:X' jIs* * e -p c - ' ifisS J-;>- *-'^s ', i, -StS '*tf An% % The Philippine Exposition The Leading Feature at the World's Fair Representing anioutlay of $1,500,000, covering forty.seven acres. Thirteen hundred natives, forty different tribes, seventy-five thousand exhibits, one hundred and thirty buildings, and seven hundred and twenty-five soldiers. Visayanl Village Showing in detail the refined and educated people of the islands, and illustrating the life, manners, customs and costumes of the real Philippine people; how they live, their houses, churches, theaters, etc. Two companies of Filipino players, assisted in free entertainments every hour by a Filipino orchestra. Negrito Village The aborigines of the Philippine Islands. The Negritos are one of the smallest races of people in the world; they represent primitive man. In climbing trees they use their toes like monkeys, and with the bow and arrow they are most skillful of all races. Igorof ZVillage Stventy head-hunters from mountain regions of northern Luzon; twentyeight Suyoc miners from the Province of Lepanto-Bontoc; eighteen Tinguianes from the Province of Abra. These people represent only four hundred thousand of total population of the Philippine Islands,which exceed 7,635,426 of people, over six-sevenths of whom are civilized Christians. Bagobo Village Thirty men, women and children brought from the slopes of the volcano Apo, in southeastern Mindanao, a group numbering about 5,000. Here can be seen the Bagobo warrior in his resplendent costume of woven hemp cloth, richly-colored bead work, and ivory and gold ornaments. A heathen people who practice human sacrifice, not from religious motives, but as the development of their deeply rooted ideals in bravery. Moro %Village Showing the dwellings, household furnishings, mode of living, habits, occupation, dress, etc. The weaving of different native fabrics and fancy colored mats. Native dances by the women, spear dances by the men, and other novel and interesting features, all conveniently reached via THE INTRAMURAL RAILROAD, transferring to the Philippine switch. -t G;si~~ -V f HON. LUKE E. WRIGHOT, Governour of the Philippine Islands. I The Philippines at a Glance. HE position of thc' Philippines,. 'itlt reference to the trade of the Far East, is an ideal -ice, evets today; btrt with the comple- tiott of the Isthmian canal their value to rice United States wilt be lievotti comipare.* The prophetic ken of Tlioicitac H-. Benton enabled him to see the tay sheiie tlse rctle atnd empire of the -world wvould heloug to the route to the Indies, cciift to the nation wInch controls the corncoerce of that route. Osrr control of the Philippittes and Russia s cssntol of — Manchuria and Korea are cut incidetits iii a movement which has as its; ultimate oblect the control of the Pacific. William H1. Sessard kresv sshereof he spoke iwten lie declared that "henceforward Europran comnmerce, European politics, Europrantt houtght, Estropean activity, however cifectis-ely they may increase in intrinsic implortattce, and European alliances, however intimate they may become, will sink in relative importanice-meanwhile the Pacific Ocean, its shores, its isles, and the vast The Chiea sea is drerailed by att navigators, asd is the grave af more shiccying than any ether 'equal area of swater ts ice found on the gtohe. KEven teday ships going hy the Straits to China rut,, across to the Phitippines for protection against th estrong contrary minds. This, together situ the fact list the conic hy cway of the Saez eanat is mitch longer, mitt operate strongly for a discontioccance of that route in the near futare. to the eery natare of things, this shorter and safer route via the Panama oanal mill make the Philippines the gotuway to the trade of the millions of China, Korea. Prencht Indo-China, Japan and all countires South. region beyond, cwiii become the pritocipal theater of evenits icr the great fettore of tire sworld."The Isthimian canal and the Hasvaiiant. Aleuitian, Laclrotte and Phiilippctte Islands place' its is ahsolccte cotntrol of tire Placific, aird swe cats no more escape tire responsihilitv of utri position rican we can cease to he a progressive peopile. Area of the Philippine Islands. The area of the Philippicies equals that of-Englandc, Ireland, Scotlandc and Wales, arid the islands are capahle of scrpporrirrg a population of over rise tunrutled million people. It is vdoubtfcul if on tire face of the earth today an area so large as that of the Philippine Islands can he fosrtd svhich contains such a vast popurlation together with such virgin resources cin every line of industry. So prodigal is nature of her gifts, and so prodrictive Is ithe soil of the archipelago flint only a scratch here and there -is necessary to the suipport of eight million peopleThat the resorctres of the 'islands have, never beets developed is due'f to the fact that Spain discostraged effort jn that direc — lion hy others than her own 'people. The. present government, however., invites aiD honest, intelligent and thrifty inen of whatever nationality to assist in restoringUCa the islands all tha t they have lost in the past through.A narrow administrative policy. We have highwvays to huild, rarlwvays to construct, forests asid mines to exploit, plantations to cultivate, inexhaustible water posver to harrieso, matnisfas-tories to estab, 2 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. a IE TIlE SAN.MATEO VAI.I.EY NEAIR MANII.A. 'l1111. m11lerlln methlods of agriculture to inaugurate. and many other fields of endeavor arce open to capital and industry. We in\ite enlcl of thrift' and enterprise to colme to thlse 'islands and help improve them, and W\ plromise the first fruits to those who accept the invitation. It must be remembered. however. that sutccess is attained in the Philippines onlly as it is attained in other countries, that i<, by intelligent and energetic work. This being a new country, more opportunities naturallyv offer here -.than in the United States. hut those who expect success to,wait upon them unsolicited will fail here as there. What the islands need is a class of stulrdy pioneers such as made that great emlire lying west of the Mississippi River to hliossom as the rose-men with williig hands. honest hearts and a small amount of capital. The statement so often made to the effect that a white man cannot labor in tils, climate is n1't true. Those who are 'afraid of a little unshiine can find sonie exdciise for not laboring in any country. The Philippines as a Place for Residence for Americans. The climate of the Philippines is pleasant. equalle and healthful. It is doubtful whether any other country in the world is imore favored in this respect. At the level -of the sea throughout the entire archipelago the mercury rarely goes belov, 60 de grees or alove 90 degrees Fahrenheit duriig the'centire year. i/romi the middle of November until the mididle of MIarch the climate is delightful, and froni that time on until the latter part of June it is hot during the middle of the lday. but considerably less so than in maby of the Southern States in the summer; and it is cool, compared with the Texas Border along the Rio Grande at the same season. Fromi July to November during the rainy season the -temperature is very lit(e higher than during the winter months, which is due to the frequent rains and clouded condition of the sky. Many people who have lived here several years prefer the rainy seaton to any other portion of the year. During the early years of American occupancy swhen campaigns and severe "hikes" were daily occurrences, our troops suffered severely from intestinal and malarial affectiios, twhich could have been prevented had they been properly equipped and looked after. Neither officers nor men tiderstood how to take care of themselves, and constanttly drank front polluted wells and expoied themselves unnecessarily to the rays of a tropical sun. Partly as a result (f the large amount of sickness which occurred among our troops, and partly from grossly misleading and exaggerated reports ient to newspapers and friends in the U'nited States hy hysterical men and swomien. the climate of the Philippines has THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 3 been so unfairly misrepresented that many Americans have been dissuaded from coming here on that account. As a rule, all newconers, especially those accustomed to a vigorous and — bracing climate, lose flesh, vitality and energy during acclimatization. This is even true with people living in the northern portion of the United States who settle in Texas or other portions of the South.' The acclimatizing process in the tropics usually requires from two to three years, and at the end of that period, provided the climate agrees with one, both flesh and health return. The American people as a rule entertain the idea that the term "tropical diseases" applies only to affections common to tropical countries. While there are a number of serious diseases and conditions prevalent in the tropics, there are few, if any, which do not exist as well in temperate climates. The excess of certain diseases prevalent in the tropics may be ascribed to the ignorance of the inhabitants of tropical countries and their violation of ordinary sanitary laws, and not to climatic conditions. I feel quite assured that were the same sanitary regulations observed in the Philippine Islands as are practiced in the southern part of the United States, the results in regard to health would be practically about the same. The splendid work performed 'in Cuba.in the eradication of yellow fever, and in Porto Rico with smallpox goes a long way in bearing out these statements. The-prevalence of serious diseases and conditions encountered here, then, may be considered as due to the disregard of sanitary measures and filthy surroundings of the natives. The Filipino is a fatalist and accepts the visitation of serious epidemics with serenity and resignation, and believes them to be divine dispensations. As altitude overcomes latitude, it is more than probable that in the near future health resorts will be established in the Philippine mountain regions, where a cool and invigorating climate can be enjoyed and tropical enervation more or less avoided without leaving the borders of the archipelago. Indeed, the problem of maintaining a good standard of health among the American families compelled to live for long continuous periods of time in these islands seems very near solution in the establish-, ment of sanatoria in the high tablelands and forest-covered mountain regions. The civil goxernment is just completing a sanitorium at Baguio, Province of Benguet. As soon as the government wagon road from Pozorrubio to Baguio is finished, transportation will be easy, and the latter part of the trip a delightful one, passing through really magnificent mountain scenery. Baguio is PLAZA MICKINLEY, MANILA. 4 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. S'.NSKT OiN.MANIL. IAY. ]lCltcL allhut 4()(o feet to,,\ c:a le\el aid inl the mliidst of a piine for-ct extendtint, 1:111!llitvs it all dltrcctlt i,. li t Baguctit.:t griate tire 1, alm1ost 'a niece.-it\ du(ling t.he rainy and Cool( season. eipeciall in the e\enllig. and olie needs his t llanlket at tlight during tle entire year. The Filipino People..\fter long familiarity with the dog-eating Igrrote and the tree-dw\elling Negritoes. \wh1,) \\wold lie a muitch of a cuic.iosity on the treet, of Manila as on the streets of St. I,liis. it might be edifying. if not altogether Intiere-ting. to the American pe, ple to learn omlltiltilng of the real Filipino. The Philippine Islanids. according to the la-t census. contain a population of some 8.oo0.ooo people. seven-eight lh of wshom acln,\\l Iedge the tenets (of Christianitv. They are a remlarkablyl polite and courtetou- pIeplc. and the \wnrrld does inc-t c-ontain their peI'i ini ui nior lkindness and consideration shlw\ 1s' to children and old people. ()f c,,ur-e, the!- are not like our people. Thle are (rctlntals, \ith the Oriental telndencyl to say those thlings which are mT-:i plea-sing to their auditur. The innate courtesy in the race hias been added to by long!ears of association with the Spanish pe, lle. until iihat is considered ordinary c,1llllloon-place courte-ies alllong then-elves is considered efftu-:ve and ii'sincere by resident Americans. C)ne instance w\'.cl' came i(lder mv observation in I899 -will i:iore fully explain the difference between tur o o-plac coo-place rte-ies and th9dile of the Filipino..-\n Amierican being entertaile.d at the5 home of a wealilhv Filipino in Manila, saw and admiired a very costly piece of native handiw\ork. wihereupon the host insisted upon the American accepting the article as a gift. The latter protested that lie would never think of accepting so valuable a gift. Th'e Filipino insisted. At last the scruples of the American were overcome by the apparent sincerity of the Filipino and the article in que.-tion was accepted. But imiagine the surprise of the American the next day to be cited to appear before the pro\ost marshal on the charge of having taken the article from the homle of tile owneer. Explanations followed, whereupon the Filipino said that his offer was Iimerely "by word of mtluth." and meant absolutely nothilig to him save politeness, lie never dreaming that the American was unacquainted with the custoitls of the country. Even so simpie a saying as "Please make yourself at home." if translated into the TT-i RTTP WT 7T1XT C)P T P A T)l piirsjeSpanish. would ring false atid dece'tfis to American ears. The Filipino people hare tt~ver been wreliled into a united wvhole through a cootniiin t)ongue. When the Spaniards arrired in the is;lands they fostnd many tribes speaking tians dialects,. XWhilc Chiristast t~rainling se-as given to all by thtc priesthood, it was impartcd thtroughi thc incdiljm of variouis 41ilects~, never in Spanish. Fronm the hegiameig to tlic end of Spanish domlinion it tvrue held to be tlnsvise to teach the native, a coniisson tongite, tite tlieT~rv, being, adsane-eel ha1it to keep. the pcople tractalile it was nece —ary to keep ttenit divided, attd that tothitig seas so potent to that end as a biablse of tongues.' While deitying the correctiness of sicli a thteuory the present admtinistraticenr in the islaisi!z n'iitaitts that although a comiiton ton-iie mas hrtng rebellion and sear, even tb-t i- setter than peace that can he maintained otils bv denying to the Filipino pecple the hirs requisite to national progress. Flossees, ithe Anserican governtentt in tlic Phi ipsote-s has the satisfaction of knowcing. evcii it this carly period of its efforts, that its policy is the correct one. sinice it is otile\ the Filipino wslo' has never been broutgh t seisits the sphere of inflttette of tse A-\nericats Schtool teachers that cotntinees to give trouble. Wherever the scltool-lostse stands there is the center of peace and progress. By tunatimous consent of. all classes it is sitderstood that the person of the teacher, t1e property of the school district and the tranquiility of the children shall not he dietirbed. Of course, the Filipino has not ceased to dream of independence, and he is using every opportunity afforded him hy American precept and example to qutalify himself for helter things. A Remarkable Movement. Without douht the Philippine Islands are th e scene of the most rensarkable religious revolution the world has yet seitnessed. Strange to say, this moveentit had its conception in an effort of the people to he self-governing and independent, I save heard the theory advanced that the opposition, manifested by thee Filipino people toward the Spanish friar seas the resetit of the immense real estate holdings of the latter. But this seems utnlikely in viesw of the fact that church hohding$ of land in the Phillippines is only shout on ' per cent of tht whole. And when it is rememhered that nine-tenths of the remainder is government land, subject to homestead rights, it becomes more and more apparent that some other reason must isv sought to explain away the' intense hatred of the Filipino people for th'e Spanish friar. A DRAINAGE CAS"A. 6 THE REVIEW OF TRA-DE. I It is generally understood and believed in the Philippines that this opposition can be traced to the fact that the friar has been the most potent means in the past in defeating the Filipino's dream of independence. W-ere this not true, and the Filipino's rez.1 reason was, as stated, one of objection to friar land grants and alleged immorality, the native would gladly turn to the American priesthood for relief from friar oppression. But, no! The Filipino will none of the American priest. Recently, At'chbishop Aglipay. head of the Filipino Independent Catholic Church, said: "We resent the sending of French. Italian, Hottentot,. American or any other friarcontrolled priests to rule us." If this means anything, it means that every safeguard which religious liberty entitles them to employ will be used to pre2 vent their plans for the future fromn being; negatived by the friars acting in their midst as secret agents of the government, as in the past., The Insular Administration. however. recs ognizes no danger in permitting this movement to run its course. Experience and a x common tongue will open up many 'fields of thought and endeavor which will cause the Filipino from time to time to form a better and more favorable opinion of a government which has been conducted c: wholly in his interests since Arlerican ocV cupation. Neither will he find the American people such a bad lot when he is able' to read their newspapers, their history, and to converse with them in their own tongue. When that day comes, I confidently expect to see the Filipino "gunning".for the nian who suggests cutting him off from the benefits and honor which will more and more attach to his American citizenship as he becomes more and more fitted to exercise and enjoy it. Labor Supply. There is no scarcity of labor in the Philippines at '5o cents gold per day. and never will be until the scale of living has been raised from its present low standard. It has been my experience that those who have money to employ labor with can find all they want at 50 cents gold per- day, and they express themselves as perfectly satisfied with their returns. On the other THE REVIEW: OF TRADE. I2 7 hand, those who have no money to spend for labor are the only ones who have trouble in securing it, and consequently may be heard, in season and out of season, demanding the introduction of Chinese labor into the islands. Captain Butte, formerly in charge of land transportation for the Quartermaster's Department, who employed several thousand Filipinos, in his final report before leaving for (he United States, called attention to the fact that this class of labor was amply efficient for the work handled, was reliable, and very much cheaper than white labor would have been. Later, the manager of the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Co., the firm which is making extensive harbor improvements at Manila. and which employs Filipino labor almost exclusively, called attention to the fact that such labor is reliable, ample and cheap. Superintendent W. B. Moses, in charge of water transportation for the Quartermaster, who employs several thousand men, recently said to the writer that his experience with Filipino labor had been eminently satisfactory. and that all this talk about the Filipino refusing to work was nonsense, and was indulged in only by those who had had no experience with native labor. Superintendent Lewis, in charge of water transportation for the Quartermaster of the Department of Mindanao and Jolo, very recently stated to the writer that it had been his experience that wherever the Filipino is treated decently, and paid a fair wage (50 cents gold per day) he worked well and' satisfactorily. The civil government has more than 2500 Filipino laborers at work on the Benget road, the city engineer's and the street clealiing departments of Manila employ together probably an equal number, and they all report that the Filipino labor is good. Mr. Higgins, the manager of the Manila and Dagupan Railway Company, who built the original road with Filipino labor and is now building the branches authorized by the commission, finds no diffi* culty with Fitipino labor. Mr. Belden, of the street railway company, has had no difficulty in securing the laborers necessary, and they are now at work laying the ties. Captain Couden, of the Cavite navy yard, II: THE RE\IEW OF-TRADE. suilllit- a fa oraible report uipon his use of Filipino labor, skilled and unskilled. The experience of these men is a personal experience, and carries more 'weight than all qtatemenets to the contrary mnade by those swho-,c experience witti native labor has been conllfined to the domestic servant. Philippine Products. The products of the Philippine Islands are varied. and imany of them very iniportant. hiemp and sugar alone being exported to tle value of nearly $4o.ooo.ooo. Following i- a list of products by Province-: Bulacan —Sugar, rice. cane, nipa. cane hats. w\ine. palay. ietals and tintarron. Nue\a Ecija-Rice, sugar. liumbler, tobacco and gold. Bataan-Rice, sugar. lumlber and tintarron. Cavite-Rice. sugar. cane and coffee. I'atanga- -Sugar. and coffee. Tayelas-Copra and cocoanut oil. Lagu-na-Copra. oil, hat. of balangut. buri. cuntol. cancuan, lumber. rattan, rope, cabonegro, beclie de mer and sugar. hMorong —M.ats. palay. lumiber, building stone and crushed stone. Pamipanga-Sugar. rice. —corn. tintarron, cane, nipa. lumber and firewood. Tarlac-Sugar. palay. lumber. corn and cane. Pangasinan-Rice, sugar, cigar cases, cane hats. tintarron. man!goesxand lumber. Ilocos, North and South-Cigars, rice, indigo, cotton cloth, copper. mangoes and sugar. Cagayan, Isabella and Ntueva VisayaTobacco. cigars. corn and rice. The Batanes Islands-Cattle and ltiumber. \Iindoro-Hesnp. corn and lulmber. Gubut, North and South Camnarines. Sorsogon and Albay-Rice. cigars, hemp on a grand scale, cloth of the country, and gold frotm Mambulao. Ilolio-Sugar. rice, corn. lumber, firewood, cinamay, pina and jusi. Cebu —Sugar, hemup, corn, sinamay, jusi, coal, tobacco, shells. beche de mer and coffee. Samar-Helnp.' cop, corn, rice and sugar. Leyte-Hemp and copra. Antique- Sugar, rice and corn. Negros, East and \Vest-Sugar. corn, rice, hemp and raw cotton. fi^ THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 9 Surigao-Hemnp, copra, corn, gold, wax that the Government is more than anxiou5 and mats. to see it under cultis-ation. The prtce of Zaimboanga-Hemp, sugar, rice, corn, land suitable for hemp cultivation, if pur - shells, mother of pearl, beche de umer, lin- chased from private parties, is from $7 to ber"'und copra. $20 per hectare. (A hectare is a little-less Dasvao-Copra. hensp and litnibang for thian 2K12 acres.) The cost of preparing land oil, varies according to its nature. Virgin foret Jolo-Shells, mother of pearl, hemp, land ssill cost aiouit!$th per hectare. Other pearls. beche de umer and birds' nests. lands tinder cultivation svith different pro - Puerto Princesa-Resin, rice. cibticao (a ducts cost about $7 per hectare. red ds'e-wrood), lumber, rattan in great quoantities. shells and mother of pearl. Timber Land. Calainianes-B-eche de mer, birds' nests. The forest aret.' of (he Philippines, inluniber, firessood, rice, corn and cattle. eluding all public and private woodland-,, Paragtia-Beche de nise~, birds' nests and is estiisated to be 4S,t112,92o acres. Thse slsells. C.area of private svoodlands lheld. under —valid Csttahato-Rice usI great quaintities, corn ttei a eostooooars h lunsier. cattle, crude wsax. hemsp, rattan, timber cut and msarketed in these Islands ltimbang and nipa. during the past year Isas been entirely inMiasbsate and Ticao-.Firewvood. 'cattle. sufficient to meet thle local deimand. It has; swax. rattan, lumibter aisd rice. ' been necessary to Imiport otillions of fees Zambales-Rice, fireswood, lumber. sugar, of American piise aisd redsvood and of timcorn and castle, her from' Borneo and Australia. Betwveen Aside front the above mentioned products, M_%ay 4 and Auguist i2. 902w, the price per nearly every Province has vast forests of cubic foot of ipil hicreased from 95 cents to timber otnly awvaiting the svoodman's axe V $2, United States curreitcy:; that of usolave to make the lumbermnai ivealtby. from $t.io to $i.fio. and that of tindalo Agricultural Lands. from 95 cents to $2. It is often impossible There are sonic 65,ooo.ooo acres 01 agricultural lands in the Philippines. only 5.ooo.ooo acres of wvhich are subject to individital ownoership. The price of this land ts not fixed - bitt it cait be secured at a very reasonable figetre. osving to the fact pr-i5e. and any surplus in the near. future will be promptly absorbed by the 'hn ffiarket. Tile lack of suitable mseans for transporting logs is lie main cause of the existing shortage of liumber. The liumbher conmpany sshicb first successfully introdusces MOONLIGHT ON-PASIG RIVER AND BAY, MANILA. 