Delivered on M. C. R. R. Cars, $2 50.....$ $2 00......$0 70
M. S. R. R   3 00...... 2 50                1 30
"     to order in Jackson, 3 50...... 3 00...... 1 50
"r    at the mine,       2 15...... 2 25...... 1 50




1-C60    -             REPORT  OF ITHE
This coal is said to burn very freely in stoves and grateo,
anIt to be free from  "clinkelr."  The "Nut Coal" and "screenings" are excellent for making steam, and are used quite extensively by blacksmiths.  The gas-producing properties of the
coal are good   According to a certificate of John Murray, Snperintendent of the Jackson City Gas Co., an extract, taken at
ratndom fiom the RIegister of the works, proves this coal to produce, on an. average, 3.83 cubic feet of gas per pound of coal;
anid as the records were kept while the retorts were in a leaky
condition, Mr. Loomis, one of' tl:e Directors of the Gas Company,
certifies that the real production of gas was no-t less than 4.20
cul.bic feet per pound of coal.,  The gas is very rich-a fact of
as much importance as the quantity proditced —having from  25
to 50 per cent. more illuminnating power than that made from
"vWillow Bank," and somne other Ohio coals.  The quantity of
limre Ilecessary for purifying the gas, is about two bushels per
ton of coal.  The yield of coke is said to be about forty bushels
per toil of.coal, ad is of a go od quality.  With proper ovens,
-it- call be coked to advantage.
According to information fromn P. E. Demill, Esq., Superintendent of the Detrmoit Gas Light Co., 6850 lbs. of coal "from
Jackson Co." produced 29,400 cubic feet of good illuminating
gas, showing a yield of 4.29 feet to the pound of coal.  He
also obtained from the same quantity thirty bushels of coke,*
weighing twenty-nine lbs. to the bushel, the standard weight
— being thirty-two lbs. to the bushel.  This experiment was made
in 1857, at a time when  the quality of the coal taken out would
be likely to yield.a  lighter coke than the coal at present
obtainecd.
At Wood ville, a shaft wa;as sunk about 90 feet, and chambers
have been excavated in variols directions from  the bottom of
the shaft.  A  large quantity of coal has already been taken
out.
* I cannot avoid thinking Mr. )emill means to say thirty bushels per ton of coal used. Mr.
Holcroft certifies that he gets forty bushels per ton. It may be added that thirty to forty
bushels per ton of coal is the usual yield of coke from the English gas-producing coals (Clegg.on Coal G;as, p. 121, &c.) The amount of cole is inversely as the amount of gas.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      161
The WToodville mine was first opened in 1857. It proved, on
working, to be located within a smiall basin about 560 feet in
diameter, the rise of tihe coal to the outer edge beitg about
eleven feet.  WTithin this basin the coal is intersected by Ilu-merous faults, which cause a deterioration of its quality for
sevelal feet on each side.  On extending the working of the
mine, however, beyond the rim of the basin, the seam of coal is
found to have greater regularity, compactness and purity.  In
consequence of the peculiar locality of the mine, the compaly
have been obliged to deliver a grade of coal somewhat inlpure,
but the present workings a're bringing out an article of imrnproved
quality.
The coal of this mine is used with success both for domestic
and steam purposes.  It ignites fireely in an open grate, emits
a cheerful flame, and produces as much heat as any other bituminous coal.  It is used for heating the Iiisane As3lum at Kalamazoo. It is also declared to be a superior article for generating steam. The screenings and refuse are used for en gine
fuel at the mine, and are taken by blacksmiihs for their use to
the distance of twenty miles north and s;outh of the railroad.
This coal makes a good coke fir locomotives, maltl ouses, &c,
but fbr want of facilities for making it in large quantities, thlie
coke has not yet been tested in furnaces for the manufacture of iron. There can be no dciubt that for gas purposes this
coal would be found similar to the Stevens' Ridge coal.
I amn under obligations to John iolcroft, Esq., for particular
information respecting this locality.
Mr. Alexander McArth4lr has taken large quantities of surface coal from an outcrop near Corunna.  This coal has long
been in request for blacksmithing puirposes.  Recently Mlessrs.
Frazer and Stanton have sunk a shaft at a point where the coal
lies several feet from the surface, and below the thinned prolongation of the Woodville sandstone.  Accounts slate that
they are now daily sending several tons to the Detroit mar ket.
The gas producing properties of the Corunna coal were also




162                   REPORT OF THE
tested by the Detroit Gas Ligh7t Company, in 1857; but as any
coal titken out at that time, necessarily came from  the immedi.
ate outcrop of thle seam, the result of the trial would throw no
lighit on thle permanent qualities of t! e seam.
it is obvious that Michigan has a very great interest in the
development of this resource.  HIer forests are rapidly receding
before the axe, anid the demand for coal is yearly increasing,
The amount of coal introduced into Detroit from Cleveland and
Et'ie during the present year is stated to be about 26,000 tons;
and this has not equaled the demand. The consumTnption, nevertheless, inconsequence of the supply held over firom last year,
has been 33~ per cent. greater than for 1859. Tr-lis amount, at$5 per ton, gives $130,000 as our annual tribute to the coal
mines of Ohio and Pennsylvania, through the Detroit market
alone.
MATERTALS FOR PAINTS.
Ochre beds are found in Jackson county, embraced in the
Woodville Sandstone.
At several localities, ochreous deposites from springs have
been found existig in such quantity as to justify attempts at
establishing a business.  Tfhe N. E. I of Sec. 21, Sharon, Wash.
tenaw  countty, on the land of J. Townsend, is one productive
locality.  The deposite covers about 16 square rods, and is
seven feet deep. Another deposite covers three acres.
An extenlsive deposite of a black substance, supposed to be
oxyd of nanganese, occurs on the same fitrn, at the depth of
two feet beneath a bed of peat.  It is 14 inches thick, and
covers an area of two or three acres. Mir. I~. D. Gale, of Grass
Lake, has used this paint quite extensively on carriages.
Feri uginous, and chocolate colored shales occur at numerous
localities in the ccoal measures, and might undoubltedly be made
to aff'l)rd a,ood mineral painit.  A paint of this  iind has been
used for outside work atl Lansing, arndl has stood well for two
years.




STATE  GEOLOGIST.                          163
GYPSUIJ3I
So much has aldeacl  been said of the geographical and geological position of the gypsum of our State, that I only add a
few rnemoranda.
The f;1lowing' analyses were perfojrmed, at my request, by
Prof, L. Ri. Fisk, of the Agricultural College:
Grand Rapids
Gypsurn.    Ohio Gypsum.
Water          y............................. 20.8445       20.8631
9ilicic acid.......................   T'iace..0235
Alumina and Oxyd of Iron,.............5: 54.7626
Sulphuric acid,....................... 46.2257              45.8303
Limel...............................          32.03 5       31.5628
Potassa,.........................2115.2676
Soda..............................0140.0944
Chloiine,.............0078.0050
Total,........................ 99.8174             99.4093
The above statemnent does not exhibit at a glance, the comparative purity of the two products; we therefore calculate the
following further results:
Grand Rapids.    Ohio.
Limii     as above.......................   32.0385    3 1.5628
Sllphulrlic acid re(quirec for this,.......    45. 7696    45.0897
Water irequired  iobr these two.......... 20.5962    20.29!03
Total IydIr'ou, gypsum.............. 96.4u43    J.  4 8
Excess (of silliic aci,........... 456L.1406
Exce'ss o()f Wa1-1,ter,......................24s3.57,8
Ocher const;unts,.....................7687         1. 1531
Toal as before................... 99.8774,  99.4u:93
It thus appears that tbl   sample  of' GrIand RPpids gypsum
analyzed, conta.illd onldy 1.5957 parts in 100, of imtpurities,
anid thl-e Ohio gyp)sul  omnl1  3.0572.  Of' these impurities, however, the supllihuriic'aeid,-. potatsh and suda, are at least equally
valu.tbtleo  with  purl'o g'vpsrm.i    These ingredients  arnount to.6816 in the Granr:   Rtpisds samrple, tand  1. 1026  il the, Ohio
satple, leaving fo)r the residual, worthless constituents of the
former. 9141 per cent. and of the latter 1. 9546 per cent.




164.REPORT OF THE
The following analysis is said to have been made by Dr. S.
P. D)uffreld, of Detroit:
OGrand Tapids.  Ohio.
Water,....................    9.00   20. 0
Lime,.................................... 32 2.67   32.27 
Snlphuric acid,........................... 44.44   45.95
Organic matter and loss,......................89    1.03
100.00  100.00
Here, on t.he contrafry, -the Ohio gypsuml  contains the most
sulphuric acid.  It appears, however, that the quantity stated
for the Grand Rapids sample, is not sufficient to neuatralize the
lime by 2.23.
By unfair selection of samples, such anal-yses may be made
to show anything.  The gypsum as it finds its way to the market is a mixture of different grades.  The only true test would
be an analysis of average samples taken direct from the market, not picked for the occasion.  The samples sent Prof. Fisk
were nearly the best of each.  It is but justice to say, however, that a large proportion of the Giand Rtapids gypsum, is
equally fine with the specimen analyzed.
I have been unable to ascertain the extent of the plaster
business at Grarnd Rapids during the past year.  While this
report is passing through the press, I am  furnished by Mr.
Freeman Godfrey with some interesting facts relative to the
operations of a new company, and I desire to stimulate other
companies to a greater attention to their true interests, bIy
making the following brief mention of the "Florence Plaster
Mills," near Grand Rapids.
Last October Mr. Godfrey purchased 103 acres of land upon
Plaster Creek, upon the south side of Grand River, and at once
began extensive preparations for the quarrying and grinding of
gypsum.  At present the mill which has been erected is turning
out 40 tons of ground plaster per day, a-nd Mr. Gtdfrey intends
putting in another run of stone next summer, and erecting a
building for the manufacture of stucco.  The quarry is situated
in close proximlity to the mill. The plaster is reached by strip



STATE GEOLOGIST.                      165
ping, 15,000 cubic yards having been already excavated, and
1,200 tons of plaster taken out from a bed 12 feet thick. At
the present time fiom 60 to 100 tons are quarlied per day.
The aoulnts of gypsum  received at Detroit during the past
year are as fullows:
Tons.
From Grand Rapids................................  6,030
"     andusky,............................  4,661
Total,.................................... 10,691
Unlesq gypsurn should be discovered in Monroe county, the
region along the Southern railroad will continue to be supplied
fiomn Ohio; but the greater portion of the State will soon be
supplied with gypsum of our own production.
SALT.
The manufacture of salt is rapidly assuming a great degree
of importance to our State. If the geological indications on
which I found my opinions are not fallacious, we have the most
magnificent saliferous basin upon the continent, east of the
Mississippi.  As might be expected, too, the strength of the
brine is proportioned to the extent of the basin.
I omit any historical notices of the rise and development of
this interest from the time when the State commenced legislating on this stbject, in 1836. down to the present.  Many of the
disappointments heretofore experienced, might have been avoided by an observance of such practical suggestions as are subjoined:
1. The occurrence of a salt spring is a fact of no consequence whatever, except in connection'with all the other geological facts.
2. Brine is found issuing at the outcrops of the coal measures,
the Gypseous Group, the Napoleon Group, the M'arshall Group
land tlhe Onon:da;ga Salt Group.'In Ohio, it also issues fiom the
Coai Conglomuerate, the Hamilton Group and the Hudson River
Croup.
3. Only two of these groaps will be found, in our State, to




166                   REPORT OF THE
produce brine of sufficient strength for nmanufacturing purposes;
aild a i;le. w t only the Gypseous Group is known to do tlis.
4 Bef,, re deciding on tle indications of' a sa lt spriig, therefore, it is i1( cessary to know from whlat, geological ftlloration  it
issues.  HIere the elaborate investigation o(f tle order and distribution of oulr sti atal, tfinds one of its applications.
5. Before the origin of the brine can be known, we must ascertain whether it flows out horizontally at an outclop, or rises
vertically through fissures in strata overlyging the salt rock.  A
fundamlental mistake, committed in the early ex)loxratiois for
salt, grew out of the assumption that the brine of' oun sprirnga
generally rises tlroug'h fissures, and may be sought by boring
in the vicinity of the springs.
6. Most of our springs.issue at outcrops of saliferous strata;
so that the momtent we begin to bore in such situations, we find
ourselves beneath the source of the salt.
V. The source of the salt must be sought by traveling from
the spring toward the center of tllhe basin, when, by boring
down, the brine rin ay be expected in increased strength and
quantity.
8. Our saliferous basin extends from Grand Rapids to Sanilae
county, and an unknown distance toward tlhe north.  Witihin
this basin, the area covered by the Coal Measures may be taken
as the area underlain by saliferous strata of maximum  productiveness.
A great deal of enterprise has been manifested in the establishiment of the salt manufacture at Grand Rapids, and a fair
degree of success may yet be anticipated.  This location is,
however, within three or four miles of the outcrop of the saliferous strata, and I have all along thought and stated Ihat the
prospects were less encouraging than they would be farther
within the basin.  The salt bearing strata lie here about 200
feet from the surface; but those) who have been engaged in this
enterprise have been loth to shake off the old illusion that the
great reservoir of the salt lies at the depth of six or eighlt hundred feet.  They have, therefore, in nearly every case, persisted




STATE  GEOLOGIST.                         167
in going downs after the lt   lower salt roclk"  So far as I know,
the iunif'orm resul.lt has ueen a failure; though these explorations
have added mn:fuchl to our knowle de of the gpology of' the State.
It will be Tuderstood, nevertheless, that by boring7 sufficiently
deep, tlhe Oiuondaga s-lt group would  be reached, and strong
brine tc ight rise to the surface.  Tiis iformatin lies about 350
feet below the bottom  of Lyon's well.
A company whose efforts were guided by James Scribner,
Esq., engaged in the first practical atteimpt to resuscitate the
salt inatufacture at Granld Rapids.  A well was commenced
Aug. 12th, 1859, and finished Oct 14th, being 251 feet deep,
and extendinrg  56 feet into the Napoleon group.  The well at
this tine was discharging about 200 gallons of water per minute, of such strength that, accordiing to Mr. Scribuler, 224 gallons would produce a bushlel of salt.  A  sample of the brine
taken at this time was ana'lyzed by Prof. Fisk, with the followinog result.
Specific gravity.......................1.01 0752
Fixed constituents,.....              2.....3385 per cent.
Carbonate of Teon....................... 0.00145
"Lime,......................0.00473    "
ot  age.sia,................. 0. 00084    " 
Free cal-bon-ic acid,,.....................0. 00603 
-Silicilc                   0aCld.....,................... 0.....   00025
Sullphatf o'f i i, e........................13120    "
Chiorid of Ma?'t ns.ilat,                       f  0..19. 6 "0
Chlorild of Politassium,............... 0.0156!!I
Chlorid of Sodium,   (SCalt, )................ 1.3696
Lo ss,........................................ 0.08841 
2.33385    "
The above amount of solid constitub'nts, if all salt, would require 290 gallonss to the bushel.  The actual per centage of
salt fbund, would require 392 galloIns to the bushel. Tile impurities are  about 26 per cent of t-he solid  constituents.  Mr..Scribler sul:)secjen;i]y passed a tube to the bottom of the well,
so as to eliminate the fresh water, and by this means, obtained




163                   REPORT OF THE
a brine of considerably greater strengtlh.  In FAb)ruary of this
yearl, I found it standing 50 Beaume, (200 Salometer,) at the
temperature of 50~ Fah.
In the meantime, borings had been undertaken by the Grand
River Salt C(o., (Powers, AMartin anld Leonard,) and by Mr. R,.
E. Butterworth, The -former, on the west side of the river,
nearly opposite Scribnei's, at the depth of 1.40 fbet, fiund themselves in paossession of brtine which stood at 100V of the Salometer.  This, however, did not rise to the surface, and the supply
was found to kbe limited.  According  to information received
from Mr. Martin Metcalf, the phenomena presented by this well
are as follows:
"W When we first put in the puimp, only about two quarts per
minute were furnished, ranging  80~ to 1000.  Now, we can
pump one gallon in 16 seconds, for 2~ minutes, before we feel a
tendency to vacuum; after which, we get 1 40-100 gallons per
minute.  Now, if we let the well rest five minutes, we can
again pump one gallon every 16 seconds, for 21 minutes, as
before, when we find a vacuum creating; and afterwards, if the
pumping is continued, we can obtain for half an hour, at leas{t
1 40 —100 gallons per minute. I am told that 12 gallons per
rinute have been obtained for several holirs together —in fact
as long as they have continued pumping-salometer ranging
from 80~ to S6o."*'    These phenl;mena are probably attributable,
as Mr. Mietcalf suggests, to the existence of a cavity holding
about 11I gallons.
Mr. ButLterworth's well attained a, depth of about 500 feet,.
The fifAw of water from the surf-tace was immense, bei.ng nut less
than 300 gallons per minute.  By mea-ns of an ingenious arrallngenelit for stopping off the fresh v-water, AMessrs. Metcalf and
Butterworth foun(d the b1ine,,  at 325 feet, to possess a,,strength..of 220; aid they succeeded in obtaining a conistant flow from;
thell tot,-) of one gallon pe-r mint:e, of the strength of 20~, which....would require about, 131 gallons for a bushel of solid ingredients.
Duirintr, the -past seeson, two otfher wellcs h.av'e< beer1 b:r)ed
L*.ttor ctutad Maroh 15th, 1860




ST1ATIE GEOLOGIST.                       169
That of the Indian Mill Creek Co,, in thet immediate vicinity of
Powers and Martin's, was carried to a Oeptlh of 434 feet.  At'214 feet, b)rine was foui'd at 190, il thie gypseous group, and at
295 ifet, netar the tbottom of this group, at 27"'.  No increase
was gainied in bo(rig the next 13h9 feet.
Mr. Wiindsor's well is located three or four mitles further
north.  It has been carried to the depth of 466 feet.  The
strength of tthe brine is stated to have incroased so,mewh-at after
entering the sandstonles beneath the gyp seous gromp.  At 391
feet, (in the Marshall sandstone,) the salom-eter stood  1.~  Theo
strength o(f the. overflow was 24~, at the rate of about 35 galions per minute.
Mr. Taylor's well is located very near Scribner's, but I have
received no data relating to it.
The manufiacture of salt has commenced at Scribhnr's, Windsor's, and the Indian Creek wells.  Slribner erected a brush
hIouse, or rather two of them, 12 feellt aplIart.  Each house i.s 100
f:ot lonlg, 30 feet high, and 1 fieet wide.  The brinie is first
passed  into a vat holding 32,000 gallnas, from  which it is
pumped by water power to the top of the brush house.  Fromn
here it falls slowly through six tiers of brush, resting on frames,
to the bottom.  Thence it flows again into the tank, to undergo
the same operation.  Accordirng to Mr. Scribuer, one passage
through the brush house in favorable weather strenglthens the
brine fiorom  26~ to 37~. Duting the process wmuch of the iron is
precipitated.
From  tlle vat, tlie concentrated briTne is conveyed to two
vats, at tile kettle house, each holding 8,000 gallons.  Here a
little ilime is added.  Fromn these vats it is conveyed in logs to
the 50 kettles.  Afi er boitijng some time in the seven fronI  kettles on each side, the brine is tilansfetrred to four vats, each
6 by 8 by 2 feet, whete it is allowed to stand four hoturs, and
precipitate a white substance, which  is probl;ably  gypsu,m.
Firom  here it is cotnveyed into the back kettles, and the evapporation continued.  As the salt falls down, it is skimmed into
22




170                     REPORT OF THE
basket's and drained.  Thle article, manufalctured by this process
is white and beautiful.  After staudiog  s(me monlls, a sli'ht
deliqlesceoce is perceived, but not as great as 1 poi miost of
our conmmercial salt.  Expenriment shows  it to Ie peifictly free
f'(m gyplsu; though, of cour1se rigorous Lnalyes is requisite
to fully test its purity.  I ami not alprised of tore.results of cxperimnicts on  its preservative  qua;lities.  Two hundred  and
thirty barrels have been nianufaLctured.
At the Indian Creek Co.'s works thie evaporation is conducted
in large sheet-iron pans.  At \indlso-'s, both pa.Ils and kettles
are employed.
The salt business of the Saginaw valley was commenced by
the East Saginaw  Salt Compainy, who bored a well ab,)ut th-reefourths of a mnil north-east of the village on the bank of the
river.  This well penetraed the salifetrous beds between 464
and 627 feet, and ended at 669 feet.  The strength  of the' water at different depths wa-s as fiollows:  At 70 ft., 1~; at 102 tft.,
2~; at"211 ft., 100; at 293 ft., 14~, disclarging  80 gallons per
minute of a temperature of 500 Fah., and rising 14 feet above
the surface; at 4871 ft, 26~; at 516 It, 400; at 531  ft., 440; at
559 ft., 600; at 569 ft., 640; at 606 It., 86, wilh a temp-erlature of
54' Falh., and at 689 ftt, 900, or ten degrees short of saturation.
A sample of' this water at 64~, f'rorn the depth of 575 ft., was
exain!Ied  by  Dr. Chilton, oft Nei\w  York,  Aith the'e It)wring
result:
Solid residuum in one wine pint,.e........  155                  gItsi
Chlorid of sodium  (common sualt:,).1............. 1014.5.  
Specific gravity,................................    1.110
A samlple at 860, from th-e depthl -of  617 ft., was examsined by
Dr. J. G. WebTb, of' Utica, N. T.,.with r's11-s a-s follows:
Chtlorid of sodiurm in one wine pint................. 1416 gf's.
Other chlorides.................................32 Wgs.:
Subseqiuently a more detailed analysis of the brinle was made
by Dr. -WNebb, the resulits of whic!h are given beltw:
~ There must be an error in this amount, as this brine standing at 86~ should have about
1800 gri. of solhd matter to the pint.




STATE  GEOLOGIST.                             11"i 
Per Cent.
Chlorid of sodium,..............................   19. 088
Cal illl       llu.................................53 
is        lag'I('n si uin a.............................      1.241
Sulphates of lile and mages ia                                        2,.....................225
Total solid matter,..........................  21.   I
The following  analysis  was  published  by  Prof. DOuglass
April 16th, 1860, said to have been perfornmed upon water froma
the salt well of "M(I  r. Waldron, of Saginaw," but accolrdig to
Mr. Waldron, of East Saginaw, taken from  the well of th,
above company:
Specific gravity,................       1.170
Saline matter,............               e     e..  22. 017 per cent...
Chlorid of sodium, (,salt,)..................  1.912             i
Sulphate  of lime, (gypslum,)................116    "
Cllorid  of lime, [C. of calcillr?].............        2.1"42
Chlolcid of magnlesia, [C. of magllesium?j....1.552              "
Carbonate of' iron,......................... 05              "
Chlorid of' potassium,..................220        "
Water,...................................    9,3
100.000
The chlorid of calcium  given here is four times the amount.
bound by Dr. Webb.
In  May, 1860, another and  nore  accurate  analysis of thiE
brine was made by Dr. Chiilton, with the following results:
Specific gravity at 60~ Fahrenheit.................                1.  1
In 100 parts of brinle, Salometer 900, are found,
Chlorid of sodium,..................... 1e6.8710
i" cacium..........................                           2 73
i"'       magnesiumrn...........................  1. 743
Bromid of sodium,..................................0401
Sulphate of lime.......                               0982
Carbonate of lime,...............................0500
Silica and alumina,.......................  0245
Carbonate of iron,................................0116
Water,,...................n................    7. 4 *;4
100.0000O




:172            R       IREPORT  OF TSIE
I. 00 parts of dry solid matter, there are,
Chl'idci (f sodium................................  Z6 143
0Other substattces,...................   23. 857
100.000
The total per cc ntage of solid matter is 22.15'.
In1 one wine pint there is, of solid natter,:Cllorid of sdillin,9.............u.............. 1229.72 grs.
Other salti  intteisj.........................  385.30'"
1~it5.02 "
This well furnrisbhes about 13,000 gallons of brine in 24 hours,,ranging in strength from  75~0 to 80~ by the salometer.  Ac~corlding to Dr. H. C. Potter, Superintendent of the works, the
brine is treated in the following manner:  "W~e get a deposits
of iron in our settling, vats, first, by putting the brine into themr
heated, (running ii; through a heater,) and, second, by using on
each 21,000 gallnms a pailful of lime.  We are trying experiments to settle with other rmaterials.  In the kettles we used
alumn for cleansing for a time, but recently, and since cold
weather, we have used nothing.  The chlorides can only be
removed by bailing out the residuum, after say the 5th to the
Sth drawing of salt, when the bitter water accumulates to such
an extent; as to act on the iron of the kettle. and rust the brine
andl the salt.  This course, of throwing out the bitter water, is
adopted iu Kanawaha, Va,, andr  Pomeroy, Ohio, where the brine
-recseribles ours in clhemnical composition, and though an expernsive oine inl loss of brine, seems the only one that is practicable.
-  *  *  The impurities reimaining in pur salt, after having
been d-tawn fiorm  the kettles, are removed by drainage, being
liqud almost entirely.  This thorough drainage is the essential
poinlt in our mantufacture."'
This5 co,,panly are engaging vigorously in the manufacture of
salt, both by so-lar evaporation and by boiling.  They have 20
co(veIs, 16'iet6 square, for solar evaporation, and 100 kettles
for artificial heat.  They have produced to the date of this




STATE  GEOLOGIST.                        l: /.report about 4,500 barrels of salt, and are miaking Gn6   to So0
barrels per month.  Thie salt is put up in extr:a qtalii! of whlit"oak barrels, costing 28 cents e celi.  Ptiel,'of haId Clld  s i't,
wood mixed, costs, delivered  at the works, about $1 38 per.
cord.
Tile quality of the salt produced  is mnusurpa.sse], c1iiher in,
chemical purity or preservative qualities.  S. veal off' Phe "nfst
extensive fistermlen upon the lake shore havingo givenC ivt a hteIo
ough trial, p'onounce it "more economical, (in  u'llantiity required,) sa.fer and better than the Onon(daga fine slt.."  It is
equally commended by butchers.  For butteri it has been testedd
both in our own State and in Orange county, N. Y., and pronourced not at all inferior to the f'imons Ashlton salt.
This comppany have sunkn another well dulring the past summe, under the same roof, to the depth of 806 fe t.  Thoughli the
tubing has not been inserted, the indications are that a langer
supply of strong brine has boeen obtained.  T'he only brine
drawn up stands at 90~.
Numlerons other eiaterprises Ihave been started alonug 4e Sa.ginaw river, of which one is at Saginaw City, one at CaGrrolton,
one at Portsmuuth,  and one at Bay City.  According -to information received from Winm. XW\alker, the strelngth of the brile at
various depths, in the Bay City well, was as followsj:  At 223
feet, 50; at 229 ft., 8~; at 235 ft, 120; at 245 ft., 140; at 25G
ft., 16~; at 270 ft., 18~; at 273 ft., 19~; at 434 ft., 20~; at 433
ft., 42~; at 444 ft., 60~; at 450 ft., 70~; at 480 ft., 78~; at 487.
ft., 85~; at 490 ft., 900. From this point to the deptho of 513
feet, it varies between 880 and 92~.
At the date of the printing of this report, the following parties have either completed salt borings or have thnem inl progress
For the statemenets of outlay to Jan. 1st, I 61, and estimates to
June 1st, I rely upon an editorial article in the Detroit Iritbune:.




174-                     REPORT  OF TITE
I.-WELLS ON THE GRAND RIVER, (AT AND.NEAR GRANI}D RAPIDS.)
Depth.
Fe et.
1. Grand Rapids Salt Aanufacturing Co., (Scribner &,)........                                                410
2. Gral.ill  R1iver 8att Manufactuiilg Co., (Ball, (Clay &
Co..).. 402
3. IR E Buttcrwn(rt..................5............. 500
4. Indilan AMill Creek Salt Maluficturing Co., (Powers &
M atr ti n, ).....................................  450
5. JAV.  indsor.................................  446
6.  Taylor.........................................              402
II.-WELLS ON THEI SAGINAW  I-IVER.
Depth.   Outlay    Estimated
Feet.  to Jan. 1.   to June 1.
-1. East Saginaw  Salt Manufacturing
(o., (E. Saginaw,) 1st well,           669    $25,000  $40,000
8. Do., 2d well....................   806
9. Sainaw  City Salt Mainufacturing
(Jo, (Sagiiaw  City,)..........       600      9,000    12,500
10. H-ll, Giltert &  Co., (Florence,)..  350           2,000      5 000
11. Ward, Cu11'ts &  Co., (Carrolton,).  560           7,000    10,000
12  E. Liticilfield &  C,,.,      "           680      4,000    10,000
13. G(. A. Lat-irop & Ci),        "(Commelncing.) 5,000    10 000
It. Portsnontll  Co., (Portsmoutll,)...  667          7,500    12,500
15. 3ayv City Salt Ma nufactLurilig Co.,
I (Bay Ci!y,)..................  542            8,000    12,500
16., ]New  Y(,nhk Salt AMlannfacturing Ceo., 
(,ast S: gilaw,)..........   (Comencing.)
17. SalitLaw and Buena  Vist-a Salt Co.,   "
It is p)ropo)ed to continue the boring in Taylor's well, at
Gratli  Rtapi(ls, until the Ooondaga  Salt Group is reached.
The Eac st Sagi law  Co. are manufacturing 40 to 50 barrels of
salt per d(:ly, and on getting tlleir second arcll of kettles in operatio.n  expect to  produce  about 100 barrels per day.  This
"Comnpany have, received thle diploma of the New York State
A,''icnltuual Socicly, ancd the prize  medal forom  the Mechanic's
Institute of' Chicago.ll
TI- $i. Saginaw City Co. have 60 kettles on hand, and are proceedi(,  witth vigor.
Lt canno()t be Idenied that the prospects of the ultimate success
of the salt malnufacture iln Mlichigan are exceedingly cucourag



STATE GEOLOGIST                       1i5
ing.  Aside frorm the unparalleled strength of the brine of the
Saginaw valley, the position, surroulded by forests, which must
cheapen to the last degree the cost of barre'ls and fuel, and
upon the immediate shoi e of navigable waters stretching friom
Oswerlgo to Chicago, is such as to enable us to compete successfully widli any other source of supply to the western and northwestern States.
As to tlhe actual cost of producing a barrel of salt at either
of the points at wlhich the mianufacture has been commenced, I
am not in possession o!' tlhe data to enable me to speak definitely.  At Saginjaw, as I am aut-lentically informed, wood of
rmixed qnualify, (i. e. "hard" and "soft,") can be delivered for
S1 38 per cord. At Syracuse, experiments have shown that
one cord of ha'd wood will produce, in blocks of 50 or 60 kettles, an average of about 53 bushels of salt.  Assuming, as is
do-ne at Syracuse, that t-wo cords of hard wood are worth three
of soft, the cost of hard W"ood at Saginaw should be $1 656.
Reckonil:,g 53 bushels to a cord of wood, this would malke the
fuel cost at Saginatw $0 031 per bushel, or $0 155 per barrel
of salt.  If' one block of kct.ies is capable of producing but 40
barrels of stalt per day, and the services of six men, at $1 00
per day, are required to attend them, the element of labor entering' into the cost. of a barrel' is $0 15. At Syracuse barrels
cost 25 cents each, ad I see no retason why they camnnot be
produced for much less thiani this at Saginaw.  I anm infiormed,
howev-erl that the lowest bids off red are 21 cents per barrel.
It is adli-tedI however, that this is for  a superior article.  At
the woiks of the East Sagiliaw comlpainy, where it' Is stated 40
barrels pet day aire now rtaDnuftctured, it is relably atlnouledl
that not mnore than $25,000 have b(len expended in boring' two
wellis, the large t and deepest of whicl   has not yet coime  into
use. Assumiig that one half ttiis sum  has been expenIde.d in
boring the well now in un,.e, and that capital is wortl)i 10 per
cent\, thle annullal inlterest on tlie investmnent is 41,250, or $4 1 66
per dtay, o~ $0 101  per barrel of salt produced.  Should the 
we-at and fear of fixtures and apparatus  amount to 5 pter cenit.




176            ~      fk~REPOR:IT OF THE
mnore, t is item-n  world add $0 052 to the cost per barrel. The
cost of packilng is stated to be 24  ce.nts per barrel at Syracuse,
and it coutld not be greater at Saginaw.
Bringillg together now these various items, we find the cost
of a barrel of salt at Saginaw to stand as follows:
Fuel, hard and soft eqlually mixed,...................    $  155
Labor of' six men, at $1  00 per day,.................   0 1-50
Barrel of' superior quality,.......................            20
Packiilg,.......................................   0 025
Interest at 10 per cent. on $12,500,.................  0 104
Wear and tear at 5 per cesnt.,......................  0 052
Total,............. 5........;........          
Aside from the cost of superintendence and incidentals, it
does not appear how  the above aggregate can be materially
increased when the business is once fairly established.  At the
same tirnme it must be adlitted that it is rather ecarly in the
historly of the enterprise to venture upon calculations as to the
itinlate minimum  cost of tLhe maiufacture.  As an existing
fact it should be borne in mind ithat, aside from  thel greater
expense attending the commenceiment of any nianufacture, and
that which is always inc-ident to manufacturing on a small
scale, the cilorid of c-lciumn which exists in considerable quantity in all our brines, will materially enhance the cost of production until some cheap method is discovered of eliminating it
by chemical precipitation.  With whatever confidence, therefore, we may speak of the ultimate prosperity of this manufacture in our State, it should not be forgotten that the enterprise
is still in its infancy; and, in view of the powerful competition
arrayed awgainst it, st:ill needs the fostering  care of the government to a liberal extent.
Whether suclh liberality ought to extend to a continuance of
the existing bounty on the malnufacture of salt, depends upon
various considerations,     which the legislature alone will be competent to estimate as a whole.  In -tie meantime it. may not be
amiss to )ffer the fillowing snugp-estions, derived from geological
data. I purposely ignore the questions whether it is morally




ST AT E  GEOLOGIST.                          1 
honlest to disconti11miu   the bounty at, thec  preslnt juncture, and
Wilheth'l tt t.u::ii-;t,i t     pei0a, rilv ab ic: t ) colntinue any bounty, as
these ael.It ~,.'Alogicial ques'dit0,S:.. ~' Iil'tvle  r lmty be tDi- st t(at o(f the salt enterprise at Saginaw, lh0  Itios';s is izot es —'t.Lblivo,,.' l'l; any othler poilt.
2. Tlt:b- l.l-l   we belidewv sOtlo.)o' I niile' ly be p joeiured throlougout; the celit'r of tie Sttae, tolis bu litef is ptirely  a geological
inferelce.  Ti' p1 tieC ilttlcst w     ould  be vtlstly promloted by
brin.ingo tilis t1l:eOr  to the te st( (i extIeir ilent.
3. Even  )u1)pcosin( it ceailt.ai   twliat thle 1T.fichigat Salt Group
vill prove ppl ductive throullllout the centetC  of the State, there
is still al(:tilir'vast salt basin wlic-  has never been explored,
withi  lilitis. i      iThis is sltu.lited a)bout (b00 or 900 fieet below
the ()ther bbasin,  and literally undeOli es thle cntir:e pleninsula.
Its lmag1in   isreS  t to 1 th   surf'ace at M i:ckinaae on t he nlorth, Alilwauke'e on the west, SylvanIia,  Ohlio,  nd Monroe county, Mlich.,
on the1 soltl,  and  Galt, in C(anilda    t Ves, on the east.  It is the
soarce  of all the, bWrine  worked at Syiracu se atnd vicirnity, i' tlhe
State of Neew York.  Th1ere "t,'e sowrm- indi;ettions thaltt tile great
basin f`aimed b)y tlhese rocks in  \Aicliga n is also filled  with
brine.  Snuppose tlis -to be th e case.  The result would  be that
eversy cout    y ini the pelniIsula mig liht become a salt producing.County.  I'L it is not dosiniable to restrict the benefits of the
establishmen1   of this lmanufaclti eur e, the State has an interest in
stimulating the exploration of these lower rocks.  The offer of
a bounty wotuld cost'the State nothing unless the attempt should
prove successful.  If successful, the paym:3lllent of the  bounty
would prove one of the best ilvestnmeilts tl-e State ever made.
4. Slhould it not, alfter fli, appear 1)o be good policy to stirnulate researchtes by t.ie o offer of bounties, there oa1re still other
methods by which t-e spirit, of' etefpliise now awalkenecl   ay
be seconded,  ulIes,l inde cd all ilcea of public encouragiment to
the developrnot   c orf o     Stat  resotuecs  is to be entirely abandoned.'Tile discovery of sonic  c coniomical means llr the separation of tihe chlorid of calcmim, wh clnc   constitutes the?prilcipal




!178               tREPORT OF THE
difficulty in the working of our brine, is an object which ought
not to be left to the chances of private enterprise. The policy
recognized, and the experience gained in all similar cases in
the history of the past, both advise the setting apart of a special sum as a proffered reward for successful discovery in this
direction. Such reward should be open to universal competition. If success were not attained, no expense would accrue
to the State. If success were reached, millions of dollars would
be added in a day to the wealth of our people.
I must be pardoned for making the following further suggestion:
If the State of Michigan contains a population of 750,000,
the total annual consumption of salt, estimating at the rate of
45 lbs. per capita, is about 602,000 bushels, or 120,420 barrels.
During the past year the average price of salt delivered in Detroit has been about $1 50 per barrel. At this rate the annual
contribution of Michigan to the business of other States (except the small amount paid for freight on salt carried in Michigan vessels) is $180,630. Every political economist must recognize the desirableness of retaining this expenditure within
our own State. The amount which the State could afford to
expend to effect this object would.be the annual interest of the
money of which the State is thus deprived of the use. That
money is the whole amount of the profit to the manufacturer
and dealer until the commodity reaches our own borders.
Having presented as extended a statement as seems immediately necessary, of the local -details connected with the salt
enterprise in our State, it may be useful, in view of the general
interest felt in this new branch of industry, to append some
general and comparative statements for the purposes of reference
and comparison.
As the addition of common salt to pure water increases its
weight, bulk for bulk, it follows that -the strength of any brine
may be known by comparing its weight with that of the same
bulk of pure water. This comparative weight is its specific
gravity. The most exact method of ascertaining the specific




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    179
gravity of brine is by weighing a given bulk of it with a delicate balance. The most convenient method, however, is by
means of a hydrometer, and this is sufficiently accurate for
most practical purposes. A hydronmeter is an instrument generally made of glass, in the shape of a tube closed at both
ends with a large bulb blown in it, and a weight attached at
the lower end. The tube is graduated above the bulb, in such
a manner that when the instrument is placed in pure water it
sinks to a mark designated 0, and when placed in a liquid
heavier than water, it sinks to some mark below the first,
against which is the figure which designates the true specific
gravity of the fluid. In Beaumre's hydrometer, which is the one
most used for general purposes, the figures on the scale do not
designate the specific gravity directly. The scale is graduated
from  0 to some arbitrary point which reads 300 or 40 —the
intervening space being equally, or nearly equally, divided, so
that the specific gravity can only be known from it by a
calculation,
The hydrometer, however, which is most convenient for experiments with brine, is the one which marks 0Q when immersed
in pure water, and 100Q when immersed in saturated brine.
This instrument is called a salometer. The number of degrees
indicated upon the salometer, therefore, is the per centage of
saturation possessed by the brine.' We may speak of 250 on.the salometer or 25 per cent. of saturation.
It must be distinctly understood, that 25 per cent. of saturation does not mean that 25 per cent. of the brine is composed
of salt. Twenty-five per cent. of salt produces 100 per cent.
of saturation —and this happens to be 25~ on Beaume's hydrometer.
It is apparent, therefore, that the specific gravity of a brine,
the readings of the hydrometer and salometer, and the per centage of salt. are all different expressions  for the same thing,
which maay also be expressed by the number of gallons of brine
required for a bushel of salt of 56 lbs. As it is often desirable
to convert these expressions into each other, I have calculated




180                    REPOrT OF THE
the subljoined table which, it is believed, will be -found useful
and sufficiently accurate.
It I-nust be borne in minid that the calculations are based upon the suppositikon that the briie contains no foreign constituenuts; but as all natural   brines do contain varying  amounts of'
foreign coinstituents, it foliows. first, thtat the total amount of
solid mnatlter does not bear ihe same 1 ratio  to t-he density, as if
the brine were pure; and seco-ndly, that the amount of salt mTay
lbe quite a difforent thing fromn the amount of solid constituents,
which alonf: determines the density or specific gravity.
It must also  be borne in mindi  that brines of the same
strength  possesses different densities depending  upon  their
tempeorature —the density rapidly dclinishing as the temperature rises.  It is consequently  necessary to experiment on
brines at a uniformn or standard temperature.  The ordinary
standar d temperature for hydrometrical operations is 60 degrees, Fahrenheit's thermometer, but the standard temperature
at the Onandoga salines, is 52~, that being- the natural tenmperature'of the brine as it issues from the well.  As the natural
temperature of Michigan brines, obtained firom ordinary depthls,
would be nearly the same, 52~ might have been adopted as the
standard in the fiollowing calculations.  The results, however,
would not have been practically different from those given.
Constants, useful for reference, a portion of which are deduced firom the sutbjoined calculation, and others thesdata upon
which the calculation is based:
1. Specific gravity of pure wate,...................   c1.
2.  Specife g'raity of com1on  salt, according to Ure,
2.0 to 2.25 (mean),................... 125;
3. Specific gravity   of soaturlated bril-................ 1.205
4. According to UIe, 100 parts of water dissolve, at W6.2'
Fah., 35. 88 parts of salt.
5. On.e l:ushe 1 of sAlt-9.-) gallons wcri,  mine, mtreasut -ure; diss,:,lve s in 16.S g llons ()f exater, mltking, without
a!llorin f, for corldenlsation,  26. 1 (r.alons of brine.'. One hull.dtced.  volumies of tle,,nsol1itlents (of' a saturated sniution of srlt, becoTnme,  by colide-.nsotion, a
litte t   less than 9  voldumnes, (Ure )




STATE GEOLOGIST,                                       181
7. One cubic foot of saturated  blrine weighs 85 lbs.
8. One bushel of' salt wvcighis 56 lbs.
9, One wine pint contains 26 625 cubic inchels,
10. One wine pint of distilled  wcater weighs. 128.945 grains.
11. Every.001  variation  in  Specific  g'ravity  c,'rresponds  to
about.25 gallon of' bi-e req(ui    d for la btlishl of' salt.
12. One degrie   of' Beaunni — 4 ~'alonmcte,     al'proxiniately.
13. Specific gravity - 1-..
14. Gallons of' brine to a  busllel of salt__  2603. 8                      4.454.
eg. utol:m.
Let s —per centlage of salt in any  brime,
g-=specific g-ra  ity  oft ihe b ire,
B=its delnsity,     by Bctnaumct     s hby-drometer,
S_-its percentage of saturation,   by thle  Salometer,
G=_nunber of' gallons required  fotr 1 bu. of salt,
Then the vtalue of each  of thlese quantities may  be expressed  in
terms of each of the others, a s showin  by the following  twenty
equations:*
2603.88
1. G=      --  4.454                       When S=o, G=Co
S
677.003
2. G= —        - 4.454                       "  B==o, G==o
B
670.218
3. C —       - 4.454                         "  s=o, G-c
S
4.4544. G= —  _: g=l1 G= —=
g-1
*As the standard bushel of salt weighs 56 lbs.,
5600
=-_pounds of brine required for 1 bu. of salt..And since one gallon of distilled water weighs 8.355 lbs.,
5600    670.257
G=-,  * —I................  *.  ---- -............................-. (. )
8.355 g    s gs
But the value of s, or the per centage of salt in the brine, may be expressod in terms of,the specifitc gravity of the brine. For, the specific gravity of the brine is its weight divided
by the weight of the same bulk of water. Making no allowance for condensation of the a,gregate volume of the constituents, this would be
100
g....,................................................   (2),S
W  i
2.125
In which so is the per centage of water in the brine, and 2.125 is the mean specific gravity
of salt. But experiment shows that somine legree of condenslton always t al, ces place; and it
seems obvious that the amount of this coniensation must be a direct function of the per
centage of salt in the solution. The data at command, however, do not seemn to be consistclnt with this theory nor with each other.
Accordingv to )r. Uthe, 100 mnasurcs of the constituents of a saturated solution, inlke a little
less than 96 mneasures of the brine; and this brine contains 25.5 per cent. or' saltl  Now, as
the specific gravity of this saturated solution is, by the same authority, 1.1962, we may calculatss what woutcl have been the specific gravity without condensation. This would bo
1.205 -1-96
-1.         1568
l.00




182:                         REPORT OF THE
2603.88
6. S —----  G —-,So
G -I- 4.454
6. S=3.846 B' = B=o, S=
7. S=3.885s                                "  __=O,So
585.516
8. S=585.516 —                             "  glS=o
g
677.008
9. 13=-  G=o o3B-=
G -I- 4.454
10. B=.26  "  S=o B==o
11. B=-1.O1 s                               "        O B —-=o
152
12. Bt162  --' g-1,B=o
g
670.218
13. S= ----------  G=oo, s=o
G1 -- 4.454
But knowing the mean specific gravity of salt to be 2.125, we may also calculate the specific gravity of the saturated solution (without allowance for condensation) from the per
centage of salt, by means of formula (2). This gives
g'=1.1560
It is evident, therefore, that Dr. Ure's value of the condensation is too great, or else his
per centage of salt in satur ted brine is too great. But that per centage is less than given
by most other authorities, while by my own experiments upon commercial salt, it amounts
to 26.595.
Again, according to the experiments of MAI. Francoeur and Dulong, when a brine contains 10 per cent. of salt, its specific gravity is 1.0735; and when it contains 15 per cent., it
is 1.1094. Now if we assume 10 for the per centage of salt in Eq. (1), we get
g'=1.0559, instead of 1.0735.
If we assume 15 for the per centage of salt,
g'=1.0862, instead of 1.1094.
The increased specific gravity due to condensation in the first case, is.0186=.186 per
cent. of 10, the per centage of salt.
In the second case, it is.0232=.155 per cent. of 15, the per centage of salt.
Further, in the case of saturated brine, it is.049=.191 per cent. of 25.5, the per centage
of salt. The first and last values are sufficiently consonant, but not so the second., The
mean of the first and last is.188 per cent. Assuming this
g=gl -I-.00186 s
Substituting the value of g' from Eq. (2), we might thence deduce s in terms of g.'
Another view maybe taken of this subject. It is evident that we may regard all the condensation as taking place in the salt; and the result will be the same if we imagine it to
take place before the solution. We may then proceed to calculate what value of the specific
gravity of the salt would be requisite in order to produce, without further condensation, a
brine of a given specific gravity, and containing a given per centage of salt.
If in (2) we make g'=1.0735, w=90, s=10 and 2.125-=x, we get
x-=3.186.
If in (2) we make gt=1.094, w=85, s=15, and put x for~2.125, we get
x=2.919..f again we make g' 1.205, w=74.5, s=25.5,
x=22.838.
These results are but little accordant; and show that the condensation is not proportional
to the per centage of salt, or else that errors exist in the data. The mean of the three values
is 2.981.
If now in Eq. (2) we substitute 2.981 for 2.125, g' ought to become g, when we Ehould
have100           100          150.478
S               ss   150.478 - s
w-      -  100- s - - 
2.981            2.981
Whence, also,
150.478.=x150.478 -................................................ ()
g




