Ik A0folki 1 i11Abdad0 11A-P oa5 wiNI 4 4 4 4 I AP ~ Ir I I I 1tr~/e 7 & 3B Cq? COMPREHENSIVE VOLAPUK GRAMMAR. BY ALFRED A. POST. MATTAPAN, MASS.: PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. POST. I 890. r"> <m f I Copyrizht, i890, BY ALFRED A. POST. CARL IH. HEINTZEMANN, PRINTER, BOSTON, MASS. PREFACE. YOUNG as is Volapuk it has obsolete forms. It has rejected of as the feminine prefix to nouns; no longer uses the hyphen after the feminine prefix, or before the mode terminals except that of the subjunctive; has substituted an for el as the terminal to denote an inhabitant of a country, and has given special significance to Wel in wordformation. Such changes in the language justify a new grammar. Moreover, the compiler has thought that the presentation of the general and essential rules of the language in a few pages, by them selves, with reference to more specific rules in a second part, would simplify the study of the language: hence this little work. The presentation, throughout the book, of the roots of words in bold-faced type is intended to serve as a help to the student. It is assumed that the student understands the following grammatical rules: - i. The subject and the verb agree in person. 2. Nouns in apposition have the same number and case. 3. The direct object takes the accusative case, and the indirect object (if without a preposition) takes the dative case. 4. One noun governs another in the possessive case. All other rules are explained in this grammar. Instead of the usual practice-lessons there is given a narrative, with vocabulary and reference notes to the grammar, and this story will be found to embody all the forms in use in Volapuk. This ingenious story is the work Mr. Bernard F. Supple, and the Volapuk rendering the joint work of Mr. Supple, Dr. H. L. Smith and Mr. Fred. W. Mitchell, whose valuable aid in preparing this grammar the author gratefully acknowledges. ALFRED A. POST. Boston, May I, 1890. iii INDEX. Page 39 Abbreviations Accent..... Accusative after prepositions. I5 Adjectives.... 4 (comparison of)... 5 (declension of)... 3 (position of )... 3 Adverbial differentiations. 14 Adverbs... 5, 14, 35, 36 (comparison of)... 5 (iterative )... 5 (position of)... 9, 1 1 Alphabet.... I, 13 Al, with infinitive,.. 32 ("Force of Prepositions"). I5 An...... 29, 30 Anomalies. 34 Any..... 25 Article....., 13 As- as..... 5, 22 Balvoto.... 33 Capital letters.... 27 Cardinal numbers... 6, 32 Case-endings.... 2, 32 Comparison.... 5 Complements of time, etc.. I Compound nouns... 27, 28 Conditional mode... 7, 26 Conjugation.... 6.-9 Conjunctions... 10, 12, 38 (Eng. into Vol.)...22, 23 ( fore of ).... 21 (with Indicative mode ). 12 Page Consonants.... I, 13 Construction... 11, 12 Dates.... * o10, ii Declension... 2, 3, 14, 25 Demonstrative pronouns 3, 14 Derivation (example of). 30 Diseases (terminology of). 35 Duration of time... I Durative form.... 8 Each other.... 4 Eccentricities. 34 Either-or.... 22 El ( definite article).. 13 El (termination )... 29 Etiquette (form of).. 2 Fractions. 6, 14 Gender..... 34 Gender of relative pronouns. 3 " Going to" do... 25 Idioms... 24-27 If...... 12 Imperative mode... 8, 14 Impersonal verb... 9 Infinitive mode... 8, 14 Inflection of proper nouns. 25 Interjections.... To, 39 Interrogation.... 9, 15 Interrogative conjugation. 9 Ks for x.... 13 Letters (sounds of).. 1, I 3 Li ( position of)... 9, 15 Liko..... 9 Mode terminals... 7 vi INDEX. Page Months (names of).. 30 Negation... 9 Negative conjugation.. 9 Neither -. or... 23 Nen with infinitive.. 33 No (position of).. 9 Not only -but also.. 23 Nouns..... 2, 4 (comparison of)... 5 (compound)... 27 (plurals of certain).. 4 (proper).... 25 Numerals.... 5,32 Numerals used as nouns.. 6 Ok (declension of).. 9 Onik and Osik... 33 Oldinal numbers... 6 Participial mode... 8, 14 Participles (without Prepositions) 34 Passive voice.... 7 15 (formed with auxiliary). 5 Pb ( as participial prefix ). 14 Possessive (governed by noun) 11, 12 Possessive pronouns..2, 14 Possessive of personal pronoun for possessive. 14 Potential mode... 15 Prefixes.... 28, 29, 40 (force of). 30, 31 Prepositions... Io, 15, 37 ( Eng. into Vol.).. 8, I9, 20 (force of )... 5, 16 (followed by accusative). 5 Present tense in Eng. by future in Vol..... 12 Page Pronouns (demonstrative) 3, 14 (indefinite)... 4 (interrogative).. 3 ( personal)... 2 (possessive).. 3, 4 (relative).... 3 ( declension and position of) 3, 25 Pronunciation.. Proper names... 25, 33 Quotation marks... 27 Reciprocity... 33 Reflexive verbs... 8 Relative pronouns... 3 Self (reflexive)... (emphatic).. 9 Significative terminations. 42 So-as..... 5 Some..... 25 Subjunctive mode. 7, 15, 29 Suffixes.. 29, 30, 41, 42 Teldil and lafik 1.. 14 Tense prefixes.. 6, 32 Time and date..., 1 Time (duration of).. Ut.. 3 Ven..... 12 Verb..... 6 (impersonal)... 9 (interrogative)... (negative).... 9 (reflexive).... 8, 9 Vowels....I3, 32 Weight and measures.. Word-building... 27, 32 PART I.- GRAMMATICAL FORMS. ALPHABET. Roman characters, and has 19 consonants, 8 vowels. The consonants are the same as the English, but q and w are omitted. They are sounded as in English, except - C g h j x Y z The vowels are a e i I u r a 6 ii j in g " h " pronounced as is I sh " gs " y C dz " a in a it ee " o pronounced as is U u " a I u " u " (See note 1, page 13.) jet. get. he. she. tags. yes. adze. far. rate. see. no. truth. fare. urn. imn pugn. Every letter is sounded, and its sound is invariable and unaffected by associate letters. There are no diphthongs and no double consonants. ACCENT. Is invariably on the final syllable, but non-coalescent endings are not regarded as word-syllables. ARTICLE. Is not recognized in Volapiik (see note 2, page 13), but the indefinite pronoun sembal (a certain) may be used, if needed to particularize a noun; thus — Volapik Grammar. Man, a man: Man sembal, a certain man. NOUN. Is of one uniform declension in four cases: nominative (subject); genitive (possessive); dative (indirect objective); accusative (direct objective); thus - Singular. Nom. Dom a I house. the Gen. Doma of the house. Dat. Dome to a e house. Acc. Domi a } house. the [ Plural (see note 4, page 13). Doms the houses. Domas of the houses. Domes to the houses. Domis the houses. Every noun in the language follows this declension; i, e. the nominative is changed by a, e, and i to the genitive, dative, and accusative respectively, and s added to each case gives its plural. (See page 33.) PRONOUNS. (a) Personal. Singular. Ob I 01 Thou (you) Om He Of She Ok Self On One Os It Obs Ols Oms Ofs Oks Ons Plural. We You They (masc.) They (fern.) Selves You (form of etiquette, rarefy used) (These follow the declension of nouns, and ol (thou) should be used when a single person is meant.) (b) Possessive. Is formed by adding ik to the personal pronoun; thus: Obik, obsik, My, our, etc. They are used adjectively (in which case they follow the noun and are not declined) and pronominally (in which case they are declined); thus Volapiik Grammar. 3 Adjectively. Mot e fat obik, My mother and father. Pronominally. LSfob flenis obik e olikis, I love myfriends andyours. (See note 3, page 14.) (c) Interrogative. asKim? f. kif? I kis? (pronom. and adj.) Kiom? - kiof? Kios? (pronominal only.) EXAMPLES. Kim Kif } binol? Who are you? Kis binos? What is it? Kiom flenas obik binom maldik? Which of my friends is sick? Kiofi lidas ekidols? Which of the ladies have you kissed? Podi kiom efidom? Which apple has he eaten? Jipuli kiof lofom? Which girl does he love? Labom vabis kil; kiomi desidol? He has three carriages; which do you wish? (It will be seen that, when used adjectively, thesefollow the nouns and are not declined.) (d) Relative. Kel, Who or which (used for all genders). Kelof, Who or which (feminine form, when necessary for clearness). Kelom, Who or which (masculine form, when necessary for clearness). Kelos, That (neuter only). (These are declined. See page 34.) (e) Demonstrative. At, This; the latter used adjectiely. Et, That; the former sd Atos, This; the latter ) d Etos, That; theformer It, self: ot, same: ut, the one: som, such. (See note 5, page 14.) As adjectives these follow their nouns and are not declined. As pronouns they are declined. Ut replaces a noun and is declined; thus — These houses are those (the ones) of his wife, Doms at binoms uts jimate la omik. Volapzik Grammar. eprefer a silver spoon to one of wood, Bizugobs spuni silefik bufi ut de boad. EXAMPLES. This man is good, Man at binom gudik. | This lady and that boy, Lad at e pul et. t The women themselves wept, Voms it adlenofs. The same teacher taught, Tidel ot atidom. That man who loves me, Man ut, kel lbfom obi. ~ u Such a dog is vicious, Dog som binom badik. Ats binoms liegik; ets binoms p6fik, These are rich; those are poor. o / He said this; I said that, Asagom atosi; Asagob etosi. (f) Indefinite. Are of two kinds, nouns and adjectives. They are: NOUNS. Alim, everybody Ans, some (persons or things) Bos, something; anything Ek, some one; any one Nek, no one; nobody Nos, nothing Som, such (a one) It, self (after a poss. pron.) Balim - votim, each other; one another Alik, each; every Anik, some; any Bofik, both L6lik, whole; entire Mddik, much; many MSdumik, several Nemddik, a little; few ADJECTIVES. Nonik, no; not any Sembal, a certain; one (a or an) Semik, a certain Somik, such Teldik, many a Valik, all Votik, other ADJECTIVES. Except the numeral, are formed by the suffix ik to any root susceptible of adjectival signification; and to express a differentiation of meaning lik, nik, or sik may replace ik; thusBoad, wood. Boadik, wooden; boadlik, woody: boadnik, wooded. Yel, year. Yelik, year-old: yelsik, yearly. Volapik Grammar. 5 ADVERBS. Are arbitrary (which have many forms); and derived, which are formed by the suffix o to the adjective. (See note 6, page 14.) (A list of the principal adverbs may be found on page 35.) Iterative adverbs are formed from cardinals and ordinal numbers by giving them the suffix na (contracted from naed, a point [not duration] of time); thus - Balna, once Balidna, thefirst time Batsna, ten times Balsidna, the tenth time To express a differentiation of meaning na is replaced by no; thus Balidno, for the first time: balsidno, for the tenth time. COMPARISON. The comparative degree of adjectives is um, of adverbs umo. The superlative degree of adjectives is iin, of adverbs iino. Gudik, good: gudikum, better: gudikiin, best Gudiko, well: gudikumo, better: gudikiino, best Umo and iino are also used as independent adverbs; thus - Binom umo fen ka lofan, He is more friend than lover. Binom flen ino, ihe is friend in highest degree. The comparative and superlative degree may be given to nouns; thusBinom flenum ka ol, He is a better friend than you. Binom fleniin obsik, IHe is our best friend. "As" and "so" before the adjective are rendered by the conjunction so, and "than " or " as " after the adjective by the conjunction ka; thusI am as tall as you, Binob so gletik ka ol. He is taller than I, Binom gletikum ka ob. (See page 22.) NUMERALS. Cardinal Numbers, (declinable only in the singular). Are arbitrary from one to ten: their plurals show their multiplication by ten. The units and tens are coupled by e. One 6 Volaptik Grammar. hundred, one thousand, one million, etc., are arbitrary. Intermediate count between hundred and thousand by prefix of the proper numeral to tur (Ioo); thus - 1 Bal: 10 Bals: 11 Balsebal: 12 Balsetel. 2 Tel: 3 Kil: 4 Fol: 5 Lul: 6 Mal: 7 Vel: 8 J61: 9 Ziil. 100 Turn: 175 Tur velselul: 200 Teltum. 1000 Mil: 1,000,000 Ballon. Every number acquires a name ending in iel: thus we should say, that in 6123 there are miliels mal, (six thousands) tumiel bal, (one hundred) balsiels tel (two tens) and baliels kil (three units). Fractions. Are formed by the suffix dil (part) to the cardinal representing the denominator, and writing after it the number indicating the numerator; thus -- -3- is telsedils kil: 4 luldils fol: - jbldils vel, etc. 20 (See note 7, page 14.) NOTE. Numerals used as nouns take the terminal el and are then declined; thusBalel, the one: kilsel, the thirty. Balels, the ones: kilsels, the thirties. Ordinal Numbers. Are of two kinds -position and number. Those of position take the suffix id to the cardinals. Those of number take the suffix ik to the cardinals; thus, Balid, first Balik, single Balsid, tenth Balsik, tenfold VERB. Is of one conjugation only, and is constructed upon the root, which is found by dropping on from the present infinitive active. The persons are indicated by suffixing the personal pronouns to the root. The tenses are denoted by prefixing vowels to the root, and the modes by suffixing certain particles; Volapfk Grammar. 7 Tense Prefixes (see page 34). Imperfect. Perfect e Pluperfect i Future o Future perfect u Mode Terminals. Subjunctive -la (See note 13, p. 15.) Conditional ov Imperative od (See note 8, p. 14.) Infinitive on Participial 1l (See note 9, p. 14.) The passive voice is the same as the active with the prefix p (pa in present tense). The suffix for the subjunctive mode is non-coalescent and is made lyith a hyphen: the other mode-suffixes are coalescent. Examnple of Colnugation. Lofon, to love. Root, lof. INDICATIVE MODE. Present Tense. Active voice. Lofob I love. Lofol thou lovest. Lofom he lov0es. Lofof she loves. L6fon one loves. Lbfobs we love. Lofols you love. Lfoms they (masc.) love. LMfofs they (fer.) love. Passive voice. Palofob I ant loved. Palofol thou art loved. Palofom he is loved. Palofol she is loved. Pal6fon one is loved. PalSfobs wereae loved. Palofols you are loved. Palofoms they (masc.) are loved. Palofofs they (fer.) are loved. Imp.a Per. e Plu. i lifob Fu. o Fu.p. u J I was loving. I loved. I had loved. I shall love. I shall have loved. Pa Pe Pi > bfob Po Pu I was loved. I have been loved. I had been lovet. I shall be loved. I shall have been loved. Pres. Imp. Per. Plu. a e i SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. (See note 13, page 15.) ) I may love. Pa I may be loved. I might love. Pa I might be loved. lofob-la l Ifiay have If a may have loved. Pe f ob-la may have been loved. I might haveloved. Pi I might have been loved. Imp. i blfobov Plu. i CONDITIONAL MODE. (See page 26.) I should love. Pa,..f.. Ishould be loved. Ishould have loved. Pi I should have been loved. 8 Volaptik Grammar. IMPERATIVE MODE. (See page 14, note 8.) Present Tense. SINGULAR. Active voice. Passive voice. 2d person L&folod love thou! 2d per. Palbfolod be thou lovedl 3d person Lifomod let him love! 3d per. P/lifomod et him be loved l./ PLURAL. Ist person Lfobsod let us love! 2d person Ldfols6d love ye! 3d person Lofomsod let them love! Past Tense. 3d person sing. Elofomod let him have loved! 3d person plu. Elfomsod let them have loved! INFINITIVE MODE. (See notes 8 and 9, p. 14.) Present Lbf6n to love. Palbfon to be loved. Perfect Elbfion to have loved. Peldfon to have been loved. Future Olfo6n to be about to love. Poldfon to be about to be loved. PARTICIPIAL MODE. (See notes 8 and 9, p. 14.) Present Iifol loving. PalWfol being loved. Perfect Elibfl having loved. Pel6bfl having been loved. Future OlMfol being about to love. PoldOfl1 being about to be loved. A durative form exists in Volapiik, and is formed by prefixing i to the root (in the present tense ai); thus - INDICATIVE MODE. Pres. Ailifob I love continuously. Paildfob I am continuously loved. Fu. OilJfom he will love continu- Poiliifom he will be continuously ously. loved. (This form replaces the English " accustomed to," or " in the habit of.") NOTE.-The durative form is never employed in negation, but the continuous idea is then expressed by an adverb; thus - No obinom egelo pul gudik. Not will he be always boy good. The Reflexive Verb. Has the active voice only, and is formed by the suffix (necessarily in the third person; electively in the other persons) ok, or, in the first and second persons the personal pronouns may re Volapuk Grammar. 9 place ok, in which case the pronouns take the dative or accusative case, according as the object is indirect or direct; thus - L6fobok or lifob obi, I love myself. Givolsok or givols oles, you give (to) yourselves. L6fomok, he loves himself (never 16fom omi, which means, he loves him, i. e., some one other than himself). NOTE.-For clearness ok should be declined, as it is by Schleyer, though some Volapiikists use it indeclinably. NOTE.-SelCf, merely emphatic, not reflexive, is expressed by it. Thus: I shall go myself, is ogolob it. The Impersonal V`erb. Is always in the third person, and is formed by suffixing os to the root; thus - It thunders T6tos. It has thundered Etotos. Interrogative and Negative Conjugation. Interrogation is denoted by li as prefix or suffix (unless the subject is itself an interrogative word or phrase), non-coalescent, and joined to the verb, when its subject is a noun: otherwise it begins the sentence. If the question has no verb, but only understands a verb, li precedes the word on which the greatest stress is placed; thus - Man li-lfom fati? Does the man love the father? Li-gletik binom dom? How large is the house? Li-Charles? Charles? (i. e. do you mean Charles?) Charles li-si u li-no? Charles? yes, or no? In an interrogatory used with an impersonal verb liko replaces li; thus - Liko binos? how is it? Liko tdtos? how does it thunder? and liko is also used to introduce interrogations, as shown under "Idioms." (See note 11, page 15.) Negation is denoted by the adverb no, which immediately precedes the verb, and if the sentence, being negative-interrogative, requires li, the no precedes the li; thus - Fat no labom buki, Father has not the book. Man no li-16fom fati, Does not the man love the father? 10 Volapi'k Grammar. PREPOSITIONS. Are either primitive or derived; the latter end always in ii, and may be formed from the nominative case of any noun susceptible of conveying a prepositional idea. All prepositions govern the nominative case. (See note 12, Page 15.) CONJUNCTIONS. Are arbitrarily given., There is no rule for their formation. They are followed by the indicative mode. (See note 13, Page 15.) INTERJECTIONS. May be formed from any root by suffixing o! thus - Lied, sorrow: liedo! alas! Spid, speed; spido! hurry up! Besides the derived interjections, there are some primitive ones, principally - Ah! Ah! Eko! See! O! Eh! Ag! Alas! Pi! Fie! Lii! Ia! Adyo! Adieu! M! Be off! Yi! Get out! Sb! Silence! st! 0! Oh! Yb! Hurrah! TIME AND DATE. Time of day is expressed in either of two ways:i. By diip (hour) followed by the proper ordinal; thusDtip malid, six o'clock (sixth hour). Diip m'aiid e lafik, half past six o'clock (sixth hour and a half). [lafik instead of teldil, because the adjective form is required.] 2. By glok (clock) governed by the preposition su or len; thus - Ml len glok six o'clock (six on the clock). Mai e lafik su glok 1 half past six o'clock (six and a half on Mil e lafik len glok the clock.) Volapilk Grammar. II In expressing dates, the order is year, month, day; thus - Balmil joltum ziils telul balseziilid (or, telul 19, 1890). February nineteenth, eighteen hundred aud ninety (or, February I9, 189o). Complements of time, measure, weight, etc., are expressed by the nominative; thus Oblibobs is dels fol, We shall stay here four days. Melavegam alevelom vigs tel, The voyage lasted two weeks. Paun de kaf kostom sentabs kils, A pound of coffee costs thirty cents. Duration of time may be expressed also by the use of the preposition du (during); asOblibob in London du muls fol. I shall remain in London four months. Or by the accusative case - Oblibob in London mulis fol. CONSTRUCTION. Of Volaptik is very similar to that of English, the order being - Ist. The subject, followed by its modifiers in the order of their importance. 2d. The verb, followed by its qualifiers. 3d. The object, followed by its modifiers. 4th. The direct precedes the indirect object, unless the latter is a single pronoun. 5th. Adverbs of time are placed immediately after the verb. 6th. Except when the conjunction das introduces it, a subordinate clause may either precede or follow the principal clause. 7th. A noun in the possessive case follows the governing noun. Examples in Construction. Simple affirmative. Fat l1fom soni. ((the) Father loves (the) son. Fat gudik givom ofen bukis gletik sone Affirmative with omik. modifiers. e) Fther ood gives often ooks rge to son h (the) Father good gives often books large (to) son his. 12 Volapik Grammar. Direct and indirect objects, the latter a single pronoun. Interrogative with noun for subject. Interrogative with pronoun for subject. Interrogative word as a subject. Negative. { Egivom obe bukis. He has given (to) me (some) books. Pat gudik li-givom ofen bukis gletik sone omik? (the) Father good (does) he give often books large (to) son his? Li-ols ed ob givobs ome bukis gletik? You and I (do) we give (to) him books large? Kiiip fat gudik givom bukis sone? 4 When (the) father good (does) he give books (to the) soin? Fat no givom ome bukis. (the) Father not gives (to) me books. Negative Fat no li-givom bukis sone? interrogative. (the) Father not (does) he give books (to the) son? Subordinate clause, without "das." Subordinate clause, 1 with "das." Ven olabob moni, ogivob bukis sone, or Ogivob bukis sone, ven olabob moni. I shall give the son books when I have money. Bometob das ogivob bukis sone ven olabob moni. I promise that I will give books (to the) son when I have money. Noun in possessive Buks lonoms mote cilas. case governed by another noun. (the) books belon~ (to the) mother (of the) children. If (if) except following the conditional imperfect or pluperfect, and ven (when), are followed by the future or future-perfect indicative; thusIf he comes (shall come), I shall tell him, if okbmom, osagob ome. If he comes (shall have come) before I i If ukomom btifo omogolob, leave (shall leave), I shall tell him, osagob ome. When I meet (shall meet) her, I shall ven okokomob ofi okidob ofi. kiss her, Volapuk Grammar. I3 PART II. The recent adoption by some of ks as a substitute for x is to be noted. This is, however, unauthorative. The i of Volapiik is not strictly that of u in impugn, but is very similar to it. Schleyer specially cautions not to pronounce it as the German i, despite which the English grammarians claim that sound for it. NOTE i.- There were, and are still, met in old Volapik writings, special letters for the a,, i, viz., a,, a. And the following letters are constructed by the inventor to designate sounds which occasionally occur:A to represent a in all. h " th " either or with. Z " 11 " mouilli (French). m " m s" temps n " n " ronde n,1 ng " hang. j " s " leisure. O' " ch child. (It is proposed to have c take / " s " in. this sound.) IT r" rr " Sierra (Spanish). NOTE 2.-The definite article el and indefinite article un are given by Schleyer with the caution that they are for use only when necessary, as, for instance, in case of literal translations. In these cases they take prefixes and suffixes and may, for clearness, be declined. 14 Volaptik Grammar. NOTE 3.- When a possessive pronoun, used adjectively, is followed by a qualificative adjective, instead of the possessive pronoun the genitive of the personal pronoun may be used; thusMy good friend, Flen obik gudik, or Flen gudik oba. NOTE 4.-The plurals of words ending in c, j, s, x, or z are denoted by 's; thus - Darius's, Dariuses. Fox's, Foxes. NOTE 5.- The following are emphatic forms of the demonstrative pronoun. They are seldom used; - At, this very: eit, that very: iet, very self: tit, the very one: St, just the same: s6m, just such. NOTE 6. - Sometimes the adverbial termination, o, is the direct suffix to the root word, and sometimes both forms of the work, o and iko occur with a difference of meaning; thus - Foviko, speedily: Fovo, henceforth. Flaniko, laterally: flano, on one side. NOTE 7. — As a fraction 2 is teldil, but as an adjective it is lafik; thusTwo and a half, Tel e teldil. A half an hour, Diip lafik. NOTE 8. - Two subordinate forms of the imperative mode are used, os, the mild, and 6z, the emphatic; thus - Kdmolos! Please come! Gololiz se dom! Get out of the house! Schleyer claims the imperative, the infinitive, and the participial modes for all persons and tenses, but these forms in other tenses than those shown in the verb-paradigm (page 8) are untranslatable and unnecessary. NOTE 9.-The word pot, (fitness) drops the t and becomes a prefix to certain participles; thusJulan polobol, a praiseworthy (deserving praise) scholar. Volapfk Grammar. I5 NOTE Io. - The passive voice of the verb may be formed, as in English, by using the auxiliary verb; but such formation would better be avoided. NOTE i. - For euphony li may follow the verb; or it may be placed after the verb in case the verb does not end in 1, or in two consonants; thus - Is the falher good? FPat li-binom gudik? Fat binom-li gudik? NOTE 12.- Prepositions denoting motion towards, may be followed by the accusative. But this distinction is not required; all may govern the nominative. In this case the preposition may receive the accusative case-ending, or the noun may receive it; thusOgolob in zifi, I shall go into the city. Ogolob ini zif, } NOTE 13.-The subjunctive mode is used in Volapiik only when doubt, uncertainty or supposition contrary to fact is expressed. The present and perfect subjunctive are seldom used and only to express, in indirect phrases, the words or ideas of others. Its only necessary use is when the conditional is followed by the imperfect or pluperfect; thus AtAvob6v if alabob-la moni, I should travel if I had money. Ikidobov ofi if ibinof-la us, I should have kissed her if she had been there. There is a Potential Mode named by Schleyer, but not generally used. Its terminal is ox; thusPelomox, He might possibly pay. FORCE OF PREPOSITIONS. i. Al, to (motion); to (in order to); to (indirect object). Agolob al potacem al sedon moni al son obik. I went to the postoffice to send some money to my son. 2. Al, towards, in the direction of. Vien ecenom al leftid. The wind has veered towards the east. Volapuk Grammar. 3. Bifi, before (position). Man stanom bifii gliig. A man is standing before the church. 4. Bufii, before (degree). Bizugolod snati bufi labem. Choose honesty before wealth. 5. Buiif, before (time). Stemanaf onak6mom biifii dip m'ilid. The steamer will arrive before six o'clock. 6. Da, through (across). Stags zipdloms da fot. The deer wander through the forest. 7. Domii, at (the house of). Lddob domii bakel. I live at the baker's. 8. Dub, through (means); with (instrument). Meliton cadi dub fumal. One attains distinction through industry. Aflapom obi dub spatin. He struck me with a stick. 9. Fa, by (indicating personal agent). Pifunom fa mblodel, He was killed by an assassin. Padunos fa nek, Itis done by nobody. Pastimom fa p6sods modik, Ie was esteemed by many persons. Io. In, in (at); in (during); in (into, with movement); in (into, denoting change). In London, in zendel, agolob in cinop al can6n ceki in mon. In London, at midday, I went into a bank to change a check into money. i. Ko, with (in company with). Ogolob ko blod obik, / shall go with my brother. (With, as an instrument, is expressed by dub or me, which see.) Ko, before o, is replaced by ke by some Volapiikists. 12. La, near. Dedham binom 1a Boston. Dedham is near Boston. Volapzik Grammar. 17 13. Len, at, of, towards, on. Binob len goled, tikol len ol, in dom kb blod olik aldom len fin lifiipa omik, in Manchester-len-mel. I am at breakfast, thinking of you, in the house where your brother lived towards the end of his life, in Manchester-on-the-sea. 14. LOpii, over, above. Potekan lodom lipii lemacem omik. The apothecary resides over his store. 15. Me, through, with (by means of). Oruinomok me liixamet omik. He will ruin himself through his prodigality. Oplopom me dut e snat. le will succeed with diligence and honesty. I6. Nebii, next to. Pad binom nebii gliig. The parsonage is next to the church. 17. Nilii, near. Legad nulik binom nilii planavagad. The new park is near the botanical garden. i8. Ove, across (situation). Dom sanela binom ove silt. The doctor's house is across the street. 19. Ovii, across (motion). Tifel gonom ovti lal. The thief runs across the alley. 20. Po, after (position). Futans malekoms po monitelef. The infantry. march after the cavalry. 21. Pos, after (time). Ogetom notedi pos ol. Hle will receive notice after you. 22. Si o0n, upon. G6led binom su tab, Breakfast is on the table. Volapzik Grammar. 23. Sus, above (superior to); over (motion). Tik Goda binom sus kapal menik. A conception of God is above human comprehension. Gils flitoms sus bels geilikiin. Eagles fly over the highest mountains. 24. Unii, in, within (time). Vab orivom inii dup. The carriage will arrive in an hour. 25. Ve, along. Cils adisipoms flolis ve kul. The children strewed flowers along the wayside. ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS WITH VOLAPUK EQUIVALENTS. (The numbers refer to those under " Force of Prepositions.") A, by the, per, a. I pay one cent a pear for such pelob sentabi a bun plo fluks fruit, somik. About, do. lie spoke about his brother, apiikom da blod omik. Above, superior to, sus (23); over, lopii (13). Across, situation, ove (18); motion, ovii; through, da (6). After, behind, po (20); in point of time, pos (20). Ago, expressed by biifii (two days ago, biifii dels tel). Along, ve (25). Among, bevii. I saw a sheep among the goats, alogob jipi bevii golads. At, close to, len (3); in, in (Io); at the -, domii (7); o'clock, expressed as complement of time. Before, position, bifii (3); degree, bufii (4); time, biifii (5); in the presence of, komii. You are before your king, binol komii reg olik. Volapuk Grammar. I9 Between, bevii, equivalent to "among." But, pli. I have no money but one dollar, no labob moni pla doab bal. By, the agent, N^ (9); by means of, dub (8) me (i5); each, a (day by day, a del); beside, nebi, - I lived by the mill, ialdob nebii miul. past, bei,I walked by your house, igolob bei dom olik. For, in favor of, for the sake of, in exchange for, in search of, plo,zle votedfor me, av6godom plo ob. I love you for your friendship, lofob oli plo flenug olik. Ippaid a dollarfor my boots, epelob doabi plo buts obik. I have sent for the horse, esedob plo jeval. on the part of, nemii,I Jay this money for my friend. Pelob moni at nemii flen obik. during, du,I lived there for five years, iildob us du yels lul. by reason of, demii,Istruck him for his insolence, aflapob omi demii bolbt omik. instead of, plas,She zwent instead of me, hgolof plas ob. departure for, al,He has set out for America, emotavom al Melop. In dative sense, signifying towards, al,It is good for nothing, dunos al nos. He has a lovefor children, labom l6fi al oils. We have meatfor lunch, labobs miti al fokagbled. From, origin or separation, de; on account of, demii; since, sis; out of, se; according to, segun (or ma). De kim evaladol moni. From whom have you expected money? 20 Volapzik Grammar. Eliedom ofen demii nedut omik. He has often suffered from his laziness. Eldfob ofi sis del at jiinu. I have loved her from that day until now. Esumom v6dis se mud obik. X He has taken the wordsfrom my mouth. Mikonfidob oli segun koefs olik lonik. I mistrustyou from your own admissions. Near, la (12); nilii (17). Of, belonging to, de; in place of the genitive, de; concerning, do (or tef i). Bugol binom c3duk de regs. Precedence is the prerogative of kings. Kuls de sinels binoms fikulik.. The paths of trangressors are hard. Apenom obe d6 nakbm olik. He wrote me of your arrival. Through, by means of, me (I5); against, ta,I-e persevered through every difficulty, eledulom ta fikul alik. Till, jii,I shall remain till his arrival, oblibob jii nak6m omik. To, al,Towards, direction of movement, al (2); disposition towards, kol (or kolii); - His feelinzgs towards you are kind. Fek omik kol ol binoms flenik. Until, see till." With, by means of, me ( 5); in company with, ko (i ),Go with me, gololod ko ob. connection, ko,The hills are white with snow, bels binoms vietik ko nif. Without, deprived of, nen; beyond, plo, mofii,Lol no siblinom nen spins. There is no rose without thorns. Mot olik obinof us, plt dot. Your mother will be there, without doubt. Voo5iik Graltmar. 21 FORCE OF CONJUNCTIONS. i. Ab, but. Obinob us, ab mutol binin id us. I shall be there, but you must be there also. 2. Adas, in order that. Egivob ome doabis lul adas olabom moni satik. I have,iven him five dollars in order that he may have enough money. 3. As, in capacity of. Logimom as man snatik. He poses as an honest man. 4. As, like. Jinom as man snatik. He seems like an honest man. 5. Bi, as (since, because). Bi no ekomoms no oblibob lonedumo. As they have not come I shall not remain longer. 6. Das, that. 7. Dat, similar to adas. Zesiidos pdnon omi dat omemom osi fovo. He must be punished that he may remtember it hereafter. 8. Do, though. Stimob omi, do nestimom obi. I honor imn, though he despises me. 9. Du, while. Efeitom kiniko du ebinom in klig. He fought bravely while he was at the war. Io. Dii, although. Jinom plopon, dii binom k6s6mo nedutik. He seems to succeed although he is usually idle. I. Sod, but (only, however, after negation). No binom biledik sod maladnik e nefimik. He is not old but sick and infirm. (Ab is always permissible in place of sod, and the use of ab will prevent error.) 22 Volapzik Grammar. 12. Solonedo, while (only, however, as to length of time). Ozunob solonedo obinol nelobedik. I shall be angry while you are disobedient. 13. Una, while (during the period of). Abinom labik iina alobol omi. He was happy while you praised him. ENGLISH CONJUNCTIONS WITH VOLAPUK EQUIVALENTS. (Numbers refer to examples under title " Force of Conjunctions." After, na. Na igolom domo atakedob. After he had gone home, I rested. Also, i (before consonants); id (before vowels by some). Obinol labik if id obinol snatik. You will be happy, if also you are honest. And, e (ed before vowels, but not necessarily). "Both and" is expressed by "a i - a." Mitobs vobon a godelo a vendelo. We have to work both morning and evening. As, in capacity of, as (3); like, is (4); because, bi (5); while, du (9); in comparison, ka. As - as, as - ka. So - as, so - ka. Atos binos so gudik ka etos, This is as good as that. Because, bi (5). Before, biifo. Cil glugolom biifo golom, The child creeps before he walks. But, ab (i); sod (I ). Either - or, u - u; or, uf -- ud. Uf ostudol ud poponol, You will either study or be punished. Even f; ifi. Ifi pJfol, yed bafol, Elven zf you are poor you are honest. For, bi. L.fob oli bi bafol, I loveyoufor you are honest. Volapzik Grammar. 23 If provided, if; whether, va. If miitol golon, adyo, Ifyou must /go, farewell. Sakolod ome va ogolom al teat. Ask him if he will go to the theatre. Like, as, as (4). Neither --- nor, ni n- ni. Ni odilob ni oneletob des'.nis omik. I shall neither permit nor prevent his plans. Nor, ni. No egolob ni ogolob us, / did not go there, nor shall I go. Not only - but also, noe soi. Noe ogolob us, soi oblibob us. I shall not only go there but stay there. Or, u (before vowels, ud). Li-studol piikis u jenavi? Do you sludy languages or history? Since, because, bi (5); from the time that, sis. Ebinob maladik sis elodob in London. I have been ill, since I have lived in London. That, dat (7). Though, do (8). Till, jus. No ogolob jiis obinom kofiikik. I shall not go until I am ready. Until, see "till." When, ven. Vilom binon stutik, ven kanom bintn pliitik. He chooses to be rude when he cant be polite. While, du (9). Yet, ye(d). Binob jafik, yed ogolob, I an busy, yet I will go. 24 Volapiik Grammar. IDIOMS. Every language has expressions whose meanings do not follow grammatical meaning, and to translate these literally would not convey their meaning correctly. But the sense of such phrases is common to languages generally, and some of these phrases have been supplied in Volapiik. These areGood morning,. Good cay, Sl, Sir. Golod aldrnoo, Gdada. Good aternooan, \= I ive you greetinzg, Glidi Lad, Madam. Good evening, ) F( lens, Friends. HoW do you do? Like stadol(s)? fIow are you? H/ow is your father? Liko fat stadom? HIw is your mothers? Liko mot stadom? Good bye for te present, Stadold beno. Vola/p2ik is spoken here, Volapiikon. (One speaks Volapiik.) Orders taken in Volpik, BQnedams kanoms pamekon volapliko. (Orders may be made in Volapiik.) Correspondence conducted in Volzpiik, Spodon volaptiko. (One corresponds in Volapiik.) 7Tank you, Dani. Asfollows, as sukos. Thanks, Many thanks, Please tell me, Thank you, very much, Danob milna. Tell me, please, Sagol6s obe. A thousand thanks, Do tell me, Except as authoritative equivalents of English idioms are given, one must, to be understood, carefully express, by paraphrase, the idiomatic idea he wishes to convey. Thus, it would not do to write - Elabom vabi omik pedenumdkol, to mean; He had his carriage repaired; but Emekom gudikon vabi omik. (He caused to repair hiis carriage.) As a general guide to idiomatic use of Volapiik, the following suggestions are made. i. In such expressions as " there is", " there are," use sibinom (there exists), sibinoms (there exist); thus Volaptik Grammar. 25 Mon Iibinom in bob, There is money in the purse. Regs sibinoms in Yulop, There are kings in Europe. (It is allowed to use "binom " before the subject, as: Binom mon in b5b, There is money in the purse; but this form is to be discouraged.) 2. "Have," implying obligation, is rendered by muton; thus -- Mutom golon al laned, l/e has to go to the country. 3. " Have a thing done " is rendered by biidon, mekon or begon, with the proper verb; thus - BiUdom panon demagi omik, tie has his portrait painted. 4. "Some" and" any" are not expressed in Volapiik when they have a distributive meaning; thus - Labobs bodi, W/e have (some) bread. 5. Immediate future as indicated by " going to," is expressed by the future with proper adverbs; thus - Openobs suno, We are going to write. Openobs odelo, We are going to write tomorrow. 6. Volapiik demands a double future in many cases where English uses a present tense; thus Tivels olemoms kelosi olofols, The travellers will buy what you ofer. PlAsif ok6mom no opelom, Unless he comes, he will not pay. 7. Proper names take the orthography of the language of the writer, where no special equivalents have been authorized; thus - New York, Sarah, Thomas, London. To express the genitive and dative cases of proper nouns by the use of prepositions instead of by inflexion is an innovation in the direction of complexity, and is needless. Schleyer's rule is to inflect these nouns, and proper nouns when inflected take the apostrophe before the case terminal; thusNom. New York, New York. Gen. of Ne'w York, New York'a. Dat. to AN'e7 York, New York'e. Acc. New York, New York'i. Volapiak Grammar. 8. The English construction, illustrated by, "without knowing it," is not reproduced in Volapiik, which here uses the infinitive instead of the participle; thus - Nen nolon osi, Without knowing it. 9. It has been noticed that the subjunctive mode is used in Volapiik only in subordinate clauses expressing a supposition contrary to fact, etc. (See note 13, Page 15.) The conditional mode is reserved for use in the princjipal clauses. Thus the proper ways to express I should go i I had Golobov, if labob-la timi. the time, are golob3v, if alabab-la timi. Ogolobov, if olabob-la timi. and as an instance of completed past time, one would say/ should have studied if I S Estudobov, if ebinob-la saunik. had been well, Istudobov, if ibinob-la saunik. But, in general use, the only two tenses availed of are the imperfect and pluperfect, the same tense being always employed both in the principal and subordinate clauses If no condition is expressed or implied, then the conditional mode must not be used. The following examples which seem to warrant, but do notpermit, the conditional may serve to illustrate proper Volapiik construction I should like to go, Vipob golon. We could not come, No ikanobs komon. SBtob golon odelo al bUir obik. I should go to my office to-morrow. Asagom das sog osibinom len dom omik. lie said there would be company at his house. Asagom das ikanob labon hati plo doabs tel. He said I could have a. hat for two dollars. Evipoms das ikanoms golon. They wished that they could go. Anolob das asludoms dismiton omi. I knew he would be dismissed. Volapik Grammar. 27 io. A word for which no Volapiik equivalent is found should be written in italics in its proper place, as foreign words usually are in every language. I i. Capital letters are used to begin sentences, but, otherwise only for titles of deity and names of persons, places, and geographical terms. Quotation marks are made thus,, " instead of as in English. WORD-BUILDING. At the outset, a caution is needed. While the principles upon which words are constructed are clear, and, consequently, the constructed words would convey an intelligible meaning to any Volapiikist, the authority to construct words does not rest with the individual. The mere association of two or more words into a single compound-word whose resultant meaning would be unsusceptible to doubt is the limit of word-making-right permissible. To exceed this would lead to vagaries of word-making which would disfigure the language. To illustrate: a word for Passion Week is sought. Liigavig seems not inappropriate, yet the force of its component parts is not, necessarily, the idea conveyed by Passion Week. As a fact, Levig is the arbitrary word authoritatively given, and this word is constructed by the prefix of superiority, (le), and the noun for week, (vig.) Yet, to some minds, THE week, par excellence, might seem Christmas week, and by such a one levig be chosen to mean Christmas week. But in Schleyer's view levig seemed Passion Week, and he had the authority to give it to the language. With these remarks as a caution, the manner availed of by the inventor for forming words may be considered. COMPOUND NOUNS. Are freely made of two or more nouns, the noun having adjectival force taking precedence, and being used in the genitive case; thusPtiiiklangag, worldanguage. Vol, world, 28 Volapiik Grammar. Vat, ivater, Flumavat, riverwater. Flum, river, ) Pik, language, Vol, world, Volapiikaklub, world-language-club. Klub, club, NOTE. -The use of more than three words in compounding is discouraged. In compounding words differentiations of sense are reached by making the connecting particle a or i; thus - Plenaltf, love of friends. Flenil&f, love to friends. But these are unnecessary niceties whose only use is to show the adaptability of Volapiik to express shades of sense. Any noun susceptible of a verbal idea may be converted into a verb by the suffix on; into an adjective by the suffix ik, and into an adverb by the suffix iko: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, 74~g, Flbtgjn, Frgik, F~giko, capacity. to capacitate. capable. capably. Sometimes adjectives take the verb-ending and form verbs; thus - Gudik, good. Gudik6n, to make good; mend. Gudikum, better, Gudikumon, to make better; improve. PREFIXES. The enlargement ot vocabulary from roots by a system of prefixes and suffixes is ingenious, simple and effective; thusGle, as prefix, denotes chief or principal. Noun, Plen, friend, Gleflen, bosom' friend. Verb, Stim6n, to esteem, Glestim6n, to revere. Adj., Ladik, hearty, Gleladik, magnanimous. Adv., Stimiko, reputably, Glestimiko, reverentially. Le, as prefix, indicates superiority. Noun, Dom, house, Ledom, palace. Verb, Began, to ask, Lebegon, to entreat. Adj., Plidik, pleasant, Leplidik, delightful. Adv., Stipito, suddenly, Lestipito, instantaneously. Volaptik Grammar. 29 Lu, as prefix, denotes inferiority. Noun, Dom, house, Ludom, hut. Verb, Givon, to give, Lugivon, to lend. Adj., Kriitik, critical, Lukriitik, fault-finding. Adv., Seniko, tenderly, Luseniko, touchily. Ne (n before e), as prefix, changes a word's signification to its opposite. Noun, Flen, friend, Neflen, enemy. Verb, Piikon, to speak, Nepiikon, to be silent. Adj., Labik, happy, Nelabik, unhappy. Adv., Evelo, ever, Nevelo, never. Sma, as prefix, signifies diminutiveness or inferiority. Noun, Dog, dog, Smadog, pup. Verb, Damoin, to injure, Smadiiamn, to prejudice. Adj., J5nik, beautiful, SmajSnik, pretty. Adv., Joniko, beautfijlly, Smajoniko, prettily. (For other Prefixes, see page 40.) SUFFIXES. There are certain suffixes which determine, with precision, the idea of the noun, -whether it be a person or a thing; an animal or a bird; a disease, a science, or an apparatus; whether it indicates action, quality, or character. Such are El, an, al, ab, indicating persons. Between el and an the distinction is not always preserved, but, generally speaking, el indicates the person conspicuously occupied with that which the root expresses, while an indicates a subordinate relation to the idea of the root; thus Gel, an organ; gelan, an organist; gelel, an organ-maker. Al indicates a superior exponent of the idea which el or an conveys; thus - Tik, thought; tikel, a thinker; tikal, a profound thinker. Ab indicates persons, passively considered; thusJel, protection; jelab, a ward, a protegi. 30 Volapik Grammar. The termination an is required to indicate the inhabitant of of a country or place; thus - Melop, America; Melopan, an American. Paris, Paris; Parisan, a Parisian. lel is a suffix which indicates the thing which performs the idea of the root;Maf, measure; mafel, measurer (person); mafiel, measurer (metre). (See also page 6.) In addition to the above suffixes the most important are Prefix. Indicating. af, am, ef, em, en, il, ip, it, Op, Up, animal participial noun collection (persons) collection (things) business dim inutiveness disease bird place time From. Spul, web Fom, form Gal, watch Bled, leaf Bil, beer Kat, cat Vat, water Pep, pepper Malad, sickness Fin, end Derivative. Spulaf, spider. Fomam, formation. Galef, watch-men. Bledem, foliage. Bilen, brewing business. Katil, kitten. Vatip, dropsy. Pepit, pepper-bird. Malad6p, hospital. Finip, closinzg-time. The suffixes ul (from mul, month), and iidel to the cardinal numbers give the names of the months, and the days of the week; thus Balul, January. Telul, February. Kilul, March. Folul, April. Lulul, May. Malul, June. Velul, July. J61ul, August. Ziilul, September. Balsul, October. Balsebalul, November. Balsetelul, December. Balidel, Sunday. Teliidel, Monday. Kiliidel, Tuesday. Folidel, Wednesday. Luliidel, Thursday. Maltidel, Friday. Veliidel, Saturday. (For other suffixes, see Page 41.) The power of these prefixes and suffixes in graduating the meaning of a word is illustrated as follows:Zif, town. Zifil, small town. Luzif, miserable town. Luzifil, miserable little town. Lezif, important'town. Lulezif, miserable large town. Glezif, principal town. Glelezif, principal large town. Smazifil, very small town. Volaptik Grammi;ar. 3I The large number of words derivable from a single root may be shown as follows: - Root: Piik, language. Piikik, lingual. Ptikatidel, language-teacher. PiikaptSk, fault of speech. Puik6n, to speak. Piikonabid, mode (Grammar). Piikonamod, dialect. PUikat, oration. Piikatil, brief address. Piukatel, speech-maker. Piiklv, philology. Piikavik, philological. Piiked, sentence. Piikedik, sententious. Piikedavbd, proverb. Puk dav6dik, proverbial. Puikel, orator. Ptikelik, oratorical. Piukof, eloquence. Piikofik, eloquent. Ptik6fav, rhetoric. Piik6favik, rhetorical. Puikot, conversation. Pukotik, conversational. Ptikotof, loquacity. Bepik, discussion. Beptikot, a negotiation. Bepuik6n, to discuss. Biptik, preface. Bipiikik, prefatory. DepUk, contest. Depiik6n, to contest. Gepiik, answer. GepUkon, to answer. LepUk, affirmation. Leptiked, maxim. Lepiik6n, to affirm. Lenptik, harangue. LenpUkon, to harangue. Libaptik, acquittal. Libapiikon, to acquit. Lovopiikel, lispar. Lovopiiken, lisping. Lovopiik6n, to lisp. Lupiik, babble. Luptikel, babbler. Luptikem, chatter. Lupiiken, gossip. Lupiiklam, stammering. Lupiiklel, stammerer. Lupiiklon, to stlmmer. Lupiik6n, to chatter. Luptikot, brag. Mipuik, misspeaking. Mipiikon,'*o miss.eak. Mopiikel, polyglot. Motaptik, mother-tongue. Neptik, silence. Neptikik, silent. Nepik6on, to be silent. Okoptikot, soliloquy. Septik, pronunciation. Septikad, sentence. Septikan, pronouncing. Sepukik, expressible. Septikon, to pronounce. Smapiik, whisper. Tapuik, contradiction. Taptikal, contradictory spirit. Taptikik, contradictory. Taptikon, to contradict. Telapiikat, dialague. Valapiiked, motto. Volapuik, Volapiik. Volaptikik, Volapfik. Volaptikon, to use Volapuik. 32 Volapkzi Grammar. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. The Vowels in Word-Construction. An examination of the language will show that the vowels have been availed of very ingeniously and systematically, and thus have a mnemonic force. I. It is in their sequence, a, e, i, that they are the case-terminals. 2. In the numerals it will be noticed that not only do the digits all end in 1, but that the vowels appear in them sequentially (except in vol [7]): thus, bal, tel, kil, fol, lul, mal, [vel], jol, zil. 3. Serving, in their order, as tense prefixes, they are availed of equally to designate the stages of time in adverbs; thusdelo, by day. yelo, by the year. adelo, to-day. ayelo, this year. adelo, yesterday. * ayelo, last year. edelo, day before yesterday. eyelo, year before last. idelo, three days ago. iyelo, three years ugo. odelo, to-morrow. oyelo, next year. udelo, day after to-morrow. uyelo, year after next. 4. In their case-terminal force they are availed of to produce adverbial differentiations (but this is not inflecting the adverb), as is, here: isa, hence (from here): isi, hither (to here), and such effects of the vowels are perceived throughout the language. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE INFINITIVE. Al has been shown to mean "in order to" (page 5 ) and when "to" of the infinitive expresses this idea al should precede the infinitive: thusAgolob al Rom al belogon ruinis kolosopa. I went to Rome to (in order to) see the ruins of the Coliseum. Nen precedes the infinitive, when that mode expresses a participial idea: thusIle went away without asking mZy permission. Emogolom nen begbn dili obik. Volapak Grammar. 33 DECLENSION OF PROPER NOUNS. The normal declension of proper nouns is regular (page 25) but most Volapiikists decline them by making the accusative the same as the nominative and using the preposition de and al before the genitive and dative respectively: thusNoin. New York, New York. Gen. of Nezo York, de New York. Dat. to Aew York, al New York. Acc. Azew York, New York. USE OF ONIK AND OSIK. Onik signifies "one's" or "their" and is used when the subject is expressed by on: thusThey pick their own fruit, Plokon fluki onik. Osik signifies "its" and has reference to an indefinite sentence or plan: thusI read the book and predicted its success. Ililadob buki e ibiisagob plopi osik. RECIPROCITY. Reflexive forms have been shown (pages 8 and 9). The reciprocal form is by means of the adjective, balvotik, or the adverb balvoto. If the adjective is used it is declined, and put in the dative or accusative case, according as the sense of the verb may require: thusThey dress each other, Klotoms balvotiki (or balvoto). They say to each other, Sagoms balvotike (or balvoto). There are Volapiikists who express reciprocity by intercalating ok between the root and the pronoun: thus - We shall wash each other, Ovatiikokobs, but this is not a clear form of expression. 34 Volapzik Grammar. GENDER. It has been shown on page 3 that the pronouns have special forms to mark genders, and as personal terminals in the verbs these gender-forms appear. But substantially there are no genders in Volapuk. A very limited number of words designating female human beings, and kun (cow) are feminine: all others are normally masculine. The female of masculine nouns is designated by prefixing ji to the male form (matel, husband: ji-matel, wife), and to designate specifically the male animals the prefix om may be used (dik, duck: omd6k, drake), while a castrated animal is signalized by the prefix om (jeval, horse: omjeval, gelding). OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS BEFORE PARTICIPLES. In English, participles are frequently preceded by prepositions, but this is not the case in Volapiik. The following sentences will illustrate this: After reading the letter he answered it, Liladol penedi agesagom omi. By studying he learned many things, Studol alenadom mbdikosi. In loving his mother he was wise, L6f6l mati omik abinom sapik. On finding his watch he rejoiced, Etuvol pokagloki omik agilom. ANOMALIES AND ECCENTRICITIES. While there are certain suffixes which usually characterize particular parts of speech, or indicate words as belonging to a class, they are not exclusive in these respects; thus - Although on is the infinitive terminal, we have M6n, a wall. Ston, abstinence. P6n, punishment. Zon, a girdle. ol is the participial termination, yet we findK61, color. Volapiik Grammar. 35 ik is the termination of adjectives, but one seesTik, thought. Kik, key. if is not necessarily a flower, - tabif, counter-bass. an is not only a country, - timaliin, chronogram. ip may be other than a disease, - solatalinkip, sutler. Op is not exclusively a place, - dalop, conquest. While el characteristically denotes the doer of the root idea, and thus from dev, despair, we should expect despairer to be devel, we find devel to mean "d evil"! Again, the composition of words on the principles heretofore named brings to view Nekan, nobody. Nekan, non-ability. Netim, inopportuneness. Netim, nationalism. In the word for "closing time," jtiip (shut up!), there is a touch of onomatopoeia. Fadasup, though derivatively "thread-soup", must be used for vermicelli-soup. And the importance of respecting the powers of the dotted vowels will be seen when it is observed thatTalaron means bitumen; but Talaron means to enrobe. LIST OF PRINCIPAL ADVERBS. Adverbs of Time. Ai, always, ever. Anu, at this moment. Begino, at first. Beviino, meanwhile. Bifo, formerly. Biseo, beforehand. Bletimo, recently. Biifu, provisionally. Biio, formerly. Denu, again. Egelo, alzways, ever. Evelo, awayts, ever. Fino, innally, at last. Foviko, directly, immediately. Fovo, henceforth. Fiido, in thefuture, henceforth. Godelo, early, in the morning. Jiinu, thus far, until now. Laiko, continually. Latiko, lastly. Lato, late. Lito, lastly. 36 Volapik Grammar. Leigipo, simultaneously. Lenu, just now. Lonedo, long ago. Modelo, to-morrow. Negelo, never. Nesuno, late. Nevelo, never. Nog, still, yet. Nu, now. Ofen, often. Otiipo, at the same time. Pianiko, gradually. Adve Also, thus. Bido, so to say. Desano, intentionally. Elso, else, otherwise, formerly. Flanivedo, sideways. Futo, on foot. Gito, justly. Glato, gratis. Gledilo, for the most part. Jeno, actually. Labo, fortunately, Laidofo, generally. Leigo, equally. Lepato, chiefly. Levemo, uncommonly. Poso, afterwards. P6to, conveniently, occasionally. Pozendelo, in the afternoon. Selediko, seldom. Siso, since. Sotimo, sometimes. Suno, soon, shortly. Tano, then. Togo, at once. Tudelo, now-a-days. Ya, already. rbs of Manner. Mofo, aiway. Mudo, orally, viva voce. Nebuko, by heart. Nolo, knowingly. Patiko, particularly. Penido, chirographically. Penedo, by letter. Plobo, thorougzhly. Sago, even, yet. Somo, in such manner. Spido, in haste. Stepo, step by step. Vanliko, in vain. Voto, else. Zo, round about. Adverbs of Quantity. Dilo, partly. Sovemo, so much. Lblo, entirely. Te, only. M6do, much. Ti, nearly, about. Nemodo, little. Tobo, scarcely, hardly. Sato, enough, suffciently.Tu, too. So, thus, so. Tumbdiko, too much. Adverbs of Place. Tuvemo, excessively. Umo, more. Uno, the most. Vemo, very. Za, about, nearly. Sem6po, somewhere. Seo, without. Suso, above. Us, there. Valopo, everywhere. Viso, opposite, vis-a-vis. Deto, to the right. Diso, below. Domo, at home. Flano, aside, on one side. Pb, in front. Ge, back. Ino, within. Is, here. Lino, around. Nebo, by, near. Nedeto, to the left. Nesemopo, nowhere. Nilo, near, close. Pi, behind. Volapzik Grammar. 37 Adverbs of Varied Signqifcations. Aliko, in any case. Ba, possibly, perhaps. Beno, well. Bo, of course. Deno, however, nevertheless. Kikod? why? Kimiko? in what way? Kimna? how many times? Ki6p? where? Kiiip? where? Kludo, consequently. Lebeno, very well. Leno, not at all, by no means. Liko? how? No, no, not. Si, yes. Sikodo, hence, consequently. Tadilo, contrariwise. Za, moreover. Zelado, certainly. LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. Primitive. A, a, per, by the. Al, to, for, in order to. a. Al, tozoards. Bevii, between, among. Bifii, before (place). Biifu, beforehand. Buifii, before, prior to. a. Da, through, across. De, of, from. Demii, on account of, because of, for Des, from,from -forward. Dis,?under. Disii, beneath. Do, about, concerning. Du, while, during. Dub, by means of, with. Pa, by. a. In, in, into, at. Jii, until, till. Klii, because of, in consequence of. Ko, with. a. Kolii, toward. La, near, nzgh. Len, at, on, toward. Ma, according to, in pursuance of. Me, by means of, by. n.a. Nebii, beside, near. Nen, deprived of, without. Ovii, over, across. Pla, in place of, instead of. Pla, besides, beyond. Plas, instead of. Plo, for. n.a. Plo, excepting, aside from. Po, behind, after. Pos, after, subsequent to. Se, from, out of. Segun, according to. Sis, since. Su, on, upon. Sus, above, over. Ta, against. Tosa, in spite of, nevertheless. Unii, in, within (time). n.a. Ve, along. Za, about, near. n.a. Zi, round. n.a. Zu, roundabout. Derived Prepositions. Asii, as, in capacity of. Boladii, to debit of. Ataflanu, on this side of. Biidu, by command of, by order of. Bidii, like, after the manner of. Dalii, with leave of. 38 Volapuik Grammar. Daniu, thanks to. Defii, for want of. Detii, to right of. Domii, in the house of. Esii, for benefit of. Eteflanii, on that side of. Flanii, on the side of. Gonii, in favor of. Kalii, for the account of. Kanii, by virtue of, by dint of. Kodii, by reason of, because of. Komitii, as per order of (com'l). n.a. Komii, before, in presence of. Lenlogil, in consideration of. a. Linii, round, around. Modii, in the manner of. n.a. Nedetii, to the left of. Nekonsidil, without regard to. Nemiu, in the name of. Nestfi, notwithstanding. Nilu, near, nigh to. Nilumil, nearer. n.a. Nilunu, nearest. Pladalil, in place of, instead of. P&fdiiu, for the benefit of. Potii, on the occasion of. Sesumil, with exception of. Sogii, in the company of. StimiU, in honor of. SuamUl, to the amount of. n.a. Sukii, in the train of, following. Tef ii, concerning. Timiu, at the time of. n.a. Visui, in face of, opposite to. Yufii, with help of. n.a. Zenodii, in midst of, amid. While all prepositions govern the nominative case, Schleyer has indicated some as governing the accusative, and others as governing either the accusative or nominative case. In the foregoing lists, these are indicated by a. ( accusative ) or n. a. (nominative or accusative) before the preposition. One wonders why detu governs the nominative only, while nedetii governs either case, and why nilii differs from niliinii in this respect! LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS. A, and (before vowels, ad). Ab, but, however. Adas, in order that. Alif, each time that, whenever. Also, therefore. As, as, in the capacity of. As, as, like. Asif, as if, as when. Asliko, just as, even as. Aso, so as. Bi, because, whereas. Bisa, provided that. Blifo, before. Das, that. Dat, that, in order that. Do, although, though. Du, while, during. Dii, while, while doing. E, and (ed before vowels). Palo, in case that. I, also (id before vowels.) Ibo,for, because (with interrog. ibi?). If, if. Ifi, even if, though. JUs, until, till. Ka, than, as (used in comparison). Volaptik Grammar. 39 Kludo, so, therefore. So, so, therefore. Ludas, supposing that. Solonedo, as long as, while. Na, after (nag before vowels). Sosus, as soon as. Nendas, without that (used with verbs).U, or, or else (ud before vowels). Ni, neither, nor. U, or, sooner (iid before vowels). Ni - ni, neither - nor. Uf, either. Noe - soi -, not only - but -. Uf - ud, either - or. No te - ab -, not only - but -. Uf, in case, tf. Plas, besides. Una, while, as long as. Plisif, unless, except. Va, if, whether. Sis, since. Ven, when. LIST OF INTERJECTIONS. A! oh! Adyo! adieu Ag! ah! alas! Bafo! bravo! Denulogo! au revoir! Duso! gently! softly. Eko! there! Eko! see there! Pi! fie! Godo! for God's sake! Isd! look here! Ladyulo I farewell. Lifo! long live! vive Lil! hello L6po! up Lu! hey! Maj! march! Mil! zounds! M! be gone! C! oh! 0! hey! indeed! Piido! peace! Spido! quick! be spry! Stopo I stop! SusSo up! Takedo! be still! Vek! welcome! Yi! begone! Yu! help! Yufo! to the rescue! ABBREVIATIONS IN GENERAL USE. a. b. (atos binos), that is, i. e. alos. (al atos), to that, thereto. a. a. (as sam), for instance, for example, e. g. d. o. d. (diinan olik divodikiin), your most obedient servant. e. 1. (e lemanikos), et cetera, and so forth, etc. o. b. (os binos), that is, i. e. S. L. (SB1 lWfik), Dear Sir. Vp. (Volapiik), Volapiik. Vpa. (Volapiika), of Volapiik. 40 Volapuk Grammar. LIST OF PREFIXES. (See page 28.) Ba Ba Be Beno Bevo Bevii Bi Bti Da De Denu Di Disa Du Fe FP Ge Ji Ke Kil Ko KEi La Len L6p Love Lui* Mi Mo Mb Equals English mono-, unilower eneubetwveen interfore, pre- (place) fore, pre- (time) completes root-idea de-, from re-, again disunder, vicethrough, transturning aside forresign of fem. gender along tricol-, colcubic proximity ad-, ashead, upper over, super-, transmotion toward disawaypoly Examples. bafom, uniformity. Badeut, Lower Germany. belifon, to enliven. benoton, euphony. bevotlidiin, to step between. beviinetik, international. bigolel, fore-runner. biisagon, to foretell, to predict. dageton, to receive. deflekon, to deflect, to turn away. denukimon, to return, to come dilim6n, to dismember. [again. disaklots, underclothes. disakonsal, vice-consul. dugonbn, to run through. duk6t, a transaction. fedugon, to seduce. fogivin, to forgive. gegivin, to return. jipul, girl. keblinon, to bring along. kilbalod, triuneness. kokom6n, to convene. koblod, colleague. kiileil, cubic-mile. labled, supplement. lenpiikon, to address. lensumon, to assume. j lpibotan, head-waiter. lpatal, Upper Italy. lovedugin, to lead over. lovepolon, to translate. lovepenon, to szuperscribe. liik6mon, to arrive at. miplidon, to displease. modugon, to lead away. mogul, polygon. *Lii is used as prefix to express relationships which are in English expressed by " in. l/w," asLublod, brother-in-law. Liifat, father-in-law. Limot, mother-in-law. Volapk Grammar. 41 Neba Nin Pal Plo Pos Sa Se Si Su Susi Ta Tel Tu *U1 Va Va Zi Equals English accessory int double propost — discx-. (oit indic'n for constellations imuip re-, counterbioverindicates antiquity square every circIu/n Examples. nebadin, side issue. nebaklub, branch society. ninleton, to let in. palsiam, double-meaning. palbil, double beer. plokudon, to provide. posotopon, to postpone. sajonon, to disfivure. seplanon, to explain. sepedon, to press out, express. Siber, Ursa Major. suseiton, to impose. susipolon, to carry up. tablofon, to refute. tabiiddn, to countermand. telfutik, bipedal. telyelik, biennial. tudunon, to overdo. ulmag, archetype. iilfon, primal source. vamet, square meter. vadelo, every day. vaiplisen, ubiquity. ziflek, circumrotation. LIST OF SUFFIXES. (See page 29.) Af Af Am Av Int Ip It and lit Om animrals flowers employment sciences chemical substances diseases birds implements Flitaf, ly.* Kamaf, camelia. Julam, school employment. Kimav, geolqoy. Ziidin, oxygen. Ladip, heart-disease. Kanerit, canary. Lapinlit, bird of prey. Gadom, garden-tools. *Tle af in some nouns, though they are names of animals, is not a suffix, but part of the root; thusleaf, a leotard. skopaf, a scorpion. tin, as a suffix, is indeterminate, (spatin, a walking-stick) though generally indicating chemical substances. 42 Volapilk Grammar. Tim Uf Um Up Distinctive for seasons musical terms musical terms time Examples. Hitatim, summer. J6uif, octave. Baliim, solo. Iifiip, life-time. The foregoing almost inevitably indicate the nature of the nouns they terminate. There are other suffixes not so precisely distinctive, asFor Concrete Nouns. ab (litab, a candle). ad (ldmibad, an umbrella). ap (finap, toe). at (poedat, poetry). eb (dadukeb, normal school). eg (slopeg, Zapendage). ib (ridib, cane-brake). For Abstract Nouns. il (fibil, mental debility). am (veitam, enlargement). et (binuget, substantiality). Of (givof, generosity). ug (binug, existence). ig (ciliig, childhood). Indeterminately. ag (dibag, draught). it (netat, nationality). ed (pened, a letter). ef (sB1ef, domination). od (logod, visage). ot (bumot, a building). ub (pd1ub, error). lib (faniib, prison). Significative Terminations. Certain terminations have been reserved for indicating particular classes of words, not, however, as suffixes, among which they have been erroneously classed. These are - ian ep in op iid up countries edible plants elementary substances continents points of compass non-edible plants Beljan, Belgium. kaulep, caulflower. boin, boron. Melop, America, Noliid, North. peup, ivy. Vola~ptk Grammar. 4 43 JINEF BALIONALA. -909 -Kon popik disibinomn' das kiuip Paul Watson' THinom yunan pbfik H1lifom kIdi yunik kela paels iibinoms liegik. Asagon das iirezipof lbfi omik, ab famUl ofik avanom matabtimeti3, e poso, iiveddl neldbik4, iidisom in fi~get'. Atos THinos ba kod das Paul iimatorn negelo'. Vanam at deno no' iineletom omi vedbn vemo liegik; ba THinomn stigo koded kinama tedelik omik; itlabom jafiili. Katad omik iibeginorn me spiil e aglofom me fumdlI. Ted pakonsidom mbdikna as kod ctita u leluiino desida tu levipik plo lepbfUd. Ab ats binoms netugs menas e no ddfs calas. Snat Paul'a 7 abinoin pikedavbdik. No li-enoetol das at pakopanom ai ko plip? Nafs omik apoloms vitopo labiidis ziveta. Karavans omik iidugolorns nekulivopi foetik alik. Dunans omik iinidlanoms kutis sijielas foetik valik. Viens, gekiimol tavelu mel aiceinol btiadil Kautiji, iivienorns liegi netas futes omik. Nafs oma iigekiimoms negelo' lomo nen lodot. Ted so penogotol, do legletik, iiddlom livilpi mbdik. Reguls omik iibinoms Us uts9 nata kels jinorns biton tom~itiko. Paul iibinom leigiko sitik dunon benodi. Ti lemesed valik oma'0 pisegivorn kl~niko plo benods. Tug at piimesedom len dil latumik lifa omik, ko datUv jinefa" sembal sibini kela no inolom. Pedadukol in famuil kel iplakom plibi mt~dikum, kuliv ofa dijodnom stadi geilik kele iigeilom ofi. Abinof so gudik e dilsumaflik ka'2 ibinof j inik e sapik. IPage 24 (I). 2Page 25 (7), and 27 (I o). 3Page 27.4~ Page 28 (ne). Page io (Government of Prepositions).6 Page 9. 7Page 25 (7). 81 Page ii, Construction (i). 9 Page 3 (c. 20Page 14 (Note 3). "Page 37 (ji). 12 Page 5 (Comparison). 44 44 Volapuk Grammar. Staifels ofik abinoms nenumik: ab lc6f ofi-k disibinorn te plo nok e flens cilfipa ofik. Gdlod soelik de Paul Hibinorn stud pUkas, plo kel Mlabom fdgdli patik. AXkapdlomi stabo medis si~enamna keli pilofoms plo lensum valernik e idatikorn it' piiki melida patik. Pbjk lebalik omna' ibinorn das Hiidasorn kap~li pekuli~vol lefuliko. Glamat e st~rmabuk omnik libinoins vemno balik. Ab vL~dabuk neblefik abinom jiniko nemdg, ibo buks vola Itilik no likanorns ninlab6n licinis mbigik. E in samads mtidik ats pifornoms dub valUd tugedik regulas so mddik das glamnatels gudikitn ituvorns atis binon rdts teik. Apiibom nevelo datuvi okik, ibo abinorn mUkik in dins valik. Kiuip Volapuik Hisiilidom, Iauul Wiedom foviko skilik in geb omnik, penal stilis valik iiefikuliko e flumadliko, ab bizugol stUli et fUmik e blefik kel panemoni kiatelik. Stul tedelik pagebom in jaf oma e kiudo bevu stits votik. AXbinom vemno dunik in pakarn pUka et. Afiinom plofedMiis VolapUka in nivers gledinik: ab no iilovelifoirn log6n lensurni ptika daii nolavol. Adeilom klU neurnontiz'sl pekodedol me fif katarik poplik kel ilerUbom yoli Itlik. Vorniil Agnes Watson, geblibel lebalik palefanas omik e tiod b~leda omik, iilabof ibdntis kels ifflgoms ofi div6n umno ka posod aikelik votik ladi e kaplili mana at kiatik. Glif dibik ofa pamneiladiicn me medits stidlik sapava et keli vol no kanom tidon. Sen saidii ofik debbfa, peninjapijibi fa l~d kel idafomof ofi, adejokom joni denuamik ofeno das Ikitavil niika iibinorn negidik e dstitom panos6n. No iivilof gebon lukodi anik, ailiko lonik, sagol,,,Du lifiip nbka I1Sfik oba, gegiv teik keli akanob mekon plo gud6f nepemnied1k omik abinom yua~n desides omna. No li-binom leigo si~t obik lobedan nu Idtavili ornik? Zu baladob ladliko ko vips omik, ibo no nolob medi gudikum sevdl6n mateli plo ob it ka' bluf pegivol in latavil. Buigs pebUdol obes Lal lbpefs no stitoms pacbjdat6n ai segun noms menik; e 'Page 9 (self) ' Page 14 (Note 3).3 Page 27 (Note Io0). 'Page 5 (Comparison). 'Page i6 (No. 9). Voltzpik Grainmar. 45 no dodob itivon sukoti Fate nepalas, plo yuf laia hiplekLdtavil pezepol in ctdd~fbp, befulels kil iilenunoins in gaseds lepatik taladilas valik das du del semik xam kosteifik osibinom leigiipo in zifs gletik kil, pamanifdl manes nep,~mat6l kels akanoms jondn bl~fi s~tik diga kop-,ik e stidlik. Nitlidabegs, dmutorns finon muls mal bift! xamadel. Xam Hkanom duldn dtip bal e, asbtom kosiet6n penam peneda rigik volaptikik e, lovepolarn penotila volaptikik in pilk aikelik votik. Yuf nonik iikanom paddl6n. Namapernids sugivas dmutorns pasnilon e paliinam6n befulele pekomitol. Namapenads Himutoms pabisiadon datuvele Volapitika, u sukele omik e likof vobadfiba akanom paslud6n segun mod aikelik plUdiu lenunodel. Ximutom hindu neddl ]isevamdn kosteifelis tel Us lahol melidi leigik, e ciidat amutoro hindn kiudik. Delids zesUdik Hmutoms papeldn se gued de Watson. Lepi6 -fUdel iimutom geton lafi lem~na gueda e jigami gelUtdl labemi leigik, u foldili' lemiina l16pnik nen jigam. segun val omnik, u teldili lemlina nen jigeltitan, segun vdil ofik; o.b.,' balim u votirn nevilol mati Himutom ltivon foldili gueda datuvele Volapuika. Lenunod at amekom susitupi gletik. Stud VolapUka pastigom mekdfiko. Nitlidahegs alkimoms de dils valik vola. Dunanef stita de Wa/son pdmb3dom diseinii velatam garanas peliiblinol. Befulels adejokonis nitlidabegis yen iisibinom badanilud smalikiin. Bit vUlik at3 p~ikrUtom lUdiko fa aniks: ab dtil lisdlik iisibinorn das xaimels THefulorns gudiko bligis fikulik omsik. Del dnak~imom fino. Kosteifels iikokiimoms in lasams leigfipik kil kelas, aiim piibisiedom fa befulel sembal gueda de Wa/son. Plepad ihinorn4 pemekdl al labdn koveni e pbti zesiidik al duindn vohi in kel kosteifels s~itoms nintlidon. Teats veitik e beno peklei161 4plepadoms. Agivon pbsode alik samadi namapenada vola'Page 6 (Fractions). 2Page 39 3Page 3 (e). 'Page 15 (Note io). 46 46 Vola'pfik Grammar. ptikik polovepolol, penomi, e kbvi pebtikol, lab6l supen~di suk6lAn Herrn J. M. SCHLEYER, Erfinder der WellIsrache, 'M~tsracheSCHOTTENSTRASSE 31, Z ntsrabcro KONSTANz, BADEN. Sukolos binos depeniid sugiva blufik pegeletdl fa geliit.. al - Leno sagolsdd s~ilanimiko das lif dlim teik aibinom. Tikil kele logon no aipltdpos das A jinikos U jenikos diforms, ut binom nelifik. Lif aibinom unf volekam susiilafulik no poxond5s6l ini sep. No binos d6 lan das kanon-la lesagon,,Ptif binol: in piifi ogegolol." Lifazeil no binomb~s giflodi u liedisukam sod aidunon somo dat del alik udenuk6mdl mostepi onoelorn. Levip rivorn aifagik. Spido malekorn tim, e lads fumadlikiin dadiemoms X peboms ko flep ffigik leiiloged6ls sepi. Leno binosod also; sod in lifakomip6p kinail s6lomoz love leigi netikolas nimas kel pasptirori ainedoms. Do ffldiip bdtomox olsi fa lofs gdlodas, no silkolsod otis ni litxamolsbd spegali en nedenublinik-i fegolupi. Olse binosod aidunon in inutim sibinik, sludiko in lad e Godikonfidols. Esibinoms jameps e lifs oms:-a bli~foms das id obsikans okanoms binon subimik e duinon as samads sukoles obsa, geilolo omsi ove delanimami al nuliki dunofi. Kin ii susilogobsod A susitovobso~d peplepadols plo aikelos kellos ojenos-la obes aibefuilal; aibltifdls, sufaUdi lenadols sembpiki befulamni vallidbls alika desida digik. Ans iiklemorns kosteifami kid~p iiogoms sugivi. LafadU~p balid adulom seiliko. TMino b~iset iisibinom. Xpliefon pentidis. Yunan sembal iisegolom. Astdpon su geflan' ktdva omik, me namastdp, e befulel Hipenomn,,,Tim pegeb6l, minuts kilselul'." Segolamns abinoms tiino ofenik, 'Page 5 (Numerals). Volapiik Grammar. 4 47 e kiiip di~p Hifinom peniids m~idik aibliboms nelefulik. Penads palensumol phdpladoms foviko' in potastit. Kosteifels eblib6l pos2 di~p panunonms das namapenads Omnsik, do piisekikoms se kosteifam dkanoms pafinon liviipiko, tonti bek de sbl Sc/deyer, e papotd5n laturno'. Finasek pavalddom ko nited hitikiun. Liinotels psisedoms.al Kons/anz al noetbn e lenunoddn detifli alik. Gaseds p~ifuloms ko lenunods. Susitup dnitedorn vol molddik. Lop semnbal', petidd61,jinef balionala," pIibitopom. Ldids dipolofs jadielis,,Agnes Watson." SbIls aipoloms nbkedis,,Volapiikik", h~tis,,Sc/hleyer"' e gunal~pis,,Datikel". J,Lovepolal" iipubom su rbnakul e iilovom jevalis sikikfin.,,El' Volaptik" p~ibumom e Hidugolomn Lantiseani tind dels fol. Xamalef akokbmoms in Konstanz al' yufon Sbli Sc/i/eye;revidon namapenadis. Aivoboms baladiko segun mod peployegol fa datuvel. Namapenad alik p~iliidom krtitiko kilna, alina fa xamel difik, kel abemalom omi ko numat jonbl valtidi omik de bal jU bals. Namapen~ids et getol bemnalami diametik ovti lul digeninlogoms fa komitefs kademarlas kil, kels Hbemnalorns omnis,,digik",,,digikurn" u,,digikin".' Namnapenads digikiin agoloms tdino al datuvel kel Hl~eselogom gudikiini e dIinotom cbdati befuleles. Also komip gletikiin kapala keli vol alogom egelo Ipafinom. Ti valiks, ninkikii zogikaDns, iigetoms dipedi sota anik. Datuvel agiilom dub' datiiv julanas nulik mdjdik e dub. skil pegletol julanas bi~foik. Mbdiks kels igetoms ya. dipedis Hgetoms utis lWena geilikum, e sdl sembal yap~nik e Brahimins tel, labol1 lifayelis zesiidik, pamekoms sendtans. Yof p6ta gletik at piftupom ko' sams yamik fib~ila menik. Pediped6ls anik akl~doms okis9 melidon Page 5 (Adverbs). 2Page i7 (No. 21).3 PageI 4. Page 13 (Note 2. Page 33. 6Page 5 (Comparison); this sentence shows the three degrees. Page i6 (No. 8). Page 20 (With). 9 Page 8 (Reflexive Verb). 48 48Vola~pfik Gramm~ar. stirnis gletikurn ka uts kelis igetoms, e iisagoms badiko db datuvel. Jo/zn Armnstrong, kel THinorn kamadel v~inik vomulia Watson Thinorn beviA pedelanimbis. Jinbk omik, vomiji Daven~port, idadukof omnis. Kitip Agnes pdimosumof La nbk liegik ofa Hiplakom glifi balid' omnik e pdistbrom me' d~5ls stimasiika. Pediped6l gtirnadiko, e elog6l nins~di db kosteifam, iistikom pr~rmi e Theginom studi Volapiika. A~getorn, Uis' sukot balid steifama, dipedi tidela. Ntim kilik de,,Volaptikabled Zenodik", kel iinunodomn nemis getelas dipedas, dijonorn omiki bevil mils tel kels igetoms diniti at. Num. leigi~k disibinom in ltiens valik votik. Geb visedikiin tdlena jinbika omik azestidom al mafikdn omni dundn bosi devik. Aplbsenof vanliko das abinom k6s~im s~5la Schleyer gevbn dipedis, geilikum te utes kels igetoms bapikumis valik. Spel kiom'. Thanom bin6n pio man kel abinorn tidel teik? Apldnof vanliko das jigelitan Hkanof ba, as ldtavil amnesi~lom, nevilbn rnat6n lepbfUdeli, faiji kelos spel dsibinom plo sbl Armstrong. Amnemom das lifanom, de vomfil Watson iibinom lobed al lbp6f. Ab dUp daegik at THigolom g6li. Akgetorn penedi de befulels nunol das THinom lepbifid'el, e stikdl vipis omnik dci stip komat6la jigeliitani, bi dafin gueda iideslopom su sludot omnik e ofik teftl din. Penels dzit~toms lestuni Oh3l Schleyer das lovepolams veldtik e dek-~ ik in Latinaptik, Deutaptik e NelijapUk, kobii penarn peneda volapUkik iikanoms padunbn du minuts kilselul. Adabegoms lerndno kigivon lesagi okik stimna pbisodik geilMkin. jigelUtan iidulilddof ko nited gletikiin calabledi Vola.. p~ika. Alesteifof ko nemns nesepi~kik e iimilagof liko ajinos6v panemn6n,kI~d ek*,"1 kitip HidatUvof nemi,,John Page 6 (Ordiiials). 2Page 17' (No. i). 3Page 2 1 (No.- 4). 4 Page 2 (this sentence illustrates all the cases of the nouns). 'Page 3 (c); page 9 (Interrogatives). * Mrs. So and So. Volapfik Gramnmar. 4 49 Armstrong." Li-Jo hni? Lad ofik Hitakom. Nuliidamablod ofik-pledasogel cililpa galik e lhbik!1 Li-ilbfom also ofi? asakof oki. Ab no akanof dot6n nob~i omik. Azijotlof oke denuamiko,,,Lbfom obi!"1 Leigiipo ko tik plidik at lejek balama pebiied6l keli ilenlogof bUo ko plid dkbmon al ol. If iibinom-la 2 lepbifidel iisagofdv vildfiko,,si"l. Ifi no iibinom-Ia leptiftidel Hikanof6v3 liiv6n balionis e lab~n nog balionis - sti nen dod plo ptisods tel: ab iidledof das pleit omik, as ut vomuila Daveniport, in zid stimik, Thinomdv4 neletiib ta mat so neleigik tefu labem. KofudHil ofik p~ilivom me naktim de Jo/in Armstront6. Vbds ncmtidik dsdtoms kod6n omis bindn pbsods laikirn. X&plidos befulelis, naktimdl su'no, sev6n das vobs lonedik omsik Hisbtoms finon vifo. Akomnatoms. Vomiil Dazveniport Oibdof ko oms Us du dels vonik vbnik. Matalifuip omsik Thinorn biisen stila. Cils omsik iilupiikorns volaptiko. Aibinoms vemo misaladik bi iicedorns guedi omsik as pekip6l in jafaniig al God benodik. Stil Arrnstronig iigetom stimis geilikum de datuvel, e do tu yunik al binon senuitan pakonsidoiu valopo sukel ftidik de stil Sclhleyer. Del glumn~lik arivorn al famiil kitip vomill Daven'p~ort lestimlik pdliebevokof al gledom teniipik ofa. iigetof suflagi nen muif, bi ibinof ai peplepad~5l. Nid veda nemanifik piigestalorn se logod ofik ven, ko smUl keina nebepenik, asenatemnof lani ofik ko vtids kianafulik at,,,Fat zeporn fino."1 E iituvon poso, seist6l su lad nepebik ofa, demagi yunana kel astimnom Agnes. Dis demag, pepen6l in tonabs lovelogik, iibinom vod soalik: - Page 27 (Note io). 2 Suffix for subjunctive. 3Page 26 (Note 9). 4 Condition implied. Page 26 (Note 9). I I VOCABULARY. 'IN Volapaik Grammar. 53 VOCABULARY. Abbreviations. i., interjection. i. pr., indef. pronoun. n., noun. p., preposition. a., adjective. ad., adverb. c., conjunction. d. pr. demon. pronoun. pa., participle. pr., pronoun. v., verb. Ab, c., but, however. Ai, ad., always, ever. Aiceinol, pa., ever-changing. Aifagik, a., far-reaching. Aikelik, a., whatsoever. Ailiko, ad., howcver. Al, p., to; (oefore infinitives, in order to). Alik, a., each, every. Alina, ad., each time. Also, ad., thus. Anik, a., some, afew. Ans, pr., some, any, few. As, c., as, in the capacity of. As, c., as, like, like as. At, d. pr., this, the latter. Atos, pr., this, that. Ba, ad., perhaps, possibly, probably. Badanilud, n., suspicion. Badiko, ad., badly, evilly. Baladon, v., to concur. Baladiko, ad., harmoniously. Balam, n., compact. Biled, n., old age. Biledlip, n., old age. Balid, a., first. Balik, a., simple. Balikiin, a., simplest. Balim - votim, each other, either, Balion, n., million. Balional, n., millionaire. Bapikum, a., lower. Baton, v., to entice, lure. Befulam, n., fulfinment. Befulel, n., fulfiller, executor. Befulon, v., to fulfil. Beginin, v., to commence, begin. Bek, n., request. Bemalam, n., marking, designation. Bemalon, v., to mark. Benod, n., benefit, kindness. Benodot, n., beneficence, charity. Bevii, p., between, among. Bi, c., since, because. Biffu, p., before, in advance of. Bigolin, v., to precede. Binelik, n., existing, actual. Binon, v., to be. Bisiadon, v., to place before, submit to. Bit, n., procedure. Biton, v., to manag'e, operate, work. Bitopin, v., to exhibit, present. Bizugon, v., to prefer. Bliafon, v, to recompense, requite, reward. 54 Volapak Grammar. Blefik, a., brief, concise. Blibon, v., to remain. Blig, n., duty. Bl6f, n., proof, evidence. Bluf, n., test. Blufik, a., proof, test. Bos, n., something. B6set, n., bustle, clamor, noise. Btiadu, p., by direction of. Biidon, v., to command, order. Biiedon, v., to prescribe, ordain. Btifoik, a., former, previous. Buk, n., book. Bumon, v., to build, construct. Cal, n., calling, function, profession. Calabled, n., official organ. Cedon, v., to judge, consider. Ciliip, n., childhood. Cddat, n.,judgment. Codaton, v., to judge, judge of. Cbdatti, p., to the judgment of. Cddofop, n., court, law court. Ciit, n., deception, fraud, imposture. Dabegon, v., to beg. Dadlemon, v., to tremble, shudder. Dadukon, v., to educate, bring up. Daegik, a., dark. Dafin, n., termination. Dafomin, v., to bring up, educate. Dalon, v., to be allowed. Dil6n, v, to permit, allow. Das, c., that. Datikon, v., to conceive, devise. Dattiv, n., discovery. Datuvel, n., inventor. Datuvon, v., to invent. Daii, p., throughout. De, p., of. Debof, n., duty. Deilikan, n., mortal. Deilon, v., to die, decease. Dejokon, v., to repel. Dekik, a., ornate. Dekon, v., to decorate, adorn. Del, n., day. Delanimam, n., discouragement. Delanimon, v., to dishearten, dispirit. Delid, n., expense, cost. Demag, n., portrait, picture. Deno, ad., still, yet, nevertheless. Denuamik, a., recurring, 'repeated. Depenad, n., copy, transcritt. Desid, n., desire, longing. Deslopon, v., to depend upon. Detiil, n., particular, detail. Detiilik, a., separate, detailed. Deutapuk, n., German, German language. Devik, a., desperate. Diametik, a., average. Dibik, a., deep, profound. Difik, a., different. Dig, n., worth, worthiness. Digik, a., 7worthy. Dil, n., part, portion. Dilsumalik, a., sympathetic. Din, n., thing, circumstance. Dinit, n., dignity, honor. Diped, n., diploma. Dipedon, v., to diploma. Dis, p., under, beneath. Diseinii, p., for the purpose of. Dison, v., to sink, go dozvn, wane. Divon, v., to prize, esteem, value. Dledon, v., to dread, fear. Dlim, n., dream. Do, c., although, though. Di, p., in regard to, concerning. Dodon, v., to hesitate, doubt. D6f, n., fault, defect. D61, n., thought, idea. Du, p., during. Dub, p., by, through, by means of. Dugolon, v., to traverse, cross. Dulliadon, v., to read through, study. Dulon,. v., to last, endure. Volapuik Grammar. 55 Dunan, n., agent. Dunanef, n., corps of agents. Dunik, a., active. Dunikiin, a., very active. Dunof, n., endeavor. Dunon, v., to do, act. Diup, n., hour. E, c., and. Egelo, ad., ever. Ek, pr., somebody, someone. El, def. article, the (rarely used). Elsik, a., former, other. Pa, p., by. Fig, n., capability, aptitude. FPgal, n., mental aptitude, capacity. Figbn, v., to enable, capacitate. Fal, n., fall, case (grammar). Falii, p., in case of. Famiil, n., family, household. Fat, n.,father. Fegoliip, n., past. Fejokon, v., to reject. Pibal, n.,feeble-mindedness. Fif, n., fever. Fikulik, a., difcult. Pinasek, n., result. Fino, ad., finally. Finon, v., to finish, end. Flagon, v., to require, demand, exact. Flen, n., friend. Plep, n., measure, rhythm. Flumal, n., loquacity, fluency. Flumaliko, ad., fluently. Foetanik, a., savage, barbaric. P6get, n., oblivion, obscurity, forgetfulness. Pol, n.,four. Foldil, n., quarter, fourth. Fomon, v., to form. Poviko, ad., forthwith, immediately. Fidik, a.,future. Fiidiip, n.,future. Fulon, v., tofill, makefull. Pumal, n., industry, persistence. Pumalik, a., earnest. Plimik, a., certain, precise, definite. PFinon, v., to found, establish. Put, n., foot. Galik, a.,joyous. Galod, n., pleasure. Garan, n., guarantee. Gased, n., journal, gazette. Geb, n., use, employment. Geblibel, n., survivor. Gebon, v., to use, apply. Geflan, n., back, posterior. Gegiv, n., return, restitution. Gegolon, v., to return, go back. Geilik, a., high, elevated. Geiliko, ad., highly, exaltedly. Geilon, v., to exalt, elevate, raise. Gekomon, v., to come back, return. Geleton, v., to bequeath, leave. Geliital, n., testator. Gelitol, pa., inheriting. Geninlogon, v., to re-inspect. Gestalon, v., to reflect. Getel, n., recipient. Geton, v., to get, receive. Gevon, v., to grant, concede. Givon, v., to give. Glamat, n., grammar. Glamatel, n., grammaria. Gledinik, a., chief, principal. Gletik, a., great, large. Glif, n., grief. Glofin, v., to grow, increase. Godikonfidol, pa., God-trusting,. G61, n., dawn. Gudik, a., good. Gudiko, ad., well. Gudikos, n., the good, good. Gudikum, a., better. Gudikiin, a., best. 56 Volapuk Grammar. Gudof, n., goodness, kindness. Gued, n., estate. Glimnad, n., gymnasium, college. Gunalop, n., collar. Hat, n., hat. Hitikiin, a., hottest, most intense. Ibo, c., for, because. Ii, c., even if. In, p., in, into. It, pr., self Jadiel, n., parasol. Jaf, n., creation. Jif, n., business. Jafil, n., creative genius. Jafaniig, n., stewardship. Jamep, n., hero. Jenikos, n., the actual, the being. Jenin, v., to happen, occur, take place. Jeval, n., horse. Jinikos, n., the seeming. Jigam, n., bride. Jigeliitan, n., heiress. Jinef, n., niece. Jinik, a., apparent, obvious. Jindk, aunt. Jinon, v., to seem, appear. Jon, n., suggestion. Jonon, v., to show. J6nik, a., beautiful, pretty. J6non, v., to beautify, adorn. Jit, p., until, till. Julan, n., student. Ka, c., than, as. Kamadel, n., comrade, companion. Kanon, v., to be able, can. Kapal, n., understanding, mind, intellect. Kapiilon, v., to understand, comprehend. Karavan, n., caravan. Katad, n., capital,funds. Katarik, a., catarrhal. Kautal, n., Providence, God. Kein, n., loveliness, sweetness. Kel, pr., who, which, that. Kikod, ad., why? wherefore? Kil, a., three. Kilik, a., triple. Kilna, ad., three times, thrice. Kinal, n., heroism. Kinam, n., boldness, enterprise, venture. Kiom? pr., which? Kiiip, ad., when, at what time. Klanafulik, a., mysterious. Klaniko, ad., secretly. Klatelik, a., classical. Klatik, a., illustrious, remarkable. Klemion, v., to renounce, abdicate, resign. Klodin, v., to believe. Klu, ad., accordinlly, therefore. Klii, p., because of, in consequence of. Kludik, a., conclusive. Kludo, ad., consequently, therefore. Kliilik, a., clear. Ko, p., with, in company with. Kobii, p., together with. Kod, n., cause, reason. Koded, n., cause, motive. Kodedon, v., to cause, induce. Kodon, v., to cause, occasion. Kofudal, n., perplexity. Kokbm, n., arrival. Kok6mon, v., to meet. Komatam, n., marriage. Komat6n, v., to marry, espouse. Komenalif, n., charity, philanthropy. Komip, n., contest. Komiton, v., to authorize, commission. KImo6n, v., to come. Volapik Grammar. 57 Kon, n., tale, story, account. Konsidon, v., to consider, respect, look upon. Kopanon, v., to accompany. Kopik, a., bodily, corporeal, physical. Kosieton, v., to subsist in, consist of. Kdsom, n., custom, habit. Kosteifam, n., compeitition, contest. Kosteifel, n., competitor. Kosteifik, a., competitive. Kov, n., envelope. Kriitiko, ad., critically. Krito&n, v., to criticise. Kudaliv, n., freedom from care, recreation. Kuliv, n., culture, education. Kulivon, v., to cultivate, educate. Kut, n., court, royal residence. Labad, n., blessing. Labedon, v., to possess. Labem, n.,fortune, wealth. Labik, a., happy. Labon, v., to have, possess. Lad, n., heart. Lad, n., lady, Mrs. Ladliko, ad., heartily. Laf, n., half. Lafadiip, n., half-hour. Lagivon, v., to add. Lan, n., soul. Lanot6n, v., to report, announce. Lantisean, n., Atlantic, Atlantic Occan. Lasam, n., session. Lasevamon, v., to recognize, approve. Latavil, n., will, testament. Latinapilk, n., Latin, Latin language. Latumik, a., latter. Latumo, ad., later. Lebalik, a., sole, single. Lebevokon, v., to summon. Lefuliko, a., perfectly. Lefulon, v., to finish, complete. Legletik, a., enormous, colossal. Leig, n., equality, likeness. Leigik, a., equal. Leigiipo, ad., simultaneously. Leluino, ad., least of all, at least. Lemin, n., residue, remainder. Lemesed, n., salary, income. Lenlogon, v., to view. Leno, ad., no, by no means. Lensum, n., acceptance, adoption. Lensumon, v., to accept. Lenu, ad., immediately, at once. Lenunod, n., report, account. Lenunodel, n., referee. Lenunon, v., to announce. Lenunodon, v., to announce. Lepofiid, n., profit, gain, income. Lepbfiidel, n., winner. Leriib6n, v., to devastate, ravage. Lesag, n, assurance. Leselog6n, v., to select. Lesteifon, v., to struggle. Lestimlik, a., venerated, venerable. Iestimon, v., to venerate, revere, esteenm. Lestun, n., astonishment. Levemo. ad., extremely. Levip, n., wish, longing. Levipik, a., eager. Li-, interrogative particle. Licin, n., descent, derivation, derira.tive. Liedisiikam, n., search of sorrazo. Lieg, n., riches, wealth. Liegik, a., rich, wealthy. ILif, n., life. Lifakomipop, n., battle-field of life Lifanom, n., rule of life. Lifayel, n., age, year of llfe. Lifazeil, n., life's aim. Lif Up, n., lifetime. Liko? ad., how? Likof, n., quality. Lilidon, v., to read. 58 Volapi:k Grammar. Lis'ilik, a., judicious. Livon, v., to free, liberate, resolve. Liviup, n., leisure. Liviipiko, ad., leisurely, at leisure Lobed, n., obedience. Lobedon, v., to obey. Ldoln, v., to reside, lodge. Lodot, n., load, cargo. Lif, n., love, affection. Lofon, v., to offer, propose L6fon, v., to love. Logod, n.,face, visage. Logon, v., to see, perceive. Lokon, v., to reflect, mirror. Llik, a., whole, entire. Lomo, ad., homzeward, homte. Linat, n., quality. Lonedik, a., long, protracted. Lonik, a., lawful. Lonon, v., to define, determine Lop, n., opera. Ia6pef, n., authorities. Lbpnik, a., said, above-mentionea. L6pof, n., authority. Love, p., over. Lovegivin, v., to deliver, surrender. Lovelifin, v., to outlive, survive. Lovelogik, a., distinct. Lovepolam, n., translation. Lovepolon, v., to translate. Lovon, v., to surpass, outdo. Ludason, v., to sup/ose, presume. lidiko, ad., harshly, severely. Liien, n., degree,grade. Liigik, a., mournful, sad. Lijonin, v., to point out, indicate. Lukodi, n., pretense. Lul, n.,five. Liinamon, v., to hand over. Lupiikon, v., to lisp. Liivon, v., to relinquish. Luiinik, a., least. Ltixamoin, v., to waste, fritter away. Mafikon, v., to restrain. Mal, n., six. Malekon, v., to march. Man, n., man,-male. Manifon, v., to open, broach. Matabegel, n., suitor. Matabbmet, n., match, betrothal. Matalifiip, n., married life. Matel, n., husband. Maton, v., to marry, espouse. Me, p., by means of, by. Med, n., means, medium. Medit, n., meditation, reflection. Meiladon, v., to mitigate, alleviate. Mekofiko, ad., violently, boisterously. Mekbn, v., to make. Mel, n., ocean, sea. Melid, n., merit, desert. Melidon, v., to merit, deserve. Memon, v., to remember. Men, n., person, man, human being. Menik, a., human. Mesedon, v., to reward, recompense. Mesiilon, v., to provide, take measures. Mil, n., thousand. Milagon, v., to wonder. Minut, n., minute (sixty seconds). Misaladik, a., charitable. Mod, n., method, mode. Midik, a., many, much, numerous. Modikna, ad., many times,frequently. M6d6n, to increase. Mogik, a.,possible. Moladik, a., fashionable. Mostep, n., progress. Mosumon, v., to take aw,;y, remove. Muif, n., disquietude. Miikik, a., modest. Mul, n., month. Musam, n., conversation, diversion. Muton, v., to be oblihed, must. Naf, n., ship, vessel. Naktjmon, v., to arrivte. Folapiik Grammar. Nam, n., hand. Nam, n.,force, power, strength. Namapenad, n., manuscript, paper. Namastap, n., hand-stamp. Nat, n., nature. Nebepenik, a., indescribable, ineffable Neblefik, a., unabridged. Nedal, n., interdiction. Neddlik, a., prohibited. Nedin, v., to need, require. Nedenublinik, a., irrecoverable. Nefikul, n., ease, facility. Nefikuliko, ad., easily. Negelo, ad., never. Negidik, a., unjust. Nekulivbp, n., uncultivated place, desert. Nelabik, a., unfortunate. Nelboiin, v., to be unfortunate. Nelefulik, a., unfinished. Nelet6n, v., to hinder, prevent. Neleigik, a., unequal. Neletin, v., to prevent. Neletulb, n., barrier, obstacle. Nelifik, a., lifeless, dead. Nelijapiiu, n., English languag-e. Nem, n., name. Nemanifik, a., unmanifested, unseen. Nem6g, n., impossibility. Nemon, v., to name, designate. Nen, p., without, deprived of. Nenumik, a., innumerable. Nepal, n., orphan. Nepebik, a., quiet, unpulsating. Nepematol, pa., unmarried, single. Nepemiedik, a., boundless. Nesepiikik, a., unpronounceable. Net, n., nation. Netikol, pa., unthinking. Netug, n., vice, error. Nevilol, pa., declining, refusing. Nevilon, v., to decline. Ni, c.. nor (ni,- ni, neither - nor). Nid, n., liht, radiance. Nidlanon, v., to penetrate. Nim, n., animal. Ninjapaloln, v., to inculcate. Ninkiki, p., inclusive of. Ninlabin, v., to contain, hold. Ninlogon, v., to inspect. Ninon, v., to contain. Ninsid, n., advertisement. Nintlidon, v., to enter. Nited, n., interest. Nitedon, v., to interest. Nitlidabeg, n., entry, entrance, request. Niver, n, university. No, ad., no, not. Nobal, n., noble-mindedness. Noeton, v., to observe, remark, notice. Nog, ad., still, yet. Nogotin, v., to organize. N6k, n., uncle. Noked, n., necktie. Nolavol, n., scientific world. Nolik, a., scientific. Nolon, v., to know. Nom, n., rule. Noson, v., to annul. Nu, ad., now. Nulik, a., new. Nuliidamablod, n.,foster-brother. Num, n., number, quantity. Niim, n., number, issue. Numat, n.,figure, number. Nutim, n., present. Of, pr., she. Ofenik, a.,frequent. Ofeno, ad, often. Ofik, p. pr., her. Ok, pr., sel Okik, a., own, one's own. Om, pr., he. Omik, p. pr., his. Ovu, p., beyond, in excess of. 6o Volapuk Grammar. Pael, a., parent. Pakam, n., propagation. Palefan, n., relation, relative. Patik, a., particular, especial, peculiar. Pebuikol, pa., printed. Pedipedols, n., those having diplomnas. Pekulivol, pa., cultivated. Pelensumol, pa., accepted. Pelon, v., topay. Penad, n., writing. Pened, n., letter, correspondence. Pen6m, n., writing materials. Penon, v., to write. Penotil, n., brief thesis, tract. Peplepadol, pa., prepared. Peployegol, pa., mapped out. Pladon, v., to place. Plakin, v., to experience. Pleit, n., pride. Plekon, v., to pray. Plepadlo, v., to prepare. Plidik, a., pleasing. Plidon, v., to please. Pliefon, v., to fold. Plo, p.,for, in order to. P16b, n., prosperity, thrift. Plofedat, n., profiessorship. PlI p, n., prosperity, success. Pl6pik, a., successful. Plbsenon, v., to represent. Plu, ad., more, more than. Pliidii, p., at the pleasure of. PJfik, a., poor, needy. Pik, fault, mistake. Polon, v., to carry, bear. Popik, a., popular, current. Poplik, a, epidemic. Pos, p., after, subsequent to. P6sod, n., person. P6sodik, a., personal. PMt, n., occasion. Potastit, n., post office. Poton, v., to mail, post. Pubon, v., to appear. Piub6n, v., topublish. Pif, i., dust. Piik, n., language, speech. Piikstud, n., language study. Piikedavbdik, a., proverbial. Piikof, n., eloquence, flueny. Regul, n., regulation, law. Revidon, v., to revise. Rezipion, v., to reciprocate, return. Rigik, a., original. Rivin', v., to attain, reach. Rbnakul, n., race-course. Sago, ad., even, yet, as far as. Sagon, v., to say, tell, speak. Sakin, v., to seek, enquire. Salanimik, a., disheartened. Sam, n., instance. Samaid, n., example, instance. Sapav, n., philosophy. Sapik, a., wise. Satik, a., satisfactory, sutzcient. Saton, v., to satis/3. Sedon, v., to send. Segivin, v., to give out, spend, distribute. Segolam, n., departure. Segolon, v., to go out. Segtln, p., according to. Seiliko, ad., silently. Beistoin, v., to lie, be situated. Seiton, v., to lay, place. Sekikin, v., to exclude, rule out. Selednik, a., singular, peculiar, strange. Selogon, v., to select, look over. Sembal, i. pr., a, a certain, any, some. Semik, a., certain. Semopik, ad., somewhere. Sen, n., sense, perception. Volaptak Grammar. Senatan, n., senator. Senatemon, v., to breathe forth, exhale. Sep, n., grave. Sev, n., knowledge, acquaintance. Sevalon, v., to select, choose. Sevon, v., to learn. Si, ad., yes. Sibin, n., existence, being. Sibinon, v., to be, exist. Sikikiin, a., most eminent. Sitik, a., systematic. Skilik, a., proficient, skilled. Sludik, a., resolute. Sludon, v., to conclude, determine, decide. Smiil, n., smile. Snat, n., honesty. Snilon, v., to seal. So, ad., so. Soalik, a., solitary, single. Soelik, a., only, sole. S61, n., gentleman, Mr. S61el, n., ruler, sovereign. S6t, n., duty. Soton, v., to be obliged, (to) should. Spal, n., economy,frugality. Spegal, u., speculativeness. Bpel, n., hope. Sporon, v., to spur, urge on. Stabo, ad., thoroughly, radically. Stad, n., station, condition. Staifel, n., suitor, wooer. Staimabuk, n., book of roots. Stapon, v., to stamp. Stigon, v., to incite, stimulate. Stim, n., honor. Stimasiik, n., ambition. Stip, n., stipulation. Stit, n., establishment, house. Stiton, v., to establish, institute. Stbron, v., to stir. Stud, n., study. StUil, n., style, diction. Subimik, a., sublime. Suidalik, a., austere. Siidlik, a., moral. SUienam, n., thought, deliberation. Sufad, n., patience. Suflag, n., summons. Sugiv, n., problem, exercise, lesson. Sukel, n., successor. Siikon, v., to seek. Sukot, n., result. Sukti, p., in consequence. SUimik, a., similar. Siimon, v., to resemble. Supenid, n., superscription, Susal, n., aspiration. Susalafulik, a., full of hopes. Susitup, n., stir, commotion. Sutlidbn, v., to step forth, appear. Ta, p., against, opposed to. Tak6n, v., to cease, stop. Taladil, n., continent, earth division. Talen, n., talent, tact. Tano, ad., then, thereupon. Tavelii, p., across, athwart. Te, ad., only, merely. Ted, n., trade, commerce. Tedadom, n., store, business house. Tedelik, a., mercantile, commercial. Tefii, p., with respect to, in point of. Teik, a., only, sole. Teldil, n., half. Tenlipik, a., eternal. Ti, ad., almost. Tiadon, v., to entitle, style. Tidel, n., teacher. Tidon, v., to teach. Tik, n., thought, conception, idea. Tlod, n., solace, comfort. Tomatiko, ad., automatically, of own accord. Tonti, p., as per, in consequence of. Tu, ad., too, too much. Tug, n., virtue, good quality. 62 Vo/a paik Grammar. Tugedik, a., combined. Tupon, v., to disturb. Tuviin, v., to find. U, c., or, or else. Urno, ad., more. UnKi, ad., within. Ut, d. pr., that, the one. VKI1, n., choice, option. Va1dd6n, v., to await, expect. VWdabuk, n., dictionary. Vol, n., world. Volaptik, n., Vola~ifik. Volaptikik, a., Volayplik. Volekam, n., realization. Vomfill, n., Miiss (young; woman). VWno, ad., once,formerly. Vonik, a., blissful, adel4,hijjnl Vdnik, a., former, wizilomn. Votik, a., other, dulother-. Vtilik, a., arbitrary. Valemik, a., universal, general. Vut, nl.,fury. Valik, a., all, every, entire. Valtid, n., tower, might. Xaimel, n., censor. Vanam, n., -disappointment, frustra- Xam, n., examination. tion. Xamadel, n., examination-day. Vanon, v., to thwart, frustr ate, baqfe. Xamalef, n., board of examiners. Viipiik, n., universal lan6uage. Vaitopo, ad., everywhere. Ya, ad., already. Ved, n., on6 in. Yamik, a., deplorable. Vedbn, v., to comiefrom,~ become, Yapdnik, a., fapanese. gro out of. Yikdn, v., to yield, compiy with. Velatam, n., verification. Yofj n., joy. Ve1dtik, a., accurate, exact. Yuf, n., help, assistance. Vemo, ad., very. Yunan,. n., young ma n, youth. Vien, n., wind. Yunik, a., young-. Vienon, v., to blo, breeze, waft. Vilofiko, ad., willingly. Zepon, v., to sanction, ratify. Vilbn, v., to will, choose. Zesiidbn, v., to be necessary. Vip, n., wish, desire: ZesUdik, a., necessary. Visedikiln, a., wisest, shrewdest. Zif, n., city. VWNW, n.,produetion, work. Zijotkin, v., to zohisper. Vobaduib, n., production, work. Zivet, n., civilization. Vobon, v., to work. Zogikan, n., tardy person. Vd3d, n., word. 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