10 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. modern logging methods here will make very handsome profits. \Vhen one considers that there are over forthy million acres of tropical forest, and that the species now listed numbler six hundred and sixty-five, he begins to see what this wealth must be. But he needs to live here for a time, to push his way through forests where three or four trees art growing on the space needed by one for its full development, to see trees of the most magnificent hardwood rising eighty feet without a limb and tossing their topmost twigs a hundred and fifty feet above his head, before he gets any clear idea. Then he may wander into some unpretentious house and find a circular table with a top of a single piece cut of the most beautiful wood, five or even six feet in diameter, or another, perhaps five feet wide and twenty long, also one single piece. There are woods for every possible use, wood of a kind that withstands the attacks of the white ant, and is used for the timbers of houses, wood that is not penetrated by the marine-worm, and so is valuable for piling and ships, wood that will not rot when placed in the ground, making ideal sleepers and posts, woods of exquisite grain and capable of receiving a high degree of polish from which wonderfully beautiful furniture can be made. Then he will find that there are seventeen varieties of dye woods, the revenue from which would be sufficient to pay all the expenses of the Bureau of Forestry. The Islands of Mindanao and the southern part of Paragua are covered with gum, -rubber, and gutta percha trees, and would yield an enormllous wealth. Philippine Tobacco. Philippine tobacco has long been held in high esteem in the Orient, and Manila cigars maintain the same rank in eastern countries that Havana cigars occupy in Europe and America. Today tobacco stands third among the exports from the Philippines. During the year 1900oo, according to the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States, 11,743.336 kilos of tobacco. valued at $1,906,436, United States currency. were exported from the islands. Philippine tobacco is nearly all utilized in the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, and finds a ready sale in Spain (which consumies more than one-half of the total production'), England, Hong-kong (where it is shipped to Asiatic ports), and British East India. During the year 900oo these countries bought more than seven-tenths of the entire crop. The agreeable aroma arid flavor of the better grades of tobacco growvn in the islands have won for it a high place among the fine cigar tobaccos of the world, and, for a long time. it ranked next to the celebrated Cuban tobacco. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 11 When we consider the desirable qualities of Philippine tobacco, with the imperfect cultivation, curing and fermentation it receives. and the improvements and advances that have been made in other tobacco countries, it beconmes at once evident that every care and attention should be given the crop to enable it to regain its former position, if not to make it superior to the finest tobaccos grown in the world. Thle markets of the United States offer every inducement for the improvement and spread of the Philippine tobacco industry. This becomes all the more e\ ident when we consider the vast sums of money annually expended by the United States for foreign tobacco. During the year ending June 30. Itoo, the United States, according to official statistics, paid for Cuban tobacco, $7,6I5,99I and $4,569,271 for Sumatra tobacco. During this same year the Philippines exported to the United States only a few hundreds of dollars worth of' tobacco, or less than one-hundredth of one per cent of thetobacco importations of that country. While it may be true that Philippine tobacco may never entirely supplant Cuban and Sumatra tobacco in the United States, there is certainly every inducement to encourage and improve the industry until modern cultural methods have realized to the fullest extent the highest perfection of the crop. The great tobacco region of the Philippines is the Cagayan Valley in the North of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan and Isabella. Almost all the production here is underthe control of a Spanish corporation. the Campania General de Tabaco de Filipinas. At its own expense this comnpany has imported modern agricultural implements and tried to induce the small producer to use them, but the Filipino will do as his father did just as long as he is able to withstand the forces of innovation. Besides the central region of the Cagayan Valley, where the choicest leaf grows, the whole of the northern and western coast of. Luzon produces good tobacco. The Southern Islands also are successful in this line, but need hardly be considered at present in this connection, since they are used for the raising of other staples and the regions I have spoken of are capable at present, if properly exploited, of supplying a largely increased demand for Philippine tobacco. Sugar Culture. It would be hard to over-estimate the advantages of the Philippines for the culture of sugar. The soil is of such fertility that it has raised a crop of cane in every one, of the last fifty years with little or no fertilizing. During seven or eight months of FLOWIB VlNDORS. THE REVTIEW OF TRADE. I lie vear tltc forest-covereu nmountains are veileA in cloudis, assuring a ilentiful supply of 110i.Sture. A nd so favorable are both soil and clintate that thle crop matures inl twelve monthis. giviIng to the planter swho has sense enough to rest a lpart of his land anniuallv a crop) of cane ever-~ year (ass advantage rare iit ainy part of the weorld). In IHiawAaii svhere nessn are making fortunies in sugar, the av-erage crop requires- fifteen niouths to reach ntatnrity'. It is safe to say thwat nsowhere else inl the weorld is there stigar lanld offering advantages equtal to that in-sonne of thle southern islands of the Philip~intes. The price of sugar inl most of the markets, -is -in wvell knosvn. is set by, beet sugar, and the cultivation of the sugar raise-a plant wviichs seas formerly ithe principal sotirce of suipply of sulgar-hias greatly declined. At fir is oiie is inatisrally incelined to suppose ihat tlev reasois for this- is that the cost of prmducingm casir suigar is; greater thaii for beut istiva. Uloumitless this; tnia be the case w sheii such crusue mnetbois are empiloyed inl the extraction, clarification and evaporation ' of thy i'slce as is practiced here its the Phil- itppiitut? huit it wsill he presently seess that quitv the conitrary is, truie wvlere miodern sills tie enmtloved. The beet augur iidusistry owees its present status, isot tot amir\ inisereist sutperi~ity of thme beet over the caste as a suigar-producing plast, b ut to thle three folloswing factors: Time atatlicatioss of physical asid chemical urincriples -iii the manutfacture ' of sugar: sciesitic agriculture. asad thme etucouragemacsit whiichm the isnduistrv receives in the shape of bounties from the different countries of Europe whbere tie beet is grown. The oblmect of a biountiy is to foster anl inlsltistry., assi nmake it prosfitable for those engaged thsereini. irrespective of the cost of proelsctioss of the article turned out. It statads to reason. there-fore. that no matter how Uniprofitable ain uttdertak5ing might be as a private essterprise, it can be made a paying busl-iness if it receives sufficient help from the government. I do not wish to make thme poitit that sugar laeet groowing is unprofitable, bitt rather to showe that, even if it were, thle ismdtstry could be sufficiently developed. switl thre help of a bounty. to run cane sugar sums of thme market-providing, alwvays-. that thme countries paying the botilty did not bankrupt in the meantime. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 13 Bounties and science. then, are what developed the beet sugar industry, and we need not be surprised at the decline of cane culture in the best sugar cane growing countries, especially if we contrast the pro- m ' ce-ses of manufacture employed in Austria, l- '. France and Germany with those which obtain here in the Philippines. But supposing Congress were to reduce the tariff on Philippine sugars, what would he the outlook for sugar in these islands? C Could we hope to compete with Europe in supplying the 2,478,000 tons of sugar l g -i-.ally consumed in the United States, aud if so, what competition might we event- l. uially have tb meet from the beet sugar manufactories of America? These questions cannot be better answered than by pointing out the fact that in x85o the cane sugar industry in the Ha-. wvaiian Islands was in the same stage of backwardness, as it is in here today. In 875. however, the reciprocity treaty,-practically the same thing in its effect as the ' proposed tariff reduction for Philippine exports to the Unlited States.-was signed by the United States and the Hawaiian Gov- l ', _ erinent. -This treaty opened a market for ^' l Hawaiian sugars, and greatly stimulated the hydraulic crusher, regulating mills, vacuum pans and centrifugess the same lands which. formerly produced one ton of sugar per l,^ I acre, are nade to yield tell tons and more. Not only has the percentage of extractionst increased and the polarization of the sugar | -t been raised, but by placing triple effects in the factories, utilizing the pulp for fuel,. and by installing mechanical appliances for handling the cane. the expense for fuel has m been in many cases eliminated altogether,.e and the cost of labor very much reduced. The result of this revolution in the manufacturing process is that sugar cane growing 'has become very profitable; so profitable, indeed, that lands formerly considered unsuitable for cane growing, because of insufficiency of rainfall, have been converted into cane fields at enormous expense, by constructing reservoirs, sinking wells and installing pumping plants, one of which cost |over $1.7oo,ooo (gold). Others have gone farther and have uprooted coffee plantations in order to make way for the more profitable sugar crop. There are now more than sixty 14 THE RE\IF\V OF TRADE. FLOATING COCOANUTS TO MIARKET. modern mills in the Hawaiian Islands. ranging in capacity from 1oo to 550 tons of sugar per twenty-four hours; and there would be more if suitable lands could be found, There can Le no doubt, then, that sugar cane growing is profitable when the proper methods of cultivation and manufacture are employed, when the climate is favorable and when discriminating legislation does not operate against it. But perhaps the most forcible proof of this is found in the fact that the cost of production of cane sugar in the Hawaiian Islands is estimated at $32 per ton, whereas, the cost of turning out one ton of beet sugar in the United States is $47. a difference of-$I5 per ton in favor of cane sugar. Furthermore the field results obtained on one Hawaiian plantation were over ioV/ tons of sugar per acre; while the average yield of beetsugar in the United States for o901. was 2109 pounds per acre. One acre of cane. then, will produce ten times as much sugar as could be produced from the same quantity of land planted to beet. It is useless to elaborate further on this subject of cost of production. All that are required to make the Philippines a rich and prosperous country, is a market for its sugar and capital to develop the industry. Should Congress reduce the tariff on sugar we will have access to the greatest sugar market in the world. As I have already stated the consumption of sugar in the United States probably reached 2,478,000 tons for 1902, and it is calculated that the rate of increase in consumption is 6/2 per cent per annum. At present the home production is about 485.000 tons and the importations from Puerto Rico and the Hawaiian Islands do not exceed 400,000 tons. This leaves a balance of about 1,600,000 to be obtained from foreign countries. Gum Chicle. The extraordinary demand that has sprung up within a few years for gum chicle has no commercial parallel in modern times other than that furfiished by.the import banana industry to the United States from Jamaica and Central America. The consumption of chicle has now become 'so great that the propriety of calling it a minor product many well be questioned; but notwithstanding this great consumption, it is very doubtful if more than a few hundred people of the million or more who use it daily are aware that it is the foundation of all the fine rhewing-gums in the -1 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 15 market. About all the gum raised comes to the United Stateswhere it is absorbed by the trust. known as the American Chicle Company. is compounded with much starch, sugar and flavoring adulterants, and in this form finds its way around the world and to an ever-increasing number of victims of the harmless, but unlovely, gum-chewing habit. As an indication of the extension of the habit, it may be noted that the total receipts of chicle in the United States during the first seven months of the year go01 were 2,628.554 lbs. as against i,860,727 lbs. for the same period in i899, and rather under one million pounds in I897. Meantime the demand has so far exceeded the supply that the price in these six years has enhanced far mnre rapidly than the quantity consumed. In 1897. the export value was only eleven cents per pound. In I899. it was but 15 cents, in I90I it had jumped'to nearly twenty-five. and now is quoted at 30 cents gold. At the present value the annual ayverage con-timption of about four and.,oiehalf million pounds amounts to the considerable uum of $r,350o.ooo,000riginally derived from the countries adjacent to the Spanish Main. it was introduced here many years ago. where. if one may judge by its unrivale(! h!txurioitst.eis and fecundity, it has found an environment fully as satisfactory as that of its native habitat.. The tree that produces gum chicle is Achras sapota, and produces a universally prized fruit found in very many Filipino gardens where it is known as "chico." It is grown exclusively for its fruit, and so far as I know the natives are generally ignorant of the far greater money value of its abundant milky sap or latex. The tapping of the tree, the collecting of its elastic sap and the preparation of the gum by waterbath evaporation involve none of the complicated processs /required for the coagulation of many /pecies of rubber, and are simple for a pgild to understand. In common withbtoo many Filipino products, gum chicle trees, Topsy-like, have "just growed ' but it belongs to a natural order of/plants and is quickly responsive to treatment, and it is altogether certain that the planter who accords them a liberal,cultural system will be rewarded with early maturity, and abundant yields of both fine fruits and latex. Multiplication by seeds or cuttings is tedious and, except in skilled hands, uncertain; but Filipino gardeners employ a system of marcottage that is altogether admirable, and so' available to the uninitiated that I give the method here in full. ( 16 1 16 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. SUNSET ON 'MANILA BAY. The procesY, is to split in half a single interlode or short joint of hanshoo and then encircte a hranch or limitl of the tree it is dec~ired to propagate svith the tsvo halves andI then tie themn together with hbejunco.'' Tlli: makes a cylinder around the stemn and ttil joint Iseing cut at a node, of course ins a hottomn. Previotts to fitting the cvlin der or tttle, tlte leaves are stripped front that portion of the stemn where it is to he tied and the hark of the hranclt lightly nick~d witlt a knife. The tuthe is nosy filled svitlh fine. light sosil. and the he.anch so tied tittle tithe stands to the perpendicutlar en~sigh to catch rainfall and the operation ts coiiihlete. Ini a fess onttths thte hranch wsill liaVc un: vs1 roots enonglt to fill the title, attd tlieni the ness plaitt of large size and early frn tiitg hiabit mac he cut assay froii the parent itee I itt lielose the tuhe. and ise Ita\ve a svell-grown yomin tree of a size and\ vi1gor that could not he expected in less titan tsvo or three years front seed. I knios of 00 sylvant prodnct ( for this trcc htas rit svild in sonic localities aitd 1becomie truly';;l s-an). that exliihitd sr) varied a range in tite value of its frn't proditets a s, the cltico. The samie character doubless ll'old-s trite of individtual gumn-yielding propi erties. attd settee it hehooves the intentding planter to select with the utmost care for itiarcottage only such stubjects as have denmotnstrated their superiority as frtuit or latex producers. The fruit, properly handled, soul stand distant transportation; and as it is held in great esteem hy most Oriental nations, a very profitahle husiness attxiliary to the prodtiction of gtttn chicle will lie founid lit the exportation of selected fritits to China atid Japan. Gurn chicle is at preseitt on the free list of foreign imports- into the United States, atnd on that footing cottld lie made a source of hianesoiti profit to the Pithitippine Grazing Lands. Moct oagiiificeiit grazing 'latnlc exist ini castern Patigasina6, northern Niteva Ecija, Nuseva Vizcaya, Isahella, and Cagayan, msosuhy rollitng uplatids in the three formner provinces, and hroad, level prairie- lands in lie twvo latter, altltoutgh so far as ahttudatcee atid qtuality of the grasses are concerned there is apparenttly iso differenee. the same s_-pecies grovittg.o Ohthe prairies as on the he~lls. These are fine-stemnmed, fine-leaved grasses. wischti. in the 'United States, swould lie popularly knosvtun an httnch' graises, as. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 17 they mostly grow in small tufts, not being true turf-forming grasses: so that, notwithstanding the heavy tropical rains to which this region is subject during several months of the year, so close is the turf that absolutely no signs of gullying or washing is observed even on the very steep hillsides. except along the trails where the turf has been first broken by horses and carabaos: which shows what may be expected if cattle arc ever introduced here in abundance. The grazing lands in eastern Pangasinan, northernNueva Ecija. and throughout Nueva Vizcaya are characterized by their hilly, rolling character. the ravines and small valleys, tops of the higher hills and surrounding mountains being densely forested; while in every small valley one finds streams of clear, pure water, it being impossible to travel more than three or four miles in any direction without finding good water. Hence, it will be observed, that there is an abundance of feed, water, and shelter, the requisites for an ideal cattle country; and especially to be noted here are the topographical features of the country, which. in case of epidemicssof rinderpest, are 'of especial value, as in these valleys whole herds of cattle can be isolated and, with a little care and watchfulness, guarded for months against infection by contact or through the water supply. The water supply is especially to be noted. In the numerous mountain streams the water is perfectly pure and as clear as crystal. except immediately following a heavy rain. These streams, during the rainy seasons, like the great rivers, are subject to great and sudden rise and fall: and from a quiet babbling brook a stream may change in a few minutes into a raging mountain torrent; yet, where the mountains are heavily timbered, the rise and fall are more gradual and do not go to extremes. The grazing lands of Isabella and Cagayan differ from the foregoing in being almost perfectly level, or but gently rolling, typical prairie lands extending almost as far as one can see in all directions, limited by the coast range on the east and the great central range on the west, and extending from some distance south of Cordon north to the coast. The same species of grasses are found here as in the ranges of Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya, and the quantity and quality are about the same. This great valley consists of open country with isolated trees, or sometimes small groves, with more or less forest land along the streams. The country is well watered by the numerous tributaries to the Cagayvn River. LEARNING TO RIDE A BIKE. ' IS THE RE\;IEW OF TRADE. nl - II A iLlP'NN) tItK FRit iN\Ili WATER. Cltlc raising for tli' hoine market should b)e I very profitable undertaking in northern.-luzii. if one can judge bl)y tlie prevailing high prices of meat in M.lanila. and the fact thai piractically all tle meat colnsullled' is shipl ed in oln the hoof from Singapore. or. r efrigerated meat from Australia and the United States. Certa lv tlhe conditions inll ].su'n are ideal for ti:,4 industry, and tlhe graszing lands of the island cannot be sur-,i-Ced ly' any-in tile world, and certainly,,it o(lualed l)y 99) per cent of-tlie grazing land- in the United States. Hundreds of acre,,,f these open range, in somlle sections wfilld produce a great abulndance of native ha. ()ncee the question of transportation is -olved, the Manila market could be cheaply and easily supplied with thousands of tollns of native hay, as in many sections, ilndter natural condition. there would be a heavy yield of hay per acre of fine quality. the natural-lay and condition of tlie land being such that cutting and harvesting cotuld lbe done by machinery. At present hie thousands of tons of hay needed in these islands for the support of native ponies, and e-ipectally for United States army horses and imutles, is imported froml the United S.ate. and Australia. - Rice Culture. The cultivation of rice in the Philippines is in many respects similar to that practiced in China, Japan, India and other Oriental countries. It is true that plows are more generally used here than in these latter countries, but they are such primitive affairs and the work performed with them is so unsatisfactory that, economically considered, they are of very little more value than the mattock and the spade. The main operation, however, such as preparing the seed beds, transplanting, puddling the soil, and harvesting the crop, all conform to the oriental type. and are such as characterize all countries where labor is cheap. So cheap is labor in some of these comintries that a man's wages for one year are $15 gold and board. Consequently a farmer has vers little inducement to invest nmoney in labor-saving machinery, and it is questionable whether it would be advisable, or erven practicable, to make a radical change in the rice culture of China and Japan. Most of the lands suitable for rice growing in those countries are already utilized for that purpose; and so dense are the populations that it would be next to impossible inr those countries to produce sufficient food to main THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 19 tain the present inhabitants and the necessary draft animals if modern farm machinery were introduced. Besides the use of labor-saving machinery would result iln throwing a large portion of the people out of employment, and thus entail widespread suffering and hardship. In addition to this it may be said that the fields are not properly laid out for the use of modern agricultural implements. The majority of the fields are small, irregular strips of land, divided from one another by levees which have been constructed at great cost of time and labor, and before gang plows, disk choppers, and twine binders could be introduced it would be necessary to throw these levees down. Inl the Philippines no such obstacles exist. The population is comparatively sparse. In a territory equal in extent to the whole of New England and the State of New York there are only some six or eight million people. The consumption of rice greatly exceeds the production, notwithstanding the fact that there are extensive areas distributed throughout the archipelago which are admirably adapted to the growing of rice. Indeed, the natural conditions for the production of this crop are so favorable that it would not be surprising to see the Philippines become, in the next ten years. one of the leading rice producing countries of the world. It-was stated in the foregoing that no obstacles exist to the introduction of a new system of rice culture in this country. I may go further and say that it is absolutely necessary that a new system should be introduced. Ever since the occupation of these islands by the American army six years ago the price of labor has teadily increased, and as American customs are gradually introduced we may look forward to a further advance. It is needless to say that every industry will be profoundly affected by this, and the rice industry will be one of the first to feel its influence, for it is a crop which must be grown cheaply in order to be profitable. To pursue the same system of cultivation as in China, however, and to have to pay three and four times as much for labor is out of the question. Hence, the rice farmer will have to adapt himself to the new condition if he wishes to compete successfully with foreign rice. Of course it will take time before the methods indicated can be carried out inl the remote provinces. There are difficulties to be overcome, chief amlong which is the question of draft animals; but that a revolution in rice culture is inevitable there can HABVESTING BICM. 20 THE REVIEW OF TR.ADE. iilirI A I HII. IIS') iZl N: i II.!.. In 11 (loui bt, ian(l tilte sooner t.1 realized tic -,,ner a begiuninl \ will tIe lma(le. \ few words might be; aid( with advantage 1i1 regard to cheap labor andii laibor-sax11 c1. ll lllltcrry. Clheal, labor i, 1yII ) nI, ean-s tilt. C!ctlelCet article on the il arket. Ill supIp,'rI,1 tilti> tatelmentt tie 1following figures ar- -n';)illtted: Thell labor of a F lilpino in theI rice tieldls of the Philip!il,inel as heen c-!lllmatc at $20 golld a11(1 ))oarlld per al.IIIIIII The.1 amount of land which lie ca cultivate s, twoI and one-lhalf acres.!ielding fifteen 1hunIlired Ipoutind of padtly. Il Terxas or 1.,,Li-ianla. on tie other ihand, a laborer receils S200 gold and Iboard, but lie culti\at1e- eighty acres of land, and the cultivat,1ll 1>S so superior that with irrigation water alone lie produces ibo.ooo pounds of paddy. In short lie receives ten times the wage., but lie produces one hunidred times morle r;ce than the Filipino laborer. ''lhere is no reasoin wy scientific methods of culture and modern agricultural impleimentt, should not make the Philippines one of the leading rice countries of the world. It was not Imany years ago when the rice indtiutr in Louisiana was on the same footing with the rice industry of the Orient. and yet such a revolution has been effected in tie cultivation of rice in that State within tile last fifteen years as lias not been accomllicshed inl Chinese rice culture in six thou-antd years. Rubber and Gutta Percha. '1 lie extraordinary delmand for rubber and gutta percia. as sho{wn b1) an importation into the LUnitetl States of more thani $25,000,000 worth during the calendar year 1902, coupled with the fact that the supply is somewhat limited. lias at different times caused no little anxiety over the future source of productin. In fact. the limiited output of gutta-percha, practically all tf which is obtained from the East Indian Islands, being found in Borneo. Java aind the Straits Settlements. has been the subject of much concern by reason of its steadily increasing use in various fields of indtstry. As for the rubber industry, in \which a large amount of American capital lias recently been invested. especially il the development of plantations in Mexico and South America, it is said that the cost in the Philippines of planting cleared ground with rubber seeds is but two dollars per acre. The first harvest should be in about six years, but it is practicable to plant double the number of trees needed and at the end of three years cut out half of them. the THE REVIEW OF TRAD)E. 21 rubber sccured from the trees cut being suifficient to pay all expenses tip to that time. The planters estimate a profit of $i5o to $200 per acre front the rubber crop after thc trees have reached mnattirst3. Truck Gardening. Ani Industry capable of returning big profits7 ott smrall capital is truck gardening in the Vi:clisity of Manila. i\lany millions of dollars svorth of vegetables are consnteicl yearly by the people of this city, a large per cent of welich is imported. The attlents in of Americat trtick gardeners is called to h)-le fact tltat opportsinities for m~ak:n1g nmoney in this indeistre in the Philipines- are very protsisittg, anid that every encouragem ent seill b give h m sit they Decide to emibark in suich anl etsterprise. Coat Lands. The Islanid of Cebui IS fu~ll of coal, and its onle sniuntains SI'de, Ulitig. the outitrops indicatse ain existeisce of isillions of totis, at * leas-t a couple of nsillions beitag extr actable wcilt very little mining. accordid-g- -fiT sTilT best authorities. This is the largest coal bed so far discovered, attd with i5 miles of 'aIltvav the missteral canl he ptt down its the *port of Cebti at a cost of rather -unider thtant over $s gold per ton. It is of a good Steamn itig qutality atid is found by the local szteanser osviers to be fully as good (2 per ccitt better) as the best Japai ltimp. WVith abttiduince of clseap labor, coal anti iroin wvithin reacs, inany enterprises seaving the ratv material ott the spot cats be at ossee proceededl withi (stics as rope svorks, sugar refinseries, 4~emeist atid biick seorks, docks, weharves, reclanisations, port Imsprovemiensts. dredginsg. etc.), for wehiclt there is alimost attl untlimited field all over itse group. Philippine Coffee. It swould be by iso iseans an sussevation to raise coffee here, for. previous to i893-. there swere a number of large asse fairly prospetrsas plantations. A.t that tinse the plantations were alisost totally- des;troyed. astd tlse land Isas notw teetn tufuned to othe~r ttse-. That ha-rdly seessis ail argusiltent again-t coffee culture, for tlse latids in question. lay its Lagutna. Cavite. assd Bataitgas Provinces, all coistainitg store thtan tI-e tistal alloswance of lose and level lands:. Such land would naturally prove store va-,rliable wh~est devoted to other emots. Coffee is stattirally an ithsahsitaist of ttore or less cle-' vated and broken lasset asd thsrhves hest itt regiotis like, Arabia. Java, and Mexico, whlichi preseiti ithee cossditioiss. There are tto~usands, eveit millions of acres of guitlied FILIPNOo BL&CKSM.ITI SHOPl. 