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                      183
14. s=.257 S                                  S 0=o, s=
15. s-.99B                                 "  B=o, s=o
150.478
16. s=150.478 - --  g-   s=0-o
g
4.454
17. g —-    -|-   1                            -oo  g=1
G
585.516
18. g==         ---  S-=o g585.516 - S
152
19. g= —  B-=o g=l
152 - B
150.478
20. g=.s=0, g=I
150.478 -
Further, the number of grains of salt in a wine pint is
10968.268 S
Salt_
585.516 - S
From  these formulae the following table has been calculated:
And substituting this value of s in Eq. (1),
670.257        4.454
4=-    -. —...................................  (5)
150.478 g —150.478  g —1
It is often desirable to know G in terms -of ithe degrees of Beaume's: scale. This value
may be obtained from the equation
152
g= —152 - B
(See McCulloch, Rep. on Sugar and rHydrometers, p. 71) in which B represents the degrees
of Beaume's hydrometer expressive of the density of the brine. Substituting this value of
g in (5), we get
677.008
----.4........................................- (6)
Since 260 Beaume, or 100~ of the salometer, marks saturated brine, it appears that one
degree of Beaume equals 3.846 of the salometer; or, putting S for the reading of the salometer
B=.26 S
And substituting this value of B in (6), we get:
2603.88
G=        -4.454.......................................................... (7)
S
From which may be calculated a table giving the number of gallons of brine required for
one bushel of salt, at every degreeof the centigrade salometer.
Although,-owing to-the inconsistency of the data employed, the foregoing formulae cangive only approximate results, they may be sufciently accurate for practical purposes; andhence a table has been based upon them;




TAB 1~ LE:l,:in.J J  a1..,   0/' C'               e2'p),!Io':1   for' lhe
j105                        Il>                 II.,       _I5/'~,                    1,,  10;5'.,   [o             450
L, 0  7 -'"  1 1    14 
o      O -1.o00   0o       -,            511  13.521    1.0951           1 047    46.'
1.          1.002    0.;.       1   251   l   1. 3C  il                         l 1'Ol   45.6.2     0., 1.3 04    >0. "3.?1 1.100i                         1)>   1O2.13 7.7    1.075 O..            F     C:      5- 12 03.3!. 10b  11         1l.  43.9
1.1    2  1.001 2           (    516'          145'   11.1U    15>'- G, 1     37I 42.9
-1.11601
7    1.82.3    1.0i2      t     13  21:    I         15.    1. Il   14. 91 111  20t tt0.4
8    2.03[  1.014    2.06      152,21        5:;  15.3[   1.1I  15.l  1f    1222    39.7
1c    2  34 1. 01 20>.> 31   211'  3         6    I). o    1. -I1    16 1- t  12     3 3.9
10         6.4   1     21o                             17543   1.12.   151 "    137        3.9
1-1   2.62.6 l 0  c, 82.1 t 2  2            16 -1-     I 1.I1 lS 9     123 ij   38.5
13    3.32   1.        3.1 3     2      l0">     i; 43-19l 3-1          1 6        oL 13L  3 2.2
1     4  ~.    01023)   36:     ~] 211;0      6>'  176 9    1.611   1.17[       1,l  4 33
14    3 49    10.     1.5 5(    259>   1,)2   I   5   16.90   1132    176.2      175    35.6
15    3. 0   1.022     3.0        285 5 0     10.      12 7 C 1     14.0   1'; 950    1%)3    35.0
23   45.If   1.06 2    4.11      404   60          1   17. 42I  1.124    17.02    1417    34.4
17    4       L.  Z 1..?,53    4:37  32: 149  o    1T.s    1.  1'I 1:., 143 zr1I   33.9
IS   4l. 6.   1. 0)S<    4. 6 31   S    1/O     6( I 17  19.-1         1 -I. 7.  I1 4 6-I   33.3
1i9   4.941  10-;-]  4.IQ, 3.            113 2I[::~-2   1  20   1.13]i   15.7,9   l14'i]    32.7
20   56.2    1.035   56.14       3      1 26      71 13.46   1.         19 2. 161     32.2
2 5  6.5 46 1.032    5.40        405    101      7-2  1372.140   18.50    153:        31.8
22        1 5.12    J   5. 6.-:    42:.  il      7 13. 98   1.1442   18. 76    1562    31.2
s16   6.76   1.046    6.68       51      95.1j   77   20 S2   1. 151   19  7"    1661    23.4
271.02   1.04:    6.9-        530    92. 5(   7'   20. 2".  1'154   200  l6S~ 6    28.9.28    3.2'  1. 050'7.20.   5155    8J.~  19   2054   1156   20.3             171      2.5.29    7.54   1.052    7.45       572    85.;1  Sk   23.80   1.158   20 5(    1736    23.1.30    7.8     1.054    7.71      59. 82     81  21.065 1 1.60   20.    -1761    27.7
31    8.06   1.056    7.97       617    73.5    82   213'>  1.161   21.07    1786    27.3
32    8.3(   1.056    8.22      634    76. s    83   21.5S   1.165   21.3'    1l11    26.9
833    8.51  1.o05      8.43     655    74.5       4 d 21 84   1.167   21 59    1537    26.5
3,4    85~4  1.0611   8.74        676    72.11    8 r  22.910  1.170   21.5 L    18621   2.2
5    9. 10   1. 06      8  63     07    69 C.      51  21.80s  1.172   22 i      128s    25.8
36    9.'31.06       9 95.2    71[ 61. |  871  22.6'   1.17.   2. 3l   1914    25.5
37    9.6'  1.06i   9.511         7401   65.9 8i   22. 8   1.177   22.62'   19401   25.1
38    957   1.064.7>1    7561    610 9S   23.414   1.17.   227 87    1966i   24.8
39   10.1:   1.071   10.02        7      6             23.L           231.Jl M.512"   24.5
40   10.    0 1.07"   10.3   804    GO  1   91' 2').   S 1.1 )   2o-81    201:  24.2
41   10.6t',.07.1 l 6-10.5     826|   59        )   2. 9'   1. SG1 |  23 6'.   20451   23.3
42   10 9  1 077|  10  7L|    84,    57    9   24 |             I -'.l'   23.90    2017   23.5
4-1  1.18   1.07) 0   11 J.05     561    5i 1          21 4.4    1.1l    24 1, 0    2018    23.2
44   11.44i  1.(O1  11. 1       S891    54.7    95  32-.70'  1.19'->   24. 4-1   212:    23.0
45   11.10   1.084O   11.56      913' I5 95'       it>   2 -96 1 1>    2467    2151    22.T
46    10   1.0>1        0. 8.                    9.S1t 935    2' 2.. 1.li    4.91   2.17  22.4
47   12.22>  1.07 1  I. 011    987 57       1 2 si 2.5 l    12.-231   25.1     2'01'   22.1
4    1 192 43'a 1.039   12.i         4.91 i, 9 29. k)  3       1.29 41 1.l 244    22:32    21.3
LA 10. 14    1.0I 10.2.-1 2.     1 5J.:   9t1 1a.4.    1.2015  25.'u,   19259    21.6
40   13.0U   1.09'1  12.98      102      4............... 
4F.   n  t1 t.li, tsb   t.it,    P     ~I.: i                ), )' 0.)  aiiy  boi. e'719-V  3: t""5:"">:' l.iflC:d  b)'      kk.>0')>iv';  it"3  6>t011>4k"'s'Tt3iil''v ii  K    tliso
38S1:j~0')                t9l0,8  i tki>~l:.3..  1        31(i l  2l.itl!:te  l   s 53 C3.   -
>1'rlcs V>'S','  kilA' ft;:   "shovwvs  t; a,  di'ltca  tilat  Ith  0s COrIr'espi3oll7ds  tO
1.2  (0'  dci%,,           e t>;.n, s'>     d'iiset o. r 9    ->o.'      ias -ity  of. 10>)  an!s    a  t-ser cc' ta t' o1                      w] o;Tilie    a  fl.<   pi nt o.f  Lth
br1.ne would.0urnishl   1092  g> a   s  of st(I.d ri Cs.,Id e              a4Id  44,      o.al



STATE GEOLOGIST.                         185
Ions'would produce a bushel.' ()r suppose the stretCli of a
brine is expressed, as in DLr. Beck's Report, by gg iVing its~ specific gravity, and we wish to compare the stlrew'ctl   as a:Lti.us
stated  with lthat of another brine  given in degrericc  of' the salometer, or the number of grains in a pint, &c.  We loook in the
column of " specific, gravity " in the iolrc1going, tablhe a( lt- find
the numltber which atlgrees ne'cst' with the giv-en one, th(:n on
the sanme horizontal line we have all the synonymo-P Us exprersions fobr the same strength, and it is seen at once w  tlheter tlhe
brine with which we wish to make the conmparrisonl is si@l roier
or weaker.  Or1 suppose, thirdly, that a Iand owcier des- ci-l   to
know the comparative strength of a brine  p:ing or iis lrerises, while he possesses no instrument for taking speci fi  g i:vi-.
Let him evaporate a wine pint and wei'h! the residue, or  take
it to the apothecary -to weigh; then -the.n1uml1ber of gl;ains, fboucnd
in the 5th column of the table, will show h'm1 all tie e qulivalent
expressions.
In making use of this:table-it nmut. be remembelrel that it
will prove accurate only for plre so, utions of salt. In thi s Stato
the chlorid of calcium which exists to some extent in our brines
will cause the table to make a showing a little too favorable.
As the per centage of impurities is a variable quantity, it was
impossible to make allowance for them  in tlie table.  Though
we cannot therefore  construct a table practically accurate, it
was not thought best to discard all attempts at a table.  As
long ast desirable to use the saloeter it  tho ht desirable     to
me to be a matter of convenience to have at hand the ready
means for converting   its reading in-to the equivalent expressions.  This want has been felt by myself; and I have no doubt
many others will find the table useful.
24




TABLE OF ANALYSES OF VARIOUS BRINES.
Ca~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
es.                n.S               4
".o                  a~.00?~  " 0 a.        aW                AUTHORYITES AN) REMARKS.
toC    C.0 re,, 0:?
~
0~~~'-' ~.0.0  0.~c'.
1. Sea Water, (open sea,)..2 500..                    0.350 0.010 0 580 0 020.. 3 460 Kane, Chemistry, p. 426.
2. "    "    East Riv'er, N. Y.,).....1 02038 2.0.0.....0.226 0.080 0,172 0 122.....0 050 2 680 Beck, Min.,N. Y., p. 112.
P3. Sea        English Channel,)........ 1.0274  2.706....0.367 0.141  0.230 0 003...... 0 079 3.526 Schweitzer, Encyclopoedia Metropolitana.
4.          Mediterranean,)... 1.0275  2940.....  0.320 0.10 0.240 0.011.....  0 100 3741 Usiglio, Encyclopwdia of Chemistry.
5. Dead Sea,                             1.1300  10.060 3.920 10.240 0.054                             24.580 Marcet, Phil. Trans. 1807; Lynch, Nar.
6.    ".1.2120   7.039 3.336112.167 0.052.                                                    1.93 24.435 Gmelin & Marcband, Dana's Min. 91.
7. Lake Oroomiah, Persia.1.1550 18 116 0.1482 286 20   0  itcock, Sill. Jour. 2] xx, 25
S. Elton Lake, Enropean Rnssia.........1.2729  3.830.       19.750......   5.319....0 230 29 130 1. Ruse, Rep. Onondaga Salt Springs, 1851.'
9 Great Salt Lake, Utah.......1.170  20 196 Trace. 0 252..... 1 834 22 422 Gale, Stansbnrg's Exped. 419.                                                     0
10. Syracuste, (Old wells,)................1.10499 13.239 0083  0 046 0 569        0.014 0.002......13 953 Beck, Rep. Min.,N. Y.,110.
11.        n(ew wells,)..............1 1426 17 690  0.156 0.119 0.573...0.002. 18 540 G. H. Cook, Rep. Onond. Salt op., 1851.
12. Salina, N...1 1138 14.042 0.144 0 110 0 551                                   l...0.003,.....14.850                            f e      r. 
13. Liverpool, N. Y U...................... 1 1269 15 100 0.190  0111 04541.......         0 002......15.860                                     cc
14. Geddes', N.... 1.....I1 10601 13 068 0 203 0.079 0 493......0 010 0 004......13 855 Beck, Rep. Min., N.Y., 110.
15. MLontezoma, (Old deep well,).............. 7 372 0.153  0 8030 0.131......0 002.7. 988 Chilton, Sill. Jour. vii, 344.
16.            (n   ie;~~~(East side,). 1.07543  9.330 0 140 0.100 0.525...... 0.018  0.002 0.008 10 128 BeckLoc. Cit.
17.     "       (well of 1859,)..            15.061 0.370 0.030 0.278                              15739 Webb, Rep. E. Saginaw Salt Co., Feb. 1860.
18S. Galon, N. Y.,-.              1.. 1 0544  8.424 0.049  0.029 0.207..0.009..0.04  8 712 Chilton, Sill. Jour. vii, 349.
19. lcroninelsville, Ohio............... 14 000 0 780 1 040.RMitchell, 1 Ohio Rep. 61.
20. Equality, Gallatin Co., Ill.........   1 047   6.24  0 40  0 21  0.34........................  7 200 Prof. G. R. Cook, commnnicated.
21. Kanawha, Ya.........................1 073   7.309 1.526  0.374                                      9.209 Cook, Onondaga Rep.,1854.
22. Saltville, Va.                        Rs1.198   25 975....1I 0 322 0 104.....26 400  "               CC     C
23. Salt Lake, Texas................187  24.173..               204    22.........24.899.cc. 1.                          cc
24. Tipaquera, Bogota, S. A....             15.270 9 300 4.5001.......      0 270 0 020 29 360 Cheyne, Sill. Jour. xxxii, 84.
28. Cheshire, Eng., (Br   Salt            1.205   25.322  0 065 0.065  0 494...           0.052......26 000 Dr.'Wi. Henry, Report of Arts [2] xvii, 295.
10. Syuz    rancue,, (rit Saltls o,).......25 5.82        6.065.....
26. Diuz, France, (Springs,)........ 1.120   15.214......  0.27  0 328 0 582..       16 399 Cook, Onondaga Rep., 1853.
27. Scribner's, Grand Rapids,... 1.         01732 1.737 0.276 0.072 0131 0.005 0.001.2 334 YProf. L. R. Fisk, from snrface brine.
28. East Saginaw Co., (617 ft.,).......... 1.172  19.088  0.537 1.241....                        0.225 21.091 eobb, Rep. E. Saginaw Salt Co., Feb., 1860.
29. Ci.C...1..           10  17.912 2 142 1.522 0.116.0 105 0 220 22 017. of. S. H. Douglass, in Detroit Free Press.
30. C       C         (649.............1 177  16.871 3 287 1.774 0 098.          0.050 0 0121 0.065 22 157 Chilton, communicated by W. L. Webber, Esq.
31. Sec. 25,. 15 N., 1., Midland Co.,... 1 0132  1.616 0.093 0.125 0.0765....0 015.1 926 Houghton, Report 1838, p. 26.
32. Sees. 2adll,Chesterseld,  acomb Co., 1.0057  0.549 0.013  0.037 0.015..         0.014  0.001        0.629              CC        p.29.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                   187
Dr. Houghton in his report of 1838, gave the results of
analyses of 20 different brine springs from our State, two of
which have been reproduced in the table. Of these springs,
three were situated upon the Tittabawassee river, in Midland
county, seven near the Grand river, two near the source of
navigation of Maple river, in Gratiot county, two near the
Maple river, in Clinton county, and one near the Saline river,
in Washtenaw county. The.solid constituents of these brines
contained from 58 to 8] per cent. of pure salt, the general
range being 70 to 86 per cent. The purest brine was found on
section 24, T. 15 IN., 1 W., Midland county, on the the Tlttabawasse river, half a mile above the mouth of Salt river.
The following table will also prove useful for general reference:




188                      REPORT OF THE
T AB LE  Showing  the number of bushels f Salt made at the Onondoqa Salt Spriags, N.w  iq Yol;, sirnce Jane 20th, 17 97, which is
the date  Qflhe fii'it lealse~s of lots.
DATE.                     BUSIELS.   DATE.                     PUTELS.
1 9............           2   4..............   1,291, 2;0
179............       92  1830............... 1 435,446
3...(........        42 4247  1831...1514,037
1800...............   50,000 i 832..............  1,652,985
1801.....(2,00.. 18:33.I 838,646
1 0)2..........         7,0t00 1834..............1943,252
180;.        90,0 0.......... 2,20,867
O04L...........   10000t:1 11836.......                    1,912,858
180).....         14   1 1837.............. 2,167 287
1806..             ~~~~~1 22,,57 1838.....         2,51-, 0 33.
o:~06..............   o'~]1s3...........                   2.]6~ ~8~
1807..............   165,44~ 1839.............. 2,864 718
8...............          319,611 1840..............  2 622 305
1809............... 18,28  1841.............. 3,340,769
1810........ 450 001 1842.............. 2,29  1,03:!1.t1.....,........  200,200 1843.............. 3,127,500
1812............... 221,011  844.............  4,003,554
1813.2..6,(0 1845... 3 762,358
1814........295,000 1846................ 3,838,851
1815............... 322,05, 184>.............. 3,95 1,355
1816............. 348 66i5 1848........... 4,737,126
1817...............       408,665 1e49.............  5,083,369
1818...............  406~540 1850...........  4,268,919
1819......5......... 5260. 851.........., 4,614,117
1820.............         548,3      852....4,922.533
1821...........    558,329 185I3.............I5,404,524
1822............           481,562 1854.............. 5,803,347
1823............... 726,9            855............... 6,082,885
824.816,634 I156.............. 5,966,810
1825.           757 20  85.............. 4.31,,126
82.6............          811,028 1858........             7,03,219
I)27.............              I (.0)'859                  6,8...,.4... 2
983,410 1859                       6,8,4,272
1828............1,10,888 1860...    5,593,447
Total,.....................................130,737,157




STATE  GEOLOGIST.                           189
The fio!!ing is an  approxisn ate statement of the amount  of
i]r r3~r
1   - I o 
salt, manuiactu'ed in the U'ted StI a tcs dUl'i       be he yer1   1',-59.
l~iushcls.
I      1fassa1dnusot, (mostly in vats aloen' tChe sore,) I.,,i
Oon,'d'ao   salt   wI..'....                       6  9 -000
V,g'n           an k"5~-s       o k~..........      )1    1,(.........o...........   ~. 0 0 0
Il v~~lnosv~..      1....    0.00
~Tiexaini:,.. an. a.....d.....i...S.  Io...........  1,. 00.t00
Ohioc, (Msi'u anHoinrie',.........  1,00 (000
Tots.4234,000O
Illinos,...................................... 1, 00
4e   Toci I  ts...................14,234,0'                    0  )i
'T       ()I)j       r  ~          1'~l
orefion s St inmported into the U. S. or the 3 ear end
ing June 30tl, 1857...                                       1, 5, 000
Foreigon and domestic salt,.......31,399
0**~~~~~~~~~g  9 000
Export of dom stic salt,...... 57000
foreign salt..,.....13...                1.000.00
Whichi  for each  individual amounts to,.........52  lbs.
in GreatI   tnit"
In.Great ain  it it*..............................9 2
In Firance,.......................................15.             "
Receipts of salt at Detroit for two years:
1859..........................................5,203 bbs.
1860........................................ 58,213   "
Receipts  and shipments of salt at Clieago for seven years
P.cceipts, bbls. Shipis, bbis.i
185...................................                   9'07    09;438
Es85z,...................,.......,...              6,,-)  6  90053
1853,............ 864,09    3,8'i,05:
1854................................... 170596    91 534
185 5.................................... 1 70 633  10?,"( 2';f t'l O,~'
1856...                               ~~~~~~~184V4o  8, 601
1857.... i9,746  90.918
1858,'.,...3.9 0 ~
1859................................ 3I6,97  2950,4 67
1860....,.,',................. 223,0185!     1 4I0)




190-                 REPORT OF THE
Of the shipments for 1859 and 1860, the following  amounts
were returned to Michigan:
1859.        1860.
By Mich. C. R..,.................,507 bbls.  2,478 bbls.
By Mich. SO IR. R.,.................. 5,253  "    2,260
Total, besides shipments by lake,... 9,760 bbls.  4,738 bbls.
About one-third of the fine salt blocks at Onondaga, N. Y.,
are worked with coal, which is furnished from Pennsylvania at:3,00 per ton. The use of coal has reduced the price of hard
wood at the works from five and six dollars per cord, to $3 50.
The latter sum corresponds to $2 33 for "soft" wood, and $2 92
for "mixed" wood. The price of barrels is at present about:26 cents. The prime cost of a barrel of salt (280 lbs.) at On
ondaga is stated to be 951 cents.  At Kanawha it is 871 conts.
The solar, salt manufacture was carried on at Onondaga in
1858, by 28 different parties, using an aggregate of 30,786
covers, and occupying 8,403,840 square feet, or nearly 193
acres of surface. In 1860 the whole number of covers has increased to 36,302, occupying more than 207 acres of surface.
The fine salt manufacture was carried on in 1858 by 104 separate parties, who used an aggregate of 312 blocks and 16,434
kettles.  No additions have been made to the close of 1860.
The aggregate value of the solar works, at $40
the cover, is,.....................   $1,452,080
That of the fine salt works at $4,000 the block, is,..  1,240,000
Total capital in salt manufacture,.............. $2,692,080
About 21 per cent. of all the salt manufactured at Onondaga
is solar salt. This, it will be seen, requires a larger outlay of
capital than the 79 per cent. of fine salt.  The cost of manufacture of the coarse salt is, however, less, so that while one of
the elements of the prime cost of coarse salt is greater another
is less than the corresponding one for fine salt.*
The total annual produce of salt in the United Kingdom, is
*For nearly all my information relative to the salt manufacture at Onondaga, I have
depended upon the Annual Reports of the Superintendent, for which I am indebted to Supt.
V. TV. Smith, and Prof. Geo. H. Cook.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                            191
1,462,045  tons, which,  at  2,000  lbs. per  ton, amounts  to
52,215,893 bushels.  The total exports and their value for three:years, are as follows:
1855...................   630,154 tons, valued at ~268,857
185,....................  45,513            "        "     216,242
1857,.....................  651,766            "        "    239,969
The principal salt producing districts in England are Cheshire
and Worcestersilire.  It is mostly manufactured from rock salt.
At Northwich, in the former county, the bed of salt is not less
than 60 feet thick, a mile long, and 1,300 yards broad.
Salt is extensively  -nlai a    letu  from sea-water on the shores
of the Mediterranean, in the south France, and on the western
coast.  At the saline of Berre the evaporating  surfaces cover
an area of 815 English acres, and the annual manufacture is
20,000,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs. each), or 787,500 bushels.
The saline of Baynas yields annually 20,000  tons  (757,500
bushels), 1,550 tons sulphate of soda (Glauber's salt), worth
30 francs the ton, and 200 tons of chlorid potassium, worth 360
francs the ton.
The total manufacture of salt, in France, in  1847, was as
fillows'
Tons.
Salt marshes of the Mediterranean,................ 263,000
Western coast,...............................    231,000
Salt springs and a mine,...........................   76,000
570,000
This armount, reckoning  1,000 kilogrammes to  the ton, is
equal to 22,443,750 bushels, and gives occupation to 16,650
workmen.*
Sea water is extensively evaporated by the Biscatyans, on the
shores of Spain and Portugal.  The salines of the lagoons of
Venice cover an area of about 1,630 English acres. The salt
mines of Central Europe have been celebrated for ages. Those
of Vieliczka and Bochnia, in Galicia, are well known.  They be*For much valuable information on the manufacture of salt, especially in France, see a
report " On the extraction of salt from sea-water," by T. S. Hunt, in Canada Geological Report for 1855, republished in Silliman's Journal, Vol. XXV [2] 361, May, 1858. Also Report
of Prof. Geo. 11. Cook, in Superintendent's Report of Onondaga Sgalt Springs, transmitted to
the Legislature in 1853.




193                     IRE1P 3POT  OF THE
long  i-' the extensive saliferouts trtact lyjing along'.0a both sides of
th;lle Ca. l:llifbll us a.d11(1 erlracrc-icgr tile riines of Waliachia, Transylvani:, Gtalcia t Upper Iungary,  Upper Austria, Stylia, Salzbcg- and l" 11(  yr ol.
Thle total aml01ount 0of salt a1t  11nnuI ly produced by three of the
le-adfiig inatiorns  of' the ea'rth is as follows:
Great B'i i  tan.......... I..... 55 215,9158  bushels.
(France,................................ 22,4 I3,t150   
Uni'ted States,.........    14,234,000    "
88       $93;633    "
Besides theo use of sal-t for mechanical and agricultural purposes, it ent-er lasgely   as an article of food into the consumption of all classes of people; and it seemls like wa.ter and mnany
other natural  prodlucts, to have  been provided  with special
reference -to the pbysiological constitution of man.  Itis equally
rollght by ile l  ow 4 er ainimals, espeOcially tlhe Ruminsalnti  and
Paclhydenrmate.  Bees, evern, care fond  of sipping it fr'om a state
of- solution.   BMlrngo Park say'S* that in the illterior of Africa
"the greatest of all luxuries islt.  It would appear strange
to a EuIrolpean to see a child suck a piece of rock salt as if it
were sugar.  This, hloweveri, I 1have freqtuently seeni; although
in the inland parts, the poorer class of inhabitants are so very
rarely indulged  with tiis precious article, tIha.t to say a man
eats salt with his victuals, is the same as saying he is a rich
man.  I have myself suffered great inonlvenience from  the
scarcity of this article.  The long use of vegetable food creates
so painful a lon)gi'ug for salt, that no words can sufficiently
descritbe it."  B1 rc hel statIes'^ that he sometimes had to send.
90 miles for a galOiin of' salt.
The consumption  of this article for food increases in  the
direct r.atio of tle average riefinement of a people, or.of the
world. aI   e can t'1elreio-e see no limit to th-  demand.  This
wijl continu.  to lnreas.e nost   rapi'ly in those  regions where
poptula{Ition  and  {upr?'<  <:tt  are mnkiiigg most'prc ogrmess.  In
this rcsp:c t, no par t; o,{ ihl?. wori  vw ill c,;nipare wil thle   reat;
*Travols, sVol. I, p. 2)0.           TrTravels in S. Africa.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                      193
Northwest. WVVhen,'in addition, it is remembered that salt has
long been used in some countries as an improver of the soil,
and that recent researclles* have shown it to be well adapted
for this purpose, thlere is no rea.son to fear that the manufacture
can ever be overdone. There are no evidences that the rapidly
increasing supply of Onondaga salt has perceptibly affected
the price for tle period of 40 yeat's.
Such being the facts, the vast geographical extent of the
salt basin of' ichigan, together witlh the extraordinary strength
of the brine, furnishl stron.g reasons to anticipate that at no
distant day Michigan will be the leading salt-producing State
of the Union; and a judicious public policy will be shaped with
reference to forwarding this result.
PEAT, LIGNITE AND OTHER BITUMINOUS I)EPOSITES.
Allusion has been made in a fo rmer part of this report, to the
existence of numerouqs deposites of Peat, scat,teed over the
surface of the Lower Peninsula.  This substance, is composed
almost entirely of vegetable rnatter, which is tle distinguishing
characteristic of the luxuriant soils of the "p.rairie" States.
Properly commingled, therefore, with our warnm  gravelly soils,
the result would be a union of the exceliencies of' two soils
quite distinct from each other. Imlpressed with a vague idea
of the agricultural value of peat, the farmer has not unfriequently strewn it in. a crude state upon his fields and been disappointed at the temporarily injurious effects produced.  It must
be remembered, however, that peat is vegetable matter in a
tate of partial decomposition; and if it were not actually injurious in this state, it could be of no use, as plants assimilate
only inorganic or disorganized matter.  But partially decomposed vegetable matter is made up to a great extent of various
vegetable acids which impalt a sourness to the soil, and prove
a positive injury to crops.  Obviously, thei'efore, the decomposition of the peat must be completed before it is suitable as an
appiicaltion to the soil. Various means are recommended for
~ Yale Agricultural Lectures, p. 181.
25




1-94                 REPORT OF THE
thisi purpose by writers on scientific agriculture, but as it is -not
my intention here touenlargne upon'this subject, I only allude
to two.
FirAt of.all, the peat or muck should be thrown out anid left
where it can be exposed to the process of alternate soaking
and drying, and if possible also to the action of frost.
S&cvifndly, it nmay be mixed with lime, which, as an alkaline
agent, will neutralize the acidity, and at the same time facilitate decotnposition.   T When thus mixed, it is much more promptly prepared for use.  The lime for this purpose has not to be
quarried firom a distant ledge and burned in a kiln. Nature has
placed it in the form of marl, in immediate juxtaposition with
the peat which needs its agency.  Indeed the farmer can in
many cases load his cart with the mixed deposits without even
movingo his team  friom  their tracks.  I hardly know  a more
striking adaptation of natural means for the accomplishment of
a necessary object.  The porous nature of our soils suffers
their soluble constituents to be carried away to the lower
levels, where peat and marl are accumulating, and where the
growths of ages unknown, have been adding a tlhousand fold to
the nultritive elements  brought down from the soils of the contig'uous hill slopes.  These depositories of agricultural force, a
good economy will not fail to appreciate and apply to the recuperation( of declining' wvheat lands,
-While, however, the application of peat as a fertilizer to the
soil is its most obvious use in a purely agricultural region, it
cannot be said that this is its principal, or even its most iraportant application.  Thoug'h in a country like our OWn, covered
withi prilnitive forests, tlhe value of peat as a fuel is almost unknown, the amount consumcled in older countries is truly enormlous.  Tlleo bogs of' Ireland are estimated to occupy 2,830,000
acres.  Two million acres, at an average deptl  of nine f'eet,
asslumling tpeat to be but one-sixth the value of coal, will furnishl
an aimount of' f:-tl equal to 470,000,000 tons of coal, worth thirteen hutIdred millions of dollrers.  Fo3r the purposes of ordlinary
fuel, ttic raw peat is prepared by subjecting it between cloths,




STATE GEOLOGIST.                        195.to the pressure of a poweriful hydraulic press.  This condenses
it to one-thlird of its original volumle, andl tltree-fifr s of its origMilal weigllt, ihroug'h loss of' nioisture.  At the laroge peat bog
neari Liancourt,, on the Northein Railway, nineteen leagues
n).orth of Paris, the peat after having been thoroughl!y mixed
and worked togetlter; is mioulded under great pressul e into small
bricks, wwh when dried, are heavier than water. T'he moulded
peat; is worthl- in Paris 20 francs tlle,ton of 1,C000 kilogramrnmef
(2,204 pounds avoirdupois.)  The amount raised at this bog
~amillay is 10,000 to 12,000 tons.  At Rlheims 14,000 tons are
annually produced.  A peat, bog  in the vicinity of New York
city, six feet deep and frtly acres in extent, is stated by Prof.
Mather to have yielded a fuel which retailed for $4 50 per cord,
realizing $4,500 per acre, a little more than a third of which
was expenses.
For inecllanical, and not unusually for domestic purposes, the
dried peat is fit'st converted into a coke or charcoal, of which it
yields frorn 40 to 42 per cent.  Peat char'coal sells in Paris for
about the same price as wood chlarccbal, or 13 francs the 100
kilogwraimmn s-lthe. relative prices of wood or peat charcoal,
mineral coal and wood, beilng as the nlumbers 13, 4-1, 44 respectively.''This proportion would of course vary with the relative
abundLance  of' peat, wood and mineral coal, in any country.
Peat c:,)kc occupies about  the sarne s-pace, weight for weight,
as ordinary coke, and only half t!hat of charcoal, having a spelicoii gravity  off 1. 040, that of charcoal fonom hard wo(ds avCragSinrg 0. 505.  FAor heating' purposes, 7 tons,of peat coke are
equivtdellt to G tons of good coal coke.  For thlenmaunFacture
anid workillg of i'on, peat coke is pronounced decidedly superior to charcoal, bott  inl con)seq-ueLce of' its greater Theating
property  1nd ]its producltiol of a superior qcuality of iron.  It is
extensively emnployed iln preiference to anly other fuel in many
of the furnalces of FLrance, Bavar ia, W'lurtenmberg, Bohemia:l and.
Sweden.  For stefiem producing pIl'urpos, com pressed' peat has
he.n proved at least equal to any othler fuel.  A fictitious c::al
is prepared firom  peat by the Dublin Steam  Navigation Com



196                 REPORT OF THE
pany, 10 cwts. of which generate the same steam power as 17I
cwts. of pit coal. Peat is very extensively employed on the
steamers which ply in the waters in and about Ireland, and
even upon the river Shannon, in the midst of a coal bearing
country. Some of the prepared peats of France are also said,
to be economically employed for stationary steam  engines, and
even for locomotives.
The uses to which peat has been profitably applied do net
stop even here. A company exists at Kilberny, in Ireland, having a factory in operation in which they produce from peat, Tar,
Paraffine, Oil, Naphtha, Sulphate of Ammonia, and a Gas, the
combustion of which is applied to the manufacture of Iron.
The most thorough and extensive manufacture of these products, however, seems to be effected by Messrs. Babonneau.&
Co., at Paris. According to Mr. Armiand, the skillful chemist
of this establishment, good peat yields, on an average, about
40 per cent. of charcoal, 15 to 18 per cent. of crude oil containing paraffine, 36 per cent. of water containing carbonate, acetate
and sulphydrate of ammonia, and a little wood spirit, besides
7- per cent. of inflammable gases and loss. The ammonia is
equal to 2 per cent. of sal ammoniac. The oil, by distillation, is
separated into a light oil or naphtha which is burned for illumination, in lamps of a peculiar construction, and a heavy, less
volatile portion which is used for lubricating machinery, or is
mingled with fat oils for burning in ordinary lamps. There is
obtained besides, a portion of solid bitumen or pitch amounting
to 4 or 5 per cent. of the dried peat. The parafine, which is
dissolved in the oils, is separated by exposing them to cold, and
is afterwards purified.  The yield of this product is 2 or 3 per
cent. of the peat. When pure, it is a white, fusible crystalline
solid, devoid of taste or smell, much resembling spermaceti in.
appearance, and like it employed in the manufacture of candles,
The price of paraffine in France is a little more than one franc
per pound.
The gas evolved during the distillation of peat may be employed, as at Kilberry, in Ireland, for the purposes of heating,




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       197
or it may be mixed with the gas obtained by the decomposition,
at a high temperature, of the crude oil from peat.  In this way
an illuminating gas is obtained which has three and four-tenths
times the illuminating power of coal gas, while the yield is
equal to that from coal.
The solid bitumen resulting from the distillation of peat may
be employed like asphalt in the preparation of masticfor paving.
Even the crude peat, by being mixed after drying with 10 to 15
per cent. of coal tar, and boiled for several hours, dissolves into
a viscid liquid, which, when cooled, is solid, and resembles
asphalt. The crude residues from the rectification of the oil of
peat are burned in proper apparatus, and furnish abundance of
gamppblack.
For the production of gunpowder, many varieties of peat are
superior to the charcoal of dogwood and alder.*
The reader, perhaps, will hardly deem it credible that so great
a variety of commercial products is obtained from a substance
so common and so little valued as the "muck" with which our
"swamps" are filled. As all such doubts arise from ignorance
of the properties of peat, I present below a convenient synopsis
of the products and uses of this substance:
1. Crude peat as a fertilizer f6r the soil.
2. Prepared peat and peat-coke as fuel.
(a) For domestic and ordinary heating purposes.
(b) For the generation of steam.
(c) For the manufacture and working of metals.
3. Peat for the manufacture of gunpowder.
4. Peat or bitumen fiom peat for paving purposes.
5. Crude oil for purposes of lubrication, illumination and
gas-making.
6. Petroleum for burning in lamps.
7. Parafflne for the manufacture of candles.
8. Light, inflammable gas for heating.
9. Illuminating gas of superior quality.
10. Lampblack.
The value of peat for any or all of the above purposes will
obviously depend upon its freedom from earthly deposites. In
* For valuable information on the subject of Peat, the readeri s referred to " Taylor's Statistics of Coal," and T. S. Hunt's Chemical Reports, in the Canada Geological Reports for
1850 and 1855.




198                  REPORT OF THE
those cases where a bog has grown with the growth and decay
of Sphlagrnum, or other bog mosses, the peat is often composiedl of
almost pure vegetable matter.  In otllhe  cases, wvhere tlhe bog
has been periodically inundated, as around thle margilns of somn
lakes arid ponds, more or less of eahtlhly sediment will be foiund
mnixed with the peaty matclerials.  A largme proportion of our
principal peat bogs, however, will compare favorlably in purity
with those in foreign countries, to which I havel already alludetd,
It will of course be infet'red thatt the bed of lignite whliCh I
have described as occurring on the shore of Grand Traverse:
Bay, possesses all the capabilities of ordtinary peat.  Should
the spontaneous flow of petro'curn from  the rocks ever be ma~
terially diminishled, the same  product Ynay be very cheaply distilled, as is done in foreign countries, from lignite and peat as
well as from coal.
Although it miCght be better to'speak of Rock Oils or Petroleum under a distinct headc, still the subject is here naturally
introduced, and I proceed to append the few remarks which I
have to offer on t-his subject.
The distillation of bitumrinous shales and mineral bitumens
is carried on to a.i2;reat extent both in England and on the sconetinenmt.  To this class of matters belong the so-called loB.,ghe:-ad
and cannel coals, as vwell ns the bituminous minerals of variouT
parts of Fiance and Switzerland. Here belolgs the black bitumrinou. shale of Canadat W'est, and Thunder and G-rand Tr'averse
Bays in this State, which will undoubtedly prove unCommolnily
rich in bituminous matter.  Indeed, the abutldant spontaneous
distillation fiom shales of the samue age,l wlich has supplied the
oil vvells of Pennsylvania and Ohio, is an evide ce that tihe
products of artificial distillation would prove correspondigly
rich.  These substances yield, in greleral, tie same pr'duncts as
peat.  The amount of paraffile, however, is said to be lies, anct
the residue left firomn distillation is, unllike thllat fromu peat, comparatively worthless.  A yield of five per cent of bi1tuminous
matter qualifies th}e shales iin Fr:ance to )e ec.:-nomtically wor'kecd
The yield of our silaes:has never lbeen accurately ascert.a;nCed




.STATE GEOLOGIST.                        199
and i hiave no means at my disposal f3r the determination of
th se  im por ta t questioms;.
Shales ttlis biturlinized have an existence in our State, about
whllich there can le no question.  I have elsewhiere expressed
the hope that they will vet be ftund to yield a sponrtan::-eou s flow
of Petroleumn like those of neighboring districts.  The belt of
country alog which experiments micght be made extends friom
Wayne counlty to Port Huron, and from  Tllundler to Grand
Traverse Bay.  The geological relations and the surface indications are such, especially along, the southern belt, that a few
borings would be fully justified.  A few years ago, as I am informed by MIr. F. P. Bouteller, a borin  fbor water was undertaken beneath a saw mill in the township of Greenfield; Wayne
county.  After the drill has passed through a bed of bluish
shale at tthe depth of 70 or 80 feet, it was suddenly wrested
firom the hands of the workmen by the violent escape of a fetid
gas wh-ich threw  up water and sand  to the height of several
feet.  By accident, the strearml of gas was ignited, and senl;t a
column of flame to the roof of the mill, which had to be re-moved.  All effort s to entinguishl it proved futile for several
bhouis,  7when the furmnace pipe was placed over the well to guide
thi)e flamel. T1hi,', to t',-:  re.at reltef of the owner, had tihe effeet
of am o, -in''I'    te fire.  (L' tei-ul for his escape, he effectually
ct-ced. th-o.l) ao  in s  iny furlther eruption of the nelher fires
by piroml,-':1: liI tl o ie  hlvie h wi th Ysool:3)  well rammned dow1n;
i-;:idt b.a-s st-outly }?es iLs ed ini refusing  to allow  ainy further expr1"'iuetts  i::t' ufs dlin1erous   character upn   his pis remises.'!i Simil:L n:t',>i.it.o,lnft,, h-vee been W.itnessed at var iCUS  points along thle,shoreos,;t thle Sl Ct.1 Clair ive-r and lake.
ilf:l-I.miabl:: gas is the product of the distillation of petrcleumr  and it is not improbable that by extending explorations
below  the horizon of the gas, the reservoir of oil would bet
reached.
WELLS AND SPRINGS.
The late sutccessful boring of several artesian wels in the




200                 REPORT OF THE
southern part of the State, has created a very general desire to
know to what extent artesian borings would prove successful
in other parts of the State.  Several unsuccessful borings have
been made at points where the work has been directed rather
by emnpiricisml than by any adequate knowledge of' the existence of such a geological structure as could furnish reasonable
groundcs for the expectation of success.
From what has already been stated of the general confbrmation of the strata underlying the Lower Peninsula, the accumulation and retention of vast reservoirs of water in these great
peninsular dishes, will appear obvious and necessary.  Rains
falling upon the surfact percolate downwards untril the water
reacwhes an impervious stratull  along whichl it flows till it
reaches the lowest depression of that stratum, somewhere beneath the center of the State, and some hundreds of feet from
the surface. The water-bearing strata are, therefore, porous
sandstone, immediately underlain and overlain by impervious
strata of an argillacious or calcareous character.  Each porous
sandstone stratum thuls underlain and overlain throughout our
whole series, becomes in this manner surcharged with water
admitted at its outcrop. It is obvious, now, that by boring
down at any point within the circuit of the outcrop of a waterbearing stratum, until that stratum is pierced, the water xvill
rise through the hole to a point on a level with the rim of the
basin which holds the water. If the place of boring is lower
than that point, the water will rise to the surface and overflow;
if higher, it will not.
In consequence of the general rise of the surface of the peninsula from the lake shores toward the interior, the outcrops of
the strata occur, as a general rule, at lower levels than the
points within the basins which they form; andlc  artesian wells
-cannot be a thing of general occurrence.  In the southern part,.of Jackson, and the northern part of Hillsdale counties, how
wever, the sandstones of the Napoleon and Marshall Groups outsrop ut levels considerably higher than the gecneral elevation of
the peninsula, and it is likely that the irmpedimnen.ts to- a free




STATE GEOLOGIST.                    201
circulation of the water, in these strata, prevent it from sinking,
in these elevated sections, to the level of the lowest portions of
the basin in remote parts of the State. As a consequence, artesian borings might prove successful throughout the southern
half of Jackson county, and the eastern portion of Calhoun, if
continued down to the bottom of either of these groups.
It rust not be supposed, however, that the artesian wells of
Jackson are supplied from this source. If I have succeeded in
the identification of the rocks in that vicinity, these wells are
supplied from the Parma Sandstone. Albion is outside of' the
rinm of this formation, and the wells there have to be cntinued
down to the bottom of the Napoleon Sandstone.  Marshall is
outside of the rim of this, and rests just upon the rim of the
outcropping Marshall Group; and hence I sh-luld not expect
that the contained waters would rise to the suriface. The artesian (salt) wells of Grand Rapids are supplied from the Napoleon Group, the water being salted fri'ln the group irmmediately
above. The wells at Saginaw issue from the same sandstones,
and are salfed in the same way. In the southern part of Jackson and northern part of Hillsdale counties, where the streams
have cut through these rocks, the contained waters rush out in
extended chains of most beautiful and copious springs of pure
water. Adrian is located upon the argillaceous strata of the
Huron Group, and the first water-bearing stratum which would
be reached is included in the Monroe limestones, perhaps 250
feet below. But the surface slopes gradually toward Lake
Erie, so that the hydrostatic pressure would not be adequate to
an artesian overflow. Ann Arbor is supposed to'lie within the
rim of the Marshall and Napoleon sandstones, but the considerable elevation of this place precludes all expectation of an
overflow. The artesian wells at Toledo do not reach. the solid
rock at all, though this has been unsuccessfully explored to a
considerable depth.. The alluvial deposites, which are here of
great depth, are made up of alternating sandy and argillaceous
beds, which slope gradually toward the bed of the lake, and of
26




202                   RlEPORT OF -THE
course outcrop successively on the higher levels, several miles
back frorm the lake shore.  These, like the mllore solid waterbearincg strata, carry the water from  the surface alongo impervious floors, until it passes under the city, and finds its way
into the artesian borings.
From  what has been said of'the occurrence of onllyinrg
patches, or small detached  basins of carboniferous rocks. and
the gently undulatiilg character of the whole system, it will at
once be inferred that besides the great basin  julst alluded to as
reservoirs of water, there must be  nuumerous smntaller local
basins. The indications seem to justify the conclusion thlat tlte
wells at Jackson are supplied frolm a locel bllsin.  It appears,
therefore, that a reliable opinion on the prospect of success at,any particular point involves not only a knowledge  of the general conforimation of the rocks, but also an acquaintance with
the special geology of the region in question.
In those portions of Callhoun, Jackson and Hillsdale counties
which are situated over the outcrops of the Napoleon and Marshall sandstones, very many of the common wells terminate in
these rocks, and fromn them  derive  their supply  of waeutr.
Nearly all the wells of the L,ower Peinisila, however, derxive
tlheir supply from the sands of the 1Drift.  Tihen materiadls of the
ipper portion of this formation have been, by goeologi'ai ag'encies, considerably assortel, so that beds of arenacen(us 1 a i -
ril'ls'alternate with beds of argliliacceonus ic, iteritla  as i1n i.heo
underlying rocks.  There is, howtever, no gte.neral slii~aficativn
of these deposites   Every bed of sand i;, comparative ly loea!,
No general palrallelism  can be t+raced d,~lmo, r them.  The   "
laceous layer-s of thie drift may he con3,pared to a, pile of woid,mrv n'bowls thrown confusedly t;oge'tlher —th  interspo c ejTing' fliltcd
witi sand.  At one poinlt, a, well vill be found to be Avitli}i    toi0
rinm of a given howl, while at a very shol-rt distance fm.:t,  that.,
an excavation ~would uprove to be outside of thoe sanmle t):tsin ald
would have to be carried perhaps;;  to a much gr-cater dpt - t;
fore reaching  the bottom of the, basin which underles.  On t he
University grounds, -lls alre sunk  0'to 80 feet betuore rcach,




STATE G$EOTLOCIoT.                            2C3
ing' water, pwhile at thoe Observatory, which is 42 feet lhiglher,
the water rises within six  feet of the s;urface.  T'ile  tter well
is obviously supplied froml a local basin which occupies a hig'lu"r
levsel.
The purity and  saltibrity of well and spring  water,  n l he
Lower Peninsula of Aficligan, are generally  very great.  An
nallysis of the water from  the well on the north sid. of ihg
University  camplus, was made by  T. C. MeNeill, A. B., of theo
Laboratory of' Applied Chemistry, with the follojwing result:
Depth of wvll,'0 feet 8 ilnchles.
Temperature of water, 50" Fah.
Free carbonic acid in 100 parts,.01.55938
Solid constituents:
Calrbonate of linle,...........................   0.017800
Carbonate of magnesia,......................... 0 006058
Carbonate of iron,.................,............  0  00029)0
Chlorid of so0(ium,............................  0.0'04438;Sulphate of soda............................    0.000507
Carbonate of soda,.....             e............   0. 000 1 52
Sulphlate of potash.............................0 0.006718;
Silicic acid,................................. 0.000730'
Organic matter,.........................0....... 0. 002300
Total,.......... I................     0. (28963G
The wells of Detroit, and imluch of' the region alnng tlhe lake
and river shore, from  T'rTlcdo to St. Clair, are sunkl in lacustrine
deposites, which iiimpart a greater per centage of organic and
soluble  nmatter.  ThVe (ollowing  arnalysis wvas madcle by P(of. S.
H, Doug l1ass,  1in, I   r Lhe Board of Water Commissioners of
the city of Detrli  t,.  7Thel wa other was taken from  a wvell at the
residlence of Amos T. Hall,  on Wooclward Avenue:
Chloriid of potas simum................   0   1100.01000
Chlrid of e.odicili,............................  0. 012920.Chlo rid of mv la u-mes-i.llll......................... 0. 0347 60
Suilplate of poassa............................  0.01 0450
Sulphate of lime,........................ 0.02826
Silica,........................................ 0.0028)10
Catbollate of lime,..........................   0. 039)190;
Carbonate of iron,......................  0. 001020i
Total,.............r....... 0.199570>




204                     REPORT OF THE
The water of Detroit river at the same time contained the
following constitlents:
Sulphate of potassa,............................   0.000283
Sulphate of soda..............................  0. 000750
P'hosp-hate of lime,.............................. 0.003110
Alumina,......................................  0 001050
Silica............... o o s   o.  r  0.000500
C-arbonate of lime,.............................     0. 003300
Carbonate o' iron,............................ 0.000814
Total,..............................              0.009801
By far the most important mineral waters of the Lower Pe-;ni.sula anre those charged with chlorid of sodium.  The ferruginous sandstones of the lower part of the State, give origin,
however, to numerous'springs which are strongly chalybeate,
/while the bituminous rocks of the Huron and Upper Helderberg;groups, become the  source of strongly  sulphureous waters.
No formtal investigations  have  been  made of any of these
sprlings.  The following analysis, however, by Mr. McNeill, before quoted, was made upon the water of a spring issuing upon:the land of Solomon Mann, Esq., Ann Arbor:
Temnperature, 500 Fah.:Specific gravity, 1. 001.
Constituents of the solid matter:
Carbonate of lime..................................... 0.022800',Carbonate of magnesia,.................. 0.008936
Carbonate of iron,...............   0.000468
-Chlorideo of sodliu,................,.,. 0.000488
Iodicde of sodinu1,..............................             trace.;Sulphate  of soda................................ 0.000971
Catibtnate of soda,.......................... 0.00004-2
Sulphate of potash,.....................   0.000531
SiliCic acid...................................    0.001200
O 1ganic matter,................................ 0.002500
Total,.............. 0.037936
i'ree and partially  combined carbonic acid,.........028500
The quaantity of iron in this water is greater than that in the
echalybeate waters of Bath, England, and Karlsbad and Teplitz,




STATE GEOLOGIST.                       205,
in Bohemia, though the total solid constituents are considerably
less.
The sulphur springs of the southern portion of the State are3
exceedingly numerous, and I shall take the space in tle present.
report to allude particularly to only two.
A very remarkable siring occurs on section 22 (?), in thel
township of Erie, Monroe county.  It is situated within the
marsh which borders -the lake, about one mile from  thte lakeshore and four miles south east firom Vienna.  The sprirLg' has:
to be reached by boat.  It is found occupying    a conical depression, about 200 feet in diameter and 45 feet deep.  Some time
before reaching the spot the sulphureous odor can be detected,.
when the wind is favorable.- At the distance of'30 rods th-e
water of the bayou has a sulphuretted ta. ste, anl  a whitish dleposite can be seen on the stems of aquatic vegetation.  At the:
time of my visit the rim of the basin was 18 inches under water,
but later in the season the -water subsides, and the rimn is converted into a fine walk around the pool.  U3nder these circu.mstances the flow of water from the spring foirms a stream 1.0 feet
wide and 3 feet deep, with a considerabile current.
Another interesting locality is found on the south side of tho
Raisin river, nearly opposite the Raisinville lime quarries, in
Monroe county.  Here is a chain of sulphur springs on the land
of Robert Talford.  On approaching' the locality sulphuretted
fumes are very distinctly perceived.  The water boils up in
very copious quantities at more than half a dozen points within
the area of a quarter of an acre.  A  copious, white-almost
snow white-deposite lines the banks and bed of.the stream
which flows off from these springs.  The several rills uniting
form a stream  capable of turning a small mill, or perhaaps discharging 1200 gallons of water per nunBite.  Through a log
erected in one of the springs, the water rises 8 or 10 feet. Inl
the midst of the group is a fine spring of sweet water.
The evidences of sulphur here are equal to those seen at
some of the most celebrated watering places. It is a cause of'
astonishment that efforts have not long sin.ce been made to yen



206       IREPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST,
der this a place of resort for invalids and others.  The springs
are located in a dry, elevated limestone region.  The surllounmle
ings, thoighii not picturesque, are diversified and agrleeable.
The  water is stirong  and copious. Access is comrparatively
easy by public conveyance on the plank road 8S  miles from
kMollro0.
Tlhree other groups of springs of equal copiousness exist in
the irmlmediate neighborhood, and numenrous others are scattered throughout the county.