22 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. A MODEN - '-EARI.., FLEET. A 3IODEI{X l'EARI.ING FLEET, hillsides here. coveredwith a vegetation which leaves no doubt of the fertility of the soil, which will present an ideal surface for coffee when they are once partially cleared. The raising of coffee seems, therefore. an industry that will acquire more and more importance as the superabundant forests are cleared away, and will render productive many a gullied mountainside which would otherwise remain comparatively valueless. The prodrution of coffee in the Philippines was formerly so remunerative that those engaged in its cultivation could find no way sufficiently extravagant to spend their nmoney save by the purchase of diaeImonds, which were worn as shoe buttons. A destructive insect, however, brought this practice of a close some time ago. No effort of which we are aware had ever been made to study the life and. habits of this insect with a view to its extermination, until the establi-hment of an American bureau of agriculture in Manila. Prof. Scribner,-chief of the )bureau, has taken up this matter in his characteristically progressive manner, and we hope to be able soon to announce that the coffee tree may again be cultivated without fear of further destruction by inzects. Philippine Flowers. The flowers of the islands are. many of them, very beautiful. Many species of orchids are found in the forests. One of the most' attractive flowers of all is that of the tree called Ilang-Ilang, from which a most delicious perfume is extracted. Here again the native shows his spoiling hand, for instead of plucking the flowers, he plucks twigs and all to save time, and thus mutilates and eventually destroys the tree. Perhaps the most interesting tree of all is the so-called Fire Tree, which, in the winter months, when its limbs are almost bare of leaves, is covered with masses of intensely red and very beautiful blossoms. These blossoms in some way became intertwined with many customs of the people. The most striking, in many ways, of the customs with which they are connected, is that of some of the tribes of Igorrotes who live in the mountains of Northern Luzon. No sooner has the fire tree flowered (in January) than these people, peaceful, meek, and law-abiding for the rest of the year, get out their speaks and knives, and start out into th{ forest hunting heads. So that any prospective traveler in the Philippines will do well to keep away from the mountains THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 23 where they live as long as the blood-red blossoms of the fire tree are blazing in the sun. Mother-of-Pearl Industry. The mother-of-pearl industry, as it is now known, was founded in Thursday Islands, North Queensland, nearly thirty years ago; a certain Mr. Jardine, who still resides near the islands and continues to hold interest in pearl fisheries, being the-pioneer. While employing Australian natives for the collection of sea slug-better known as "beche de mer"-Mr. Jardine came across quantities of large pearl oysters on that coast, and, having no knowledge of their value, shipped a'small quantity to Sydney for a report. The reply he promptly received was to abandon the beche de mer and center all his energies on the collection of the shell. In carrying out these instructions, difficulties arose. It was soon discovered that to procure the shell in quantities was impossible with the means at hand, owing to the depth of the water in which the oyster existed. An attempt was finally made with an "air pump," the diver going down with only the helmet and receiving the air through a tube. By this means he was able to remain on the bottom sufficiently long to collect a small bag of shell. Singapore has been from that time the center for labor and supplies of every description, being the nearest and cheapest pert of call for all the necessaries of the industry. It is also an excellent market for the shell, and more pearls probably change hands there than in any other place in the world, large quantities being purchased for the Chinese market, where there is a great demand for second-class pearls, Reference is entirely to the shell known in the, market as "mother-of-pearl," a large oyster varying from six to fifteen inches or more in diameter and weighing from 2/2 to Io pounds, known to exist only Jil the waters of Thursday Island; along North Queensland, West Australia, Burma, New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Arafua Sea. The Philippine Islands offer a wonderful field for the mother-of-pearl industry. The returns on the investment necessary to the undertaking are several hundred per cent. The Manila Hemp Industry. The principal industry in the Philippine Islands, and one capable of being greatly enlarged, is Manila hemp. Sixty per cent of the exports of the archipelago today is of this fiber, yet the industry is still in its infancy. It is estimated by hemp experts that the one Island of Samar is capable of I TENDER V\ESSL OF PEARLING FLEET. )1 TIIF, I\1FVIL-_1NV_()I: TRADI. 1181I V a I, un t (If lic 111I1 iI i II, ) -:cc. W(l;I) ld c[ I tIll lltt:111 I I /1;L'\ ) \;: L thc I 1111 H11~:",tu.tcll.,l,)II of hIC1111) CIlti1.tionl. MLICII,,f tiit m I)x l'tintlcd in, traltiported fr'on ltilt. fiitl t,1 i i:t.r's edge oni tile hcti(is,,i- kI,,llTc,,i' ~:ittl\ e packers. Thi~. i. not,,! c1l, ', I,,,, c\ilei\e but it l1tilizei, \\11'., w1l',, be c1 lljplove(I iI tield 'I'llc 1,li'l; l'l,: I.la t hcl(, m I lt, t he L'!11t.'(l. C': i t]f fi ' \' C\c i chaig ll, fi nl ilt a l!I:,l:l,;,:1;1 —'t, it wil l h eftie tIlley: ~ -~~~ \; l k:li t llll 1, * I lI 1\11111. ~ ~1 1 1 iii' t..~I! '! i~.\.'jll~ II ~ l!~lll it;: (1~;~..11111~'1,.?lxx 1-:(tx Iii~.;.tlrrtS. T c l~-,ul ', 11 li'l11 t', ' lI;l lts '1'1, 1,,c1 I..,'tui ll cxlwn lrcl l 111i rtil\\'ay Cill.Stl'illt. 11 * I I'It i l~~,t I. v hI M cI n mllll II,)rc f,)r the I'~,', ' Il k,,g..- ~,f t,1 I'l ili Iq i,,I ' thall Call i,,..ilh lie renlized I)v thiose unacl aiinte(l "[ c[m idltim.ll; ilhere. 'T"I'l '3klltldMlqld -70U-111409-131A;, ~'%FPP r r ~l+i i' -s, ~i~ THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 2: - _ WHERE MANILA if BEST IN THE HEEMP THRIES PHILIPPINE ISLANDS HEMP THRIVES.b BI clr.a W.Dor T the present time abaca, or Manila hemp, ranks foremost among the exports of the Philippine Archipelago. While the excellent qualities of che fiber obtained from the abaca plant have undoubtedly been known to the natives for hundreds of years, it is only during the last fifty or sixty years that considerable quantities of this material have been exported. It is stated that in the year I850, 7,309,296 kilos of abaca were exported. Twenty-five years later the shipment had increased to 32,4I4,315 kilos, while for the fiscal year I901, 11I.216.563 kilos were exported, which brought $14.455.110.10, so that some idea can be gained of the wealth this industry brings to the Archipelago. Abaca fiber is used principally for making ropes and heavy cables and for binder twine, although large -.ntities of the finer qualities are consumed by the natives for weaving into various kinds of cloth. The area of the archipelago' where the successful cultivation of abaca is carried on, roughly speaking, lies between the parallels 6~ and I4~ north latitude and the meridians I2I~ and I26~ east of Greenwich. In southern Luzon the principal abaca producing provinces are Ambbs Camarines, Albay, including the Island of Catanduanes, and Sorsogon. The Islands Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate, Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Cebu, Panay, Negros, Bohol, and Mindanao, produce greater or less quantities of abaca fibers. In addition, the plant is grown on a large number of smaller islands which lie near some of those just mentioned. In many of the islands mentioned only small quantities of abaca are gathered, and frequently the little gathered is of inferior quality. ADOPTING AMERICAN WAYS. 2S THE REVIEW OF TRA\DI.. CROSSING T'I1 r,l Ambos Camarines. In the Province of Amblos Canmarincs there are seversl important abaca regions. the products of which are nearly all shipped from D)aet and the capital. Nueva Caceres. situated near the center of the province on the Bicol River. The Moulnt Iriga district was the only one studied in any detail, but as the exports of abaca amounlt to from 3.125,000 to 3,437.5oo00 kilos per year. it call be seen that it is anl important onle. Other important districts are situated in the western part of the province in the vicinity of Lagonoy and in the western part of the provincc: especially in the country adjoilning P;ismplonta. The Moiunt Iriga district is -ituated iin tile southeastern part of the pro mlcc, and all of the abaca shilpped from t1hc x illages of Iriga. Buhi alnd Baao may be saidt to come from tills district. lMount Triga. around tile lower slopes of which the _abaca "lates" or farmils are situated. i< an f(l x,!canlo forming a part of tihe chain of solcanIoe.s s\hich extends in a northwest and <,,uthwevt direction. It lies abouit midway lsctween the volcanses Isarog anld the M.lavon or.Albav volcano. Of le-s elevation: thian the nther volcanoes, it rises albo\e sea i(' cel appsroximately 1212 meters. The form of the mountain is a'svssilletrical cosle trun-i cated at the top, with the slopes considera1ly gsullied by stream erosion and washing. To the south and west are vast fertile plainss formerFy cultivated in rice. but at present. onl accoilunt of the lack of sutitable farm animals, these valleys are largely uncultivated. Albay. At present Albay is the greatest abaca producing province in the archlipelago. \VWhile the market price does not etqual that of the product of Sorsogen or Leyte. still the prices at the present time are so much int advance of several years ago that the cultivatiosT of abaca is practically the only industry in the province, and former crops and occupations are abandoned for the more profitabhie abaca. Thle province is fortunate in possessing two good ports. Legaspi and Ta!baco. and from these large shipmenTts are of almost daily occurence. During the year igoo. according to the.oatils1, St111iary of Cosmmercc atld Fina:(ce, the Province of Albay shlipped 30,382.812 kilos of abaca, more than one-fourth of tihe anmolint shipped from the entire archipelago. Large quantities of aback are gathered in the region adjoining Tabaco, while the towns of Polangui, Oas, Ligao, THE REVIEW OF TRADE. Guinobatan and Camlalig, in tie central part of the province, all furnish considerable q-uantities for shipment. The very finest quality of abaca fiber is said to be grown in the rough and rather inaccessible southwestern part of the province. This is generally shipped from Dolsol, in Sorsogon Province, although it occasionally finds its \ay to the Legaspi markets. Sorsogon. This province contains-many districts exrclisi\'l cultivated i abaca. and the sale * f this c,')IomIodit cons!titutes its greatest source of wealth. In addition to the large are;a- undlr cultivatism. there are also large tr;t:t- x\\lich at present are rapidly growing U l i:l dene jungle, on account of the scarcit of labor to prepare the fiber for market. The harbor facilities of tile province are not of the best. althouglh Liere are scveral tports where steamnships touch to recei e cargoes of dried abaca. Tel price realized for the abaca of this Ire- \ince was. according to the market re-,,irt of Septembier. 1902. 27 pesos per ]icul, as against 26["' pesos for Leyte. and 24'' pesos for that of Albay. The largest shipments are made from Sorsogon. the capital of tle province. near which the finest abaca of the entire provinice is pro-,lticed. Tlhe largest and finest 'lates." or farms. are situated near Irocin, in the.southern part of the province, quite near the actsi volcano Bulusan, but the abaca pro-!here is more fleshy and, while the makes a large growth, the quality doccompare with that produced in other districts near Sorsogon. Samar. In this province only very linited opiprtutlitv was given to observe the abaca soils. The capital. Catbalogan. as well as the city of Calbayog, are probably the most important shipping points for the abaca produced on tle island. But little abacak is produced near these cities, the supply coming from tlhe hills in the interior. There are practically no roads on the island. so the abaca is carried down-the rough trails to the large rivers. and from there shipped to some of tlie larger towns for shipment to ports where large vessels touch. The finest quality of abaca is said to be produced in the northern part of the island, but a good quality of fiber is produced in the hills along the Gancira River. There are many good abaca producing districts, but the transportation question is often a serious one. on account of -lack of roads. The country is sparsely populated, and its unsettled condition for the past few years has ON THE WAY TO THE CEIETEITY. T'HE I REf\IENW 01: TRADE. scr:s,,.ll oilierated against the atteiitioni being gil\xn to the cultivation of abaca that it dtctr\x c-. so that many plantations have Ibc1.;lli,,wcd to grow u11 in jlungle. Very receilln. hln\e\er. niore ahaci.ics being prci;arn-l;(i 1, Collllllg to thle markets ill con5l:'t' iili inatltitie'S Leyte.:r, liii.c!te a fiie q(uitllts {if l)acita is shlill(..(l ftior manal sears thle Island hali, culli il llc rI-lutitatiol (if being one of the filr;iiv,-:tlica c pri )r, tuciS g (district, of the elti-r:.rllii-li;ifi. File. finest rlitalitv of ito I)o-s o' the abund(lanlt rainfall and moisture which the plant thrives hest upon, with the limited cultivation it receives. Other Localities. it i(ldditio-l to tile irosvinces juIt IllelltI)nled there aret mani other islands or part. of ilaiin(t where considerable abaca i, cilt i\atcd. and lwhere arge suims of lmoie, arc re allhe(i fr)om the sale of the extracted filer lpIt to tile present there has ') ell 11o {)p)lortunilty to stiud! tile soils of t15let iocallitie.. o, little more than tilth e mere melltli c;ll t' 1 i;(de of these districts. Fil';m NkTIl A[F. GAME fi,:t,': - 'lr,1atiyll tilat li-isilscel ill thie ext:-:, -.,thcrl ",Irlt if thie sal(i i. ill til' i,:i! r 'Rui;ttli,,i d '. Xlaillit,(w, Bay. ' 'h I,, I; t I-C i' - l) srt ( if tlI il-]: isil I;mi f,,r a 1s,1s:,-:o J ll k\.1;is, I a lile alaIca t2:; I t 5lI -ct t i, i f tlhi is.lidi tle il t!t I-!.1it,)f t I}I c aIlh { gnr)l' i, ftuIII,i; sits I I1,, Isis lasi riis les.,.'rltit tll x ]);,cI. t, tI e I t sI ll t ill, I thII t1., r I, ttie lall.lld Ill 1i(sme of tilte:tlaC s,,- Il"cil, t. rIgi( ld- 555t,m ii-(, f ar liht the tsls::!I, I (if sliscv sitell avlICC' —sflll 1il sucllh ];. ilh- lci cl (- r,1is)piss las(l,. are thiru!s s. 1i,,rtis:!-tCsr I ivte. ThIss s laI1iare is- i;tar-his-. hmt asr- (aid t( lI) cc)cal. asid M \Ri NIi'i('e F. —()e i f the smaller islaidls '-.t ii st of Taylaba, Province. hass loblg,cell 11Ited fior the fine quality of extra litc;iacia p)roduced. The fiber is short litit if a (uliality well adapltedl fr- vweavinig, Tl,- T1h;Lrface of tile island is!r s'm tlu and nimlmnt llntos. and thls large ioiillllttaill ill the extremlle soulthwlestlern1 part,f the -li:lid 1, lildoubttedly an extiinct volcano. MiXNi'RA.-The laerge islanid Mist suillth of HIltagas Pro, l ce aiinuallv exp)orts a smiall,lUiatity (f albaca filer. The iiali is -Ilarcely settled, but the cutivatioim of abaca:' <aid to, l)e increasing each year. The THE REVIEWM OF TRADE. 31 I I,,0 A I 3 tl Al! 'l fr.S; THE Yol9K. I Till: SCREW IS SET..AH.IrlS; HE II l 'T< 1rlS \}VEHUICT. <The above pictures show Spanish method of execution by garlrote. and tlie last to take place iunder Ameristau autllority.D : 2 32 THE RI\V(Fl TRdAI) -::-ic of thlis island is quite routgh and ',r;',n. and there are miany iglh 1iounntamlls,:!i. mio.t noted of which is Mount I-Lalcon. -1.\x>1 \X.-P-'}roduccs limited qluanlitites,of a f;1. (quality of ah ac. Tle island is routlll;i1,! inI-t.;ulu l)u<. 'i1id tile cutltevatioll of this *:.;t,c fiIc r c,,il, lie cuiuidlerlyli 1 iIIi e' x le-().ul -,ll (I,t1titii:. of l)ac;i. a;'u tx.,,rtu,] { rm I I'a; 1 l y. an tIh is i I nct f).,,z,,.,,! (:!..:!. t}lc fi}..r:i. l~ tr, i11 cla] t!;I:il,tf. lhr-t length. The lC rgct llliIllItvt- i, alacAt fr, m tile iliand are lpro-iIably tlii,-ei frlmtile prov ince of Capiz. i.i(, lo. —i n this i..alld the culltl\atl,)f cuigar cane takes first ranil. but consildral)he a,;, i- l' e Ir lplrducel The simtiltinestcrn T.iIrt o uf the i]ala d is -,aid to le tlle part (,f the lu ii];lld p)rodulh ilu, thle grate.mit ulUialltetieu. Inu u:i(]lhe ()Oc~)uhteu ] Negrio, iiomie abaca.'-r:a,) 1 T lc h1!: aire all far i4iiidl. near " X- '.,;tr,,!: t. 1 fouthlh]].;,f/thlc cei1Ta;l THE REVIEW OF TR.IADE. chain of motuntains. at anl approxilmate tcl- MtI \N.\io. - vation of 300 mc.tcr abs)xe sea level. In ta!t -!ai(l larg some localitie; aacl i. ftou(nd gri nll g oln annuall exolrtt reddi(sh gravelly. 4,ili;. Theoe lc, cosislt tnumber of kilo, of heav \ loami;, and contain mclih sandy ioo, as gi\ le ii hroliken rcck rather thani rier gravel. The (C'imicrC^ t1nd ](,Catio( ll re On thCe atti1titt,it outlyitng tilres ala,,,t s (i foothill —. The filcr ()f the ahlacsa r)ownv iIn rie anll Salimal thsce Sil. ri whle of -hort 1c'iL-thl!trills a erl part,f the g,)dl price',n aiccrti t it- cxtrta cquality. t l\latc. - w\\11 Agai i n. i i alile p rt,f tl i;lalnc al, mla I1 i tt i s,'ltll te r c s )wl- to r,) ext jm t: x\irlnt tlrtet is, I -,,1! if aillx i'llC ishead e i)m the 1,,\tcr 1f tle tih rc pld t rf th llotliltali,. I! tghsI licNat,\i- tIle cIvw,f i I t t ilts'.ldtimn clayl soils werc,rlaid b t sixt,,r cighit Thuv are rich c'entirietcr,- of ilisck. dcsi,tlisei x'e-etahle lartely rf alit. to11t11(i. The rhiimntst of al)at c troim the dcc'mp, s-cd c irg entire islanid ii 1t - ill o- c, itcoparod with pied 1 o these stclci province-; a-l.11,a, S;oron i, Sill amir:Tlg vrl, gently and othlir- cltix\ated to tl CEt;.-Ai large amlountit if atlacai fibre is c i.t. Itn sill exported fron the-City of Cclu. tlat is pro- itd tfrtility as (iIducc elsewheru: -!;. t,r s\tiimpllc. titiuch of sxild Ihe to a the alacs grotwnll im it l c i- t r tc. Thle t c-ihy plant. a. ttwil sl;i)mtient imade troiii tils l)i nit (luiriing W\t ul11 nat lte o) itle.lear I(o werce-;cs. thian Il -tetlntih at if. xl. xx.N N[ tlhat f-,lli the P'rox illcc of:\lv. - Tha cul- illd-; aacI is tix tit coiUldi li gre — ati increassed a-lid;hip- teent. The -ite-;lt Iis m Llc c!ircct ifrt Cclt to ii)-lt placei oif tltticl pnrtsi of tihe rc!;lctsl ani ast ' is)rtcd fil rc. —,uthtlwvetern.i thcrcl)yl -a\xilg thie, c.r,-f rceshli)ing ili in the hills, 1 siManila. r;chi, Iltv snil; 3i. r,,ilm this large anld Inpore uallttitie of ala aac re t1 ain. bv cctllparing the exported durilng tle year 1 thle.lf'ltll iY Sumtimary of ]:ilnCl. It is,eell that the tl tlhose of IAml>os Camiar Provinces. Ili the irtlil;landIt-aI)acs is largcely culas ill the sotithiwetern part.:ern part tle labac-t iT grSwn ial origin: tiat is. they are e )ivcrfliow v and depo-ic.on t carried by the rtreams. I, eavv i llla;. cilli-osed xwithl a ghigl percentage of atnic matter Tile land, oc-,,il; are nearly level. slopto the;eawaIrdl. AbaciS is:he wa:er's edge along the if -;uch nattral richness thlest, tle natural tendency rank and rapid growth of Ithough 'the qtuality of fiher f a high grade. i Jo. -- In these:x o -iimall aIso cultivated to 'oitme ex-; chosen for abaci are low i the same character as in intlanao. It is rarely grown ut in lw areas that ha e of alluvial origin. A FILIPINO RESTAl'RAN1. -34 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE By F. Lamson Scribner, Chief of Bureau I~ UCIT- las been said and written about agriculture and the agricultural products of the Philippine Islands. llt the suibject is one of such vital imlportance to the islands, one tupon which the entire supoilrt of the people practically dependtil that it cannot be too often discu —edl. It is a subl)ect which nllt only intertcst, tile people of these islands. lbut also tih-c of the United States. 'IThe sreat m.ainufllacturisng interests of the rsother country are every year making greater demand. upon the tropics for their sutiplies of raiw miaterials. and these islands are albundantly capable o-f producing a very c(nsiderable proportion of the hemp, jute, c, ffec, cacao. tropical fruits, high grade tolacco. and prblalbly also silk, tea, and etpecially rubber and gutta, for which the I'nited States is now sending hundreds of millions of dollars to foreign countries. The climate of these islands is as healthfiul to man and as suital)le to the growth of all tropical products as is to be found anylvwhere in the Orient. and in no other ilalnds or coun1try can be found soils of finer quality or better adapted to successful development and profitable plant production. There is a great range of temperature between sea level and elevations of from 3.000 to 4.000 feet. where arable land may still be found: but there are no extremes of temlperature. There is -a demand for all the staple crops of the islands far in excess of that now produced, and it is not so much a question what to grow, but where and how the largest crops may be secured with the greatest ecoino'ly. It is here that the work 1ICAN.S',11 1V11N1; NJVA' 'I'l MA1RKETs1'. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 35 'he work now provided for in this bureau includes the introduction of valuable seeds and plants; distribution of the same; in-vestigation of the soils of the islands, including mapping of the tobacco, hemp, sugar, rice, cocoanut. fruit and vegetable soils of the Archipelago: investigations of curing tobacco and originating, through selection of breeding, improved varieties of the staple agricultural products; carrying on investigations of grasses, forage plants and animal foods, and devising methods for improving the forage supply of the islands; investigating the medicinal, poi-onous, fiber t and other economic plants; the history and habits of injurious and beneficial insects; the diseases of plants and methods of pre, venting them; the improvement of existing breeds of domestic animals: investigation of various lines of work involved in animal industries. There is no imore important work, so far as it affects the well-being of the people of the islands, than that which pertains-to of the Bureau of Agriculture finds i:s field for usefulness. There is much inertia to overcome, and we cannot hope for rapid changes in methods which have been practiced for centuries. Agriculture here is older than in the United States, but the methods still generally. in vogue are of the liost ancient type- the rapid development which has taken place!, in the United States within the last fifty. years, and which has placed our home country among the richest in the world, has '-; had no place here. There is, however, no country better able to cope with the agricultural problems that exist in these islands, or better qualified to introduce improved iagricultural methods and bring a new era of agricultural progress and development. it than our own. We are here for this very purpose, and the Bureau of Agriculture has been organized on board lines to put this "b. work into effect. "SPUD" URPHY, OF CAV'I1E. a TIlE REVIE\V F01 TRADE. i, I /, I i.1' Y~ IN agir ti-itlti-f: ald nothing can m11nre efftcti\vly IrinF:th( It peace anld plropel)rity ald iIICr, c;I'C wellh i n he i lllaT;, t a il llhlllell Oc elm'lll';litlllel i and prol motioil of tlhe ag i(-illiull; iilnustries -liy the introdCtiioi of nmdhtcrn mtcliods, improved agricultural Ilacli;crv and tlhe inlihgltetiimeit if tile i )- c it tiit(i'rlig1 lle iiti ensllse agr'ittltllral - cs,,urcc, l,,,,,Vil,lc iIllCse is,;l;md% undc t hlte ill'Ilgt'll;:ll)liC;ttitolVof 114Mc(rIll syS lcm; of fai tlltmig and fil-ii gint ing. No li)ttir o;,1; ar r t Itt fiu d ai ywv rltr in tlie wtorld thl;an 'lulilippinees, ilr litual growtlh may lI' mainlt:;ll.Cd ]ly Irril;atilon, (nd tlca'rl all land1,.,. ir' l alc.ll \ith l;1Z)ull1;tlt; w ter ' plq)]y'! f i' 1111l a I;tIl', llind ile'vtr h i idle, li it nl e 't 1 1l;t \ 1til t'lt' (l 0ilt liTi l lit', Iwll Ier iltliCc - sb l(l 1ttl11l' tlult ltl lltt ' I le lnl t V ytt'ali'. '1'1' \ 'k, ) ofi (liltilt tiiing gardet auld field stcci, I \ ti l. In i-rcau tl f Agrictiltiur i, anl imiportant one,,anid many tihotsand packages of seeds of such planits have been sent out dutring tlhe present season. The United States IDepartment of Agriculture contribtlel i to( tills lburtau tel thouisanid packages of seedl, containing fifty thousand packets, and thcse are -being placed where it is thoullght flicy'lvill do the most good. The Civil;Gverlmilent, thrugh this bureau, has:;uthtrlizc d tile purclha e of a large variety,,f vegetalle seeds, and these have been put til and distrllbuted with directitis in Spanisi anld l:lnglih as to how they shlild be lanited. Nearly all the varieties of Aicericanl veget;ables and field crops can lie grown in tlie islallds, tand I betliteve tlii; liberal (litribultio of lthits seed,; will nillt only scrve anl immedliate ueCfull I)Irl),ose ill furiilhing a stul)ly -nf fotdcl, but will do miuch toward, dc-Iil)pitig a tlstt for this class of A:\1mericaln products. "' THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 37 BELIEVE American machintcry will telp) this country wonderfully, and I am posituve that it can be used to great advantage but it will take somne utme to chattge tlte present tuetltods of fartming atttotg the natives, and this~- will have to be done by example. ibis machinery will have to lie tt~ed onl the Givernment farmis, and at first by Americana~: and after the natives see thle advantages to be gained they will take to it, and tot before. No amount of talking swill c ttvince tltem that their nierhod is a poor otte, bnt titey muiut tbcmsel yes see the seork done. Utteer their systent of cultivation (especially of rice)I, it woetld tot he practical to uise Atterican implemtents. becaitsc thley trautstlattt their rice from seed beds andscait utitil it begins-to rain every day before they prepare thle land'. There are seasons in which the wdtk itttst lbe done, as well as in the States. While we do not have winter and summer Itere, we have the sect end dry seasons, which amounts to practically the same thing as far as agriculture is concerned. Just at the end of thle dry season, when the showers begin, would be the time to prepare tbe soil with Amterican machinery and plant thle crops that like plenty of rain. At the end of the rainy season swould he a good tiune to cultivate and plant the crfips that are sutited to the dry season, such as vegetables. After as careful a study of the conditions of this coutrtry as it was possible at the time to make, the kinds of machinery and tools selected were those that best stilted the conditions in rh6 islands. As we could inot get all the:informatiot wec svantedl in advance, we were conupelled to select a rather miscellaneous lot of mnachinery, and. CuuuNESE POTTERiS. TI-1.: R VIFW\\ OF TRADE.:;.S 7-;\ \ 1 kniolwinig thalt this, i. a tropical country, o,<t of the itaclh: ert i- light and can be wo1,rkel, in 'pilt- of lihe fact that the climate ii ht ald tlhe 'oil iII aln nctultivatecl state, andl ha- l i:cn so-o fot a. long time. Under tilt' irCillatl;llCesl tile election was a good llo. 'aIdl msdt of it i juit what we want.,Lndr all canh 1)' u-ed. The follwmivng farming tool, aInid mtachinery we lironglit with us from the United States: Hill and drill seeder;: single-wheel ths: horse hoes and cultivators: grain craidle,, O(e-horse "lSoss" plowi: Syracuse I. c1. chilled plow; sulky plow; Henderson's -teel plow: No. 20 Oliver chilled plow; (1i.1k harrow; smioothing harrows ~ 'springtitli harrow' H lenderson's hlay tedder' uilk hliay rake: wooden liand rake' steel g;irlcnii rakC";,s garden l1loe,; garden scythes' \ kril and hranile.lcvthelic' liort-hliandled.,iliare-l(,intcd slhlove'l 1,ig-hatllled roundli(:ItIcd.l(,vcl.,' ii \\.( d axe,': set of seIccltcl to(,I'. includinlg -aw. lhammers, -cri \ drill-. hatclIet-, chli.sels, planes, \\ rcnclc-,. I,<ilts. rivet-. etc.: knapsack ltray;er liiicket putip with hose and nozzle; ha;\ and strra.- cutter' hay forks, 3 tines; lhay forik-. 4,tines; two-hore wagon, Studelalier No. 3; grindstone; gardent reels' c,,rn knives' halnd prunersi notched shears' Oakville Is/Ltpping -,hears: o ',-inch steel l-hear-: 8'i-inchl steel shears: ax miattocks; potato lloks: Bordten's grass hooks;: light grubbling hoes: \'Warren hoeses: serrated grals loonks: farimer's riveter and rivets; =-ilch steel trowels: (s-inich steel trowel<: t-ilch i-ngli'h stcuflle li es,: telegraph pruneers t wo-hor-e Buckeve ilower; onte-liorse Buckleve mower; grass scythe snaths:. lramtille scythe snatlhs; for-runner rice drill; No. I Hercules hand press; No. 2 Hercules hand press: No. 107 big bolt plows; No-. 408 Rainbow plows; 12-inch middle bruster plow: IX Hindoc, san plow; Pluto disk plow: rotary harrow: Union drill No. 16; delta cultivators: orchard harrows: Orleanl cultivator: Cosmopolitan gang plow, (ieorgia s:ocks. No. 2: Diamond icoth ciltivators, two-lihorse: Hall rotary disk cultivator:Iouisianai cane knives; 2R l)rush hooks: rice sickles. No. 2; Lyndon, I.a., nuetk hoe-e. No. 2: 13Bdley subsoil l)loWs: l all clip))er iplov,', No. 2L: steel rice binder: No. 3 Engelberg rice huller and )olilher: Matison's hland-p)ower coffee putilper. ()l a recenr trip over: the Manila and D)agupan railway, I w\Ias greatly surprised at the large fields. sometimes 50oo acres or more in a single level stretch, and I amt sati-fied that American machinery can be successfully used, and that its introduction will be followed by a wonderful develop THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 3 39 ntent of ttte country along tltis railroad. There are level stretches of land 40 mliles on either side of tite railroad rcaclting to the foothills of the nsotntatns.; Tlte plows used hy the natives arc too susall to do good work. Thcy cstt a fnrrow alsostt fottr inches wide attd thrce inches slrrp. The resstilt is that the furrow is merely tssrned stpon its edlge atnd tlte gra;ss is left growing and takes the noutrishmtentt front tte crop. As tlte plow is tise ottly inspletnent they tave, it is used to cultivate the crops, and, as a result, ttte cane and corn are planted itt rosss abosst t8 incites or two feet apart, so as to keep the grass froto growing, becastse, with these plows, only a narrow spare ran he sworked, the ntetlsod tssed heing to throw a furrosw c-to each side of Lhe row. Ak cultivator would he of great advantage in this, case. With wider rows and hetter cttltivation, longer and hetter cane and corn coulst he raised. The Isarrow used is ttade,of hatnhoo and is too light-to do good work. bust ats Amnerican harross swoutld he useless untless the ground weere properly ploswed first hy an American plow. The rice is, first sown in a seed hedt, and is thten transplanted hy hand, one stalk at' a ti nde. They say svhen the rire is sossn bsroadcrast poorer returns aire made at Isarvest. Thte reason is the ground is onsly scratcheet, and if the seed were sown hroadcas;t th6 grass would chtoke it out, and the WA., 'IdNG THdE MA.N WITH THE rAsMens. 40 THEI RE\IEW OFt TRADE. SANTO TOMAS COLILEG.E, MAh" I.A. nati\ve-. to avoid this, wait until it is about a foot high, then plow the ground and transplant it. and in this way it is not choked cut hy the grass. But on properly prepared land seed could be sown broadcast or, bctter.,b drill, and would yield larger criops than are obtained by transplanting. The native method of reaping the rice it tu cut one stalk at a time. This is a very! tedious process, and as rice is harvu-i d after the rainy season. when the ground is dry and solid. there is no reason \ hv a reaper could not be used. The same may be said of all the crops g:)\ T\n here. Machinery could be used to ad(I:ntage. TITe first thing to do is to get tTi\land properly plowed and harrowed with American machinery, and then agriculture will be very easy, and the wonderful fertility of the soil will enable large cops to be grown. When I say agricultural machinery can be used here. I make the statement afte careful study of conditions and persona observations. While on this trip I went into the fields and examined th plows and the work. I also talked with intelligent Filipinos who own farms, and they all say that they know that almost all of the ligh:er class of machinery that can be used in the States can be used here, and are pleased and much interested to learn of the introdtucti n of these things. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 41 f'"x t r BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES,I I IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO By Capt. F. E. Green, Pres. Chamber of Corn. - N considering the development of the Philippine Islands prior to the American occupapation, it must be remembered that less than 25 per cent of tl1- pa of the islands was directly under 41, o1 rule. The most favorably disposed and conveniently situated parts of the archipelago were given agricultural attention. while the other parts were allowed to lie fallow, or were left with such cultivation as the Filipinos cared to give them. As a rule. the Spaniards did little to encourage the development of 'the country's resources-in {act, they seem to have stultified rather than fostered agricultural enterprise. This resulted from (a) an unjust system of taxation: (b) insufficient protection to property holders, (c) excessive support of the Church. An illustration of this latter is found in the fact that in many towns of a population of several thousand, the value of the church buildings exceeds that of the total of all other buildings. As a result of these conditions, the people have had but little inducement to develop the country or accumulate wealth. They preferred a poverty which yielded nothing. to an increment which would be consumed by others. In consequence, real business opportunities were made available to only Spanish and foreign houses, who advanced money each year, wherever necessary, to small farmers and planters, thus securing the first lien on each year's products. The deadening results of such a system can easily be imagined. Under American rule, with more adequate protection, just taxation, property rights respected, importation of modern farming implements and machinery and with the introduction of experimental farms and new methods, with education and improved sanitation to avoid epidemic dis 11 —. 1,-. ~-. -":l I' 1,T -: ONE OF MANII,A'S MANY PUBILIC SCLOO11S. THE REV-IEW OF TRADE. 43 Ca Ie. sl,1 I w:th I ctraIl import:. greater than ever bef)re. there sh mild le developsient and gro th all )ver the co)untrv. Ne\\ c(iielitions; \\11 create new demand.: ith thii \\ ll cone higher aspirationms:lhe tlhlllg( whvich were firilierly regardedl -- luxui\rirs v.'ill niI,)x le llooked uplon ail necessit:c The rCsIlt,f all thiis should lie an lunprecedented -timulation in every phase of nativte life. A\ilhition will ibe ar used. anii! ever\ eniergy! excited to healthiful actii ity. (C)e of tht re<ilt- of -ich a ref riliationt -ih mld 1he a general developmien: i of the c,untrv's wonderful resource. ()f the-e. hut little is at present known. Few pters.ons reall;/e tl-at in these i-lands one acre of ground can produce -ufficient to support a large family. Among the staple products tle principal are: hlmlp, sugar, tobacco. timber, irdigo and rulbler. The supply of thiee prodtlc:s can lie increased almiost withotut limlit. Aniong other prodtucts are: toIacco. cotton, andi grain. EIxl)eriientts dcmlsttrate that the-e two latter will flourish in a mianner which comllpares advanl age-,ut;.- witha the ml,it fiavo red place- of product 1(in. Thle archipelago is equally well fiavored -I-w ti ml.'rals. The pos-ihilities in this dirciolii a;!c now only beginning to be know\n. Coal. copper and gold have been worked in many parts for centuiries. but in such a mannrier.as to give only a hint of tle great wealth now lying latent. Aiollig our present needs stands fir-t of all. foreign labor. Native labor has proved th,Irough,y inefficient and unreliable. The necessity of labor oIher than Filipino is niversally recogn:zed. and has colmmended ite.lf to the Filipino employer, hlo urges it (quite as strongly as Amiericann and lu'tropeanis. Another cr\:ng ined is more capital. The wonderiful opportunities for investmenIt are altogether generally unrealized. Industries nowl in their infancv have a future whose hiorizon is unboutnded. lBesidle-. this is a country. not only for tlie capitalist, but for the man with onlI reasonabllf means. A rich soil and a kindl. climiate ofer every indutceent to 'the settier. It is often remarked that the Philippine climate is unhealthy. but with proper care it i- no more so than that of the United St;ates. The health of the soldiers in camps \\here good sanitation prevails. compares faivrably with that anong those at home. The Philippine archipelago is a land of promise. In the East it is recognized as the coning center of commercial activity.' Itsv wonderful fertility, combined with its minieral re ources, warrant the most sanguinle expectations and prophecy a nagniticent future. The best evidence of this is the firm and unwavering faith of those who are here, and have been here, and have,pied out the land. Theyehave seen and are sati-fied THE REV\IEW OF TRADE. ) COASTWISE OF TRADE THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By W. Morgan Shuster GLANCE through a world atlas will show why in the -3Philippines the coastwise trade is more important to the country than anywhere else on the globe. It will continue to be so until the flying machine is practically established aa; a means of transportation. Venice might d(o without its gondolas, but the Philippines without their coasters, never. There are many elements which are needed to foster the development of these i-lands and place them in the foremost rank a" a prosperous, self-sustaining piece of territory, but perhaps no two of the more tangible ones are quite so vital to this succe-~ as the growth and encouragement of inter-i-land communication. For the purpose of this traffic the archiptlago may be regarded as a little world into itself, and the islands, province; and pueblos as different nations of that world competing for the supremacy of the seas. Climatic conditions, terrain, density of population. and many similar considerations affect the relative prosperity of the different islands, provinces or groups, but the prosperous island must have boats to dispose of its prosperity, and the unproductive portions must have boats to seek the cornmodities which they cannot produce. Nearly every great nation in later centuries has recognized the importance of reserving to its own people its coasting trade, and- the practice of excluding all foreign vessels therefrom has been too long recognized and accepted to cause any comment or protest. The theory of such exclusion has been to preserve the fruits of that traffic within the country interested, and to prevent the introduction of foreign in_1 AC.\ II'.:EI:E SCO)UT'S WHVO CAPTUIRED AGUINALDO. 45 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. THE STREET ARAB. f fluences in:o so intimate a relation with the country's prosperity. The United States has carried these principles as far, perhaps, as any other nation in the world, and vhatever may be said of her commercial in-.feriority on the high seas, in the success and development of her coastwise trade she reigns supreme. The situation in the Philippines has been, and will of necessity continue to be somewhat different. Before the principle of protection can be successfully applied there must be something to protect, and for many years to come the task of any government will be that of creating a local merchant marrie. The call for inter-island transportation has already passed the facilities. and it has been necessary for the Insular Government to temporarily throw this trade open to the vessels of the world. The possibilities of the Philippines as a center of far higher civilization than has yet been found in most Oriental countries are unlimited, and as the population and areas of cultivation increase, together with the ever-growing needs of a higher racial and national development, so will the imperative demand go forth for the sinews which are necessary to bring together the more or less'isolated communities in the unity oX commercial prosperity. In the Philippines, as nowhere else, do trees and fertile soil grow down to the vater's edge, and if the native spends more time on his watercraft than on his dwellings or attire, it may be a humble hint to make the palaces of our Civilization in the Philippines floating ones for many years to come. Till: ()I.' TRADF. % it,'] I It AG I II-k. 11): k I I 111, 'I'l II-' III.IPI \,. IN II:11I'NDI:NT CAT II (II, IC C H URCIL THE R.EVIEW OF TRADE. 47 MINERAL,1 WEALTH IN PHILIPPINE MINES MINERAL Wi V; By Albert P. Wnright -I E milning p trol)alnlitetir and poswitl)hlatite (of tile Philhlippine i Ii.lal( lae been. silncet the A;nericllan cccupatloi. suIbject.of nucl l aryilig tall;, and the tte',:,of 1italy;rtcle swhicht 1)ta-e,1 tipolln I ec I,;piett:c i an(l pithlout roper resable tiforillati,)l. gatitned bl actual Intelelnv iTln,'t-tlg:italt-. have iben t: 1e cauise,i f er, coiiservatnl ie if not (lotlttl. ei stlia;ltit ' o1t the part of thio.e selo() mnake imiillig a bi)tsiliess, anld rcttse(ItIetltte tile ti lilshliling of capital altway t necesary in tlie -tcessfIul dev eloplmient if the (ditllendtia iug miines. Other causez- have also cnltr:llled to this re-uilt. I atxperienced miners. prospectors. and rmeit N ith grutistake capital were led to l)elieve fron the iliani faire stories told liv the nati ve in! x arioui parts of the i;lalncl thiat large.nld profital:le results were to be had witli little effort;and the use of only a few ihuindred dollar- This lias inot proven to lie c, rrcct. and some daI)appointiment lias,,'tai. - \gain. up to).ugut 14 last no tniltihoritv had been given by the Congress )f tile United States for the location and acquliring of titles to mining claims on the ptillic domnaiin, ihichi left those who de-,ired t. legitintately explore anti determine tie \aiule of deposits. veins. ledge,. and auritferonui bearing gravels and sands, in a hia;e of uncertainty, that utpon bunisiess principles compelled them to wait for some definitc legislation utnder which title could lie had. Political coinditions in the isanti for tle past four years. coupled witl the great searc it\ of -uitatle labor for intelligent explot-atii) of miniing ground lias contriiuted inl i, simall degree to the backward state of present develoipment and to the fact that no mineis are making valuable outputs. But tlice circumntances, combined twiith many le'eCr,iauses, (do not in any sense legitimately raise the fair presuliiptlonl. lmutlch le — tlit proof that the isilands dl,t nt d.'ni tain valutable ldeposits of tl lrecsious imetals ai(ld paying beds of auri fertis gravels and sandsi COn the contrary tile fact;i that r-ecords of the Chinese showl that Chiuese traders have been alble to purcha;se gold and copper from tile natives of tlhee islanlds for more than 300 years. The records of output of precious rmetals for imanya years kept by tle mining bureau show a no inconsiderahle amounti. while the re.;ilts of such surface investigations as.\imerican prospectors and minlers have recently illrmae, extending almost froml Aparri, to Jolo. raise the reasonable belief that with proper and scientific deep explorations large and extensive bodlies of valiuable miniierals will be found. Rich in Minerals. Tle outcrops of mineeral veins aid leads are numerous and extensive throtughout the whole archiplelag.o, and carry variou-s kinds and classes of mietals, including gold, silver, copper, eadl, cininabar, iron. cobalt. nickel. titanic and tlingtate (of iron in hodies sutficiently large thatt if tlihe occurred in the United States, Canalda or Australia, millions of developmllcent capital woutld be all too ready and anxiis to explore tilem. There is an idea amiong tile inexperienced that mining is nothing more than a gamble or qltestion of luck. Nothing is lore erroneout. Thtre is no line of btsinees that is more legitiimate and requlires a clo-er application of business principles than that of mining. No btliness reluires a higher degree of skill, good 'sound judgment anid practical experience in its slcceessful prosecution. Mining is a busines calling for special training. jiust as certainli as technical knowledge is es;entiial to the watchmaker or shipbuilder Triue there have been many failures in mining venttures and the same is true of all branches of cotmmercial lines. and there have been probably as high aln average of successes in mining enterprises as iln imo(t of the other great indus 48 Ii i i I I i 'tI'1 ~t:.\'1!- \\ ' ~)I: 'l'<\l)]... ".. is:: L,1.!1 z C a. IZ: 7. 3 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 49 tries. This has iint been dclmeintrated as yet ill the l 'lililpins-s. iIt it i I t r iiIn:all n111111ing c tl!ltrics and will I)ro\ic true here SiiiiC '-p: ti \l i ] coie lhu n tl,,- itiic rci;ti tI fia\ e to rccngni/eC tlhc' fact tr, iw;lci's-;f l ill m inin retiuirsi 111i' tlal()q. \ii li- ) lla\c ti) carry ill tole wick a Oilsll ) lttIl,,ll )f i liii al iii i(.,l-p l cal a ialitic. t tica t- ricw, th rn ciall sTu- l i a l I t nll' l. it; f,,- irt i l \i is thil am - Ilt' i tial. sll(1 qI llta}l)] 1;Ll,,,r f,, or c i] - f hi i s 11 ];, -,r their g,,,.I. iils'iti i asit lprsict ic; ] C~Hll'll ';.'lll ': T) i i Illcr' ck;llllll I. l lllesii f iiarc ri Cq ( a 'ft ir! - Ifcrn iIc i iitt leo l) i It.'lltl t i sl-. (i cp ) rcq ii t iIllC trad i., a l I,cati, itic k,t tl ]n c-1 tact. \w.ailt if I C I f trakl. ctc Ilt "n)l iii.iniiL rclil tip h iiiilt ic pra ctcIaIIy truc, )f clici r r tilCt, w c c ct rtid or'iii giit th e lt nt,,f cnellsetIti, -is, i ll gI l) I iiiiiii II at I'ca-t. \1 -5' It le I Ir. ' l q ~, 'r'li gl ill s' irs ti sh ti lh it c -aisle Ill tll s r. i, sith. i llni cminl aI tr a r c. It t,s ft or c ): t ldth t ian i ai it c n lti t sitn in thl Ia I lil 0 l s lie \ri trtite, in eral 1, 11ca1r i xl l:c t, nf the a rchi - lass, T hIsst te.<-, t t hi, s't h I iaive s r-si a rs fr]Ittli( — ill mi stn' Hi-taiis:s'u. f,,r lint apply ing Thie ii r n ri ire\ lmu iii- pr;lscildo,:a fClesiiss tec - c —ai\ iis s)tle-cr c s litc-.irs-s.; iii,t]ivr - fr,,nl a' l~ d itie wa ft if ii, i -si,lii e sif t hi. i )s i se rlsi ca nsliti s i f ti e iiii ri)i i f p(l s,-,-it-. ir cis t. anlld the rc liui-..t'.. kill1 anl e sxriscicc to ecsitin,,mtcals.\ cxli irs and ex t ra ii t lie ore hmltil.e' anii the }wt.t tictliteui ti le useld fir s;lsaratsIn ansd 'a\u\ t i lt' i allc-i frims the mii i i ral icaring risck silorh t ir, f i,r i i ig at cuicsli-'i, in- a ln{ inveetisig large 'triii- of I,)I. V il the erisctsil,'f reducti,si-Is \ i,rk s. sitd m ill aiiii; 'ft i-' iard- pu tting men tiii r i - tug i, re q \ \hii sIch to, ri I t uIicr sL'x_.nis c l l-it ls 'l i ( s h t)r csl p nc list l llii c's -re ' ts'tiif i tlls h ' isl c. r Ill tilt ' c r-ct t:ts r ii i c itf s' ir-ititts I ti (Itir e s it t htier high, ffi - cI; l- rI f ill' eslistiIa t I ii' x lii tight des;ire ta fr(u)itl 11)t lt r risk{<<.. ald (I tialy for l)titIu ling tsle g r ais ClX - ICCtati,, 1 11 11 -II liliI l sin ()f anr lie auic tl lst')' c;Lrri tcl hitgi-graL - 1-lltuen. antl ilt al:tcsnptlti g ti);Uilpply a 5 or Io statmp: I!, fo,, lnd the task an imposibitlity. hind-!I1g. s;!;L ciion.-eiqlence, the mill hadl:o lie 1idI to-thirl. iof the time, while interest ()lI tilt'l- m1( iey'\' illses t id ilild nnt stiip tn rest. Superior to Transvaal. N,) grc;t csr ]iisliy canili be sht i Ii,f the \\;tilt.-')I ii111111iig buia ic-;s5 setlSe than t ti) cotcludlc that a \iln or depiost it with only a;o rr tIo00 foot -haft. (,r a tunnel of samle lengti. is readlv fi,r a nmill unless tile ouitcr,'p he so contitnuouii lv ill ore. as to rencler practically exact calcult atioin a,; to tli ttonlnage in sight. and it- value per tonll a certaint\. Beside- these andl many other le.:s.er r 'asis. ifr failure of mining eniterpri-e- in t tile I'lilippine Island-, mny be nxit itim ic(i the rigrous condf iti],,n*, rlttO.<'l uin tlle' indlu-;try hy the Spanisli law. tIxcuit-e \vc-re con,-tantlV lieing fiund to Ise\finll- anitd ci'trlii iit tsm antl tlhe carryling lit of iiasginar rc-i treilr ints,, lfti-cient in tl:ll'.cc\- tc a\st c 'i-lsd' ftalurc- ill a ma',irithe it cli-el. \ i lsc is itir li iie ti-tsrle nuning ok h K\',\\ mrinur ciacrarlct ngr a ln t nthe v isl eas. of alit ffl'lt il -tlrictu- it l ri( at n, l- Ltl\ -Iue tcIxali lt rl, i I - o, ilil b)d I l rc il i s it I i t i tlt Iall a,lnli t {If t lcc,,in-c t (l 1 e. ]ie i<- I O l-lnd sil elr 5l1s;t tiet futire si lting -itlitl l,.ik ] iitre i.:,ti l xce-sliii gzly liriglit c lie. Tit. ),,r-',lccur i, c uss1 )c,, strl. tg bui) ies. 11 t ut -uat ilI nif a i,,it grl(l-t chiracter;nil the sallic- eassv of cxts r cti,,n. Frcti z(h te 200 a m.v }llsl frotIl dinffcrcn t dl-trict, it is- rocaiti\ l sunre- that tIcu d,el ores ar- much n higher grtal-e than t iIlc l f thet Tr it.