CHAPTER VII.
HnYSICA'L GEOGRAPHY, TOI'OGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY, MtETEOROLOGY.
It becomes necessary in the present nasly report, to omit all
refI'reiJce to these subjects except what is embraced in the following table, which is partially reproduced  from  Higgins' Report, as'iopo-rapher to  the Goologien l Su'rvey, (Rep. 1839, p.
01,) pIartly fr'on  Foster and Whitney's  Report on the Lake Superior Larnd District, Part I, pp. 18, 38 et seq, and is otherwise
compiled  fromn  original observations, and  other  unpublished
data:
AL TITUDES  of  various points uilhirn  the State of  Mlichigan.
Above 
LOCALITIES.                         Lak;e  Ho,  Above
LOI. I the Sea.
Lake Li.'..................................  565
D)et, iit hi,er at Detroit,............................  568
Bise o(,f   d Capitol at Detroit......            1....        I       596
\XV'yine  statoiol,*...........................                  8(i     658
lV'eTst lille, \rvylle  county...................              13' 6
yp)silal1ti Statin....  3f  713
Gedde' Sutaltil,.........................                        61     746
Anll Arbot  St,,lttion.........................               193 J     71
Uniiversity buildings, Ann Arbort,- (by level frotl
depot-,)...............................                   29       86
Ob-ervaitlry, An-in Arbor, (by le.vel fronm  depot,)             341      918
D)elhi, \V\ashtenaw  Co.,.......................    239 0                817
S,,                               " ".............251 828
DeIxter,    "          "..................'281      859
Chelsea,    ".338  916
WVest line XWashtenaw  Co., oit railroad,......                43      i1015
iFralcisc,) Station, Jackson Co.,..............                 44:      024
GGiasls Lae................     411       989
Leoni,          4"                                                 1      9.9..............  401  9379
* HI;-ights of pi:tS alomnr. C. R. R., unless othMlwi:io desicnated, have becn commeunilatd(t by Tleos. Frazer, Ejsq., of thi Ciltera.l Olic, l)etroit.
T'h:;orrected m can of tlhe IBaromnter at the University, for 9 mos., cnding Feb., 1. 55
wa s 2J.047 inch3es, which corresponds to an altitude of 809 foct, whil the height of the p.-ac
of observation was supposed -to be 891 feet.




208                   ]REPORT OF THE
Above Above
LOCALITIES.                    Lake HIu-  Aoe
the Sea.
roll.
Michigan Center, Jackson Co.,................    363    941
Jacksdn,...............        400      978.
Barry,                  (................ 362    940
Albion, Calhoun. Co.,........................    365    943
Kalamazoo river, Albion, Calhoun Co., (Higgins,j    351    929
11alf' W~ay House, WVayne Co.,                "           54    632
Head of Spectacle Lake, Calhoun Co.,    "                373    951
Rice Creek, near Marshall,    "        "      "          280    858
Honey Creek, Washtenaw Co.,                   "          26-    844
Huron river, Ypsilanti,   "                   "          100    678
Hulron river, Dexter,       "                 i          232    810
Sandstone Creek, Jackson Co.,                 "         347    925
Outlet of Gillett's Lake,'                  "         354    932
Outlet of Grass Lake,    "                    "          311    955
AT. end of Prairie Ronde, Kalamazoo Co,, "'              278    856
Kalamazoo IR., sec. 35, Augusta,        "     "          18'7    G65
IC                 I Kalamazoo,       "  "          154    732
Crossing M. S. & N. I. R. R., at St. Joseph R.,
St Joseph Co., (Higgins,)...............    138            16G
Branch, St Joseph I.; sec. 35, Mattison, Branch
Co., (Higgi-is,).                                   18.     7 65
Banlk Of L.    ichigan, Noew Buffalo, Berrien Co.,
(I-igoins,).............................         100    68
Bank of Galien R., 10 nmiles E. of New Buffalo,
Berrien Co, (Higgins,)..................            74    652
St. Joseph R., at Bertrand, Ber'n Co., (-Iiggins,)        53    631
Paw Paw R., Lafayette village, Van Buren Co.,
(Higgins,)...........................          106    684
Bush Creek, near Mason, Van B'rn Co., (Higgins,)          ]6    654
Stony Creek, "crossing Northern R. R.," Ionia
Co., (Higgins,)......................               82    660
Mouth  of Maple River, Ionia Co., (Higgins,)              56    634
N. branch Raisin R., Lenawee Co.,             "          276    854
Hasler's Creek, Lapeer Co.,                   "          265    843
Head of Belle R., "'  414    992
Flint River, Lapeer, Lapeer Co.,             I"          238  816
Shiawassee R., Owosso, Shiawassee Co., C"                145    ]23
Village of Newberry, St Clair Co.,            "          284    862
Head of Mill Creek,        "      "                      368    946
Pontiac, Oakland Co.,.......................           336    914
Bass R. crossing, "Northern R. R.," Ottawa Co.,
(Higgins,)........................          56    634
Crossing  Southern R. R., 4 m. W. of Monroe,               1
(Higgins,).................................. 51    629




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                209
Above  Abovo
LOCALITIES.                         Lake Hu- Abo
ron!   the Sea.
Cass R., T. 11 N., 5 E., 1 it. above Saginaw  It. atf
East Saginaw, (M,  B. Hess,) supposing the
river falls I ft. from  there to the Bay,......              2     580
Birch Run, T. 10 N., 5 E., (M. B. Hess,)........                 26      604
Pine Run, T. 9 N., 6 E.,           i"........"        105      683
Summit bet. Flint and Pine rivers, in T. 9 N.,'
E., (M. B. Hess,).......................                  22       805
Flint river, T. 7 N., 7 E., (M. B. Hess,)........              12(t      698
Detroit Station, Detroit & Mil. R.,..................                 575
Poyal Oak, Oakland  Co.,........9.....6...7. D9                           57
Birmingham,  "."....................  19-r 768
Pontiac,            "       "............                     349       927
Drayton Plains, Oakland Co.,...........381                               959
Waterford,              "    "...........                      404[  982
Clarkston,              "t.................           41f5    993
GC Clarkston Cut,"   ",.................           440    1018
Springfield,                     ".................             438    1016
Davisburgh,',' 370                                                      948
Holly,              "'           "................            340       918
Fentonville,  Genesee Co.....................                  330       908
Linden,              "       ".......................          291      869
aines,                       "....................    26                  845
Vernon, Shiawassee Co,................. 181   59
Corunna,.....................              185       63
O wosso, ".....................  154  732
Ovid, Clinton Co.,...........................                  146       724
St. Johns,    "........................                    177      755
Dallas,         ('...........................                1571    735
Pewamo, Ionia Co.,.........................                   153       131
*Muir,.................... 67                     645
onia,.........................                                  60      638
Saranac, (Boston,) Ionia Co.,............... 50                          628
Lowell, Kent Co.,..........................                      48      626
Ada,        t"  II........................                       15      653
Lamphier's Creek, (crossing, only,) Kent Co.,                    200      778
%Grand Rapids, Kent Co......................                     54      632
Berlin, Ottawa Co.,........................                      91      669
tCoopersville,.........................                54      632
iNunica,.........................                45      623
will Po;nt,.........4..........         4      582
Grand Haven, "....................                       4     582
Mean height of Lower Peninsula, (Higgins,)..                     160      738
* For heights of points along tha D. & M. R., I am indebted to Superintendent W. K. Muir.
2r




210    REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.
Above  Above
LOALITIES.                    Lake   - the Sea..uonlrnrs   /ron.
Lakes Huron and Michigan, (Higgins,)............  518
Lake Ontario,                     "............     235
Sliding bank, entrance to Hammond's Bay, Lake
Huron, (Halt 676,)......................                655
Bluff at Marble Quarry, E. end Drummond's I,..         98    676
Fort Mackinac, (Higgins,)...................    150    728
Old Fort Holmes, Mackinac I., (Higgins,)......    219    797
"    by Barometer, July, 1860,:.  -  307'   885
"    by Geological level, July, 1860,  318    897
i"      "    accoirding to Foster & Whitney,    315    893
Robinson's Folly, (Higgins,).................    128    706
"r    "'  by Geol. level, July, 1860,...  127    705
Bluff facing Round I.,"        "        "             141    725
Summit of Sugar Loaf,"        2"        "...  284    862
Chimney Rock,          "       "        ".       131    709
Lover's Leap,          "       "        ".       145    723
Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Geol. level, July,
1860,................................   140    ]18
Top of arch at Arched Rock, by Barometer,....   13:   716
To highest summit of Arched Rock, by level,...    149    727
Top of Buttress facing the lake at do.  "...    105    683
Principal Plateau of Mackinac Island,  "...    150    728
Upper Plateau of          "        "     "...    294    872
Summit of St. Joseph I., (T. N. Molesworth,)...    400    978
Lake Superior, (Foster and Whitney,).........                 627
Above
LOCALITIES.                   Lake Su- the Sboea.
rior.
Pie Island, N. shore L. Sup., (Foster & Whitney,)    760   1387
McK ay's Mountain,                   "               1000   1627
Thunder Cape,,                   1350   19'7
St. Ignace, (estimated,)             "              1300   1927
Les Petits Ecrits,                                    850   1477
Pic Island,                          "                760   1387
Michipicoten Island,                 "                800   1427
Gros Cap, (estimated,)               "                100   132'1
Highest Point Porcupine Mts.,        "               1380   200'7
Mt. Houghton.  near head of Keweenaw  Point,
(Foster & Whitn-y,)....................         884   1511
Grand Sable, L. S., (transported materials,)...  3245    9?2
Pt. Iroquois,   "          "          "....    350    9'717




"II JIIOTEJE








CHA PTERV I I I.
REPORT OF THE STATE ZOOLOGIST.
LANSING, Mich., Dec. 20th, 1860.
To PROF. A. WINCHELL, State Geologist:
SiR-I have the honor to transmit the following report of pros
gress made in the Zoological department of the Natural History
Survey of the State, during the past two years.
Owing to the limited appropriation made by the Legislature
for the purpose of recommencing the Geological Survey of the
State, and the desirableness of prosecuting the explorations in
the Geological department with as effective a force as possible,
I have been unable, as you are well aware, to devote but a part
of my time to investigations in the department assigned me in
the organization of the Geological corps.
The Zoological collections already made comprise such specimens as could be readily obtained without the sacrifice of much
tilue, or detracting materially from the efficient progress of the
Geolotgical reconnoissance.
Very much remains to be done before an approximation to a
complete knowledge of our fauna Can be obtained.
From the nature of the subjects of investigation in this department, it is difficult, in a limited space, to give a satisfactory
account of the exact progress of the work, or even to embody
the results accomplished when so much remains unfinished.
The subjoined catalogue of the species known to inhabit our
State, will, perhc'ps, best present an outline of the labor already
performed, and at the same time furnish desirable information
in regard to the geographical range of species.




214                 REPORT OF THE
In addition to the list here presented there are large numbers
of specimens that remain to be idcentified and described, which
will materially increase the number of known species in the
State.
The fishes, insects, and crustaceans have not been worked up
and for that reason have been omitted from the catalogue.
It may not be out of place in this connection to make a brief
statement of the aims to be kept in view, and the results which
-may be expected to follow from the earnest prosecution of the
study of the Zoology of our State.
From the intimate and important relations existing between
man and the various branches of the Animal Kinlgdom, he is
particularly interested in becominhg acquainted with the lorms,
structure, metamorphoses, habits, and dispositions of the animate beings which surround him. He would thus be better fitted to act intelligently in availing himself of the benefits to be:derived from those species that are capable of improvement by
domestication, and at the same time be enabled to successfully
maintain that influence and control over the economy of'inferior
organizations which his superior physical and mental developement, as well as interests, require of him. Dependent upon the
animal kingdom, as he is to a great extent, for many of the
comforts and luxuries of life, it would seem that the importance
of a thorough investigation of the laws which govern this magnificent creation of living beings, and their relations to man's
well-being and interests cannot be too highly estimated.
In the present advanced state of the abstract sciences, every
brarch of inquiry or investigation, no matter how trivial or
uninlportant it may in itself appear, tends directly to develop
results that are of practical application in the varied pui suits
-of life.
Many illustrations of this fact might be adduced, and will'lndoubtedly present themselves to the minds of those who are'familiar with the history of the useful arts. I will, however,
~cite but a single instance.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                   215
When it became known that sealing-wax, amber, and other
resinous bodies, on being rubbed would attract pith-balls and
other light substances, the discovery was looked upon as unimportant and trifling, and no one thought the knowledge capable
of being made available for any practical purpose; yet from
this small beginning the science of electricity has been developed, which, in its practical applications in the arts, no one in
the present age would venture to set a limit. From the application of the principles of this science we are indebted for the
increased facilities in the art of printing, by the process of electrotyping, improvements in the art of gilding, as well as for
that wonder of the age, the magnetic telegraph, that brings by
its network of wires the most remote places into almost instantaneous communication.
The so-called trifling experiments of philosophers, considered
by many as beneath the attention of intelligent beings, have
brought forth fruit abundantly, the influence of which on the
world's progress can hardly be estimated.
Thus, in every department of knowledge, practical results
are constantly presenting themselves as the inevitable consequence of progress in the purely abstract investigations of
science.
An accurate scientific knowledge of the appearance, food,
development, and mode of existence, of the various animal
forms we are brought in contact with in our every day pursuits,
as well as their varied relations to the vegetable and inorganic
kingdoms of nature, is indispensable if we would derive practical benefit from the different classes of the animal kingdom
and render them subservient to our prosperity and happiness.
Such knowledge to the agriculturalist would indeed be found
of incalculable advantage; it would enable him to protect, as
far as possible, the mauny species that confer direct benefits by
furnishing various useful products, and to encourage the development of those that assist in protecting his crops, by preying
on noxious forms, and thus preventing their inordinate increase%
and at the same time he would be better prepared to adopt suit



216                 REPORT OF THE
able measures for destroying and keeping in check those that
by their depredations on his forest trees and grasses become
most formidable enemies and the pests of civilization.
The army of weevils, Hessian flies, midges, clinch bugs, and
cut worms attacking his wheat and other cereals, the numerous
species of borers, curculios, locusts, and moths so destructive
to his fruit and forest trees, all point to his interest in becoming
better acquainted with the economy of nature, and studying
more closely the varied phenomena presented by organic beings.
The intimate relations of Zoology to the other departments of
science, might be cited as an incentive to a more general dissemination and increase uf the knowledge of organic beings.
Geology derives important aid in its investigations from the
application of the principles of Zoology; indeed, the rapid progress of the science of Geology at the present time is owing to
the accurate investigations of the relations existing between
the organic forms at present inhabiting our globe, and those
fossil remains that are the index of the faunas and floras of
past ages.
It is in fact in consequence of the aid furnished by the kindred sciences of Botany and Zoology that modern Geology has
attained her proudest achievements.
In the State of New York alone hundreds of thousand of dollars have been expended in explorations for coal, when an examination of a few shells that abound in her rocks, would have
shown that the entire geological formations of the State were
below the coal bearing  series of rocks, and that explhrations
for that mineral would consequently be fruitless.
In an educational point of view, a systematic knowledge of
the animals inhabiting our State, their habits and relations to
man and the surrounding world, would furnish a fund of materialsfor reflection and study, whc'li, as a means of mental culture and developement, is, capable of attaining a high rank
among the studies considered essential in our institutions of
learning, to a successful training of the intellec  al powers.
At the present time, when a knowledge of the principles of




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                     217Natural History is considered indispensable to a finished educao
tion, the want of Museums in our State where the materials for
the prosecution of this most interesting branch of study may
be accessible to every one, is severely felt.
To supply this want, complete collections of the plants and
animals of our State should be made so as fully to illustrate
their systematic relations and affinities of structure, due prom._
inence being given in their arrangement to the exhibition in a
suitable manner of those species that are of benefit to the
agriculturalist, as well as those that from their habits are continually warring against his interests by committing ravages that
it is an object to keep within due bounds.
Aside from all this, the study of nature has a still higher significance than can be measured by any merely practical or pecuniary advantages accruing from, its prosecution.
As the material expressions of the ideas of the Creator, the
Supreme Intelligence of the Universe, the world of organic beings which He has created for man's contemplation and improvement, is certainly worthy the carefal consideration of the'
highest faculties of the hu'nan mind.
In conclusion, I would make this public acknowledgment of
my indebtedness to a number of scientific gentlemen for their
disinterested assistance and encouragement, and to the public
generally for the many acts of kindness shown to myself and.
party, during the progress of the survey.
M. tMILES,
State Zoologist.
28








A CATAjLOGUE
OF THE
MAMMALS, BRDS, REPTILES AND MOLLUSKS,
BY  XE. IEILES, 1X. D., STATE ZOOLOGIST.
CLASS MAMMALI A.
U NGU I CU LATA.
ORDER CHEIROPTERA.
FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE.
1. Vespertilio Noveboracensis, Linne — New York Bat.
2,     "     fuscus, P. de B.
3.     "     subulatus, Say.-Brown Bat.
4.     "     phaiops, Temnm.
5.     "     Caroli,    "
ORDER RAPACIA.
SUB-ORDER INSECTIVORA.
FAMILY SORICIDAE.
Sub-Family Soricincw.
6. Blarina talpoides, Gray.-Shrew.
FAMILY TALPIDAE.
7-. Scalops aquaticus, Fisch.-Commron Mole.
8.   "   argentatus, Aud. & Bach. —Silvery Mole.
-9. Condylura cristata; Illiger —Star-Nosed Mole.
SUB-ORDER CARNIVORA.
FAMILY FELIDAE.
10. Lynx rufus, Raf.- Wild Cat.:1i.   "  Canandensis, Baf.-Lynx.




220                  REPORT OF THE
FAMILY CANIDAE.
Sub-Family Lupinae.
12. Canis occidentalis, var. griseo-albus, Bd.-Wolf.
13.  "  latrans, Say.-Prairie Wolf.
Sub Family Vulpinae.
14. Vulpes fulvus, Rich. —Red Fox.
15.    "  Virginianus, Delfay.-Gray Fox.
FAMILY MUSTELIDAE.
Sub- Family Martinae.
1G6. Mustela Penantii, Erxl.-Fisher.:17.  4"   Americana,'urton.-Pine Marten.
18. Putorius cicognanii, Bd.-Brown Weasel.
19.   "'   Noveboracensis, DeKay,-White Weasel..
20.    "    vison, Rich.-Mink.
x21. Gulo luscus, Sabine.-Wolverine.
Sub-Family Lutrinae.
22. Lutra Canadensis, Sab.-Otter.
Sub Family Jielinae.
23. Mephitis mephitica, Bd. - Skunk.
24. Taxidea Americana, Bd,-Badger.
FAMILY URSIDAE.
25. Procyon lotor, Storr.-Raccoon.
26. Ursus Americanus, Pallas. —Black iear.
ORDER MARSUPIATA.
FAMILY DIDELPHIDAE.
x27. Didelphys Virginiana, Shaw —Opossum.
ORDER RODENTIA.
FAMILY SCIURIDAE.
Suzb-Family Sciurinae.
28. Sciurus Ludovicianuls, Custis. —Fox Squirrel.
29.   "   Carolinesnusis, Gm. —Gray and Black Squirrels.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                                   221
30. Sciurus Hudsonius, Pallas.-Red  Squirrel.
31. Pteromys volucella, Des.-Flying Squirrel.
32. Tamias striatus, Baird. —Chipmunk.
m33. Spermophilus  tridecem-lineatus, Aud. &  Bach.-Striped
Prairie Squirrel.'34. Arctomys monax, Gm. —WVoodchuck.
Sub-Family  Castorinae.
-35. Castor Canadensis, IKuhl.-Beaver.
FAMILY  MTURID2tE,.Stb-Faimily  DRi)odinae.
36. Jaculus Hudsonius, Bd.-Jumping Mouse.
Sub-Famnzily  liurinae.
38. Mus musculus, Linn.-Commnon Mouse.
38. Hesperomys leucopus, Wag.-Deer Mouse.
39.0        "        Michiganensis, Wagner.-Prairie Mouse.
Sub-Farnily  Arvicolinae.
40. Arvicola riparia, Ord. —Meadow  Mouse.
41. Fiber zibethicus, Cuv.-Muskrat.
FAMIILY  HYSTRICIDAE.
42. Erethizon dorsatus, F. Cuv. —Porcupine.
x9. C. cristata. The star nosed mole appears to'be a very rare species within the limits of
this State. I have seen but a single specimen.!16 and x17. N. Pennantii, and hI. Americana. The Fisher and Pine Martin undoubtedly have
a place in our fauna, but I have not had an opportunity of examining specimens other
than hunter's skins as found in market.
x21. G. luscus. The Wolverine is seldom found in the Lower Peninsula, having been nearly
exterminated.
x27. D. Virginiana. A single specimen of the Opossum was killed in Genesee county last
season. The species is, however, frequently seen in the southern part of the State.
a33. S. tridecem-lineatus. The striped Prairie Squirrel is very common in the southern
counties, but has not been known in the central parts of the State until within a few
years past.' It is gradually extending its range northward, where the timber has been
removed and the land brought under cultivation.
xb35. C. Canadensis. At no very remote period the Beaver was found throughout the State aS
is shown by the numerous remains of their dams in localities that are now deserted
by them. At present their range is confined to the northern part of the Lower Peninsula, where they are found in abundance on the head waters of nearly every
stream running into Lake Huron. At Alpena several hundred skins are annually
brought in from Thunder Bay river and its tributaries.




222                        REPORT OF THE
ORDER RUMINANTIA.
FAMILY CERVIDAE.
x45. Alce Americanus, Jardine.-Moose.
x46. Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.-Caribou.
x47. Cervus Canadensis, Erxl. —Elk.
48.     "    Virginianus, Bodd.-Deer.
FAMILY LEPORIDAE.
43. Lepus Americanus, E'rxl.-Northern Hare.
44.    "    sylvaticus, Bach.-Gray Rabbit.
<CLASS AVES.
ORDER RAPTORES.
FAMILY VULTURIDAE.
1. Cathartes aura, Illiger-Turkey Buzzard.
FAMILY FALCONIDAE.
Sub-Family Falconinae.
2. Falco anatum, Bon. —Duck Hawk.
3.   "    columbarius, Linn.- Pigeon Hawk.
4.   "    sparverius, Linn.-Sparrow  Hawk.
Sub-Family Accipitrinae.
5. Accipiter Cooperii, Bon. —Cooper's Hawk.
6.     "       fuscus, Gmel.-Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Sub- Family Buteoninae.
7. Buteo borealis, Gmel.-Red-tailed Hawk.
8.    "'  lineatus, Gmel -Rel-shouldered Hawk.'45. A. Americanus. The Moose is seldom seen within the limits of the State. Hunters inform me that it is still occasionally taken, but it is rapidly disappearing from its former
haunts.
x46. R. Caribou. The Caribou extends its southern range to the Upper Peninsula, where it
is occasionally taken by hunters.
x47. C. Canadensis. The Elk is found in abundance in the counties of Huron and Sanilae
about the head waters of the Cass River. The unrelenting pursuit of hunters by
means of the rifle and trap pens will soon exterminate it, unless means are taken to
prevent an indiscrimate slaughter at all seasons of the year.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                   223
9. Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Wilson.'10. R" Swainsoni, Bonap.-Swainson's Buzzard.
11. Archibuteo lagopus, Gevml.-Rough-legged Hawk.
12.    "      Sancti-Johannis, Grnel —Black Hawk.
Sub-Family ]filvinae.
13. Circus Hudsonius, Linn. —Marsh Hawk.
Sub Family Aquilinae.
14. lHaliaetus Washin'tonii, Aud.-Washington Eag-le..
15.    "    leucocephalus, Linn. Bald Eagle.
16. Pandion Carolinensis, Gmel.-Fish Hawk.
FAMILY STRIGIDAE.
Sub-Family Buboninae.
17. Bubo Virginianus, Gmel. —G:eat Horned Owl.
18. Scops Asio, Linn.-Mottled Owl.
19. Otus Wilsonianus, Lesson.-ILong-eared Owl.
20. Brachyotus Cassinii, Brewer. —Short-eard OwL
Sub-Family Syrninae.
21. Syrniurn nebulosum, Foster.-Barred Owl.
22. Nyctale Acadica,-Screech Owl.
Sub-Family Nycteininae.
23. Nyctea nivea, Daudin -Snowy Owl.
24. Surnia ulula, Linn. —Hawk Owl.
ORDER'SCANSORES.
FAMILY CUCULIDAE.
25. Coccygus Americanus, Bonap.-Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
26.    "    erythrophthalmus, Bonap.-Black-billed"
FAMILY PICIDAE.
Sub-Family Picinae.
21. Picus villosus, Linn —Hairy Wood-pecker.
28.  "  pubescens, Linn. —Downy Wood-pecker.
29. Sphyrapicus varius, Bd -Yellow-bellied Wood-pecker.
30. Hylatomus pileatus, Bd.-Log Cock.




:224                REPORT OF THE
31. Centurus Carolinus, Bon.-Red-bellied Wood-pecker.
32. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Sw. —iRed-headed Woodpecker.
33. Colaptes auratus, Sw.-Flicker.
ORDER INSESSORES.
SUB-ORDER STRISORES.
FAMILY TROCHILIDAE.
34. Trochilus colubris, Linn.-Hunn ming Bird.
FAMILY CYPSELIDAE.
35.][Chaetura pelasgia, Steph. —-Chimney Swallow.
FAMILY CAPRIAIULGIDAE.
Sub-Family Caprimulginae.:36. Antrostomus vociferus, Bon.-Whippoorwill.
36. Chordeiles popetue, Bd.-Night Hawk.
SUB ORDER CLAMATORES.
FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE.
38. Ceryle alcyon, Boia —Kingfisher.
FAMILY COLOPTERIDAE.
Sub-Family Tyranninae.
39. Tyrannus Carolinensis, Bd.-King Bird.
40. Myiarchus crinitus, Cab.-Great crested Flycatcher.
41. Sayornis fuscus, Bd.-Pewee Fly-catcher.
c41.a "      Sayus, Baird-Says Fly-catcher.
42. Contopus borealis, Bd.-Olive-sided Fly-catcher.
43.    "    virens, Cab.~-Wood Pewee.
44. Empidonax Traillii, Bd.-Traill's Fly-catcher.
45.     "      acadicus, Bd.-Little Pewee.
-45.a "        flaviventris, Bd.-Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher.
SUB-ORDER OSCINES.
FAMILY TURDIDAE.
Sub-Family Turdinae.
46 Turdus mustelinus, Gmel. —Wood T1trush.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                     225
46.^ Turdus Pallasii, Cab.-Hermit Thrush.
47.   "   migratorius, Linn.-Robin.
48. Sialia sialis, Bd.-Blue Bird.,Sub-Family Iegulinae.
49. Regulus calendula, Licht. —Ruby-crowned Wren.
50.    "    satrapa, Licht.-Golden-crested     "
FAMILY SYLVICOLIDAE.
Sub-Family Jiotacillinae.
51. Anthus Ludovicianus, Licht.-Tit Lark.
Sub-_Family Sylvicolinae.
52. Mniotilta varia, Vieill.-Black and White Creeper.
53. Parula Americana, Bon.-Blte Yellow-backed Warbler.
54. Geothlypis trichas, Cab.-Maryland Yellow-throat.
55. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cab.-Golden-winged Warbler.
56. ielmlinthophaga ruficapilla, Bd.-Nashville Warbler,
57. Seiurus aurocapillus, Sw. —Golden crowned Thrush.
58.    "    Noveboracensis, Nuttall. —Water Thrush.
59.    "    Ludovicianus, Bon.
60. Dendroica virens, Bd.-Black-throated Green Warbler.
61.    S"    Canadensis, Bd.-Black-throated Blue  "
62.     "     coronata, Gray.-Yellow-rumped  "
63.     "     Blackburniae, Bd —Blackburnian         "
64.     "     castanea, Bd.-Bay-breasted             t
65.     "     pinus, Bd. —Pine-creeping,
66.     "     Pennsylvanica, Bd. —Chestnut-sided    "
67.     "     aestiva, Bd.-Summer Yellow Bird.
68.     "     maculosa, Bd,-Black and Yellow Warbler.
69.     "     tigrina, Bd. —Cape May Warbler.
10.    i"    discolor, Bd.-Prairie  "
71. Myiodioctes mitratus, Aud. —Hooded Warbler.'2.     "     pusillus, Bonap.-Green Black-cap Fly-catcher.
73.    "'    Canadensis, Aud.-Canada Fly-catcher.
14. Setophaga ruticilla, Sw. —Red Start.
29




226                  REPORT OF THESub-Family Tanagrinae.
15. Pyranga rubra, Vieill.-Scarlet Tanager.
FAIILY HIRUNDINIDAE.
Sub Fnamily Hirundininae.
16. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. —Barn Swallow-.
V7.    "    lunifrons, S:y.-Cliff Swallow.
718.    "    bicolor, VYieill.-White-bellied Swallow.'19. Cotyle riparia, Boie.-Bank Swallow.
80.   "   serripennis, Bonmap-Rough-wi lged Swallow.
81. Progne purpurea, Boie.-Purple Martin.
FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE.
82. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.-Bohenian Wax-wing.
83.    "    cedrorum, Bd.-Cedar Bird.
FAMILY LANIIDAE.
Sub-Family Laniinae.
84. Collyrio borealis, Bd. —Butcher Bird.
85.    "   excubitoroides, Bd -White-rumped Shrike.
Sub-Family Vireoninae.
86. Vireo olivaceus, Vieill. —Red-eyed Vireo.
87.  "  Noveboracensis, Boqap.-White-eyed Vireo.
88.   "  flavifrons, fieill.-Yeltlow-throated Vireo.
FAMILY LIOTHICHIDAE.
Sub-Family liminae.
89. Aiimus Carolinensis, Gray.-Cat Bird.
90. Harporhynchus rufus, Cab.-Brown Thrush.
Sub-Famzily Troglodytinae.
90.a Thriothorus Ludovicianrus, Bonap,-Great Carolina Wren.
91. Cistothorus palustris, Cab.-Long-billed Marsh Wren.
92. Troglodytes aeclon, Fieill. —House Wren.
93.     "      hyemalis, Vieill.-Winter Wren.
93. "          Americanus,  Aud.-Wood NWren.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                       227
FABMILY CERTHIADAE.
94. Certhia Americana, Bonap.-American Creeper.
95. Sitta Carolinensis, Gmel.-White-bellied Nuthatch.
96. "   Canadensis, Linnm. —Red-bellied'uthatch.
FAIILY PARIDAE.
Sub-Family Polioptilinae.
9]. Polioptila caerulea, Scl.-Blue-Gray Fly-catcher.
Sub-Family Parinae.
98. Parus atricapillus, Linn.-Black cap Titmouse.
"985.   "  Carolinensis, Aud.-Carolina    "
FAMILY ALAUDIDAE.
99 Eremophila cornuta, Boie.-Shore Lark.
FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE.
Sub-Faminly Coccothraustinae.
169". Carpodacus purpureus, Gray. —Purple Finch.
100 Chrysomitris tristis, Bon. —-Yellow Bird.
"100'&   "        pinus, Bon.-Pine Finch
101 Curvirostra Americana, Wdilon. —Red Cross bill.
102      "      leucoptera, T4Tilson. —White-winged Crossbill.
103 Aegiothus linaria, Cab. —Lesser Red Poll.
104      "     canescens, Cab.-,Mealy Red Poll.
105 Plectrophanes nivalis, kieyer.-Snow Bunting.
Sub-Fac mily Spizellizae.
106. Passerculus Savanna, Bonap -Savannah Sparrow.
10(. Poocwtes gramrineus, Bd.-Grass Finch.
108. Chondestes grammraca, Boncp. —-Lark Finch.
109. Zonotrichia leucophrys, gS  -7Whilite-crowned Sparrow.
110.      "     albicollis, Bonop.-White-throated'
q110.a Junco Oregonus, Scl.-Oregon Snow Bird.
111.   "   hyenmalis, Sclater.-Snow Bird.
112. Spizella ronticola, Bd. —Tree Sparrow.
113.    "   pusilla,  onap- -Field "




9228                REPOR'T OF THE
114. Spizella socialis, Bonap.-Chipping Sparrow.
115. Melospiza melodia, Bd.-Song   "
116.    "    palustris, Bd. —Swamp  "
Sub-Fcamily,Spizinae.
117. Euspiza Americana, tBonap.-Black throated Bunting.
118. Guiraca Ludoviciana, Sw.-Rose-breastedkGrosbeak.:118."       melanocephala, Sw. —Black-headed  "
119. Cyanospiza cyanea, Bd.-Indigo Bird.
120. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Vieill.-Chewink.
FAMILY ICTERIDAE.,Sub-Family Agelainae.
121. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Swu.-Boblink.
122. Molothrus pecoris, Sw.-Cow Blackbird.
123. Agelaius phceniceus, Vieill. —Red-winged Blackbird.
124. Sturnella magna, Sw. —Meadow Lark.
Sub-Family Icterinae.
125. Icterus spurius, Bonap. —Orchard Oriole.
126.   "   Baltimore, Daud.-Baltimore Oriole.
Sub-Family Quiscalinae.
127. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Sw. —Rusty Grakle.
128. Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill.-Crow Blackbird.
EAMILY CORVIDAE.
Sub Family Corvinae.
129. Corvus carnivorus, Bart. —Raven.
130.  "   Americanus, Aud.-Crow.
Sutb-Family Garrulinae.
131. Cyanura cristatus, Sw.-Blue Jay.
132. Perisoreus Canadensis, Bonap. —Canada Jay.,
ORDER RASORES.
SUB-ORDER COLUMBAE.
FAMILY COLUMBIDAE.
Sub-Famiily Columbinae.
133. Ectopistes migratoria, Sw. -Wild Pigeon.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                     229
Sub-Family Zenaidinae.
134. Zenaidura Carolinensis, Bonap.-Mourning Dove.
SUB-ORDER GALLINAE.
FAMILY PHASIANIDAE.
Sub-F amily lleleagrinae.
~135. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn.-Wild Turkey.
FAMILY TETRAONIDAE.
136. Tetrao Canadensis, Linn. —Canada Grouse.
132. Cupidonia cupido, Bd. —Prairie Chicken.
138. Bonasa umbellus, Steph.-Ruffed Grouse, Partridge.
FAMILY] PERDICIDAE.
~!13F9. Ortyx} Virginianus, Bovnap.-Quail.
ORDER GRALLATORES.
SUB-ORDER IERODIONES.
FAMILY GRUIDAE.
c139.& Grus Canadensis,r Temm.-Sand-hill Crane.
FAMIILY- ARDEIDAE.
140. Ardea Herodias, Linn. —Blue Heron.
141. Ardettafexilis, Gray.-Least Bittern.
142. Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph.-Bittern.
143. Butorides virescens, Bonap.-Green Heron.
141.}iNyetiardea gardeni, Bd.-Night Heron.
SUB-ORDER GRALLAE.
FAMILY CHIARADRIDAE.
145. Charadrius Virginicus, Borck —Golden Plover.
146. Aegialitis vociferus, Cassin. Kill-deer.
147.     "    semlipalmatls,)lBon.m-King Plover.
i7148..Squatarola Helvetica,N Ca-v.-Black-bellied Plover.
FAMIILY HAErIATOPODIDAE,
149. Strepsilas interpres, Ill.-Turnstone.
FAMfILY SOOLOPACIDAE,
150. Philohela minor, Gray.-Woodcock.




230                  REPORT OF THE
151. Gallinago Wilsonii, Bonap.-  Vilson's Snipe.
152. Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach. —Red-breasted Snipe.
153. Tringa canutus, Linn. —Robin Snipe.
154.   "   maculata, Vieill.-Jack Snipe.
155.   "    Wilsoii, Natall. —Least Sandpiper.
x155.a  "'   Bonapartii, Sch.
156. Ereunetes petrificatus, Ill -Semipalmated Sandpiper.
x156.' Micropalamna himantopus, Bd. —Stilt
Sub-Family Totaninae.
151. Gambetta. melanoleuca, Bon. —Tell Tale.
158.    "    flavipes, Bon. —Yellow Legs.
159. Rhyacophilus solitarius, Bonap. —Solitary Sandpiper.
160. Tringoides macularius, Gray. —-Spotted
161. Actiturus Bartramius, Bonap. —Field Plover.
162. Limosa fedoa, Ord. —Marbled Godwit.
Sub-Family Ballinae.
163. Rallus Virginianus, Linn. —Virginia Rail.
164. Porzana Carolina, Vieill —Sora, Rail.
165.    "    Noveboracensis, Bd. —Yellow Rail.
166. Fulica Americana, Gm. —Coot.
x167. Gallinula galeata, Ronvap. —Florida Gallinule.
ORDER NATATORES.
SUB-ORDER ANSERES.
FAMILY ANATIDAE.
Sub-Family Cygninae.
168. Cygnus Americanus, Sharpless.-Swan.
Sub Family Anserinae.
169. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas —Snow Goose.
170. Bernicla Canadeusis, Boie —Canada 
Sub-F'amily Anatinae.
111. Anas boschas, Linn.-Mallard,
172.  "  obscura, Gmn. —Dusky Duck.
1)13. Dafila acuta, Jenyns. —Pintail Duck.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                              231
114. Nettion Oar- linensis, Bd -Green winged Teal.
175. Querquedula discors, Steph. —Blue-wiinged 
116. Spatula clypeata, Boie. —Spoonbill.
177. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray. —Gadwa]l; Gray Duck.
118. Mareca Americana, Steph. —Baldpate; Widgeon.
179. Aix sponsa, Boie. —Wood Dwuck.
Sub Family Fuligulig nae.
180. Fulix marila, Bd.-Scaup Duck
1>1.   "      collaris, Bd. —Ring-necked  Duck.
182. Aythya Americana, Bon. —-Red head.
183.    "      vallisneria, Bon. —-Canvas-back.
184. Bucephala Americana, Bd. —Golden Eye; Whistle Wing.
185.       "       albeola, Rd.-Butter Ball.
186. Harelda glacialis, Leach. —Old W~ife.
187. Oidemia birnaculata, Bd. —Huron Scoter.
Sub Family  Erismaturinae.
188  Erismatura rubida, Bonap.-Ruddy Duck.
Sub-Family Merginae.
189. Mergus Americanus, Cassin. —Sheldrake.
190.   "       serrator, Linn. —Red-breasted Merganser.
191. (,ophodytes cucullatus, Reich. —Hooded              "
SUB-ORDER GAVIAE.
FAMILY LAl.IDAE.
Sub-.Faanily Larinae.
192. Larus glancus, Brurn.-G- laucous Gull.
193.    "    argenta:us, Brunn.-Herring"
x10. B. Swainsoni. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Daniel Clark, of Flint, for an opportunity
of examining a specimen of this rare buzzard, which was shot in Genesee county last.
summer, and is now preserved in the museum of the Flint Scientific Institute.
x41.a Sayornis Sayus, Bd. On the authority of Rev. Charles Fox, who shot a specimen:at:
Owosso, Shiawassee county, July, 1853  The species in the catalogue marked a' were.
obtained at Gross Isle, Wayne Co., by Prof. Fox, and are given on his authority.
x167. 0. galeata. This gallinule is frequently seen in the southern parts of the State. Ihave
seen several specimens as far north as Saginaw Bay, and am informed by Mr. John
Sharp, at the Saginaw Light-house, that it breeds in the marshes at the mouth of Saginaw River.




232                    REPORT OF THE
194. Larus Delawarensis, Ord. —Ring-billed Gull.
-195. Chroicocephalus atricilia, Linn.-Laughing Gull.
196.        "       Philadelphia, Lawrence.-Bonaparte's Gull.
Sub-Family Sterninae.
197. Sterna Wilsoni, Bonap. —-Wilsonls Tern.
119T.  "   fienata, Gambel —Lcast 
198. Hydrochelidon plumbea, Lawrence-Black Tern.
FABMILY COLYSIBIDAE.
iub-Family Colymbinae.
199. Colymbus torquatus, Brunn. —Loon.
Sub-_Family Podicipinae.
200. Podiceps griseigena, Gray.-Red-necked Grebe.
201.     "    cristatus, Lath.-Crested    "
-202.     "    cornutus, Lath. —Horned
203. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawrence.-Pied-bill
CLASS REPTIILIA.
ORlDER TESTUDINATA.
SUB-ORDER AMYDAE.
FAMILY TRIONYCIIDAE,
11. Amyda mutica, Fitz.
-2. Aspidonectes spinifer, Ag-Soft-shelled Turtle.
FAMILY CHELYDROIDAE.
3. Chelydra serpentina, Schw.-Snapping Turtle.
FAMILY CINOSTERNOIDAE.
14. Ozotheca odorata, Ag.
5. Thyrosternum  Pennsylvanicum, Ag.-MuIsk Turtle.
FAMILY EMYDOIDAE.
-O. Graptemys geographica, Ag.
x193. 1-. p:I.mbea. I shot several specimens of this beautiful tern last June, on the shore of
c.Saginaw BTay. From the n-umber of individuals in that vicinity I supposed it to be:Jbreeding there.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                                   233
7. Graptemys  LeSueulii, Ag.
"8. Chrysemys marginata, Aq.
9. Emys AMeleagris, Ag.
O10. Nanemys guttata, Ag.
ORDER OPHIDIL.
FAMILY  CROTALIDAE.
11. Crotalophorus tergeminus, HEolb.-Matss asanga.
FAMILY  COLUBRIDAE.
x12. Eutaenia saurita, B. &  G. —Striped Snake.
13.      "       sirtalis, B  &  G. —Garter Snake.
14. Nerodia sipedon, B. & G. —Water Snake.
15.      "      Agassizii, B. &  G.
16. Regina leberis, B. &  G. —Striped Wiater  Snake.
KI7. Heterodon platyrhlinos, Latr.-Blowiu]g- Viper.'18. Scotophis vulpinus, B. &  G.
i9. Ophibolus eximius, B. &  C. —M._Ik Snake.
20. Bascanion constrictor, B. &d  ( — Black Snail;c.
21.        "       Foxii, B. &  G.
22. Chlorosoma vernalis, B. a  G.-Green Snake.
23. Diadophis punetatus, 1B. &  G.-Ring-necked Snake.
24. Storeria Dekayi, B. &  G.
25.      "      occipito mraculata, B. &  G.
4s1. A. mutica. This species seems to be comparatively rare. I have seen but a few specimens which would indicate that its range is confined to the southern parts of the State.
-_2. A. spinifer. The common soft shell turtle is found throughout the southern half of the
Lower Peninsula. It is frequently met with as far north as Genesee county, and in the
streams of the eastern, as well as the western slope of the State.
i4. 0. odorata. The carapace of a small turtle obtained in Oakland county I have referred
to this species, but as the specimen is imperfect I may be incorrect in including the
species in our fauna.
KS.-.C. marginata. This is the most abundant species of the Testudinata in our State. It was
formerly confounded with C. picta, but was separated by Prof. Agassis in his contributions to the Natural History of the United States. I am not aware that the latter spe -
cies is found in Michigan.
410. N. guttata. Four specimens of this beautiful species have been collected within the
two years. One in Genesee county, one from Saginaw Bay, and the others from Oakland county. On comparison with a specimen from Massachusetts, they appear to be
identical, the only difference noticed being the darker color of the plastron in the Michigan specimens.
30




234                          REPORT OF THE
CLASS BATRACHIA.
ORDER ANqURia.
FAMILY BUJFONIDAE.
26. Bufo Amdricanus, LeConte.
FAIILY  HYLADAE.
27. Acris crepitrans, Bd.
28. Hyla versicolor, LeCornte.
29.    "   Pickeringii,  Ioll.
o30. llelocmtes triscriatus, Pd.
FAMILY  RAN IDAR.
31. Rana Catesbiana, Shaw. —Bull Frog.
32.    "    fontinalis, LeConte. —Spring  Frog.
33.    "    pipiens, Gmel.-Shad  Frog.
34.    "    palustris, LeConte. —Pickerel Frog.
35.    "    sylvatica, LeConte. —Wood Frog.
ORDER URODELA.
ATRETODERA.
FAMILY  AMBYSTOMIDAE.
36. Ambystorma punctatumi, Bd.
37.          "        luridum, Bd.
x38.         "         laterale, Hall.
x12. E. saurita. This well-marked species is comparatively rare. I have seen but three or
four specimens that have been collected within the limits of the State.
x17. HI. platyrhinos. I have not seen this species, but give it a place in our fauna on the
authority of Prof A. Sager, the able Zoologist of the former Geological corps, to whom
I am indebted for many acts of kindness and encouragement.
xS1. S. vulpinus. The only specimens of this species collecte( are from the vicinity of Saginaw Bay, where it is found in abundance. Although perfectly harmrless it has the
unfounded reputation, in that locality, of being venomous and is therefore much
dreaded.
x30. H. triseriatus. I am not acquainted with this species, but give it a place in the catar
logue on the authority of Prof. Baird.
x38. A. laterale. An immature specimen from Saginaw Bay, I have referred to this species.
s41. P. erythronota. This is a common and widely distributed species, being found throughout the State as far north as Lake Superior.
-43. I have several undetermined specimens of Necturus, some of which will probably prove
to be N. maculatus.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                       935)
FAMILY TRITONIDAE.
39. Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf.
40.      "       viridescens, Raf.
FAMILY PLETHODONTIDAE,
x41. Ple-thodon erythronota, Bd.
42.     "      cineieus, Tsch.
Tremadotera.
X43. Necturus lateralis, Bd.
C(JLASS GASTEROPODA..
MOLLUSCA.
FAMILY HELICIDAE.
1. Helix albolabris, Say.
"2.   "   alternata, Say.
3.   "   arborea, Say.
4.   "   chersina, Say.
5.   "   concava, Say.
6.   " clausa, Say..   "   exoleta, Birnney.
8.   "   electrina, Gould.
9.   "   elevata, Say.
10.   "   fallax, Say.
II.   "   fraterna, Say.
12.   "    fuliginosa, -Griffith.
13.   "   hirsuta, Say.
x14.  i'  hydrophyla, Ig.
15.;'  inflecta, Say.
17.   "  identata, Say.
18.   "   inornata, Say.
19.   "   ligera, Say.
20.,   labyrinthica, Say.
21.   "   limatula, Ward.
22.       lineata, iSay.




23G6                 REPORT OF THE
S3. Helix minuscula, Binney.
24.   "  monodon, Back.
25.   "  multilineata, Say.
26.   "  palliata, Say.
2i.   "  perspectiva, Say.
28.   "  profunda, Say.
x29.  "   pulchella, Miller.
30.   "  Sayii, Binneiy.
31.   "   solitaria, Say.
32.   "   striatella, Anth,
33.   "  thyroides, Say.
34.   "  tridentata, Say.
35. Bulimus marginatus, Say.
36. Achatina lubrica, Mlimli,
37. Succinea campestris, Say.
3X8.    "    avara, Say.:39.    "    ovalis, Say.
40.'    vermetus, Say.
41.    "    obliqua, Say.
-42. Pupa pentodon, Say.
43.  "  armifera, Say.
44.  "  contracta, Say.
45. Vertigo Gouldii, Binn.
-46.    "   ovata, Say.
47.    "   simplex, Gld.
FAMILY AURICULIDAR.
48. Carychium exiguumn, Say.
FAMILY LIMINEIDAE,
49. Planorbis arrnifera, Say.
50.     "    bicarinatus, Say.
51.     "    campanulatus, Say.
-:52.    "    deflectus, Say.
53.     6    exacutus, Say.
54.     "    lentus, Say..55.    "    parvus, Say.




STATE ZOOLOGIST.                        2371:
56. Planorbis trivolvis, Say.
57.      It"  truncatus, Nobis.
58. Physa heterostropha, Say.
59.   "   elongata, Say.
60.  it  Hildrethiana, Lea.
61.   "   vinosa, Gld.
62. Limnea appressa, Say.
63.    "   columella, Say.
64.    "   caperata, Say.
65.    "   desidiosa, Say.
66.    "   elodes, Say.
67.    L   gracilis, Say.
68.    "   jugularis, Say.
69.'   modicellus, Say.
70.    "   reflexa, H1rald.
7 1.    "   umbilicata, Adams.
72.         umnbrosa, Say.
73.    "   pallida, Adaims.
74. Ancylus fuscus, Adams.
75.    "    paralellus, Ilald.
76.    "    tardus, Say.
FAMILY MELANIADAb.
_7. Melania Virginica, Say.
78.    "   depygis, Say.
q19.    "    Niagarensis, Lea.
80.    "   neglecta, Anth.
81.    "   livescens, JlIenka.
$2.    "   pulchella, Anth.
FAMILY PALUDINIDAR.
83. Valvata sincera, Say.
~84.    "    tricarinata, Say.
X85.    "    humeralis, Say.
86. Paludina decisa, )9ay.
87.          integra, Say.
88.    "     isogona, Say.




238                          REPORT OF THE
A89. Paludina obesa, Lewes.
-90.     I"       ponderosa, Say.'91.      "       rufa, Hald.
-92. Amnicola grana, Gould.
93.        "      lapidaria, Say.
94.        "       pallida, Held.
CL.A.SS ACEPHALA.
SIPHON IDA.
FAMILY  CYCL.ADIDAE.
95. SphaEriun  occidentale, Prime.
96.       "        partumeia, Say.
97.       c"       solidulum, Prime.
-x2. H. alternata. This seems to be the most widely distributed mollusk In the State, being
found everywhere as far north as Lake Superior.
x14. H. hydrophyla. I am indebted for this species to Mr 0. A. Currier, of Grand Rapids,
who has made extensive collections in the Grand River Valley, and has a valuable
cabinet of native shells to which he has given me free access, thus materially facilitating my labors in this departmeut..29. H. pulchella. Mr. Albert D. White, who has rendered me valuable assistance in collecting Zoological specimens, has furnished a suite of the Hielicidae from Ann Arbor, containing this species. It is found there in abundance.
x52. P. deflectus. This species is added to the catalogue on the authority of Mr. Currier.
x57. P. truncatus, nobis. Shell sub-orbicular, color light chestnut; the right side deeply
umbilicated, the concavity bordered by an obtuse carina; the volutionsseen from this
side are scarcely more than two; left side truncated, presenting a flat surface extend.
ing across all the whorls, the suture being marked by a minute raised line, which
likewise extends around the edge of the truncation; the space between the volutions
of this raised line, as well as the entire body of the shell, is beautifully marked with
delicate longitudinal lines, which are crossed by the minute, raised, transverse lines of
growth; the longitudinal lines are scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a microscope; whorls on left side four or five; aperture ovate, widest on the right side, which
extends beyond the general plane of that side of the shell; the lip on the left side is
straight for a short distance from  the body whorl, and in a line with the truncated
plane, at the outer edge of which it forms an angle, marked on the inner surface by a
slight groove, corresponding to the raised line separating the whorls on the outside;
lip thin, slightly thickened by a bluish-white callus, bordered on the inner edge by a
purplish band; the longitudinal lines, as well as the transverse lines of growth, are
distinctly seen within the aperture. Measurements,.6-.35. Hab. Saginaw Bay. In
a few specimens the growth of the whorls has not been in the same plane, leaving a
slightly projecting turreted spire on the left side.
K85. V. humeralis. Grand River. Mr. Currier's cabinet.
%89. P. obesa. Grand River Valley. Cabinet of Mr. Currier.




STATE ZOOLOGIST,                       239
98. Sphbtium striatinum, Lamz.
99.     "     sulcatum, Lam.
100. Pisidium abdituml, Hald.
101.    "     compressum, Prime.
102.    "     ventricosurn, Prime.
103.    "     Virginicum, Bgt.
ASIPHONIDA.
FAMILY UNIONIDAE.
104. Unio alatus, Say.
105.  "  asperrimus,.Lea.
106.' bullatus, Baf
107.  "  coccinleus, Hild.
108.  "  complanatus, Lea.
1.09.   "  coelatus, Con.
110.  "  cariosus, Say.
111.   "  circulus, Lea.
112.  "  ellipsis, Lea.
113.  "  elegans, Lea.
114.  "  gibbosus, Bar.
115.  "  gracilis, Bar.
X116.  "  glans, Lea.
117.   "  Hilidrethianus, Lea.
118.  "  iris, Lea.
119.  "  lapillus, Say
120.  "  lkevissitmus, Lea.
121.        ]luteolus, Lam.
122.  "  ligamientinus, Lamn.
123.  "  multiradiatus, Lea.
124.  "  Novi-Eboraci, Lea.
125.  "  nasutus, Say.
126.  "  occidens, Lea.
127.  "  plicatus, Say.
128.  "  perplexus, Lea.
129.   "  penitus, Con.
130.  "  pressus, Lea.




240                          REPORT OF THE
131.  JUnio phaseolus, Iild.
132.    "   rectus, Lam.
133.    "   rubiginosus, Lea.
x134.    "   leprosus, Nobis.
1.35.    "   subrotundus, Lea.
136,    "   Schoolcraftensis, Lea.
137.    "   spatulata, Lea.
138.    "   subovatus, Lea.
139.    "   tenluissimnus, Lea.
140.    1   trigonus, Lea.
141.         triangularis, Bar.
142.    "   undulatus,  Bar.
143.    "   verrucosus, Bar.
144.   "   ventricosus, Bar.
145. Alasmodon rugosa, Bar.
146.                  m narginata, Say.
147.        I         deltoides, Lea.
x148. Anodonta Benedictii, Lea.
149.        "       cataracta, Say.
150.        "       edentula, Lea.
-xl10. U. cariosus. I give this species on the authority of Prof. Sager.
x1116. U. glans. This shell was found in the Clinton River, at Pontiac, Oakland county, by
Mr. John A. McNiel, an enthusifstic and indefatigable collector of shelis, residing at
Grand Rapids.
x121. IJ. luteolus. This bivalve presents a great variety in form and appearance, and is
found in every part of the State. Among the collections are several well marked
varieties that may prove to be distinct species on further examination.
x134. U. leprosus,nobis. Shell, thick, oblong, transverse, very inequilateral, compressed towards the basal margin; posterior extremity rounded, nearer the basal than the dorsal margin; anterior extremity sub-truncate; beaks slightly elevated; anterior lunule
distinct, extending between the beaks;. umbonal slope rounded, prominent; basal and
hinge margins nearly parallel; epidermis reddish~'brown, somewhat roughened by
the lines of growth; cardinal teeth massive, prominent; lateral teeth long, elevated,
slightly curved; nacre white iridescent, with dark blotches towards the beaks, roughened by numerous pearlaceous tubercles; anterior cicatrices large, deep; posterior
cicatrices large, confluent, slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, situated in the shallow cavity of the beaks. ])iam. 1.56. Length, 2.65. Breadth, 6,
Hab. Huron River Livingston county.
x148. There are undoubtedly several additional species of the genus Anodonta, in the collections already made, which have not been determined, some of which may prove to
be undescribed. I am  indebted to Mr. Cnrrier's cabinet for several species in- the
caialogue of this genus.




STATE ZOOLOGIST,                    241
151. Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea.
152.    "    Ferrussaciana, Lea.
153.    "    Footiana, Lea.
154.    "i   imbecilis, Say.
155.    "    modesta, Lea.
156.    "    ovata, Lea.
15?.    "    plana, Lea.
158.    "    pallida, Anth.
159.    "    Pepiniana, Lea.
160.    "    Shafferiana, Lea.
161.    "    subcylindracea, Lea.








~ A X v 2L'O 9
*TTT  T     Ad 








CHAPTER IX.
CATALOGUE OF PH ITNOGAMOUS AND ACROGENOUS PLANTS FOUND GROWING
WILD IN THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN AND THE ISLANDS
AT THE HEAD OF LAKE HURON,
During the season of 1859, no special botanical assistant was
connected with the survey. As the work of 1860, was to extend into portions of the State less known to the botanist, Mr.
N. H1. Winchell was selected to accompany the exploring party
in the special capacity of botanical collector and assistant, and
the following catalogue has been drawn up by his hands.
The following are the sources from which the materials for
this catalogue have been derived:
1. The observations of the geological parties in 1859 and
1860.
2. The catalogue published by Dr. Wright in the Geological
Report of 1838.
3. The University Herbarium  which contains many plants
collected after the publication of Dr. Wright's Calalogue. A
list of these plants was made out at my request, and the whole
collection arranged by Mr. E. E. Baldwin.
4. The catalogue prepared by W. D. Whitney, of plants observed in the Lake Superior Land District, and published in
Foster and Whitney's Report, vol. ii.
5. Thile notes of Miss Mary Clark, of Ann Arbor, an enthusiastic botanist and collector front various parts of the State.
6. A collection of plants made in the neighborhood of Fort
Gratiot, near the foot of Lake Huron, by Mr. E. P. Austin, Assistant on the Coast Survey of the lakes.




246      REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.
7. Observations made by the writer during several years past
in the vicinity of Ann Arbor.
8. A very few species have been admitted on the authority of
Gray's Manual of Botany.
The catalogue shows, except in the case of very common
plants, every locality where each species was noted, and, affixed
to this, the date, provided the plant was seen in flower. Such
plants as are common to this list and Dr. Wright's, have6 their
localities designated, in a general way, by initials corresponding to the four quarters of the Lower Peninsula, thus: "S. E.,
(Wright)," "S. VW., (Wright)," &c. All other localities are
definitely stated, and the authority, if other than our own observations, follows in parenthesis. The corrections of nomenclature within the space of 20 years have converted many of
Dr. Wright's names into synonyms, which are made to follow
the modern name thus:  lepatica triloba, Chaix, (-H. Americana — W.)
For the purpose of convenient reference, as well as economizing space, the common names of most of the species have been
placed in the left hand margin opposite the scientific names,




LIST OF PLANTS.
RANUNCULACEAE.
Virgin's Bower.  Clematis virginiaana, L. (. virginica —           W.)
Emmet Co.; Ann Arbor, (Wright.)
~Many Cleft     Anemone multifida, DC.
Anemone.
Mouth Saginaw River, 14 June; Mackinac.
Long Fruited    Anemone cvlindrica, Gray.
neone.  Ann Arbor; Pigeon R., 18 June.
Tall Anemone.   Anemone virginiana, L.
DIrummond's I.; Ann Arbor, (Wright); Ft. Gratiot, (Austin).
Pennsylvaniau    Anemone Pennsylvanica, L. (A. acontifolia.-W-.)
Shore Saginaw B.; Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Wind Flower.    Anemone nemor'lsa, L.
Ann Arbor, very common; Ft. Gratiot.
Round Lobed    H-Iepatica triloba, Chaix. (H. americana.-  W)
Ann Arbor; very common.
Sharp Lobed     Hepatica acutilloba, DC.
Ann Arbor, very common; S. W. (Wright.)
Rue Anemone.    Thalictlun   anemonoides, Michx.
Ann Arbor.
Early Meadow     Thalictrum  dioicum,  L.
Ann Arbor.
Meadow Rue.    Thalictrum  Cornuti, L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.; Sulphur I., north of Drummond's; Ft.
Gratiot.
White Water-   iRanunculus aquatilis, L.
Crowfoot.
var. divaricatus.
Ann Arbor; Middle I., Lake Huron, 9 July; Ft. Gratiot.
Yellowf Water-   Ranunculus Purshii, Richards.  (var. fluviatilisCrowfoot.
Univ. Iierb.)
Ann Arbor; Flt. Gratiot.
Spearnwort.      Ranunculus Flammula, L.
Creeping Spear-      var. reptans
wvorst.          St' Mary's R., 31 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb.); L. of Lilies, (Miss Clark.)
Ranunculus rhomboideus, Goldie.
"Prairies, Michigan," (Gray.)




2483- REPORT OF THE
Small Flowered   Ranunclus aborlivus, L.
Crowfoot.   Ann Arbor, common; Stone I., Saginaw Bay; Ft. Gratiot.
Var', In11 icra1t flus.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.
Cursed Crowfoot.  Ran uncul us sceleratus, L.
Ann Arbor; St. Helena I., L. Miich., 10 Aug.; Ft. Gratiot.
Hooked Crow-    Ranunc llus recurvatus, Poir.
foot.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot,
Bristly Crowfoot. Ran incul us Pennsylvanicus, L.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark.)
Early Crowfoot.  Rarunculus fascicularis, Mulll.
Ann Arbor, common.
Creeping Crow-   Ranunculus repens, L.
~'foot.        Ann Arbor; Pigeon B., 1S June.
Buttercups.     Ranunculus acris, L.
Mackinac, 19 July; Saut St. Marie, abundant as well    at aGokinac; Ft.
Gratiot.
Marsh Marigold.  Catlla palustris, L.
Ann Arbor, Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron, very large, deeply crenate Ieaves.
Spreading Globe- Trollius laxus, Salisb.
flower.         I" Deep swamps, Mlich." (Gray.)
Three leaved    Coptis trifolia, Salisb.
Goldthread.
S. E. (Wright); MIont Lake, (Miss Clark.)
Wild Columbine. Aquilegia Canadensis, L.
Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw B.; Drummond's I.; Ft. Gratiot.
T'all Larkspur.    Delphinium  exaltatum, Ait.
" Rich soil," (Gray.)
Orangeroot.     Hydrastis Canadensis, L.
Ann Arbor, (Wright.)
Red Baneberry.  Actaea spicata, L. var. rubra, AMichx. (A. rubra.- W.)
Shore of Saginaw Bay; Drummond's I.; Ann Arbor; (MBis Clark).'White Banebeorry    var. alba, Mlchx. (A. alba.-W)
Cohosh.          Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.
Black Snakeroot. Cimciflga racemosa, Ell.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
IAGNOLIACEkE.
falip-tree,      Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.
Ann Arbor.
ANONACEflE.
* Crmon Prapaw.  Asimina triloba, Dunal.
MIonroe Co.; Farmington; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
MENISPERMACEE.,anadi-L0 Moon-  Menispermum  Canadense, L
S. W. (Wright); Aran Arbor, (Miss Clark).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    249
BERBERIDACEJK.
31ue Colhosh,    CaTulophyllum  thalictroides, Miichx.
Pappoose-root.     Ann Arbor, (Mliss Clark).
Mandralk,  lay-  Pod,,)phyllum  peltattuirn, L.
Apple.           Ann Arbor, very common; shore of Saginaw Bay; Ft. Gratiot.
Twin-leaf.       JefiJl-rsoni a diphylla, Pers.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
CABOMBACE,.
Water-shield.    Brasenia peltata, Punrsh.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
NYM-PI-IHFiEG C E:.
Sweet-scented    Nympfima oi ralta,  Ai t.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Yellow Pond Lily Nuphiar adlvena,  Ait,.
Spatter-dock.
Saginaw B3., common, 15 June;  St. MItry's g., in Bdawer July 31; Ann
Arbor, (3Iiss Clark); F. Gratiot.
Yellow Pond Lily  N uphba i  am inn,   ]u r -i.
Spatter-dock.    Saginaw B., 15 June; S. W. (Wriwg l).
ARLRAC EN IACE E.:Pitcher-plant.    Sarnae("11:t % pu'pll'rct,    L.
Ann Arbor; near'i sitting rabbit," 17 Aug.
PAPA VERACEXt.
mBlood-root.     Sanguinaria Cana-densis, L.
Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.
FURMAHRIACEAS.
Climbing Fumi-   Adl llmia cirrhosa,  Raf.
gory.            3ilAddle I., L. Huron, 9 July; Grand Rapids, (Miss Clark).
Dutchme1'ls     Dicentra Cuenllaria, DC.
Breeches.
reehes etroit, (Austin).,Squirrel Conm.   icentria Canadensis, DM.
Cape Ipperwash, C. W., (Austin). Will utdoubtedly be found withla
our limits.
CGoldonCorydalis. Corydalis aurea. Willld.
Mliddle I., L. Huron, 9 July; Drumnmond's I, 23 July.
PaloCorydalis.   Corydalis glanca, Pursh.
Sanilac, (Austin); Drummond's I., 23 July, has the spur and lower par&of corolla pale red, and the upper part, with the tips of the petals,
yellow; less common than tho preceoding, both preferring thu voiaity of new clearings.
32




250                           REPORT OF THE
CRUCIFERAE.
Water cress.     Nasturtium  officinale, R. Br.
Northfield, Ann Arbor, (Miss Clarkl).
Mar~sh cr~ss.    Nasturtium  palustre, DC.
Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw Bay.
Nasturtium   amphibiumn, R. Br.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Lare cress.      Nasturtium  lacustre, Gray. (NV. natans —W.)
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Horseradish.     Nasturtium   Armoraci a, Fries.
Ann Arbor; Pigeon river, 1i June.
Toothwort, Pp-  Denitaria diphylla, L.
Ann Arbor.
Toothwort, Pe-   Dentaria laciniata, Muhl.
par-root.         Ann Arbor; N. E. (Univ. Herb).
Spring cress.    Cardairine rhomboidea, DC.
Ann Arbor.
var. purpurea, Torr.
Ann Arbor.
Clckoo-fRower.'  Cardamine pratensis, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Livingston Co., (Miss Clark).
Common Bitter   Cardarmine Iiirsuta, L.
cress.            St. Helena I., L. Mich., 20 Aug.; S. W.  (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Mlse,
Clark).
var. Virgxinica, Michx.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Rock cress.      Arabis lyirataa, L.
Sand Pt. Saginaw B., 17 June; S. E. (Wright); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
The specimens seen at Sand Pt. were the variety (Sisymbriussm aratidoides, Hook.) peculiar to "Upper Michigan and northward."
Rock cress.      Arabis hirsuta, S p. (A. saqittata. — W.)
gMiddle I., L. Huron, 8 July; S. E. (Wright).
Rock cress.      Arabis 1]avigata, DC.
Alpena; S. Michigan, (Wright).
Sickle pod,      Arabis Canadensis, L.
S. E. (Wright).
Tower mustard,  Turritis glabra, L.
Gros cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.
Turritis stricta, Graham.
Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June.
Turritis brachycarpa, Torr. &  Gray.
Ann Arbor; Alpena; Ft. Gratiot, (Gray).
Winter cress,    Barbarea vulgfaris, R. Br.
Thunder B. Is.; St. Helena I., L. Mich., in blossom  here 20 Aug., as it
was at Thunder B. July 7th.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                   251
Hedge Mlstard.  Sisymbrinum  officinale, Sc(p.
Ann Arbor.
Tansy Mustard.  Sisymbrium  canescens, Nutt.
Shore of L. Mich.
llite MIustard.  Sinapis aiba, L.
Ann Arbor.
Field Mustard,   Sinapis arvensis, L.
Ann Arbor.
Black Mustard.   Sinapis nigra, L.
Ann Arbor.
Whitlow-grass.   Drabaa arabisans, Michx.
U' pper Michigan,"  (Gray).
Whitlow-grass.   Draba nlemorosa, L.
Ft. Gratiot, (Gray).
Wild pepper-    Lepidiuti. Viirginieunm, L.
grass.           Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay, 14 June.
Lepidinm`ntermedium, Gray.
N. W. (Gray).
Shepherd's purse Capsella Bursa-pastoris, AMoench.
Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 30 July. Abundant everwbhere.
American sea-    Cakile Americana, Nut t.
rocket.        Pt. an Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; frequently seen on sandy beaches; rarely seen with both joints of the pod containilg a perfect seed.
CAPPARIDACEIE.
Ps'lanisia.      Polanisia graveolens, Raf.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
VIOLACEYE.
Round -leaved    Viola rotundifolia, Michx.
Sugar Island.
Sweet White     Viola blanda, Willd.
Ann Arbor; North shore L. Mich.
Commnon Blue    Viola CuICUllata, Ait.
Violet.
Ann Arbor; Saginaw B.; Drummond's I.; Ft. Gratiot.
Hland-leaf Violet.   V ar palrY ata.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Arrow-leaved    Viola sagittata, Ait. (V. ovata-W.)
Ann Arbor; Detroit, (Miss Clark).
Bird-foot Violet.  Tiola pedata, L.
Ann Arbor.
Long-spurredlet.   Viola rostrata,  Pursh.
Ann Arbor, common in May.
American Dog    Vila AMuhlenbergii, Torr.
Ann Arbor.




252                          REPORT OF THE
Pale violet.     Viola striata, Ait.
Ann Arbor.
Canada Violet.   Viola Canadensis, L.
Ann Arbor; Enmmet Co., 26 Aug.
Downy Yellow    Viola puvescer s  Ai tr.
Violet.         Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Emmet Co.; common.
VYa!'. er'io a 11'pau-,  i Nut.
Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; common.
CISTACEzE.
Frostweed.       Helianthemum  Cantadense, Michx.
Ann Arbor; Mouth Saginaw R., 14 June.
ludsofnia.       11(Hulgoni a tonmentosa, Nut;t.
S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb).
Pin-weed.       Lechea major, Michx.
S. Mich., (Wright).
DROSERACErE.
Round-leaved     Drosera rotunfdifolia, L.
Sundew.         ~Mouth Saginaw R.; Saut St. Marie, 23 July.
Drosera longifoli a, L.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
PARNASSIACEE.
Grass of Parnas- Parnassia palustris, L.
sus.             Ann Arbor; Drummnond's I., 22 July, none of the leaves heart-shaped,
though the sterile filaments were about 9.
Grass of Parnas- Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx. (P. Amtericana-W.)
S  North shore of L. Mich., 17 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).
HYPERICACEX.
Ciant St. Johns- Hypericum  pyramidatum, Ait. (H. Acyroides —W.)
wort.       S. Mich. (Wright); Ft. Gratiot.
Hypericum  Karlmianum, L.
Ft. Gratiot, Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; Port Hfuron, " marshy margin
of river," (Miss Clark); S. Mich. (Wright).
Shrubby St.
Johns-wort.      jypvricum  prolific(ufi, L. -
Drummond's I., 22 July; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor.
Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl. (H. punctatutm- W.)
Annl Arbor; Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright).
JohnsmwoSt.     Hypericurn perforatum, L.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
H-Iypericumn ellipticum, Hook.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Hypericum  mutilum, L. (H. parvfilorum.- W.)
S. W. (Wright); " Elmwood," (Miss Clark).




STATE GEOLOGIST                                      253.
Ilypericumn Cnlad(ense, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sulphur I., north of Drummond's, 8 Aug.; S....
W. (Wright).
Iarsh tt. John's- Elodea Virginica, Nutt. (Ilypericum   Virginicum —
Wort.                  TV. )
S. Michigan, (Wright).
MarshSt. John's- Elodea petiol ata, Pursh.
weorst.         Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark).
CARYOPIIYLLACEX,.
Common Soap-   Saponaria officina]lis, L.
ing Beto.         Ann Arbor, S. Michigan, (Wright).
Cow-Herb.        Vaccar ia vulgaris, Host. (Saponaria vaccaria-W.),
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Starry Campion.  Silene stellata, Ait.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Fire Pink, Catch- Silene Virginica, L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Wild Pink.       Silene Perlnsylvanica, Michx.
Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
Sleepy Catcbfly.  Silene antirlrhinia, L.
Mouth of Saginaw River, 14 June; S. E. (Wright).
Night-fowering   Silene noctifl(la, L.
Catchfly.
Port Huron, (Miss Clark).
Corn-Cockle.     Agrosteemma Githago, L.
Ann Arbor.
Sandwort.        Alsine Mich auxii, Fenzl. (Arenaria sricta —  TV.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Thyme-leaved    Arenaria serpy llifolia. L.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 19 July, common.
Moelhrlngia.     Mcehriingfia I ateriflora, L. (Aren aria laterflora —              - W.),
S. ]Mich. (Wright).
Common Chick-  Stellaria  media, Smith.
~weed.           Ft. Gratiot, S. Mich. (Wright).
Stitchwort.      Stellalia   l onigif(llia,  funhl.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Bruce Mline, Ca., 26 July.:Long-stalked    Stell aria lonpi pes. Geldie.
Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug., abundant in pure sand.
Mlouse-ear Chick- Ceirastiuinl vull  aitllnr, L.'weed.          I Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 19 July.
Field Chickweed. Cerastium  a,rvense, L.
S. Michigan, (Univ. I-Ierb.)
larger Mouse-ear Cerastum  viscosum,  1L.
Chick-. eed. 
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Willow-Creek, 20 June.




:254                         REPORT OF THE
Corn Spurrey.    Speroula arvensis,  L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Forked Chick-    Anychila dichotoma, Michx.
S. W. (Wright).
Carpet-weed.    Mo)llulgo verticillata, L.
Ft. Gratiot; S. IMich. (Wright).
PORTULACACE E.
Common Purs-   Portulaca oleracea, L.
Ann Arbor; common.
Spring Beauty.   Claytonia Virginica, L.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Whitney).
MALYACEJI.
Common Mallow. Malva rotundifolia, L.
Ann Arbor.
Velvet-Leaf.    Abutilon Avicennae, Gaertn.
Ann Arbor.
Bladder Ketmia.  Hibiscus Trionum, L.
Ann Arbor.
TILIACEAE.
Basswood, Lii.n  Tilia Americana, L. (T. glabra. — W)
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Emmet Co.; Antrim Co.; Pt. au Chene, L.
Mich. The Basswood is of frequent occurrence throughout the
Southern Peninsula,nowhere forming, however, a considerable portion of the forest growth. It is most common along the inland
lakes of Emmet and Antrim counties, where it attains a largb size,
comparing favorably with the surrounding Elms, Beaches and
Birches, in the beauty of its foliage and symmetry of its trunk.
LINACEC1.
Wild Flax.      Linum  Virginianum, L.
S. Mich., (Wright).
ITarger Yellow    Linum  Boottii, Planchon.
S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb).
Common Flax.   Linum   usitatissimum, L.
S. Mich., (Wright).
OXALIDACELE.
Violet Wood-     Oxalis violacea, L.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Yellow Wood-    Oxalis stricta,  L.
sorrel.
Ann Arbor.
Oxalis corniculata, L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    255
G ERANIACEiE.
Wild Cranesbill.  Geranium  maculaturn, L.
Ann Arbor, common; S. shore of Saginaw B., common.
Carolina Cranes- Geranium  Carolinianuin, Lk
Drummond's I.; Alcona Co., 1 July. Occurs sparingly throughout the
northern counties.
Herb Robert.     Geranium  Robertianum, L.
Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; S. MIich. (Wright); Middle I., L. Huron;
Drummond's I; Mackinac. More common than the preceding.
BALSAMINACEIE.
Pale Touch-me-   Impatiens  pallida, Nutt.
Bruce Mine, Ca., 27 July; S. E. (Wright); Sugar I., abundant, 1 Aug.
Spotted Toucht.  Impatiens fulva, Nutt.
Ann Arbor; Sugar I., 31 July; Branch L., Antrim Co. The prevailing
species.
RUTACEAt.
Northern Prickly Zanthoxylum   Americanurn, Mill.
Ash, Toothache
tree.            Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.
Shrubby Trefoil, Ptelea trifoliata, L.
IHop-tree.         S. Mich., (Wright).
ANACARDIACEzE.
Staghorn Su-     Rhus tvphina, L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Emmet Co.; Grand Traverse
Co.; S. W. (Wright).
Smooth Sumach. Rhus glabra, L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.; N. shore of L. Mich.; S. W. (Wright).
Dwarf Sumach.  Rlus copalina, L.
S. W. (Wright); Detroit, (Miss Clark).
Poison Sumach   Rhus veilenata, DC.
or Dogwood.      S. Mich. (Wright).
Poison Ivy.      Rhus Toxicodexndron, L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; common in the counties
bordering on L. Huron; Sault St. Marie, common; less common on
L. Mich.
Rhus radicans, L.
Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright).
Fragrant Sumach Rhus aromatica, Ait.
Dover, (Miss Clark).
VITA.CEAE.
SummerGrape.  Vitis aestivalis, Michx.
Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).




256                          REPORT OF THE
winter or Frost Vitis cordifolia, Miclhx.
Grape.          iAnn Arbor; Drummond's I.; Stone I., Saginaw B.; Sand dunes of ri-.
met Co., its vines covering the surface of the sand in abundance.
var ripa' ia, ( V. riparia — W.)
S. E. (Wright).
virginian creep- Ampelopsis qllinquefolia, Michx.
Charity Is., Sag. B., 27 June; Ann Arbor.
RHAMNACEL
BuOcthorn.       Rhamnms alnifolius, L'Her. (. franguloideus- W.)
S. E. (Wright).
New JTerey Tea. Ceanothus Americanlus, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand Pt., Saginaw B., 17 June; Emmet Co.
CELASTRACELE.
CTWaix-work.     Celastrus scandens, L.
welimbig Bitter,    n Arbor; S. W. (WrigSht).
urntagBhoo.     Eonllymus atropurpureus, Jacq.
$. E. tWright).
trawberry Bush Enonymns  Amrericanus, L, var.' obovatus, Torr. &
Gray. (E. obovatus —  TW.)
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
SAPINIACEPE.
American Blnd.  Staphylea trifolia, L
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Ftild or Ohio    Aesculus glabrza,   ild.
Ba ~eye.   S. Michigan, (Wright).
Striped Maple.   Acer PennsylvanicSllm, L.
Alcona Co., (most southern known limit of its range in the State);
common at False Presqu' Isle, and northward, a small slender tree,
the largest specimens seen measuring 5 inches in diameter, 3 feet
fromn the surface.
ontain  ale.    &cer spicaturn, Lanm.
Alcona Co., 1 July; False Presqu' Isle, common, and northward. This
is the prevailing species on the high lands of Drummond's, St.
Joseph's and Sugar Islands; smaller than the last.
Sugar Maple.
Sgr  ape.     Acer sacnchainunm, Wang.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, common, but the only species seen on the island I; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw coulties, forming here a conspicuous and important portion of the forest timber. Common
throughout the State.
lack Sgfnlar         vaat'.   laigrum,  (A.  nigrum. —  W.)
jn Arbor.
ate ploe SilAer.   Ae   da.sycairplm, Ehrhart. (A. eriocarpunm. —T-.)
Ann Arbor.
Red or Swamp    Acer rubruliln; L.
Maple. A*1nn Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca.; Branch' L.  Antrim Co.
Ash-leaved AMa- ^  Ce-ur-lo  t ceroides, Moe bnch.
pie, Box-Erder.   D..S. Mich., (Univ. -Herb).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                       255
POLYGALACEJE.
Milkwort.        Polygala sanguinera, L. ( P. purpurea.-W.)
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Mlilkwort.        Polygala v.l-'iht,  I.
S. MIich., (W  ight).
Poly]gala vrl'ticill ata, LL.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Enec -  Pol yg'ala Senelga, L.
Ann Arbor; shore of Saginaw RB.; Drummond's. Sugar I.; Sanult Ste
lMarie; North shore of L. Mich.
Poly gala poly\lgamtn., WV;l-t.
Ft. Gratiot  S. Mlich. (Univ. I1rb.)
o owering win-   Po lygaa pa, licifilia, Willd.c
xAnn Arbor; Drummond's I.
vi'aT. a      Etl-a. EgItlts.
Sf. Mich. (Wright).
LEGU~MINOS/c
WildLupino.      Liipumis perinrs, IL.
Ann Arbor; mouth of Saginaw Pv.
Red Clover.      Tiitf lilm-  praterlnse, L.
Ann Arbor; Pigeon river, TS8 Ju ne; Presqn' Isle; Drummond's I.; Grand
Travorse Co. Common everywhere.
White Clo ver.    Ti'ifiliuml Y1ep(8en, TL.
Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc I., 15 July; Saut St. Mario; EImmet Co., woodlands.
Rweet Clovnr,    iCeli lotitl'' ait),  ain r.
White Maillot.
Ann Arbor; Pine L., Emmet Co., 23.Aug.
acd Plant.       AmcrtAl a-, c.ai 0.1ieCe1os, NuT tt.
Western Michigan.
Common Locust, TIhb)ibiia   Ps:icdacacaia, tL.
F.aW Ac.acia.   1Ai-nn Arbor; Macbkinac, in cultivation.
oat's Runo,      Tephroiosi  Viirg inina,;  Peirs.
S. W. (Wright); Livingston Co., (Miss Clark).
M lk-Votch.      Atr       l    C adei S   I
Ann Arbor; Blle river, (Miss Clark); S. W. (Wright).
Tick Trefoil.    DBesmo )di. li, BdifiuBum,1 DC.
S. Micn. (Wright).
Tick Trefoil.    Deiesnoc1iuin  p llcmilatolnm, Do.
Blont a.zkoe, (Mliss Clark).
ck Trefoil.      IDesnmodi;im cn otudifoulire,          DO.
S. Mich. (Wright).
33




25$8                        REPORT OF THE
Tick Tiefoil.   "Desmodiumn canescens, DC.?"
S. W. (Wright).
Tic-k Trefoii  Desmodiun    cuspidatumn, Torr. &  Gray. (D. bracteosum — T.)
S. Mici. (Wright).
Tick Trefoil.  Desrmodium  laevigatum, DC.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Tick Trefoil.  Desmodium  Dillenii, Darlingt. (D. Marylardicum —
wV.)
S. W. [Wright); Mont L. (Miss Clark).
Tick Trefoil.  Desmodiumu  paniculatum, DC.
8. Mich. (Wright).
Tick Trefoil.  Desmodiumn  strictum, DC.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Bosah Trefoil.    Desmodiumr  Canadense, DC.
Ann Arbor; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
Tick Trefoil.  Destmodium  sessilifoliunm, Torr. &  Gray.
S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).
Tick Trefoil.  Desmtodiumr  rigidurn, DC.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Tick Trefoil.  Desmodium  ciliare, DC.
S. Mich., (Wright).
TicG Trefoil.  Desmlodiumn Miarilandicum, Boott. (D. obtusum — W.)
S. Mich., (Wright).
BUsh Clover.    Lespedeza violacea, Pers.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
var. angustifolia. (L. reticulata. — W.)
S. W. (Wright).
lender Lespe-, Lespedeza repens, Tor'. & Gr.ay. (" L prostrata?" —
deza.W.                 )
S. Mich., (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Bush Clover.    Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
osh Cloer.*  LLespedez t hirta, Eli. (L. polystachia — 1T4)
S. W. (Wright).
Bshll Clover.    Lespedeza capitata., Michx.
S. W. (Wrigllt); Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
var. ang ustifolia. ( L. anlustifolia-W.)
S. W. (Wright).
Yetch,T'rare.  ViCia Cracca,  L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
vetlch.        Vicia Carolitliana,    WaT It.
Ann Arbor, common.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                      259
VVelch.          Vicia Amrericana, MIuhl.
Ann Arbor W. Mich. (Miss Clark).
1Boaoth Pea.     Lathyrus ma,ritiimus, Bigelow.
Pt. au Sable, Saginaw B., 17 June; shore of L. Huron, common;  Lit.
St. Martin's I.; S. W. (Univ. Herb.); Sand dunes of Emmet Co.
retelit"u8g.     Lathyruls veliosus,  luhl.
Ann Arbor.
Pa le Vetchling.   Lathyrus ochroleucus, Hook.
Ann Arbor; Pte au Chapeau, Saginaw B., 18 June. Among the settlers
this species is called Indian Pea.:tarsh Vetchlling. Lathyrus paltustris, L.
Ann Arbor i Ft. Gratiot i Bay City; comm on; Psagtaanin, 26 Juline; ]lrnamond's I., 26 July; Branch L., Antrim Co.
var. myrtifolius.. (.L. mzyrtjfoli s —'V.)
Ft. Gratiot; Alpena Co., 6 July; Lit. St. Mlartins L.; S. Iich. (Wright).
Kidney BSean.    Phase(olus diversifolius,  Pe s.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Around-nut.      Apios tuberosa, Moench.
S. Mclic. (Wright).
Hog Peeanut.     Amphicarpaaca imnollicat, N Nutt.
S. W. (Wright).
illd Indigo.     Baptisia tiinctoria, R. Br.
Ann Arbor.
Baptisia  ]eucantiha, Tor'. &  Gray. (B.  alba. —WT.)
Calhoun County.
Baptisia leucophnta, Nutt.
S. lMich., (Torr. & Gr.);Red-bud.        Cercis Canadensis, L,.
Ann Arbor.
Wildr Senna.     Cassia Mari] andica, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Kentulcky Coffee- Gymnocladus CtitnaLdensis  Lam.
Ann Arbor.
Three-thorned    Gleditschia triacanthos,   I.L
Acacia, Honey
Locust.          Ann Arbor.
R()SACEE.
W'ild Yellow      Pr iius  INine.-Ciic       M'sr   h a ial.
Pllunl, Red Plum.
Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.
and Cherry.    PPrunris puuli,1, L. (P. (lepressa — -'T, )
Sand Point, Saginaw B.; shore of L. Huron to Drummond's I., (at
Middle I. 5 feet high, branching diffusely fromn the base); Gros
Cap, L. Miich.; very abundant on the sand dunes of Emmet Co.; and
soutlhward along the. shore of L. Mich. The fruit is a black, umediurm
sized cherry; flavor mnuch like the choke-cherry, less astringent,
but more bitter.




260                             REPORT OF THE
Wild Red Cherry. Pr'unun s Pnnsylvaitlica, L.
False Presqu' Isle; Drummond's I., very common; Sugar I.; Emmc'e
Co.; S. E. (Wright).  Ermall tree rarely exceeding 15 ft. ini height,.
ChokeCherry.    Pr1m1s1  Vir.iilia, L. (P. oovaala-T                       )
Ann Arbor; Sand Point, Saginaw B.; False Presqu' Isle; shore of I,
Mlich., limrnmet and Antriml counties,, abundant; N. shore of L. Mich.
Wild Black         Prunnis serotinlsa, Elhrharlt
Cherry.         Ann Arbor; Prcsqu' Isle; Emmet Co. Frequently attains the size o:
tc a fine large tree."'1  Til  largest specimens seen occur in Shiawassee Co., where it is an ablundant'orest tree.
Kia-Mr.r       SpiT,'a, opul;irol ia, L.
Ann Arbor; Thunder B. Is., 7 July; Lit. St. Martin's I.; Drummond's.,
common; El1k.Rapi(l, Antrim  Co.,ccmmon; its clsters of01  hite
flowers, or red winged pods, making it one of the most attractive
shrubs of the forest.
CommonMead.   Spi a  saliciflia,.
~m~n~vdow-swept.    iT'sa saliciflia.,' L.
Ann Arbor; Alpena Co., 6 July; Drummond's I.; Bruce Min0 t,Ca.; 
Mich. (Wright).  Less common than the last.
Hl rdhackc,        Spirmai tomentosa, L.
S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, (lMiss Clark).
Qleen of the    Spilma lobalsa, IMur'r.
Prairie.           S. Bich. (Wright).
Bowman's Root.  Gill'qtia tr ifoliata, AMeoench.
S. tli1h. (Univ. BIe3b).
Common Agri-    Aglimgoniia Eupatoria, L.
mony.         Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Chene, L. BoiC1h., 1S Aug.
Ensall-Flowering   A gl'imonia, parviflora,    Ait.
&Agrimony.
Detroit, (Aiiss Clari).
Canadian Barnet. San-guiso-,ba (C  nadensis,             L.
S. Mlichigan, (Wright).
Avens.            Geurn  lbmrr. Ornolin.
Shore of Saginaw B., 26 June; Pt. au Chenc, L. Miich., 18 Aug,
Geum   Vilrit.iiantllfm, L.
Ann Arbo; Ft. Gratiot.
TLorge-e.ved.     GOeiv     r tj crol il1lllrm    \  ii i  lld.
Avens.              t. C.i  ( n.)
F't. Gratiot? (Austin.)
Geum  striei-Clin, "Ai.
Ann Arbor; Ft. GrItwict,; eois B  Ic,; 1Ottawa; cosco Co.
wnto, or Purple Geui 1       ale,, 1.
Avents.            Ann Arbor; Mackinaw r; lit. St,. B!artin'.i.
oarren Strw-             dt -%Ta1Jiti   1    i~+  11).t t
berry.'ajd r(,ttt.
Livingston Co.: 14 hIny; S. IB{iclh. (TUniv. -Icrb.
Cinquefoil.       Poten  til. N            i, e-i
Grass  Island, Thhunder Bay, 3 July;.Drummond's I., ccmmon, 24 sJli;
A.-Dn Arbor, dMiis Clark).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                        261
Cnmmrcn'Ciuque- Potentilla (I Cnadcnnsis, L.
fol,) Fivl-finger.   Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Mouth of Sa-inaw R., 14 Juno; Mouth Sebawaing R., TLscola Co.
Sllvery Cinque-   Potentilla argientea,  L.
foil.             >Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Potenti illa a- rgulta, PIallgsh.,
Gros Cap, L. Micl., 18 Aug.; Ann.Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Silvcr-waecd.     Potentil l,  Anlserina, 1.
Mouth of Sebawilng R., 14 June; shore of L. HuIron, very common;
Druinnmonuds I.; Bruc(, MAlini, Ca.; S. W. (Wr'igih).
-1,hrubby Cinque- Potentill a fcruticsa.  L.
oil.  Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; Druminnrl's 1.; common on sanfly and
gravelly shores as w as  ai ncar  mitnrshes, sana'tinm s 4) 4ft. in hight.
a0:arsll Five-    Pote-tiilla palulsti,', SColp. (P   Co(marum — r.)
f~inger.          Ft. Gratiot; Sault Ste Mario, 23 July; Traverse City; S. EIt (Wright).
Strawberry.       PI   aia  Vilro ni ln;             a,, Ehrhlla;.
Ann Arbor' S. shore of Saginaw BI.,13 June; Drummond's I.; Traverse
City. Moro common than thl next, except nortihward.
Ctrawberry.       Fr.aa,('     vie'isCla;, T.
Anin Arbor. Mi idle I., L. HIuron; Tuiron Co.; M'ackinac.
Da~llard-       Dalilba-rd a rpens, Lo [D.frasaroides (violaeoides)W.]
An:r Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Purple Flowecring ]B~1Ii)U S odora tu,  TI.
Raspberry.
"spi.iy-. P Y,      Ft. Gratiot; Thonder Bay I., 7 July; Prcsqu' Isle, abunldant, 12 July;
-— 7T --     CGros CaLp, t. MIich
White Flowering  IRuhiuS NlatlallllSu,     Moc )no.
asphoerry.       Tshunder Bay ls., 7 July; Presqu' Islo, 12 July. Earlier out of blossom
than thu last.
warf Rasperry        lbRubus t;rifl rus, 1i'ehardson. [R. saxalilis (var. Canadensi.is) — W —17
Ann Arbor;,it. St. Iar tin's T., very abundant, trailing stems lon1 aand
s!osidor, covering the ground in shade of1 forests.
Wild Red Rasp-   P',llbn   sl l'i'ies AO,''lJ.tix.
hoerry.            Midclle  I., L. Huron; Thunder Bay Is., abundant; Bois 1B11,c T1.; Sugar
I., very al)undant an.'l very l)roific; Enmmet Co.; Mont L-ke}, ATis
Clark). Very conmnon csp citily whiere tlIe groundl has blrCn hbln'1n
over.'he fruit is largely manufactured inteo " ra'spbCrlnry JalnL"
whiclh is sca:t to all p    trits of the United Statesatsnd to tha W. Iotilso,crlkltaspberry, Rubi-s occidcnItalis, L.
3fiuimblcvboerry.    Ann Arbor.
Commolon'or HIigh Ritllbtul- villrsn'. Ae iri.
Blackberry.
y  Ann Arbor; Mii:ldle I. L. Huron; runMmoiads I.; Emmet, Antrfim and
Grand l'tia.vcrs counties, abundant.'5'-'-'ud  smi   (      /},tioslm.dobS. —-T i.)
Traoersq City; S. E. (Wrh;t).
iw Blackberry, Pu1)l   Crll,adl nsi,,    I.
Dawborry-.           Sand Pt., Saginaw  Pr. Si aut  t. larie; Annil  Arbor, (fMis Clarlsk)  Lss
coDmmoU than fthe lS. villosus; S. 5. (Wright).