\ a al. I igl I-ina11l..'lir: lsa. Mnl l tituiiy eif thIiI large srl ildenml paRiTng i nclllel 'f tie- kitUited States Inexhaustible Power. \\';tit;ii iitc'xllai;tlhilqc allurcc if \vater pl,,l's cr i'mli -:t es sri\ lere- id tainalle-. fur titi' c!'as t iIt I l it elcctric-s n li s,,\ er ali tile ')I tilt' \ sri, - ll- I<i]tilt,f tt s ie it -'ri v il CCe-..:.tr \ tii! - i ltt.t'. aitl is \ I\l nIll a.,t talancc l,f the a:1c-t i rtscu, f titicr its the ki \ts-i i si irlil. 'I-u' ith toert;ilil\ if c al (leisiit-,,If c,,kitg- qt:;lits for fiirt sac -s. ill tile.is,.thlelr grisup o f i-l st u(-. it i< rca,'s,,s ble t, t -a li:t tI e Tit ]i.i.s,I f tIe sirs- sItII tie cxtr sii, i s.III f ti'eir \;iIIt':. I T; l- IclIca plyI iis:lt' herec; 5-. ii 11 fi II,)[ tli ctr i ntausslug \\'hl t:- m, i-t iielccc,l - silpntal:tnd thnrosuglh ih s'\ clpinti int Skill. isractichl cstmtit P 50 THE REVIEWV OF TRADE. aod distfibution accounts inI a measure for the mainy, stories and general -impressions relative to rich allusial deposits occurring in different localities of tlte islands. Nearly all thte rivers attd water-cotirses having their sources inl or near the rnountaints hare brought dowvn and deposited in their sands and gravels, fine particles or "colors," of gold. and in some instances small pieces of regular shape and form and some of which approach nearly t-he sine of nuggets. Howsever, no exceedingly rich flows have a-, set heen developed and from such develotnoent as tas been so far done, very few if any deposits have demonstrated very great valuies 6r encouragement that they will pay to svork -with the usual methods and most modern savinig appliances. But this does not pr-ove either that thkre are no paying grounds and sands in the Philippines or that there are. The fact ithat the natives have from remote time engaged in swashing out gold from the gravels and heds of streams. in many parts and in the most primitive manner, and with the most archaic implements, and have heen ever content to con1tinlue in the saving of gol-d, although ]icinlg in a country of great soIl production and svith -an almost inlexhaustihle valuc of forests and useful woods and timbers, makes it reasonalsle to-presumie FILIPINO PRIESTS. seiiss~ and the necessary capital ou.gttt to bring the output of precious metals In tltc Pliilipfsines to a high standard svithsin a very few years., It is true that the mining lairv for these islands tasted by Coitgress is ni t sthat it Should he. bitt it has many ye-cdeeminig features, and everyone should ds the best possib~le tinder its provisions. The Philippine Commission ctii be truIsted to St onIIglNIpoint Out n-hat features of the lawv are bad, and suggest such chainges, a~ nay seemi eset to the Congress of tbe tUnied Staites for proper action.- The nitinier, aitd pro-,p-vines have labored tigaitist many difficultlevs aiti perplexing conditiTiss, ansd hr patliciit etideavor for ai sthue longer thiey is illtiqutestiontably Ise reswarded. Gold Values in the Philippines. Irahiahih ItI no oilier c)tliittry dols — gold vcivi-u it itorv diiffereilt ki ids of formation ain i more variedl classes, of coitilnuattons \ilhi (titer tiineral s thatit il tlie F)lihliphinle lhih. T IS istit Mteant to volsev tlie vcthail ticier aiii iiore exit-n-itve iodhiss still p vdh-~ are toi lie fouiid hiers - hut that it i - prohsahihv iiore largely ilistri luteI, fot liv vxtettt of the area embraceel iii the archiihehago than nitost ali iithier kiiossn ni-ctionl No dhetiht its~ geitertth occii retice FILIPINO PRIESTS. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 51 that with modern methods of saving, and with the energy and skill of experienced American miners, deposits and beds carrying the precious metals may yet be found that will give large and profitable returns. This general occurrence of gold throughout the islands at once suggests to the mind of the prospector the question, where is the source of original occurrence, and in what manner and character of formation was it originally deposited? This'is the most important information for the prospector and the miner. The presence of gold surface of the ground would be gold bearing in nominally equal amounts which is not the case; and for the further reason that gold subjected to such extreme heat as found in volcanoes, would volatilize and combine with various other elements and be precipitated in entirely different forms from that of free giod. The reasonable conclusion is that somewhere higher up the mountain range, and within the area of surface drained by any given gold-bearing river or stream there are veins or deposits of gold bearing rock that from physical 3I1(UNTIN TRIBES OF LUZON. in beds of streams and gravel bars is good evidence of veins, lodes or deposits that originally contained the metal and by reason of chemical changes disintegration and erosion have given up the free gold for distribution by the rains, floods and torrents that are so frequent in this latitude. The writer does not coincide with the theory, sometimes advanced here, that the fine particles of gold were at some remote age thrown up through their craters of now extinct volcanos, and in the same manner as volcanic ashes scattered in all directions. This theory cannot with any good reason be maintained. If correct all parts of the causes have been made to part with their free values-and the floods and waters have been the agencies of forcing- it down the course of the stream and depositing it in the alluvials of the same. Therefore the thoughtful prospector follows the gold bearing flow up-stream, and not down stream in search of the source of the metal. Nor does reason or experience direct him to the crater of volcanoes in his search for its origin.. In the Philippines no general rule can apply as to the kinds of rock in which gold occurs or the character of its embedment from the fact that primary rocks are exten 52 - THE REVIEW OF TRADE. sively co\ered by hmodern volcanic oVerflows. and such occurrences as have so far shown are largely found in these volcanic roecks..Most all the serpentines. as in the Camarines, Masbate. and Mindanao carry low grade value of gold in the 'oxidized scasms and small stringers of quartz and calcites found in them: This is true also of some of the metamorphic states as in several of the districts of Northern Mindanao on theI Pacific side of the Province of Surigun. But it is in the diorites. porphyries. trachytes, and other modern igneous series of rocks that gold most frequently ( ccurs in these i-lands. and in larger and better defined veins and deposits, showing higher gradcl sf ores and with greater evsdences ~ of cintinuity. whether as free gold or -in comlbination with other metals than in the other clas-es of formations. The more recent volcanic o-erflows are strongly impregnated with iron in most all its various forml,. containing in many cases stuch a high per cent as to render the body of the country rock itself very much disintegrated anit chemically changed. The oxides and sulpshides in nearly all instances carry gold in varying proportions and where they occur in the intrusive porphyries. which are very frequent, or in the quartz veins themselves tt:ey usually carry a value thsat adds materially to the net average of the ore. In districts where copper predominates gold is in nearly every instance found in considerable strength in combination with the different classes of copper ores, and will, when the'copper ores are worked, play a very important part as a by-product. This is well illustrated in the Mancayan and Suyoc districts of Lepanto Province, where inll nearly all copper ores running as much as 9 per cent per ton fire tests show from $4 to $8 per ton in gold. This is true also of Zambales and the Camarines..\ feature of gold occurrences peculiar to thi region is the fact that running parallel and often as.-purs -from the main veins carrying the distinctly copper values, are gold-b,:aring segregated veins and deposits. many of which. though small and giving no great assurances of continuity, are exceedingly rich. However, there are deposits occurring in t'he diorite and porphyry agglomerates of sufficient extent and value to insure profitable mining. There is a large and well-defined mineral belt ex.tending from the central part of l.epanto Province with a strike almost due THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 53 north and south to the Province of Rizal. Within the length of this belt are to be found surface indications and outcroppings of mineral-bearing rocks seldom met with in any country. Included in these minerals are copper, iron, cobalt, nickel and gold bearing rock more or less the entire length. In Benguet Province are found the largest and more nearly free milling propositions than in Lepanto, but with less indications of large copper deposits. The section near Baguio is exceedingly promising, as the vei,,.- are large and the values mostly free with ev,-y local necessity for economic workinr. The ores occur very much as at Mancayan and Suyoc save the veins are distinctly quartz and the values easier of extraction. There are several propositions in this district only waiting for capital and intelligent development to make them 'large producers and beyond question remunerative. At tl-:e extreme northern part of Luzon there are two large beds, or more properly agglomerate beds, that, when conditions are better and the apayaos or head-hunters are somewhat under control, can be milled and made to produce large dividends. They are low grade but would pay handsomely if worked on a large scale. The natives have for many years extracted gold from these beds by crushing between two stones and washing the gold out. Below these beds along the river that flows across them auriferous gravels and sands have also been worked by*the natives. The gold found along the gravel beds and sands of the Bagdag, Puray and Mariquina rivers has undoubtedly come fromt the large dykes which cut diagonally the mountains near their sources. Some of these dykes are exceedingly large and heavily impregnated with iron pyrites, and oxidizing near the surface, the sulphur has been driven off and the gold freed from its combination. Apparently these sources of gold values have excited no interest under Spanish rule, and as the ore is a good character for the cyanide process, they are waiting only for exploration and the necessary machinery to put them on a paying basis. The quantity of ore on them is very extensive and with a small amount of development an exceedingly large tonnage could be measured and exact value ascertained. In due time I am satisfied that they will be successfully and profitably worked. There are many such as these and various other occurrences of gold in the archipelago, and AT SEVENTY. 54 THE REVIEJW OF 1tADE. per ores known to be valuable for mining. The principal forms found are. native copper. copper pyrites, bornite, gray copper, black, and red oxides, and malachite or green carbonate of copper. The metal occurs in the form of ores in various sections of Luzon and in many of the southern islands and in almost every instance carries other values in combination and especially gold. Northern Luzon, especially Lepanto, Bontoc. Benguet, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur show many copper occurrences, the most of which have sufficient gold in the ores to practically pay for the. extraction and reduction. The best developed district in the islands is that of Mancayan and Suyoc in the Province of Lepanto. The many veins and deposits of this district are distinctly copper bearing. with from $4 to $8 per ton value in gold, and with from 4 to I2 ounces in silver carried principally in sulphide ores. These run through this district with a north and south strike a large and well defined ledge of lone quartz resting upon a diorite foot swi:h porphyry agglomerate as a hanger. Possibly the porphyry is intrusive or occurs as a gangue in the ledge filling, but whether or not is of little importance.for the purapose of this article. This ledge is very strong and outcrops for some six miles in length, widening in places and narrow '111: LATE1' Mat. JlSI, IZ.\I. the value and ilmportance of the mineral re-ources can reasonably be placed among the greatest in the islands. Rich Copper Ore Deposits. \\WIile the world's production of copper has greatly increased in the past twenty vear<, the demand has kept pace with the 'licrc;i-sc d (.itlput. and prices have been suffi-:centlv strong to inure large profits and to miake b.earing veins and deposits very dtsiralle and much sought for by experienced mining men. Probably the greatest profits- derived from single mines in the world are from distinctly copper propositions carrying some gold and silver. This fact. coupled with a constant growing demand for the lmetal itself, brings the possibilities and probabilities of copper production in the Philippines prominently to the front as to the future output of the mineTal belts of the Archipelago. The proper investigation of the copper bearing sections of the different islands cannot, fail to arouse a strong confidence in the quantity and quality of the copper ores of the various sections. The ores occur almost entirely in the eruptive rocks and conglomerate beds. indicating considerable strength with almost all the-claims of cop THE LACE AP. MABINI. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 55 ing in others, as often occurs in most all big ledges and veins. Along this ledge claims have been located for its entire outcrops and some have been extensively worked and have produced considerable copper and much gold. However, the work has been done in a manner that contributes very little to the proper determination of the extent of the ore bodies. Several strong chutes outcrop along this ledge, carrying both high and low grade values, but sufficient depth has not been as yet obtained to properly ascertain the size, depth or rake of the ore chutes, but from the strength conming when the real and truthful prospects of the districts become known to men who make mining a business. The adjoining province of Benguet also has many promising outcrops of. copper along the main mineral belt that extends from Lepanto to Rizal Rrovince, as heretofore mentioned. The occurrences and character of the ores are virtually the same as in Lepanto, difference being mostly in extent and size of outcroppings. The ores here carry also a considerable gold value and is of good character for successful. smelting. The completion of the Pozorubio "CHOWSL TIME. shown by the ledge itself at the surface and the character of the ores shown by such development as done, make quantity and quality for profitable mining almost a certainty. The ores are ideal for smelting with fluxes in abundance near at hand, timber plentiful and water power of any extent required. This district, although at present somewhat inaccessible, will unquestionably in the near future become a large producer of both gold and copper. Capital for opening up the ore bodies and smelters for reducing the ores are only needed to place the camp on a prosperous basis, and both capital and machinery will be forth and Bagio wagon road and the building of a railroad from some point on the Dagupan railway through these mountain provinces will solve the question of accessibility and give a great impetus to mining in these regions. There is a promising copper-bearing field in the province'of Zambales, near Bambang, showing great strength in surface indications with good character of ores. The ores occur as in Lepanto in the eruptive rocks which are highly mineralized. Some of the values are found in the maises of felsite porphyry which have been ground into very fine particles, the copper evidently 56 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. havinz been reposited from percolating waters and hot gases carrying copper.in solution and precipitating the same when meeting with reagents. This section is easy of access and beyond question will soon engage the attention of explorers. Copper also occurs in both the north and south ends of Zambales. largely distributed, but showing less strength of bodies and much lower grade than the middle section above referred to. However, systematic developnent mtay show larger bodies and higher grades: at least, these sections will ju.-tify intelligent exploration. Outcroppings of copper are to be found at intervals almost the entire length of the 'Corchinera Central," many of which are unexplored and are only waiting the disappearance of ladrones, and the miner to give up their wealth. 'Much confidence is expressed in the copper measures of Tayabas and Ambos Camarines provinces. Very little intelligent development has been done in these regions heretofore for the reason that gold mining there was much cheaper and required much less capital to get profitable returns from rrear the surface. A very peculiar occurrence of native copper is found near the pueblo of Paracale in Camarines Norte. There is a bed of sedimentary formation of considerable extent composed of particles of finely ground diorite and talco schist, evidently having come from the grinding of the two formations at point of contact. This sediment 'nntains small flakes and variegated sizes of native copper very singularly distributed through the mass of the body of the sediment. A- shaft has been sunk in this bed to a depth of fifty-five feet without reaching the limit in depth of the deposit. Assays taken from various samples show a value of t6 per cent copper. The sediment issoft and easilv worked. no blasting being necessarv for its dicplacement. The small dereiionT and creeks leading from or running over this bed all prospect copper. blt particles very light and fine. resembling very rrguch' the gold occurrences of many other localities in the i~lands.. Thi kind of a copper deposit is peculiar and unusual for the reason of its fine particles and there occurring no other forms or combinations of copper save as pure native metal. There seems to be no sure conclusion as-to how this copper came to be deposited in this unusual manner. but it could have occurred by the diorite and talco schist, of which the sediment is principally formed, having originally contained, as is frequently the case, similar particles of iron, and becoming saturated with hot water and gases carrying copper in solution, the iron was combined with the sulphur and native copper 'took the place of the iron particles contained in the sediment. The development of this particular and peculiar copper deposit will be watched with interest and if the deposit is extensive it will prove very remunerative as well as peculiar. Copper outcroppings are reported near Cararmuncu further south, but no definitive knowledge as to extent or grade of ore is at.hand. The islands of Samar, Panay, Masbate, Cebu, and Mindanao all contain veins and deposits of copper of greater or less extent and value, many, however, promising future profitable production. With this extensive occurrence of outcroppings of high grade copper ores associated in most all instances with other valuable mineral certainly justifies reasonable expectations for a large and profitable future outcome to the mineral developlient of the Philippine Islands. The mining industry and the 'thorough development ofthe mineral resources of the Archipelago make up questions of great import to the Insular Government, the people of all the provinces and especially every business man in the city of Manila. Therefore, every business man in Manila should feel an interest in the prospector and encourage in every way possible the early development of the mines which mean so much to the caDital city. Mining camps bring in their wake good country roads, railroads, electric tram lihes. telegraph lines and furnish labor to many laborers and mechanics. They bring higher wages to the wage earner than other lines of industry. create a demand for the products of the farmer and the stock raiser, the foundry'and the machine shop, and are direct cause of the building up of taxable property, and consequently greatly benefit the general government. All machinery and suppl;es must come through Manila, and in Manila will be circulated 75 per cent of the money put in circulation by the miners. TIlE REVIEW OF TRADE.57 I 58 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. S, C URTS Former Must be Good Before Latter Seeks Investment AND CAPITAL By Attorney Eber C. Smith HE foundation upon which all capital seeks to build, is good laws, and an assurance that they will be respected and enforced. Touching this point are the first inquiries which are made by those who have money to invest..After these questions have been, satisfactorily a*nswered, capital will quickly seek employment, both to the advantage of its owner and th. country in which it is invested. That Capital "is timid" is a fact too well established to need discussion. Stable laws and honest and learned jurists upon the bench are, therefore, the greatest guarantee ani.l safeguard moneyed men can desire. Conservative business men are not looking so much for large profits as they are for sure investments. Here in the Philippine Islands are great opportunities for both. First. because of the richness of the soil and the value of the products thereof; second, because a stable government and an honest judiciary will proteqt investments. While the native judges jwho are now upon the bench have proven honest, efficient and upon the whole, energetic and in every way loyal to the government; of occupation, nevertheless the wisdom of filling most of the positions with American judges is most apparent. ithis is putting it mild, when one considers that a wealthy banking institution will plead justification in "influencing the courts with money" because it was necessary to outbid its opponent, even though it claimed to be every way in the right. The many suggestions, which have come into law offices, since American occupancy and the establishment of a judiciary, which, I am proud to say, is above reproach, to make presents of a valuable nature -to the judges, fiscals and opposing counsel, is evidence beyond question that it was the practice under former rule. It was also. a custom to prolong litigation so long as there was money in it for the lawyers and juAges. This was.a great drawback to the investment of capital, and is no doubt the cause of the backwardness of the country more than the indolence of the people, as most writers and financiers argue. Under the new rule, lawsuits which have been in the courts for years, and even generations, have been litigated and ended during the first year. Districts in which there were more than a thousand cases pending. the docket has been cleaned up in a single year. This is a great surprise, as well as a great source of gratification to the inhabitants 'of these islands, who have been forced into courts with no immediate prospect of getting out. Hence. capital will take greater chances in investments. when it has to take none in getting the worst of it in the courts. The bar, taken upon the whole, is generally what the bench requires of it, so we find many lawyers in whom the general public formerly had but little confidence, now honorable and faithful practitioners. The things which are the best are most apt to be counterfeited. Therefore, the professions which are the most honorable and most lucrative will always be cursed with those who wish to take advantage of others. Consequently, there has been some unprofessional conduct upon the part of a few lawyers of Manila, but owing to the watchfuliess of the Civil Government and its determination to have a clean administration, this bad element, much to the government's credit, is being weeded out. While prosecutions and disbarment proceedings are very much to be regretted, they will establish confidence, and those who have money to invest will hereafter feel safe in intrusting their interests with those in the profession who are above reproach. ATTORNEY EBEB C. SMITH. HON. JOHN M. SPRINGER, Attorney-General Moro Province. 4. 'I IMAJOR-GENERAL LEONARD WOOD, GOVERNOR OF THE 'MORO PROVINCE. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 61 HERE are more promising opportunities for young men, of moderate means in Mindanao than in any other island of the group. The reason for this is due to the fact that the island is without any population to speak of; it has no ancient customs to live down; land is cheap; and all business can be conducted practically from the start along modern American lines. The Island of Mindanao in area is several thousand square miles larger than the. States of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Delaware combined, but in population it has only about five people to the square mile. This island offers opportunities to Americans which no other island offers. It is -there for them to make or to mar. It is there awaiting the advent of the most modern methods known to the most modern people in the world. Every effort will call forth a rich reward, and if Mindanao does not blossom- like the rose before Luzon realizes that she is a hundred years behind the times, the Americans who go there will have left their push and energy on the other side of the Pacific. Aside from this, the Government will be in a-position to give Americans of moderate means who go to Mindanao more encouragement and material assistance than. they are able to do in Luzon. Here we \ have a population so dense that in all fair- - ness and all justice the native people are entitled to first consideration. In Mindanao, on the other hand, there is but a 'very small population to be considered. There is practically 25,ooo,0o00 acres of virgin forest and agricultural land in that island as free as the air. Some of the finest hemp in the islands is grown there; her hardwoods arethe best; her cacao cannot be equalled on earth; rubber is there in abundance; in fact, Mindanao is the richest and most advantageously situated of any island in the group.:. The first modern plow which scours.there will be an American plow; the first VALLEY OF THE RIO GRANDE, MINDANAO. 