262                          REPORT OF TIHE
Rurining Swamp  Rubus hispidus, L.
Blackberry.  Squaw Pt,Thunder B.; Mlont Lake, (Miss Clark); S. Mich. (Univ. torb).
Low-bush Black- Iaulbs  t;'iViatii3 M    ihx
S. MIich. (Wright); 3Iont Lake, (Miss CIark). Identification questionable,
Sand l31akberry. Rubus CUlneifoliUs, Pursh.
(S.) 3Mich. (Miss Clark).
Climbing or Prai- Rosa setigera, -MlicX.
Jackson Co.; Gross Isle, (Miss Clark).
Swamp Rose.   ROSa Carolina, L.
St. Joseph's I., 27 July; Ann Arbor.
DwarfWild-nose. Ros a lucida, Ehrhart.
-Ann Arbor; Drummnibnd's I.; Sault Ste Marie.
var. parviflora, (Ehllrhat).  (R. parviflora- W')
Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; S. Mich. (Wright).
Early Wild-Rose. Rosa blanda, Ait.
Ft. Gratiot  S. shore of Saginaw B.; Drummond's I.; St. Joseph's I.,
abundant, often forming the principal part of the shrubbery on
high, rocky soil, or along gravelly beaches; Mackinac; Emmet Co.,
Traverse City. The most frequent representative of this genus.
sweot-Brier.     Rosa rubigigiinosa, L.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, abundant, 19 July.
Scarlet-fruited    C(ratafgus coccinea., L.
Thorn.                   
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June.
Black or Pear    Cratoegus tomentosa, L.
Thorn.  Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June.
vaI. pyriftlima.
Saut St. Marie; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
var. punctata. ( C. pettnecta. — T144)
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.
var mollis.
Ann Arbor.
Cockspur Thosn.  Cratt-eous Crus-galli, L.
Ann Arbor.
Crab-Apple,      Pvrl'US coronaria, L.
Ann Arbor.
Choke-berry.    PYrns arbutifolia, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie.
var. molanocarpa. (P. melanocarpa. —- YF)
Ann Arbor.
Atmerican MIoun- Pyrus Americana, DC.
St. Joseph I.
Jmne berry.     Amelanchier Canadcnsis, Torr. &  Gr.
Svusice-berry,     Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.; Northport; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.
vae. Botry apiumt, (2. Botryapium.-W.)
M]ackinac.
var. oblongifoli'a.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb),




STATE GEOLO GIST                                     263
Iledlaer-b sh.       - var. rotundifoii   a. (A   o valis. — W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
var. allniultia.
Presqu' Isle.
var. oligocarpa,  (A   sanz/,2i rea-; — W.      )
S. EMich. (Wright).
LYTHRACEAE.
Ammannia.        Ammarmnia hurnmilis, AMichx.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)
Loosestrife.     Lythrum  alaturnm, Pursh.
S. IMich. (Univ. Herb.)
Spiked Loose-    Lythrum   Salicaria, L,
strif e.     S. M ich. (Wrigllt).
Swamp Loose-    Nesma verticillata, H. B. K. (Decodon verticillatum
strife.
-- TV.)
S. Mich. (Wright). Gross Isle, (Miss Clark).
ONAGRACEiSE.
r-eat illo-H      Epilobium  anogustifolium, L.
Ft. Gratiot; Alcona Co., 1 July; Thunder Bay, common; Drummond's
I., common; Bruce Mine, Ca., common, a single specimen was found
with white flowers; L. Sup.; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich. A very common and conspicuous herb, northward, especially where the ground
has been burned over or cleared for settlement.
Epilobiumn   palustre, L. Vat. lineare. (E. lineare —
TY.)
Saut St. Marie.
Epilobium  molle, Tosr.
S. lich. (Wright).
Epilobiu m  coo ratum, AMuhl.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot- S'iddle I., L. Huron, 8 July; Saut St. J3arie.
common; Pt. au Chene, L. i3lich.,19 Aug.; Traverse City.
Common Eve-    (Enothera biennis, L.
Ann Arbor; Thunder ayr ITs. 3 J uly: Sugar I., common; Mackinarc; Gr(xe
R., Emmet Co.; S..W.; -ight).
var. imuitricata,   ( i.  mziricata. — T.)
S. W. (Wright).
Sundrops.      (Eenothera fruticosa,  L.
Ann Arbor.
(Enothera purnila, L.
S. Mlich. (Wright).
S- aura.         Gaura biennis, L.
S. Mlich. (Wright).
St!eed-goex.     Ludwimgia alternifolia, L.
S. W. (Wright).
False Loosestrife. Ludwigia polyearpa, Short &  Peter.
Swamps, Michigan, (Dr. Pitcher).




264                             2'REPORl' OF  ITItE
Water Purslane.  I u.  wig;ia  p.'] u:tris,,ll.
S. Ilich. tUniv.  U rb.)
Unchalvntor's      Cil'fc'l. 1llt(otizan-t, 7 11
F. t. Gratiot   PL. an Chonil?, L. L Iics., 1n Aug.; Pils,iksa, Emrmat Co., 2S
Aug.  Fotmil    in moist,   l O iJv      invs, not comnmion.
Ci'C a a,Ipitia, l J.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratliot;  [. jose'os!., 2 PAug,,
-atcrl Iilfoil..~[yrilb [Ivllb      it v}r x'I i ciilatitrl  L
B=ar o's-ail.
S. BliMih. [Wi:,ith).
Wild Goos borry. Rib.e s   lrynni'ii,    TL.
Anla Aibor;  ttona!., S aginawr   3.; Driumm.,Sn dl's L,
SmoothWill,i   Rihvis,  iriel. I:n it A11dix,
G(Oosi: borry.       MlaClmainc; Anhn Arbor, (Mtliss  Cialr) Slttl.g Ribbii.
tElllhOsthl il      P lih}('S  i(tlllllill)i'im         [  Ii'lsx.   ( i. tg rT'/Z.nrm. —  W.)
Gooscborry.    R    h                                                             Ivo  I IIcl'C,  hc  x
St. Jos'plhls T.; Ritting Rabbit, S. Mich. (W'7illht). Th o Iast. two sr   i:
of gooss;b      V Y.!Irr  s'o l S Ia at  bitting I{,bl)it gvOrilln  wtllir] Ilnrea
fo,t lo each oth 3r, ii a    aaom c ps'; 1 o0 t,'  iiam's of l01 it arntc
~wry p0o.ili.  T'holigh tho form'n  spci is is g.mrally cultiwat-.3,
tLi  Itt UM is pr';r blo, the f ruit biin-, lar-ir,r with'i;oastntl t' li t
il phlcio, of' thi  lit s'utn!css of tla t'ormii', ai    t tlhe t banol.'s 1Eo
thorny.   Its lbt'a(;     s itr'   sI)rta1iin:.  oi proumbuant; ti(s.  ot L'-e
formcr erct antd nii:il 1Ly this diff  nmca tChey ari  casily distiaguishiod at a dishinosC.
Swams'pCoosam-      Robe is                      Pjii.
tidrly.             Druon.nit's.; SiLtting Rabbit; Graanfd'Trsavoara   Co.
eatil Carrant.         il, pm(n ti'L tiri1  L'.Itt'.
It. jos-ph's I.
Will Black Car- Rie?).? fi nl'Cd         nll.'Ti-er.-i
roant.              Ston) I., Sgilnaw  3.; gt. Juoph's I.; S. }lich. (Wright)..31 Carrant..iL'elw     vbltl' l    L
Ann Arbor,
CUt UItB ITAC IEUS
vWild  Essi         EchLlncy ystis lob. lta, TOrf i. &   Gr. (11r 7zmordica echi-'
applo.
va/~, — W/     )
S.'Iich. CW'i gh1t). 
C,1ASSULTAC P1_.
t3iitch SctoiA-:rtol. PeCn l  nt   ln i 1 d_ cl >)d<es,  L.
Ana Arbor,
-A  X TA:] A AA  F. P.
wanpaxip     as i         ifO a;  a 1':     I il t 11 Syi    i ali,,.Is
twn ArbLor.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                      265
Common Alnm-  Heuchra Americana, L.root.
Ann Arbor.
Mitre-wo rtt,      Iitell- t diphylla, L.
Ann Arbor.
litro-wort,       Bitellda  ioudaa, L. ('11:. cordlifoia. —     V  )
1Bishop's Cap.l    Pt. aux Barques, L. -iuron, 21 June; Drummound's.; Pittsfiled, (M3is
Clark).
False 3Mitre-wort.   iarela, cord if lia, L.
Ft. Gratiot; S. slhore o'f S.ginaw Bay; Ba.-r Crook, Enmmot Co., vory
abundanti; Banch Lilo, Atoin Co., 30 Aug.
(oldesnSaxifrage.'Chrl]s,()Sp]leliurml A merica1MiumlI, Schw'fil).
S. W. (Wright).
HAMTA M AI, ET  A  I.
Witch-tlazl.                        i 
Ann Arbor; MIackiunac Travcrso City; SO. 1W. (WrightL.).
UAIMB E LLoIFE RAA.
M"'arsh 1enny -    yd - roct e I  Am oeiicaa,.!.
wort              San ut.  t  Ma: i, 30 Jutly; Ann Arbor, (Mis: Ch)n.
t{lrsh Penlny    Hvdri'-,crfrlel u-betllata, 
FwortS W.IV (Wright).
Sanielo, Blackt    g    ca.il]  aT Ca ll cis S
Snakcroot.     S
Ann Arbor.
onicle, B1lek    -ianicula, Marilalbnr iea,  L
Snakoroot. 
Ft. Gratiot; shore of Sin awvt B., common; Drummond's I.; Pt. au Chaeo,
L. Michigan; S. Mich. (Wrir'ht)o
torasnutton   EIryngi0um  y uctcel'aoliumm  hlichx. (E. aquaticu -- W.)
2nakeroot.        S. W. (Wriight).
Polytmlnia Nruttall,, DIO'
S. Mich. (right)!.
Cow Parsnip.       1er'cleum lr    ntflanim, l [iclx.
Ann Arbor  Stone I., Saginlv B., 16 June; Port Ilopc, H-ron Ch-,,
abaundant and very large; jt. HIlonl 1.I L: Mich.
CommonPars-    PastinlLca:  ativa, L.
nip.              Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc I.
whb3bano.        KArrchem ora  rig-ida,  DC. van. ambigkua,  (A. ambigus
W)
S.      1fich. tW OTrlt)
iirehangelcn.     KlAchangelltica,iiBtsuta,  Torr. &; oG   (Aoigelica  triqui~aC7tal. —-W fI )
Emmn t Co.; S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (BIiss Clarki).
reat Angelica.   ArLchiLnel Ct  1at rop(r purea, iloill'no. (.An iyelica  atro-?.t2p2urea. —'W.)
Ann Arbor.
34




266                           REPORT OF 1TILE
Mleadow Parsnip. Thaspium  b arbinode,  N utt.
S. W. (Wright).
~Meadow Parsnip. TThaspium  aureunm, Nutt.
Alknn Arbor, rather common; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, commaoni 1)runlm
mond's I.
var. apterum. (Zizia aurea. —W.)
S. Alich. (Wright).
Meadow Parsnip. Thaspium  trifoliaturn, Gray, var. apterunm,   Torr. &
Gr, (Zizia, cordata. —-W.)
S. W.- (Wright).
Alexandeers.     Zizia integerrinma, DC.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Chene, I. Mich.; Mackinac, (Miss Clark)
Spotted CowbaSne  iCluta maculata, L.
Musquash-root.      S. ich. (Wright).
Cicuta bulbifera; L.'
Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co.; Port Huron, (}Miss Clark).
Water-Parsnip.   Silum  lineare, M:ichx.
S. Mlich., (Univ. Herb).
WVater-Parsuip. Si-lm angustifolium, L,
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). Sium latifoliUmn of Wright's Catalogue is prohbably one of these species.
Honeewort.       Cryptoteiia Canadensis, DC.
Ann Arbor.
Smoother Sweet  Osmorhiza long'istylis,   I)C.
Cicoly.                            -'
Ann Arbor; Charity Is., 27 June; Pt au Chene, L. Mich.
Hairy Sweet      Osnmorhiza breovistylis, DC.
Cicely,          Ft. Gratiot; shore of Saginaw Bay, 26 June; Pt. au Chene, I.  ticll.
Ann Arbor. The prevailing species.
Poison Hemlock. Conillal macullatum, L.
lMackinac, common.
IHarbinger of    Eriogenia bulbcsa  Nullt.;Spring,         ^lAnn Arbor, (Miss Clark).
ARPAIIACEAII.
Spikenardl.     VAralia racei losat, L.
lAnn Arbor; Sugar I.,31 July; J ackinac, (Miss Clark). Not comlrnoi.,
Bristly Sarsapar- _ro a liai, hli Spic ta, Mi cl]  x.
il1a, Wild.
Elder.           Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron, 30 June, common; Drummondcs I.; Pt. au Clt ic;.
L. MIich.; Emmet Co.; Port IHuron, (MAiss Clark).
xWild Sarsaparilla Arailia nudlicaulis, L
Ann Arbor; Pt. au Sable, Sag. Bay, 16 June; Drummond's I.; St. Jo e,,; IA'
I. Very common.
~Ginseng'.       Aralia quinquefi!ia,   Gr ay. (Pcnax  qcinqu/%ef4i'um
— W.)
S. W. (Wright); Sailt St. Marie, and Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Dwarf Ginsgut.  ASrlia t. liolia, Gray. (Panax trfr'olium. —M.)
Ground-ut.              Arbo,sAnn Arbor.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     261.
CORNACEiAE.
Dwarf Cornel,    Cornus Canadclensis, L.
Pfiouch-berlry.   Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw B., 1 June; Irummond's I., commlon
Sugar I.; St. Helena I.; Emmet Co., common; Leelanaw Co.; Pittsfield, (Miss Clark). Very common and widely diffused, northwarl.
_idoweriug Dog-   Cornus florida,  L.
wood.       S. Mich. (Wright).
RIound-leaved    Cornus circinata, I'l-ler.
Cornet.        False Presvu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; S. Mich. (Wright);
Silky Cornet     Cornus sericea  L.
Kinnikinnik.
Ann Arbor.
Rd-osier Pog-    Cornus s-toloniiera, Milch:x.
Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Sand dunes of Ottawa Co., 30 Aug. 5Ann
Arbor.
IPnmicled  Cornel.  Cornus  paniculata, L' er.
Ann Arbor; Stone 1., Saginaw Bay., 16 June; Bear Creek, Ermn.et Co.
Alternate-leaved  Cornus alternif0lia, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Little Traverse Bay.
Pepperidge,      Nyssa multiflo)- a, Wang.
Ann Arbor; Bloomfield, Oakland Co.
CAPRIFOLIACEYE.
Tin fower.      LiUnnta boreallis, Gronov.
Pt. au Chapeau, Saginaw Bay, 18 June; shores of Lakes IHuron a nd
MIichigan, very abundant.
Wolf-berry.     Symplhoricarpus occidentalis, R. Br.
Fort Gratiot, (Austin).
Snowberry.       Sympholricarpus'rac-osus, MiChx.
Pt. au Chapeau, Sag. Ba.y, 18 June; Alpena Co.
Yellow HIney-    Lonicera flavt, Sims.
osuckle.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Small H-oney-    Lonicera parvifloaL, Lam.
uckeDrullmond's I., common.
var. Douglass;ii.
Ann Arbor; Pt. aux Barquesj u L. Huron, 19.June; Drummond's I.
Hairy Honey-    Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton
Charity Is., Saginaw.Bay, 27 June; Drummond's I., common: Pt. au
Chene, L. Mich.
Fly 3oneysucll.  Loniteiera ciliata, AMu111. (Rlylosteum  ciliatum. —W'V.)
Sugar Island.
Lush  Honley-    Diervilla trifida, Moench. (D. Canadensis. —W.)
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Barques, L. Huron, 19 June; shore of L.
Huron, very common; St. Helena I.; Emmet, Antrim and Leelanaw:
counties, very common; Sugar I., abundant,
Foevor-wort.     T'riosteum  perfoliatu.m, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.




268                             REPORT OF THE
Commn IElder.   ShrII1n eSO,aart onsis, L.
Ann Arbor; Sanilac Co.
Recd-berricdEl-   Snbucui       s pubenls,   i(hlx.  (q. pubescens.-  W.)
der.               Ann Arbor; Bois Blanc I.; Irumminond's 1.; Pt. au Chene, L. Mch.Trieavers's   City. More common northward than tho LtCe.
SwvcotViburnum. VIb Tii'          (lfago, T1.
Ann Ar'bor; FL. Gratiot.
Downy ArrowWDooly   1\rr ~- il-n:'llm  pulescc ns, Pursh.
a-c. i, C r        a- BAnn Arbor.
BM.aple-leavled   VYilhurnln:ineorif' lilm, L,
lAr ro;w-wouod.    Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. shore of Saginaw vBay, 23 June; ~Mission VLt4
Grand T''averse  Co.
Cinberry-tree.   Vihtrtisnm   Opilua, T   ( V              -roeece; -- T)
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; shore of Sag,im;lw Bay; St. Jocseph's I.; B3Canch
I.la:e, Antrnim Co., abundant along tile mearshy mLargin of tho river.
IUBIACEER.
Cleavers, Cooso-  galium  Aparine,  L.
CGass.             baent St. Malria; S. W. (Wrihlt); Ann Arbor, (Maiss Clark).
routh Bad-straw  GalC.ln.  l i 1sprTlfll]im, Mi 11fX.
Saut St. MIrit, 29 July, growing roalnk!y in the thickeets ncear tle iivor.e
Oili sje:n;inll.11 nl:, dsured 5 ift. 5 in. i hight, ciirmbing and leaning on
shrubs; Ann Arbor.
Cal il Fn  concinlC    Ut, A. 01..   -z G r.
Ann Arbor.
Small Bed-straw. C:.Ililm  tirifi, lim, L.
Ann Arbor; S. shore of Sagineaw Bay; Seat i'. na'rie, 29 July.
va, l' t, ltl~:ltl'll~ G, ( (.  Wt)t'/,,'tfm. —-[/V)
S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common; S. Miic., (Wr ght).
V It'  l u littili, (U.,bt,tct. — 1'.)
S. MSich.,.(WV ight).
wSwet seqnteld     f  lillrl t~'i iM,l llon.'Mii [r' X.
AWilrl a river, shlore of Sag. Bay, 20 June, common;  Bruce  oaine, Ca., 21
July; St. HY lenlL T.; Ann Arboi,. iss Clark). Very cosnmnn
th,rouhort tlb  northern portiolns of the 0tet'
Galloum  pil(oiin, Ait.
Ann Arbor, (M1iss Cladrl); S. Mich., (Univ.:trb.)
Wril l Liul aorie      T  i coI  i i.iQsh  1   Mi icAnn Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Wil I L iu or, ilo    Cal   I in   ]  icenla turn   rp (1.
S. Mich. (WTrightl).
No:'thlen h1d-       tihIint,  1 r101ae{, T,
st.  n Arbor; Ft. GraLiot; S shore of Saginaw   Bny,
B1tton-ba-,          e'{ii i:t]p    (hlis  1C) lccidentallis, LI
Ann Arbor.
Par':riJg;:e-b:rry.   i3 tclbl ls reoses. 1',.
Ft. Gratict; EmrIcet Co. commnon; S. W. (Wright); PittSllaI, (2Soi1s
Clark).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                      269
M-rsotf,          Olclenlandclia purpur- a.
Ann Arbor.
va-. ll,,gifolia.
S. lich., (Univ. Herb); I over, (Miss Clark).
var. cili(,latt, (LI. cit',ata.- -      1.)
S. iichigan, (Wright).
VAI,ElIANJCEm:.
Vaerian.        YValeriana sylvatica, }tichards.
Ann Arbor.
Va~lerlan.'Valeriana edulis, Nutt.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark),
Con Salad,       Feodia radiata, Miclix.
Lamb-Uttuce-  Low gronnds and moist flC1ds, (Dr. Pitcher),
DIPSACE)E,
Wilcdt'sel. -    Dipsanus sylvestris, Mill.
Ann Arbor.
COMPO SIT'_E.
Iron-wveed.      Vernionia Noveboiracensis,    Wilid.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Iron-reetd.'Verniollhi  fa' (sCicu!ata, Michlx.
S. W. (Univ. HCrb).
Blazing Star.     L'i,      squari'Ovt, Will.
Ann Arbor.
root.ton na      Liatris cylindraCea, TiLnx,.
~~root~.      Milch., (Wright).
Button Snake-    Lia,- rs iscariosa'Willd.
root.
Ann Arbor.
Gay- Feather.     Liatlis spicata., Willd.
S. W. (Wright).
1tton Snalc-     Liatris pycnostachlya, Michx.
ootont Ikoe, (Miss Clarlk).?
lniuao.         IKuln-ril;a ell, atot io idos,  L.
S. Mieh. (Wright).
Toe-Pye  eed,   Enipator lim  pill-putei1R. L
Trumpet-Weed.       Ann Arbor; DIrrnmmond's I; Bruce Mine, Ca., common; Pt. au Chene, I.
Mlichl. Mission Point; Saut St. Marie, common; Branch Lake, Antri im Co.,abundllant.
vait'.,Iiicu!atuln,   (E  amtoectnum —W.)T
S1 Mlich. (Wright).
Upland Dlonesot.  Enupn:torilnm  sessilifilium, L.'
S. Bliich., (Wright).
Toroughort,    E upatoriu 111m  perlfoliatum, L.
eBonlez<t.:Ann Arbor; Drummond's I., 22 July.




'90                           REPORT OF THE
White Snake-      Eupatoriurn ageratoides, L.
~root.       Ann Arbor.
Mist flower.     Conoclinium           CCclestinum, DC.
" Rich soil," (Gray).
Sweet Colts-foot. Nardosmia palmata, Hlook.
Lake Huron, (Nuttall).
Colts-foot.      Tussilag'o  Farfara, L.
Saut St. Marie, (Whitney).
Corymbed Aster.  Aster corymbosus, Ait.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Large Leaved      Aster macrophyllus, L.
S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Silky Aster.     Aster sericeus,   Venit.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Lax Leaved        Aster laxifolius, Nees.
Aster.
L. Huron, (Dr. Pitcher.)
Spreading Aster. Aster patens, Ait.
vat. plhlogifolius.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Smooth Aster.    Aster ]'mvis, L.
Ann Ar'bor.
var. Ieviwgatus.
Ann Arbor.
Azsre Aster.     Aster azureus, Lindl.
S. W. (Univ. Herb); Fort Gratiot, (Dr. Pitcher); Ann Arbor, (Miss
Clark.)
-Wavy Astor.      Aster undulatus, L. (i"A. diversifolius?" —W.V )
S. Michigan, (Wright).
lIeart Leavest    Aster cordifolius,  L. (A. paniculatus. — TV.)
Aster. -
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I., common; Emmet Co.
Arrow Leavec    Aster sagittifolius, Willd.
Aster.'
Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I., 5 Aug.; S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Heath-like Aster. Aster ericoides, L.
Drummond's I., 9 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Cla-rl).
Many Flowered   Aster multiflorus, Ait.
Aster.
Ann Arbor, 26 Sept., very comlmon.'radescallt's     Aster Tradescanti, L.
Aste r.
Ann Arbor.
Dwarf Aster.     Aste  r miser, L., Ait.
Bear Creekl Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
- Simple Aster.    Aster simplex, Willd.
Leelanaw Co.
Thin Leavedtl      Aster tenuifi)lius, IJ.
Aster.
Emmet Co., 3 Sept.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     271
Flesh colored   Aster cart1eus, Nees.
Aster.           Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18.-Aug.
Long Leaveld     Aster longifolius, Lam. (A. laxus. — T )
Ann Arbor.
New England      Aster Novqr-Angliae, L.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Sharp Leaved   Aster acuminatus,  iMichx.
]AsteS. Mlichigan, " (Wright).
Lofty Aster      Aster prmcaltus, Poil. ("A. sacicqfolius,?" — TW)
S. lbich., (MWright). As this species is not embraced in Gray's Manual,
Wright's determination may be regarded as exceedingly doubtful.
KStertltativoe    tgter p i'al'ltll' ide!- Tr I'l. &  GrayT.
Drulmmond's 1., 10 Aug.; S. E. (IUniv. Ilerb).
Horse-weed,      Erigen on Caita se,   1.
Butter-weed:                            i
Ann A rbor; Drummoind's I.; Saut St. Marie; Leelanaw Co.; Mlackinac;
Port Huron, (Miss Cla.lk); S. W. (Wright). Very common everywhere.
Robin's Plantain. Erigeron belljdifol.:lulli, Mul.
Ann Arbor.
Fleabane.        Erigeron Philadelphicums, L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Drummond's I., 25 July.
Daisy Fleabane,  Erigeronl  annUum,    Pers. (E. heterophyllun. —  T/.)
Sweet Scabious.    A     rb
Ann Arbor.
Daisy Fleabane.  Erigeron st-rigosumn, Muhl.
Ann Arbor; S. shore of Sag. Bay, 21 June; Drummond's I., 9 Aug.;olelden-rod    Solidago bicolor, L.
Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug. Rare.
var'. conolor.
Pt. an Chene, L. Mich.; Drummond's L., common; Sugar i., very colmmon; Alcona Co.
Solidago latifti:lia, L.
Ann Arbor.
Solidago  cR~sia,   L.  (S. axillaris  antd fexicaulis.
Ann Arbor, common; Bear Creelk, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; Traverse City;
Northport. Common in the sandy soil of EnAmet, Antrim, Grand
Traverse and Leelanaw counties.
Solidago puberula, Nutt.
Presqu' Isle Co., 13 July, growing in a sandy beach; St. Joseph's J., 8
Aug., growing among other herbs and shrubs, in a gravelly soil, a
few rods fromn the water.
Solidago stricta, Ai-t.
Drummond's I.
Solidago speciosai, N tt.
Ann Arbor.
var. angustata.
Ann Arbor.




272                           PiREPOIUT OF T 1HE
Solidago  rifgrdla,; L,
Ann Arbor; S. AW. (Wright.)
Solidicgo Ohinensis, IRiddell.
Drummond's I., 9 Aug.
Solidagro) Riddellii, Fraink.
Emmnet Co., 3 Sept.; S. W. (Univ. IHerb).
Solid lro I3,[11(ll)r lhtolii,'TiOrl  &  Gr.
Drummond's I, 25 July, plant sometimes 2 ft. in h
pound coryomb of 150 flowerheads.
Solida fro patula,  Mluhl.
Ann Arbor.
Soliduti2'o argirta, Ai-t.
Ann Arbor.
va;ij. jlrncc, (S. jurcea — -W.)
S. Mich., (Wright).
vart. scabSrella.
Ann Arbor.
Solidago  altissima, L.
Ann Arbor.
Solida Io  ul-mi r foli, MlLhl.
S~ W. (Univ. Herb).
Solidago  Enei  oralis, A-it.
Ann Arbor;. Drummnond's I.; N. W. (Univ. Herb).
Solidaoi  o seortina., Ait.
S. ilich. (Ivright).
Solidlago Canaclens; s, I-.
Ann Arbor; Drummolnd's T.. 25 July, common; Saut St. Martie; EmmoIe
Co. commanl  Northport, common; S. W. (Wright).
Solidago  serotinia, Air.
S. Iich. (Wright).
Solidato-o lanceolata, L..Bruommonl's I., 25 July; PinQ Ltake, 310 k.ng.; S. W. (Wright).
I:ecampanw.      J!nla H1eleniinm, I,.
S. M!ichi,-an, (Wright).
Loaf-cup.         Poymn      (  n          SS.
Polymni-a C(ainadensis,   L.
S. Ali-h. (Wright).
Yellow Leaf-cup.  Polymlnita iUvdalia, L.
S. lich., (Wright).
Rosin-wced,      nSilpim   }ic~itluir,          L   (S. g zqfTtJIfrn —-W)
Compass-planct.'h (W' l) -
S. Mich., (Wright).
Prair e-dock.      1  l t t- i r                 -tl,  
Ann lArbor; S. W. (Wright).
SIliphl lf                        iciim it itili(f   liCh.
8. W. (Univ Hetrb).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     273
Cup-plant.       Silphium  ecrfoliatum,    L,
S. Mich. (Wright).
GreatRagweedl.   nbrol,    sia trifida, L.
S. Mich. (Wright); Gross Isle, 3 Aug. (Miss Clark.)
Roman Worm-   Ainlbl'rosia artemi.itimfolia, L. (A. elatior. —W.             )
woodl, Hogweedf
Bitter-weed.        Ann Arbor; very common.
Cocklebur.   Xa:ntirnum  strnmarium   L..
S. Mich. (Wright).
Vr1'. tChI-1ltslatum.
S. Mich. (Univ. HIerb).
J-egye.-         iltHliopsis lmvis, Pers.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
VTl1'. fSt;al)I''a.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Purple Cone-     Echinacea  purpurea, Mcench. (Rudbeckia purparea
flower.
— W.)
S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Cone-flower.     Rudl-.eckia laciniatfa, L.
Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.;:S. W. (Wright); Northfield, Mi
Clark).
Cone-flower.    1Rudbeckia speciosa, Wender.
Ann Arbor.
QOne-flower.     Rudheckia fulgida, Ait.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
~one-flwcr.     IRudbeckia hirta, L.
Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chapeau, Saginaw Bay, 18 June; Prummond'sl
Lepachys pinniata, Torr &  Gr. (Budbeckia  pinnata.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Sunftower.      iHelianthns rigidus Desf.
Ann Arbor, 6 ft. in height.
Sunflower.      iHelianthuss  occidentalis, Riddell.
S. W. (Univ. Herb.)
Sunflower.       Heliantlllus  giganteus, L. (H. giganteus  and  altis-.simn us- TV.)
Ann Arbor.
Sunfmower.      Itelianthlus divaricatus, L.
Ann Arbor.
Sunflower.      IHelia.tl ltWis hirsutLns. Raf.
Ann Arbor, 26 Sept.; S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Sunflower.        i(inlitll iuS sulriu osus, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
ouflowper.     Iteliln:lti}ls tlracheliifolius, Wild.
S. Mlich. (Wright).
)35.




274                          PtEPORT OF T.IE
Sunflower.       HeliLantllis de]capetalus, i,. (ILfrondosms —W.)
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Sunflo~wer.     IHeliantitlus do lloicoiles, Lam.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Actinomeris.    Actinnm'eris squarrosa, Nutt.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Tickseod Sun-    Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx.
flower.          S. 5Mich. (Wright).
Coreopsis arlistosa, Michx.
S. Michigan, (Univ. Herb).
Tall Coreopsis.    Coreopsis tripteris, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Coreopsis pairnata, Nutt.
S. Miich. (Wright).
Coreopsis lanceolata, rL.
L. Huron, 29 June; Dummond's I.; Traverse City.
common Beggar- Bidens frondos.a, L.
uileks_. Ann Arbor; Northport, 11 Sept.
Swamp Dggar-  Bidens connata, Muhl. (B petiolata-W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Bur-Marigoll.    Bidens cerniia, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
ur-Marigold.     Bidens clhrysanthenoides, Michx.
Ann Arbor; Traverse City.
Water Marigold.  Bidens Beekii, Torr.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Snooz-weed.    lHeleniulin autumnale, L.
Ann Arbor.
Common May-    Maruta Cotula, DC.
Ann Arbor; Saut St. Maria; Emmet Co.; Northport. Very common
everywhere.
YLrrow, IMifoil.  Achilica Millefolium, i    L.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw Bay; Drummond's I.; Saut St. Iar.io
Common.
x-eye  Daisy.    Lencantthlenum  vl are, LT, nm.
Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay, 1S June; Bois Blanc I.
Cammon Tansy.  Tanacetum  vulgare, L.
IAn.n Arbor.
Tan acetum  -tullron-ense, Nu ltt.
Sand dunes of Emmet. Co., common.
Caunela Worm-   Arftenisia, Can,ll(nli, MAI i icl x.
wood.
Sand dunes of Ott -rva Co., 30 Aug.; Sand dluns of Emmet Co., 25 Aug.;
Drummond's I.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     275
weosternMug-    Artemi sia Ludloviciana, Nutt.
vtstL.  jnatptla!ldes.
(Univ. itcrb).
orseting.         -ri Gnapha i]i di (1 ecurresles,     Ives.
Saut St. Mari3, (Whitney).
Common Ever-   Gl aplhaliu nm  polycephalumn, Mdichx.
tasting.    Ann Arbor.
now-Cudwoed.   Griaphalil   u 1li innsum. L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot, (,Miss Clark).
Pearly Everlast-  Altel nn ar ia m algaritaccn,  RI. Rr.
ing.       5IMackinac, 19 July.
Plantain-laved t Antennaraia   plantaginirolia,  Hook.  (Gnaphaliutn
Everlasting.
plan fagqizneum — W'.)
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B.
I'l~roweed.      Erechthites  hieracifolia, Raf. Senecio  hieracafolitus
- TW.)
Leelanaw Co., 10 Sept.; S Mich. (Wright). Common, especially in the
vihility of recent clearings alter the ground has been burned over,
whence it receives its popular name.
Palo Indian Plan- Cacalia atriplicifolia, L.
tain.           S. Mich. (Wright).
Tubrous Indian  CaCalia tuberosa, Mutt.
Plantain.        S. Mich. (Wright).
Cacal'a suaveolens, L.
Lodi, (Miss Clark).
CommonGround- Senecin vullgaris, L.
S. W. (Wright).
Golden Ragwort Sen-cio alruIlS. L.
The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Vat.'  )bovatUS.
Ann Arbor.
vat'. Blatsamitnae. (S'nmecio  Baleamitae —W)
Middle I., L. Huron, 1 July; Drummond's I., common; S. Michigan
(Wright). Throughout the northern shores of Lakes. Huron anj
Mich., this variety is very connmmon.
Common Thistle. Cirsium   lanceolatuin, Scop. (Cnicus -lanceolattsW.)
Ann Arbor, common; Mackinac.
Cirsillm   Pit tCll'i,,lt-rr. & CG. ( CGvicus Pitcheri-W.)
Sand Pt. Saginaw B., 17 June; Emmet Co. Sandy shores.
Ci,'si   n i nd! 11c11litum11,    Spreng.
Drummond's I. 21 July.
C''sitll s;ix C:!o      Sprel. g. (Ca.icvrs discolor-WF[)
S. lich. (Wrigiht).
rwani Thistle.   Cir-silllri Tllt iclllm, MicTix. ( Cniclu     q7lWtin.ostts-  W.)
Bruce mroinc, Ca., 26 July; Drlmmond's I.; Emmlet Co.; S. Michigan




276                         REPORT OF THEj
Pasture Thistle.  Cirsium  pUln ilunm, Sprenfr. ( Cnicus odoratlus- -.)
Drummnscrd's I.? 21 July; S. W. (Wright).
Canada Thistle.   Cirsurn  arvense, Sc(-p.
Detroit, abundant; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Burdock.        Lappa major,,r 1erin. (Arcti'um  Lappa-W.)
Ann Arbor; Huron Co.; S. W. (Wright); Mackinac.
Succory,        Cichorium  Intybus, L.
Ci(chory.         Detrcit, (Miss Clark).
Dwarf Dandelion. K rigia Vilrginica, Willd.
Psagrin. Bay Co., 26 June, rich, swampy soil; "Rockaway," i(M1is
Clark).
Cynthia.        Cynthia  Virginica, Don.  (Krigia  amplexicaulisAnn Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; Pt. aux Gres, L. Huron.
CanadalHawk-   Hieracium  Canadense, Michx. (H. Ka7nii —WV.)
Saut St. Marie, 80 July; Sand dunes of Emmet Co., 21 Aug.
Rough Hawk-    Hieraciuml scabruin, Michl. (H.'mariavium — TWV.)
meed.            Ann Arbor: Sand dunes of Emmet Co., 21 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright);
Port Huron, (Miss Clark).
ong-bearded ee    ieracium  longipilum, Torr. (H. Scouleri —W.)
Traverse City, 9 Sept.; S. W. (Wright).
Hairy Hawk-    Hieracium  Gronovii, L.
weed.           S. W. (Wright).
Hieracium  venosum, L.
weed.            Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Pigeon River, Sag. B., 18 June; Grand'Yrap
erse Bay.
Panicled Hawk-  Hieracium  paniculatum, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
White Lettuce.   Nabalus   albus, Hook.
Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. MiCh., 18 Aug.
var. S(rpel italaia. (i-'renanthes Serpentaria — T.)
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Tall White Let-   Nabalus altissimus, Hook.
tuce.
Ann Arbor.
Nabalus racemnosus, Hook...(Pren a thes racemosa —
W.)
Shore of L. lich., near Sitting Rabbit; S. W. (Wright).
Dandelion.      Taraxacum  Dens leonis, Desf. (Leonlodon  Taraxacml — IV. )
Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay; Saut St. Marie; S. W. (Wright).
Wild Lettuce.    Lactuca elongata, Mluhl.
S. W. (Wright).
vat.   altguminea, Bigl.  (L. rsanguizea —W.)
S. W. (Wright).




STUATE GEOLOGIST.                                   277
fTalsa Blue Let-   Ml oeill  lellPopbael m, DC.
Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's I., common along St. Mary's River.
SEwny-lhitl.   Sonchlis asper, Vill.  (S. oleraceus, var. asper —W.)
S. E. (Wright).
LOBELIACEA].
Cardinal Flower. Lobelia cardinalti,, LT.
Ann Arbor; Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.
Great Lobelia.    Lobelia sy   ilitica, L.
Ann Arbor; Branch Lake, Antrim Co., 30 Aug.
Lobelia spicat;s, Lam. (L. Clayftoiana-W)
Ann Arbor; Ft Gratiot; mouth of Saginavw R., 24 June; Thunder Bay 
Drummont's I.
Lobelia Kalmnii, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Drummond's I., 25 July; S. W. (Wright).
CAMPANULACEjE.
Msre~l~sl.      CCampannla rotundifolia, L.
Ann Arbor. Ft. Gratiot.' var'. liniftdlia.
Ann Arbor; S. shore of Saginaw Bay, common. This is a very delicate
an t pretty species, occorring constantiy anr  in every variety of
situation. At Saginaw Bay it-was in bloonm in the midldle or June
and vwas still abundantly ia blossom Aug. 10th, at Grand Travorso
Bay.
arlshB.linflower. Campanul a aparinoides, Pnrsb. (C. erinoides-W.)
St. Mary's River, 31 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
Tall Be31flower.   Camlpan  ul a Almericana, L.
Ann Arbor.
Venus's Looking- Specularia perfoliata, A. D(C.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
ERICACEIE,
Blue Tangle,     Gaylnssacia frondosa, Torr. &  Gr.
Dangtlobelremy.    Ann Arbor.
Blackluckle-b   CGaylussacia resinosa,  Torr. &  Gr.  (VacciniumD  re.
sinos.um — W  )
Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Co.
Small Cranberry. Vaciinium  OXyCOCCUS, L.
Ann Arbor.
cmmon nAmri ry. Vaccini urn macrocarpon, Ait. (Oxycoccus macrocars  CranberryT.)
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
DwarfBlucberry  ~alccilnlil. n Pennsylvanicumn, Lamn.
Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I., northern part. Abundant along the Canada
Shore of St. M-ry's R., prodncing abundance of fruit in the sparse
soil of the hollows and crevices of metamorphic rocks; S. Mich.
(Wright).




278                         REPORT OF THE
Canada Blue-    Vaccininml aTinadenise, K alm.
berry.           Sitting rabbit; S. E. (wright).
Low Blueberry.  Vaccinuml   vaci Ilans, Solanuder.
St. Josoph's I.; common in EmmAt, Antrim, Grand Traverse and Lee/naw counties. S. Mich. (Univ. Hdrb).
Common Swamp Vaccinium corymbosum, L.
Blueberry.       Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Cbeeping Snow-  Chiogenes hispidula, Torr. &  Gr. (Gaultheria hiesp
dula — W. )
S. Mich., (Wright).
Beab~errgy.     Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Arbutus  Uv-L
ursi — W.)
Shores of L. Huron everywhere, very common; S. Mich. (Wright).
Trailing Arbutus, Epigma repens, L.
Ground Laurel.
S. E. (Wright).
Aromatic Win-   Gaultheria procumbens, L.
tergreen.       IMonroe Co.; Ottawa Co.; shores of L. Iuron, very common- shore of
L. Mich., Emmet, to Leelanaw Co., common; S. W. (Wriglt); Mont
Lake, (Miss Clark).
Leather-leaf.   Cassandi-a  calyculata, Don. (Andromeda ca7ycuZata
— W.)
Livingston Co.; Shore of L. Mich., Emmet Co.; Drummond's I.; S. IBict
(Wright).
ild Rosemary.  Andr-omeda polif,lia, L.
S. Mich. (Wright); Ann Arbol, (Miss Clark). A shrub not distingulshable from this was seen at the mouth of Saginaw R., June 14, with
corolla dark purple, awn wanting, pocdicels dark brown 13y in. long
from bracts.
Sheep Laurel,    K aalmia allu11stifolia, L.
Tawas City, 29 June, exquisitely beautiful and very abundant; Thundle
Bay, common.
Swamp Laurel.   Kalmia glaueca, Ait.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Labrador Tea.    Ledum  latifolium, Ait.
Gros Cap., L. Mich.
Round-le~aved    Pyrola rotundifoilia, L.
Pyrola.
Ft. Gratiot; Pt. au Pain Sucre, 19 June; St. Joseph's 1., Little St. Max —
tin's I.; Drummond's I., coinmoa; S. Mich. (Wright).
vat- asaril lli,..
The Cove, L. Huron, 1 July.
Shin-leaf.      Pyrola ellipltica, Nu't,.
Ann Arbor; Theo Cove, L. Huron; Drummond's I.; St. Joseph I.; GranlR
Traverse Co.
Small Pyrola.    Pyliol a chtlorantha, Swartz.
Ft. Gratiot.
One-sided Pyrola Pyrola secunda, L,.
Ft. Gratiot; the Cove, L. Huron; St. Joseph's I.; Drummond's I.; S, W.
(Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     2T9
One-flowered Py-  ljoneses lniflora, Gray.
Ft. Gratiot; Little St. Martin's I. 17 July, sweet.scented.
Princes Pine,    Chimtlaplila  urnbellata, Nutt.  (Pyrola  umnbellata —
Ft. Gratiot; L. Huron, Alcona Co.; L. Sup.; S. Mich. (Wright).
Pine drops.      Pte(rOssorna And romedea, Nutt.
Sitting Rabbit, 17 Aug.
Indian Pipe,     M,)l otropaL  uniflora, L.
Corpse-Plant.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sitting rabbit.
Pine Sap, Fals3   M  motn(  pa  Hypopitys, L.
Ft. Gratiot, (Austin).
AQUIFOLIACEAE.
tack Alderry,    Ilex verticillata, Gray. (Prinos verticillatus —.)
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Miountain Holly.  Nemopanltles Canadensis, DI)C.
S. Mich. (Wright).
PLANXTAGINACE:I.
common rlan-   PPlaitago maior, L.
Ann Arbor; Saut Ste Marie; Mackinac.
Piln-i ago cord ata, Lam.
Tuscola Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).
Ribgrass, Ripple- Planta go lanceolata, L.
g'rass) Ernglish    Ann Arbor.
PRIMULA CEDE.
Bird's eye Prim- Prlmninla fi:rinosa, L.
rose.  mond's I.
Pirimlla MAistassinica, Michx.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Chick-Winter-    Tr ientalis A merticana, Pu rsh.
Ft. Gratiot; Ft. aiux Barques, Sag. 13., 21 June; St. Joseph's I.; Ann
Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Loomestrife.     LyAirnoat( hia stricta  Ait.
Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie, 23 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
Lysimachia quadrifolia, L.
Ann Arbor.
Lysimachia ciliata, L.
Andn Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Lysimac(hia lanceolata, Walt.
17a,l. i, v i-ida. (L. hybrida —W.)
S. W. (Wright).
Lysirna(hia longifolia, Pursh. (L. revoluta — W.)
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.




2S0                           REPORtT OFI THE
Taftdl Loose-    Naumblrgia  th-lyrsifl:        a, PReich. (L2. C(epiafa —WJ)
Ann Arbor; Drum:nonll's I., commmn ia swamy soil; Stargoon Pt.
30 Juno.
CommonPimpar- Ananwtllis arveilsis, L.
Ann Arbor, (HIiss Clark).
Water Pimp3r-   San molu  Val ierandi, L.
nol, Brookweed
Loli, (MIiss Clark).
V;t'. A- IA l t-;'Il(fAnUS.
N. W. (Univ. IHIrb.)
IENTIBULACEJE.
Greatot Bladder- Utriaularia vnulgaris, L. ( U -maerorhiza-W.)
S. Mich. (Wright); Capa Ippor'Wash, C. W.- (Austin).:m-iler Bla-der- Utricultaria minor, L. (. gibba —W.)
woirrt.           Ann Arbor.
Utricularia interlmedia, Hayne.
Ann Arbor.
Purple Bladder-  Utlicullaria ppu         rea, wTalt.
S. Mich. (Wright).
-Horned Bladder-  Utricula' ia cornuta, NMichx.
wort.             Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
OROBANCHAC EE.:qnaw root,       Conopholis    Americana,    Waallrotlh.    (Orobanche
Canc r-root.                    ricana-        )
AI mer icaa — W. )
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. W. (Wright).
one-flowered     Aph llon unifirumi,  Torr. &  Gr.  (Orobanche  uniCancer-root.          ft            )
S. E. (Wright).
SCROPHULARIACEIE.
Common Mullein. Verbascum  Th a psius, L.
False Presqu' Isle, L. Haron, 11 July; Grass Lake; Ann Arbor, common;
Ft. Gratiot.
Moth Mullein.    Ve~rblascnllm  B! attria, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Wild Toad-Flax.  Lineria Canadennsis, Spreng.
S. shore Saginaw B., 17 Juno.'Toad-Flax, But-  Linari   vulgaris, AIill.
tOr-an t-eggs,
Ann Arbor.
Ramst d.
Tigwort.          Scrophularia nodosa, L.  (S. Mariland;ca'ani lanceolata — W.)
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Colrusea.        C11Collinsia verna, Nutt.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); N. E. (UOniv. Herb),




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                        281
Turtle-heaad      Chehlone glabra, L..  Ann Arbor;  "Nabis" R., Lt Croix, EmmAt  Co.; S. W. (Wright). Its
loaves vary froom ) i l. to ly, ic;hes ia diameter.
Bmard-tongue,    Pentstermoln pubesceris,   Solaulder.
Ann Arbor, common.
lonlkey-Flowor.  M1imnull s  r ein s, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
key-Flower-.  rlMimulns alatus, Ait.
S. W. (Wright).
Monkey-Flowver.   Iimaulus Jamtrlesii,.Torr.
Maclkinac, 17 July, ablundant near the cool spring at the base of  Robi:;soe's Folly;" St. H'lnena I., St.aits of IMxcltinaLc, 20 Aeg., abun lant
ia wot, rion, low mtrshl.s. Ti13c plivat is not aiways "'smotA],
beilag som-time's pub scent on the cLlyx, pedllllclos and lower si:Is
of thie Ielyv s. Bathl at Mtlckiiac ald St. HIlena I. it was io company with YVronicca A4n wincan, Schweinift.
eodgoe flyssoD.   Gratiol a Vir~giniana, L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Ilorb).
ralsa  Pimpernel. Ilysanthles  giratioloides, Blenth. (L iJldernia  atlen uata find dilataa-f W.)
S.  Mich. (Wright); Port HIuron, (Aiss Clar'k).
Synnthyris.                   Ii  ouiii 1-htolliiian, i:i nth.
High prairies anti hills, S. Mich. (Wright).
Amrican Brook- Veronica  Ameri can a, 5Tlvlhweinitz.   (Ve  Beccabunga
lime.
Ann Arbor; the Cove, L. Huron, 16 July; Mackinac. Common.
Culver's-root,    Veronica Virginica, IL.
Culver's Physic.                       
Ann Arbor.
Water Speedwell. Veronica An a g allis. L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Marsh Speodwell. Veronica  sl.utellata, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Common Speed-  Verorlica officinalis, L.
well.             Ann Arbor.
Alpine Speed-    Veronica alpina, L.
wll.
Saut St. Marie, 23 May.
Thym2-leaved      Veronira serpyllifolia, L.
pee dwl 11,       Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July.
Neckweed, Purs- Vceroniica pererlina, L.
Ann Arbor, common.
Corn Speedwell.  Veronica arvensis, L.
Ann Arbor, common.
iBluo-hearts.     Buchnera Americina, L.
S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake (Mins Clark).
36




282                         REPORT OF THE
Purple Gerardia.  Gerard ia pnl'pur e  e,  L.
S. Mlich. (Wright); Mackinac, (Whitney).
Gerardian aspera, Doiffl.
Sittingf rabbit, 17 Aug., common; Pt, au Chene, L. Mich., abundant In
sandy mlArshes.
SlenderGerardia. Gerardia    tenuifolia, VabI.
Ann Arbor.
Downy False-    Gerardia fltava, L. partly.
Soglove. Mich. (Wright).
Smooth False-    Gerardia  quercifolia, PuTrsh, (G. qlaura —W.)
S. W. (Wright); Mont Lake, Livingston Co., (Miss Clark).,
Gerardia pediculari'a L.
Traverse City, 9 Sept.; Ann Arbor.
Gerardia auriculata, Michx.
S. W. (Wright).
carlet Painted-.   Castilleia coccinea, Spreng.  (Euchroma coccinea —
Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; Moonth Saginaw R, a variety with
yellow bracts instead of scarlet, 13 June; Mackinac; l)rummond'a
I; Saut St. Marie.
Iousewvort,     Pedicularis Canamdensis, L.
Wood Betony.
Ann Arbor, common; False Presqlu' Isle, L. Huron; Sugar I.; S. W.
(Wright).
Pedicllaris 1aneeolata, AMichx  (P. pallida —.)
Ann Arbar; S. W. (Wright).
cow-wheat.    2Melampyrlin A-lmericanlm, Mnri.Mhx.
Ft. Gratiot; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; lDrummond7s I., very
common; L. Sup.; Mont Lake, (MMiss Clark).
ACANTHACEiE.
Water Willow,   Dianthera Americana,  L.
Ann Arbor.
Dipteraeanthus ciliosus, Nees.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Dipteracanthus strepens, Neces. (nuellia  strepent —W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
VERBENACEAE.
Vervain.       \Verbena angiistifolia, Miclhx.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Blue Vervain.    Verbena hastata. L.
Bay City, 12 June; Bruce Mfine, Ca., 25 July; Mackinac; Ann Arb'tr
Nettle-leaved or  Verbena urticifolia, L.
White Verva4n.
Ann Arbor.




ST'ATE GEOLO(GIST.                                    283
Lopseed.        PThry'na, Le-ptostchyva, TL.
Pt. an Cheno, 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).
LABI rATE.
ernamndert       Tencrium  Ca, nadense, L.
Wood Sagre.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Peppermint.       Alentha. Piperita, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
WildMinllt.      Mfentlha Canadensis,  TL. (1W. borealis —W.)
Ann Arbor; Bruce Mhine, Ca., 26 July; Drummond's I.; Sugar I. Com- -
mon about the shores of L. Huron.
Bugleweed.       Lycopus V irginicus, L.
Ann Arbor; Bruce Mine, Ca., 25 July; Pte Ste Ignace, common, corolla
has five almost equal lobI;s, probably owing to the large upper
lobbe being 2-crLeft, anli often a small additional calyx tooth between;.
the bas&s of the regular ones.
Water oru.       Lycopus Eiropimxus, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Va l'. 8111u:tt 11.
Drummond's I., 22 July.
HyssopP.        iHyssopus ofiicinalis, L.
S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Moi  tain Mint,   Pycnanthernum  lanceolatum, Pursh. (P. Viryinicum— W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Mountain blint.   Pycnanthemnm  linifo)lium, Pursh.
Basil.
Ann Arbor, moist woods and oxssiccated swamps.
amlinth.         Cal:mi-rlitntha g-lnahella, Bentl1. var. Nuttallii.
Drummond's I., 22 July, in crevicos of limenstone rocks, very common.
This plant hats a strong s-tvor like the Ansrtitcan  Pennyroyal, for
which it is often mistalken, esp)cially by the settlers throughoutthll northern ilake shotres where the true Amarican Pennyroyal hasinot, as yet, been founld; S. E (Wright).
Iear11.       Calamintha Clinopodliu, Benth.
Ft. Gratiot.
American Penny- Hec(lman pullegioides, Pers.
enoytid.        S. Mlich. (Wright).
IHetleoma hispidra. Pursh. (?)
Middle I., L. Huron, 9 July.
HI-orse Balm,    Col instrmia Cal-nadensis, L.
Rich-weAed                   r
Stsone-Roeot'.     Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright); Elmwood, Detroit,( Miss Clark).
Oswego Tea,    iAonar1da dij1vm       L.
Boo Balm.
Ft. Gratiot, (Austin).
Wild Bergamot.  M!arclr a fitillosa, IL. (Mi. allophylla —W.)
Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., 22 Aug., common in sandy soil; S. Michi:.
(Wright).
Hotse-mint.      M:onarda, punctata, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).




'284                         REPORT OF TlHE'Bl2ophilia.   3Ble-philia, ciliata, Raf.
Alpona Co. (?) 6 July, having four perfect stamens and two strongly
nawn d tzcth on tLI, lowor lip of the calyx; Ann Arbor; Saut,t.
Blelehilia hlirsut'a, Benth.
S. Mich. (WiV ht).
GiantHyssp.    Lophanithus nepetoides, Beenth.  (Iiyssop2cs 2epetol idne~ —W r.)
S. W. (Wright); Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark).
Lopllaniltlus scrIophi)pllllaicIfoliis,  Benth.  (Hyssopus
sc roph ulariwce olius- W. ))
S. Mich.,Wriight).
Cat-mint,       Nerpeta (C:atara, L.
Catnip.          Ann Arbor; Drummond's I, 9 Aug.
Fals Drag on    Phllyostegi a  Vilrginiana,  Benth.   (Dracocephalum
Vf  /irTi.ian   n — W.7)
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright). 
Hul-all, ].Blllrlnqa vIllaris, L. (Prunella vulgaris-W )
Ann Arbor, common; Alpena, 6 July; Drummond's I., a variety with
white corolla; Saut St. Marie..Skullcap.      Scutellaria ve(rsiColor, Nutt. (S. cordifolia —W.)
S. MIich. (Wright).
Sclitell aria pilosa,  Michx.
S. W. (Univ. HIrb).
Sci tellaria intfegrifolia, L.
S. Mlich. tUniv. Herb).
ScutfelllLaria parvula, Miclhx. (S. ambigua — W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Sc tell aria.alericulata, TL.
Ann Arbor; Bay Co., common, 27 June; Port Huron, (Miss Clark).
Mal-dog Skull-   Scut ell'l ia, late riflora, L.
cap.           Sulphur I., (north of Drunrimond's,) 8 Aug., common; Ann Arbor.
Hirehound.      M Ala1bihi  n   vnlarare,  L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Hemp-nettle.     G aleoplsis Tetrabhit, L.
Mlckilaci, 19 July, common; Sugar T., very abundlant, but it was noticed that the upper lip of the corolla is not entire but almost
always with three or four teeth at its apex; and that the thr'e
lob1s of the lower lip are similar-, the middle ona  a little largr-,all oval; S. E. (Wright).
ed Hamup-nettlo. Ga.leopqis L    danucl r, L
Ft. Gratiot; Saut St. Marie.
H:dge-ncttle.    Stachys paluustris, L. var. aspera, (S. aspera-W.)
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Hliss Clark).
Staehvys hvysopifulia, Michx.
-S. Micll. (Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                   285
Hiotherwort.    Leon mrns Cardi aca. L.
Pine Lake, Emmnet Co., 29 Aug.; Ann Arbor.
BORRAGINACEfE.
Common Corn-    Symphytum  officinale, L.
Ann Arbor; Port Austin, HIuron Co.
Corn Gromwell.  Lithlosperlmum  arvense, L.
Ann Arbor.
Common Groin-  Lithosperminm  officinale, L.
el  Mackinac, 16 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
Lith ospermunn  latifolium, Michx.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
aJiry Puccoon.  Lithospermnrm  hirtumrn, Lem.
Sand Pt., Saginaw B., 17 June, abundant; Monroe Co., (Miss Clark);:;
Ft. Gratiot.
Hoary Puccoon.  Litthosperlmumn canescens, Lehm. (Batschia canescens.
-  /.)
Ann Arbor, common.
anrlyForget-me- Myosotis verna, Nutt.
Ann Arbor; (Dr. Lord).
Stick-seed.     Echiriosperm  mun  Lappula, Lehm.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, 18 July..
Hounl's tongue.  Cynoglossln   officinale, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
ild Comfrey.   Cynoglossum  Virginicum,   L. ( C  amplc.ifcaule-W':)
Ft. Gratiot; Presqu' Isle, L. Huron; S. Mich. (Wright).
Beggar's Lice.    Cynoglossun  Morrisoni, DC.
Ann Arbor.
HYDROPHYLLACEX.
Waterleaf.     IHydrophyllum  Virginicum, L.
Ann Arbor.
Hydrnopyllum  Canadense, L.
S. Alich. (Wright).
Hairy Waterleaf. Ilydroplhyllum  appendiculatum, Michia.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
POLEMONIACEXA.
Wild Sweet Wil- Phlox maculata, L.
aRich woods and riverbanks, (Gray).
arolina Phlox.   Phlox  C(arolinat, L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
H1airy Phlox.   Phlox pilosa, L.
Ann Arbor.




286                          REPORT OF TIHE
Divaricata Phlox. ]P-ilox  li vari cata, L.
Ann Arbor.
Ground or Moss   PI)lx  sulbllllta, L.
Pink.            S. MIich. (Univ. Herb).
CO0NOLY ULACEzI.
Wild Potato-vine, Ipnomrla pandurata, Myer.
Man-of-the-earth    Ann Arbor.
Ann Arbor.
Bindweed.  Cton vol vulus arvensis, L.
Ann Arbor.
tladge Bindweed. Calystegia sopium, R. Br.
Ft. Gratiot; S. W. (Wvright); Gross Isle, (MIiss Clark).
V a I'. C'pls'!  s.
S. shore of Sagin. w B., 14 June.
Low Bindwved.   Calvlystegia  Spilllramnt., Pursh.
Stone I., Saginaw Bay, 16 June; S. E. (Wright).
Dodder.          (lFCllta GrTl0onovii,   Willd. (C. Americana-W.)
S. W. (Wright).
Cuscuta glmoraerata,   Choisy.
Moist prairies, (Gray).
SOLANACE.
Bittersweet.    Solarnium  T)ulcamaxra, L.
Ann Arbor; Pine Lake, 29 Aug. 
Common Night-  Solanum  nigrrnum  LT
shlade.          Ann Arbor; Sugar I., 31 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
-Ground Cherry.  Phisalis pubescens, L. (P. obscura-W.)
Ann Arbor.
Ground Cherry  PPhysalis viscosa, L.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I., 23 July..Apple of Peru.   Nicandlra physaloides, Gaertn.
Ann Arbor.
Black Henbane.  HIvoscvaml s niger. L.
Ft. Gratiot; -Mackinac, 19 July, abundant.
Stramonium.      Datlrae  Stiamonium, L. (D'ahtuta —.. )
Ann Arbor.
Wild Tobacco.    Nicotiana rustica. L.
Emmet Co., 25 Aug., cultivated by the Indians.
(-ENTItA AC IEE.
-Amorican Can-   Sabblatie. al.:u1l arids  Purssh.
t~alury.         S. Mich. (Wriglht)..Amroa.n Co-    Pr sera C   l'rlinonsis, a;Valf.
lunbo.                                                     Clark
Jackson Co. ancd wveshvard;  Ann Arbor, (Miss Clerk).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    28S
Spurred Gentian. Halenia deflfxa, GiisebW
Middle I., L. Hrmon, 9 July; Drummond's I.; St. elena., common.
S. E. (qniv. Herb).
Vivc-floanred    G(en tian a qu i iqucdflora, L.
Ann Arbor.
VtiC'. Occidentalis.
Ann Arbor. -
Fringed Gentian. Gentiana c(i ni ta  Froel.
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Whitnley).
Emller Fringed  Genliana detonsa, Fries.
Gentian.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I, 13 Aug.; Pt. an Chno, L. 1Mich.
Straw Colored    Gentiiania   ehro(leuca, Froel.
Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
Whitish Gentian. G-entian; a e ll1a, Miful.
Ann Arboi; S, W. (Univ. H3rb).
Closed Gentian.   Gerntiana Andreiwsii, Griseb.
S. Mich. (Univ. 1H. rb):
0oai)wort Gron-   Genti an, Saponaria, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
VII.'. Ii [aiC'?rlS.
Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 19 Aug., sandy swamps.
Genti-ana pnberu la, Michx.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
cremw-sem.       Bartlnida  tenella, Muhl. (Centaurella paniculataW.)
S. W. (Wright).
Suckbsann.       Menyanthes trifoliata, L.
Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).
AP0CYNACEA.
SpreadlingDog-   Apocynnm  androsmnlifioliUm, 11.
bAnn Arbor; The Cove, L. Hui'on, 1 July; St. Joseph's I.
IdianHmp.       A)Aponynum  camnnabinum, L. var. glaberrinum.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Val'. lItCes(:es.IS  Dr.
Ft. Gratiot; Charity I., 27 June.
v;a.. I-l vw,-l lclultuln. (A. hylpericifolium-  T.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
ASCLEPIADAmCE3I,
Mil~k~weed,      Asclepias Ci-rnlti, Deeaisno. (A. Sqrioca- W.)
Ann Arbor; Charity Is., 27 June; Sand dunes, Enemmt Co.
Polo MIilkwead.  As (:leD;   aR phlytrelatccrides, 1Pu.s-,.
Ann Arbor, very short pedicels except tlhe terminal one; Ft. Gratiot.
PurploeMilkweed. Ascl(epi:as purpurasCenS, L.
Ann Arbor.




288                           REPORT OF THE
Variegated Milt- Asclepias variregata,    L
weed.L
Ann Arbor.
Four-leaved Milk- Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq.
wAnn Arbor.
Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarn.ta, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Grand Traverse Co.; S. W. (Wright).
Butterfly-wood   Asclepias tuberosa, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
Whorled Milk-    Asclepias verticillata, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Green Milkweed. Acerates viridiflora, Ell. (Asclepias lanceolata —W.)
Ft. Gratiot; 3. W. Mich. (Wright).
OLEACEAI.
White Ash.       Fraxinus  Americana, L. (F. acuminata -W.)
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Fmmet Co. Common in the Southern PoF
ninsula, but apparently less frequent northward.
Red Ash.         Fraxinus pubescens, L.
Drummond's I.; S. Mich. (Wright). Comparatively rare.
Green Ash.       Fraxinus viridis,   Michx. f.
Ann Arbor.
Black Ash,       Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.
Water Ash.
Ann Arbor; Sugar I., common; Pine Lake; S. W. (Wright).
Blue Ash.        Fraxinus quadrangnlata, Mlichx.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb). The wood of the Ash is highly esteemed for ite
strength and suppleness, especially the first and last speci. s above,
The White Ash is most common and most extensively used, its annual growths being least liable to separate into layers. It is much
preferable for oars, being light as well as tough when seasoned. It
is also extensively used by fishel men for hoops and staves, but for
this the Black Ash is always preferred from the greater ease with
which its layeris are separated.
The Black Ash is a smaller tree, and is generally found in the
vicinity of swamps or along streams. The value of its timber is
increased by the rapidity of its growth. It is tougher and more
elastic than the White Ash, but less durable upon exposure to tho
vicissitudes of moisture and dryness. North of the Straits of Mackinac this is the prevailing species. The Blue Ash is found only in
the southern part of the State. Its timber is prized equally with
that of the White Ash, for which it is, substituted in many of its
uses. The Red Ash is a smaller tree and furnishes less valuable
timber.
ARISTOLOCHIACE.A.
Wild Ginger.      Asaurnun Canadenise, L.
Ann Arbor.
PHYTOLACCACEiE.
Poke,Scoke,Gar- PhytiolaclCf decandrta,   L.
get, Pigeonberry.            8. Mich. (Wright).
CH -I,NOPODIACEE.
Maple-leaved     Chenopodiurn lyl'lidum, L.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Mackinac.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                  289
Lawmb'sQuarters, Chenopodium  album, L.
Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.
Jersalere Oak,  Chenopodium  Botrys, L.
Feather Geranium.           Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright.)
BIexican Tea.   Chenopodiuml   amtnbrosioides, L.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).' Chenopodium  rubrum, L."
S. Mich. (Wright). [Probably a synonym of one of the preceding
species.]
Strawberry Blite Blitum  capitatum, L.
Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron, 20 June; Drummond's I.; Emmet Co. Common about the shores of lakes Huron and Michigan.
ATIARANTACEtE.
Green Amaranth, Amarantus hybridus, L.
Pigweed.
Ann Arbor.
Prince'sFeather. Amarantus hypochondriacus, L.
Ann Arbor, (Mliss Clark).
Pigweed.        Amnarantus retroflexus, L.
Ann Arbor.
Amarantus  albus, L.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Montelia tamariscina, Gray.
S. M~ich. (Univ. Herb).
Acnida cannabina, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
POLYGONACEM.
Prince's Feather. Polygonum orientale, L.
Ann Arbor.
WaterPersicaria. Polygonum  amphibiuurn, L.
Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, 16 June.
var. aquaticum, L.
Ann Arbor; St. Mary's R. 1 Aug.; Mont Lake, (Miss Clark).
Polygonuml   nodosum, Pers. var. incarnatum.
Ann Arbor.
Polygonurn Penasylvanicunm, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Lady's Thumb.   Polygonum  Per-sicaria, L."
Ann Arbor.
Smartweed.      Polygornm  Hydtopiper, L.
Ann Arbor.
Wild Smartweeld. Polygonum  acre, H. B. K. (P. punctatum —W.)
Ann Arbor;.M1ackinac, (Miss Clark).




290                            EFORLT OF TlJIE
lilcit wattor-p l  PL Poly onll m  ]   idrt opiperoilcle:, AMichs. (P. mzite-W-/)
S. Mhich., (W.oright).
Knotgrass,       Po1   Ol          v  r    e, L
Coosr-wias,        iAn1 Arbo r; Bruce Mline, Ca., 26 July.
vat L. (recturln,  tobtlh.
Ann Ab       t     Bor.
Slender IKlot-    Poly   on, lllm l    tenuc, o  ic Es.
grass.           S. Mich. (Wright).
Jointwzed.       Polywonum  articulatum, L.
Traverse  City, 8 Sapt., beginniing to blossom, abundant.
Polyg'onum     Virginiahium,, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
aalbeod-loeave    Polygonurn  arifolium, L.
Gros Cap, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; S. Mich. (Wright).
Arrow-leavmb     Polyg'oanumn  sagittatum, L.
Saut St. Marie 31 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
Black Bindweed. Polrygonurn Convolvulus, iL.
S. IV. tWright).
Polygonum   Cilinode, Miichx.
Drummond's I., common; Huron Co., 20 June; Saut St. Miario.
Climbing False   Polygonum"dumnetorunm, L. (P. scanrdens /-W.)
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, (Miss Clark).
B3uckwheat.      Fagopyrum   esculentum, Moench. (Polygonum  Fagop-yrum- W. )
Ann Arbor.
Swamp Dock.    Rumoes verticillatus, L. (R. Brittaniea-W.)
Ann Arbor; Islands of Thunder Bay, 7 July; S. W. OVright).
Tall Dock.       Rumex altissimus,  Wood.
Saut St. Marie, 29 July.
Willow Dock.    Rurnex salicifolius, Wteinmann, Hook.
Villa Cross, Emmet Co., 22 Aug.
Great Wateir       umex     Hydrolapatlhum,  Hudson,  var. AmericanDock.
una, Gray.
Bruce Mine, Ca., 26 July; S. Mfich. (Univ. Herb).
Ditter Doc~k.      numex obtusifolius, L.
Saut St. hMario, 29 July; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Curled Dock.     Rumtx CrispuS, L.
Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marie, 23 July. Comlmonost species of dock.
Bloody-vinedl     RullOX  St;liiPl lt'lCllS  L.
Anin Arbor, (Miiss Clark).
Field or Horsa    IRumex Acetosella, L.
o.  n Arbor;'t. Cratiot; Sagilnaaw 1B.; Drummond's I.; Mackliac. ComnOon.




ST`'ATE GEOLOGI-          S'T.                     89
LAUIBACE1A.
Sa3-fras.     Sassaf;'fas oCffcinalie:, Nees. (Ltautruts Sassaf'as — W.)
Ann Arbor.
Fever-bush,       Benzoin oioriferuml    Nees. (Lac urus Benzoint —W.)
B;pljamiol-obush,   S. MISich. (Wlhri'ht); Ann Arbor.
Wild Allspico.
THYMELEACEAi.
Lcathlbrwoodr,    Dirca palustris, L,
OAnn Arbor.
ELiEAGNACEA'.
shphoerdia.      Shephcrdi a Caanadensits,   NUtt,
Ann Arbor; lDrummond's I., common abo-ut roclkSy lshores.
SANTALACE.,
aslard T'oard   Cornandra ulmbellata, Nuft;t.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand Pt., Saginaw Bay, 18 June, common.  &.
lividar occurs at Cove I., L. Huron.
SAURURSACE;?.
Lizard's Tail.   StlUu      s cer Tuu,   L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
EUPIORBIAC'TEJi'.
1ho're Spurge.    Euphorbia polygonifolia, L.
S. Mich. (Wright); Fort Gratiot.
SpottedSpurge.   Eupbhorbia maculata, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wrigilt); Grosse Isle, (,iiss Clark); Ft. Gratiot.
flowcering       Euphorbia corollaeta,  L.
Ann Arbor.
Euphorbia comrn-mutata, Eng'Im.
Ann Arbor.
hroe-seeded      A  calypha Virg'inica, L.
Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).
URTICACEF;I.
Slippery or Red   U    ls  fliva  Micbx.
Ann Arbor; Emmrt  Co.; Branch LaIre, Antrim Co. Less common than
the next.
American or      Ulris Ameri 
Thira E1lm.  
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; SugIar T., large and common  in the low
lands of thi is ilnd; Antrim Co.; Saut S't. Mai;ria, several fino native
specinxens stand east of the towin near the river.
_orkv XTarito
rky   nite   Ulmus -ra cca mos n, Thomas.
Ann Arbor. in a svwalmLp about a mile soouth or the city.
The Elm pprefirs low grrounds anid rich soils. It is especially
flourishing at the head of Branchl Lake, Antrim Co., where the Red
and the White Elm ware found grpowinpg large and promiscuously
together, the latter, however, excelling in size.




292                         1iEPOMRT OF TIIE
Sugarberry.      Celtis occidenttalis, L.
Hackberry.
Grosse Isle, (Miss Clark).
var. crassio1lia, ( (. crassyoliia-   TV.)
S. W. (Wright).
Tall wild Nettle.  Urtica gracilis, Ait.
Ann Arbor; Saut St. Marieo, 29 July.
Great Stinging   Urtica dioica, L.
Gros Cap, L. M:ich., 18 Allg.; S. W. (Wright).
Wood Nettle.     Laportea Canadensis, Gaudicb. (Urtica GCanadensis
- TV)
Ann Arbor; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich., 18 Aug.; Pine Lake; Lodi, (Mliss Clark),
Richiweeod,      Pilea pumila, Gray. ( Urlica pumnila-  WT.)
Clearweed.       S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Boehnmeria cylindrica,   Wild. ( Cftica capitata-  Ti7.
S. W. (Wright)
Hemp.            Cannabis sativa, L.
Ann Arbor, S. W. (Wright); M]ackinac, (Miss Clark).
Hop.             EIHumulus   Lupulus, L.
Ann Arbor.
Plane, Sycamore. Platahnus occidentalis, L.
Ann Arbor.
JUGLANDAMCEr.
Botternut.       Juglans cinerea, L.
Ann Arbor.
Black Walnut.    Juglans nigra, L.
Ann Arbor. Generally throughout the southern part of the Peninsula,
Shell-bark or    Carya alba, lNutt.
Hickory.         Ann Arbor, &c., common.
Thick Shell-bark Carya  sulcata, Nutt.
tHickory.        Ann Arbor, &c., common.
Small-fruited    Carya microcarpta, Nutt.
Ann Arbor.
Pignut, Broom    Carya glabra, Tort.
ckoy.  Ann Arbor, common.
Bitter-nut?     Carya  -amaral, Nut-~.
Aamp   ckory nn Arbr. This genus is abundantly represented in Southern' iclh —
igan.
CUPIULIFERiE.
D;r-oak.          QuerFCllS n,' ae.)C.oc tpa,.Itl:Cl1x.
Ann Arbor; S. W. eWright). Conmmon.
WVhite Oak       QulercuS alba,  L.
Ann Arbor; Grand Traverse Bay. Common throughout the southern
peninsula.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    293
Swamp White    Quercus Prinus, L.
var. discolor, Michx. (Q. bicolor- t.)
Ann Arbor.
Y-ellow Chestnut  Quercus Castanea, Willd.
O a k.          Ann Arbor.
Chinquapin or    Quercus prinoides, Willd.
nut Oak.         Ann Arbor.?
Laurel or Shingle Quercus imbricaria, Miichx.
Oak.
Ann Arbor.
Qeracitron or    Quercus tinctoria, Bartramn.
Black Oak, Yellow-barked Oak   Ann Arbor.
Scarlet Oak.     Quercu   CocCiriena, Wang.
Ann Arbor; Traverse City.
Red Oakl.        Quercus rubra, L.
Drummond's I.; Sugar I., common; Emmet Co., in the northern part of
this county attains the largest size seen, growing in sandy soil in
the valleys of the sand dunes, and producing fruit in great abundance. One tree measured 8 feet in circumference, 2 feet above the
surface. The lee side of these dunes is covered more or less with
trees and shrubs of the general character of the flora of the region,
imbedded in the sand sometimes half their height.
wampSpanish,  Quercus palustris, Du Roi.
Ann Arbor. The oak family is abundantly represented in the southern
peninsula, forming a great part of the forest timber. Still the immediate shore of L. Huron from Bay county to the Straits of Mackinac is apparently entirely destitute of oaks. Thence northward
along St. Mary's river Q. rubra is the only species, which is quite
common but never attains a large size. Southward this species is
of rarer occurrence, but is replaced by other and more valuable
species. At Traverse City Q. alba and Q. coccinea make their most
northern appearance as far as observed. There they are about
equally frequent, growing in a sandy soil, sometimes in patches
surrounded by the pines and more or less dispersed amongst them,'the former forming a large and shapely trunk, the latter being a
smaller, but well proportioned tree. South of this the species multiply both in numbers and frequency of occurrence.
llChestnut.      Castanea vesca, L.
Monroe Co. Not common in the southern peninsula.
Anmerican Beech. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (F. sylvatica-W TI)
Ann Arbor; Mackinac, common, but so reduced in size as to be of little
value; Drummond's I.; shore of L. Mich., from the Straits of Mackinac to Northport, the beech here forming a very large and valuable part of the forest growth. Here were seen the largest and
most perfect specimens. In the southern callnties it is very common, and furnishes excellent fuel.
ild Hazelnut:   Corylus Americana, Walt.
Ann Arbor; Iackinac.
BeakedHazelnut.  Corylus rostrata, Ait.
St. Joseph's I.; Drummond's I.
HIornbean,Blue. Carpinus Americana, Michx.
or Water Beech.   Ann Arbor.
Iron-wood.
Hop-Hornbean,  Ostrya Virginica, WTilld.
Lever-wood.
Iron-wood.         Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Emmet Co., common.




294                           REPORT OF Ti-IE
MIYT I!AC EAI
fBayberry,        M{yrica cerifera, L.
Wa.x-llyrtle.       S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)
Sweet fern.      Comptoi a asplenifiolia, Ait.
Alpena; Traverse City; Ottawa Co.; Oakland Co., (Miss Clark); S. [Itch.
(Wright).
BETULACEE.
Paper Birch,     Betula papyracea, Ait.
Birch.  Gravelly Pt., L. Huron; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron; Drummond's I.;
Sugar I.; Emmet Co. This is a very common tree throughout the
lake shores, growing in the most unfavorable situations, but seldom
forming a large trunk. It is apt to spring up as second growth
where the forest lhas been destroyed by fire. There is a variety (?)
known as " red birch" by the Indians and Half-Breeds, with pale
reddish bark much more brittle than the ordinary.
Yeluow Birch.    Betula excelsa, Ait.
Ann Arbor: Pt. aux Barques, L. Huron; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; Emmet
Co.; Drummond's I. Less common that the preceding, but often
grows to a large tree. One specimen in Antrim Co. had a circumference of 11 ft. 4 in., four feet above the ground.
Cherry Birch,    Betula lenta, L.
Sweet or Black
Bieet or Black    Drummond's I., only seen at this place, but attains a monstrous size,
one specimen measuring 10 feet in circumference. This is a valuable tree, and it is unfortunate that so little is found in the State.
Low Birch.       Betula pumila, L. (B. gladaculosa —W.)
S. E. (Wright).
Speckled or      Alnus incant  willk.
IHoary Altder.      Shores of L. Huron; Drummond's I., common; Sant St. Mareio, nd
along the banks of St. Mary's river, abundant.
Sinooth Alder    AlnuS  serrulata, Ait.
Travorse City; S. Mich. (Wright).
SALICACEAE.
Hoa~ry Willow.    SliX   candcida, hT7illd.
Ann Arbor; Drumrnondl's I.; northi shore of Little L. George, very
abundant, growing in the shallow margin of the lake.
Low Bush Wil-   Salix ilumilis, Miarshall.
low.
Drummond's I.
Glaucous Willow. Salix  discolor, Mulhl.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.; Pine Lake, Emmet Co., abundant along the
margin of the lake, occasionally reaching the size of a small tree.
One tree measured G6  inches in diameter a foot from the surface.
Silky-headed     Salix  eriocephala, Wiaichx.
Ann Arbor; Drummond's I.
Silky-leaved     Salix sericea, Marshaall.
Ann Arbor? Drummond's I.
Petiole Willow.   Salix petiolaris, Sminth.
Saut St. MI arie; S. E. (Univ. H 3rb).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                      295
Heart-leaved     Salix cor cata, AIlu:il.
Willow. 
Grand Traverse Co.
Narrow-leavet   Salix  angustadta,  Ptrsh.
Ann Arbor.
Long-be;aked      Salix rostrata, Richardson.
Ann Arbor; St. Joseph's I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb). A commcn species.
Brittle Willow.   Salix fragiiis,   L.
Ann Arbor.
Black Willow.    Salix nigra, Marshall.
Ann Arbor.
Shining Willow.  Salix lucica, Mull.
Drummonld's I,; S. E, (Univ. Herb).
Long-leaved      Salix longifolia, Muhl.
Willow.  S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)
Stalk-fruited     Salix  pedicellaris, Pursh.
-Willow.          Drummond's I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Weeping Willow. Salix Babylonica, L.
Cultivated in many places for ornament. Barely spontaneous.
American Aspen. PopulUS tremuloides,  Michx.
Ann Arbor; Sand Pt., Saginaw B.; Drummond's I.; Sugar I., this and
the next woere growing abundant, large and promiscuously together; Antrim Co. This is one of the most common trees about
the lake shores, seldom attaining, however, a large size. It often
springs up abundantly with Betllaopa2pyracea in exposed situations
where the forest growth has been prostrated by fire ortempest.,
Large-toothed    Populus gralndidentatfa  ATicl.Ann Arbor; SIanll Pt., Saginaw Bay; Sugar I.; Antrim  Co  This is a
rarer but more valuable tree than the last. They are often found.
in company, but this was never known to accept an exposed or
unfavoralie situation for the saktle  of such company; while the,
former often intrudes upon soil and situatioens chosen by the latter.
This oflen. formns a lzrgo tree wiLh a naied, smooth and dingy-yellow trunk expan-din? its braiwnJy n  conspicuous limbs at a height
of 50 feet.
Downy-!leaved      opi    heti h
Popuhlls hetm(-:pl~',: l!a  T/
Poplar.                            I      A'
S. Mich. (Univ. ierb.)
Cotton woo~d,    Populus mi onilifera, Ait. (P. Canadensis-                 W/)!at e Po. p      Alnn Arbor.
B'alsam l Populus balsanmi;fera,   L.
Tacamiahac. 
Thunder Bay, L. Huron' L. MIich., common- This is a common tree in
low lands about the borders of rivers and swamps. It is very
common on Drummond's I., but it is of little economical value, its
height seldom reaching 30 feet, while its usual size is about fifteen,
Balm of Gilead.
varBamof  iad. candicans.  (P. candcicans   T7.)
This is common in cultivation, but rare in a wild state. But a single
specimen was seen which was a large tree standing near the lake
shore a few miles north of Elk Rapids, AntrimC
Lombardy Pop-   Populus dilatata, Ait.
lar1.             Ann Arbor, in cultivation, and at many other localities, sparingly"nat —
uralized. Probably the largest specimens of this tree in- the State
are on the site of the " Old British Fort" near the molluth of St.
Mary's R., on Drummoncd's I.




CONIifERiE.
Grayor Northern Pinns Balklsssia llana  Lal bel)t.
Scrub Pine.
Sand Pt. Saginaw Bay, and northward along the shore of L. HIuron,
not common.
Red Pine.        Pinns resinosa, Af it.
Pt. au Chapeau, Sag. B., northward along the shore of L. Huron, Drummond's I., and the shore of L. Alich., both on the Upper and Lower
Peninsula, common. This is improperly called " Norway Pine" by
the lumbermen.
Pitch Pine.       rins ricida,    ilh
S. Mich. (Wright).
White Pine.      Pinus Strolbus, L.
Abundant in the valley of the Saginaw I-. and its branches; shore of
L. Huron; Drummond's I.; Snugar I., huge solitary specimens of the
species were seen overtopping the surrounding forest, generally
large but not abundant; Shore of L. Mich. to Traverse City; Ottawa Co., &c.
Of the Pines, the last is most valuable and nmost abundant. In
the valley of the Sa'inaw  river, within 21 miles of its mouth
therle are fifty steam-saw mills which are employed uponI the logs
of this species priucipally, and within the space of three miles
there may be seesn no less thasa 21 mills. These logs are " poled'
down the river and its branches from the pine lands through which
they flow. Also on the south shore of Saginaw  B., and at Pigeon
River, Pinnebog, Port Austin and Willow River, Huron Co., the
lumber business is extensively carried on. Also northward, along
the shore of L. Huron, wherever there are facilities for transporting the logs by means of the small streams, mills have been erected for the manufacture of lumber. Along the northern shore, the
" Norway Pine" becomes frequent. At Elkl Rapids and Traverse
City, P. resinosa is more extensively sawed, which furnishes less
valuable lumber for general purposes, though very suitable for
flooring. This is generally found in sandy soil on level tracts forming " Pine plains," the trees having tall, straight and naked trunks,
and presenting a beautiful orchard-like appearance. The shore of
L. Michigan produces the white and red pine in about equal abundance, nowhere forming exclusive forests, but rather standing alone
or in small cHlsters in the midst of surrounding Beeches, Maples
and Hemlocks. P. Banksianac  is a small irregular tree of little
value, preferring the most exposed and barren situations.
Balsam Fir.      Abies balsa.lea, Mavrshall.
Shores and islands of L. Huron, very common; St. Mary's river andt
shore of L. Mich., everywhere common. This is the prevailing
species of the genus; andt next to the Arbor Vitao, is the most frequent of the family Coniferce A. Canadensois prefers higher land
among the beeches, large poplars and birches, more inland; while
this occupies the lower, more recent drift, nearer the lake. Often
it is seen growing at.the base of a ledge of rocks, while at the
summit and further inland A. Cansadensis grows large and abundant.
Small-fruited or  SAbies Frwseri, Pursh.
Double Balsam    N. W. (Univ. Herb).
Hemlock Spruce. Abies Ca-latdemnais, Mliclsx.
Shore of L. Huron, but not common, from Huron county northward;
Drummond's I.; Emmet and Antrim  counties. Nowhere is this
species known to excel the large and majestic growth which it attains on the shores of L. Mich., in Antrim county. Indeed, with
this exception, it was rarely met with during the entire season. It
is found also in Ottawa, Kent and Allegan counties.
Black, or Double Abies nigr'a, Poir.
Spruce.          Whitmore Lalke, Washtenaw Co.; The Cove, L. Huron; Drummond's I.;
common; Sugar I.; shore of L. Mich., less common.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                     297
Wlhite, or Single Abies alba, AMichlx.
Spruce.         Drummond's I., common; Sugar and St. Joseph's Is.; Shore of L. MBich.,
rare. The black spruce is more widely diffused over the State than
the white, but the white predominates in the northern districts.
Larch, Tama-    Larix Americana, AMichx. (Pinrus'peandula — T.)
taack.           Ann Arbor; False Presqu' Isle, L. Huron; Drummond's I.; Sugar I.,
abundant and very large, rising to the hight of 100 feet or more,
with a circumference of six and a half feet, two feet above the
ground. Swampy lands at the head of Branch Lake, Antriml Co.,
very large. This is a common tree in low, marshy land, and often
mingles with the white cedar in the well known " cedar swamps."
Arbor Viti,     Thuja occidentalis, L.
White Cedarl.   The most striking and hardy tree of the forest, growing in all situa.
tions, with its roots immersed in water, and on the most barren
and inaccessible heights. In low and level tracts it often formns
extensive " cedar swamps."  It mayalwrays be seen about the
shore of an inland lake or the margin of a river, its dense foliage or
dry scraggy limbs projecting over the water. It is generally a
tree about 25 ft. in height, but sometimes grows to a monstrous size on high lands where there is soil sufficient to sustain it.
The largest specimens seen were growing in the sandy soil of Emmet Co., in higher situations than is usual for the tree. One specimen among others scattered throughthe forest composed mostly'
of beeches and hemlocks, had a diameter of 4 ft. 2 in. four feet f rom
the ground. It is of slow growth, and requires centuries to attain
such dimensions. Its wood has the greatest durability and is n1uch
used for' fence posts, while its bark furnishes thatching for the
wigwa.m of the Indian and the cabin of the settler; S. Micnhiga
(Wright). On Drummound's Isla d were seen willows 25 to 30
years old, growing above the prtosstir-te trunks of the white cedar,
still remaining in a perfect state of preservation. In other cases it
is equally sound beneath peat bogs, or buriedl30 feet uinder  " moclified drift," where it must hayv3 liin for ages.
Junipir.         Junlliperus Comtiu1lin S., IJ
Ann Arbor; Pt. aux 3Barques, L. Huron; False Prl'squ' Isle, L. Huron;
Old Ft. Mackinac, Emmet Co. Common about the lake shores.
Red Cedar,       Juniperus Virginiana, L.
Savin-.          Ann Arbor; Thunder Bay Is.; N. W. (Unixv. Herb); S. Mich. (Wright).
var. hutllills, hook.
False Presqu' Isle, with trailing stems 25 ft. long; Sand dunes. Emmlet
Co., abundant.
American Yew    Taxus baccata, L. var. Canadensis, Gray.
Ground HemGrlounck.    e   Middle I., L. -luron, very abundant; Drummond's I., common; L. Mlich.
Common throughout the northern counties, especially in the shade
of evergreens, a declining, one-sided shrub, having a luxuriant
dark-green foliage and presenting a beautiful appearance where it
covers the surface, but vieing with the White Cedar in forming a,most persistent obstruction to the progress of the pedestrian.
ARACE IE.
Indian Turnip.    Arisernma triplyllum, Tort. (Arum  triphyllum — W.)
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Northport.
Green Dragon,   Arisema Dracontium, Schuott.
Dragon-root.       Ann Arbor.
Arrow Arum.    Peltandra Virginica,  Raf. (Rensselaeria   Virginica
-W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Water Arum.      Calla palustris, L.
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
38




298                         REPORT OF THE
SonkCabage.  Symplocarpus fotidus, Salisb.  (Ictodes fctidusW.)
Ann Arbor; Northport.
Sweet Flag,     Acorus (Calamus, L.
Osinamus.         Quanecussee, Tuscola Co.; Bruce Mine, Ca.
TYPHACEAE.
at-tail Flag.   Typha latifolia, L.
Ann Arbor, common; Saginaw B., common; Saut St. Marie.
Bur-reed.       Sparganium  eurycarpum, n. sp. Englm.
Ann Arbor; Saginaw Bay, 14 June.
Bur-reed.        Sparganium  ramosumn, Hudson.
S. Mich. (Wright); Ft. Gratiot.
Bur-reed.       Sparganium   simplex, Hudson. (S. Americanum —
Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, 14 June; S. E. (Wright).
LEMNACEE.
uclkweedl,      Lemna trisulca, L.
S. E. (Wright).
Duckweed.       Lemna minor, L.
S. W. (Univ. HI-erb); Northfield, Washtenaw Co., (Miss Clark).
kDuweea.        Lemna polyrhiza, L.
S. Mlich. (Univ. Herb).
NAIADACEiE.
Ponidwood.      Potamogeton pectin;tus,  L.
S. Bich. (Wright).
Poundweod.      Potamol etogtl paluciflorus, Pil'sh.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Ponudweod.      Poltamog-eton     p r'f:ilia, tus, I.
S. Mich., (Wright).
Pondweed.      Potariogeton pr iloingusa, Walf.
Saginaw Bay, 16 June; (Ulliv. Herb),
Pondweerl.      Potamnogeton luncens, L.
S. lich., (Wright).
var.? fluitans.
S. E. (Univ. I-Irb)
Pondweed.       Patamogeton nata-ns, L.
S. Mich., (Wright).
Pondcioed.      Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreber.
S. Mich. (Wright).
ALIS-MACE2E.
Arrow-rass.     Triglochin palustre, L.
S. W. (Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                   299
Arrow-grass.    Trigolochin maritirnum, L.
S. /Mich., (Wright).
var. elaturn.
False Presqu' Isle, L. HIuron, 11 July, common; Drummond's I.; Ann
Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Schuchzeria.    Scheucl-lzeria palustris, L.
S. W. (Wright).
terPlantaln.  Alisma  Plantago, L. var. Americanum, Gray.  (A.
Plantago -  W. )
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Arrow-head.     Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.
" Psaganing," Bay Co., 26 June; Ann Arbor.
var. diversifolia.
S. Mlich., (Univ. Herb).
var. angustitolia.
Elk Rapids, Antrim Co.
Arrow-head.     Sagittaria heterophylla, Pnursh,
Elk Rapids, Antrim Co.
Arrow-head.     Sagittaria pusilla, Nuttl
S. W. (Univ. Herb).
HYDROCHARIDACEAE.
Waterweed.         nancharis Can adensis,   Planchon.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Tape grass,     Vallisnerita spiral-is, L.
el grass.  Ann Arbor.
ORCHIDACE2E.
Showy OGrbis.   Orchis spectabilis, L.
Ann Arbor. Near the light-house at the mouth of Saginaw river is a
variety with light pnrple lip, interruptedly streaked and mottled
with clark purple.' In bloom, 14 June.
Naked-g nd                          i       t
recles.    Gymnadenia Ltridentit[a,  LifndEl. (Habenacia  triden..
tta — TV.)
S. W. (Wright).
Lrgea  oud- hi.  Platanthera orbiculata,  Lindl.  (Habenaria  orbiczuleaved Orchis.
lata- ItV-)
Ft. Gratiot; False Presqul Isle, L. Huron, 11 July; lQrummond's,I; Saut
Ste Marie, (Miss Clark). Rare.
Smaller two-    Platanthera Hookeri,   Lindl.
leaved Orehis.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Brcted Greenl    Platanthmea bracteata, Torr. (Habenaria bracteataOrehis.
Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.
Northern Green  Platanthora  hyperborea, Lindcll. (Habenaria huron.
egnsis —. )
Ann Arbor; Squaw Pt., Thunder Bay, 6 July; Northport; S. W. (Wright),.
Common.




300                          LEFPORT OF THEi
Northern White  Platanthera dilatata, Lindl.
Orchis.
Drummond's I., 22 July; S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Yellowish Orchis Platanthera  flava, Gray. (Habenraria  herbiola-  1T.)
Ann Arbor; S. W. (Wright).
Yellow Fringed   Platanthlera ciliaris, Lindl. (HIabemalria ciliaris-  HU.)
Orchis.
Ann Arbor.
White Fringed    Platanthera blephariglottis, Lind1.
Orchis.     S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).
WesternOrcis.   Platanthera leucophmts,  Nutt.
Ann Arbor.
Ragged Orchis.   Platanthera   lacera,   Gray.  (Habenaria  psycodes,
partly.- IV )
Ann Arbor.
Small Purple     Platanthera psycodes, Gray. (Ilabenaria psycodes,
Fringed-0rchis.
partly, H    grandieora and  nfimbriata — tf4)
Ft. Gratiot; Drummond's I., 22 July; S. W. (Wright).
Large Purple    Pla~tanthera fimbriata, Lincl.
Fringed-Orchis.   Milford, Oaklancld Co.; Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark). P. obtusoata occurs at
Cove I., L. Huron, (Austin).
Rattesakein       Goodyera repens, R. Br.
Antrim Co., 3 Sept., common in the s-hade of woods.
Rattlesnake      Goodyera pubescens, Pg. Bir.
Ann Arbor.
Ladies' Tresses.  Spirantl; es graCilis, Big.
S. W. (Wright).
Ladies' Tresses.  Spiranthes latifolia, Tory. in Lindl.
Drnmmond's I., common; S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Ladies' Tresses.  Spiranthes cernua, Rich ard.
Ann Arbor.
Arethusa.       Arethusa bulbos a,  L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
P ogonia.        Pogonia ophioglossoides, Nutt.
S. W. (Wright).
Pogonia.         Pogonia pendula, Lindl. (Triphorapendvia — W.)
S. W. (Wright).
Calopogon.       Calopogon pulchellus, P. Br.
Ann Arbor; lMouth Saginaw IR., 24 Jime; S. Mich. (Wright).
Calypso.        Calypso borealis, Salisb.
Forty-mile point, Presqu' Isle Co.
Crane-FlyOrchis.  Tipularia discolor, Nutt.
N. Mich. (Dr. Cooley).
Adder's-Mouth.   Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt.
S. W. (Wright).




ST'ATE GEOLOGIST                                    301!
Adder's-Mou-th.  lMicrostylis mrociniophyllos<-, Lindl.
Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
Twayblade.       L
Y  iparis liliifolia, Richard.  (alaxCis lilifolia — TV.)
S. W. (Wright).
colral-roo.      Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. (C. verna —W.)
S. E. (Wright).
Colral-root.     Corallorh iza multdiflora, Nutt.
Pt. ausx Barques, Huron Co., 20 June; St. BIartin's I., 17 July; S. We(Wright).
Coral-root.      Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nut t.
Rich woods, (Gray.)
Co, al-root.     Corallorlliza Miacfyri, Gray.
Mackinac, (C. G. Loring, Jr., and Whitney).
Putty-root,                     hv0cLInU]:     t Nle  tt.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Larger Yellow    Cypripediumn  pubescens, Willd.
Ann Arbor; Stone I., Saginaw B., 16 June; Drummond;s I.
Small White      Cypripedium  parvifiorum, Salisb.
Lady's Slipper.   Ann Arbor.
Showy Lady's    Cypripedium  candidun, MuAhl.
Ann Arbor.
maller Yeloiippr.  Cypripedium  spectabile, Swartz..
Ann Arbor; Tawas Bay, 28 June.
Stemless Lady's  Cypripediumn acanle, Ait.
Ann Arbor; Grand Rapids, (Miss Clark). C. arietinulmu occurs at Cape
Ipperwash, C. W., a few miles from Port Huron.
AMARYLLIDACEE.
Star-grass.     lHypoxys erecta, L.
Ann Arbor, common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Sag. B., common.
HiEIODORACEYE.
Colic-root,      Aletris farinosa, L.
Star-grass    S. E. (Wright).
IRIDACE-E.
targertBhlueFag  iris versicololr, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Saginaw Bay, common; Mackinac. Commonall over the Southern Peninsula.
Lake Dwarf Iris, I'is lacuStriS, INut t.
Bois Blanc I.; Mackinac; Drummond's I.; Old Fort Mackinac.
flute-Fyed CTrass.  S?8syrinchiiln Burmucdia na, L.
fAnn Arbor, very common; Ft. Gratiot; shores of Saginaw Bay 14 June,
common.
val,  anceps, ( S. anccps —T    )
S. W. (Wright).