62 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. LAKIi' LANAO MOROS. modern saw mill to work up her o,.ooo,ooo acre, of forest will be an American saw mill: while the trade and commerce of the iland will fall rapidly into-the hands of Americans. \With a liberal governmental policy and free swing for hardy American piorneers. lindanao ought soon to be the paradise of the Archipelago. According to Father Pablo Pastilla the population of Mindanao and the Jolo group i, divided into Christians, Infidels (pagans) and MIoros (Moors) coming generally from the lMalayan race, the Indonesian or Negrita race, and of the intermarriage of thete races among themselves. "They cultivate rice, hemp. sugar cane. cocoa, coffee, tobacco, bananas, lutrbias; cocoanuts and other tree fruits: also tuberculus (some sort of ground fruit like the potato) sweet potatoes, gabe and arbru (the last two are not given in the dictionaries), and these make their most important supplies in time of famine. They extract almaciago and other resins known as piao and g.niiog. make cocoanut oil of two classes, namely, biao and balao, not however, on account of their ignorance of its use, extract ing the castor and cocanete oils. Wax and honey are abundant. Out of the honey, sugar cane. nipa, cocoa, rice and cabonegro (black point. the name of a bulb somewhat shaped like a pine-apple having a black tip, it growss on a tree or plant very similar to that of the banana or hemp plant) they make their drinks, and of the last mentioned (cabo negro) and camagon, their vinegar. They also gather salt by rapidly evaporating sea-water. As a general rule the men are industrious and there are to be found among then carpenters. blacksmiths, silversmiths, bricklayers, tailors and even gunsmiths of fair ability. "The women weave fabrics of pina, tindog, hemp. cotton, and silk; they also sew a border with the greatest delicacy and good taste. During certain periods of the year many natives or Indians that live along the shore go fishing. giving special attention to turtles, whether they -have'tortoise shell or not. "These people live in humble houses of nipa-bamboo and some have even frame houses. Such as are well-to-do furnish their houses very'gaudily. Their beasts of burden are the carabao, ox and horse. Their 63 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. implements for general work are confined to the plow and bolo. Their domestic animals are the cat, dog, chicken and hog. Their games are cock-fighting, card and sipa, which is a game of. ball played with the feet, the ball itself being nade of bamboo strands and is false on the inside. "They also divert themselves by dancing. Their dances are the Moro-Moro and Tapsiron. During their principal feasts they decorate the exterior of their houses and hold unpresuming little gatherings. They are great lovers of noise, the butstle of the crowd and fireworks. Their usual edge weapons are the axe, sunden. ligado. cris. campilan, tabes and the badi for the womlen. Their point weapons are the spear that can be four classes: puyus,,budiac, linayas and the pinuipui. Their arrows are of cane. palmabrava (a palm tree of the Philippines whose wood is extremely hard), iron and steel; they furthermore have balarao, or punales' (daggers) whose handles and scabbards they decorate with various -ilver decorations made by themselves. "Their boats are the vinta. baroto. Ianca. bilus, vanca falus and lancan. In the fishing thev use the harpoon. arrow, bobo. net and corral. They also use for the same jpurpo-e the bark of a tree called tuble and the fruit of the tuba-tuba and lagtang. "Their commerce is confined to the most necessary articles of food, drink, clothes and working implements. "The Infidels, numbering 300,000, more or less. are divided into different nations or families, but properly speaking form three races: the Malayan, Indonesian and Negrita. They are much crossed and intermarried with superior races, as the Japanese, Chinese and even,.so some say. with the European races.. "The \Maanuas ( Mau-banua: inhabitants of the country) are without question the aborigine, of the country. They have a dark. oily skin, hair like-curly wool. They go naked, live roving life. spend the night lwherever they happen to be, sheltering themselves beneath an improvised abode made of Palasan or any kind of tree branch they can get. They live on the. fruits. and roots they find in the woods, and on the meat of deer, wild hogs. monkeys, snakes and other reptiles. They have some idea of a belief and also of the maxims of natural law. They live on the little peninsula of Surigao and from there in the mountain, even as far as Tago. They are timid, will steal when in want. and are lazy. Their chiefs intermarry with the Manoba women. These people. owing to their wild mode of living, have become almost extinct. There are four of their towns in the parish of Matinit and another in that of Gigaquit. This tribe at piesent swill not number over two or three thousand. 'On the Augusan river between Butuan and Cloagusan. live th I Manob-s or Manu 64 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. A SUBURB OF ZANMBOANGA, P. I. bas (Mau-suba: river dweller) as indicated by their name; there are some to be found also at Point San Agustin. on the south of Malalag Bay, and in the district of Cottabato. The. race is numerous, fierce. lazy, easy to bring under submission but difficult to keep under; besides they are very suspicious and attack their enemies when they least expect it. They build their houses along the rivers and frequently live up in trees. Their religion is very much similar,to that of the Mandayas. They move every year in search of new land on which to grow their crops, being obliged to do this on account of the abundance of weeds and other wild plants that spring up within that time.t Not having implements to combat these difficulties they acquire no fixed property, nor do they know the attraction and benefit of having such. When a person dies in one of their houses, the house is abandoned, and should the deceased be a stranger, the owners of the house demand of his relatives the price of the houselthus abandoned. Their government or system of life is patriarchal, tiunder the care and assistance of.their. respective Cagani. The Manobo presents two extreme types, the one of good size, athletic; the other of smaller stature. When these types intermarry the majority of their offspring form a middle class type, and their character istics are more noticeable in the Manobos of Davao than in those of the Agusan. Their clothes. arms and adornments are very similar to those of the Mandayas, with the exception of their bead decorations, the Manobos preferring the black bead to the red. Amongst the Manobos they use what is known as the tatuge, which is made with a needle and pulverized charcoal. The number of Manobos in the Agusan basin will number about 20,000. How many there are in the districts of Cottabato and Davao is unknown. "The Mandayas (-Man-daya: people of the Ilaya) is a tribe that occupy the country from Tago to Amati and from Gandia to the source of the Agusan, and furthermore in the country below the Salug. "The Manguangas (Man-gylaes: people of the forest) live on the upper Salug; they are warlike and are continually in trouble with the Manobos and Mandayas of the Agusan, the Moros of the Rio Hijo and the Stas. "The Montesos (buquid-non) of the second district of Mindanao (Misamis) are divided into two groups; those that live near the Manobos of the Agusan between Gingoog and Nasipit, and whose social and religious customs are very similar to those of the Manobos, and those that live in the THE REVIEW OF TRADE. valleys and mountains of the river Tagoloan. "The Atas (from itas, atas: those that live in the uplands) are the natives that live orn the western- foothills of Mt. Apo. They are warlike and contend with the Moro and Bagobo races. They occupy the country northwest of Davao and some given to wandering live on the frontier of the territory occupied by the Bagobos, Cuiangas, Mandayas and even to the country-of the Subanos and Mooteses in Cagayan and Maguindanao. Their number cannot even.be estimated; it can only be said that they are very numerous. "The Guiangas (guanga-ga-gulanga: people that dwell in the forest) live scattered along the rivers and in their settlements of Dulian, Guimalan, Tamugan, Ceril and Biao, near Davao. They number about 6,400. Their dialect is totally different from that of the other races. They display considerable intelligence, but are still very barbarous and human sacrifice still is practiced by them. "The Bagobos inhabit the eastern foothills of Mt. Apo. They 'are well formed, and this is accounted for by the fact that all deformed children are drowned. They love work. They offer up human sacrifices to appease Dar go (Darago, dudugo, — midugo, the spiller of blood) or Mandarangan. They believe in two states of life: the present and the hereafter. It will be difficult to bring them under submission, but once subdued they will give no more trouble. They are warlike and cruel; are good horsemen and most intrepid fishermen. They are given to gaudy colors and at times wear skirts that cost them two or three slaves each. They drink intu, which is the fermented sap of the bamboo plant (cana) and when they have visitors they offer it to all present, commencing with the highest in rank. The Bagobos number about 2,ooo000 "The Tagacaolos (taga-caold: inhabitants of the head or source of rivers) have as many good points as the Bagobos without possessing, however, their cruelty and superstition. They are brave in war, especially the widowers; this is for the reason that the widower who has a fair reputation as a warrior may be allowed to contract a second marriage. It seems that it is otherwise looked upon unfavorably. The Ta'gacaolos are of good physique and of somewhat a lighter color than the other tribes, excepting the Mandayas. They live in Haguimatau Mountains on the peninsula of Cape San Agustin, about 300 miles southeast of Zam MOBO WOMEN AND CHILDREN. T(iTHI: I R IE\IW O-F TRADE. fl-, p l a tt ii the Iii(lians of South A\mlerlca " Tc11 1 ur \- Il,, T 1:ruravc- live on thie _, f l' ii thI left d (c t,f tile Inwer PulanIgui n o1l lloll]t',cttx\ cc S.o0o0: (I 10.000. Ther mIu.ch atlwuc! 11(l1 t,,lprc —ed hv tile.MorIS, Itaklil.,' itll, tln-; itcti,,n their fear of thte.It-,._ 1, (thlt \'tl l t hct';r w ld l llanlr le' of to r I 1 < tho ila 1< of catalba-ts, ant l mfidcmcnt..(d llt,-p I. it I may he jtistly u1i1;1et0n -'tl- at ' the prIclent time \ll 'l, a dl fiicu lt < Their -stclm,f grov-. ~',?>>a.2, i.11 -. I11 111111; ll'L;;1111 t11i1 olitoO iS c i' lIlt l1;1rra T 'lc!y pay! tril)ute to a;s' ','::''lti Th e.....,r ill t.. ()Ill tile.ln.d tltes c tllt\ o't. 1 ltloti \\til:ll tu dtrtt tlhem- lvel ls ill 11 111i olt eXt li," l'tlllr' la l manner. wearing jnd \ >3l \ 1 t t t talrll lc illr to ttcir cot-s lultoc titan / 4 t / +.;l Ccll llll'tcl 1 d11 Ilallt'I't'. Thllc Illell let their hair '.i1,,tg itn-toad of keepitg it croppled cltl —tlx a- d, lto:tnfidcl- of tilc other trilbes. 1,,a na I i lalla,...al:lha. 1l'1:-:.11<d the,tie.111;,l] ll\\1 - thetkt. arct al| Iffc-.-tlll ai tt,t;tl l) ulatimll of al, t itt 7.000. 1111 1, the i t lltil i 0t;l \i C;ll tltlt i ott_, Cf C1l 01111 I \uto l )c aNr-c-i1t tI t,pc!I,I I 2.t000. ITl t: I ',,wI a- I-opc arc,t \\hlii 1,'::h l,,f th u Ia('hckt,-,i,:' \h,, (if Olt -il iirc i le-racl ed t iilr 1n,,d1c (,f li\ Ill i:h:l t tI t Io;illallmt th lt 'x\ Ul11 it tthe 011 it at f 111.11 \l artlt:tatlil Tl lc ar c d l, n;a}, a- tilhe,aut!gal- l)algal trilh:: ndl 1:\ c ill ' c:hick-ct- and;1ll'aitllt ll- a il,,,t fifteen M,!c, (d1-talit fr<lI the lxi,, (S'andtc t,,ward;s _.:,d c.1c the ll Ir,,- call Il -}I,-ll.', I)a e, le.,1l1l d,-, ll \\l.11 t,, mllvddtic with thile l. Tlhc'r n1uml11wr I: -=1ul n n 'l'hl o,, ahl-.,lutclx n1;1k;cil. cxcclr:t t111l1c- \\hle tlle.,\ cl- tIlkll,'] \ CN \\::11 ]t'\C- \\, 'lI t'lC I her. Thex cat the -aiu f....(l a, ({1 the.X liaanua. They ha\c II,, llu-c. hut live ill. '\c- 'li- tree trill;l<. a, d'h.\l;. tlllantilaS. Cur.-re- thle 1liltllt2 Of at 1),,1-,11 ext'ztc-ted THE RE\VIE\W ()F TRADE. but inistead if tiemlg it ulp ai the others (lo they leave it looee. Both in \:arfare and in industrial pursuit- their -tanding dependls on theinfluence the havie with the Moros. They:.iear helt; interwoven w i:h brass rings: these hrass rings are hauit a decimeter in diameter. Their religion con-iist: of anl aggregate of superstitius idei-. "The Tagabili r(r Taga-bului -tigether with the Bilane>. are thi,xi\ncrrs if Lake Bulu-an and thev live ont its -linre-;. are warlike and hear iiuch enmitv tiwarlds the Iloro-. Tiruraves and Mlancilbo:hat live near them. The Mloros of Saranganii allv thlemielvcs witlj V5 Th-e are in peaceful relations with the Bilane; onl Mindanao and also with-'the Mlanol)os of Cutanian. "The Sulianos (people of the river) are a muclh dt'egentrated trile owing to the per-;ecutionll ther have suffered at the hands of the Maoros. wvho collect from them enormous tril)btes. They are industrious aind peaceful, knowing nothing of the art of war:.the- are also superstitious and ignorant. The occciup nearly all of the Sibl)gay peninsula. Being thus neighbors of -tie Morens of the Lanao and Illana Bay districts the- are freqluently raided by them and NDI lllt, CHIEFS the Bilanes of Balud and Tuntanao for the puirpose of \-aging war ni the Tagabilies. "The Samales on the island of Sarnal near Daitao are mestizosi if Moro and iallndava races. They number about 2.000. "The Bilanes or Buluane- live in the immediate neighbnrhnl od around Lake _Buluan and in the motiuntains near the Gulf of Saranganii. Physically, they are. with the exception of the Maanlaniuas the mios: wornout and degraded tril-le that caln be foundil on tile island. They are of a retiring nature..:lmid. docil.e and amiable. On two of the '.;mrangany Islanl;. alh'd and Ttumianao.:'ie'e are to )be f, und ali,,,: t,oo Bilanes. thos;e who are captured are taken back as slaves and miade till their captor's ground. "The MIoro, Lutangas are Calibuganes of a timid pacific character. They live at Silanga o ln he island of Olutanga and their principal occucpatill is fishing. They have no houses l)tt live in their vintas. but taking with them all their wretched belongings, s;lend year; wiithoutt placing foot on land, niice evcn the fuel thev secure from -hthe d!ad brancllci that drift aroundi the shores. The! generail gi, naked. "The Calil'hvgane., mestizos oif the iMoro antl Sulbino. bl(,ld. are Clauit people with vr-rv little dri-ire for warfare. Their re 68 THE REVIEW QF TRADE. JOLO, JOLO ISLAND, P. I. ligion is the same as that of the Moros. with. or accompanied by some of the Subano superstitions. They are considered by the Moros as, a free people and all they (the Moros) require of them is personal service with their vintas. Even while thus serving they are maintained by their own respective Dattos. They live in sma', settlements along the coast of the Sibugay peninsula and are considered a very popular tribe. "The Moros, in relation to the Christian population of the Philippines, are what the -Gebuseos are for the people of God. Given to piracy and capturing of slaves ever since their installation in Jolo and Mindanao, these pursuits have been for them the most solid support of their formidable power. "'lfien the day comes, however, in which the Mlissionarics have been able to plant the Cross anmong their infidel neighbors, and the arrogant and warlike Moro finds himself lacking the slave that cultivates his land, that dresses him, that builds his house and tlat serves him as an ornament, as well as an object of commerce, then will he find himself obliged to change the campilan and crts for the rake and the plowu, and this will be forced upon hint by the peaceful submission of the man that must earn his bread by the sweat-of the brow. "The worst Moros are to be found in Jolo and in some of the settlements of the SamaLaut; also the Illanos that occupy Illano Bay and from which they get their name. These are to be found in small groups along the coast of Sibugay; furthermore, the Moros around Lake Lanao. those that live in the basin of the Rio Grande. The" timidity of those in the gulf of Ravao and Mayo is due not so much to their isolation as to their scarcity of numbers." Such nomadic tribes offer no resistance to reclamation of and cultivation of the soil, and never will; In fact, upon seeing a white man, their primitive instincts are so strong upon them that their first impulse is to climb a tree. And, as a matter of fact, many of them have no other fixed residence. Now, -if these people were so vast in number that two hundred and fifty or more were quartered upon every square mile of territory, as is the case in many of the northern islands, there would be the same problem to contend with. However, it is doubtful if more than five people could be found to the square mile throughout Mindanao and Jolo. The islands of this group are covered with the most magnificent forests to be found in the world, while their hemp, cocao and copra command the highest market price. What is needed is capital to get out forest products and to increase the output of agricultural products. That section certainly has the opportunities to offer. The next thing is to bring opportunity and capital together. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 69 SOME TROPICAL PROBLEMS AGRICULTURE | ) [ By Prof. W. S. Lyon, of Bureau of Agriculture (/ OWHERE else in the world as in this Archipelago may be found a civilization so old and a population so dense that today is so wholly and helple- '. dependent upon its agriculture for *:h measure of prosperity as it enjoys. Its mines are unknown, its forests unexploited. its manufactures exist but in name, and it' commerce lives by sufferance as an auxiliary to- its agriculture and nothing else. What developments in these other great avenues of human energy time may bring forth, is a matter for optimistic speculation, but the practical, the actual condition that confronts us today is an agricultural one, and in consequence all that affects its status in any way affects more persons and more purses than all and several (as lawyers quaintly have it) the other industries and occupations of these islands. The wisdom of the civil government in according prompt recognition to the far-reaching importance of this industry by the creation of a bureau for the advancement of agricultural interests cannot be gainsaid, and as soon as the forcible truth is. driven home and clinched that all other interests here are at present but tributary to this, the further and rapid expansion of thre' bureau in the field of governmental influence and usefulness becomes a foregone conclusion. But there must be a beginning to all things. and the InsuLar Bureau of Agriculture has begun in earnest to grapple with some of the intricate problems of tropical agriculture encountered in these islands. Were its field no brcader than an occasional dissertaticn "On How Crops Grow,", its immediate usefulness could all Ihe restricted to the school-room, but unfortunately the ramifications that are the outgrowth of agricultural art involve economic and even social questions whose THB LATE PAUGLIMA 1IASSIN'S BODY-GtARD WILLE ON A VISIT TO THE CITY OF JOLO. THE RE\IE\V OF TRADE. Coih'righted by ID. Encina*. Zaniboango. P. I.,I I A A N 1I'.]1,I,. AXI l t'l'rT: I -; -ltl! I:, I I' i,,,II C1 \.;t,' ll l\'t ~l \,'S eXC -I'4';i11. Int, fiteli (-oftnll far renllite fr-mli the Ipl ttat,or cncnalllut:11 hand at:lie o111ollelt. \\V Iae llt i cl!llli'.S \\t'1tl thle t\\c) \\Ird,; c"tctjei\(' ctIlI t l\'al IIn" tile \wh11,il r-ice-grI,\\inl.g-iduslltry. \\wien \\e tiind here va;t repi.ln; ali;iprently unicxcllcd lf c- rice prlilductilln. and tl(It I;li] ti SUpplyl! \\pithlll t\\vo I;lllII dlll r- \\lin: t e requitre for otr own c m11 -sullliptioni.;ind tlit thel neighl)or' inll Tln(rt1111 and Co(,cin Clina. froml \ixllm \\vC b)y I,ilr detfcit. noIt nnl- feed their \,\v n dcn-e popnlat;irl. lint have a -u'l-pli, f I -:xteun milii.ll; iro ld p)er alnnumt for CX),, rt. Nor tmay \we go d\own the \\lhle clact nf Occidenta' Negtro' and see ciotinu1itl miles,i u- gar cane as w\ould fill w\'!th admtiratilln:if n111t i) ti\ve envy. theoouil IIf a laplane e I't' Ii a\\'Iailln plann11'r. anld a't cl'ertati1n that li ichl i I If it \\11]] ll(,t l t larl'e-it'(l l;ICCoitll t I. l l,\i' Iprice-. anll cllelt ax or to-) di l,n-ci - lf tliat (Illc-tito with' thle thlree w\\',rd "d l'icct l 't111111t r Ill c tIg il tIing', 1rt,, It i' at thi, p,,ilt tllat l]ee;-11 La tco,the cljuetion crf fl,)rcignr mtarket c t ariff;. litfferential-. carrying trades, togetller w\ith the character. quantity. quality and reniunerati cn of tie lalor cmplyed e,:ulme fact,:l r- f equali inlIportance with the cultural mlthinod- emlployed and \which are strictly withlin the province of an agriculttral adminitrlatoll to itnvectigate and. if possilble. s.lxe. r The-e I;\ e-tigations, iln \whatever directilo extended. if carried out to the fullest cxtellt willI ultimately touch the affected nerve. and then it becomies the function of thics bureau to try to apply the remedy or;to lead upl - t means whereby a change for:he lbetter lmay be effected. After all. the radical trouble may lie in idefective,- r insufficient cultivation; then, 1h! illu-itrat:on and practical field experi-:nts \\ ' will aimt to obtain different re-u1l. It may be that the soils of a given area are int general unfitted for the producti,,n O(f a sl)ecial product. and our end will 1e t,, encourage that indult trv where the pri' Ier s 'il conditions obtain. It Imay be that the planter i- handicapped b! IlI,2erating with varietiec that have long 11,en -tuptr-ceded 1)y improted forms. and:t tihen becolles our function to assist him througl h the channels at our coimmand in lttalinlng the kinds that \\ill at least put h;mi ol an even competitive footing with:he f reinl gro\er of like protducts. Nor x THE REVIEW OF TRADE. Is, thtis more than a skeleton-of the fieldl that this latter division takes into consideration, It looks to the introdnction of ness ansI varied prodticts. to the definite (letertoination of tlteir vaahie front a comintercial viewpoint, and to discourage or promote their cultivation as the result of its findings: ntay svarrant. Its scope fttrther coinprehends the improvement hy selection. hv hreeeling or hv cutltivation of the rasc niaterial at hand in the Archtipelago. to levslo;trains of farmi, garden or orchardl seeds that are adapted to this climate that sill render tts finally independent of foreign sotteces of s;ttpply. and, hy else publshity. let planters. farmers, seed dealers; ansI merchants, knosw the ntost approved mnetltcds weherehy these;seeds ttay hest prcmsrvc their vitality tinder existing climatic conditloinit. The "rasw material" referred to albove is,nexhatistihle. The nlative fruits stcpil of taking hilgh rank are legion. The islands ahounn in precioni, slsices, elves, fihert,. t1imhers, and iiiedictinal plants wvhose exploration ansI development ions: ultimately conie ssiithin the itrissliction of this hbureau. So sntiniatelv 00(1 intricately are the phenomiena of idology. nieteorologv. forestry. chemis~trv ansl anonal indns~-trv associated with thme art o~f agricuiltulre that the ci ncenstus of thme 1het intelligence of nor clay ha, gradually nierged the adiministration of thes;e various interests; tinder one agricultuiral direction; aiid the wasteful duplicaition of scientific investzigation along sImilar i'nes ithat characterized the work of independent hitreauis a fesv years ago has hern nearly eliminated, and, swith rare exceptions, hmas hecotme a thing of the past. Cacao Culture. Cascao in cultivation exi-is nearly everywhmere in the Archipelago. I have ohserved iin ceveral provinces of Ltizon, in Miinslanao. Jolo. Basilan, Panay. and Negros. aid hiase swell-verified assu~trances of its presence in Cebut, Bohtol. and Mashate, ansI its altogether reasonahle to predicate its exi-tence tipon all thme larger islands aiiywhere tinder an elevation ct~ u. oob or po)ssihl I.2o0 meters. There are places.%sicIerc ilic conditions are so) peculiar as to challehge especial inquiry. \Ve find on the peninsula of Zamhoanga arecorded arnnual mean ri nfall of only 8_88 nmmi.. and yet cacao munirrigatedi exhihits; exceptional thrift and vigor. It is trite that this rain is so cvently distrihuted h ouigi omit thme year that every rpheoe available, vet mtme total raimifall is sufficient tms account for thme very evidentitand abundant atnimospheric humidity indicated' hy the prosmicrons, conditions q,_ the cacao plantations. 31o1Si ASSEMiBiLING To. RECEmmoF ORDERScu aO.Mi TiHE GREAs WHITE 001CCF. 72. THIE REVIEW OF TRADE. T~~ a A LITTLE BROWN SISTER. Q The explanation of this phenomenon, as made to me by the Rev. Father Algue, of tlhe Observatory of Manila. is to the effect that strong equatorial ocean currents constantly prevail against southern Mindanao, and that their influence extend north nearly to the tenth-degree of latitude. /'These currents, carrying their moisture-laden atmosphere, would naturally affect the whole of this narrow neck of land and influence as wvell some of the western coast of Mindanao, and probably place it upon the same favored hygrometric plane as the eastern coast, where the rainfall in some localities amounts to four meters a year. The conditions for living in the Philippines offer peculiar, -it may be said unexampled, advantages to the planter of cacao. The climate as a whole is remarkably salubrious, and sites are to be found nearly THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 73 everywhere for the estate buildings, sufficiently elevated to obviate the necessity of living near stagnant waters. Malarial fevers are relatively few, predaceous animals unknown, and insects and reptiles prejudicial to human life or health extraordinarily few in number. In contrast to this we need only to call attention to the entire Caribbean coast of South America, where the climate and soil conditions are such that the cacao comes to a superlative degree of perfection, and yet the limits of its further extension have probably been reached by the insuperable barrier of a climate so insalubrious that the Caucasian's life is one endless conflict with disease, and when not engaged in active combat with some form of malarial poisoning his energies are concentrated upon battle with the various insect or animal pests that make life a burden in such regions. Addendum. Estimates of expenses in establishing a cacao farm in the Visayas and profits after the fifth year. The size of the farm selected is I6 hectares, the amount of land prescribed by Congress of a single public land entry. The cost of procuring such a tract of land is as yet undetermined and cannot be reckoned in the following tables. The profits of the crop are estimated at 18 cents per kilo, which is the current price for the best grades of cacao in the world's markets. The yield per tree is given as 2 catties 1.5 kilos, a fair and conservative estimate for a good tree, with little or no cultivation. The prices of unskilled labor are 25 per cent in advance of the farnm hand in the Visayan Islands. No provision is made for management or supervision, as the owner will, it is assumed, act as manager. Charges to capital account are given for the second, third and fourth year, but no current expenses are given, for other crops are to defray operating expenses until the cacao trees begin to bear. No estimates of residence is given. All accounts are in United States currency: EXPENDABLE THE FIRST YEAR. Capital- Account. Clearing of average brush and timber land, at $15 per hectare...................$ 340 oo Four carabaos. plows, harrows, cultivators, carts, etc....... 550 oo Breaking and preparing land, at $5 per hectare.......... 80 oo Opening main drainage canals, at $6 per bhectare........... 200 oo Tool house and storeroom..... 200 oo Purchase and planting io,ooo abaca stools, at 2 cents each. 200 00 Seed purchase, rearing and planting 12,000 cacao, at 3 cents each................ 360 oo Contingent and incidental..... 7o0 oo $2,000 00 TulE FLOW it. 7-4 'rHE REVIE' *. -..- - - " SECOND YEAR: 'Interest ori investment........$ 200oo00 Depreciation on- tools, buildings. and anirals (2o per cent ' of cost).................. '"150 00 Interest oh investment......"' -200 I)epreciation a'above......... oo - "' --- — 350 o0 TlRFOURTHI YEAR. Interest on" investment....... 2o00 oo Depreciation as above......... '0 oo00 Building of drsing house and surat boxes, capacity 20.000 - kilos 4................. 0... 450 oo.. ' oo cc Total capital invested.....-...... $3.500 c.'IFTH X\EAR. Inicolic Accoount. 'From,ii68o. cacao trees. 300 grams cacao each, equals 3.50oo kilos, at 48Scents... Si.68o oi - c -xpns Accbittit. Fixed interest and depreciation a chlarges on investmenits ' f $ 3i,50oo......S..'o.- es c 350 00o -Ta.es i/ per cent on a onethird valuation basis of $25o per hectare........... 6 oo Cultivating, pring. etc., per ectare.... - 00 Fertilizi ng pFer 1 are....a 96 00 i.Hrvesting, curing, packing 3.500 -kilos acaao ait. o' cents per kilo-'...........-.... 350 oo00 Gont:igent.....:o........... 6 Credit alance..................... 6 c i '. ~SITH YEAR. ' coiie Accoiut.if. From ii.6So-cacao trees, at 'oo grams -cacao each, equals ' 3,S0o kilos, at 48$ cets-,.... 8. 2,803 2 W OF' TRADE. Exense Accouiit..-Fixed' interest I harges as above.............$ 3 Taxes as above.'....... Cultivating, etc,, abdove... Fertilizing, at $So per hectare. I * Harvest, etc., of 8,I76o kilos of _50 oo 6 oo - 88 oo' 60 oo cacao,-ait o cents per 'kilo.. 875 oo o Contingent................. 7o.8 o. * Credit balance. n............... 200 EIEGHTH E AR.-.:-1 I,,ico,,e Acoilli t. From.i,680o cacao} trees, at i kilo,c-ao each,' equals i,68. kilos, at 48 cents........', $5,'6o6 4. Erprense:Accouint.i - 'ixed interest -charges as above................. 350 ' Taxes as above......;... 6q oo Cultiyating, etc.. as above;...,: 88.00-oo Fertiiiziig, at $i2.5o per. _ -: hectare............... 0... 200 00 Harvest;. etc.,. 68o kils of ' - cacao, at so -cen:s' per kilo.-. i,i68 oo Contingent n......... 40.. 2.o6.40 Credit balance................ 3.500 oo. — NIXITH YEAR. - il|;coi(,e Accoitnt.Froim ii68o0 'trees, at -2 'cat- -. ties"-.or i.25 kilos cacao each, equals- 4,6oo, kilos, at 48 cents..................... '-$7,oo8 oon x.Ipcsise Account. o. Fixrd. interest charges as alove.....-.......$ 35 ' Taxes at i%/ per cent on a one- ".third valuiation of $5oo per hectare....'................ 'zo.,oo: Cultivation and pruning. as o above....;........... 88oo Fertilizing, at $i5 per -hectare. 40o oo Harvesting, etc)[ of 4,:6soo kilos of cacao, at to cents per kilot..............6........ 46o.oo Contingent................... 0.25o0-oo -., Expocse Account. Fixed interest'and depreciation. charges-as above..........$ ' 350 oo 'Taxes, as 'above.............. 60 oo QQ~ ~~ ~~ ~ Fertilizing, at S8 per hectare.:. S28 oo ' ' ' Harvesting. etc.,:840 o kilos - Credit balance:-.'.,00 00.... - '$4,o ' ' cacao, at o 'cents, per kilo... 584 oo -. -'. Contingent.................. 93 zo Continen 3 In the tenth ~year' there should be no-,,303'-20 - _' _ ~ inncrease in taxes or fertilizers, and a slight ' - ' Credit balance..'-. 0 '.00 oo increase in vield,,sufficient to bring the net \ SEIEIT Y 1\R profits of the estate. to.'the approximate. amouhnt of $5 ooo.- 'This wou14 amount to112o mlle A ol;,lrt. m i....ts, 1..0 a -,div-idend of rather more..thfn '.$rI2 per From v',68b. cacao trees, at.75o "7'0 grais cacao ac i-. hectare. or- its equivalent -of about $126 per -'. 8,760 k'ilos. at 48, cents.,.'..i. $4o204 0 -acre.. '.. THlE REVIE\V OF TRAD-\)E. SI'.\XISII-1'ILIPINO WOUMAN. IG THE REVIEW OF TRADE. yield of trees of full-bearing age at 4.4 pounds. IMr. Rousselot places the yield on the. pFrench Congo at the same figure. In the 'v |,Caroline Islands it reaches 5 pounds and in Surinam, according to M. Nichols, the k. average at maturity is 61/2 pounds. In Mindanao, I have been told but do not vouch i;~ kfor the report, of more than ten "catties":~: ^taken in one year from a single tree, and, a; there are well-authenticated instances on record, of single trees having yielded..Cy:. as nmuch as 30 pounds. I amt not prepared -. to altogether discredit the Mindanao story. ~.':The difference, however. between good returns and enormous profits arising from cacao growing in the Philippines will be de-: termined by the amount of knowledge, experience and energy that the planter is capable of bringing to bear upon the culture in question. (GENEAtI. SArINAt.uo. These tables further show original cap- - i alization cost of nearly S90 per acre. and _ ~ frnm the ninth year annual operating expenie; are based upon a systenmatic and scientific management of the estate; while the returns or income are based upon rev- ^ (nlue from trees that are at the disadvantage -.,ft )eing without culture of any kind,'and, a.hile I am of the opinion that the original c,':t per acre of the plantation, nor its current operating expenses smay be reduced - i.' lbelow the figures given. I feel that there; a reasonable certainty that the crop product nmay be materially increased beyond the limit of two "catties." In Canmerouns. Dr. Preuss, a close and.. soII-trained observer, gives the mean annual A FLOWER VEND1. _ THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 77 RULES FOR MOECR EXPOTERS SHOULD BE OBSERVED By Frank L. Strong T is only within recent years that the United States has become a leading export-'nation, and while a small portion of its manufacturers have had experience to conduct foreign business successfully, many others seriously cripple their own business through ignorance or neglect. To the latter class a word of advice regarding exporting to the Philippines will be timely. CORRESPONDENCE.-The reply to a letter sent from New York to Manila will seldom be received by the writer in less than ten weeks. By rare good fortune the time has occasionally been reduced to two months. If letters are sent to other. parts of the Archipelago the time will be considerably extended. For the above reason the greatest care becomes necessary in conducting correspondence; every essential detail should be clearly and fully covered, and all ambiguity avoided. This would seem to be so patent that attention need not be directed to the matter, but the receipt of many letters requiring explanations is sufficient excuse for urging greater care. C.TALOGUES.-The example of our best export houses should be followed in printing editions in Spanish. The firm's code address should always be given, and the titles of the code-books used. Where the nature of the business will admit, code words should be affixed to every article shown. Cable rates at present from Manila to New York are $1.70 gold per word, the address and signature also being paid for at the same rate. Businesstmen here pay large amounts annually for cablegrams, which could have been greatly reduced had catalogues been properly coded. The catalogues of American houses are the most artistic and complete of any in the world, but a common fault is the absence of prices. By far too many manufacturers seem to have a horror of telling what they are willing to sell their goods for. The importer is supposed to be furnished with price-lists and discount-sheets;. and he perfectly agrees with the manufacturer that such sheets should not be included in the catalogue. At the same time the customer remote from sources of information should be provided with the ordinary retail price, as otherwise the catalogue becomes merely a worthless picturebook. The distant importer finds nothing more aggravating in the confidential discount sheet furnished him than the frequent phrase, "prices furnished upon application." It is fully recognized that market fluctuations prevent firm prices from being named, but time will not admit of correspondence, and the amount at issue is frequently too small to warrant the expense of a cablegram. The consequence is, that the sale is lost to the manufacturer and goes to a rival who understands conditions better. The confidential discount-sheet should have all such items priced as obtaining at the date the sheet was issued but subject to immediate change. The importer may be trusted to keep the general trend of the market from his home trade journals, and having a base upon which to make his estimate, will not go far wrong. t It is well understood that prices cannot be quoted on lines _of complicated machinery requiring specifications to enable the manufacturer to quote understandingly, but in most cases some idea can be given in catalogues and discount-sheets to enable the importer to advise a prospective customer of an approximate cost of what he is seeking. It is surprising how many catalogues furnish absolutely no clue in this direction. Another serious lack in catalogues is the absence of shipping weights and measures. While this cannot always be done, it can be in many more -ases than at present; in THE kE\-IE\V OF TRADE. THE REVIE\W OF TRADE. fact. most manutfacturers absolutel ignore this most essential point. A ship's ton is 2.240 poundl. or 40 cIuiic feet. at the option of the ship's representative, this option being exercised in the direction which will bring the largest revenue One is surprised, for example. to learn that so heavy an article as a safe is rated at cubic measurement. costing the ilmpoiter more for freight than if rated by weight. Still, I do not know of a safe manufacturer who gives anything but sweight, in his catalogues. What shall we say of manufacturers of gas fixtures. wvooden ware. tin and galvanlized iron ware. and the thousands of other articles in which the freight sonetimies forms a large proportion of the cos: of the goods. who are silent as to the cubic packed measurements of their goods in dozen or gross lots? The manufacturer who is earneatlyv sctking the best sway to arrange his catalogue to further his export trade lhas many precedents to guide him, prepared ib experienced firms. which are most admirabhl adapted to the purpose, and the inmporter find, no difficulties in his path in dealing with such houses. It is unnecessary to add that the additional orders received lb those houses issuing such carefully prepared catalogues will more than repay them for the expense and care involved in their preparation. PACKING.-Mlanufacturers.should realize that their reputation in foreign markets depends upon their packing as well as their goods. Many a house would be surpri-ed to find itself on the importer's black-list for wretched packing. It is easy enough to get a "clean bill of lading" witl gond: packed in the most flinmsy manner. but if persisted in. the shipper will find a loss of — prestige not easy to regain. The few dollarsaved at the home end mlay mean Inany hundreds of dollars' loss to the iimporter inl breakage. and he will not long continue tc order from those persisting in this niggardly policy. Extraordinary care is needed in packing goods for Manila delivery. The harbor is approximately thirty miles in diameter. and until the improvements are completed. which are now in progress, the port i- whsolly uinprotected. At times stormsi prev\ail of such severity that no lightering can lie dnie. and at other tisimes it 1- done iunder the ino;t diticutlt conditilon-. -\ recently acquired lint cf large steel lighter- has greatly lc —ened the evil so far as their work is concerned. but the small native casco is genterally used. The packing. which i; secure elnough for lading fromi the dclock to the -hip at the wharf in New York. may be \ewholly un-Ll;ited to he handled from the ship's side two miles out in che harbor to a -mall casco l)obbing like a cork in a heavy sea-way. and imannsed 1b native coolies. In timies not far distant we w\ill bring vessels to the dock in a quiet and protected artificial harbor. but until then manuifacturers should exercise the utmost caution in packing and package material. Importers will he glad to pay aany reasonable adde.+ charges for -o doing. SHIPPING PAPERS. —Unless the miianufacturer is doing sufficient export ibusiness to the Orient to have his own trained expert in Nesw York,or San Francisco. he -holild;elect as his forwarding agent a Iutics of wide experielnce. The Manila Custom House officials are governed by fixed. specific rules. frarmed hi! legal enactment. These officials have ino option but to follow those rules. and it hehooves exporters to advise themselves of theste requirements and move in harlmony with thems. An1 endle-s namount of trouble for the official- and the importer w-ould tlius le saved. (Cet a cops o)f our customs lawis, and carefully study the classifications under which!your special lines coile. and make!vur papers accordingly. For examiple. wrought iron. cast iron. steel. brass, etc. comle under different classifications, and as the duties are at tines based on \alue-. the price r of each of such items sholild le separately given. If you send a maschline com)posed of all the above. and other itelms. vou cannlot lhol)e to make this seplarati' n: let the cutltomns oftficials grapple with thle problem. for no ille but Diviltity and they can solve it. ()he of the most vexatious little things that house; who should know hetter constanlltly sin in is putting little samlples of g od-s in shipments. Because e he akes no charge for themi the manufacturer thinks there is ino need of billing thems and Imaket no m;ention of them in his shipping papers. He forgets that such articles are a- n uch subJiect to duty as if they were no gift-. e\n if the dutsy is tr;vial. I-. -. — I 1 -.- - -1 -.. I r ' L ~.. &ii A FILIVI i No COUiNTI'( V IIA~i1. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 81 Were he at this end and forced to join with the importer in facing the unpleasant charge of smuggling, ending in the payment of a fine of perhaps many times the value of the unrecorded articles, he would know better next time. Send all the samples you wish. but bill them jutst as all other goods, marking the invoice. 'Samples: no charge," and there will be no trouble. Bear in mind that it is alsways be-t to "tote fair" with the Customi House. as the gentlemanly officials have the meains to make you do so, swhether or no. MIARKS ON PACKAGES.-NMark every package distinctly. with the full name of the c(-onignee and his private mark, as he direct-. Always mark the package with the net and gross weights and tare, both in pounds and kilos, a kilo being approximately 2 2-5o pounds. Also, do not fail to put the cubic measurements on each package. ' INVoICES.-AAmerican exporters are inexcualily ignorant as to the specific provisions of the Custonms rules. Too much stre-s cannot be laid upon the importance of properly prepared invoices. as evidenced lby the fact that but four per cent of all invoices received from the United States coming to the.Manila Customs House are in the form prescribed by law. To the di-credit of our home shippers be it said that of the very large shipments constantly coming il, here from countries all over Europe 90 per cent of invoices conform exactly to the requirenents. That the readers of this article in the United States may clearly understand what is required, instructions are given as follows: I. Each package must be specified in the invoice by marks and numbers. 2. The contents of each package must be specified in detail, and the selling price in the United States carried out opposite each class of items. 3. As the contents of a single package frequently comte under different classi-fications, the weights of goods coming under a given classification must be shown in the invoice. Most shippers content themselves with giving the weight of the package as a whole, which is inadequate. To expect overworked inspectors to have hundreds of packages opened, and sort the contents into their respective classes for weighing and appraising, is ridiculous. That work should have been done at the time of packing, and classified weights shown in the invoice. 4. In giving the weights as above stated. include the boxes or papers in which the goods are packed, remembering that such interior packing is weighed with the goo Is they enclose at the Custom House, and the same duty placed on them as on the contents. 5. The exterior box, barrel or crate comes tinder its own specific classification, and for this reason the net tare and gross weights of the package as a whole must be shown in the invoice as well as marked on the outside of the package. In other words, the billing in the hands of the office force at the Custom House must tell the whole story, without the necessity of seeking the package itself among the thousands in the warehouses, in order to fill out the official blanks and specify the duties. BILLS OF LADI.NG.-If drafts are made through the bank not payable at sight, send an extra, non-negotiable bill of lading by first mail after shipping to the importer, that he may have all the details of foreign charges before the vessel arrives. INSURANCE.-Insure shipments with only those companies who have representatives here authorized to settle losses. There is a choice of several good companies now, and there is no' longer an excuse for the tiresome delays and annoyances to the importer in having his claim adjusted ten thousand miles away. The points touched upon in this article are not fanciful, but based upon sevetral years' experience in importing large lines of goods fromn many leading manufacturers. Nothing is asked but what is easy for the nanufacturer to comply with, but which the writer regrets to say is too often over'looked. Aside from the field now fairly opened in the limitless East to the Amperican manufacturers' goods, which easily sweep all others before them, the Philippines alone. our own special field, offer trade inducements impo-sible to convey to those not on the ground. Wise houses are alive to the future of the Philippines, as witnessed by their travelers' and even principals' frequent visits, the establishment of agencies and even branch houses here. '1t11 f Vl-E\\' (F TiRA.\I)E. F i I i I I Ii i I i i i THE REVIE\ (1-)1 TR.\DE:) S3 Y MANILA'S WALLS By Joseph Thornton ANCIENT AND GREY G?-S. HI: \ i,.e ti'.lan,I s caime that the Pru.idonilt hta declded to ovcrirule- tlt h1rnlng dt'-ire of the r(liantic tn1(l art-ti c f ilk. andtl 'to, appl.an l Ihe \ anlal. x 1,, wnu ld ra/e tile wal.\ I f., lanila.:here ia-~ an,ntblur-t,f -entilentl against the pr- - pI,-ed lestructij l n N1t a fie -a\:n11 the demitlitin,,f the giant Ir-eastwovrka the co -lllllmmallti(l,) fllv. and in '1 uppo)rt,,f their cintent.i-ol. lic c;ted the "'po-l illitie-" f tile futurc..mlc \xaexc l)rtplhetic. de-crying inl tile \ 'ta itnii-takiable time; otilcr- rtefcrrcd c,lfidtentiallv to certain cl!111:txe. ill l..t(,l-t:i1;nil eff, rt tO dlenilIlstrati' thle ignificl.e i f <'. curit. Other still declared that if \\ e intend to apply our-clve-\ c th tle developmentt of the i-land.. we are going a1) ut t t in a -er- feeblle manner ini oblitcrating the imt,-t pictiuresqtue latndmarlk,f w\lh:ch the archipelago can b)(a-:..\-nd -O, i n do\wn the line the the, - rctical has iatt-tt.tittc'l t li-placet the practic ]l. Historic Worth and Necessity..\lloix ing \'hat \,u 1ayll fcr the hitolric oirthl oif tile -t.idl old 1 \all,. the theory if guarlding indefini:tely ancient nilemliorie< at the -acrifice of -antatl n and nece-iitN i; unttnttlele. and if tl't opllnenti of- the improv\ leient (,f tile city were obliged tr -apreial their ten:ts oI the unmiititit of a imar-h roundt \lncli tlie gleeful crat-; were cax\orting to ttiltr;ilitlnd(,ll invig(,rated by the aroimat c mil;t that ri-e regiularly friom tlie cavern-l dug 1bi! tlie hltof-,,f browxi.;lg caraia,. the ancient tradlitiln to \lhich tlhey s, tenaciuti\'e cling ilighlt lie replaced tby tlih el:cate;t elf txigtlnc! andl cenle. Tw\\ y!;ers 1h;\te p.i'-t.d -ince agitati(:n Na - 1)igtun. and ge-tiltie <elntllllent has clieen oerwhelmed lb l'ecc;-ity. and the nmos;gri\\-n emtlraustire whlicih Il ig ago guardedl the cit! fror, attack are' ieing l, iwl\1 l ut u11re\' - tcr atunldr Dewey's Matinee. \\ lie' the.\American flett under lDe\\e a i t;a. ftIlll criuisinig altet tihe lborder, of hile 1lay!. (itliint 110o'loH- a, to the invulnerallilit- c, tire cai)ltal were l)eritenetlyt airedl. Stetdatc ld alilor- \ht11 hal d yet to learn the a-fillctitiice oif fe;ir direccted tlIeir glasses iagilin-t tile -b-ttantial,utliiies of the nmas-;vc wall-. TlIe pro.apect was uninvi:ing. F'r,im et\er no,1 k and c,riler lIol)bed a black larrel \hlether it -ecreted a deadly ahell hie.\ did nl it know: but the! (lecitded( to lie \t ]a-t tlie ninmenit foir action came. Ant icipatini. anmbition and hlope filled every lrea.t. Hearts thrblhedl electrically. None knc\ew \]liat thle next mololent had in store. The cignal \as given to advance, and '-av fir the ludicrouts dcemonstrations of a lhandful of gunner-, tile "impregnable" fortre(-ce-. anifested no sign of resistance. From every corner the fiery missiles poured forth. only to fall harmlessly in the azure waters. The "impregnable" city proved to le a counterfeit. Its power of resistance in as iil when arrayed against the deathdealing weatpon; of the Amierican fleet' Complaints are Loud. Later. whent the authoritiec wvould tear dl,\t n the \talls. from diitant climes arose cheerful -pirit- whose zeal to perpetuate the biauitful and hi-torical induced them to petititio the President to impede the work,i- rtlmoi\ing the gigantie structures. tFrm io -o-nlte remlote hanilet in the far ti('lthlxwet: bobbed tip a apettacled maiden \\liio-t niame il;. lrmoli;ed felicitously with her dlecign;. Mi-s Slaughter, it appears, had chanced to f;i\ar the denizens of this ldrl,,v-\ to\\n with her pre-ence for allno-t t\\ n dli-. \\hile clie was mak fing a fling t,,ur,f the ()rient. The ocnders and glr;t- of M.!anila had been -ung into her ear- nla;r;aend afar. anld with a laudahle ambitil t, examinie f,.r hlir,-ilf the republic's 8i THE RE\IE\ OF. TRADE. priceless colonial poasesion, the cheerful maideln planted her dainty foot on the mIlarslv sod Excitedl slhe rushed to the \all,, and the ecstay of thlose moments no pest canl ver sing. The mil)>s-grown pitnnatcle of the towering arch touched every filhr of her nature: the crtumling gates strewn w\ith,the detached cars of a war-Rodl enlicvnccd her spirits, and the confuting hier, gi1phics that shone elligimatically froill the cracked slahs recalled some mysterious and intanigihle sentiments. \With anger radiating fromi every angle of her public-spirited fr-;ml. TMiss Slaiughter rusled to the deck of her steamier. Post-haste she was whlirled Raising the Gates. I'nder the Spanish regime and until 1852 tile drawbridges w\ere raised and the internal city wa; closed at eleven o'clock each night. Sentinels guarded each passage until ftiur o'clock in the morning. The danger of this restrictiont was exemplified in that ycar when, in consequrence of a terrific eartliquak.e many lives were lost by contact with falling buildings. and it w\ias determined that the gates should remain open at all times to avert additional catastrophes. The records are rather confuting oil certain pertinent points regarding the first steps toward tile construction of the defenses. but I'iRMIDA3tIIII.E LOOKIN-G, ISl'T NOT DAsNsE:lt1'S. acro-s the continent to the home of our genial President, and related to him her tale of woe. Inquiries wiere speedily wired to the governor and indescrihable excitement prevailed Father \\Wolfc'. sons were industriously pling. the crowblar and the pick. and one h1! onle the heavy blocks \were loosenrid and carried away. For a time uncertainty pervaded the urndertaking. but despite the repeated wails of the ronantic, the doom of the fortress will b, realized. Before actual demolition was commenced the encircling lines measured approxitmately two and one-quarter niles. There are six gates, namely, Almacenes, Santo Domingo, Isabella II, Parian, Real and Santa Lucia. a brief recital of the exploration of the islands lilay shed some light on the sulject. Early Conquest. Late in the sixteenth century, probably in the year 1570, Juan Salecedo, a grandson of the noted conqueror Legaspi, was sent to Luzon to explore the country and place it under Spanish dominion. No difficulty was encountered in settling at various points on the mainland, the inhabitants offering no protest or resistance. The conqueror hastened to Manila upon receiving the intelligence of the successful invasion, and proclaimed the sovereignty of tlhe King of Spain over the archipelago. THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 85 the country and organize a kingdom. The Chinese besieged the strongholds stubbornly resisted by the Castilians. and sustained substantial losses. They retreated, but lateresumed the attack, and, setting fire to buildings within reach, the residence se, was reduced to ashes. A terrific hand hand struggle ensued, each side figh:.ti; with admirable heroism and valor. The red and yellow of Spain finally conquered, the Chinese leader. crowned with glory for exceptional gallantry, falling at the front. Several of the w ar vessels were pursued by a force under Legaspi and captured. The cupidity with which several nations \ieved-the Philippines induced King Philip to promulgate a royal decree to protect the capital from hostile forces and internal uprisings. Hence, Fort Santiago was strengthened, and efforts were made to hasten the repair and extension of the defenses. Construction is Slow. Gomez P. Dasmarinas succeeded Santiago de Verna as governor of the islands, and construction was continued slowly and deliberately. No uniform plan was 'adopted on account of frequent internal disturbances, but the authorities stuck to their task with indomitable energy, and the walls were gradually reared. ANDA IMONUMENT, MANILA. He at once ordered the construction of redoubts for the use of the artillery, and set about to secure commodiotus residences for himself and his henchmen. Lumber was first used in erecting the defenses, which were fashioned after the manner of the western stockades, or more accurately, much like the Moro cottas or forts. In those days the inhabitants frownedupon work and force was frequently resorted to to secure the most trifling service. It was only when starvation was staring the lazy denizens in the face that they would condescend to perform the smallest portion of labor, and it devolved upon the Cas:ilians to put their own shoulders to the wheel. Their labors were significantly slow, and as they limited the hours of toil, progress was necessarily slow. Chinese Invasion. The dragon enpire in I574 looked with selfish gaze upon the fertile islands, and after considerable internal dissension a fleet of war junks was fitted out. Simultaneously, 4,000 soldiers and sailors under the noted celestial Lihai Hong attempted to conquer I I IN TIHE BOT.ANICAL G;AItDEN, MANILA. TIE. R VI'E' ()OF TRA.\DE. lll l,C,).q t,1,'. C ulc c al,,l,;t —;a,, 1'' Canlclll.: 11 firOila tiltiar i1tc'rc:. itvn 1,i'-,,c a c wo,'mpl1;ated Ch!m-c' 'nxa-\lill t \\tl ri lli.:(11~. ',ll' l~~~'-hl''etlt l,, t'\:t l' 11;11C ht re-lilt h nt -c Wl-,11 1 l lhuri t t.t. (Ii' ai-iluu. tIggrvl'iat\' d by lhe wia ci-a-tll i'11-.f tllc iailiC. al m,vcr _'(-0.000 h1 1L'-' \\ CClii t' i'r. ta i ala.lyl, hti:cal (, a 'a,.-l;r 1721 P;g;i;m made the fir-t ttank perptntliculalr It thle defenie-the: line joining ilit curtain ingle of the one bastion with lite alicti i,f tile next-in ordeir to s mliucih;. p.illct i a-o\er thie face of the opposite a 'ii-,,n \'auilti in 1633 fiolloVed 1up tile 1,prnli'cl g- 'llgeted by Pagan a'cld employed itl Clen':i\ itl ov with conitiLI.iummaite skill eand juildgfient..l\in example of tils first method;lappear- upon the wall statding today the liamc a- tile time when it was built. InI 171 Pose Torralba erected another tl;nkin.l elliment close t,) the.-lmiance;, gal-e M.\ \ IA 'S W.' I. X. 1.. A \ I I 1.11::, I; a-, \\; kilt te d Iter I laliitl lveading liia f,,i -t- lihr ghi the ti\n. \) t.lngilnter (tf linrt,f Nat \arre. Errari l ' ltr-d-Ll1c IS..,ac wt ith the I I'-:II i Tia II f 1:, t ] rI ) I 'g ' i l -i g llc e t li! } ] )lii- iiid', tt xxcia' iii' ai ii-],-' ii-d 1 v huh tI'"t'\,,i 1"1:. \\;tl ("' illl -l iI-.'ill, f }"];-tn c ],tll,ll'.]l<'l hli- 11'titi1't' \\ll~t'] t', i'l-,t lc th. d'.\, eil1t nt I;t -t cc ' 1illil!t *" '; i.,t -):a lr '.. r -.;ill ti- ii,, n tti;-li.tl v. c ltt,1;tlcc( )ll)t ililcll;tr t; ilh facct-,,f!t i;:t-i;,, iht'illt.-tt-I,- ' lilt Culll'l1lli \\ill. I'':- la I,ll l I i i - ' i, ll, i ill till tlt' %'\ -n ha.7tlani;:'.a c,i it iilu!' l lwf, 're ''1 the I'a-ig river side. This flank fell illiut 17()/) 10 make -way fir tile new frmOnt,if that date: and the Almlianes gate and tile curtain wall otn Calle de la MIaestranza iave i Ieen lately demoli!thed to make roomi f,,r e(' rci-s to:he -tirehl utt;es and wharves -I1 thle ric\r(1'. n1 1i72( G,, i'rnlr-(icneral F'ernando sVal'.,I.- Ta-lin re-torced Ile \\ all,;, whichtil \\ttic;iter\\;ird hleighitened lya Juan Arrclich(dir il 1745. The inlcrilption over tile prtai in-,ic l, )rt Sanitiag, clearly I)roves *h; \;t.cli,-' 'a Tam r( had made certain;ld:t;:, in - t ', t ih - frt and the wall, ill gencral (itir'ngLr thl restoration. It is certain hill;t I"'',r;ti iag aniid he \a-tall.; (i lile THE RVE\IE\V (1F TRI.-\)i:...r a\:t'llgq. ' t'Sallitago. We C~ 111c 1.1,)Il a line of \\all iacing:he h)a!. Neither the:;liiiprt nliat fnor cv cerrl wa! existed in 1730). hu t thIe cuirtain wall reniain, e;-.t'ntiallv the same. Thlle ma;onry simply f.,rll a rctaninlg \\all iflr a terrace of earth ii realr,i a rampart w\:thlmt other parapet thlian a lica-.worl wall. The samle general, lii-tructiln contitinle. i\ itll certain exc Clti(li-. through.utt It- leIngth from Calle.\dliallana San Diego lua;tiol. Four small a,.t,, II.,I, ancient \xrk. evidently addeel lc,, tle,riginal i\all. st:!l cxit on this fi,,nlt Of these twi have the northern lanik. and,tle. near Santiago. the southern rlafikl half again as lIcng aa the other. thus irlhlcing:i culrtain uine on crmlaillere. That t'le-c 1l asttios icr.c.not a par; of thl; pal'rticular w\all ai at first built caii hlarclly Ie dltui)tcd. Tllhe differ in clln-.truictiln and it is certain that the,,11I niorth frir, it po,scssed no Ihation prior:,) thie one erected by Torrallba in 1715. The -;liie colndltictlns iin(ltCle.ti)nablv obtained oin I\I I 'I-I 1 r'llNl I ' i c h- Ta II ll,ta I I. -\rr(cI1u-lcr. lcft thc. cI\ t I.F; a ii ai i r11' /i a.11 \!t't;', lhT ' l -Ic; cielic c l;l ci; S t a -ri. -Irllhl,,,f.;ll(a,,,,. a- -)-lar;lla. l Icft 1t. c- i-t,.f a,t ill;ttdl trtictile N\\lit t,:\\cr.. Ir;tlwi.,(lial ill t race., -.tl' l g]ll. I -ra.v fro, t l)noiccti ng Illt, tilt r!\t cr i/(tltl. \rclt s -Ul)l),rted al,,pun gun iatf()iir ali,,\c. calleid attel-.i SaIti L Barl,;arl. the pr;ll;rnt ll g.)~(l;ir-,iie -:t'-t -i, all gl,lrtil;lit Ih c t<c; rch,a for-sc 1ll ca-cates _ i\l' cll aff,,rdcd a 1,ciri tir t f fire thrntugh c l)r;i - r i s. Cirt;i w \\ ll;,,t if: lple t I I cliaractcr iclthl(c t ctinitcr frts,)r in:terior liittre-.-. - itcn(ldl lthe flank- t)' a fnlirth fi, t facillg tilec cilt. TIaiiii -c —ni- tho,Iv adcdil ait a lI' er - li\cl a la c —,l i il-ci rctilar l)liatf)rmi to the. fr)int. inid anitilicr g(iti l)llt if, n'l,f le-..er rli(..l.iic lank. The cas.ciiCllt. \\cI- thlu- filled il andl tIII cli-.blra-l- inc,, c-edc lie;Il-) cllanguda tile cursiti fa i cin ci t\w c;lr t,, I l}); tiitcin fr,,nicu )1 It -It i-'lll p 'l,,r to that o f \;-11a )l.. \ ], i-i- iapliiit i -ci l c-c t i e lc rcic.,r uiiat.ca% i, tll,- lla;i/;a ih l(-c- rail);iart- lha\c 1hcc:l Cl;cllg(cu 'C 11t'ma I to to if rli a -urt of, M,:;S' II E IiN 1, MIANII %. s88 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. the western side where the indentations, en cremaillere, afforded the only flank defense until Silva and Tabora executed their projects in 1609-26 by adding bastions at these points. Differing entirely from the others, the primitive character of this front points to considerable age. which idea is confirmed by the size and shape df its bastions. Small and narrow in plan,.fith flanks considerably longer than the faces and standing perpendicular to the curtains, they answer in description to that of the. old bastions of the Italian masters, of which those by Micheli on the enceinte of Verona, 1523, are supposed to be-the oldest- extant. Mlicheli's bastionis are small, with narrow gorges and short faces, and are placed at greater distances apart, it being the invariable practice when they were built to attack the curtains and not the faces of the bastions. On the east front bastion building progressed slowly, but in I739 two more appeared, San Andres and San Lorenzo. similar in plan to San Diego, evidently a part of fajorda's project, I644. A fourth bastion with perpendicular straight flanks joined itself to the northeast angle. This is still in existence but has been greatly changed by subsequent engineers. Neither the west nor the land ramparts afford other than a single tier of fire from open batteries. Of the original north front little remains, this work having been entirely remodeled at the end of the 18th century. It consisted of a simple wall of an indented trace, without bastion until the year 1715, when improvements were made. and a year later others were added. Tartagalia, an Italian master, first described the covered -way in I554, so it must have been in use at a much earlier epoch of Italian fortification. It is somewhat surprising. therefore. that so little work of this character appears on the map made by Tavon. An estuary limited the city on the east and southeast, and this appears to have been excavated in part, forming a moat, beyond which a low wall constituted a line of redains with a place of arms opposite the old Real gate extended from San Diego bastion to San Andres. A short line of similar.construction was built opposite San Gabriel bastion. To further develop the land front -and prevent approach by the beach, a low battery had been built. But this played no particular part in the siege of the British, 1762, and has long since been demolished. The statue to Legaspi and Undaneta now occupies the site. Military Forces. The first regular military organization in this country was formed in the time of Pedro de Arandia in I744. He established one regiment composed of five companies of native soldiers, together with four companies which had arrived from Mexico. Each company numbered three officers and one hundred and six men. This force, known as the Regimento del Rey. was divided into two battalions, each being increased to ten companies as the troops returned from the provinces. During May, 1765, four artillery brigades were added to the establishment. There were sixteen fortified outposts; in the -provinces, including Zamboanga- besides the Camp of Manila, Fort Santiago and Cavite Arsenal and Fort, the latter being establishedin 1757. This fairly represents the military situation at the time the. British laid siege to the city in 1762. As a result of the family compact and the consequent efforts to diminish the power an;d prestige of Great Britain, war was declared by France and Spain against this power. The British were successful everywhere, in the West Indies, Carribean Islands and Havana, and these were captured with great booty by Rodney and Montcon, whilst a British fleet was. dispatched to the Philippine Islands with orders to take Manila. The British Invasion. On the evening of September 22, 1762, a British squadron of thirteen ships under command of Admiral Cornish entered the bay of Manila. General Draper, who commanded the land forces, disembarked his troops at Fort San Antonio Abad, a bridgehead about two and one-half miles south of Manila. His aide-de-camp at once demanded the' surrender of the city. Being refused, the British advanced through Malate and Ermita, capturing several companies of native troops at these places. The Spaniards stubbornly retreated until finally they were driven into the walled city. The force available for attack consisted of i,5oo European - 89 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. I THE REVIEW OF TRADE. troo)p, together w~ith 700 ~ailors and 300 niarines front the fleet.;tte English regarded not the Strict -rules of attack. as understood in those days., and advanced to sethin three ittndred and fifty yards of the wall,. svlere svere two chnrches which they, had veined and fortified. The Spani.;.h batteries, on Diego opened fire wehen the fleet tore down the seal]. As fast as it fell iiatives seould huild it uip again. but day hy day tlte bireach increased, and the natives refated to svork. Thtey started a revolt within the svall,., and the Spattiards. heittg ttnable to clteck them, seere chagrined. Maior Fell, seith 8oo nt~en. advanced througlt tlte opening, and the arctbi~shop and governor-general sindthe capitttlato;n on October 6th. -Spain Again Takes Possession. The Btritisht retained possesion of — Te csty until August. t763. The treaty of Pari';, Janluary. ti763, by somie oversight, took ino account of the Ph ilippine zituation. A s Sioon aSr the British evactiated the city Spain agaiii found heriself ]ii possession of the iclantd-. and again thte wealls received the attentisin of her nionarch. The bcsiibardnieii-t had iii tred mitch oif the seal], and considlerable repairing seas found necescarv. lI-v roes] order of Deceiiber ai6, t796, the gos erisir of the islands seas authorized to caerr on the ieork of fortifying the city. Mlaiy changes seere made, and alterations begun seithi a view to sntmstantiallv increasing lie defensive poweer (if the sealls. Late Changes. Many ciasigeseseere miade sip to I872, selihen, lsy a royal decree isstued on April 23, the la',t lirioprsed clsaiges seere atiproved. The sealls aiid cov:ered seav- tand triday esr;entially the sante a~ Rafael Aguilar left them, too weak to stand even so modest a sege ar that of the Britich 'in 1762. unless msannecd by superior force. Yet, these ranmparts have snsswered their purpose for the Spaniards. They weere utndosuhtedly a great safeguard against the frecqsent threats of the Mindanao ath Sutlst pirates who ventutred isto the bay up ho within fifty years ago. For store thtan a century the Spaniards seere any day sttject to hostilities -from the Portugese, while the- aggressive foreign policy of the mother country during the svnenhcentury exposed them "to reprisals by the Dutch fleet. wehich, in 1643, thsreateised the city of 'Manilla. To this isuist be. added the ever-present danger of an uprising by the natives themselves. The old ramparts tare afforded.a point of support and secure base but for which these islands could hardly, save been held so long, and in some respects their worth hias not entirely disappeared, for no man issie enotugh to say that they may not be seeded again shoutld foreign cousplications afford sat opportunity for revolt. Walls are Monuments. Thev stand out today as the-living nounisents, to those wAho came from the mother country, to civilize these peisple. The custonits sehich she established will no dostbt lire loisger than the wv ill-s themselves. The Isroject for tearing parts away will not eustirehy remsove the sya-nbols of the exciti~g days of conquest and invasion, and though streets are being opened through the old defennes, enough wIll be allowed to remain ho perpetutate the cherished memories of gloriotus combat betwveeu foes worthy of each othter', steel. / THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 91 THE ~ SINKING OF THE SPANISH FLEET IN e\ c MANILA BAY By Angel F. de laTorre & O begin with. I must say that my name is not Angel F. de la Torre.* To give my real name would be tantamount to plunging me into the greatest odium of my fellow countrymen. if not to bringing down upon me a fatal manifestation of their wrath: hence, let the name standing at the head of this story serve to designate me. I was born some thirty odd years ago in this city. Mv father, for whom in the light of circumstances I cheri-h neither love nor admiration. was a Spaniard. a Basque, by profession a practico. and my mother, upon whom I look as a martyr, was a native of Bulacan Province, though she had lived since her childhood in the arrabal of Binondo. By solhe freak of nature, although a Mestizo, I am different from the lmajority of the Eurasians, in hat I inherit solely fromn my mother's race the dark skin, my father endowing me with the features, eyes and hair of the Iberian. In spite of this ~The author is vouched for by Mr. C. K. Gentry, a leading newspaper man of Manila. fact. I have always - inclined in my sympathies and affection towards the people. of the land of my birth, and have always controlled mn actions in accordance with - what I believed to be for their welfare. The reason for my dislike of Spaniards and all things Spanish may be found in the fact that when I was fifteen years old my father suddenly and with little preparation and notice, returned to Sphin, since which time, neither my mother, who died two months after the battle of Manila Bay, nor myself, have heard further from him. My education up to that time had not been neglected, neither was it afterwards, since my mother possessed. from her father, quite a little property, upon whose rents we were enabled to live quite comfortably. Several years in long Kong sufficed to initiate me into the mysteries of the English tongue AI little dreamed at the time of the future benefit it was to be to me) and the University of Manila, so-called, had given me a good grounding in the current branches of modern schooling. But. having given enough of my private history, which has no real I THE WAY nDEWEY LEFT THE SPANISH FLEET. \ 92 THE REVIEW OF TRADE. SPANISH VESSEL GRADUALLY DISA'PPEARING. bearing on that of my country, I will now proceed to. lead up to the facts that made me. at the outbreak of the Hispano-American War, a cadet on board His Majesty's gunboat, "Guerrero." At the time of the first insurrection, or rather, as I prefer to call it, the first unsuccessful revolution. I was but twenty years of age. and my mother was unwilling that I should, as I was eager to, aid the efforts of my countrymen actively in the field. Hence. I remained passive. until that memorable time, a dark blot in our history, when Emilio Aguinaldo, who not even deserves the grace of the "don" before his name, turned traitor to our cause, accepting the gold of the Spaniards. and fled from the land. I verily believe that action first made me a thinker and taught me to realize one thing. namely. that neither the time nor the man had arrived. I clearly saw one thing. That it was the duty of-ever' Filipino to prepare himself, availing himself of any means at hand, for the inevitable and desirable time which should throw from us the yoke that had galled our necks ever since the process of our civilization had begun. It was in this sway, that I decided to accept a cadetship in the Spanish Navy. one of the many political sops, as a matter of policy, that Spain was offering to the Filipinos. I secured this appointment through a friend, a rich Filipino of prominence, widely known among' the Spaniards as a strong pFoPeninsular advocate, but one whose heart still preserved affection for his country. It is useless to mention his name; he died in '96, mourned of all. Thus it is that in April of '98, I was a cadet (we Filipinos never rose from the lower ranks) on board His Illustrious Majesty's ship, "Guerrero," lying in the harbor of Cavite. It would be difficult to describe with entire accuracy the exact feelings of the Filipino towards the American prior to thre war. America we knew to be a great country, lying to the east of us. Those of us who were educated knew somewhat more, but that hatred, inborn and dormant, which filled the breast of every Spaniard, was foreign to the great majority of us, and even when war was declared, and the Spaniards had naught but opprobium and insult for the word Yankee, I do not believe that the Filipinos who had allied themselves the closest to the Spanish Dominion, had that intensity of feeling for. the nation with whom we were in conflict, and the approach of whose fleet was being anxiously awaited day by day, which characterized the attitude of the Spanish people resident in Manila. Dewey's arrival here put an end to all conjectures. All realized that the climax was rapidly approaching, -but none save THE REVIEW OF TRADE. 93 those in the highest power and authority knew with certainty of the result. The general run of people were confident-I at that time with the rest-deceived by the lying reports and statements of the Governor-General and his satellites. All on board my ship, like those in the other and more powerful vessels, waited anxiously for the precipitation of the conflict which they were confident would put an end to the hopes of the Yankee interlopers and busybodies. It was on the evening of the 30th, of April that I accidentally came to know what not only placed me au courant of how matters really stood, but also put me in possession of the key to the mystery which filled the world with a false and erroneous impression of what might have been in different circumstances the greatest naval battle of the history of modern times. I was pacing the deck, meditating upon the soon to be fo ght battle, when a boat drew' alongside, a packet was handed to the sentry at the gangway, and the boat pushed off again hurriedly and rapidly steamed over towards the nearest ship. I was alert in an instant, for I felt sure that the letter contained orders bearing on the conduct to be observed in action, whether with jor without the aid of the German squadron, or alone. I immediately accosted the sentry, who handed me the packet, saying that it was to be delivered to the commander of the vessel, and went with it to the door of the captain's stateroom and handed it to him with a few words in explanation of how it was received. He broke the seal, glanced at the contents, turned pale and staggered slightly, then steadying himself against the bunk, ordered me to at once request the lieutenant on guard to report to him. When I returned with that officer, he motioned to us to sit down, and spoke, as nearly as I can remember these words: "The sun of our beloved fatherland has set in the Orient. In one day the bulwarks of our faith and power, built by the centuries, are-shattered. There remains for us only to do our last duty to our country. I have here a solemn and sacred command from His Excellency the Governor-General, which goes directed to the commanders of all the ships in our fleet. In effect, it recognizes the superiority of the American squadron, now about to enter the harbor to give battle to our fleet. It deplores the lack of the torpedoes and mines, which would -have made the harbor impenetrable. But the desperate state of our affairs cannot be overlooked, and it is laid as a solemn duty upon us, His Majesty's faithful subjects, to see that the enemy do not benefit by our practically defenceless condition and that not one of our ships fall into his hands. The commander of each ship is to take two on board into his confidence, and when the first shot is fired from the "Maria Christina" our ships, one and all, without entering into a useless prolongation of the WHAT IS LEFT OF 1MONTEJO'S FLEIST. THE REVIEVW CF TRADE. I1] THE MA\tlI; ('!lli.tlINA. Sl' 'K IBY D)E.'NI: conflict. lmust be sulnk, thius depriving tle Y'ankees of the honor of a victory which 4would inevitably be their,. You two will each go down into the holds, and make such incision.s into the bottom of the ship na will necessitate but few strokes of an axe to complete a hole to the water. Wh\en the signal is given, go- down and finish,tiir work. \\'e must all go down to otur desath with our ship. It is bitter. but it i9 for our countrv. At tw-ele o'clock you will begin your preparations." \Vith these words he ditmiissed us. and the two of us staggered out on deck. 'The lieutenant was pale. but I saw a look of griml determination oln hii face, that con\xnced me that he wNould obey his orders to the letter. I glanced at mly watch: it was eleven o'clock. and there was still an hour aliad. befor e we sould go down to.weork on our coffin. I left himit and resumed my! \,alk on the deck: lbt!ou mtay imilagine that nmy mneditati(onss wxere slightly different fr-ml those of an huur agone. Norw. as CIyo can readily see, I had neither lncllnation nor expectation of martyrizing mlclf to a;cu* ':.L totally abhorrent tD me. I had no such lo)xe for Spain that I should give up my life for her. So I cast around in my mind and finally came to the conclusion that the only way out. was the shortest wxay out. and that was by making a bolt for the shore. I hesitated not a minlte, but stripped off lmy jacket and pantaloons, and letting lmyself quietly down a chain over the side away from the sentry, dropped into tle water and swam the half mile intervening to the shore. The next day I witnessed the fight from a church tower. One by one I saw the Spanish warships disappear beneath the waves. A few shots struck them before tiley had time to fill and settle, but I am confident that not more than one or two were very seriously danaged by the fire from the American ships. I feel certain, that of all that fleet. I was the only one who knew the contents of the general secret order of the evening before thlst escaped. Those on land who wrote it \ill never reveal it, and now that sufficienit timlse has elapsed. I believe that it will do no harm to set the true facts before the public GROUP OF REF INED AND EUUCATFD FILIPINOS VISAYANA I ~j r i sex 4 -- i H.. TOWNSEND, GEN PASS AND TKT. AGT. Si W. H. WOODWARD J. H. HAWES PRESlOENh AID TREASURt.M VICE-PRESIDE, r L. B WOODWARD W. B. WOODWARD SECRETARY MANAGEH E. B. WOODWARD SuPERINTENDENT Uloodoward $ Ciernan Printing Co... Steel Plate L i thbo apby Stationery Electrotyping I Nos. 309-325 NORTH THIFD STREET ST. LOUIS, MO. NEW ORLEANS4 LL TRAINS Dinming LL MEALS - LA CARTE Cars,. LL THE WAY LL THE TIME ati "O 1.L ROP-P;.-u 'M l ri.\<4.i S IEMA r^l/. --- -f^ s. Vpeliest of the O7^Mas v ax a_;,e. -c- - oo 1, I I ~. H tt.EALTHFUL. RESTFUL. BEALUTIrCl^; L9W RATE TOURIST TICKE~TSs4i: FR~2M ALL P9INIT-J S: THRI9UGH SLEEPLR'SJ AND RECLINING CILdARCARS