802                         REPORT 03: 1'O HE
DIOSCORACEEA.
Wild Yans-r'oot.  Dioscorea villosa, L.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor.
SMIILACELE.
*1nnion Green-  Smilax rotund;ifl. ia, L.
brier.        S    la-A. rolux,,-ndil1l`;11tl1 X L
S. Mich. (Wright).
Smilax hispida, MJu.hl.
Ann Arbor.
CarrieoFloer. *Smilax horbacoea, IL.
Ann Arbor.
var, pulverulenta, (5. pcdtnculari;s — Tg)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Smilax tamanifolia, Miiehx.
Ann Arbor.
Nocldiug Trilli-  rTrilliurni cernuunm,   L.
urm, Wake
Robin.           S. Miich., (Wright).
PurpleTrillium,  Trillium  crecturn' L.
Birthlroot.        Ann Arbor.
Ann Arbor.
var. albuml
Ann Arbor.
Large'White    Trillium   grandiflorum, Salisb.
Ann Arbor; Drunmmond's I. A variety occurs at Ann Arbor with fiowers tetramerous througlhout.
Painted Trillium. Trillium erytllrocarpum, Mfichx.
S..Mich. (Wright).
Indian Cucum.    Medeola Virginica, L. (Gyromia  Virginica-  W)
Alcona Co., 1 July; S. Mich. (Wright).
LILIADCEAE.
Smaller Solo-   Polyg)onatnum  biforunm,  Ell.
mon's Seal.      A    r
Ann Arbor.
Greatl Solomon's  Polygonatum  gigantteum,  Dietrich.   (Conrvallaria
Seal.;Y
uit nuifeora — 47.)
Ann Arbor.
False Spikenard. Smilacina i-acenlosa, DerS.
Ann Arbor; Druminond's I.
Smilacina stellata., Desf.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sand duoes, Ottawa Co., 80 Aug., but 3-s5eded!; Huron Co.
Stnilacini'a tiifoli a, Des:.
S. Mlich. (Univ. Herb).
Smilacina bifolia, Ker
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot. Common everywhere.




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                    303
Clintonia borealis, Raf.
Common in shady, moist woods throughout the northern counties of
the peninsula.
Will Look.       Aliuml    tricoccemii Ait.
St. Ifartin's I., 17 July; S. W. (Wright).
Wiid Onion.      Allium   cerniuum, Roth.
S. T. (\W. right); Ann Arbor, (MIiss Clark).
Wild Troaclow   Allium  Canadenise,  Kal!m.
Oarlie.
GAnn Arbor; S. shore of Sg'inaow Bay, 14 June; S. Mich. (Wright).
Wild OGange-red Lilium  Philadelphicusm, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Stono I., Saginaw  B., 10 June; The Cove,L
Huron.
Wild YeIIow      iiin  C        elen    I
Lily.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Sturgeon Prt., L. HIuron, 30 Juno.
urli's cap Lily.  Lilium  superbiml,   L.
Ann Arbor, (DMiss Clark).
Yellow Adder's   Erytbroriiure  Antericaium   Smith.
t, uo. nguEythrohium AlmericaLnurn  Sinitl
Ann Arbor.
MIELA NTHACEA.1
Largo-flowored   Uvularia grandiflora,  Smith.
Bollwort.        Ann Arbor.
Sessilo-leavod    Uvularia sessifolia, L.
S. E. (Wright).
rwistd-talk      Ste. Streptopus anmplexifolius DC.
Ft. Gratiot; St. Joseph's I.
Tivistod-stalk.    Streptopus roseuls, Miclix.
Drummond's I; Sugar I.
Zygadene.        Zygadenus glaucus, Nutt. (Afielanthiumn  glaucumW.)
S. W. (Wright).
sa  sphodol.   Tedofieldia glutinosa, NWTilld.
False Prosqu' Isle, L. luro1n, 11 July; Druommond's I.
JUNCACEAl.
Wood-rush.       Luzula pilosa, \XWillcl
(Wright).
Wood-rush.       L pzula compest ris, DC.
Ann Arbor.
Common, or Soft JunCueS effusus, L.
Rush. lS. E. (Wright).
i'sh.            Juncus filiforinisi L.
Saginaw Bay, 15 June.
Rush.            Juncus Balticus, Willd.
Drummond's I., 25 July; Pine Lake, Emmet Co.; Leelanaw Co.; S. W.
(Wright). Sandy shores, common.




83041                       R,,EPuR.E T     OF   T-HE
IRush.          J    -unCus setacel s, rLos-k.
Sulphur I., north of Drumnmond's; S. Mlich. (Wright).
Rlush.          Juncus paradoxus, E. Meyer. (J. polycephalus — TW.
S.'MLichigan, (Wright).
Rush.          JJu' ncus aen cuminat.us, Miclix.
S. Mich. (Wright).
RIuush.        3Junc us articllatus, L.
DIrummond's I., 22 July; Grand Traverse Bay (E. arm), abundant.
Rulshl          Juneus nod(osus, L.
Drummond's I., 25 July; Grand Traverse Day (E. arm), abundant.
Rasl1.          Juncns tar'ginatus, Rostk.., Miich., (Univ. Herb)
Rush.           Juncus tenuis, Willd.
Sturgeon Pt., L. IHuron; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Rushl..rlJuncus bufbnius, L.
S. E. (Wright).
PONTEDERIACEJE.
Pickerel-weed.   Pontederia cordata, L.
Ann Arbor.
WaterrStargrass. Schollera goraminea, Wi illid.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
R~ay-"dower.    Commelyna Virginica, L. (GC. angustifolia-  T.i  /
S. W. (Wright).
Common Spider  Tradescantia Viroginica,   L.
wort.                                0
Ann Arbor.
XYRIDACEzE.
Yellov-eyed     Xyris bulhbosa, Kunth.
S. W. (Wright); Ann Arbor, (Miss Clark).
ERIOCAULONACEJE.
IPipwewort.      Eriocaulon septtangullae,  Withering.  (E. pellucidum- W.)
S. W. (Wright).
CYP ERAt;I EAR.
Galioygale.     C     t-Uypern  d-iais.aiLus,' I011.
Ann Arbor.
v ar'. Cii-' t1ci1S
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Cypesus {]a. vte  usce., l~
S. IMich. (Wri-ht).
Cy-pelr1u  stl:,. -ai,  L.
S. VW. (We ight).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                   305
"(yperus phymatodes, Muhl.?"
S. W. (Wright).
Cyperus filiculmis, Vahl. (C. mariscoides-W.)
S. Blich. (Wright).
DnichiDum.      Dulichium  spat}laceum, Pers.
S. Mich. (Wright).
eomica rpa.     Hemicarpa subsquarrosa, Nees. (Scirpus subsquarrosa- Tw.)
S. W. (Wright).
3Spike-rush.    Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. (Scirpus equisetoides
— Wtv.)
S. E. (Wright)..ptke-rush.     Ele)ch aris quadrangulata, R. Br.
S. }ilch. (Gray).
Spike-rush.     Eleocharis obtusa, Shultes. (Scirpus capitatus-W.)
S. E. (Wright).
Spike-rush.     Eleocharis palustris, R.'Br. ( Scirpus palustris —  V.)
Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; Pt. au Chene, L. Mich.; S. Mich. (Wright).
2pik-r'ush.     Eleocharis rostellata, Torr.
Brummond's I., 22 July.
pirke-rush.     Eleocharis intermedia, Schultes.
Grand Traverse Bay.
pi~ke-rush.     Eleochar is tenuis,  Schultes  ( Scirpus tenuis — T.)
S. E. (Wright).
SpikeC-ruh.     Eleocharis compressa, Sullivant.
Branch L., Emmet Co.
pike-rcush.     Eleocharis  acicularis, R. Br. (Scirpus acicularis —
W.)
S. W. (Wright).
~Bulrush.        Scirpus subterminalis, Torr.
S. Michigan, (Wright).
3Bulresh.       Scilrpus pungeens, Vahl. (S. Americanus- W.)
Pt. an Chene, 1. Mich.,19 Atrg.; Grand Traverse Bay; S. Mich. (Wright).
Bulrush.        Scirpus Torreyi, Olney.
Bo-,rders of ponds, (Gray).
r   Scirp us lacustris, L. (S. lacustris and acutus-W.)
Saginaw B., common; Pine Lake, Emmet Co., abundant; S. E. (Wright).
This species is extensively used by the Indians to make mats. It is
cut late in summer just as the fruit is ripening. In Fine Lake it
grows very large, the culm sometimes being 12 ft. or more -in
length.
Scirpus debilis, Pursh.
Low banks of streams, (Gray).
39




8o0:REPORT OF T1-IE
Bea Cub-rush.    Scirpiis maritimus, L. (S. macr ostachyos-  W.)
S. Mich., (Wright).
River Club-rush. Scirpus fliviatilis, Gray.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
3uIrursh.       Scirpus svlvaticus, L. var. atrovirens.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Bulrush.        Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. (S. brunneus —  W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Bulrush. -      Scirpus lineatus, Michx.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Wool-grass.     Scirplus Etiophlorum, Miichx. (S. Ergisphoruo —.?)
S. W. (Univ. Herb).
Sheathed Cotton- ErLiophorurn vagrinatum, L.
grass.          S. Mioh., (Univ. Herb).
Virginian Cotton Eriophorum  Virguiricum, L.
grass.          S. Mlic'. (Univ. Herb).
Hany stemmes.  Eriophorum  polystachyon, L.
*Cotton grss.    S. Alich. (Wright).
Var. latil/  iulm.
S. Mich. (Univ.,-Ierb).
Graceful Cotton   Eriophorlm  gracile, Koch. (E. angustifolium-  W.)
grass.   ~  S. Mich. (Wright).
Fimbristylis  spadicea, Vahl. (Scirpus spadiceusW.)
S. WV. (Wright).
Fimibristylis autumnialis, Roeom. &  Shult. (Scirpus
autuzmra7is- T. )
S. Michigan, (Wright).
Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray. ()Scirpus capillaris*W/.)
S. Michigan, (Wright).
mbrella-grass.  Fuirena squarrosa, Michx.
S. Mich. (Wright).
3ak-r'ush.      Rlhyncfliosporca albha, Vahl.
S. WV. (Wright); N. E. (Univ. HErb).
ak-rush.     Rghynchlospora capillacea, Torr.
Bogs and river banks, (Gray).
Bea-rus'h.       Rhynchospora glomerata, Vahl.
S. Rhich., (Wright),
Twig-rush.      Cladiurum  mariscoides, Torr. (Schcnus mariscoidesWM.)
S. Mich. (Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                -0
Scleria ti gflornerata, Michx.
S. Mich., (Wright).
Scleria verticillat;a, MTull.
Swamps, (Cooley).
Carex gynocrates, Wormskiold.
N. E. and N. W., (Univ. Herb).
Carex scirpoidea, Alichx.
N. El. (Univ. Herb).
Carex polytrichoides. Mluhl.
S. Mich. (Wright); N. W. (Univ. Herb).
Carex bromoides, Sehk.
Antrim Co.; S. E. (Wright).
C.arex  Sartwellii, Dew.
S,.,iih. (Univ. IHerb).
C arex teretiuslc'ula', Good.
S. MIich. (Univ. Herb).
Ctl(?ex decomi!posita,   TMlal. (C. p'niculataG-W..?)
S. Miich. (Wright).
Carex vulopiriodea2, Aiicblx. (C. sctacea-  W.)
Sturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mfich. (Wright).
CaJrex stipata. k'iuhl.
S. M}ich. (Wright).
Ca-rex cepl-a!lophora, Muhlil.
S. E. (Wrilght).
Carex rosea, SO1hk
Ann Arbor.
Carex tenella, SLhk. (C. di.spernmia-W,)
S. E. (Wright).
Carex trisper ma,  Dew.
(Wright).
Carex can.ce'-r',   L. (C. curta —-t  W.)
S. Alich. (Wright).
jamrex Deweysina%, Ki"chw.
S. Mih. (Whriht)
Carex sKelulta,, Good.
Sturgeon Pt.; L. Eliron; S. E. (Wright).
var, stI ilis.
S. Mich. l(Univ. Ilerb).
Carex sc-Opavia, Sclihk.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Carex lag) fopodioides, Schk.
S. Mich. (Wright).
vat. cristata, (C. cristata-  W. )
S. Mich. (Wright).




REPORT OF  TIHE
Carex festucacea, Schk.
S. Mich. (Wright).
var. tenera, (C. tenera —W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex straminea, Schk.
S. ]Mich. (Wright).
Carex vulgaris, Fries. (C. caesitosa — W.)
8. hich. (Wright).
Carex stricta, Lam. (C. acuta    TV-.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex aquatilis, W7ahl.
Near Sitting rabbit, 18 Aug.; S. E. (Wright).
Carex crinita, LU-m.
Ann Arbor; kturgeon Pt., L. Huron; S. Mich. (Wright)
Carex limosa, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex Buxbaunii, Wahl.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Carex aurea, Nutt.
S. E. (Wright).
Carex tetanica, Schk.
S. lMich. (Univ. Herb).
Carex Crawei, Dew.
N. Mich. (Bull).
Carex granularis, Muhl.
Drummond's I., 25 July; S. E. (Wright).
Carex conoidea, Schk.
S. E. (Wright).
Carex grisea, Wahl. var. mutica.
Drummond's I., 25 July..
Carex Davisii, Schw. & Torr.
Sitting rabbit.
Carex forrnosa, Dew.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex 9gracillima, Schk.
S. E. (Wrigrht).
Carex virescens, Muhl.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex plntaginea, Lam. (G  anceps-W. P),
8. blich. (Wright).
Carex laxiflora, Lanm.
S. Mich., (Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                309
Carex eburnea, Booth. (C' alba, var. setifolia-W.T           )
Drummond's I., 28 July; L. Mich., Emmet Co.; S. W. (Wright).
Carex pedunculata, Muhl. (C  luvpulina —.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex Nov -Anglima, Schw. (C. collecta, nigro-mar.'
ginata-  V. )
S. E. (Wright).
var. Enmnonsii.
Grand Traverse Bay.
Carex Pennsylvanica, Lam.  (C. marginata — W.)
Ann Arbor.
Carex varia, Mfuhl.?7
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex pubescens, Muhl.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex miliacea, Muhl.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Caex scabrata, Schw.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex arectata, Boott. (C. sylvatica-W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex flava, L.
Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright).
Carex (Ederi, Ehrh.
Drummond's I., 25 July.
Carex filiformlis, Gmelin.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex laniguinosa, Michx.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Carex lacustri s,  W\Tilla.
S. Iich. (Wright).
Oanrex aristata.
Lakc shores and river-banks, (Univ. Herb).
Carex trikbhocarptapa,     1uhl.
S. MIich. (Wriglht).
Ca.Xx C ncomtsa, lBCot,'t.
S. Mliclh. (Univ. Herb).
arcex poe tldor e-yprus,    L.
S. Michll. (right).
CarexS hbystricina, Willd.
S. E. (Univ. Harb).
Carex tentaculata,  11Muhl.
Antrim Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).




310                        REPORT OF THE
C'arox intumescens,  ludgoe.
N. NV. (Univ. Herb.)
Carex follicullaa, L. (C./oblliculcata and.Xant'ihophA
sa-r P y.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex lunplina, MtuMh.
tAnn Arbor.
Carex squarrosa, L.
S. Ilich. (Wright),
Carex retrosa, Sehw. 
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex ampullacea, Good.
Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).
var. utricutata.
S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Carex cylindrica, Schw.
S. Mich. (Univ. HIerb).
Carex bullata, Schk.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Carex digosperma, Michx.
Oakland Co. (Prof. Williams.)
GRAMINEzE.
Leersia oryzoides, Swartz.
S. Mich. (Wright).
hibte-gr.s     Leersia Virginica, Wtilld.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Indian Rice;    Zizania a9quatica, L.
Water Oats.       (Wright).
Floating Foxtail. Alopecurus ge-nicu latus, L.
3S. ~Mich. (Wright).
Timotfiy,       Phlhle lm  pratensel   L.
fiord's-grass.
aHe.  dows, common.
Sporobolus cryptandrus, Gray.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Sporobolus serotinus, Gray.
Sandy wet places, (Gray).
Thie-c-s. C     Agrostis  perennans, Tuckerm. (Trichodiuwnr   sc~a
rum — TV.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Hair-Grass.     Agrostis scabra,, Willd, (Trichodium  laxifJorutim —
W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).




STATE GEOLOGIST.                                   311
Brown Baent- -  Aorof stis canin-a, L.
graas.
Ann Arbor.
Agirosti s vulh ris,:. l  i!_h.
Ann Arbor.
White Bent-     Atros-tis lt:la,  L.
g-ass.  -    S. llich. (W1i'ight).
Cinla arundina cea, L.
S. W. Mich. (Wright).
Drop-seed Grass.     uhlenbleigia sobolifera -'Gray.
Open rocky'oods, S. Mich. (Gray).
Drop-seed Grass. Muhlenberg-ia glormer-ata,t Trin. (Polypogoo         n racemo* si- Ts )
B. W. (Wright).
Drop-seed (rass. MIuhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin. (Agrostis laterfiJora
- -W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Drop-seeod Grass. Muhlenbergia  Willdenovii, Trin.  (Agrostis  tenuifloa- TV )
S. Mlichigan, (Wright).
Nimble Will.    Muhlenberlgia diffusa, Sbchreber.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Brachyelytu-um naristatum, 3cauv.
- S. Mich. (Wright).
Blue Joint-Grass. Calarlagrostis  Canadensis, Beauv. (Arundo  Canadensis   TV. )
Pt. au Chene, L. hIiuh.; S. E. (Wright).
Reod rinlt-gracs. eC1aoagi'-{,sg coar-xcit..ta,  Tor. (Arundo coarctataHem)
(C Xamngi'rostis lon-ifbia, HBlook.
Pt. au Chaur, L. Ilich. 19 Aug.; Antrim Co., comrmon; S. W. (Unli.
Sea Sanu. Reed.   Calami gioststi s arenarit,  Roth.
Pt. an Chene, L. Mich., 19 Aug.
Oryzopsis  rielanocarpa,  Mrthl.  (Pptathlerum    nigrwcoe —- TV. )
S. Mich. (Wright).
Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. (Iffilium pungens- WT.)
S. E. (Wright).
Black Oat Grass. Stipa avenacea, L.
S. W. (Wright).




312                           REPOLT O' TilE
Porcupine Grass. Stipa. sparte, Trii.  (S. jZcnCea —T  W2)
S. Mich., (Wright).
Aristida  s;tLicta, AMibehx.
S. Mich., (Wrlight). [Doubtful.]
Aristid   purpa uprascens..
S. Mich., (Univ. Herb)
Fresh-Grass.r    Spartiia cynosuroides,  Wild.
Cord-Grass.         i Mich  (Wrwht)
Aluskit-grass.    BoutelouT curtipendulal  Gray. (Atheropoga  alpiw
dioides- WTV)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Vire-grass.      Eliuine        Jeldica, G-aerfti.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Tall Red-Top.    Tricuspis seslerioides, Tort.
S. W. (Wright).
Dupontia.        Dupontia Cooleyi, Gray.
Washington, Macomb Co., (Gray).
Diarrhena.       Diarrhena Americana, Beauv.
S. Mich. (Wright).
SKcleria.        Komceleria ciistata, Pers.
S. E. (Wright).
Eatonia obtusata, Gray. (Kwieria truncata-  TV. )
S. E. E(Wright).
Eatonia  Pennsylvanica, Gray. (Kcwlee-ia  Penmsylvanica- W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Rattlesnake-     Glvceria Cansadensis.
Grass.           S. W. (Univ. Herb.)
Glyceria elorng-ata, Trin.
Wet iwoods, (Gray.)
Glyceeria  1(erv':ta, Trin. (Pea ne'r'vaU.a-,- T1q)
S. Mich. (Wriight).
Reead?,edovwr-    Glycesria, aqi a l. a,   Snmith. (IPo,- ai,,a,   vai.  AmerGrass.
S. MRich., (AWrigh1t)-.
GlyceI   -l fii tiS  I.. 1>.
S. Mich. (Wrilt).
"LowSpear-Grass-.  P;, Po 1 i    Il. 1
Ann Arbor; S. E. (V.?'ilgbt).
Poa d(tblis, t7:5i~~
S. Miehi-an, (Univ. HIrb).
Pea Saylve: t1i,, 1 t   Gray.
S. Mich. (Univ. Hlerb).




q3TATE GjEOLOGIST.                                   313
Falso Red-Top, Pa p     erm ha Ehrh.
1Fowl Meadow
Grass.           Little Traverse Bay, 24 Aug.; S.'Mich. (Wright).
Poa nel  oralis, L.
S. Mich., (Wright).
goughMeadow    Poa trivialis, L.
Grass.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Green, or ComL   -Poa pratensis, L.
Grass. E. (Wright).
Blue-Grass,      Poa compressa, L.
Wire-Grass.        Ann Arbor.
Ann Arbor.
rag.grostis reptans, Nees. (Poa r'eptans'  j.)
S. Blich. (Wright).
Eragrostis pomoides, (Poa eragrostis —W.  )
Ann Arbor.
Eragro;stis capillaris, Noes. (Poa ca.pil/ar-is and hirea tt —W' )
S. Mich. (Wright).
Erafrgostis pectinacea, G-a o-.  Thea hirsutal  WTV.)
S. Blich. (Wright).
var. spectabilis.
S. Mich., (Univ. Herb).
Feauas-Grass.    Festuca tenell., WVi!i1 d,
S. Mich. (Wright).
Festuca ovina, Gray.
vat. duri us ea. (F. duriuscula —W.)
S. Mich. (Wright).
Festuca  nlutit-rs,   Willd.
S. E. (WriT-ht).
Cheat, Cless.  -     lBrolinu; seeains, L.
nn Arb-or; IFields, Grand Traverse Co.
Wild Chess.      1rB- mrns KCalmii, G-ray. (B. ciliatus-. T11)
S. E. (Wright).
B3romus cilialt;Vs, L.
Charevoixs, Emmet Co.; S. Mice. (Wright).
varI. pugaii ns, (B.  L.zrga tuns- W)
Roo.,-            Ph ragsnites coritulnis,   T rii.
S. Mlich. (Wright).
Bearded Darnol.  Lo   inIn lou  eminleius n,, L.
S. Iichlga., (Wright).
Couch-Grass,     Tritiimlln  rope' ns, L.
Quitelm-Grass,   m
Quickh-Grass.       S. Mich. (Urniv. Herb).
Awned Whea~lt    Triticum  caninun, L. (A'          ropyra n caniMurn —  T.)
C-Grass.         S. MIich. (Univ. Herb).
40




314                         REPORT OF THE
Tritic:rn cldasystaclhyum, G ray.
N. W. (UTniv. I-Hb).
ElynI us Vilgin-lus,  L.
S. E. (TWright).'Elylrus CanacIensis, L.Drunmond's I., 21 July; Anltrim Co., common; S. E. (Wright).
Var. Olucii'olius.
S. Mich. (Univ..Ierb).
Elymus striatus,   Willd.
var. villosus. (E. vilous —            )
S. AMich. (Wright).
Elynus mollis, Trin.
Shore of L. Huron, (Gray).
Bottle-brush    Gymnostichum  Hystrix, Schrcb. (Elymus Hlystriar
Grass.IV
Ann Arbor; S. Mich. (Wright).
Haiir-Grass.    Aira cae.spitosa, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Wld. Oats.:Danthonia spicata, Beauv.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Triscetau       Triseturnm  subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray.
N. E. (Univ. Herb).
(Oat.           Avena  striata, Michx.  (Trisetum  pzurprascensW.)
S. El. (Wright).
Vanilla, or Sene- Hierochloa boecal.is,  Poem. &  Scitultes.
ca-Gracss       S. E. (Univ. Herb).
Reed Canary-     Phalaris  IU' atcoa, L.
Grass.
Grass.    S. Mfich. (Univ. Herb.)
Millet-grass.    -Miili     ea folsurn, L.
S. E. (Wright).
Panlic-Gracs.    PaiCPicurn filif0orm1e, IL. (Dicgita,'iia fliformis-,-   i
S. W. (Wright).
Panicurn  glabrum, Gauldin.
Ann Arbor.
CrabFinge-Grass,  Panicun sanguinale, L. (Digitraria sangutiale —-- T;.
Annl Arbor.
Panicum capillare, L.
Ann Arbor; Mission Point, Grand Traverse Co.
Panicum  virgatum, IL.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Planicum  latifolium, L.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).




ST.ATE GEOLOGIST.                                  315
PanicunLl ditic ttomuilu, o. (P. nitidtum    and pubesce? s —  T. )
Grand Traverse Co.; S. Mich. (Wright).
srnyad-Grass. lPanicuia  Crus-gallih, L.
Ann Arbor.
Panic-il  neiivosuTn, A{uhl.
S. Mich. (tright). [A synonym?]
Fobxtasl.       Setaria glauca, Beatuv.
Ann Arbor.
reenFGR oxtal,   Setaria viridis,  Beativ.
Bottle- Gras-s.  Ann Arbor; Emmet Co., growing in fields with the following.
Setaria Italica, Kunth.
Emmet Co., cultivated by the Indians as.filift.
Br-Gr~s.        GCenchrus  tribuloides, L. (C. echinatus, var. tribuloides -  IT )
S. W. (Wright).
ard- rassg     Andropogon furcatus, Muhl.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Andropogon scoparius, Micl-lx.
Antrim Co., common; S. E. and S. W. (Wright).
Andropoegon Virginicus, L.
S. Mich. (Wright).
o00m-Gorn.      Sorghum  n1utans, Gray. (Andropogon nutans — W.)S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)
E QUISETACExl.
oriset         Eqail,  Euisel:u-m  arvense, L.
Ann Arbor; Bruce oMine, Ca.; Drummond's I., abu1ndamt in sandy soil.tfeaclow Horse-   Equisetuim  pratense, El1rb.
Ann Arbor; Pins Lake, Emmet Co.
Woodl Horsetail.  Equisetu-M    sylvatiCuI, L.
Drummond's I.
Swamp 1torse-   Eqluisetium   limnosum, L.
tail.
Ann Arbor; S. E. (Wright).
ea-Grasres.     Equisetum  byenale, L.
Ann Arbor- Drummond's I., very abundant in sandy soil; Branch Lake,
Antrim Co., very abundant, growing in the marshy margin of the.
river near its mouth.
Scouring Rush.   Equisetum  variegat.um, Schlei-eTr.
D)rummond's I.; S. E. (Univ. Herb).
onrtngn rsh.   Equisetnm  scirpoides, M[icbx.
Shore of Lake Michigan, Emmet Co.
FILICES.
olypeodsy.      Polypodium  vulgare, L.
Drummond's I.




316                         REPORT OP THE
Ostrich-Fern.;iiid.
Ostrich-.    Struthiopteris Germanica,  Villd.
Ann Arbor.
Roclk Brake.    Allosorus gracilis, Presl.
Louse Island.
Rock Brake.     Alloolrus atropurpureus, Gray.
N. E. (Univ. Herb).
CommonBlrake.  Pteris aquilina, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Drumnmond's I.; Emmet Co.; Traverse City;
Ottawa Co.; S. Mich. (Wright). Common.
aiiden-hair.    Adi anl;um  ped at um,   L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; Emme~t Co., rich woods, common; S. fiflh.
(Wright).
Woodwardia.    Woodwardia Virgirnica, Willd.
S. Mich. (Univ. Herb.)
Spleenwort.     A.spleniurnm  Ruta-muraria,   L.
N. E. (Univ. Herb).
Spleenwort.      Asplenium     Trie.homanes, L.
N. E. (Univ. Herb).
*Spleenwort.    Asplenium  angustifolium, Mi chx.
S. W. (Wright).
Silvery Spleen-   Asplenium  thelypteroides, Mi clix.
wort.  Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).
Spleenwort.     Asplenium  Vlilix-ft'cmina, R. Br.
Ann Arbor; Bear Creek, Emmet Co.; S. Mich. (Univ. Herb).
Dicksonia pinctilobula, Hook.
Bear Creek, Emmet Co.
-Voodsia.       WA,7oodsia Tlvensis,  i. Br.
N. E. (Univ. Herb).
Bladder-Fern.    Cystopteris  bulbifera. Bernh.  (Aspidiucm   buzlbiferm — TV )
Ann Arbor; S. E. (Wright).
Bladd r-Fcrn.    C;ysto)pt;Tris friag'iis, BTrI1h.
Drunmmond's I.
Shield-Fern.
S. Mich. (Wright).
Wend-Fern,       Aspidium  iii veboraccuse,TWilld.
Shield-Fern.
S. W. (Wrilght),
loieod-Forn,     Aspidim-ft spinulosu mt, Swartz. (A. intermecdium —
-Shield-Foern..TV)
Ann Arbor; Emmet Co.; S. 5Mich. (Wrioght).
var. Bootii, Gray.
Ann Arbor.
Aspidiumln cristatum, Swartz.
Ann Arbor




STAT'E, GEOLOGIST.                                 31'.'Wood-Fern.     Aspidium  acrostichelides: Willd.
Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).
Wod-Fernm.       "Aspidiulm   asplenoides, L.'
S. Mich. (Wright).
Sensitive-Fern.   Onoclea sensibils, L.
Bear Creek, Emmet Co., 24 Aug.; S.. (Wright); Ann Arbor.
FloweringFern.     mur,gls 
lo.Osmndt regal's, L.
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
var. spectabilis.
Ann Arbor.
Osmunda Claytoniana, L. (0. interrupta —W.)
Ann Arbor; Ft. Gratiot.
CinnamonFem.   Osmunda cinnamonea, L.
Ann Arbor -; Ft. Gratiot.
lAoon"wort.     Bolrychium  lunarioides, Swartz. (B. funmarioidesW.)
Ft. Gratiot; S. Mich. (Wright).
Botrychium  Virg'nicum, Swartz.
Ft. Gratiot; Squawv.Pt., Thunder Bay, 6 July; Drummond's I., 13 Aug.;:
Emmot Co., rich woods, rather common, S. Mich. (Wright).
LYCOPODIACElE.
isningClub-    LYycopodium  lucidulum, MIichx.
Drumnmond's I., 24 July; Emmet Co.; S. E. (Wright).
Club-moss.      Lycopodium    inundatum, L. var. Bigelovii, Tuck.
Willow River, Haroni Co., 20 June; Drummoncl's I.; Sugar I.
Club-moss.      Lycopodium  annotinurn, L.
The Coe6, L. Huron; Emmet Co., common.
Ground Pine.    Lycopodium  dendroideum, Michx.
Ft. Gratiot; Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 19 June; Sugar I., 31 July; N
W. (Univ. I-Ierb).
Club-moss.      Lycopodiumn  clavatum, L.
Pt. aux Barques, Huron Co., 21 June; N. E. (Univ. Herb).
Club-moss.      Lycopodium  complanatum, L.
Traverse City, common in shade of pines; N. E. (Univ. Herb),.
Selaginelia apus, Spring.
Ann Arbor. This is not S. selrginozids.








CHAPTER X.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.
Although the territory represented by the foregoing Catalogue does not extend into the Upper Peninsula, it nevertheless
embraces a port:ion of the "Lake Superior Land District" as
reportecd upon by the Botali/i>t of VIi"ost-eoi ai W'ltney'solurvey.
jWithin thlis port —ion of' lo  tleriioryl-  woe have detected 95 spe-;ies of plalnts not enumerated in W'i. m l.  Whitneyis Catalo7gue.
The number of species embLaced in this Catalogue is 214
more tlan in the (hatalog:ue i merly paulb ished by Dr, Wright.
The -total nlunmer of species enumer ated. (exluclding varieties) is 1205.  Of these, 85 species are of foreigon origin.  The
introduced species embrace a larg-q proportion of our common
weeds  The Black IMustard (Sinapis nigra), Shepherd's Purse
/('Capsella B'ursca-pastoris), Mouse-Ear (Cesrastiuvz vulgatum~ and. viscosoum), Purslane'(Portuiaca oleracea), Mallows (1J1a2va
fotundJolia), Corn Speedwell (Verotica arvensis), Pigweeds
( Chenzopodiurm hybridtLn and C. album), Amaranths (Amlauantzus
hybridus and A. -etloiexus), Princes t'eather (Polygonzm-  orientale), Sorrel (bumeex acetosella), Crabgrass (Panicumn  sangtiiailej, and the Foxtail grasses (Setaria glaitca and S. viridis),
are comm111on g2carden n uisances, and several of them  spread
themselves extensively through cultivated fields.  The following more rarely encroach upon our gardens, bit; make tbemselves at home in cultivated and pasture fields   B3utercups
(Rartuzcu.lus acris), Horse  Radish  (Nastzurtisum  armlorcecia),
Field Mustard (SinapiTs arvensis), Cockle (Agqrostemma Githago),
Sandwort (Aren aria serp2yllifjolia), Chickweed (Stellaria media)>
Bladder Ketmia (Hiibiscus Trionnz), 5White AMelilot (JEIlilo/us
alba), Common Daisy (Lecanthemuim vulgare), Groundsel (Selecio vulgaris), Common anlt Canada Thistles (Cirs'i.u?  lanceola



320'REPOR'T OF THE
trmn and C. arvense), Burdock (Lappa major), Spiny Sow Thistle (Souchus asper), Field Bindweed (ConvoZvulue aruvensisj
Nighshade (Solamtrm  nigrum)j, Jamestown weed (Dttcra stramonifum), Wild Tobacco (Nicotiana rustical), Lady's Thumb and
Black Bindweed (Polygonurn  Persicaria and P. convolvulus)
Hemp (Cannacbis sativa), Brown Bent Grass (Agrostis canina),
Floating Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus), Wire grass (Eleusine Indica), Eragrostis (Eragrostis pocoides), Chess (Bromus
secalinguss), and Barnyard grass (Panicum crusgalli)  A few of
our naturalized plants seem  to have escaped from. a state of
cultivation, such as' Red Clover (Trifolin'pratense), Parsnep
(Pas'tinaca sativa), Hyssop (IHyssopus officinalis), Peppermint
(lMentha piperita), Horehound (Miarrubitum  vulgare), Henbane
(Hyoscyaemus niger), Buckwheat (Fa/gopyrum  esculentum) and
Timothy Grass (Phleumpralense).  Several species seem to be
confined almrost entirely to roadsides and waste places.  Of
such we may name Hedge Mustard (Sisynbrium  officinale),
Soapwort or Bouncing  Btt (Saponaria officinalis), Cowherb
(VYaccaria vulgariis), Ywhich is not common, Indian Mlallow (Abzu
tilow Avicennce), equally rare, SpotAted Hemlock ( Coniurz  mculatumn), Wild Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris), Elecampane (lizula
helenium), M1ayweed (Maru.ta cotula), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Great Mullein (T/erbascuwn Tihapsus), an abundant pest in
old fields, Toad Flax or Butter and Eggs (Linaria vulgcris),
opfte  a bold intruder into cultivated fields, Vervain (Verbena
hastata and V. urticifolia), Catnep (Nepeta Cataria), Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit and G. Ladanrum), Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca), Comfrey (Symph/ylum  ojlicinale), Gromwell (Lithospermuwm arvense and L. <(jicinale), StiCkseed (Echinosperrnum.
Lapptutla), 1ound Tongue (oynogiossutn  oficinale), Apple of
Peru (Nicandraz physaloides), JerusaluLn Oak and Mexican Tea
( Chenopodiuz m. boltys and C. ambqzosioides), Smartweed (Polygo-.
"2unM  hydr-opilper), Dock (Btone2wx criqpUS and B. obtusifoliuts),
and Stinging Nettle ( Urtica dioica). But ifew trees and shrubs
have been truly naturalized in.the peninsula.  Of such I have
recognized the Sweet Brier (Rosa rutbiginosa), very common on




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     321
Mackinac island, Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), the Brittle
Willow  (Salix fragilis), and the Lombardy Poplar (Populus
dilatata).
A very considerable number of our wild plants are known to
possess medicinal properties.  Fourteen of the naturalized
species fall into this category, viz: Toad Flax, Butter Cups,
Black  Mustard, Horse Radish, Spotted Hemlock, Elecampane,
Bittersweet, (Solanum dulcamzra), Jamestown Weed or Stramonium, Henbane, Great Mullein, Horehound, Peppermint,
Wormseed, and Hemp.  A more considerable number of our
native plants hold an established place in the pharmacopeia,
viz: Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), Spotted- Cranesbill
(Geraniurm maculatum), Butternut (fJuglans cinerea), Mandrake
(Podophyllum peltalum), Goldthread (Coplis trifolia), Black
Snakeroot (Cimcffuga raccmosa), Creeping Spearwort. (Ranunculusfiammula var. reptans), Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), Bloodroot (Sanguznaria Canadensis), Seneca Snakeroot
(Polygala Senega), Wood Sorrel (Oxalis stricta), Poison Ivy
(Rhus toxico dendron), Indian Physic (Gilleni a trif oliata), Wild
Black Cherry (Pr'unus serotina), Ginseng (Panax quinquefo.
lium), Dandelion. (Taraxacum dens-leonis), Lobelia (Lobelia inflata), Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-vrsi), Prince's Pine (Chimaphila umbellata), Spice
Bush (Benzoin odor ierum), Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa),
Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Sassafras (Sassafras officinale), Hops (Humulus lupulus), Slippery- Elm  (Ulmus fulva),
Juniper (Juniperus communis), Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus)
Wild Turnip (Ariscama triphyllum), Columbo (,Frasera carolinensis), which is different from the imported Columbo, Prickly
Ash (Zanthoxylunu  Americanum), Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), Fever Root (Triosteurn perfoliatum), Black Alder (Ilex;
verticillata), Culver's Physic (Veronica Virginica), Pennyroyal
(Hedeoma pulegioides), Dogbane (iApocynzum androsermifolium),
Wild Ginger (Asarum  Canadense), Poke-weed (Phytolocca deceandra), Brake (Pteris aquilina), Wood Fern (Aspidiun NOve41.




32~2       ~        WREPOPT OF THE
boraceise),'Flowering Fern (Osmunda regalis), Clubmloss (Lycopodium clavaturn). Several of the preceding are the American analogues of European species that eljoy, perhaps without
reason, a greater reputation than the American ones. The
American representatives of numerous other European species
will undoubtedly be found to possess equal virtues with their
foreign congeiners; and not a few of these have already acquired
considerable standing.
A number of our native plants, much larger than is generally
supposed, are worthy of cultivation for ornament. Our peninsula affords some of the most magnificent shade -trees known.
The Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinum.) has no superior, while
the Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum), Tulip tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera), Basswood (Tilia Americana), Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacic), Kentucky Coffee Bean (Gymnocladus Canadensis),
Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthus), Wild Black Cherry
(Prunus serotina), Butterinut (Juglans cinerea), Black Walnut
(Juglans nigra), Balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera var. cadicans), and a number of others have long been extensively
employed for shade and ornament. Besides these, our flora is
rich in coniferous evergreens, of which the White Pine (Pinus
strobus), Hemlock (Abies Canadensis), Balsam  Fir (Abies basamea), Black Spruce (Abies nigra), Arbor Vitan (Thuja occiderfalis), improperly called White Cedar, and Reel Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), are in greatest favor; while few trees offer a
more graceful fcliage than our Tamarack (Larix Americana).
Of smaller sized ornamental trees may be mentioned the Hop
Tree (Ptelea trifoliata), Striped Maple -(Acer Pennsylvanicum)
cultivated in Europe, Red Bud (Cercis Canadensis), Wild Crab
Apple (Pyrus coronaria), Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana),
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida). Among shrubs ornamental in cultivation we have Stag's Horn Sumac (Rhus typhina), Burning  Bush  (Euonymus atropurpureus), Nine Bark
(SpirCa, opulifolia), Flowering Raspberry (Rubus odoratus and
R. Nutkanus), Snow Berry (Symphoricarpus racemosus), Red




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     323
Berried EIder (Sambucusppubens) an attractive object at Mackinac and northward, Snowball (Viburnum opulus), Bear Berry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), Sheep Laurel (Kalmia augustifolia),,which, with its beautiful and showy pink flowers, is very abundant at Thunder Bay, Trailing Red Cedar (Junmperus VTirginiana var. humilis), Juniper (Junziperus communis), American
Yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensis).  Of herbaceous plants
attractive for the beauty of their flowers or the peculiarity of
their foliage may be mentioned the Wild. Columbine (Aquilegia
Canadensis), more desirable than the foreign species, White
Pond Lily (Nymphcea odorata) the various species of Violets,
American Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea), Dodder (Cusouta Gronovii), Sundew  (Drosera rotundifolia), Fringed Polygala (Polygala paucifolia), Wild Lupine (Lupinus pereennis),
Goat's Rue (Tephrosa Virginiana), Silver Weed (Potentilla anserina), Great Willow Herb ( Epilobiumr augustifolium), Evening
Primrose ((Enothera biennis). Wild Valerian (Valeriana sylva*ca), Blazing Star (Liatris spicata), Silky and Azure Asters
(Aster sericeus and A. azureus), Compass Plant and Prairie
Dock (Silphium laciniatum and S. terebinthinaceum), Cardinal
Plower (Lobelia cardinalis), Syphilitic Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitca), Painted Cup Castilleia coccinea), Hairy Puccoon (Lithos-:permum  hirtum), Moss Pink (Phlox subulata)', Fringed and
White Gentians (Gentiana crinita and G. Alba), Pleurisy Root
(Asclepias tuberosa), Flowering Spurge (Euphorbia corollata)
Showy Orchis (Orchis spectabilis), Large Round-leaved Orchis
(Platanthera orbiculata), Yellow. Fringed Orchis'(P. ciliaris),
Large Purple Fringed Orchis (P.flimbriata), Grass Pink (Calopogon pulchellus), Showy Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium s ectabile), Turk's Cap Lily (Liliztm superbum), Spiderwort (Tradescia Firginica) and Maiden's Hair Fern (Adiantum pedalum).
Among climbing and trailing plants- nmay be mentioned, besides
our native grapes and the trailing Bearberry, Red Cedar and
Yew, our far famed American Ivy (AmpIelosis quinquefolia),
our Virgin's Bower (Clematis Virqiniana), the Climbing Bitter




324                  REPORT OF THE
Sweet (Gelastrus scaidens), and a delicate herbaceous vines
Climbing Fumitory (Adlumia cirrhosa) seen only'on Middle
Island of Lake Huron.
The Floras of the various sections of the peninsula are not
yet sufficiently made known to justify any extended discussion
of the geographical distribution of the species. Such facts as
have been collected, however, foreshadow the nature of some
general conclusions to whichl even now a brief reference may
be made.
A large proportion of all our species are generally distri~b
uted, but the northern half of the peninsula receives a very
considerable number of characteristic northern types. There
is no definite line separating the boreal types from the austral,
but in traveling northward we find a continual accession o.f
forms more and more exclusively northern, until in the extreme
northern limit of the district under consideration we find our-n
selves for the first time within the range of such species as
Primrnula farinosa, iimulus Jamesii, Veronica alpina, Triglochin
maritimum, var; elatum, Calypso borealis, Tofieldia glutinosa,
&c. A few species in that part of the district are almost or
quite restricted t9 the White Mountains in their eastward distribution, while most of the others which characterize the norhtern district occur also in New York and Pennsylvania, and:
extend southward along the Alleghanies. It is worthy of particular remark that many of the species of Pennsylvania and.
New York are found in Michigan in a latitude considerably
higher; while, in accordance with this fact, several of the species whose northern limit is in Ohio are found, further west, t6o
have extended up into Michigan.  The following are examples
of species which, on a more easterly meridian, are not known.
to range as far north as our State:  Silene Pennsylv anioa
(Wright), Lepedeza repens (Wright), Cercis Canadensis, Agrimonia paruvilora (Miss Clark), Liatris squarrosa, Rudbeceia speciosa, B. fulgida (Miss Clark), Vacciniunt vacillans, Scutellariac
integrifolia (Wright), Gentiana ochroleuca (Miss Clark). A few




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     325
more strictly Atlantic coast species, also, reappear in our State,
mostly on a higher parallel than in their eastern habitat. Such
are Desmodium lacvigatum (Wright), D. stricture (Wright), Coreopsis trichosperma (Wright), Utricularia purpurea (Wright),
Acnida cannabina (Wright), Bartonia tenella (Wright), Smilax
famnifolia-though the appended authorities in these lists
show that I have not generally verified the identifications.
It would seem then that the isofloral lines, like the isothermal
ones, are, in their westward prolongation, deflected somewhat
toward the north, though the deflection is considerably more in
the former than the latter.
The following is a list of the species which have not been
observed south of the mouth of the Saginaw river. It cannot
by any means be asserted, however, that none of these occur
in the more southern counties, though very few, if any, will be
discovered as far south as Ann Arbor:
List of Native Plants not observed south of the nouth of Saginaw
river.
A.nemone multifida,           Amelanchier Canadensis,
Corydalis aurea,                vars. botryapium & alnifolia,
4' glauca,            Epilobium palustre, var. liniare,
Sisymbrium arabidoides,       Ribes lacustre,
Turritis glabra,                 "  prostratum,
" stricta,                 Lonicera parviflora,
Barbarea vulgaris,                "   hirsuta,
Sisymbrium canescens,              "'  ciliata,
Cakile Americana,             Nardosmia palmnata,.
Viola rotundifolia,           Aster simplex,:ludsonia tomentosa,          Solidago puberul a,
Drosera rotundifolia,             "   stricta,
Geranium Robertianum,             "   Houghtonii,
Acer Pennsylvanicum,          Coreopsis lanceolata,
Acer spicatum,                Tanacetum Hiuronense,
Rubus Nutkanus,               Artemesia Canadensis,
Pyrus Americana,                  c"    Ludoviciana,.




326                  REPORT OF THE
var. guaphalodes,              var. elatum,
Antennaria Margaritacea,       Goodyera repens,
Cirsium Pitcheri,              Calypso borealis,
" undulatum,               Tipularia discolor,
ilieracium Canadense,          Corallorhiza Macrei,
Chiogenes hispidula,           Iris lacustris,
Kalmia angustifolia,           Trillium erythrocarpum,
"   glauca,                Smilacina trifolia,
Ledum latifolium,              Streptopus roseus,
Pterospora Andromeda,          Tofieldia glutinosa,
Primula farinosa,              Luzula pilosa,
Mimulus Jamesii,               Juncus filiformis,
Veronica Alpina,                  "   Balticus,
Gerardia aspera,                  "   articulatus,
iHalenia deflexa,                 "   nodosus,
var. linearis,               Eleocharis rostellata,
Blitum capitatunm,'i   intermedia,
Polygonum articulatum,         Carex gynocrates,
s"   cilinode,              "   scirpoidea,
Rumex altissimus,                "   trisperma,
*   salicifolius,'   Crawei,
Corylus rostrata,                "   (Ederi,
Betula papyracea,'5  grisea,
Betula lenta,                    "   aristata,
Alnus incana,                  Zizania aquatica,
Populus balsamifera,           Calamagrostis arenaria,
Pinus Banksiana,               Oryzopsis asperifolia,
" resinosa,              Poa serotina,
Abies Fraseri,                 Triticumr dasystachyum,
" alba,                     Elymus mollis,
Juniperus Virginiana,          Aira caespitosa,
var. humilis,                Trisetum subspicatum,
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis, Equisetum sylvaticum,
Potamogston Fectinatus,            "      scirpoides,
"I     prmlongus,        Allosorus atropurpureus,
Triglochin maritimum,          Asplenium Ruta-muraria,




STATE GEOLOGIST.                     327
Aspleniur Trfrichomanes,        var. Bigelovii,
Woodsia Ilvensis,             Lycopodium annotinum,
Cystopteris fragilis,               "     complanatum.
Lycopodium inundatum,
Future observations will undoubtedly greatly reduce the foregoing list, as well as the following:
List of native Plants seen only on the southwestern slope of the
Peninsula.
Amorpha canescens,            Bartonia tenella,
Desmodium canescens,          Bawhmeria cylindrica,
Lespedeza violacea,           Celtis occidentalis,
var. augustifolia,            var. crassifolia,
Lespedeza hirta,              Triglochin palustre,
Ludwigia alternifolia,        Scheuchzeria palustris,
Ohrysoplenium Americanumn,  Sagittaria pusilla,
Hydrocotyle umbellata,        Gymnadenia tridentata,
Eryngium yuccaefolium,        Spiranthes gracilis,
Thaspium barbinode,           Pogonia ophioglossoides,
Is   trifoliatum,            "   pendula,
Vernonia fasciculata,         Microstylis ophioglossoides,
Liatris spicata,              Liparis liliifolia,
Solidcago ulmifolia,          Zygadenus glaucus,
Silphium laciniatum,          Commelyna Virginica,:i  integrifolium,        Eriocaulon septangulare,
Echinacea purpurea,           Cyperus strigosus,
Helianthus occidentalis,         "    phymatodes,
Hieracium Gronovii,           Hemicarpha subsquarrosa,
Lysimlachia lanceolata,       Eleocharis aciculaxis,
var. hybrida,               Fimbristylis spadicea,
Miimulus alatus,              Agrostis scabra,
Veronica anagallis,           Muhlenbergia glomerata,,
Buchnera Americana,           Stipa avenacea,
Gerardia auriculata,          Tricuspis seslerioides,
Scutellaria pilosa,           Glyceria Canadensis,
Cuscuta Gronovii,             Panicum filiforme,




328'                REPORT OF THE
Cenchrus tribuloides,         Aspidilum Noveboracense.
Aspleniumn augustifolium,
At Stone island and Drummond's island some pains were
taken to make out. pretty extended lists of the plants noticed.
Stone island is the middle one of three small islands in Saginaw
Bay, lying near the east shore. The following species were
noted at these two localities.
1. —Vegetation of Stone Island, Saginaw Bay.
Pinus Strobus, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia Americana, Pteris
aquilina, Geranium Robertianum, Aictma spicata, Trillium crecturn, Smilacina bifolia, Ribes cynosbati, Galium  circezans,
Cratmgrus coccinea?  Rhus glabra, tR. Toxicodendron, Zanthoxylum  Americanum, Rhus typhina, Erigeron Philadelphicum,
Aquilegia Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, Vitis cordifolia,
Quercus tinctoria, Smilax    7? Geraniunm maculatum, Prunus
-, Achillea millefolium, Viola cucullata, Eupatorium perfoliarum, Anemone Pennsylvanica, Fragaria Virginiana, Rubus
(small vine), Galium trifidum, Ranunculus abortivus, Erigeron
Philadelphicunl, Rubus villosus, Podophyllum peltatum, Sanig
cula Canadensis, Ribes floridum, Carpinus Americana, Hypoxys
erecta, Cratmus tomentosa, var. mollis, Potentilla Canadensis,
Acer saccharinurn, Acer nigrum, Potentilla anserina, Castilleia
coccinea, Apocynum androsmmifolium, Rosa blanda, Calystegia
spithammea, Nabalus —, Iris versicolor, Polygala senega,
Brunella vulgaris, Stellaria longifolia, Turritis stricta, Heracleum, lanatnm, Thalictrum  cornuti, Cornus stolonifera, Cornus
paniculata, Linauia Canadensis, Cypripedium pubescens, Antennaria, plantaginifolia.
2. —_F ora of Drummnond's Island.
Cirsium undulatum, Lonicera parviflora, Platanthera orbicuiata, Abies alba, Actma spicata, var. alba, Castilleia coccinea,
Lyecpodium clavatum, Platanthera dilatata, Hypericum prolificurm, Brunella vulgaris, (a variety with white corolla,) Eupatoriur:t perfoliat;um, Calamintha glabella, var. Nutallii, Usnea




STATE GEO LOGIST.                     329
barbata, Parnassia palustris, Lycopus Europueus, var. sinuatus,
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Primula farinosa, Solidago Houghtonii, Solidago stricta, Platanthera psycodes, Spiranthes latifoUia, Elcocharis rostellata, Pteris aquilina, Campanula rotundifolia, very abundant, Juncus articulatus, Anemone Virginiana,
Botrychium virginicum, Alnus incana, abundant, Spirma opulifolia, common, Rosa lucida, Thuja occidentalis, Larix Amerlicana,
Abies balsamea, Pinus re.inosa,  Acer saccharinurn, Fagus ferruginea, Populus tremuloides, Clintonia borealis, Qlercus ruobina,
Corydalis aurea, Cornus stolonifera, Fra.garia Virginiiana-, Cornus circina-ta, Betula papyracea, Epilobium agustifol i um, Gera.nium  Carolinianumn, Blitum  capitatum, Po1lyg(on11:   cilinodte,.Pinus strobus, Acer spicatum, Acer Pennlsylva-nicum, Rubus
triflorus, Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis,  A:ialia nudicaulis,
Diervilla trifida, Cornus Caanadensis, Cli-roaphila urmn,,tllata,
Rhums toxicodendron, Rulmex acetoselila., A-1elanchier (a t1. adensis, Corydalis glauca, Rosa blanda, S:!ix candida, Salix lucida,
Epilobium  coloratum, Potentilla f' ut-icosa, Salix p-dicellaris,
Smilacina racemosa, Lonicera hirsuta, Physalis viscosa, Ribes
tacustris, Lycopodium inundatumn, Lycopodiumn lucidulum, Melampyrum Americanum, (Enothera biennis, Achillea millefolium,
Geum  strictum, Lonicera parviflora, Ostrya Virginica, Tilia
Americana, Erigeron Canadense, Symphoricarpus racemosus,
Sambucus pubens, Chenopodium  hybridurn, Aster cordifolius,
Potentilla Norvegica, Blephilia ciliata, Ulmus Americana, Sanicula  Marilandica, Anemone  n;ultifida, Prunus Virginiana,
F9raxinus Americana, Betula lenta, Prunus pumila, Cornus Can-:densis, Linnma borealis, Abies nigra, Juniperus communis,
Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, Populus balsamifera, Gaytussacia resinosa; Spirea salicifolia, Comandra umbellata, Triglochin  maritimul, var. elatum, Viola cucullata, Brunella
vulgaris, Senecio aureus, var. balsamitue, Polygala senega, Iris
tacustris, Potentilla anserina, Ribes hirtellum, Eupatorium purpureum, Tofieldia glutinosa, Lilium Philadelphicum, Antennaria
muargaritacea, Zanthoxylum  Americanumi, Anemone Pennsyl42




330      REFOSPRT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.
vanica, Ribes hirtellum, Vitis cordiColia, Trillium  grandiflorum, Elymus Canadensis, Cornus circinata, Geranium Rob
ertianum, Salix humilis, Lathyrus palustris, Salix, sericea,
Juncus nodosus, Salix discolor, Salix eriocephala, Juncus
Balticus, Equisetum  sylvaticum, Equisetum  variegatum, Carex granularis, Lobelia Kalmii, Carex  eburnca, Solidago
Canadensis, Solidago lanceolata, Carex grisea, var. mutica,
Carex (Ederi, Erigeron Philadelphicum, Polygala paucifolia,
Cypripedium pubescens, Fraxinus pubescens, Hieracium Canadense, Hypericum  Canadense, Solidago puberula, Solidago
Ohioensis, Erigeron strigosum, Aster erlcoides, Erigeron Canadense, Mulgedium leucopharum, Nepeta cataria, Rumex crispus, Aralia racemosa, Actea spicata, Aster -.? Naum-.
burgia thyrsiflora, Aster ptarmicoides, Abies Canadensis, Populus grandidentata, Lappa major, Aster cordifolius, Abies
balsamea, Pyrola elliptica, Coreopsis lanceolata, Lathyrus maritimus, Lycopodium  clavatum, Apocynum  androsaemifolium,
Aster sagittifolius, Equisetum  hyemale, Equisetum  arvense,
Pteris aquilina, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Corylus rostrata,
Cirsium  muticum, Pastinaca sativa, Galeopsis Tetrahit, Stellaria longifolia, Mentha Canadensis, Eupatorium  perfoliatumn,
Ribes floridum,' Populus dilatatus, Latlhyrus palustris, Gentiana
detonsa, Solidago nemoralis, Cystopteris fragilis, Ranunculus
abortivus, Arternisia Canadensis, Canpanula aparinoides, Polypodium vulgare. Total observed, 189 species.




N-DEX.








r     *A.M  Axes of elevation in tne region geologia. kM, aCat.itogue of................ 238     cally connected  with ch............   44,.cvZlacrisa Davicsoni.................. 65  Axes of elevation in the Upper Peninsula, 45
p?9...................  d    102, 104  AzoiC System of rocks...........  S48
Acknowledgments of Aid received,......
32,33, 34, 217, 2_038,245
Ada Kent C.2b, 33, 34,217, 238, 245 9    Baldwin, E E., Assistance from........ 245.
2 e      OOAdirolidac~ ON. Y.  4........ 9 4    Ball, Clay & Co. See "Indian Mill Creek
Adiroudacse0~~~ ~~D'16    Salt Well. "9
Adrian,  Enawee Co.............. 76           alt W.
Ad 4ian~Lenawee   Co.           66   Ball, John, Communication from, on Kent
Agate,                                    48e, Co....... 2
Aogebic L. I............................r 4~8  BalsamFir.............................  29
Balsam Fir...                           296
Agricultural resources of Helderberg and                 6r,.. 
Niagara Limestone regions, o.....r,...... 6
Agricultural uses of marl,, c.:::          194    Barry, Jackson Co.................   113, 117
ofPeat.,See" Peat."                             See, also, ( Coal."I
A  w from L. Superior Sandstone,....   50  Basswood.......           254
Allegan Co....................... 86  Batrachiac, Catalogue of,................234
AlloZX Cma Uvta,....... 1.....00. O    100, 109  Battle Creek, Calhoun Co.,............ 84, 8T
sp.............. 100 1.01 109,110  Bay Co,.........93,114Al~~luvioum~s..       ~ 12 ~Beaume's Hydrometer,.............179
Altitudes of various points,...               Bford............207  Be onroe  Co..;..  61
mbonychia amygdalina.................    2  Bel                                        85.nSP................... s,.                                                    82
greR i e t,........................   87
Analysis, of Cannel Coal,..............159. sP,..
o Gypsum, from Grand Rapids.163.Bellevue, Eaton Co....................8,99
Benton, Eaton Co..................      121
from Ohio,.....................163
of Brine, from Scribner's well,. 161  Big Rapids, Mecosta Co.,................ 121
from E. Saginaw.......... 131   Billings, E., on the geology of Canada-W., 79
of various brines, (Table,).....   186   Birch trees.......... 294
by Dr. Houghton...::.....:.187  Birds, Catalogue of,..................;222
of: well water,......................203  Notes onI.231
of Detroit R. water,................ 204   Bitumen, in rocks................... 66, 77
of halybeate water................204         from peat......................... 196
Black, Bituminous Limestone,.69
Aucwddars...........................   104 Slate,................. 15,'71, 77, 79
Archtmedes, wanting in Mich.,................... 111, 9
irchitectural materials, of Clinton Group, 54  Blac        Jackson Co.11
Blackmman; Jackson Co.I.................114
of Niagara Group,..................57 Blossom's Quarry,.122
of Upper Held. Group,........... 6    Bohemian Range..............                 48
-of Huron Group................        6  BoisBln  I,........ 68
of Marshall Group,.................         is Blanc 8.5861,8
88  Borings, Deep, Tables of................... 143
of Napoleon Group         u................ 89  Botanical Report....243
Artsian well, at Detroit.........9,,,143   Botany, neglected in 189........,....  7......
at Jackson,................   118, 151    Sources of infoi mation on........3, 245
Artesian wells, Philosophy of, in Mich.,. 200      of the LowerPeninsula. See "Plants."
where practicable,................201   Boulders at bottom of Drift.............129..Asaphsh  gigas..........               52  Bounty on salt,.........................176
Ash trees,.....................288  Bouteller, F. P., information from,.......199
Athens, Calhoun Co.,.                    76    oynton.....................  oynton's Quarry113
Alhyris sunlaimd.sa1,................ 10    Brachiopoda......................... 63, 69,
- su.uadrata,...107  Branch Co..........................  76, 97
sp?.......................... 108  Brecciated limestone, at Mackinac,....61, 63
Ata reticularis...65 69, 70      in Monroe Co...................... 62
n. sp.,...................65 Brest, Monroe Co.                                66,127
sp?........................ o.......109  Brine, its source from the gypseous rocks, 24
Au Gris River......................... 95        Analyses of, 1,...............167,170,171
Au Sable.........................29               Investigation of density of,....180
Austin, E. P., Information from.......246         Constant values relating to,.        180
ates.,ee"<Birdss.'"                               Table of equivalent expressions for *1
Aita, e........................ I  5       strength of,,,,..................14




INDEX.
VfAGIs.                                        mPAM3.
Brine'able of analyses  of,..... 186  Coal Measures, general section of,,.,.126
British Fort (old) Drummond's I.,.         55       never continuous from Ohio to Mich.,.136
Brown A. J.  shaft of, at Flushing,......119        thickness of,.........,..153
Brown s Quarry, Drummond's I.,.......55   Coke, from  Michigan coal,.......... 116,161
DByoa,............................69, 101          from  Peat,.,......................106
Burnt Cabin Pt.............82  Coldwater, Branch Co.,............... 76, j76
Burt, William  A., cooperating. with Dr.        Conglomerate of L. Superior,........, 1It
Houghton.........................10              on Sulphur I.................,... 50A
Butterworth's Salt Well,.......74, 76, 90, 93       at base of Helderberg Group,......., 60
Statistics of,.................148,168         at base of Marshall Group,........, 80
onifres,.........................8, 296
~e,.. 2, 11,114, Copper Bay,.................,....... 52
Coaamit~,3,..................72,113,114, 117  Copper, Native, Geological position of,.49, 80
Calciferous Sandstone,........             51       found in Marshall Sandstone,........6s0
Caledonia, Shiawassee Co...............122  Copper Ores, Geological position of,...... 49
Calhoun Co. I......................76, 81, 82   Corunna, Shiawassee Co.,...........122, 126
Gampement d'Ours,.....................5 60            See, also, "Coal."
Cannon, Kent Co., I.................... 98  cosci5iztum......................,,,,,
~Canwright's well, Coidwater............?    County Surveyors, Circular to,.... 2..... 2
Carboniferous Limestone,...............98  Crawford's Marble Quarry,.....61, 63, 64, 68
distribution of...............98 et seq.  Crawford, Thomas, aid received from,... 33
Geological equivalents of,....103   "      Cryptceras,.................,....... 85
Pal,ontolhgy of.............103          Cummins, James......................6
Thickness of........................153  Currier, A. 0., aid received from........ 2 
7 (Yadiur,..........85 Cuyahoga river, Ohio.........                                     8..........
Carp Lake,........................... 72   Cyathoritidc,.........................69
Oarter's Quarry........................69   Cyathophyllidc,..........59, 64, 69, 101, 10
Cryoplyllia duelicat.............. 104   Cyathophyllum    f ites,...............108
Cass River................82, 89      sp?................................104
Chcetetes lycoperdon..................... 53   Cypricardits  ventr icsus,............   52
Chalcedony,..                             66       sp?...........~................. 52
CChallis, " Prof.'...................95119  Cyprinoid shells in Marshall Sandstone,., 80
Charity Islands,...................101  Cyrtin................................ 85
Chazy Limestone.....................51   Cyrtoceras,......85
Cheboygan Co,...6.................61   (7ylherina......................
Cheboyong Creek, Huron Co........100, 102
Chemung Group in Mich..........136
Cherty concretions,...............;.....   66  Dalma nnites callicepkau,......2........52
Chesaning Saginaw  Co.................124  Dead Creek, Iosco Co.............0..
Chimney &tock.........................60  De Camp, Dr., aid received from........82
Chocolate river.......................  49  Deep boring for coal, statistics of........151.
V. on des.. 65, 77, 84, 85 Deer Creek,Ottaw Co..................84
MickigTsisa................i8...... 7.8   Delta, Eaton Co.,.......................24
Sm ithii..................  119  Denudation of strata................... 41
Christiancy, lon. I. P., aid  received          Deposition of strata....................41
from11.32,~~~~~........."32,64  Depositories of specimens of the survey,.. 58
* Clristiancy's Quarry.....,64, 66, 67  Descriptions of new species of shells,.238, 240
Cincinnati, Geological position of,.....44, 64  Detroit, Huron Group at,............... 7o
Clado47 ra sp i?.p............105           Depth of Drift at...................129
Clark, George, aid received from........22         Artesian well at..................146
Clark, Miss Mary, Botanical information         Detroit and Milwaukee Railway Co.,:coal
from.............................37,245        mining of............................122
-Ciff Limestone,...................58  Devonian System,..........6........... 60
Clinton Co.,...........................114   Dickinson's Quarry..................54, 55
Clinton Group......................54, 63   " Diluviums,".......................... 12
C7yme1ia............75, 80,82,85,87  Dip of strata, what and how caused,.. 43
Coal, reported on by Dr. Houghton and           Dislocation, at Mackinac... 61
assistants                              89        at Pt. aux Barques Light-house,..... 75
Coal, divided into "'Upper" and "Lower"        Disturbance of strata,.................    4-1
by Dr. Houghton and assistants,..... 89  Dodge, Mr., Zoological Assistant 1859,.... 25
Coal.  misguided explorations for.....23,177  Dog Tooth Spar...................6..... 66
sm the Huron Group................74  Dolomite of Drummond's I.,............. 56
hints on the search for.............157  Douglass, C. C., Assistant State Goo.'ogist, I
qualities of, at Woodville miae,.116, 161   Drift Forces, continuity of,..............128
at Barry,.................117,159  Drift materials and phenomena,........121
at Corunna,...............122, 161  Drift, modified.........................12
evidences of proximity to,......130, 157  Drummond's I.........3............:63P 56
prices of, at Barry,................159 
operations for, at Woodville....,  160
at Corunna....................161  Eastmanville, Ottawa Co................84
consumption of, in Mich.,..........162  East Saginaw, Salt explorations at...... 2
Coa, Cannel, analysis of.......          159       Depth of Drift at..................120
~Coal Creek, Faton Co..............121  Fast Saginaw Salt Wells,....90, 102, 114, 124
Rkal Measures, description of in Mich.,.. 114       Communication on geology of,.......25
cntain brine,.....................97            Statistics of........................ 5
geographical extent of,...........114    aton Co.,.................                11.......97,114




INDEX.                                        335
PAGE.                                          i'AGE.
conomical Geology,.............155   Grindstone Creek, Eaton Co.,e.....121
7Ehonomical Materials, List of......155   Grindstone Grit of L. Huron,.....74, 75, 79
tlephant, Fossil........................132   Gunpowder from peat,............        19r
Slk, Fossil.............................132   Gypsum, at Little Pt. au Chene,........ 57
Elm trees,...          291       at Sylvania, Ohio.....69
Emmet Co.72                                        in Monroe Co.,............. 59
crinites,........................69         at  Detroit,.........................59
Enniskillen, C..,................ 72, 73, 79      in Kent Co.........91
]Erie, Monroe Co.....205                           at Plaster Bluff, Bay Co.,........ 94
" Erratic Block Group,..... 12            analyses of.163!9uomiphaloid casts in Carboniferous Lime-         consumption of....................165
stone,...............................110
17meesplihales,.64                                                 L
Evanston, Ill.,, 57   Hall, Prof. James, aid received from,.....31..-xhibition  of Geological Specimens at           on the geological position of the Black
State Fait............................ 28      Bituminous Slate                    79
Egxplorations, in 1859....,  23,24       on the Cephalopods of the Marshall
in 1860,..........2...  2.........2, 27         Sandstone.......................87
in vicinity of Cleveland. and Guyaho'     Htalysites eschaeroides..,,................. 56
Falls for comparison.......       27   IailtoC..:.....................    67
HTLamilton Group, description of.........69
distribution of,..................... 70
VFair, State Agricultural, Geological Elxhi-       economical importance of,........... 71
bition at.............................28        palmontological peculiarities of,.....135
Farmer, John, aid received from,..        33       thickness o1'.......................154. ehlla sfa.............53   ~ Hanmilton Shales, "....        79
i7vosites Nigareris................... 56   -lanover, Jackson Co..................  84
Sp?s................... 69   Harbor I., Brine spring at....59'Tenesiela osesbranac~c,.................104   Hard Wood Pt., L. Huron,............ 80
Sp?.........................104,105   Hare's Back, L. Michigan,....... 61
Fish remains,........6, 69, 85,102,110,115   Hayden's Coal Mine............. 113, 115
Fisk, L. H., quarry of,.....113  BHlderberg Group. See  Upper HelderFisk, Prof. L. R. chemical analyses by,.. 31     berg Group."
Flags tones of L. Huron...........73, 74, 76   Heliolites spinipor,.................... 56
Flat Rock Pt.,L. Huron............... SO   Hemlock trees,........................29
Flora of Lower Peninsula.  See  Plants."       Henry, Alexander, first miner of L. SupoFlushing, Genesee Co.,.         18...... 118,119,120  rio........................... 6
Formulo for equivalent values of strength      Henry, Prof. J., aid offered by,.......... 31
of brine.............................181   Hess, M. B., aid received from,......... 33'ossiliferous strata.....................49      information in possession of,.......97
[Foster and Whitney, U. S Geologists,....15   Hibbard's Artesian well, statistics of,..,..151
Fowle, Benjamin, aid received from,.....33   Higgins, S. W., State Topographer,......7
Francis, Mr., Drummond's I.,........... 69   Hillsdale Co.,....................81, 83
Frazer and Stanton, coal mining of......122   Hillsdale, Hillsdale Co.,..............84
History of Geology in Michigan,......... 6
E3.I   ~            E~~Hoicroft, John, aid received from,.... 33, 161
Gaines, Kent Co........................98   Holland, Ottawa Co.....8...........  84
Gait C. W.,............................  59   Horicon L., Wis........................ 53
Gas, from coal.........................160   Houghton, Dr. Douglass, explorations of,
from  peat,.........196           along L. Superior,................ 6
Gasteropoda, Catalogue of,...............235       appointed State Geologist,......... 7
Goneral Observations on the Geology of             appointed Boundary Commissioner,.. 10
the Lower Peninsula,........    135       plan of, for connecting linear and sciGenesee Co...................114                    entific surveys,..........10
G-eological Series, how complete in Mich., 41      fatal disaster to,....................11
"iGeologists," self-styled, cautions against, 35   Houghton, Jacob, Jr., information from,. 11
Godfrey, Freeman, operations of, for gyp-      Hovey, C. E., aid received from,.....  33
sum.................................164   Hovey & Co.'s plaster quarry,..            9.....92
eomphoceras...............64, 75   Hubbard, Bola, Assistant State Geologist, 7
(vo iatites............80, 85, 88  IHubbard, Frederick, report of..........  9
eotatorius,.......,.... 86   Hudson River Group,................       53._[~on~,.............................. 86   Huron Co,............73, 76, 01
princps............       86   Huron Group, description of7........1. I
eni,.............. 86      economical importance of,........... 75
(oseberries,............. 264     geological equivalents of,...... 77
Grammysia,..........................  77  thickness of,.................. 15
Grand Lake, Presqu' Isle Co.,....     2........   Huronian Series of Logan...............49
Grand  Rapids, Carboniferous Limestone         Huron Is.,............................. 48
at,...................................98   Huron R., L. Superior,...;....47, 49
Grand Rapids,salt explorations at,.24, 25,166   Hydraulic limestone,at Drummnoond's I.,.. 56
Grand Traverse Bay,...........70 72, 71, 130       in Monroe Co.,...,............. O
Grandville, Kent Co....................90   Hydrography...,,,..207
Gratiot Co............................114   Hydrometer,..........................179
i GrayLimestone,"..................13
Greeon Bay........................53, 57                          I.
Greon Oak, Livingston Co.,.............132  Telodoit,.                         64




336                                    INDEX.
P~AGE.'Ai~
Ida,. Monroe Co.I..................... 68   Limestone, Corniferous, (See, also, "UpIllenusee........ 62     per Helderberg,")............ i13
Indian Mill Creek Salt Well,...........90 93       Thunder and Little Traverse Bay,....:14
statistics of..............149, 169          Black Bituminous, (See, also,'" Ham.
Ingham Co.............................114           ilton Group,")..1..:15
Investigations to be undertaken by ex-             Mackinac, (See, also, " Upper ielderperts.31  berg,").Il
Ionia Co........................114,121  Lingulca,.............116, 117,119, 10
Ipperwash (Cape)................71, 72, 74  Lithographic stones,..............
Iron Mountain, Mo.....................49  Litostrotion mammillare................103
Iron Ores, magnetic and specular, of L.            longiconicum...108
Superior,.......................49  Little Traverse Bay,.. 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70,/~7
Kidney.........................26, 76  Livingston Co.,...............114, 121
Black Band,.......................115  Localcataloguesof Plants  See "Plants."-'Iron Region,'" reported on by Foster and     Lock, Iugham Co................. 121
Whitney,..........................     16  Lockport, N. Y.,...................5r
Isabella Co.............................114  Logan, Sir William, on Azoic rocks..... 49
Isle Ro-yal.........:................48  Long Lake, Presqu' Isle Co..............62
" Lover's Leap," Mackinac,............   66'.1                       Lower Limerock of Houghton,....,.... t15
Jackson, Dr. C. T., U. S. Geologist of L,      Lower Peninsula of Mich., general stratiSuperior....        -.I..... -. 15          graphical position of,....4....... i:
Jackson City,............1.. 117, 118, 126Boydi              i..........
Jackson City Coal Co.117   Lci7 t,..........8.5
)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'  Lyons~ Ioniaz  Co.;....,..,.,.............126
Jackson Co......84,  90, 97, 113, 114, 129, 132   Lyons, onia Co.126
Jcobs, S., Jr., well of).....L..........  84  Lyon's Salt Well,..6.....74,  9,76      90 9
Jesuit Missionaries, explorations of,.....5       statistics of,..,.,.,.,.,,,..... 146
Jewell, Dr., Zoological Assistant2....... 25
Jonesville, Hillsdale Co.,..........84 88
aMAcacheacanthus,                        64
_[.                       Machigamig R.,...............48, 49
Kalamazoo Co.,.................. 84   Mackinac I......... 58, 60, 62, 64, 68, 128
Kaskaskia Limestone in Iich.             111  Macomb Co.,............73 83 132
Kent Co......................             90  Maiden, Capt.,aid received  from.... 3,  72
Kerr, Jno. A., information from........124   Mammals, Catalogue o1.........210
Kettle Pt., C. W. See "Ipperwash (Cape)."          Notes on............221.
Keweenaw Pt....................... 48  Manistee Co.......  85
" Kidney Iron Formationle' "....    13  IManitoulin Is..........7.......
L.,                (I~~~ "Manitoulin portion of Upper Limerock" 16:
Marble:.................8........    8
Lake Co..............................85, 97  Marblehead, Drummond's I..........655  56
lake Huron, Coast-trend of                61   Marengo, Calhoun Co.,.........        4...:
lake Ridges and Terraces...............129   Marl deposites, how produced,..........151
Lakes, Inland, origin of...............131   Marshall, Calhoun Co.,....             8I
Lakes, the great, general conformation of      Marshall Group, description of 8....s... 
strata about......................... 44        distribution of..                     82
Lake Superior, explorations along,.......  5       paleontology of,.....85
Land District of, organized......... 15      fauna of, compared with that of Rhereported on by Foster and Whit-              nish Provinces.................$ 87
ney.................. 15         economical uses of,.................88
geological position of.......       45        contains brine,................ 9
Lake Superior Sandstone...            48 4         thcns......4
Lamont, Ottawa Co.,..9..... 84   Mason Co.k                 o..........1.....85
Lampblack from peat......... 197  Mastic from peat, I.....................197
ansing Ingham Co;..................120   Mastodon....................13,
Lapeer Co......83, 97  Materials'of Michigan rocks derived from
Lathrop, Dr. G. A., his connection with          the N........................         137
salt discoveries....24  Maumee R., collections from,............ 22
aid received from...............32, 120   McArthur, Alex., coal mining of,.122 161.
Laurentian Series of Logan,........... 49   McReynoldS & Stewart's plaster quarry,.. 91.
Lawson, Jas. S., description of  LaIke         Meade, Capt., aid offered by,............ 1
Terrace" by,..........                  32   Mecosta Co....................l
LeZda dems-mammilatca...                  87  MedicinalPlants. See "Plants."
ezuculreform'is,.................... 87   Medina Sandstone,.,:580
Leda pandoreformis....                   87   Melaniai in modified drift.............10
Leelanaw Co.,........                    73 Mlendon, St. Joseph Co.,...76
lenawee Co.,........                      76  Menomonee R.........49..............
Looni, Jackson Co.,....                 iist.8.....6............,  75
Leonidas, St. Joseph Co.,.-               76  3lristelle....6
IeerdiiafabculitesU..........,...... 52  Metallic ores of Mich., list of,,..,. 66
Leptena subtentae....          52 Metamorphic rocks..............           16...5
Leroy, Calhoun Co.,............. 76  Metcalf, Martin, aid received from,...82, 168
Liberty, Jackson Co....84  Meteorology............1......                             207
Lignilites...                             66  MIichigan Salt Group, description of...... 91
Lignite,...:.'.   [.."'J.'[[.'.'..18(,'198    petrograpby of.............1..... 
Limestone of L. Erie..          14    distribution of;....,....9...8




INDEX.                                       3
PAGIA.                                        P.AMq.
tichigan Salt Group,thiokness of, in Jack-    Oak tre s,.,..,.,,.........29
son Co.I..................     116  Oceana CO.,......,.,,,..........        8
thickness of, further north........153  Ochre Beds,.......,,,.................
remarks on....................... 136  Ogemaw Co. o..................... 
Middle I., L. Huron...6.........2, 64  Oil, Mineral. SFee "Petroleum."
Midland Co........................        Old British Fort, Drummond's L,....... 155
Milwaukee, Wis.1...........58 Old Fort Holmes,.,........ 61
Mineral character of Plutonic, Volcanic       Onondaga Salines,................188,199
and Azoic rocks...................48, 49  Onondaga Salt Group, description of......
Minoral Paint, of Ohio,............ 78      geographical extent of,..51
of Michigan,......e..162                      conomical importance of,..........59
Mineral springs...................204, 205       perhaps saliferous in Mich..,.,..59, 177
Missaukee Co.,.........................97  Olitic limestone, Mackinao L,..2.......'
M.issionaries, explorations of, along L. Sup.  5   in Monroe Co.,...............        63
lolluscac, Catalogue of......           35....   Organization of Survey and Plan of OpeNotes on,..............238, 240    rations..........................            21
Monguagon, Wayne Co.,.............64  Oriskany Sandstone...  60
Monroe Co......................          58  Ornamental Plants.  S'eC Plants."
Montcalm Co.11, 4..........1                   his...................2 84, 85,107
Montgomery's Quarry, Monroe Co.,....  58          bellrugoesa......................... 52
Miicnlijpora........................... 105    trigaaseag,......................... 52
Montreal Channel,......................52             cuC.,..,.,.......1........
Montreal R.,............47, 48, 50   sp8?....1.1......2,84
Montrose, Saginaw Co............ 120.ioera,.....,..................85,8
Mosa, C. W............................72    aela, s..........5.2............2
Moscow, Hillsdale Co...........,.       84       5p.,,...8
~~~~~~s?.,..,.,,.P  Otw    o 
Mt. Morris, Goenesee Co..................118  Ottawa Co....         4.t[ucqua, L.7..........................72, 77  Ottawa Lake,...................9,   65
Muir, W. K., (Supt.,) communication to        Ottawa H.................. 9
on coal at Corunna,..................27  Otter Creek..
aid received from...............  33  Ott, George, information from...:12
Munnusco Bay,..................... 55  Owosso, Shiawassee Co.,....          122, 125,120
rchisonia tbicinctd,...............52 
sp?.......................    ~O    o5
52, 55
Muskegon  apids..98  Pcia s, mtterials for,....................                    1
Lgalina................................85  Paraffine from  peat,........            9
Tamelnoe,  1...,..,.,.,,,,,.... 1o0  Parallelism  of Michigan and New York
formations,....           1..
NT.                       Paris, Kent Co.,..........,,..,.       15
Naphtha from peat,...................196  Parma, Jackson 1Co.,.......2.....93, 112
Napoleon,Jackson Co.,..................89  Parma  Sandstone.........112,110,11[
Napoleon Group, description of,.........88        thickness of,...13
characters of, obscure in Huron Co.,. 89  Parties, Geological, Zoological and Botanieconomical uses of                   89  cal, united in 182,....6
thickness of, at "deep boring,".....116  Partridge Pt., Thunder Bay,...69, T71,7 t9
distributionof.....................90  Patton, Mr., explorations of, for coal..120
Bottom Clay of,...,...........,.....  0  Peat, agricultural properties of,..132, 193
thickness of.....               153       how prepared for use,......194
peon  Sandstone, compared with Ohio          used for fuel,..........194
Conglomerateie......        90           for other purposes........,19
contains brine........97  Peat Deposites, how produced,..........131
Aui7ush......... 87 Pntaeers,...........56
Neebish Rapids,....................... "0 Pentamerus Portion of Upper LimeNewaygo Co...................85) 97) 98    rock,'............................... 15,
Negwberry, Prof. J. S.,aid rec'd from,..31 78  Penrms,........................
Newton, Calhoun  Co...........   76  Petroleum, in Cnada W,.............
Niagara Group,............. 55        in Ohio,.................3,8:
Niagara Limestone, description of....... 55       in ich..................3,19
*composition of,, i........,........56  Pettibone, S., communication from,...-.  2
distribution of,.........         57  Phacops bufo,.......... 64
Noe's Well, Jonesville,....... 83.htis.1........... 10
Noquet, Little Bay de,.............. 3  Physre in Modified Drift,...........130
Nfoquet, Big Bay de,,......, 53  Physical Geography,...,.,......... 207
North I., Saginaw Bay,...........100 Pigeon.,...7..............
]oies, on Mammals,                     221............221  Pilot Knob, Mo.,,,,,,,.....49
on Birds,..2.31  Pine La2ke,.......... 72
on Repties,.......i.....232  Pine troes,..f2....
on Molluscs....      2318,240  Pipestone.......................100Note,.
Notes, Dr. Houghton's amount of lost,.. 11  Pirate Harbor, Drummond's LI.              53
publication of...2................. 1  Plan of operations, for 1859,............. f
Notes, system of registering,....       30       for 1860,......... 2...   6.l-saccs,.....................80,84, 85, 110  Pcianorbis tr-ca tse, description of,.....238
s'e a EirHoughti.......... 7.......   8   Plants, Catalogue of,..............4.
general remarks on,.   1......19
Oakland fo. 738807   distribution of.............
OE~a~klandl (~.,,..,..., as, 8QT 0   useful in medicine,.........,21
4.3




INDEX.
PAGE.                                          PAGN.
Plants, desirable for ornam      ent,.....22   Roscommon Co.,.,,.,.,..........,.....  9T
introduced,.....................319  Round I.,  1....3..................58, 61
noxious,................... 1....... 19
noticed, on Stone I.,..             3........328 
on Drummond's I.,-........ 328   Sager, Prof. Abram, former State Zoolo-'Plaster.  See "1 Gypsum."                                                                7
Pa*stor Bluff.............gi.....93,95, 96
Plaster Pt., "Sink holena at,............     Sagnaw..............     4
~ePlureastet,"ricn         hls",.....3r........  9 Saginaw R., Zoological collections from,.. 23
lutonicroupfRocksin,  ich.,....Sailor Encampment I...0, 63
~~sub   ernca,.....,,.5 2  Saline, Washtenaw Co.,.........  91
Plumb Creeok Quarries,...............9        Salometer.1
Plutonic Group of Rocls in Mich.,.......47
Salt, perhaps discoverable in the Ononda~ymouth, Waynue Co.,..132             ga Salt Group of Michigan,... 59, 177
Poeypora..10                                       practical and commoril statements
Polypiforous Portion of Upper Limerock,. 15          relative to   m r.163
relative......165
Poplar trees,..................,..,.......2:5      hn  o   e  ar  f,.,..................
Poplar trees,.2.1                                  hints on the search for,..... 130, 165
Porcupine Mts.~...........48
orcupine Mts.,.48                     operations for, at Grand Rapids,.166, 174
Portage Group,.........................inaw9
Por~~~sge  Group,           99  ~~~at East S      a-ginaw,..............170
characters of, in Rich.,..............135          at other po its in Michigau,.....17
~'ortage Lalke, I. 8.,...........       48
~ort~age L~ake, Il~. S.,..48         manufacture of, at Grand Rapids,....16
Port Austin,...                           81       -at East Saginaw,..m..112,114
Port Huron, St. Clair Co.,.............   199          at Onondaga, N. Y.,............ 190
Post, Henry D., aid received from,....32, 84           in Engla  and on the continent,.91
in England and on the continent,,19I
Potawotomie Is............5          purity and excellence of, in Rich....13'Potter, Dr. H. C., connection of, with salt       cost of m enefacturing      M....173
manufacture at East Saginaw,.....25           otfm        ou       r..      17
aid received from,....           32, 172       consumption of.173, 189
a id     received fromn   alWll,....9......32,12  general and comparative statements
Powers  and Martin's Salt Well,..........93          relative to,.......................1'8
statistics of,.....reaie..................14
statistics of,.                      147       amount of, manufactured in N. Y.,..188
phenomena of,...................... 168         mutomnfcurdi.Y,.19
~~~phenomena o~~f,..    138     ~     in the United States,...........189
Presqu' Isle, L. S.,....47        receipts and shipments of,..........189
Primary Rocks,..1.1592
uses of,......192
P.roductus,..................65,102,10,107  SaltBounty and other legislative encourftomnis.......1065  agements,....................
pW~eiformis,............106  Salt Group of roeks.  See "lMichigan Salt
Wilberanus,..............16   Group."
asperus,..........I................. Group
Thosp~~elr~us.64.....    11.Sand Bay, L. S........................ 4
Proetus,................................64  Sand Cherry,.....259
Professors self-styled, cautions against,. 36  Sand Creek, Ottawa  Co.,....   2... 8
ProSnt Dr.                                                    tt.a., investigation of Bryozoa
ot,   r. H. A., investigation of Broo  Sandstone, Jackson Co.,...,......9, 112
by,                                     31    andstone, Red, and Shales,........1....15
Pt. an Chene, (Little,)........57, 59, 61   Sandstone of L. Superior............. 48
Pt. aux Barques,............73, 81  San        Co.                            82
Pt. aux Peaux...............62, 64, 66,127  SchizocrinC,                                652
Pt. Detour...,,....,....              5  Schoolcraft, H. R., explorations of.,.. 6
Ptiteldyctia,..105  Scipio, Hillsdale Co.....................84
Pulaski, Jackson Co...........84
rulaski, Jac74on           7   1         84 012Scribner,Jas., connection of, with the salt
les      2, 74, 7 ~5, 116 120, 122   manufactule at Grand Rapids,.24, 167, 169
Q.                        Scribner's Salt Well,.............90, 93, 102
quicklime, manufacture of, in Monroe Co., 67       statistics of,............146
I?.D~~~ manufacturo of salt at..............169
ruo,~       ~       Seaman's Quarry, Drummond's I.,..6.55
Railroaci passes acknowledged.......... 34  Sebewaing, Tuscola Co.,........           100'Etisinville Quarries,........59, 63, 66, 67  Shattuck, G. M.,fossil remains discovered
Sulphur Springs near,.....205  by..................122
Raspberry Jam,.............261 Shiawassee Co.,.114
iqecep acutites,................... 52  Shoemaker, ichael, quarry of,..     98
Reports of Dr. Houghton and his Assist-        Si7illaria,........... 114
ants,...... Silliman & Walker, coal explorations of,..123
influence of,                         12  Silurian SjsLem, Lower,...............49
of Wm. A. Burt and Bela Hubbard,.. 11          Upper...................   54
of Dr. C. T. Jackson and Foster and        " Sink holes,'" at Plaster Pt.............95
Whitney,.                           15  Sitting Rabbit, L. Mich.,.......53
thomnb Spar,........6.......66  Six Miloe Creek, Shiawassee Co.,........123
ahynchonella,..............75, 80, 82  Smith,W. P.,former Assistant Zoologist,.  1
1lena, a.652 Selen,....7, 80, 85
altilis,............. 52  Specific Gravity....................1718
n. sp.,........~..        64 Specimens, unpacking of, labeling, &c.,. 29
Tidges of the earth's crust, how devel-            quantity of,.2.......9
oped,..........;...42    where to be distributed,....3.. 86
distribution of,................... 44  Sirifcer gregarn,, s.........   65
Roberts, C., quarry of,..............99            acumitnatius......................... 6
ec Robinson's Folly," Mackinac Island....   61        e druodetmr/Lus,...........65
Rock Bar, Shiawassee Co..............122          scroets,                               T0
Rocks, general classification of, in Slch.,. 47    Keokuk, var.,.................109.d~e~t  ~ltd table of.....................13}  m.ratus..119




~INDEX.~, 3:39
rAGE.                                          PAMG,~3pir.f~,. o  p.~.        -..................65  T1ebratl  subrezifoma........... 108
sp.................                 75       sp?..........................108
Spring Arbor, Jackson CO.......98, 909,115  "Tertiary Clays,".................  12
Springport, Jackson Co......112 Teradium cellulosu.52
Springs and wells,.................199  Thickness of formations,..         153
Squaw Pt.,Thunder Bay,..............  72  Thunder Bay I............... 62, 63, 68, 69
Stalactites at Plasiter.OBluff            94  Thunder Bay R.,I..9
State Salt Well, Grand Rapids.. 76, 90, 91        Upper Rapids of,.................     7(0
statistics of..144  Titus, (Mrs.,) quarry of.........         11
St. Clair Co.,............73, 83, 199 Topography,.......2.....2
Stevens' Ridge Coal..159  Torch Light L.........                                      72
Stevens, R. P., on fossils from  Battle        Trenton Group....................   52
Creek................. 87  Trilobites............................69 88,Stigsmaarira'.1.17, 120 Trocholites,.......,...    85
St. Joseph Co.......                      76  Tuscola Co.,................82, 97, 114
St. Joseph's I.0, 53, 65  Tuscola, Tuscola Co.....................12,
St. Louis Limestone in Mich.)............111
St. Martin's I., (Little,)........        67                 d.
St, Mary's Falls 8hip Canal_,,.....7. Unio leprosus, description of.....240
St. Mary'sR.o......0, I1 Union City, Branch Co................. 76
Stockman, J. G............. 81  Upper Helderberg Group..                 60
Stone I., Saginaw Bay,..100        distribution of62
vegetation of....328                       thickness of,.6................3 164
Stony Pt., L. Erie.....       62, 64, 66,127       economical importance of,......... 66
Stratification of Mich., as determined by      "Upper Limerock,"................13, 15
Dr. Houghton,..............7 12                                v
Streptelasma corniculum........ 52
Strite on rocks in Monroe Co.,..         127  Van Brn..127
Strike of strata, what, and how produced4 43  Vienna, Monroe Co.,......                206
Strotiatite,.....V 66    ieux Desert Lake..47, 49
)~Sti~~t~~Or Sodesita.p.                  Volcanic Group of rocks...........        48
ptTihomna  camerat.,..........            52
viicifrt~a   cle ra:........................
/lift~~e~ a,~ 82  mWalker, Kent Co.,.....98
fiuiOStezta,...~.                     62~    5  Walker, Win., sections obtained from,...117
rgemish.....e...ica.........65  Wall, Chester, quarry of....                     113
a.emispher ca,....                 52  Warsaw Limestone in Mich;,...112
R. BP.,......             52 ~Washtenaw Co.,..,,,..,..97
Subterranean passages in Monroe Co.,.... 65  Wae n           o.7
Sn ~clifes elorlaeataees,  5,....,,,,,.,, 62  Waverly Sandstone..76
At.uiteslong'.. 652 Wayne Co..........199
Sugar I..,............,......~...6', 5..........,...
Suga Sp.,...62 Wells and Springs....199
Sugar 1.                     6~~~~~~0, 51
Sulphur I., in Thunder Bay.....      71 71,2 Wexford Co.797
Sulphur 1., N. of Drummond's  1.,'60, 52  Whale, fossil remains of..........133
Sulphur Springs,                  205  Wheeler, Sherman..........        9
Summit, Jackson Co.            98  Whetstones,.........  74
Sun-cracks in L. Superior.Sandstone,...  60  White, A. D., Geological Assistant..... 23
Superfici    mtialmaeis                  127  White Cedar, durability of,.............129
depth of, at various places,..                  o...15329
~Surface fossils of lich.     63  Whitestone Pt., L. Huron,............93, 96
Survey Geolog icalh org63nat ion of lrmer   7  Whittemore, C. H., information from,....96
Survey, Geological,organizationof former,        idFolBy. 17710
authorization of present,.. 17    ild FowlBay......, 102
organization of present.    21  Williams, B. 0., information from,.......122
its comprehensivenessW h.             0
its cOI~lprehenS1VenSS,,,,,,,..,,,,,   30Willow Creek,                             24uron Co.,5.......74
when to be completed....             37  Winchell, N. H., Botanical Assistant in
plan of, for 1861                     38.r.s SaltWell'....              90, 9
)~'  ~~  ~~   ~~  ~~  ~~          Wndo1860 l Wl,,..,,.,.,,..............., 24~
how aid may be rendered to W....is39
W'"sainsor's alt Wl,......,.,...,......90, 193
Synoptical View  of the geology of the             saitc.                              63
Lower Peninsula.            138  Winnebago L., Wis.,....6... 3
LoweraPenis.....65 100.. 10   Woodruff B. F., comniunication from,... 29
Syrivgolpora,......    65,100, 101, 102, 104  WoodvillkoalMine. SeetCoal."
Woodville Coal Mine. See " Coal."
r.                        Woodville Sandstone,......115, 122, 125, 126
thickness of,...........,..........,.158
Table, of Geological Formations in Rich-           thickness of,.1.
Wyoming, Kent Co.,91
igan,........................122138,8
showing thickness and depth of formations...................153  Yew, American.2............9
of equivalent expressions for strength
of brine.........................184Z
of analyses of various brines,........186  Zoologists to the State,.........
of altitudes of various points'......207  Zoological collectionrs,from Maumee R., O., 22
galcose slate in carboniferous sandstone,.120      from Saginaw R.,.                     23
Talford Roberts, sulphur springs of.....  205     in Oakland and contiguous counties,. 25.
Tawas Bay,................93, 95, 96            in the western part of the State;... 2
Tawas City................... 9....5  Zoological investigations, utility of,....214
Taylor's Salt Well,..169,174                      provision for, in New York,.........216
tllina....77, 85....... Zoological Report of Prof. Miles.......211
e............................64  Zwanno QartdO%...2..: