I A 783,365 C N r -' .9 S tsr *1 ATTENTION C(XUHAN DINQ CEPICM This Mnonem~se dictiocr is ESEEýN'TIAI 9111 tecous ie th1,nlr Pis n ot n r+tay uao 'I inrit0nq this onte hos bo-em ln pT von d(in St(-reinan, ri'versity o a o ooTAn n wam O pr1A uro Ph A 0voC.4R.phon 7" 4-O s-CPt -~ Cr Cc r 4' ~~4;~ )- '~-' - w- N-i 0. 4- 'C -1 7) C) C. 3 "4- 1 r03 -~ CI 4-p.r Cs, j. -r -3~c; r o - C. O ~& *? ~ F: a4 -pc C. pC~ r cA O C-j 4-F ttlj (9 NA-Lý Lot lli g ýV k-3-71 Copyright 1945 by M, 3. Emenmciu, a sum i P REFACE E The AntnaieseEnglish Dictilonary& is n, unificatlor- of the vocabularies of ACourenArniamese and An Annameee Readoorwith very little additional ma t Ari1.al: For some word s n ew defli ni-t ion s Ihave been 91iVon.,o r aome qrammx'a-~ tical material has been given in verVj summary form., The English-Annamese section is only an index to the Anncimese--English,< The Annarrese words following ar English word are. not necessarily synontyms,, eihe o oeanother or of th nlish word,, nor hats a separation always. been made between words.,either English or Annameseo belonging to differat, word- closses, 1No indication has been given in this section of the wrays i n which the Annamnese wordR are used,: Nor dJoes the index pretend to be completpe; many gaps will be I'undrb The indkcix ie- ntended only to supploment faulty. memory4 Qand to guills it to the correct pu).,ce in the Annompse..n~glish Dictionary.: lb i1 Classt class* W&, irb, in t r lit0 rps t r, t. Qh S Some abbreviations used classi f ier classified with figurative same meaning as preceding intransitive literally restrict-ed in use transitive, (the words or phrases separated by I are alternatives; P~g. thr"'Og ngay/nfi-u mearts4 thnt g ng'ay anol, thu' x rLQ C C f iii The order of the Annomese alphabet Gs used in -his book is 01 followcr a, R UR,b, 0; oh d) I5 0) e) 6p gi; h, i (y), kp khf 1; in) n)l n6,f nh, o, by cr, php q; r;, s; t,# thk tr) ui u vp výx, ~.i~::tn~i -, i;9 4 4 4 Asia (prpcpded or followed by~ f~) Eastern Agin,$ the For Lostý,. S (exclamaition snid on remembering sotnething or noticing that one hnn ovqr.. looked Someothing; sal rcei rdctin ~ni!(said on reMIPmn boring or noticing eomethinq after onp',e attention has beern drawn to i1t by someone el ae; 21'2). 'a (particle, nt the end of a declarntive predilcation, denoting the SptOkPr'S attitude of great surprise that aiuch is the ccse; 'Roarleror11).~ 01 (pron,. a1 pril at end Of utteronCC scid bychl toldrndb inferiot to superior,,eg servont to triastpr,, shopkeeper to customrnr, also by both hosts and, guests in jn.itjnl qreetirngs 4400 (01 to be evil~, wickced; 00o~c t b re~ al who? someone I (j 6 7; ai lao Laos AM1 to be dark., obscure; to dark~n, obscure (rostra;~~h (islolc memories) disturb the mindi (veiry litorary); S~i st toure; v Ai 8t a murder; rxA-1 i AMi sLt a murderera0 an to bp calm, peaceful, quiet; to Cnlrfo pacify (res tr~) an hkz~jl lito enjy eaeflly a ninthe Mnomse5p6kfl prtof Frpnch I'ndo-China (Annarn); sit an nkian leisure; an t A.al to be tranquil, c~; an ~ito console0 I I~n a julgyrnent, court-.spntencp (X-noun); Wifn g a murtier (class.,v4 obngin toapea acae; l~~/ X? In to give judgment; t~a An court of law (X.-noun).; tuyn 1n to1 elteajud gmets anth elder brother Or mnle cousinl (clOSSI~pwo ~~) o mnudr4 er of ge) h (i a aratiewhen tha r~erson has., been already ide~ntifiqt' 095), 1 (said by Pelder broliher to '1ouncer siblnOrf y usand to wif) (X~-nou) an t~ he(that man; undcer jo y re s foe; ah ~h ro not resntOr in a narrative; 252) anti to be distiflgtished, Mnlinent rtr) adi hr (clnw Z\( or, lterarybo'). anb a~it 1lo (;I IrT'lfd(lo~X I Anh ray., beam (class-%,-wo ti~a Or 1u ng.; somewhat restr4bi~ olwdb ~4n, ~, la, ~ng; nn sang ray Pof ligqh t, beamof Iightft Inh shadow WituS(rsrj R~ nh (displeasing memorips) disturb t he mind (very literary)- Chup A\nk to take photograph; iLiziy ch~tp,nh co Me r o, aco (verb occurring only in the following construction); ato Ux600 to long for, desire (also in reverse orcier)o ao hitcoa (l~ss0~U 3 4 lot undershirt,; 4o IX a raincoat; 06 ao collar (class0o i); m;o4 lte5'cC clsci; cca sleeve (class, ~i;qu Rn 4o cohS(ls ~frasi) SO t aeani~(et0to two cons truct ions); ýO ao to makeP a nois1 such~ as that, of flowing watero whistling of windi; na tobnis. tip to restrain (restr4. AP b "If to oppre55il I 4 4I~d 4 4n to eat; ýin bt~ to ePt with the fingers; #f itfln object 14 or neay) -in tr in to steal; ngiuxti An t r G tr 6. a gong of thieves (X.-noun); h'an 6n restaurant; go u rrand., Kng 19 ^English (attribute with ngrixM or ti~ng). to celebrate (dirpct o thief, Am~ 4n thaw rn ito be I 5 ti that. Asu y to act to a slight degree and for a long tir'e (fire smoulders, a thing boils thus, to have pain thus). am pot for tea or coffee, kettle (classo cai, or quantifier); w nhu nuix kettle for boiling water; pm n &o trh pot of tea; ti (pha) o'a ph coffee-pot; 'iU (pha) trh teo-pot. aw to be worm (neither hot nor cold); Rik A to be a little warm (65); ui diu to be happy, contented (thoughts, a place, etc.); Suri ift to watm (person, feelings).: ten to make a heavy noise (as of falling); i1 Am the noise of thunder (follows verbs sLti d n,) etc.)* k Iu B. ln to shriek (also 5m y instead of eu; in ma Ceode $n); l m (ln) A k~u a 1 may f'*or e Ai) ~~n(~)~ki ~n1n 4 6 811 to be a benefactor, render service, be gracious to (restr.); An nhkn benefactor (class. w. ngDlri)o to hide for protection (intr.); there is hidden (with direct object denoting thing hidden); an nap (id.). p Uing to speak haltingly, embarrossedly (n6i precedes or follows), Ru Europe (preceded or followed by chAu; used as attribute without ohau); Ru h6a to become Europeanized, westernized. 4 U~three (numpirator). bL6{6 ontrio,5 set 0of t hreePP 2,1,); quan ba coptoin (in armny). tba 1$ Pcri*;,, bil to be a tyront Crestr,,); Lai obu' domninator (of 0cilOrge port Of thie world, cl1as. w, 'Uixri). ba' linh Berlin.ba grandmo-ther(cT ~W-11 r4) ycou (Vowan over 40 ears o f age, or h ighY respected woman), Shp- (in anraie when the person has been Avlfsadiy ider tiid; j95); (gyrindmother to grandichild) (XY.non); " ~ h ta oin over 40 years of age); bN ta she (persar onnt pre-sent, ri nrai 2$) nba adul t f pmale,. woman (ls.w no~i 252) f ath ra ele r th rCY s 0 ngxi; yollhe (X,.+ioun; less respect than6ng bu moe tan w';the largPr Of two anlimalog in a story),! Upo to be silver-colorped,,fnilod white (cu of hair); silver (n~oun); a ýtng a piastre.-pieýCe (claci~s., r) nJ ~o4Y g~ o ao curroncy-".not'. (class. w, t&y or on); cin baoc a gambler (con is the clcxss,). 4anh bao to gamble; chi-a bcbac./lk to harbor gamblers,~,.. run a qondblinq elen; kho Vac treasury; thq ~ jeweller,, L a a c flat oxponso., stratch (of gross, saind), beach, fof the nea) (X-.notn) bhi text i escson (X-noun-); 0"d'j a citranslotion,. bi ca crd (in gOMPeS cl ose;, 3on pý ny hL ) ~ribi to play cords, tai. to lose (battle, war)., to bo. porclyzedl'% uiay to fly.; b 8,y d" (CO, or') fads ut -yba irlae(c1.oh~)b m~ by ipli~ egne (<on; tr Yr,- bay ai.rfield (X- noun)0 b,.y seven (numerator; Ton1tiflese &~Y) ban a boarl., commission (X--noun;ntvr relk*d lisii~b a~ ban oll(class., w. tra'i)~,, ban n- U(footbll teaM.. ban tobea ecio o tmewh i ch i s ncrked off from othe~r sections aof the somre longer period (direct, object ng' (tU1 tY;~'ntedyl&~~ nigh~, at he ~qjlflflgJ ~nshot tme io;or followed by( afw r denoting period'S Of tm;oV~ti vrk~y, ~ ei;2i b A n to isell; to bp sold, ~ bf ocryolbs~S i o' aejl 4 I ~:L4$ ~i SOrbin to costr c LhrC. foi-r s b~kn somethin rned( on;:esttJ; 0" i. c h a transirtion; b~n (J-e. asa map; b?~n truy PA thanh a rodin-seript, a broaricast (which is listened to) ~n abe clss ci) bn A~n f oo tt; A n s et of furniture (clasaf.' W, bc)# b~n t Layh an d;0 ba~n thyaltar; 4'~ cmasb' c 1Oas S.,ia ban to1di1cu tiln friend., comrade (class.99wO nIs b)ound i in-friendshipt bwn (pol) arp. bound toqether Iin friendShip.; (person) isobounding Iforreiendsip (withng vh baing to butt with horns; to be jirrelgOp o aigfrrligion; bigskA to ridicule, have contempt fo-r (also in rpever'Sp o rder)b b ZI ngplacard, blackboard (lss i); bngdnblcbor, b~n cke whel(cass ci) bnh ml bread (for a Oaf, as w. w, c or bAa tobe-covered yhvn cvrn u alaon;to surround,,coerby put 4gacoeaalarud;co phil (uti larond baa b ag (cover 011i, orcuontlie8 ba4h0 acae of ciqare'ttejS.* baa tobage ~sor aebwmc? teei o uch? to be or have some o'r' anyo,. there is any; bao i.we? allno;28;bal~ otk o pn o '4 I" 2~ 2 long a time? (or indefinite; second in Series. 208) o ao nb I^Ii ahw much? how many? much, many (59, 246); bao xa bow far? kbh~ng bao xa i t.-IS not far at all (208)0 bao (goee Chian). bao to announce, report-; oAng h6 bi-o thixo olarmclock,. bao newspaper (class,, we tY4; nh'a Lao newspoperman' journalist MX-nourt)OW 'Ja~ob to to be a typhoon (subject triOUn~~oat~on b~ to tell, announce0 bho the womb (restr.); g Lao compatriot (classe w. n~xti), b o ngLr abalone (clasab con). 6at eating bowl (class. ~, 0' r iotfe;Tni n nov) 4~gt to be. carried by wind or wave; Phi~ubt (h id rfsaa vr Si tearary)0 &~0 nrth; bo ky'j Tonkin (202); ~ b ote~ 2t~t~bo nrh West (261) 4 b~o t big saewth (lkv'n),, to buildt (bridge.# of-u) to put up (l addcer, thaR6) b~urci(witon 1jt3 reiony 0iOttL 0i. r~~Mi ~ toCo~ subject perapfA: 01 ~ l0]cttiY hta); ~ Vr ohn b a t sho I 4 4 b 6g to be ma*de of (mnterial),, to run by (fuel),, to be, transportad by(e rhce. to use as moons. b6flg to be equal to, to be asaoo.bas (L62); otinpj 0.bting to'ba exoetly ecru al to; bOng 16 to be satisfiel to. content toobop maize, corn (al so.. 1-da b~p); oval or round swelling (dlOss.o 0-; restro.1to the following and a few other constructos; b 4h0cafo eg A r forearm or biceps; VIP thit1 muscle; Lp~p ohQui. the. banana bunoh in f Iowot, befreiths fruited; 0i~ btip cabbage of European typet; 108to~ilbOP Ohl. a head of cabbage. bit o sizefore (flloed by object and verb: 'to force to do 80o.'C< bitt, b o c tc; btto begifl bfrve (pollowto take for corv t6 a work (ph Iai May, be numerated). b~o norh (nlyas at tribu to to g!6). 4o snotep(of tars, ug (of laddeor); ranic, categorY (~nu nltrr s atyl omtme0se oClassify phrases deOt'pron ofhg ere) b~y o b a imein he resnt onl inthe following construction); * bn o b im nth at rsrcted to a few constrflctions 240); V~ ~ 4 b 40 at that time in the past, then; b~ Au nay for such a long time (un-til now); tit'ib Ay t~i nay from that time until now. b ýy t.P be or hove'a proportionate amount, there is a proportionate amount (only, in the following construction); b~y nhi&~u that much, as much as that (r'efers back to bao nhi SU; 246). W seven (used in Tonkin;s elsewhere bay),, t; flock, herd (X-noun; --n ~an, but apparently not as Lommon).0 b~dn to be di rty~ Lin to be busy;-b nt P& b ]ng to be preoccupied,, to occupy omeasslf ('4th'a vAor v6i), ba&ng (occurs only in the following construction and one other); b~n khu.~ng to be melancholy, undecided; to renpmbe~r- without cpas-ing'.: L4 to bp not (restrJ; Lb t k qn, mte wa (o-nds Illhappeib; followed by na'o,.4, O~aIng construction; 253),, tt(verb denotingi motion Of a body w'hich strikes and rebounds, isometimres being held by one and, or denoting the state of being sprung from its normal position like the. end of a barrel.-hoolp intr., and trans.); ti6n tosdcttnb beatinq with bowstring;s' a J~t us otluhng ~t~~i1n t u on electric light with switch;. Ltknp ncgaet lgtr LW A b~u gour-i, calabash, pumpkin, squash (a number of varieties, the fruit-beingi ron i hae casw oyfor the plant,, tr~l for the fruit),b., to bo small (of children, denotes, a babe in arms),. L4 to bend (something flexible) in a curve (uaually followed. by1j) to' bendý in a curve until it breaks, to broak by snapping with the finges(omtce followert by g~iay), to pick (fruit, flower); b4 oong to curve (trans.),' bV' the joeit..stalk of certain plants, O.bnna rci coconut*b6o to bo fat, plump. b9p to be crushed#; dý L-9p to press down,: be calf (of cow; class on; tj eveal en~ side (X..-noun) bk ecar s 11 #% landing~place for boats, carriaqe9,4 etc.,# quay (X-.noun): ~ c cri~e. stand., 6& to be durable. r,n ocr iesc b~nb asicknes; iao (ph&!) b~nh to fall ill; tr nh ocueaisae cook ~~~~(class.,. gx') kthn(ls~ wp nhM); cooking place consist',nq of table with one o~r more tripods standiing on it (c o( 45):pivt is class (class* w. ng~zb-I or vi en)4 - 4 4 4 ~47 b.pumpkin, squash (a number Of varieties, the fruit being long in lshape; cl asIs,, WV o~y for the plant,, trdi for the fruit), tit B01gi um* 4to experience something unpleasant or disastrous (followed by noun, or by verb with some subject as that 0of 4, or by noun plus attribute verb; L73)4~ bj to prepare for in advance (restr4.; bInh 14ý military affairs; 4^ birnh b.j war department~ U&a beer., P-10 to be blue or green (rqstrj; xanki b!ito to be a pure,, transparent blue or gr een b.1in borde~r, limit (restri; b616l gidr border (of country). bl~n to djisappear (also, o d,T bnj-yt4 bi&ýn o ce a n, cas ~) bin ob ay(only in a fePw con st ric tionls); biL n ngrbt, 2&i b 1. n.o to be, laz; Tm b~ng to e lzyunilling, reluctaon t, oiet to know,, Ui~ t b searte, iolte (usually wi th ra); to disappear without t TaCLej there is dioppearancP wjthout trace(oehtrsr; be il hr sn new9?~bjt o aygodbe o; i bi~ to diappear wiothout IleaVin Qa tra~ ~~~tesa goawy ddilve yphar tofaan newso, t t 4 4 binh soldi er; mili*1tary af fai rs (rps tr. bin~h bj Military affairs; bk8 b inh, bwar department; buAt.binh infantry; V~i. birh army (X-.noun); lubih to withdraw troops; lihh ph "o birth artilleryman (classe, w. nli;pbrko 6ainh artillery;-nnh 'ab i ah the military (attribute following nguzr'i, Vi.a!q ot, tc.); V~I birth prisoner of wanr (clatss1, w#, n9%xC'i). b ~~to be evenly balanced., level., Pequal (restr.); t)Inh thbyi peacetime; o~ng bIrth to be just, equitable (person., law, peace, ~etc.); b&b.h p eata (class, with CUAc)* th Ii nhh'p e ace; thAi bith cdu ong Pacific Ocean; t~rung b Inrh to be in equilibtium, to be or act on on average; 80~ trung b2'th an average (in arithmetic)4 b6 bunch., bundle (Cu~ntfe) b~ t ptino b'mui to put salt (ito,' V o); - neo to cast c-nc.ihor; b~ ~Oto put into prison with ha~rd labor., ~ t aanon lav bhidstop (doing so~-and.--o); bgI!& to be lef t halrf finished; to leave half-finish~fi; b ocaaa ih bb ox, bull., cow (class. con), bb t crwl (nak, an, prson On hands and knqebb) bW insect (in general.; cas con); b ~ crin oLe1 9 teisc wolinsects. "'' "T*"; I' j 5 ~f:-l "ip BL ~:? hg-. a-i iat -pt:if.1. fii: r "?~it' ':~:-~~: :r 41 b-00 to be covered all over the outside with a layer of (material,, e,,q, cloth~ paper,, gold..leaf); to vover (something) ~ll over the outside (With, bri) 1J911 a small group (of persons; X-noun); nh b-n t o affiliate onoAself wi th~ b6ng shadow, shade (closes, Of~i); chi &u b6ng to show a movie; hit bOng to0 perform in the movies;*dIi xeu~ h6t b6ng to go to the movies. b6p to squeeze with the hand; b0 rn ohldfrh-da togt Lot f oaco; nux6c bqt saliva. bt o ulih(esr; 'xn bi to make a proclamation; 1&i tuyn bt proclamatione.: 0~ AUd pigeon (class,, con; usually preceded by chim)., lt (class. for certain nouns rlenoting composite things, wholes with parts; 1940 230); bi xtiOrng a skeleton; V**' u~iy bay airplane engine; bA t51 a duo-.se of two; UO ba a trio, sot of three; ViA t~x a quavrtet,, set of four., b~ iity government diepartment (X--noun); 17bnh1, a dprtet U.) hoo ministry of education; b~thY(~lnv eatet a ster (r*)str,); L (5 b1 nh ir fnn try; 'diti o1o nfot V6teln (etJ b ( to invade; th ero is ain invasion by (direct obeC t. denotes the invad-ers)o bJte wh l retU C1 $hA art of na whole (P.., orqnn of bo dywork a of a machine; X-.-noun)~ I b~ 4t. focial exprpssion (X-~noun) b to to rise up (flame, steam, smoke, dust; generally followed by 146n), botohondluo freight or cargo; br* haing 1An to unload cargo from shi~p, to load freight on truck or train; b~o -kiang xu~ng to load cargo on ship, to unload fright from truck or train: boo to take with the f ingars; the quantity that con be t~aken wi th the f ingers-' (X-~noun)- Kn bto to eat with thea fin gers.. b8sa bomb (class,.wtr). bbzi four (vxcept 1in constructions whore Urx is used), b6nj oriqin; oneself(rtr) b~n ph-pkn duty. b~f~ fowe (casc uci; Annam and Oochin--OhiflO)* ba cttn (las.W O Oy f Or th e plant., trio' for the fruit,#ec) to seed cotton ybetnfwtualltrn. b~ig ban to ct wth a start (stranger than c2't; fl riciofrtn seie, r subordiante predication Precedf evierreiato) b~ng to carry (baby, gun) etn nat rhn n exthending up ove sonl bon~g b~t to increase, growinse(vrasresnitrvrb engud tt' wise). flur ~tgo ie-fou;UrAt aiinh J9~fl- toot.pwd; bt~ iu'r wheat. f lour; ti& eLu groundi pe~pper.. J~ pah a ADg (of rice.-fi PIA., riverbank, quay;P X-noun); bb'Y o 61 torri tory ý,bY.l to swim. Y! z. v*; QIl a' v *1 (*hYi (occurs only in the following constructions, and 'one other); c h&L b ZYi t o live dissolutely (atttribute, or following hlay); to'i b i (clothees) are in os b6't to lessen, reduce; to bo better in health; t r~ri b6t maa-& it's rain*Ing less8 hardO n6pi b &t to loosen n knot. J&U (an addition to an incompletP number) makes up the d~ifference (usually fol-~ lowed by -v~o and diirect object); to mako up a difference (direct object deno~tes wh at mak Ps up th e d if fe*rnce),, to give to boot in ot treftde; V~ ~ (lack) is filled up; to fill lip (n lack)* tbl& homxrer,, mallet (class. c"YL bU. dus t bWi clump of bushes,, thicket (X.-noufl; usualrfloe yoy xetwe noun follows, dnotiflg aI r-artir~ulor specie-s). U1U Annamese soft nondles mad'e with rice-fIOUr.. bUl ud h?!&nO the belly (external or internail; class, b~i; a bllyful (X.R.ou, * tUVO to tie somothing (to, vio or v6i t tei abnle(uoo*.24lz WO V/ai/ba, etc.);- rang Uu~o to be firmly attached (to, vo or v6j). bui half a day (X-noun; eithor night or day as halves, or morning or evening as h al ves.); th~jbei bi period,, times.bea a sail (class, w. 1A or nh b u t.n to trade in (some maiterial); buc!)n tr&ar to carry on business in; b un1JAI~ to trade in smuggled articles0 buon to be sad*' buAn to have need or dosire to (replaces iUw#n 'in a few cons true.t ion's., vi?,*, followed by ng o, cijri kho~o, and a few other verbs.); o61' bu0'n olrbi a ridiculous thing,#; buSw. room, especiallyN a small part of a larger unit, o~g4 room in an apettmont (class,, ofii); buAng Xn dining room; buo~ng flA bedroom; bu~ng tOMi bathroom,4 bu6ng a bunch (of bananoas; X.--noun)zo budt writing.buspn i eneral; classr. o o 0 btoi ecl b at iy fountain-ppn (old-fashioned usage); bi~ urvo pe o0Wsen ye including fountiain-pen).*4frtetil o rltq 'a 8sP#ies of wild Mangoste~n (clasS0 w, CRY frtet6ifrfut~ bt'&, bija a meal (X-noun; usually, bC~a ýj-L or b~a WWn); bx'ta 4n SAnd' breaki.fast; kbra Xtn triza midlday rrpeal; bi'a ýn Ch-i'Cu evening meal,, bu' 0 to be hot and sultry (s-ubject trb'i). UtO (class#.~ for wardis moanir'q 'walls and soewrsfrhnings and pictures,# e.4go trntn tranfA; also for tkuz '-letter'); Lii'C ve" a painting., bfrc to suppress (restrj; 6-p b ýe c to oppress. bit a to be displelased, annoyed; btr a (id4,; 0 bue rg to carry on the hand or hands (especially a conta~iner with something in ita A~g. bowl, troy)&.. bu X&o to step,, make a stePP; a step (X..noun) j birx(o &i. get out! s cram] b v 6o t6i (9. tr Lx (5 to step forwardi; itr(Ye liii (l.0/ra) to step back, awr~y, bA~ %xi pomelo (cl0984, w,* Cpy for tree-, tr~IA for fruit). bi 60zzw butterfly (class.. con);,b~ LrOfU ~rYlf(d; 4) 0& ph A (see oh phg).ca vAt.necktie (class. Bg'i or cki~).O0i fish (class. con); oA chlic butterfish; oli bAng a sp-,ecies of fish# @Ato be thickly foq~gy,, to be eldest in oness genaratiozm in the family (regardless of sex). 0& to be or act or have wholly, there is wholly (251; followed by direct objact% 'the whole.4410last verb 'in seriesz $completely'; earlier in series is usually preceded by hkor 00); oý quykt to be wholly decided, 0 k also, as well as; there is also (always with direct object, which is fre.. quantly followed by n~a; 250-); #' 0\ even (s0omtimes 0** alone), Oh eggplant (Classo W6 tr~i. for fruit); oh ohua tomato; oa. rt-t carrot (class, w, oia for root). a&. pki4 coffee (also ca ph4; class, w,. o^) for plant).. 0 Oae the various, all the various (not a numverator, ioe. does not have classifier following; perhaps better clansed as ve~rb, like flhIV-IWL (Followed by srnh, 5r,up $ U, 0~ hb~ hu ng~aii to dienote 'you plural' and 'they'.) ochk to be deparated from,, distant fromv. cioki manne3r, way, fashion (X-noun; usually followedi by verb.- 'way of doin 9, in Which ono does/die;# 214); luo 06ch (plus verb or verbal series denoting n qrual ity) in a manner; 0A. ca~ 5ob to reform (trans.); ti~r c 6oh ap t itude10 qualification for doing oetig Cal. foreman (class.. w,, ngLrcYL or Ong), corporal (class. w. ngirbi 0 vien;p for the grades,& 265); cal. kno keeper of storehouse,. Cal. to direct, over'see (restrJ;* cal. q~ahn to be in command of; cal~ t4 to govern (a country or other very large territorial unit). Cal (classifier for the majority of nouns denoting inanimate things,.: 1.2; aloso in fast -3peech usually pron~unced cay)exep 060 eal f uar1e5 insects,0 cristaceans, trees, plants, etc.3 (alle11 p birds and human beings; used, as att-ribute followhing nounseotn ecs) -6j~ 0a to discusS.0 (amicably or othew i coetetailes C 'a various specieý%s Of green plonts whosp tops ore eaten as vgtbe cas 11-cY for the pliant); o Ai b vP cabboage of European type; ci bpini a head of cabboqe; Eib9 asece0f abg lk egtbe; oie Chinese cabbage,, OW.to change (intr. and trans.; Testrj; Oa~i 0 'Ch to rpform (trarns.); 04 ~ to reform(i (ntrij; to rpmodel, reform (trans.)., OM. to bolt (door),, fasten up (hair with pin or comb), fnsten (buttoncths valt~st if not fastened with a lock),OaY to be burning to the taste (pepper, etc.); a4 ohua oav bitterness8 (fig.),, 0i a sp 4cies nof smal1 c rab (freshwa ter or salt water; class., con). 0ay (also. or*Y) to be plowed; to plOW; a Plow (class.,ii; hq 0chY osn; d~n o~y plowers, peasan ts. 0"I orange (class.1PW 0oRY for the treeo, rifo th fut. oixf to be of fecte'a by (mainly in the following construction); 06.&M o'n anh thank yout, (lito., I aM affected by the favor you dome) o&u& to beaof fected by,, moved by, s truck by Ufi c.; takes noun as direct obj~ct) to affect-, exercise an influence on,-~! lA o e usrk; ~~~iy t realize (followed by predidCtion)o O~ZIt~a to bo e T90s courageos C~ aq (as noun resr) 24 Ofl a straight hanrile (of a tool, pot, flag; class.~ c-Ai), a 'n to stop someonets, advance; c,-,n ng~n to hinder, ob~tut (~e~ney, to also in reverse order).. c~ng to act increasingly, jxirallel to an incroase in the other part of the statement (first verb in vseries in each of two parallel predi cat ions);- to have inore&ssingly (With direct object an,)Y, followed by cang andi verb* 'dlay by day Vmore')- there are& increasingly (with dlirect object nghy, as preceding saxbordinate fredleation, the iti&Jln predication also having, a'ang); the more. the more,.(182). canh soup..t& o eofTM cgrdi wing (class. 061i and t~i); wvinq of door (X--nount); canhtywoef 1r as contrasted with hand-& oc*.nh landscape, 3Cene (Xnon) cn vt. h hl cn; pogcth ase landscape (X-noun), canh to be besida6 c~nh o ~tugql (retr4; canh tran~h to co~p..te (mainly inbuie). 080 to be; toll, 'nigh; 0ao ].P restau-erat (ua-unlly precedied by hiS or 080 iy f OxP.a. 080 iiE'f CambdgiC 4 OOto claw wi th nails or claws., rake, cfýO to shave, peel with kn~fe (skin of fruit),, cap to gnaw (as dog does hone., person eats corn); bý)9 cv~p scorpion., Oau areca (class. w,, oPly for tree, tr41 for nut). C>U the chin (class.;o ) 0',n to bite, sting q ae scorpion, centipede). 0 P a Pa ir,, couplep of things that ar~e naturally -connected and not sepaorable;. X.-noun).%* ~ ocu noti 0~t to cut; 11,4t~ to cut (thread, rope, wire); ~I ~. t u noti slies ct 11y to cut off (a fraction); oU tngang to cut across; o~t~ ra toicut ap rt;c t r)hw 4 /ba/b *.n 1 (Tti/oa/b C*n (,objec~t) ra to Cut initto partA..11mt1% A~ lnte (p.non ued followedi by thoe sp~tces name to depnote plnt an tee; ls uedasclassifier for some nouns) o0 o 4fsik fful o~hx~v. asic finesjossi%,msuito~j~t'ck. O~Y totb translne;t ransplant (onl Y of rice,-.plants)., Orl (pronunciation in fs peho 4,tecasfe) 26 C0 b" to Prohibit, Cku~ to holdl take hold of. can a pound (X-nroun; 8/13 kilogram, about J 1/3 pound avoirdupois); to weigh (trans.)#; VOn cp^n a balancp used for weighing things (class. oFA1); r6A onn basket or mvetal ran used to hold the. matPerial weigihedl and the weights 0 UM to bp attentive in waitinig upon (rpstr4; cokn t. Ih n to be careful. oan to be urgent, presning, to bo neede-d; to need (also in this meaning i phOi) (179); c wi kfp to be urgent., pressinga fl watqr-.parsnip (clnmss. 'w, 0^P.y for plant, rau for green top); o 9n t ay cel C 0 t~n to be near (reStrJ); 4n a nn to be rpirghboring, Ott to be put naway, hiddon awacy; to put away (in right Plae;I ~ ti ok (something gi've-n one); ot to0 wa ih O.t kid~ney (class. w, r11 C a sentence (X-no'un)~ O~~ o is wthro o ln~(direct object rianotes the fish); Mao 0 fr-MII is caught uwith hook and ine helot ihn ot Oau bridge (class4 001)' ~ rag tlwy o~ua bll resrJho~N ~t hewrld,, the, earth., oep ih) Ot 27 0rtu to implore, bespech., ask in prayer; c,1 n 6ruy An to pray (to God), C qu mother's brother, wife's brother (after his marriage) (class. w. gz 1 you, ho. (X-noun; very poli te for boys up to ~6 or ~8 yeari, of age; shop~keepor or other OerSon who renders servites., to male customer, instead of &nhV.N o6 to have; there is. (34) (occurs optionally as first verb in se~ries in ques~tion e~nding with kbo#ngl 4~; occurs as affirmativP answer to such a question, or -as first verb. in sories 'in answer to such a question or in a declarative predication implying that there could be such a question); o6 b &a to have for s-1Ole co 1 au to have smugg~led ar~tiV1leso 06 gross (class* w, OAR.v for the plant). postgStaTmP (classe con; Cochin-hn) C0ol to look at (rustic for xexo); 001ci! ahri to watch,, watch out for, b e c au t ious4 056i, 091.! territory(rsr; b $itrtoy 061. a whistleA horn of a ca'r (class* oa e4., n fo conl (class. for nouns denotin'J living thng otherp tha hua beins 0.1., for some~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~( ote non061payfgcr~o and VeILj 'Postage~S~Pdoij~ d ~ ~ ~ E 'sa'l~n r aying-c eyar s* Adci' 3~f~'ie etc.); Oorn bV 28 C gamnbler; c on mtr c a sti-ck of Chinese ink,,, eon ch ild (class. S,&a); eon nu!oi an adopted chil1d; eon4 son.-in-law con girl up to seven or eight years. of age. (X.-noun). eon to-be young (living things), small (ina~nim~ate things, ftnh~ye o~n to have remaining; there Iis still, there. is remaining ~.,*; to be o~r -act stioll, (first verb in qsnrios) (136).* Ooflg to be curved; lawi cong to curve.(trans,); oon4 queo to be tortuous~lycu rved4 COp ti~ger (Clasqsi con)* J~ father's sister-& husband's sister or wife's brother's sister (after hermarriage) (class& wo ngixcxi), you (unmorried young womnan, or said by servant to young mistress, of housP), She (in a narrative., when the peOrson has, been already identifi~ed;i9$,yugw*a X.an' ( h (unarred oun woan) 0' te, Oh. (unmarried Young wrrtan; person nti-t present,* or in a inarrative; 22; o i il(.nu) ~~~ oa teacher(P Co ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O tob1rhn6,iooe, oiay(etr) ~ a to be isolotedio 00 qato bo rpan~Prflt cas.w. g'ro d gui st o s e xby on or ~oi~o~n~); ~ 0 Chistia mljonory (X..r~cun, or pre ceddP y 0A necic; oA,so collar (class0 ~.) o6i oh~n ankle (X-.noun); oA tay is (Xm-noun); o rig 06 to be obstinate, cS to be ancient (article, buildling, customn etc.). 06 ('carriage'; used in Saigon in phrases o8 xe ngqa 'horse-.carri age$; Xmanoi) xg 0-6 vehicles in general (X.-noun).Oi a mort~r (for poundlinci; clasSo 04.0; o AI xay handrnill (for huskinq rice) 81ifln o*'! xavy machine-cufl.06L to take off (coat, Rhirt., trousersi socks, shoes; usualuly r~ollowed byr; LiL2; Tonkin o(ýI); 0bi n-dt to open button (usually with v) O0iO a glass (class.. 0AiJ or qtuantifier). An a small1 mound., bank (of sand)., bar (,Of saivi) (without attributp, Close* wit atribtedanotincl Material, X.-noun). with wo trk i(bnute o 5 V C w rk T h O& ng to go on strike; V 4 dtib c$ 0 Ag4. a trke uig C$If oecedlbr ateefr; tbiho to sw~dcood in, undiertaig. nh tbejsjqioe. &'ng to b pulicC~l~T'~~flto all (rpstra') o ~ h t ejse~ial (person, law,* peacej etc.M); c0l oI fl hepbl O ~~entrance gat (C 1 as5o ~~ cp to knock (onV, 0~); OP 00p to make noise with shoe Inalig(uly follows 1di, vr attribute to t n 4; 90. ocit post, pillar, (flag)pole (class. o~ii or A~Y) column (or page* X*-.noun); 0O~t t~r- supporting pillar,; support (class, ca~i o rc o&y flag (class;. W.O aa fixture on a building or ship or:i standadd corrie.d by a be are r, W. a' a piece of cloth that flutters),, C~i (Isee eoixji)* OCYm cookedr rice, Cooked food in general; 001'a ohi f riedt ri co;. o #p qlutinous rice, wph On cooked like ordinary,rice by boiling With water; W4o~z todne r C oplu to cook ricp (by bl owing9 up th 4'f Ire). acrn (Class. for, words dpnotinq sickness,stes fmid tt'ofhe ete, whih om wih udeejn bnset and Come to on 6n eu.lysudel. 'sckeS-~ sually followed by attribute verbs., nAXBa&Ang, gi6., bla, eatC.) Ce't to tokpe (restr4); 0Y ~ osiead)i, c~to e ol (ued f things that have been not newly acquired). Cýi a bulb, tuber,. edible root (potato, aih art igr njl alc Manioc, etc ~x-noun AV ~ibetro otr OU, 1&o island in rnver or lai~ clcs.o1o Ot a very respemctable, age'd person (restr,; X-.noun); you (addfressed to old person very politely); he, she. (referring to very resrpectod., old person;, followeA~ by An,5or b )#b~4 al. Oauyour parents (very polite). oua crab (class.4 con)*' e4i to be long to,' cil crysntemu (las,, oL0 for the plant, 16ng for the flower); button' (Class..c40). 'IJ 'to b~ow down (head); to bend over (intr4. C,&i. wood..fupl(o oknhabnie etc.)4 0~u stick of fuela a~g to be also (first s erb Lii series..); oCing %.tl '-I~n/hx t eeatya. as f46(4.2);... nao fft.* c..Oian... very (ofkng precedes% all other vmirbs,, including the negative *erbs., &O nd 0Pti~fl~llY B60 93)' Qoflg to be together with (direct object); to act at the some time (fi~rst verb in seres) oUng nhau with one another (first in serios,;4..) 0tng to come to the end of,# traIversPfrom ne ndtoth oh% tobeatth ls extremity., final; 0UGI e c{n$5 to be the last Of al;Q1C1-1-th6ed ofa action, event; X--,nOUnR)o -IN to dig out or level with a hoe;ý a hoe. (class. 4i). 00O (class., for nouns dIenoting meetings., gamnes, pnrtiPs, etc~,- 68); cuo6 chir*_n tranh a war* r<-, co~&o in the end, CUOIJ to be at the farther end; cuo:L oung to be the last of all.. uOW)1 (class, for nouns denoting books)., ouo~n to move in circular forms (water on rocks, smoke from a cigarette); to roll up (intr,, trans.- with PIn or 1#i); oaon trbn (smoke) forms a ring, aucin a roll (of cloth,, paper., film, string; X-.noun). cOi to continue without interruption to do action denoted by verb following (i S.4,0 206) (occuri followed by direct object made up of nume-rated noun "ieotlng aperiod of timeP Or a distance, 1 followed by iu~t; the main predication has Ilki #again as first verb in series:0 'avery reocurrence, of the period of timd or distance, on event recurs'), c~a to saw. a sow (classo cai)4 o~(a, ora doo (clas. o ý h~en i t denotes the physical door; X.o: hnI deoeaen o nrneo exit); Oua S(.: wrindow; 11ha OXXa house(s) in gepneral (222),stiptP CCien to be hard (op)posOd to sf) ~~~/~t eosiaC Ou 6%i to marry (a wifP),. ~ O\~. t rid (rirsT buffalo; also pronounce dwrtnc4) C~X~L tolaug, smle; cat to Smile n rd joke 0- r.XO' r0t siee1c ng ~t to laugh uproariouely arid prolongwily; ovzw ph~ 1 A.n, pon 1~ u to burs t out laughinr loudly (ra can r~piace. 1^n); c~r Ci th~% to laough up one, S sleev~ ra otr~ to burst out louqhing; AScxK asie(X.nu OctU to Bove, resscue; tif"p c-iru to rein force. oh. father (class. w, ni,~ ) oh, nuQ^I an adoptive father. aba meat minced or cut in small pieces and friod. or grilled (also chickenI, fish crab (cass~vj~n, r ming or piee) f,%~ d6 small roll of rmeat wrappitd in pancake-dike wrapper and fried (classa c6l, or ~fiaflo for a piece); oh% n~x &ng grilledl chk (usually wralpped in orranit or lemon ienf).0 cha (excLamation Of surprise or QdlfiratiOn)b 0hal bottle (clas5 0511 or) qnt t f buet)s c ftro ~ on.or tcnt~a., Ckiai. f ishing not (restr. o atiuepstc fe e on n ocntu 34 ti on ce. di rec-t obj ect aotter a fePw verbi); ~c~i to fish writh nept; b c' eti to let down not in', wctpr;. 4L ch i. to wash not s;- k~oo~ to pull not. in, ngh e oh ai the tradeI of fishing, thuy n ahch IU fishing boat; t hq oh ýd f ish errv on,, oh'Ay to burn in a conflagration 0it~ i1i) cht 4h inflammuable material (X~-noun) c h AA to flow,, ch 16 to run (also of ships and trciris)., ch'anw (pha) Charm'po (tribal namp)4 okiran to be disc-quStecI, sactiated;# ch An n 'n to be. disgustedi (fige.j; discouraged, aftanh 'lemon (claso w, Op~y for tree, triilfor fruit)%P chainh monagemelt, Tule (restr.).; chainh phu' the covernment (X~-noun); gis ckainh 'household managerient, homse PCOflO!51Cs Cn,. ice. ~gruel14 ono i tor alte tt ~e rpring,, ch kLp religious festivral (rarpeW used cOrt 9); than 'r4, Dcharp~ I I At tobe bittier Tsrol te~ainfe ec) oh 3,~ qronchid,npCW niV- (ccb (I pa) yo0 heJ T-ahep ( to?~do house in which One ic jiit).(hl o3anPrn relel esn not to;arent; shopke~eper to cuStomer) (X~.-roun).' 3 o40 to be firmly based; to be cortain, sure; (grainheoci, crob) i oil f il led out; 00 oh~jn to be certain, sure,,.ssoil Oh Yj to apply ontefel f to; oi oh ti 00 to actateivl (fstoscndn sari os) ntni y(irto eodi oh 35A (spee OkkrQ Ohg&Is 104n to be an even number or amount. ChXn (particle, at the. end of a predication, denotes thalthe speaker affirms with. a slight doubt: 'it spems to me' l strongly suspect4; 220); PhM it is correct, I strongl< u~cta ohing kbt~n' (used very froelY in writing, but not for kho~ngI; otherwisen speech, rwstr.). ch~t to cut (something hard with an ax or large knife), amputate, chi to do tightly (second in serieR after verbs denoting Otte' 1 'sei ze' 0 s Oft. a to dip in (sauce, salt, pepper); n'x60O htu sauce (in general). kin to be slow (of motion), halting (of speech)* ohAn foot, e o~.onalgbhn ch~n 'a foot9);. oh~n trýYI horizon;, b~p Cbh al f e; okRn ankle (X-nounI); itong o thnal(lss ~I ngo6n ohp"tn toe (X-~noun); 8.ng hRxi shin of leg (class.. et~i),. bhd to be piled up; to pile up (dust, earth, lum~ber., etc.). oil tt substance, Material, Matter (>-noun); Ohtt Ch&~y i nfl1ammabl e mat erial1 ch tt nA an explosive; 4at. oh~ut~ a Material thing. Oh RU a continent (X-noun; either precedes or follows name of continent). ohe to get protection from rainA or foat of sun; to shelter (trans.). On' l, tean especiolly th at grown In Indo-.Chinla* ch~ nýion (ka&0) a species of', tea. Oh6fl smoll eating-.bowl (for rice, soup, etc.; Class, OMi, or quantifier). ch~o to row (boot); oar (claooss. 04i. or CR cha to find fault with (opposite of khen). 0A~ to moderate, limit (restro); ki.&i ohh to keep in check (someone who is botto do something terrible). oh~~~~~~t~ todejhtg~ i to fain t away; ch t ty.4~ odewtotlii posteri typ, Ohl b nk! tj it isbottpr (to do so--and.-iso)a.' chi will, resolutiono idct;oltitt rtcz Ot~~I Ol to show, point out, niae dt(f o rtcz otoal followed by Vlat~n or op otoalhjenigherdohi tbeoly (first verb insrewtotoaly hiedn h rd1 370 cation; U) ohil f ine thread (classt.w W (.1 oh I lead (the metal); 1bait ohi, hi~ chi. pencil (class. oa.t or oiy). ob4 elder sister or female. cousin (class- w, nglr~xi); you (married woman under 40 years of age), she (In a narrative, when the person has been aleeody identified; L95); I (said by elder sister to younger sibling) (Y*nount); ohl4 Sshe (that woman; married and under 40 Y ears Of age0); ok4j ta s'he (person not prelsent,, Or in an nar-rative; 252).* Chi.& to be divided- (persons, things); to divide (trans.;); ohia ra...s to be iviedinto (so ma~ny parts). to divide (into so many pprts) (see Olt)* 0h3-8 spatula (class.R o 6a3) obia kh6a a key. neto i okn h oai ohilok to prick (with a pin, etc*),# to give an injectionl(i &Torknthwod used also cf the stinging Of insects andi scorpio nd eti ts; see* ohl ýo (classt.: for nouns dep~otiflg %ships and boa~ts, (I eti oht 9. o)ioone of a pa ir (casfier 10O) ehiii t&o to dreatmo. chi& tocuy( aary; Oh-i to invade, OCCUPY*.. ch.t Pl to be fried; to fry (the p~rocess involves merely greasing the pan or Plae C'l ohi fried rice., Chi 1 to struggle, fight (testr.); a fight, battle (rastr.); oh!in dtt-i to struggloe, fight (bloodily or fatally; also in reverse order); chi~n tranh war (class. ou~c) -nri% (ow~o) oh.14n t~ranh to enter (a) war; ohl & a x armredvehcle(clssOiior h.L); Xin oien to mak~e an armistice, peace;, tu~ygn ohi~x to declare war (an, v6i); thi~y ohikn naval battle (clcas. w.s 0hie'A (light) ispcecte'i; to project (light); Ohl'- b6n3 to show a mrovit: chi*Leu philla g*6 what film are they showing? an inpretcls.,fro, ehi~u mat (usually made of reels am or s traw, adi ar;CQ~ o n chi ýo); s~u chi&'.U MilliDPede. olhi' u to be late af ternoon, olPeelj 011311 bird (claSs, con); 0CI chiifl butterih okil l to sink in the water-, oh "Au, ii~to0 b Penq9uIf r'(fi). ohfn 'nine (numerator). ohn to becomne ripe..V t e xcl,0j, ffih to be exactly (restr. to'I f ew rContu1ins0 hfhg o eexcl inth mdde; ohnh5n1 t.s ut you 4,,ho (f oll owed by ve~rb; Any pronosircll refeencecanb e subEntitt 1or&%8O # ~ i, nreality (followed by PredjicftjI)R),oh Inh th.eo acCtly Sol Chklu to endure, pu,t up with;. chiutOil to admit oneself to be guilty of a crime; obiu t~hua to surrender (intr.); ohiu tkaift to endure one's lossesQQ obiu to be agreeohle, pleasant,, liked by one. Cho to give; to permtit (someone to dio so...andl;so; 186, 187),,. 016 dlog (class4. con). CJIaln summit of mountain (X..,n oun) oh~ a small cluster (of trees, people), swarm (of bees) (X-.noun); rA the beard, ohon t o ch oose4., ob~t, to be the last Of 0111,ola5t. in se~ries. oht a place (X.noun); oki C4b!thiz oyng a Wound. obbc a moment (X-noun; can be prece~ded by U,5ty but not by nhbi~u o n0 n a bt'ýo lit moment(s5),. ehý)! broom (class.o 0 o0i y as o~) oh0*n to be tired (-awu1110; not too freely used, OCCUTS followed by tay or obFM); obo~n 1bnA5 to lose oneas enthusiQsm., to lose heart, OhO~gto esst(foloed y &Ian direct object); cobo'ng. An to appeal a case; Oh(fl g~tto defend (agaiflst~ j~i 40 ch ýnp to be supported by (di TPCt Obj c:.ct r ri--notas the sup.pert); tsupr o thing)- ohc'ng t&to1upot; CNF'%Mp ghe to punt a boat. on husband (class,, w~. n, y do not.,,.1 19t IS not. (first verb in se-rips, but may be preceded, by aE' in indirect quotatio'n; 151).oh&y (Tonkinasp cbli') to be in contrast, there i3s in contrast. (occurs plus di rect objpct or first irn verbal series as subordinate predication precedizg main Predication, giving n contrast with a prpceding noun or verb respectlv1eY; rare as main vr;226" 24ý4) l 11. 11 ); &~~ch& lai 4. what else? (ansver to aqrustin akin fo ~ys~ r ~anser:al~so at end of predication which i t indicoats as the only possible state of thingcs; 250). oh'~xto be transported; to transport.. ck&to wai~t for. o Marlet (class. oii) t g t aus cho' to lay, amuse onesel, a- hetime plensantly; h*1 i og t ms oneel, o fr wlk; Cb0 bo)ýi- to live dissolutely (attribute, or following hay).'t hninr n ii ch6'p (it) lightens (OS I n It hn s7njh t Pns% subject trui). to acth ASudeY y OTp4t'i 41 of two enimols in a stary),. chu to ayattntin ~ (~~srJ ~hi ou~to' act atten tively (firs t or fecond in aeries)% ohA master,4 bo.ss, chairman of an organization (usually preceded by ngtrxbli, 8ng, orci) b ht.o3nto ofala P part of the world; class, w., ný,3vxri4; O h A tSunciny.: oh. u a to be sour, sir ohua cay bitterness (fi'); C' ou& t~into; chra Okrna salted cti;'' (practicallyl sauekrrOut) oh-da nobleman, lord (restri;Gd critc) h-at~ God (Christian); & ýf o hiia t~r&I Catholic re-ligion; okIUa& nh tA ~n~~Sunday* ohU& iBuddhist temple (class. e ) ohiio to wish (htsren will expeprience benefit). ch~o a grup o ten(X-~noun; can be mulilldba reefluitnubT bt cannot be followed by numeral1). Oh~. boom (clas 0ior 0 y;als o#i~ ChIl 1 to wipe,,0 clean (with a cloh M) chtuy~n a trip, voyage t(> -noufl).eah YAI 0S torTY (X-.noufl) x- t ones; xh ouyl t av h 4l honor of on intF'rview or conversotion (with, v4.d olhu a bunch (of grcipes), boucpiot (of flowers6, leaves) (X--nounL. chiung to have Ion comMMon I1a'W ch an t to -work~ at the some work; -&- ch un p to live in the same. Place.ohiinA a group (restrj; cr^flg Chuln the public; Ui~n ch~n the people, the public; cifp ehOn quac the UJnitedi Stcites of Amprica; ch-ýmtg ta, oh-Cng mlah We, (inclusive af person add-resse~d); ohuing tOi we (exýclusive of porson addressed); chl'~.g m'", you plural (elder to chillren,, superior to inferiors arrogantly,, or lby person quarreling with others); ohu'ng tao we (ex~clusive. of person addressed; eld'er to child,, superior to inferior arrogantly, or by Person quarreling with another); ch '4 ing n6, ch ulng they (things,, animal., children rpersons spokemn of slightingly or c on t mp tuous Iy)~ oh-&ng race (of men).. kin-i (restrA); 46ag ohi~ng to be of the, some kind,3 bq like, Chu'! banana (class. wo CA.Y for tree., trii for single fruit); Lpo) xi h baniana-bunch in. floweYr,, before it has fruited;- b uo*n p'hu'.;i uc fbnns n~i Chu.ti n hand of bananasoo h u AP bell (class,, clii8 Ih g OP\OrIu~ to ring a bell (by pulling a strinq or ropp) Chu rig stablef cacie, COOP,, (pig)sty, 'any enclosure for animals (class, 0.U.i), Onu-t -rat, MOUSe (class.i, con); duxa chu4t cucumbper4 ohpto sprinq upon and spize sudr.Mnly; chup hinah/A*nh to take photograph;tg~,oy u h a/~nti camera. offU`t a tiny little bit.; ob Ut (IInh Q very little (with noun following., or followina a verb; cannot be preceded by ziotd, 0 11 (particle, at thp esnd of a predication*, denotes that the speaker is very sure of the truth of what he says about the past or pressentj or iaery hopeful or certain that what he ordiers or proposes or states about the future will come about: 'I am sure, 'certainly, 'shanot we?, won't you?' 'I hope', ' assurneV i9) abuX' (Tonkineep for Ohy 'to be in contrast')Ci Cinsechrawe, eter trod X.nAn tra chfi to look up a %word in aOi IiX cot yet. toexist to bep not yet (first verb in series) (occurring a t dnd of predica yettion whic fquetl ha t' as first ve~rb in SArleS, convert% prqd ica.. treion a ionto qusinPotps cin xpectiflg answer lyoS& Or 'no'; neclati~ve answe is hira; 88). C1I ~ ~ 10 tocpan osoe epev solngo contraband),, give asylum to, harbor (escapecl prisonier,, gamb-ller, etc,; c~~ ~/~ to hro sbes i,.. r~tn a gambl ing d en. Oki ýx er-ployrnent, Office (X--.noun); offic:.-holder (class,, vi~ln); hirocng ohi.'ro village notable (class,- wo negixi or 6~ng), 1 An oh ic to promote (a persou4; dvqrgo 1I^n ch6,,o to be. Promoted; t" chi3c to resign one's offices j ob; Xwr~ng/10^t chilzoo to demotq (a person). ch~kng -to give evidsencf%, prove, by giving evidence or being a witnoss; (a thin or event) is evidepnce. (that,, r'ng); Pvidepnce (noun, rarely userl); 1?an cht'i'ng to give evideqnce; tang citino vdec (as reported; X-.4noun); '~tang oh' ng a piecea of mate~rial evidence, chud ng to approximnate- (wi th numerals.)., obL'fng foresepablility (X-nourln; SOmewh-at restr.; 225); kh(Ang (bidt) aiding., one Cannot foretell; 00 ch' n~ QtArglrtm; oio~n owici ar out for, be Ccutioug- qti e.~n in th ex t rem;r P. n r~ hin (initiallor final In qluesin Pnta sbriaeprdcto;epcal Tonkinese; 225); gCh*f hi O1 n r inrortnast that proportion j,$ (22-5). d& Skin, hide, leather (with class. jz a hide'), a~ to be long9. d hy t o be thick., d#,LY t o t Pach. dimn to dare., dAin t o paste (paper, cloth),o d Ang appearance, aspi(ct (restre);dking di~u way of acting.' danhb name, fame (restrJ); danh dv honor. d?3nh to put aside (restr. aim cst to tho following construction);- dA d knizto save ( lnoneyh dso knife (class. oon or oAy);- dao co razor. d~rl the people of a district,,1 country,4 etc. (X-noun,, somewhat restrj;)- dAn 04 plowers., peasants (c.an be prece~ded by nhilng); dpin oh'dng the people,, the pu bI C; 46 dl~n at number of the population;, dOn t'.00 terc ie.o epei coun try)a. tlhtnvo dtIn to plunge (only occurs in the following construction); (Ik~3n/h~ ~ to plunge into (figa).d &i to guide,, lead, conduct (riot by the hman); agixbol d~n &tg a leadier; xlgrw d rfl!?xbn a guide. d 6n to act slowly (waiting for someone else to catch up; lost in series),* ckRi dan to act dlowly, gradually (first or lost in series,, or as subordinate predication preceding main ons*). a^. mler (casw.A~ o re tr~ifor fruit, 1A for leaf); rtr qu d &u RUmulberry (lo8 winYfo. re, dmu a seal (puti on a douet cln.C or e4i)- mark, track., print (of foot, hand finer;.lass. oiji.), accent mark (see p. SA5R andfloi); 6n du 1lgn to put one's5 seal on; kk~ng d u no tone-mark, Ioe. hligh level tone# atu SSC the mark for the high rising tone; dt# ng$E8 or ga~ the mark for the cWroaky level tone* d~-u iTIý the mark for the creaky falling tone;, d IUh V Lin the mark for the low falllflg tone; uou n~ftAg the mark for the low level tone*, d~ix oil(cokin., ~brC~tn~,fuel, etc.); dau t~hormi perfume. 0 47/ dt (see 406O) ct to be easy; to have ease (in doing something); dt d(IU/ df t o be qs"Yet* going (character, life, opposite to xighionm nghi4);. dIt oh~u to be aqreecblej pleasant, liked by one.: dT vtag, dj vjui the past (X..-noun)~.: d~ap dja plate (class.. oil, or quantifier; southern;P see&I), djoh to be translated;, to translate (into, re or sang); 6k!/b&n djoha tran slat ion,,: di&a saltpetre; match (class,- w. cay) dibn ctl.ýa Burma.: dion face (restr.); ~I difn to f ace towards,, be vis6A..-vis (usually wi th v6i.0 dinh official residence of a high official (contains both his residence, and his office; X-.noun).: dip an opportunity (X-.-noun)* d~.p may a good opportunity; nhj'n 4tp to seize, opportunity.,: C13l U to lead (someone incapable of making his own way, e-,g0; blind man, diublen, person, child that cannot walk pwoperly~, horse), to instruct and bring up (child);. dlu gilt to instruct and bring up (child).: dju to subside f-rom an extreme (state of weather, noise, intensity of color;main verb or second in series); to be charming,, gracious, melodious, agreeable to senses (main verb or second in series);- dia dhng to be charming, gracious,.. 48 etc.-# uia d4iu to be happy., contented (thouqhts, a plaCes etc*.L3 do origin (restr.); tqr do liberty; to be free (as a verb usuall# o6...; sqr Wi do is used with demonstrative);. &~rgo Uir do to get freedom (to do do th&a to spy (frequently following iti).: d6 to sound (well, river, etc.); c1lb hi to sound out (a: person); h~i d6b to enqrui re; d6 th~ua to spy; db t~hKin to enqluire. d6 meat wrapped in banana leaf, boiled and eaten in slices (class. con, or jA~ing for a slice); chI E6 small roll of meat wrapped. 'in pancakce,'ike wrapper and fried (classe. 'aOt, or Mnieng for a piece).: dg~n to prepare., make ready, put in order (especially meal or now house)#. d19a n~hh &i oh5 kharo to move to another house;. xe*P djxi to bo arrainged, put In order; to arranqe&, do~i to cheat,, dec'eive with words, lie; gi dbi to act deceitfully,, falsely (towa rds, v6i), do to raise (hand, foot)*.to open book, turn page; dyt ni1t to uncork (usually with ra).: dA to travel (restrj; du boo to travel for education,, study abrood; du, kh~ch traveler, tourist (class. w.: ngix~i or ' ), a, umbrella (classo otai or s): du'% rting..,nhi ng (wa%). (cfirg) a.though yet.,(22,1),- d~i (zA) 49 o6/kh6rig. (di ni'gaj (thi). oting even if/if not *q* yet 6*b, (23 dU~ SaO/t~he* liho *go;h ab.lg howeve-Y it is, so,-ond-~so will happen (226). di~ to' proclaim,, instruct (restre); thl dii, v1~ d~i for example.: du.y ttrl. to maintain,,peev (with object denoting something non..materiol,'eg government., sanity,, etc.-- very literary).: dfing to be brave (restr.); nghfa dting to fight guerrilla warfare,,. dimsg to be used; to use6: ci4ng to be used (restr.,);; v~at d~ing things that are in general useQb d r to be of the people (restr~J; d~r 14n public opinion.: dG!, dq to be fierce (as second in series', intensifies preceding# lawfully"),: q to praise (restr.:); danih dq honor (noun). du~ elon(clssy. cy frpant tr~lfor fruit)* dL~ h~ uubr dtxa dM/ht~u watermnelon; M~r. chua salted o&Ii (practically sauerkraut).dtr a pineapple (class.- w. okAy for plant., t~r1i. for fruit).d tza coconut' (class,,,w,- oRY for tree, traii for fruit).:d? olen(gont vho; intr. and transJ;- dija (1uang) re sau gh& to lean. back in a chair; fgh 06 dV a chair with a back*: d Zvng to stop short (intr. and transl.; with 1o#. second In series when it is vehicle, animal,, or the like that stops or is stopped*= ngirng). d xIr 5 to be below, under,; to be down at; tD rig d"x' & round-.floor of building4% u~r ang sea4 ocenn (restr,), 16n duxo'ng French Indo,.China- hibn ion Pacific Ocoonri< (ra ~barnyan (class.c w,, ca*y for the tree),,, stone. (class~, h6n)', da' ain whetstone; u6' ice (Cla994 with hbn or miieng for a piece); than &A coal,to kick; dai ban to play (foot)ball.., to have already (done. so-,and,--so; first verb in series), there has already been (direct object denrotes a numerated timeý-period;, 1.25)c (as laCs t verb In series, denotes that the Qction of the verb which it. follows will takp place before that of a predication which has been made previously or Jmpliei; 'first'; 1.9Q~.. 3%towpr,, m'onumi~int (rastr,), )n&n V ie~ a Comuemorative mtonurnent chs o&.; i vO^ tutyc' *t1icin radio or wireless station- ph&,).1 Cli fort (class'. &AM~ (clasqs. for nouns denoting f ields, clouds, crowds; 19); d6a (At a piece, of land.: 'k (probably 'courage;a restr3); can 16u to be courageous; couroge (as noun, &zt" to be calm, indifferent (restraj; &~i A ~fai to ba calm in onsts charact~er. dim flock, herd (of animals, birds,, fish,, ants, boats, etc.-a not persons;A X-noun).: n~n adult human being (class. w,, fltr&i) only used followed by 8ng and bab); fa~n Ang adult male,, man; &Ifl bit adult female, woman.0 sang to be Pnngaged in activity (=Aoang), &4ng to merit., be worthy (followed by verb with change of subject; the new subject is indefinite and unexpressed); &i~nh khen to be admirable,, In a political party (Xnoun); gang (somewhat rare in this meaning);. XAng vign member of a party; dctng gn tr^Ow a gang of thieves.: ~nng (occurs only in the following cons truct ion); quaang t~ng (weath er) isa radian to drinh to st~rike, beait; ~and'h Vbo to gamble; LT" h 0?-1 to play cards,. d6~nh giAy th6p to send a telegram; dtanh la 6i to catch (fish, birds)wih et IS.nh pbat to punish by a beating; Ctnhi t an to repel, beat (enemy)* &A~nh t h UP to impose a taxd* (tinh tran to fight a battle;4 I&inh v ýn to spell (takes direct object).: StAinh to polidh by rubbinq,, brush (teeth)4 -&&nh to consent,, give in, yield to.~oisland in the sea (class,,. hbn)*. 1,O to turn over (papers on deskJ, clothes in suitcase,, drying grait)&. iA0 I o to stagger., be unsteady on one's feet COO), I!ho peach (claiss,w.- Wb ^. for tree, trai1 for fruit).: ao to dig, dig up.&~o wtical wy of ating;religion (clnsO,> w, thl.? or pha6.); &ohi ri Catholic religion; a~ p~ the Buddhist religion, Buddhism' ~~ Christian missionary (X-noun, or preceded by 5ng); gikng 4to# to preach religion; vo nkb Amlo to be linhuman (of actions, persons),116p to kick or tread on with the sole of the foot, thresh (grain) by treading xe d p bicycle', taU to be sick., wre~tched, Suffering; tau 'Ye(n to su f fer.(f Ig.); -au kh~ to be unhappy,, wretched, micserable, suffering (intense); 4au. thuroang to be so rrowpf Ul.W aza to sink in tho water; chitm damx to bp engulfed (figj.: 14M1 to be strong,, not wotery (tea, -soup)., to be deep (_co~o) ob deep red,: 1,Png to reco rd (n ews, one s nomp in ci listl etc.,3; &5ng lfnah -to enlist' an 53 8oldier; dlng tien to post n bond, flng 4 degree, category (restrj; binh ainxg equality.,: alp to be constructed; to construct (by piling up earth, stone; e~go. mound, dike, foundation, road); bLi dAp (lack) is filled up; to fill up (aG ackYh X~t to be expensive0 A~t to be ordered in advance; to order in advance (me~Qal, goods); &Ut lBhm to be mode to order; to order in advance to be made* 4rt to place, put into place; d~t ti.n to give a name (to, cho); xpd to arrange, put in order(thlngs, affairs)0 a~y here.: this placeo3 ky there, that place, in that matter; d'yI (occurs at end of questions in which the verb refers to action going on Qt the time of speaking, the subject is a 2nd person, and there is an interrogative word; 8J); dt%,y! (at the end of a declarative predication denotes that the speaker admits rather grudgingly the truty of the statements 'I must say', 'one must admit';. 097). to push so as to move (trans":) b to be full of; 1 nh6o to be full to overflowing, am to prick, stab, pulverize; dAmJ d lu oio to dash away running. d 6 to hit with the fist (a hook, or any blow except a straight one*; a blow with the fist (not straight; X-noun); qua drlz door-knob (class0 oAi), 4s toaa, poud p cod o 4qp to pound; 4. p bui to beat out the dust; '~p Itt to pound up clods of 54 earth; to make the first visit of the new year at a house; d4p ]aa to beat rice grains from the ear by pounding them against something,. ~ earth, land; da"A 'Xlt a piece of land; tr6J d4"t globe, the earth dtt n6-o native country (lit.: land and water); &Ong dAt to have an earthcuake;, vu d1ng dat an earthcruake; &tp &At to pound up clods of earth; to make the first visit of the new year at a housea OIu where? anywhere; at all (at end of predication with negative verb; 096); C60*be dF.Uo where have o ever done soa..and~-.so? a,ohave never done so-and-ao (i96); tr/vi/tai bAu because of what reason? 14a'u to fight (restri); ohit*n d#.u to struggle, fight (bloodily or fatafly; also in reverse oreder); tranh (u to struggle, fight (not fatally, friendly I (' U heoad (class, caii); beginning (,of an event)., end (of a material thing; if it has two ends that are indistinguishable, both ends are 44u; e.g0 a table, but not a bed; X-noun); b t 3 "u to begin; oing c"'u to be obstinate; 14o &Au to shake the head (In denial); quay/xoaY dtfa to turn the head,: 4i to hand oneself overo to hand over (something); &Au hh.ng to submit, surrender oneself0: FAXu legumes of all varieties (peas, beans, etc3), pulse (cla.ss, w. c0y for the plant); sp. plant with beanlike fruit, whose root is eaten (class. w,, orty for the plant, and cU% for the root); au ta rtringbean; Xau hd a lan peas, ~t~u to pe~rch; to stop at a prearranged place (station, street-car stop, cuayV 1ý to be born; to beer child, lay eqqgw lb to Press down (fTPequently with xut~ng as second verb) o:d bqb.p to press down,, dtew (Tonicinpse for iuaxig theo 'to take along with oneselff' or &tra 'to take along; to hand to')6 len to be blacko: Ib light, lamp (class9o 00 for 'lmzpl or the apparatus that gives light., A y f it iJ a laI mp with s.t and or foot. a traffic lights t4 le i~ for flame or light); 16n Xa electric light; b At 3c 1 ^ totrno electric light with a switch; nhii m~y 16n powerplant (for illuminaiting purposes). l!eo to wear Or put On (jewelry, sword,~ eye~-glasses); (Jewelry) is worn or put on; to hang by strap in streetcar.: (19P to be beautiful (also Ot deP and IeP r,o2i3)4. dlike (clamssw,, tix ngp b% oonl; - v&the dike breaks.44to put, place; to let (sompone do so--and-sol, when he is on' the point of sarting; id.86); in order to;11 0ob0 to let (soMone do so,~n.s, ihu interrupting the action, which has already starte-d; 186); 11dnh t sv (money); Pcl. b to leave (door, window) half-*open; t otc4(.irc object is preceded by 16)8 at 100O to misplace,: is to inscribe (name, on tablet., sign on shop or theatre,, etcj;#. to address letter (direct object denotes letter or address); subject of discussion or composition (as noun, restr.); ve~n IA a2 problem, topic,# question of disli.. cussion (X~noun).; d4 to raise up with hund (restrJ); d.4 phO'ng to ward off, guard against.&ai night (X..'noun).: tM to count (things, etcj.,-), O~n to arrive at; en n oi to such a degree that, to the extent that (Ui6), 4~u (several subjects) act in same way, (one subject) acts in same waky (on several objects) (first verb in series; 070); (T Au CTe"U to go on regularly without stopping or vary in g" to go, walko (following a verb denoting motion., denotes that the subject leaves the scone com~plete1lf; following a verb denoting an undesirable quality or state, denotes the!: attainment of that quality or state; 248);. dil (occurs at the end of an itapprativve pTodiCOtiOfl denoting an exhortation, frequently impatient, to procPed with the action;A 153);. itto disappear without l eav ing c trace., go away cnd nevor be hoard of again; ni blInh Y el (I wish you) bon voyage; 3ti I~ to go on foot;.Ti phu to work in the corvio; ~i. t~t to go by a shortcut; ci ttv'AO to put on socks (also with gihy tshop.; (Ti t& J. to go forward;, cri tuen to act as wctchman;!I. th6.IIu to explore (as an. explorpr). d'ta Ila plate (class,, cii, or quantifier; Tonkinese; see a) ~j& earth (restro:); &4~a ba~n compass (class.- oaU);P da d mop (class. ttm or bi'n);. ia, ngo 'hell; (tis trung haki Mediterranean (may be preceded by buin); thu~o dacolony (class* w,: xuO or nix6'o) 1d1oh target, point aimed at (restr.:); xaict 411oh an aim, object (Xa..noun)4.' tID6 to be calm, serene (restr.-);- diD6 cta to be calm In one's characte.r;. &1&u& nhi~i to be calm, unmoved by emotion. Ii An to be insane; dtie~n ro to be foolish.: d~~ielectricity;. dtn dTign electric light; &0i dtign dynamo; theang &~i zi elevator; xe dTiia stree.tcar; v6 tujygn ti~n wireless telegrjaphy., radio;. &iýr thoti telephone (as a system); go! &A~n tho#i. to telephone; x4LY Ii an tho#i. telephone apparatus, a telephone (class*. O~i),: Si &u tobacco.-pipe 'in which the smoke 'is filtered through wat~er (close. OWi) cigarette (X-4noun; usually followed by thiibo) tag d:.Leu cigarette.-holder., &ie action,, circumstancej affair (X.-nound in last two meanings can be replaced.by vi Po); #&I S 14~t a laOW; ~I U Lr 6r contents of a pact or treaty.' 4i~u appearance., aspect (restrj;Y d~ing ni~u way of acting.: (Tinh a nail (class. w. oay or AW. tlnh a male adult (restrJ:; tuatn &inh a village watcharnun (class, w ngtxb'i); thut dTInhha4ta: dlinh (see ohxit)., &i*nh structure without wallis, shed; village communal hail combined iWth shrine of village tuttelary deity (class, o4i*); gia di*nb family (x,.no~ar),: aii to stop (restr.-); dinh o6ng to go on strike;. vg. dlnh oo~ng a strike; ~inh ckuihn to make an armistice, peace,: d~n~h to fix, determine, decide; nh 4 &Inh to decide., fix upon* (price) is fixed (not to bp lowered by bargaining). 16 dAy (page 73R).to be red; X~o Xý to be reddidh (65); 66 d~a to be deep red': small boat (class., hiob(:ý),, ro0an the customs (French douane); lfnh l~oan customs officer, douanier; nhh (Toan customs..house& tbue" dToafl customs--d(uty;- &6ng thu` loan to pa dt do0 an to make a mental judgment on Ikhe basis of evidpnce, decide; x6t do6g(i,) &0ýk troop, detachment (X-noun)0, do~on to terminate,, bring to nn end (restrJ;,) lofn tuy pt to abandon forever,, breakc wi th0:,190 to read4:at61 to be hungry02: 16'i to demand (followed by verb or noun; used frequently of children's 'demands%, to Summon~. &6n to go to meet.cTZn a pole, cespecicllyv that usedi for carrying burdenis (class,, C~i);.- d6n Can, 59 a balance used for weighing things; &bn g&nh the carrying-.pole, d-6ng to close (door; usually followed by 1#i or vho),; t6ng to be hammered, constructed, made (furniture, ship, book); to hammer, construct, make (furniture, etc.); d6ng dhu Iln to put one's seal on. t6ng to camp, establish a camp (also with direct object tr#i or OAn). d4 to be poured or Rpilled, (house or any object) falls over, topples over; to pour or spill (trans.); AA b6 to invade (lIn from sea, xu8n fweem air); easiaux there is an invasion by (no subject; direct object denotes invaders); Smitu to shed blood.: d6 things, baggage, material on which to work or to perform action (X-noun); &6 dgo all sorts of things, things in general (222); d muLng a festival gift (wedding, birth, Christmas, etc.o), S picture (restr.:); ban a0 a mop (X-noun); & a 6 map (class, tts or S a measure (restr.); thi &M attitude, manner of conducting oneself,: 60o to be poisonous; Too Ao to be cruel.: 6Oo to be alone, solitary (practically restr.); &o l.0 p to be independent; c6 &0 to be isolated; voi &o a rogue elephant,: 16i a pair of entities that occur in pairs but are spparable (X-noun; ~00; in attribute position after a noun, denoting a thing to be used by two, 224); b6 d5i a duo, set of two (230). 60 Iti to face towards, be vin-ao.vis (restr..); 16i d.4a (id.; usually. with v&.iJd1b1 v&I as far as concerns.tk to change one thing for another of a different kind, exchange,, change (money); they &61 to change (intr.:)*: (T6i1 hill (class. -ot~L tr&ly qua, ngqxl)., 10i to put on head (hat,. load; usually followed by 1&i; iLZ).: d~i company (of soldiers- X'-noun); 18i binh army; 10i b an (foot)ball~ea. i asergeant (class. w,,. ng~r2'i. Ong.) v~i~n; for crds e 6) a small military post or camp (class. 04i),: 10ng east#, d8ni bao northeast;. &5ng faLi~ southeast*. d~n'g dr~gp~pFed Indo-.Zhina; A 16ng Eastern Asia,, the Far Eas t*. d6ng~ win~ter.: long to freeze (intr.).: On to be crowded vri', to be. crowded wi th; phAn &Sng the najority, (Mg a heap, pile, moxss (X~noun);& Obng u~ia01 a white..,anthill. 16g copper, bronze, brass; a coin (X.-noun); a pliastre (Xz..ou) dngx/To a oudi~epice; b~fo dlong a piastre piece (class. w. V~ng); d 'nj ton bron ze;- ~g1 copper; 76n b6 watch., clock.(class. o6.i);. dn ~ ~ t h iso an alarm.-clock;, I4n,6 h6 trAl quft a pocket..watch., &6ng a cultivable, or-Pa, a space of land (whether under cultivation or not;. clas6s. 0ain) SAng to be of the same (so~-and.-.so), have the same (So-and.-.-so) (somewhat rettrJ; XAng bho compatriot (class. w. ngib'I); d&ng Ch~rng to be of the some. kind,, be like; dT6ng niinh the Allies;. d~ng, th~pi meanwhile; hol&6 a counci (class, w,, ban): meeting of an association (class.- 040).: ~8g to be moved, agitated; to move, agitate;. dt~ng A!t to have an earthqutike# vJ 11n &At an earthquake; d'rig &en to disturb,, molest;. 4ong výAt oanilqtet beings (animals, human beings); hhnh 4ýn to act; oloh/sq. hbah &gmne ot acting&. hooý t &ng to be lively, active.: en1t to lighbr tcrij 'Vpc to explode firecrackers.: &f t to bite,, sting (insects which have stinger; in Tonkini ohlob is used),: d:&, 34 to help., especially by taking a burden into one's own hands# Oh&ng d& to support (a thing).: dbli life,, a life or generation, times in general (X-noun)., d*na (verb occurring in only two constructions); &a u d76, n to- suffer (fig). ~ud&papaya, papaw (class,, w.: oay for tree,, tr~i for fruit).: d to be sufficient,4 enough (main verb,, or followed by verb denoting a quality)# to have enough (with object, follows verbs kh8ngi o6,, bitt, eto-4 -without object, such a series as o6 d%& ditng) (i8i).: d~a,~g*chopstick (class0 Ohi#o for one, &8i for a pair); dQ. ia tigba, Id1o to cast metal, manufacture by casting (statues, coins, etc.).: dt~ thigh (X-~noun); Aun(U sote A 62 dhing to be exact, precise (with numerated noun as subject, or as attribute to noun);, to have exactly, precisely (second verb in series; followed by direct object); there are exactly (followed by numerated noun as direct object) (171). ýnMg to collide with.: Aufi tail (classo: oi); ti nMi du8i to go in single file,: duAi to drive (animal) from behind, drive away, pursue.Iu& (arm) is stretched out; to stretch out (arm), to hand to; &ra b1'i to address. &dra to take along; to take (something) to (direct object is followed by attribute verb of motion or direction). doa (class. for nouns denoting non-adult human beings when sex is not specifled; 69),: L$ o Germany.: dt;y male of quadrupeds, insects, fish, crustaceans, trees, plants (all except bitds and human beings; used as attribute following nouns denoting species), Vrng to stand. arng to restrain (an emotion); (emotion) is restrained; do not.:..:; let's not o..I (first verb in prohibition, but may be preceded by 86 in indirect quotation; i52).. IVng to contain (= ohtsa). IuVo0 to obtain, get, reach to'(as last verb in series, 'can'); 06 thA.o 63. dir qo can, to be able to (Li4) t X~qo iaýL&. there isa a good harvest.:ft qO to be all right, acceptable,# correct (maian verb, or second in se-ries-v (00). &U OMn to be engaged in activity (82).Six yn~ street, road (class. con); &46%g oong a curving road; x&n tt a shortcuts: dxrb'ng direction (X--noun); &Lrb'ng nh~.r a wrinkle (in paper,, on foreheacd),:. d1z 6-ng sugar*: d~t to be snapped (thread,~ wire, rope),& be cut (the skin); there is a snappiqg of (thread,, rope,, wireb); 1~iolt dVi't to snap/cut (thread,, rope, wire).. eal younger sibling (Li' e.., brother or sister or cousin;, class.. d*a, or, If qrowri-upa ngtx&i.); I (saidj by younger sibling to 0~ldpr sibling,, or by wife to husband),, you (saxid by elder sibling to younger sibling,, or by husband to wife) (XY.Wnoun); eta trai younger brother,, eta g6 c younger sister.: 64 A e (exclamation used in calling to a friends also b&.).:,_oh frog (class., con).: ga railway station (usually preceded by nkh; the. combination is X-noun or Cl0119. W. 0"t).: gh fowl (class. con); ga' (A~ng) ta~y turkey,:, 9do second story of a two~-stoxry house (class. cal) ~ao to be supported. by ona, or both ends;, to support (something) by one or both anld s 65 4tio to be on guard, guard (something).: J00h brick (clasns, vien)a; the fat of crab (which is brick,.color), exi girl (X-.noun). ~y. y to be broken,, break (something long and Stick~.-lke, also teeth4 bones- in t rJa.: gan liver (class. l) ginh to carry with a carrying-.pole and two containers4 to carry (the carrying.. pol e apparatus).W: g64ih. the apparatus consisting of carrying~-pole and two containers (class.: o&I., or quantifier)* &6ni gAnh the carrying-pole (class. 041), g0 husked rice (ready for cooking); b~t gf.o rice-..flour. gap to pick up with chopsticks.; g Wp to Meet (also bp~ gclt to be harsh, biting (taste, smell,, heat of sun, questioning.' etc4; to be harsh with, grumble at harshly; t a tobhrs, ar (fg of life,4 words, characterj work)0., g~t to harvest.. g ey to be brought about (by inciting,, fomenting); to incite;. ghy lop to incite revolt.. ggy to be thin (parsonj animal*.: 66 FM stick (class, oAi or oy) an to be near.: gap to be urgent, pressing, $sp to be more by (so many times) than (follows other verbs in series; is followed by two objects, the first being a numerator; t8i usually replacing hai4 tu replacing ban; 204). gp to meet (also ~p); gap g& (id.). gAt% to nod (head) up and down; ngh gdt to fall asleep while sitting or standing.: ghe junk, sampan (class.: ohieo); female sexual organs (class, oci; Tonkin); chOng ghe to punt a boat,: ghb6 to stop off at (on a journey. or voyage). gh o to tease, provoke (especially erotically). gh chair (class, o0i); gh dtra chair with a back; ihn 9gh set of furniture (clags, bL); da (lirng) ra sau ght to lean back in a chair4: g, go the tree Sindora Cochinchinensis (class, w. cOy). 96, # to knock on (door, table, etc.); $g6 nhip to beat out a rhythm (not a musician).: g6o angle, corner (of box, room, street, etc.; X.-noun), g6i to wrap up (as a package);, a package (class. odi, or quantifie.), g9i to call (summon, name a thing; in the latter casex usually followed by 3lJ 67 4ilinthoai to telephone, 80-i loa to call with mnegaphone,, 46t heelP, of the foot (X.'-noun),, heelI of a shoe (class, clli), quay g6t to turn on one S he40 Wood (Class. t0u 'pC.*,a heavy piec of tiir bor1 e~a root,. foot of a tree (class,, ci)" OAuI t o bp aIdded into a total; to total up (transj' gA* c6 to include (follow a nur'brated noun)* t Onh 0 ýui la. to reckon up the total of.. gk~i to send (something to someone)ff to entrust, leave in a person's care (also spelled and pronounced 4~i; Nr. LAut sa y s gr(1Y,gtr arm sword (closs., w,ý Oky,,hah ocb) gizcon4 mirror jclassc% or 0mi); 80bgzng tloktoesf in. a mirror; guo' nO sen Seed-~cOaS of lot"S (class30 c61; edible),. 4 what? anything; 41iua why is it that (the. following ptedication ends. with the# th1P)t~n~,vy O) 68 gia houses famnily (restr. 81 ~a AInh family (X.,noun)s gia hn oshl manacjrremnt, homp Pconomics~t ~ii to cost., gi5 ( b a'n (idoL. 4A price (X,..noun) - 4lia nhtirt clinE fixed price ho/n6pi 44 toloerth Ipceio 0w r h 44 beansprout (clnss.w, 'Si giL t oietings (restro- to the following construction). gLj tzr gia to say Coodibye to,g to be counteifeit, falspe, faked gia Odo to act dleceltfuIiinv, fc~sely (towarrý voi); gI M Vo to bp farqpd~ fanke;, to f o rgeR, f ak P. It person trestrJ)- thfnh' gl nud4,tor-, listenor (X-floufl)b, Sto be old (nprson, QanIMO1, plant),, to loo~k old person); to be a littlebigger than., to bp o little more thnn (a nurieratetd amrount).S (Used to ackcrowledqe another pekrson "S vttternnceQ optloncilly?,nstoio v n by ch ilI to P1IHer and;.-y, iiAnf *rior, to suporior)~ ~~~~~~~i ~~~ ~t tohn 0irl"1"on~)ovr atCkls ga ur ýj/ta o (jad4 ~ tpo tP b nr u:l r.r~ qI f PC t 0 t(I It r est 3, 1t t t 0> Ti 0C P 1 tiOT bt o" i "" 69 gJ~ ~ialv roy') (of peoples, hoss postsA PtC*- X-,nou nj;Iiay shoe (classý, Chi."C for one., Vi for a pair)- gj Aý ngiX bedroom sl ippers )5in a mnajor dj~ij.son of a large house (X~noun),,. ei-.3 iiii, intrio.rsrj ON. i gan a Period Of time (X..noun); kho~ng gian the -surfaoe of the, earth (literary),. gi an orbor, perciols (closs,. oai).a LJfl to exp~lanin;itn (4)o TO procach religion., g-.ao to entrust (to, cho); 0 -so kec' a written contract (class. t&;alore cedeld by 4~~which is cla~ssfied with talK. 1in/kx' dio ke-o to, rnctke p contract; n 'o ti 0g*Lao foreign affairs (as a deponrtment, of government), 4~%I o to teach (et4 giio six professor (class~..w, W. ng); theAy g.i 4o profe~ssor; CA g! A o woman teacher, gibjo time (X.-noun; restr, to a few cons truct ionsa); gj~o nl ay t this timre', gicip to be close up to so as to touch'; 0 t t ~i rsec f aet faQck with;,ia'p tr~an to engage, in baltle (with,, V6.)~,, gi a~ to be richlj 4it to lead (person,, animal); 4i-t tay nhau t'o take one another by the hand (an d wal1k al ongq);1 dia gi It to ins truc t andl brin g up (ch i ld), gitto be laundered; to launder,: asleep-s duration of sleepp4 gi i/ung a drem To3 fluaslep ( X- Mo S cbt gi`ic 0 i to faint owaoy thilov tgitrc) gi`y t aeup(nt.j a Second (X--nou~n),$ siy t hr P-a-,ý roe wirec4"I c 111 (cla8~ w-~ sc4) 'i^Y th6p the tel~egraph; A~y th 'P to send- a telogramt; rih/a 4B 0y' th~p Postoffice, gity paper (closs,,, ciiU for a spdcific paper4 e,'g, permit, ticket, 'etch) C.0 b~c b~ gAy currency nota (class, tY or 10ng); lii 1ai giyLcto ftickechange for a boill-,lay phep a premit, g i a`y th6p a tel egram;- t&'~~ iheet of pnperi; ph6rig 4IJ of fi ce. git~ to get *upr~q t Inh g4i@Y to wake up (intr.');. thiec ag~o &, to wnk e up nrA d ~6 ah th~rc (4i.y) to wake up (trainsJ, gian to be. ongry, to be nng~rv with; ain ix to be furious; tucgn tob very angry, furious (many take' diir.ct object denoting person with whofm 0 on P i i an gry) gitp to cover a fire with ashes,, eorthl, water4,,ec so as to bank it or evtinqauish it;- a~ e~ to extingutish (fire)y 2i t to Dr-ull forcilbly., jerkz (e,, g4 in order to tear or break); gat chohng to ringq a bell (by pull ing a stri"lng o r rope); mi innh to be Ctartei gist~ tay to withdraw the hQncl- with a jerk,, giau to hide (tronISCi. ie""n z4 a anrial-cnth (cl.s wcY ote plant),: t~Jf, zAnj Jcnuciry (X--rovn,- rorpial-'I prqc(4r~d by tbing- 55): 7 L ~iAng/zifl/ well (clIass oa 0i), gi'ýt /ziF-/ to kill 46 wind,~ t o be windy (su bijec t tro"i); giCAlng 4i6 t eahaysor~p 46to comp on to blow,, gl1 l arge bas ke t wi th han dl e ma rke@t baskePt (cl as s, oi, or cruan t If ier). gi?. toot of an, animal (especially if edilble; Class, 0451).. 40o to be lo'rng (ais opposed to wide *ngang'),, 46bng current of water (X- noun). gion" the voice;. tone of Annamese word (class. W".tx, ' giot o drop. of l iquid (X noun); to drip, giong to be a storm (subject tr~yi)- pi~ng t~g/46 to be a heavy storm. oo,*n CAMn a storm, 'iong to resemblo; tro~ng gibng to look like. gi6ng spec-ies of living thing, breed or strain within species (X'.n'Oun).', gJYto be unskilful, badi-,* g&to be partlV' used up- to be engagedl in something but not yet finished (usually followo' directly a verb denoting the action 'in which one Is entgagerlý. A'.rorng gio& VJ4PO to be busy about something; lawu g~ to be half.-finlished wilth; b6 4i&i to be left half.-.finished; to leave half-finished; g~8~ ob af drunk; gi& h~tra to have promised and not yet fulfiled (ir"olying that one would like to get out of it, but gannot)', Ik ' 72 AP~ hour (X--noun);* t~itie 04trj 9.&gi noww be.y 91&~ at that t ime in the past, then (used espdcially in narrative)4, nay gib' -from a moment ago up to now (a15o4 tir dy4~n i')- t~hi 4&b time (as something that passes)ý,. 44 a limrit, frontier (restr4'; en~f g6'i border (of a country), th& 4g&I. the worldo, 464 (probably 'weapon,,,, tool'; restrj., khl g16'i weapon (classaw. WO~) gi64i t h*1Ay to introduce (a person- to., V6'a) \iuo to urge. onl stimulate (somebody to do something); xUI giuo to cause by forcible means (someone to do something,, Q somewhat literary eqcuivalent of blt),, gibla to help (only* occurs secondi or later in series, to denote that the subject is doing a favor to the person denoted by the object of gi~,this object being optionally omitted; i49L. giiup to aid11 help (by sharing in the work, while Ai~uz means help by doing the act for one); 4iu"P lwn nhau to grive aid to one another,. iLer dui~ to guard,. keep; coh6 gi~k watchdog; oh~kg gia to defend (against, v6'i) giA~a to be in the middAlel between4 riv Zfng b ed (clas. a o, Ai4) 73 ha? Cintprjectilon said on finding that something is peculiar)h (mouth) is open; to open mouth. fAIl (particle., at thp end of a declarative predlcotion., denoting the spoakerb attitudep of mild surprisp. that the predication is so; 'so..K:c 2k) a~ ni Hano i ho ~s ummeP.r,, ha t& be below~ be put below or down- to put below, e odwn(re n in restrictedi type% Of COn3tructiofl). be.3J to Iowprtthe price- ho. njo to put into prison with hardI labor,,- kjL thu"Y to be launched, toluc;h xu~n, to put down (somethiriq carried), lower (flog, sail)., lands (plane)(plane) landfs;l 1h~ng h~6 the lcower village- (paired with an upper one;l see hal two (except in constructions where 1^1 is usedI. and thosp- where nhi' is Optionally used)s quafl hal lieutenant (its army), 74 h,19i to Pick (frtut, flowPT,, r;.etabl4,) h NI p h Oi6n Hoi -ph on gI rdda to bp humorous, funny (rpstrjI; haL 1. Ong to be happy ~atisfjqd., c'me~ khr~i h hi to bp humorous) joking.: hid to do harm to, be full of d~angeor to; harm, loss (as noun,~ somvewhat restr2 1?'ui h o to do harm toý, tai* hai. to be calamlitouR; to be ruined; thl4t h 'j to.su ff er los s.. hay to hove the habit of dioing so-and~-so. h ay to know be~cautse. of information recdivedi. be lrtforrrped (followed by'ob ject plus verb attribute);, cho bay to inform (a person).: hay to be, good. be good at (something),: h ay or (precededH by comma;' vw1yn therp are two predications with hay or hay 1 botween4 the SPentence, is. CIP alternative auestion or an alternativo, propone~jI for future actio' or cs orT- ~y i ~prtv~ ttmn;~ 2 hy (Occurs ris fi rst vrIb in C)oýr~s owi piopor(1s- for futurre, action- 41)e Su11r P to I)- t re t L~~)A~~~5 sno nt-3i C,- Xr~t I'its:r~- oun~ rl~ eý P1 bý u i~c > cl'ti~o t ~i.tr j to cic t 0( 0T 0! 1tCi- i r rsre F-, o r iv c'rQ 1, 0 -J I jt Uio P-c r MO a I 0 t (;k c) T I 'c 75 (hundtedis and'bhundrirds of d~.> 227);3 ILro'yn, ahn)fuyal aay h Z~ n Q lines row (of p(?rSons or things-, X.-noun); h o h"a i the whole- lln Pa lo, Itn to submi t s u r rpnd r (r TSItr) 17 u ha~ng to sub'i t, surrende~r oneself,, g~n g cate~or.ý, 'kind (.X-.noun~l h,ýn h onion (class. w,, cq.y fo? plant., ou" for bulb), h"anh to make, act (restrj); hanh 316ng to act s A~CC.0API/ "f nh V^n -mne of acting., hoo h ýhnh t o be, edu c atepd, get educa t ion;- thtr c h,)nh to put into practice., make practical application of,, gi*./t'- thn bh a passport,,donk good fortune (restr.1;) banh phd eoo fortune, happinpiss hk^IJrI h tnh to feel honoree!,. %~ to be good (restrj T h 'e -, peisoft ha"O a dime. J O sous; X-.n oun). hi t to Csing, givp a thqactrical performance; hit 66ng to perform in the movies; sao halt b~ng movie~-stor (class., w, ng~i)-; Ii xewL hit bn togot the movies; t i *ng 8 1h'it a song as a thing holard (X.noun), hat sepd., grain;, drop of liqruid (X-noun). h oyster (class, con; southern>.: I I 'jahai mILXOd (when units are. adided; only colloquial; i.O~>.' hin to be or oct with definiteness and fi1nality (se-cond in series) 4 tobebrisd simmered in a small amnount of water for a long timesoa to yield1 a thick soup; to braisea si mper (~niAnh, W-4). A 76 An to rejoice in, be PlQ ted by(restrj; h I~n h anh to fae honoredl*, kipto steam.~ (.fish,, chicker.,, egg,, rice,, etc.,), rau (occurs only as attribute in the following construction)* dtxa h au wa termnelon,. hOU to be aimost (literary instead of gn, '&U oyster (class. con; TonikineseV', AUx to be behind, cifterwards (restr4;) ha~a hoan unhappy cansequencps.,, S-i (noun probably dpnoting a perioci of tli'e,,, in the following construction)% kki h Axi climatt? (X-noun),' Spath betwepn hpedqp*. IMIý lbuqshes*. Pt,-, (always preceded by IxM hn to be feeble (strenqith), be contemptbe(npro) khn 'u tob weak,. Without P,)WPA~ ii'eo pig (Clo~ss coP)-: fl~ (xclaationi~edin ceclZ~inc to a frievi- also; i ( n~i (ltro(ýu,', c- cxvnii t ion4-1 s ubo rd in at e 1read ic at ion, annd den o tePs wi th mo re c e rta i nty t han ni t qt theP ac i o n o f t hP na In T)re-di Caltion will take plor, a sUreP0" k~ I; -ind ne, In ~i thor ordepr. occur intro3iciglerate Condi tlrs i on~ LM-~ii t" (t_ýrk Ji n' Inver time' that s anId -qo h Oppr:, ':!rs 0a~;1~ 77 b A to be imnportant (restr:2J quan h A to be important (persion, thing)vi& eo11 an important affair., h 4t -t o be finished complotely, to finlish completely (92); h Pt I bn g to act with all one's heart (first orls n eis4 ~ hy ent'rely- h At O&" it is completely flinlshed~ hy (verb occurriolig.only in the following construction); hy vong to hope-. hope (noun),, hy sacrifical animal (restr,), hy sinh to sacrifice oneself- to sac-rificeg,. h!itn to offer (restr4,') hiefn iainh/th^. to of fer one's life: higi to appear, become visible (restri.,) bi e'n 1~I (id); hIn ay tm t ime, in these times (~nay), hi4gn tai the present moment (X~noun)- hi'i thri the present day: hI 6p t o b e u ni1t edr (resat r h ip P^hc b152n quoc the United States of America-, hi 9P h~r. to join forces; h-i!ýr ix6r.o a treaty,, pact (class., w., t&~ oi~b~n); 1I I"8 hI~P to be allied.0, hi Xu to understandý, hiLu th~fJu to urderstand to the very bottom,,, hjgu shop (X-~noun;,J a large establishment, while h~ang is small).. hi asighnal (class.9, w., thik); ra hiou to give n signal'. hlnh likeness~ appearance, image (class,, OaUi; w. class, t~tv photograph, draw. ig., painting of a person), b3inh vruI~ng a square (classý, o1")` Ok~ff h Ih to take photograph, w.Ay chý.p hlnh camvera:, v6 hlnh to draw or paint picture: hiu (breeze) is gentle and melancholy (also, hi'u hiu); hiQ qu#nAh (place) is isolated and melancholy., lonely; (to live) isolated and melancholy4 lonely (also in reverse order),, ho to cough., family,, familt-naine (X.--noun); they (persons of an age status which would allow ngurZi to classify nouns referringa to them,, and not spoken of slightingly or contemptuously;- 221, 2M31) hq thbng the whole lineage,. h9l rihb familyo: hoa flower (classl, o6il.- this is the word commonly used in Tonkin)-,. ta'ung hoa China.8 b.6& to becomne be transformed to:- to transform, change (restrj,) Au~ h6a to begme uroeanzed weterize; OJ.h6a to reform (intr4;- to remodel, reform (trans.-),, t-to b 6& the Creator (may be classified with 6rng).P. tikh h6a to make progress,, h6a to be in accords be in harm~ony, be at peace (restr:), to draw (iee neither win nor lose in a gurnejN' hi6a blhpeace (cliass, w,, OU00,) hae Lr6'c apeace treaty (claISSw. t0 or L h6a Ian Holland., dtýi ho'a I ai peaio. hoan to shout for joy., ChPoer; boai h68 to shout hurrah,, bravo,, an~u to fintish 'res3tr _ han Oa ta flinished entiaely,3 perfect; toy xfIY-s e n t i i czI 79 hohn to be circular (restr,): hohn olu the world,. the earth,' hon sadness, misfortune (restr,-); 4 hoyi unhappy consequences~, hott to be actiAve,, living (restrc,)- hog.#t d~ng to be lively, active,), ho~o or (connecting alternative statements; 207): ho~o hop.. ei ther >0 or hoo to study' learn., h9o vAn to. get an education-- eq h~o v~n education-' heo trb s tuden t (clas s, w,, ngur 'A) - hg~o h~rk to be 'educated gteuain du h12o to travel for education, study abroaid.: hqo the study of a subject,, scho~ol (restr.-I; 1& p h~o a class in school (X~noun); truib'zig hoo school (building-, X-noun),: thAy hgo teacher (classc,,, V rigvr&i or 8ng2., nki4p h~o to enrol at schoolo. h~i. to ask (question),% h~i d6 to enquire-, ki~i th~Im to enquire; d&u h~i the mark for the creaky falling tone;.d h~i. to-sound out (a person).h?)a (ciass,, A"'or nouns denoting "'stone', etc.; 14)< hang to break down, be out of repair0, hp to gather, unite (intr.:3; to unite (trans,., but occurs only in restr~,cn structions), h2p h-Oi d'&ig to hold a meeting; di hop koi. Mug to0 go toa meeting, h~. hgp* to form an association (frequently followed by 1#ih': h8 to cry out,, shout,ý give military command,; hoean h64 to shout hu rrah,, bravoto b asamed(retri; h~ hinx*t h6 (person) is ashamed, (action) Is* shameful.~: h6 lake, pool (Class,.,, Y vsspot (restr,.:),, d~ng h8 clock, watch (cl ass<o4) h to protect,, aid (restr,- some use it freely z gix~m); (di) M v# to act as guard to (cý person)-, quin ht 4J a guardsmanm, he)i* to stink, &6~ h~i sweat (nouni a- L h~i a bad smell (X~noun),< h6I a moment. short period of time fsomewhat rostr,);, h~i nhy a short time ago (an hour cr so,11. kii a*&a in c sh'ort time to come,, h6i to be undecidedh in 1isorder (restr4;, bo'i h 8p to be nervous, anxiouts undecided (a teduplicative formvation)'.,. h8i. an association,, assembly, group of persons (X.-n oun) h~i vi &a member of an association (X-~noun.1, VaO kii to join an association- 1ian quiao h~i League of N~ations,: ~i to Qssociate (irktr~ restr0; h~.i d6ng a council (cliass,,-w,,-b&n) # meeting of an association (classo< oU4o0 6ng/vign h~i d~6ng officer of an association;- kip h~i d~ng to hold a meeting,, di h~gp 4il &6ng t o go t o a Meeting; h~1 h~p to form an association (frequently followed by 1 i),3 6& a day in the past up to and including today MX-noun)- h6zn nay todayho~m qua yestcirday- h~wi ki~a day before yesterdoy; ho~m kia day before day before yesterc'ay; h16: j n9, the other day: Ir& t~ ksitl) hn the soul. (X-,-nouny), kinh h~n to be extremely terrified;, to be terrifying (in this meaning only as attribute),. lIn h~i the soul o f a dead person (X,-.noun);t t~aa h6n the soul of a living person (X.-rloun)(,' h6ng to be vermilion red;, o& hang a species of fish.: ho~ig persimmon (class.: w.- o&y for tree, trdJ. for fruiQ:,, hr~ng rose (class. wD c4~ for biush),9: hi"iiag c8ng Hong.Kong (202)., hA-P box (class6 o~iUY: to have a gap,~ be- joined leaving a gap;- to open (usually figo,) 4A h& to leave (door, window) half-open;, 1 hm vI,~ kh8n &tyt wr ihu pause: n6i kh~ng h& MAing to talk without pause9: hVI to be in a slight degree (first in series., 32),,: hcvi steacm, br~eath, has, air; thu. hoi steamshipa: hv ni to be more than (main verb, or following verb or verbal series* with d~fckect object; L62);. hoon hbt to be most (following a verb or verbal. serieis; kiq- p to be suita~le,, conformable (to. circumstances),:.hqP to be united- to unite* hqp PS~z to unite forces (with., v~i),,: hq p (see VrItdbng).h16t to cut off small bits,, h~t t6o to cut the hair.' c) o utter a loud noise,, call out to;, hd l Vo& phewl a narrow escape,& C~~~>~~ 1i t!rylfG Principles (to return to the bodjL8 ~~~~A ~ ~ 0 4oi.e e f AMeriCa (also "'o& k'< diue aPito3. of Annamn): h~ o.(legol~ ph A hi~y to destroy cornpletel,c (used only of hum~an tivy (n Lonly ýjccurs in the following, constructiont)ý Au huy$a1 the mark for the low falling tone.hw~nsubý-prefecture (%X-noun), h~m tiger (rarely used),, t0 1ic lobst or, cray f ish,; ii:a~g to be eminent,, virlile (restri;-) anh ht~ng hero (c Ias 9, w.,: nggr &i, o r, literary style, bA ).2: frtlp to suck up (liquid from bowl at spoon),, hilU to inhale, smfoke.. to be worn out (beyond repair), IA& to proritiso (to, vcr*i*); lbi hia& a promise,, i t ong incense; city hiroang a stick of incqnse,,' Jose-.stick, mosquito.-stickC. zugterritory., country,. village (restr.);, huro'ng ohti o vill1age notab2le hzcý:Ong o~ng Hong Kong (202).l a&g to enijoy (a condition In life, followed by noun or verb),. an hix&ng to."' Cjoy Peacefuilly. Ythought,# idea (X-noun); Y ngM idea;. ~~ on fv~; LI desire;. &A to notice (direct object i"s preceded by' tAn). It tay. (see am) (see Aiz4. fob, us,'advantage -to be usefyi1 (restr.);6 Loaob sfl dvcnt ageos, interesting;. foh 4J to act only for one's wwn prof'it (even with ruin to others). Y en to be cal mi p eaceful,fqui'et (e sp ecial ly, wi'thou t mTovifg q; -y~r &n t o be peaceful and secvre;. ye&i trI to feel assured (followed by rAig); dilt I3nhk.Y g (L wi*sh you) bon voyage,;.yAU to love.; YeU to be feeble;. h~n.Ytu~ to be weak,4 without power.; n to be pri*nted;, to print., 84 it to have rarely' or few (with- direct object;. not first verb in seis;to act only rarely (first verb in series), to act to a small degree (lost verb in Seri'es); there are few.?.is little.;,;(wi th direct objeact) (iS9,o20O5); It3 nhlt/ra. at least (241)9.; It1 a small quaintity, small number (X-noun).; it3 a few (numeraltor;. 1S9)., 3ngtxb'Yi. (when followed by verb fas attribuate;. cannot be numeraited,, ezcep t by tram, agbn, etc.; preceded by nhng,, an hbonbtg1, Jl-11 uhY ihdefinite n Imeaning.: Also occurs followed by demnonstrative or by nho.2 Also iý ditin an d i4 tUn b 4.2 229);. gr'.4k e and ký '.6"; ng~r Bi.M..2 some some kein ic'e.crecxn kewu x6' dta ic~e"-creain soda.: k ew tobe lests than (main verb, ior following verb or verbal serio~s;- with di'rec~t object;.not too freely* used; i 6,2). 85 kem to go along with to guide and guard (guard with prisoner, elder child with younger, etc.); to send (something) along with (e.go enclosure in letter; usually with vho or theo]) kbn a wind instrument (musical; any except flute; class,. ci)o k6o to pull,, drago k6o to move as a crowd (e.g,: soldiers marching; intra~ and trans,). k6o scissors (chlasS oAi). k&o to avoid (followed by verb or object plus verb), lest, so that:o-: not,, because otherwise (usually follows a statement about the past, an order or a proposal for future action; never follows a predication with negative verb; 218) o kbo (only occurs in following constructions); giao kýo a written contract (class, w t,'; also preceded by giyi which is class, w, tbp); lba/kf giao kbo to make a contract; kep candy.o kr to tell, recount,: kst to fasten together (flowers in wreath, b6ng); ket b1n[ (people) are bound together in friendship; (person) is bound in friendship (with, v6i); kat lieu to put an end to; to come to an end (also in reverse order), k u to call, call for, order (something); kiu Lx 1&n to shriek (also a instead of &m; l1n may precede )., 86 ki 1 kiogrm (uanifirsusually written as a rrench word),, k~to writea (tes tr.: ) k'9 giao kklo to make a contract- kj1 tn to sign (followed by noun denoting do cirren t); m kj to sign falsely, forge (ai sigtnQo ture); a,& ký history (written record in forum of annals.; clas$so -W.ý, ouba or quWyin f or a hi story book). Lhix kJ secretary (class. w.: xlggx6i; o86, etc,, ky, k to be made wuth care- to act with care;. ky o~zg (ido.; i57)o x6t k~y to examine in detail.: k~jo k) skill, ability (restr,, ); kyw ngh.8 manufacture, industry ky o* ngne (class.. w..ngtrbYi or On), k; to record (restrj.)); k) nign to commiremorate (attribute following 1v9 memory, souvenir (X~-noun);: dbi ký rd&a a commemorative Ptonumant,, memorial (class0,-o0i).: k) oneself (res t r0 foh k1 to act only for oneý's own profit (even with ruin to others);. v~i 4~ to think only of 'oneself.; be self-,-ceixtered.0 ký a fron'tier country (etJ bao kk Tonkin, nain kk Cochin.-China;* trung k% the kingdom of Annarn., afixed time or space cif. time (X-noun; restr...-, kkati~ng the end (of an action., evant);c. thti lk' period, times- kyr Coho)p oho kkr until (expected result takes place4 2.33). kia there (mor. di sta~nt th-an IVy3 kial hmstead of, the actuallJy eitn t 87 of things (occurs at the end of a predication; 199); han kia day before yesterday; ng.y kia day after tomorrow; nK kia year before last; tuAn 18 trub6o kia week before lost; th6ng trtuzo kia month.before last, kia that (farther away than kias but not used freely); h6a kal day before day before yesterday; nghy. kia day after day after tomorrow; n1i kia year before year before last; tuei 1l triz6o kia week before week before last; th&ng trxa6 kia month before month before last; kia kial (points to the correct object when the person addressed has failed to see it when it was previously pointed out, or has made an enquiry about an object which has become visible since the enquiry was made; 198)0 kis to hold with pincers (usually with 11y second in series); ki&a ohs to keep in check (someone who is about to do something terrible).: kisa to look for, search for.: kitn ant (class. con): kitn to see (restro); y kin point of view; th'nh ki&i prejudice (X-noun)l kiL to make a complaint at law-againsto: kiAu model, fashion (X-noun).: kin to be secret.: kinh to be terrified; kinh h6n to be extremely terrified; to be terrifying (in this meaning apparently only as attribute); kinh ngc to be scared out of 0 one's witts (alm~ost stupifiedJ) kxnah 89' to be terrified'.: Un~ gass(te natril);~n~ai 1* n a piece *of broken' glass~, tn kf~ a pane o f gl as s; c~p &I~t kifnh a pair of eye--glaisseso0 kip to 'be urgent, pressing (reetr4; cAn Uip to be urgent,, pressingc. kpto do an action in time (second verb in series);- to be on timie for., catch, (train): khA to bo rather good, good to a fairlyc high degree; to be rather (frst'verb in series, followed by verb denoting quality),. to aot rather i~el11 1follows verb other than one denoting a quality, or verb plus object) (&3o),kh~c to be different, other.. to be different from (direct object.) kh Aoh s tran ge r, gu es t, CUSt Omer (Cl1ass~ a.wo ngtr Yi) kh64Ch BVI hotel (clostv,- w.l nI).du kha'Ch trvaveltd tourist (Cl.asso 1Wf~ io khati to do-^Iare* tb- khaii a wri.tten dociarntion,. 2 89 khay a tray (cjasisi,< khian to be examined by-, to examine, intspec~t, make search of kh'* x~6t to inspeo t. khao to be raucous (of the voice); khao kkk~t to desire adrently (also in reverse order).: kha6.t to be thirsty-. khat khiso to desire ardently (also in re~/erse order) khlo (see kho&nhb,, kh~n towel~napkin, handkerchief, turban (class., oAi); kh~n Xa 2'tapkin;- kh~n bUn tablecloth; kh~n iau towel-; kh~.n 4lit hQndkerchief- khirL ty hodIker. chief; khkn t~ln bat h.-towelc, kh~n (see kh6), khtp to go all over (a place, places;. second verb in series after a verb denoting motion Or action action)., kh6S khý to act gently., softlyr (first or second verb anl series); kho khS idb khen to admire,, prfilse, ta~in kkier to be Qdwmirable.9 kh~o to be skilful, adrcit-; kh 6o (Itiy1YI look outi take carel kh6ok kh~ng (o6) n ga look out and don't 'Ealli khi time when something happens (X-~noun),ý khi n~o when? (preceding predica, tioni., question about futures following predication, question about post- 94);. khi. 66* thi. 006 when in past then ~<(96.~, 97); khi nbho,,, th3.,, wh a n 'i n f ut r e 0 4 ) 9,) k h i nh ot h I k h i xi ty ~ a t th e time when at, thaltim ýwith olng in rii rdiain whenever Qll that timie 25s), t ri 6,o khi. o thi I be foe e 3 (i4 a sev khi. th. of ater M-4~tki i once that,, asS CO21 as, khf air, vapor4 breath (restr,.); kh i h~u climate (X-noun)-Y khi~ng khf the air (X-nfoun),, khfI tool4 im~plement, weapon (rest-A-0 khl g661 weapon (claw,3 w,,. tV-, khl monkey (cicass,, C1On.r, khi~n to order, command, C4i rec t (res t r:, si kh*An to comrmand aS ater to sevn,, father to chlildren),khigig (two or more persons) carry (one article-- eoga with one pole, palatiquin", khinh to be scornful of,.. contemptuous of,~ make light of,: kho storehouse, piorcshecx (classP,. o~~:kio b# o treasury.. kiio to be boilled in nut&e dLua ýrmeat fih to boil in flL?6' Ax.ti kh6 to be diofficult; to have difficult (in doirg somrething),, kL6 khgn to be di f ficul to kh6e. to be locked wl1. a keyl to lock with a kcy;- a lock (c~lass. e~i); kh6& Skh6a European typq oý ock,; kh~ 6&x~bgk6 hn ty~po of lock--' Aq kh6& (re-, to rT~er a IM e ciý h 1h 6a vy (cloces, ~i3 91, kh~a to level (ground, gvar tncnanr t<;kuyk~ o become calm, consoled (f torn emotion)... khoai potato (class,, w. o Ay for plantd, olX for root)-. khoai lang sweetpoao khoai t~y Irish potato.kho6.i to be pleased, happy, khoan kho6.i to be elated.khoan to wait before doing something (followed by verb),khoan to be generous (restri;)- khoan khoa'i to be elated.kho~ng space, distance (as a physical thing- X~-noun); space of time (X..nounL,, kho~.rh khio lie moment~, instant (X.-noun; very literary).: kh6o to weep; ph~t kh6O to burst out -weeping,, kh~ to be healthy; m~u khc~e to be in good healths be well (also In reve~rse order)., kh6i smeke;- brig kh6i chimney.: khU~ to avoid, escapeo leave the shelter of.: kb~i to be healed~ get well~ kh6 to become dry4 withered (plante fruit, tree, etc.'); kh6 qvieo to warp (wood, dried fish)., be very dry (tree., etc,4,,:), khA to be unhoppy,~ wretched~ miserable,, sufferingo da khA (1d, but more intense), kh~i had to be humorous,, joking** kh~n to be notX not to exist (first verb in series),. kh8ngý `OCCurs at end of predilcation,, witf e,.6 optionally as first verb In the predication, converts the Predication into question expecting answer yes' or 'n' 4., kho'*ng to be empty (probably the eame word an the procedirtg- also occurs in restricted types of construction)-. kki6ng kh{ the a~(X-noun), kh 6ug gia1n& the surface of the ea-1'th (literary).., kh6ng (occurs as attribute in the following construction); tr~u kh~ng betel (vine class,,. w:.- o4,T, ~eof with 16),,kh~ig 16 to be enotinous, extraordinarily big (neither verb occurs in other con~ astruc t ion s).: khu Qy to become calm (fromn anger,, grief, sadneas),. khu&yV kh~!a to become calmp, consoled (from emotion.), khua~n to carry (heavt thintgs, maekner of carrying unspecified because unknown or not a matter of concerwn to the speakorý, phu khu~an porter. c~oolIe~ kbusang (verb occurring vnly in the follownMg, construction);, b~xig khu&ng, to be melancholy., undecided,, to remember without ceasing~ khixy loop for button 'ýclasaOs o 1i.,uttorthole (class> W., khuy& to be the middle of the night, to be late at night (subjec'. tr&i11,: khuyen -to ad.vise, give gocd ad0viCC,.:, 93 khu~n mould used in baking., making bricks,, etc..; m~odel (class, o6.i),. I& mule (class., con),.* la m 'a Rome, 1, leaf (t loss,, o~i. whent followed by name of plant or tree, X~-noun); (010582t for various nouns; 1.26)ot to be so.-and-.so (followed by noun- ols.t followed by verb in certain constructions, especially after verbs denoting sp-ciak, knowe etco, itself followed by direct quotation; 5)~ to be strange,, foreign; quA.i 1# to be monstrous,,, 100o peanut (classc wo. 09y for plant,,, oiA for the -nut,, which grows underground'),, l0,0 to get lost,, go astray (p~ersons, animals, things), I&1ot ipae 1 &oh spleen (class~,, 14)., ai to come (restr), gIbY/sý v~ng lai a passport; tiong. lai the future (X-n oun).: 94 1i to steer (ship,, automvobile);. tay 1~i steering-~wheel, till1er (class'..~i ngur&I IAI thuy~i helmsman.: 1,k~ to come, go towards,, 1i to do agatin (as first verb in series., itdnte1eetto of the action of te scon vebsor sometimes lmoreover":P as second verb,,in series i denotes repetition of the action of the first verb because the preceding occur. rence of the action failed of its object,. L284-- see oti3c b~n IP1 to resell, mualq194 to but at secondhond,. I.L-. to act contrary to expectation (first verb in seriesi;. to rest cat a plafte instead of acting in such a way as to leave it (second verb in series, onl.y wIth a few vorli~ prceceding`-& i 10 repitairi (whilai ronteone else leiv JjOv or instead of leaving oneself)-, diS~ng 1jil to stop or 3tand st~ill (Iflbiood of going on moving);,(a 1 to leave behind (instead of" tknkilnt away With one), lay to shake,, agitate (trans,-)- n6i. lay to stutter- lung lay to be shaken, agitated( ug. 1iui to do, work; to act es,~ to be in relation of (followed by noun denotinig person who is of a particular occupation or is in a particular relation to other person identified 'in Sentence e~.father.,, friend-. 232),. 141a oho toc make (something or someone do sompthinq., followed by object plus verb;, or a plus verb plus objact-; 184..4 3'jrý c b n~ to work at the same place,,Ia~n species Of ir- iT0J2 45 fo. pc;v b~3v hý _ 95 lan to spredd (intr,,;ý water, fire~ vegetation. th'in gs spilt; Usuall1y followed by ra... lang (Bee khoai), IlAng to be smooth (cliothe, skin, ec4 ling ding neighbor (class, w, ngtrzyi); nh~ lý1Ang d I' ig neighboring house,, SL~ng village (X-~noun't. lhng 4~ý, Thng thixqng the lower village, the upper village (there are many such paired villages, with hj* and thtrqp'g as first elements of the names,, 0~., Hf.ohij, Thtrngo-hoi). lanli to be agile,, quick, alert (lik!!'cnbefloedbi~spe p lanh to earn (frequentky followed by dtlnqo lanhlcrg tdawpy lknh to get heailed., get well., 1~k to be slightly cold; l_#nb Vklu x~tXOnr to be cold., penetrating to orte~s bones, ri6ng l'-*;Lh to have fever.: lao (see l6m)v lao (see ai lao)', 140 Los lAt a moment (X--noun); (018t) lit. raa in just a moment; ohtolIAt momn~) lit (also rihAt', Tonkin) a thin slice MX-noun),; a sweeping blow (preceded by t follows only a few varbs)o oat l19t to cut into thin slices, 96 1~to kloor.) pave fdir-ect obj~ect eit.her a noun~ derioting rnateri-al used or structure paved, or ahn~ to be paved with,' 1at to be watery, insipid (too, soupJ,, to be light, (color) (also zih~t, Ton~iO 1&ii to wipe, c~tan (with a cloth;= Ohibi). Ito to sh ak e wiOth wi de si de- to-.s ide mo t ion (in t r and t ransj Jc, tau to shake the head ~in denial);- y Ac pendlmocok lasci3 11&a five (when it follows in an addi tive construction a numeral in the ton., order;. Si. 531, i~t)o lLA to be very (last vorb in seriesAL) to have mnny~, much (first or lost in series')-, there are many is much:Q(with direct object) (268),. 1itn to roll (lntr,: and transo:)<,. 1i.n to swim under watorl (sun,, rfoon;, star) sets;. th.u i.xL submarine,: 1fug to be quiet, making no nise; ph~ing l1Xig to be smooth, level., un'ruf fled: l ap (machine) is assem,-)ed, (part) is adjusted in place;, to assemble (Maich ine.4,0 adjust (part) ion p~cce... 1lky to take., lky An 'to take (arother's property) because onfe Is confusoda l1ty mti xRuflg to take off hat'; l1 l 'am (plus verb or verbal series denoting emotion) to feel so--andr-so (because of.teasort given),- 1Awy (direct object) a~m (plus verb or verbal serýies denotitig a qluality) to consider (something) Of such-~an&-such a qual'ity (4.8$, 2S93-: ity to be wet and.*or muddy fased of roads and paths), l&6 bim to speak Or think in one's head,,) silently (secon'd in series,,, fol'.owing ri6i,, t~fnh, etc-,- 9001, IlIM to be mlistaken,, make a mistaket, anx to be near,, neighboring (rastr,:)ý, 19a G 4rL to be neighboring,, Any, I-An to be mingled, mixed (V~i 3withl is optional);. An 1-6n (i~da); 1l&y 1 In to take (another a property) because one is confu~tede tinh l1U. to mix up the calculation (intentionally '; giilp 11n nhau to give 'aid to one Qnothar2-, ltrL a turn, tim~e,, round 1X-~nounXo 1lAng (very literary4 only occurs reduplicated after nhe used of feelingsA,-to be li gh t: 4ýp to found,, establi'sh, organize:ý to be founded- thn 1p (id C 1.P to turn upside down (intr.,-and trans,_)- 14~t t&ly to show (someone) up,. lau to take ot- spend a long time (main verb);. a long time ago,4 for a long time (follows verb or verbal series); for many post. (without subject, but with noun denoting period of time as direct object) (207);, (met) It l1iU (na&) a little while longer and;:.( fal lowed by prodi cat ion), f or a lit tl, wh IlIe longer (following predication) (207)o, b&o la~u to take or spend how long a time? (or indefinite) second in verb sories-. 208),- lau 4i to be an antique (207)Y, 98, Flu Palace (~sr' o&o lau' restaurant (usually preceded by hliI or hhngV).* I1AU to be tall (said o~f buildings at least twostories highL 1&U to fail to. declare (taxable person or property in village),, to falil to pay (tox), to be contraband. smuggled (used only as attribute to noun)- bia8zn/c6j man~g (noun) 14u~ to trade in/~fhave/ bri ng in smuggled articles, to smuggleýýW reasons cause (X-nouni also nhe#, Tonkin%. o6 16 probably,.perhaps., to be odd (of numbers)- (LOQ. etclý:) has additional wnilts (U).: (tonguel sticks out; to stick out (tongue). leo to climb (especially with oid of hanids),. 18 pear (clasa.1 w,,: ogy for tree, tr6.i for fruit),,, 1E, 1 religious ceremony, religious festical, fate (X-nour); 1Z ph6p, pollte.~ ness; 19 t~t present given at a festival (X-nouri); tu&T 11 a week (~! 14 dtizb'ng sidewalk (class,:' W. ~), 1lan to go up, come up; to go or come f rom Annamese Indo,-Chine to Oaumbodgia or Laos (203); (follow4.ng a verb denoting a desirable quality or state, denotes the attainment of that qualilty or state.. 210, 248)1; 1lAn ohi. o to promote (a~.Person); dtg'o 1&n oh~o to be promoted., 1~ih (see linh), millimetre (X-~noun)< ly to withdraw from~, separate oneef frm restr.:); thoAt.l tob1ie 99 rated from,, get rid of (frequently followed by kha.i,, literary),, 1i# the reasoning faculty, law (restrA,-I o6 1# (staternent) is reaksonable 1j [job the facts about a person (required for of f ic ial documen tso cl ass, 9W. 01) 1y6 village, isection of a town (restrA:) 1j tru &ng ifayo~t of village; 6ng jf Mayot of village, bh 10 wife of mayor of village.' lich to be experienced in (restrJ-). 1"oh siý history ais the experience through which a country ot person has passed (X--noun),~ l,ýh alp to be polite4, have sovoir faire! ph6p 11ph a'q the usages of politeness;l If joli the facts about a person (required for offivial documents, class,. w,,V. O U64, to lick., ligk to unite (intr,- restr;); 1i 8n hilp to be allied~ Iigk quto hI~.Lea of N~ations; suing Iigi thanh machine,-gun.lij~ Ufan rice or soup bowl with cover (class0 O6.i*, or quantifier),, lidn to be contiguous or touching (may take direct object)- to act IMmed iat elIY (second in seriesld- to do an action immediately after a previous action (first in series);. 1ign Iign to act in quick succession.: 111%~ 14u. "to complete, finish (restr.:); k~t Ii~u to put ain end to; to come to anYý end (also In reverse order),liQto think about,, reflect on~, weigh in one's mind. 4 LOO 1iAU mfaterial (restr,,) nguygi 11-6u raw material (Xpnoun)0: linh to have specicals supernatural power, a being with such power; linki -&& the soul of a dead person (X--noun.),. linki soldier,, especiall~e private., policeman (class. w0,. ngtrbyil; 3.m thi~y sailor In navy-. tang 1b to enlist as a soldier% 86 Ti soldier' s papers,, ýpay record'. lainh an order (class. w.: li-can be class. w.- 0, for a written order.. also 1~h;oho/ra 1inh to give an order.: l1 t litre (quantifier), 10 to worry (about a person,, vA or oho- about a thing,, v&I;1. lo thea to worry secretly (without telling an yon e) 16 to stick out (heads, neck) part way,, 10& bell of trumpet, mhegaphone,, loud--speaker (usually preceded by tug., Which is class~, w,, oA*);. g21i lo to call with a megaphone,ý bo0.i kind of beings (in the broadest sense, human beings, birds,, fish.. etco--, X~-noun); loki. v4t the animal klingdoms, 1oU. selu b2, the insect worlds insects'.: lo4, a.0species, kind (restr<,) d nhAn 1c~fi humankind, humanity.,, bo'On to be in revoltM rebellion,, disorder-, gAY/119u 10tz~ to incite to revolt; lo*atrf to be disordered in intellect-, r~i lop~ to revolt; n~i. boqn revwlution (class0. ou6o),, b-1 n~i. 1otu ýcoun try) suffers a revolution.: 120 to be filtered;, to f il ter,: io~' l6n~g to purity (liquid) by letting sedi'ment settle, l6ng tai to listen,,: lbn~g the innards (c'assI, b'oA); bang Thng to be satisfied to, content to., oh 6n lbrug to lose one~s en thus 1asrn, lose heart,, hhi P6ng to be happyý stidfied-V content; eaii 16ng to be disposed to-. vulI lbng to be pleased's 16t to line garment:, Ao 16t undershirt- qta~a 16t underpiants-, quin 6o 16t underclothes,, tin 16t. rviddl~e name.: 16 a hole (nostril., ear, in cloth,, pit in earth,, X-noun); 1 zafSi nostril". 16 (occurs only in the following construction);. kh~ig 14 to be enormfous~, extraordinarily big9,. 0. rood (restr.);,- quan 1^ the Mandarin Road (always preceded by 44x&rrg), 16i th6i to act wrongly because one does not know any better, (to tell story,, ask questions) endlessly because one does not know any better,, (clothes) are carelesalfr worn or kept in bad repair "L9Q1,, 1t~i path,, footpath-. fashioný -style (X~-noun)!- 18i. ra on exit; 181 vhO on en trance.II to c'ommit a fault or faux-~pas; fauilt 'is committed; xin 19*1 6ag. I beg.your pardon,. 0& to move 'in water (wade or swim)~~ V l8n~g hair of body (clasv., W" Boti for one hai'r)-. fur,, feather (clias, o~i)< 8~t (crustacean) changes sho~ll, (snake) sheds skin.: to remove forcibly (ai coverin q, e..go somebody "s coat),, 1lOt chiv C to demote (a person)-. b~j 14t oht~o to be demoted.: o'to act without thinking or caring what one does-,. lor I výng to act lacka daisically,ý without potterfl: 1y,ý 1q to be clumsy with (hand, foot,~ wordsz mouth,~ etc,.),.V to miss% (Meal,, timie) by bad management 16-i spoken word (X.-noun; also nhb'i.~ Tonkin) - 16i h`~aapoie ~aT' to address; trA 1bi to answer (noun following denotes person ansewered or thiW answered,, e6ge, letter),.. lbi to make profit by commerce or money.-ending'- profit, interest., lq~i to make profit by producing (agriculture,, fishing,~ etc.:);ý to b rftbe profit (made by producirgq; class4 w,: m&) ti.'n 191 tobbovnet andiab. prof itabl%-), serviceable,l6'n to be big4, 16a titng to raise the voice., 16 n la6o to be very groat.,4 1npig (class. con; Ton k in an d An n fm)Y, 16'p rank~ raw,, class (X o -an) 16&p bgo a class in school.l1'P to roof (house). put (thatch_4 tiles) on house, 1-da rice (plan~t and grair): 1-48, silk cloth.' lu~n to lscss~consider frestr,.. P nrlux public opinionl. lwt law (general or collect ives, 6ilSu I1ut a 1QW 14Vlu nhh binh milI tary law or rule,ý, lila moment.,, instant (X-,nouný.. lul to recoil.., withdraw (frecquentiy followed by 1ai)ý to withdraw) move awaIy (trans.). lul re. to withdraw from the person speaking,, move away'. 1Ui binh to withdraw troops~, 1u)". A~y gAl"y b- 4 to make change for a bill'o btr 6rw ul'. (l#i) to step back,: 1uy~n to refine., purify (metals, also fig, iestr2.) luiyý& t&, to Practice iln t r,, to train (trans..,'i e.g.. troops),-. r ýn Iu~y gn to forge Maniufacture lung to be shaken (restri-, wiag lay to be shakeno agitated d,8ng). 1uoo to be boilled in water- to boll i~n water... lu On t o do all at the same time., all in one operation,, lu~n to act often (last verb ini series, i78)-. luormkQf toat ey fe (first or last in series),-43oatvr fe 1nga current (X-,no~n; usuall1y followed by noun or verb attribute)~,: lilt to flood flntr,, an6. transi<., luýt a flood (class~,, w.- vu or tvr4ný:; tr&4 zwra 1 ut,, the rain causes a flood,, to travel (restrj4 I1i thi? to have traveled fare be far away ~oihm i04 (especially in foreign country,; restr's to attribute position after ngu~bol or t6~ f ire; bAt 1&~t to snap on a cigarette-4ighter-, xe 1i %6 railroad; tzain.~ 1lZea donkey (classo con: r Ulma to deceive, cheat, trick.,, ltyo0 strengf-k"I trestxj,,- hro e lang astren gth, f orce (X~n oun); hibp 1io to join forces- nghi 1t. o energy (X~-noun).w, ltzng the back (c lotss, c aii, sau hrxng to be behiond at the back (also~, on the backc, used instead of ]axng jiseld as object of verb, eg,-, & a~ngv 46.nh, ng6);4 1&ng to be plierceQ- lt~ng 18 to have a hole.,, 1%ýng to act unconcernedly (occurs following quganý h6~),, of l!n g to act I acka.daisically, without patteyn,,ý 1'x 6i a net, screen (class, o6.i or ORM)L spider--web (class,, c4i); d Anh 1hr &i to catch (f ieh~, birds) witit net..:, 1 v i 7 -1ii ton Que- blade (of knife,; saIw, etc.4, (cias~s, o~i).. hr K to be lazyý hr 6ri b i ýn /nh~o (IId,:L lht gm to reach down and pick up.:lito ng p ay,, waiges; 1 loxn~ h(i'r 6) n "IuM yearly$ CaIy CIT oung vq conl family 0110U.' wan ce; 1ýnh lur org -co d r aw pay; ph~t tr omg to pay wagas (on pay,-ray) ti r cLyn g Wag";s (Q~; tL-own onm pay-day "In cQSAs".. 1o05 Lxo'ang to be. good,, virtuous, honorable (re str....) hrzo'ng ta&1 good intentions. good will; v6 1iroang to be dishonest,. liz V9g an ounce (X-nioun-.iA6 lb",, i/.26 kilo).,lix qng to weigh, measure (restrj,)- 1c ltzqng strength, force Xnuy 1Lt U to follow the current4. (restr0:)P phong 1%r u (life) is hapFpy aind easy.goingu 1iZU pomegranate (class.-, w,, oky for tree, tr~i for fruait).: cheek (class.. w.: b~n)b grave., tomb (clasasQ: oii or n~), M but (violently Qt variance with what one would expect on the basis of the preceding statement- i88). with the reskilt that (preceded by question about action in' past or present,~ or by rheterical questions or by statement* 24S, 266),, W06 M (particle.,, at end of declarative and imper'ative predications,~ when the speaker repeats with insistence something previously. said,~ or implies that what he says now should have been done or understood before,,; 270),,, (optionally introduces attribute predication, especially when the head.ý noun is preceded by an extra classifier obi,, which has a demonstrative sense).~l rice-.seedling (class,, w,::<a), znai. tomorrow (also preceded by nghy)-, a6.g nsi. tomorrow morning,;. ohi$u. m& tomorrow evening; tU1 zfl& tomorrow night,,. MAI* roof (clossn, o6l).,,i inii female bird (used ais attribute following noun denoting species of bird),0: misa P ati to do without coming to an endo go on and on (follows in series a verb w ith or without object, whose action is thus qualified-, mimy be repeated to give emphasis); to move all the way to a distant place, be all the way over to a, distant place' (follows verbs denoting motion or perseptlon (thty,ý ugh.).., oT v;249).: iaito shar'pen;. dIA MiiAi Whetstone (cia~ssh?.~) M&)f to isewj MV to have' good luck, be lu-cky;, maiy min&f (i d:.JaSrY ra by good luck (usually subordinate predication preceding main predication>.1- 4P i~ good opportunity,; aobtx;kh~ng may not to have good ludck, -be unlucky.. by bad l u.ck (cis subordinato pre'.,-ef ~cading antre~atn uiAy r4ochine (class*: 46. or A). y~ bay airplane (ciciss.- ohigo); b~, &AY baby airplane engine (X-noun)ý, &A6Y d4if dyna~mo; za~y &tiji t~hai teleph~one apperam. tus., telephone (class.: o43.)- bilt sly fountain-~pen (old,.-fashiorid usage); ngtx~i. (6~ng) &Ayj nhtt/rihl/b&/tir ~st/2.nd/3rd/4th engineer.sky you (used by elder to child, by superior to--inferior arrogantly,, or by person quarreling with another); oh~ing AELhy you plural tin same contexts),,, san m6.o to be vague or widely ranging (second in series after ngh!., bu6n, etc,,. a reduplicative verb series with first verb as base),,: mana Man (tribal name)0 mbz mosquitor.curtain (class., c4i;. northern); curtain., window,.shade (cl0s19 man (see ohO)0: &"ug to bring or take with oneself (usually followed by theo).: maRig to wish,, desire (restrj); mo zmhng to be in a reverie, be dreomny,, mkong life (restrv.);. vong &Aug~ to act without paying attention to Consequences careless of results,: a~nhpiece, fragment (X-noun);, a~ahto be very thin,, fine (thread, hair).ayhto be strong- ma~nh kh~,. to be in good health, be well (also, in reverse. order).~: WO8 x160 to t-orge, fake, falsify (restr.).- m~o ký to sign falsely.) forge (a signature), a o nh4n to make a false claim to- 9A~ moo to be forged,, false;to forge, fake.MA~t (air) is fresh (usual1V4 with subject t.r~i); (body, skin) feels fresh,, ~aau to e quckrapid)., fast; Ma&u 1ito speed up (2i0).: MAU blood; m6 au to shed blood.: ahu color (X-noun). SIo to be caught in,, entangled in (net., trap- fig..ý work, disease); ag~o (phWd blab to fall ill, MA~O eau (fish), 'i's caught with hook and line;$ 'go's n to be in debt; dac pkiMi tay to fall into the h~ands of;.0z~ ~ ob guilty; M10O Vilo to be busy,., into 6.0 clothes~-rack (class.: o6.i).: m~oto put on (Coat3 shirt, trousers; usually followed by vkO-. L2).: 4oý d~u z nhtxrig (oting) in spite of Yet ~v:(223);-. sa.o dtu o6/kb8ng.~(dt.; ntiaeJq (thu)9,- ofing oao even if 0v0,OJ yet,c.;0 (223)0: MIA salt fish (classo, con);, ntx~c dina fish sauce (used either as condistent or to cook meat or fish inV4 dIi to be fertile (womnan, animal*;i, a diiA to have good luck, be lucky., =On to be salty, salted;. niz 6,P. iin s e a.wateor.-. a~g bamboo spro~it (cla~ssc w.0 fay); nrxg t~y asparagus.: 144ng out mangosteen (clQassw, cay for tree, rifrfut. mat eye (class,ý conl; oYp for the pair of eyes); knot 'in woo Id (cless,. o~iY, -~ a t kchapihfey~lse, k6 u~t a knot or knotty place' in cut timer; quoz~ & to open the eyes. which shine.., Mgt face (class. oAi)- 4~t Vrb-i the sun-, 4ttr.g the iVhoon- b& 4~t faia eprsson(X.nu 9 ip w_&t to be in the presence of. facetofc wi th,ý n6t 4~t the features, countenance (X-.noun)- ngx6~ At to raise the f ace (so as to look upward'i nhi mn t (1) to frown- quia 4t to overttake(person~, autemoblile)- quay 4~t 14& to turn around (so as to look);- soi to look at oneself in a mirror;1 they &A~ (cho) to represent,~ speak foria t9;x 4Xt to blush: vin 4t9 X (person) is absent; there is absence o nu following denotes person who is absent)u: MA~Y cloud (class..). 4am; ii8)jmly how many? some (numerator; 169; occurs numerating a noun and pre~ceded by anumeral expression for an order above ten,., om tnd,. 'ten odd'., 'between ten and twenty!, 239).): i to be clever-, bright,, smart (restrJ); Lgnfh zit ecee,,bih (used of ideas, thoughts,, etcXK Aut to lose, to expend, speftd (money,, time);P to be lost (sal eodi series in this sense., 032% znht o6ng to expend effort,, waste labor* a &t iataa. ti0 there is ai-bad harvest,: Au xhu an Annamese acre (i 1/ 3 acres< hectare W1O0 met res X 100 met res) (quantifier)( M6 the space or position just next to a line of demarcation.X;-nounq3, M# Geng edge of river w6 b~i n4y this Bide (of objects, tet ec40 1-. mo ther (class., w... ng~riY 26o cat (classý con).' M60 Meo (tribal name).. AQ6P corner of mouth (class., w(,ba, or X--noun);,,- ra*u ni6p moustache, znQn to be soft,, M4n to adore, worship (strong affection towards a person),Aa~f to be tired, exhausted, instoa. to be very tired.4to be beautiful (restr4;) America,, the United States of America (offi"cial term rather than popular)- msy t h ult to be artistic (a thing); fine arts,, MY'.4~ thu~fit an artist (X.-noun).: u~. wheat (for the grain., always preceded by 1 tla; binh uli brood (for a I oaf, class, w.- e~i or L); t ml. wheat-.flour... MI& sugar.,.cane (class~,: w.,. A,, uaL an Chinese type of noodles, dried before cook Ing9,4 eni& geographical district, region (X-.noun)>. ffiifl~a sice' pi.eqe. quantity small than the whole (X-.noQAlVzing6t trhI~ ese than a full cup o(' tcji' ui &ng a mouthful (X-.noun)'. miiIn mouth (class,. 0610,,: JUIM to smile (only 'in cofnb~nationisý aLj, otr&i, oirbel zjini& SIMn sing Otizbi)~ mzinh oath ret) d6g&nVthe Allies (also follows o60 rW6o ais Catti bute). Mininh to be clear,, bright (rstr.:); min-i inulu to be clever,, bright (of ideas., thoughts'. etc.); t~h6ag minh to be inte-LIigent; vr Ka mink to be civilized~ civili~tation;' JaInl body (X-noun). you (saic) by husbald to wife or wife to husband)* ohi~g Abhwe (inclusive of person cvidressed,- oh-dng Va), nit mlnh alonle (usually followed by word with pronominal refer'rnce);, btro smih to be displeased, annoyed; d6n sdnh vi~o to plung~ into kifig6); 4 4t m3.nh to be startked; hiAn midri to offer one's life;.ei~n& mmih to tremnble.: Jult jack (class,, w,, e aY for tr~! b4.rAi for fruit).: 4t ~to be very dark (used wit)- verbs aA, t~i, and a few others);. 4ýIi zat to. be very dark (because of fog,, sikAe etc**- also iin reverse order),, 26 a mine (class,. oii)-. Phu 10 miner-. than M6 COalICI' nib to grope for, feel without seeing-, n61 abn to talk without knowing, what iL2 one is talking about- 08 mik to have curiousity.ý ta6o to insert (fin gers) in'o, holeg to take out of holv into which one cannot see (eogz, pocket),. moo (plont~pushes up through ground,, (sun., moon,:, star) rise's (teeth'4 come through gumis, (rock) juts uvp from' ground;. to cut (teeth':M61i to be tired or overstrained so that one feels it in (a part of theo body)., (part of body) feels ti-red or overstrained,., alo ol (numerator); nii v4t everything-, m'i v4t gl anything,, Mvi Moi )Itriba1 name)-,, ndn a2 dish on the men.u., course (X-noun).. Laong to expect4, await,) desire impatiently, saong tr 6o Cd) m6rig nail of finger or toe., hoof (class,, 06.i)1 zn6n tay fingernail#. &&eg ohhri toenail, M&Ig (cloth., paper) is thin.,, Mot wood-boring worm (class.,, con);> (wood) is worm--eaten- ohs/is int wr~ in wood,, Mn6 (noun occurring only in the following construction),, so h6OwetCtoun); ra ad h68I, bil &o' h~i ra to sweat,,, in80 wood frestr,) mrxo nhfL edible fungus growing on tree (cl1os s o4. h mn~c a. worker in wood, ccrjpentero mI.lip (X..notuiri; the pair of ltips 1.s c~4ass.W" w. cpl ga&L termite,, white ant (class,, Con"I;o dbng ciPJL a white ant h111l2 M0i ain end that one is going to join waith another similar end (of cords that onewil til. togjether,, of iron that one will weld., of ends of road that will b joined by bridge, etc.- X-noun), M63i (followed by certain verbs denoting emotions, it denotes the state of being so-and,-3o, like sat, e~019 bu&n, r9%~ 4au thuong, titoe, nh&~ ti~o, etc. h also U64 as class, for Vinh and 1qi),: mai~i eaoh (Num.r at or). m~ng (ng4y or h~m pluis iu~ng plus one of the numerals from L io M.. denotes one of the first ten days of the month),: mn8ng to dream (restr~j; gigo ai~ng a dream (X-noun); Ma' 4ng to be in a reverie, be dreamy- tha' w~ng (days) are full of joy and happiness (aipparently used only as attribute),., m&t one (following in an additive construction a numeral In the ton.-orde,r but not atzrbi i tSol f~ 53,0 11- in giving measurementis, amounts of money,, etcOAý immediately following a numer~ated unit,) it denotes one of the next lowest unit, 66;*. in additive numeral constructions, when it follows immediately a3 numeral denoting an order from tr~ui upwards., it denotes one of the next lowest orde-rs, L02)@ 114 4t one (Pxcept in consltflltýýoflB when mt~t 'iI Used', In att-Cibute position ofte:ý aou denoting a thing to be used by one; 224Wýý Lki~nl iat Nov-embprA q\uan zaft second -Aleutenartt (in armay).. Ma to dream,, ma~ taing/m~ng to be 'in a feverie., be dreampy; gI o Mao a d r ean; nLn ac to have a drew..' W apricot (class,, w, cay for tree, trJi. for fruit),,: a&,0Mv grease., lards nnimal fat,): a& to be open-- to open (door., window, box; usually followed by z&;. 112); m&i rn-t to uncork (usually with ra)l i& to be visible only dimly or obscurely,, to be only semiftAransparent, dimto see dilmly;.- zMiai~ (id usually second in series), I&' gn& Ii.de 190) n6'i to be new;, to have just recently happened (first in series); to be ab~out to take place Immediately at the end of a future period indicated by preceding subordinate predication (first verb in series,- L39).:. i.b'i to invite, x~lkv zui hat other than the conical or flat pease-ant's hat, hat of Europeaan Style (Cl1ass a.aa* 1," to be blind (eyes or persor.), to be dark (because of sorriething in ai"~t be foggy (sbjc tri) aiýl ci to be th ickly foqggy; i t b eydr lbacause of fosmoke,,, otc,*ý also in reverse order)~ 88 iAt to'be fo~qgy a u b ec t t r&i)si CZrr' JD' to0 be f 0ggy!Sub;tect trUiW J 00, tau& to buyac MU Q season (X-.noun)- harvest,~ crop (X...noun); &soaa thr sagd harvest;l A~t sihae, there Jis a bad harvest,,,,nilo to ladle out (soup into bowl, water from large coritaineri)y SUO eye (restr.:)-, sWa~!foh an oims object (X-noun)O* aiu hood (of samipan, car,, etcv'ý class~, odi)0, nii iinose (clas,s, o6i.i). mii dao point of a knife.& mafl giky too of a shoe; ad."I thu bow of a ship- 18 uitii nostril..,, Mai section of cltrus-frult, mangost~en,, jackfruit (X-..rounY., xU a ismell (good or bad,- X -noun);, jut theln good sifell - l1 thbai/h6l ~bad smell-. ng&i thl.y muli to smell (somethin~g),, mt~i color ( m4.aa rentr4, rtzqu atii liqueur.: Smirg mosquitou-curtain (claiss, o~i; Anniam and Cochin,-China),: inubi salt; to be salted for preserving;, to salt (meat3 fish, vegetabies) in order to preserve-. b0 inui to put salt (into~vho).: Mi m4Li mosquito (class, Co00. zau6n 0,000 (southern;p d.Q$)< znuba to want top y znu~n a desire; th.am jftUAof to be greedy~, rapacious unscrupulously amnbitious~,' Inubng bindweed (class(, w1. ogy for plant~, rau for vegetable part)10 Mubng spoon (class, w,,, 04i,, or quantifier- southern,), MIX& to rain lfsubject tr~yi);. 6o mtra raincoat,,: Mr. 0 ink (Chinese or western type); oofl zIq a stick of Chinese ink (con is class.,) vi& Anf&VJc a round tablet of Chinese ink (viki is class)J~, zmo n~~,ni 6~o mT o liquid ink (western ink),. btt ~ pn(fwsern ty'pes including fountain-pen-, class.,. o041 or oy. Mv, 0 cuttlefish, squid (class, con,- frequently preceded by A).,: mznrng to be pitased- to wish happiness (to., cho)OI jute ag r& t o be ve ry much pleased-. Xn zn~xng to celebrate (direct object 14 or ngbhy), d6 mx'r ng a festa sift (wedding, birth,, Christmas,., etc,,);. tin ate~ng good news. atrIng th(M. to rejoice secretly (without twiling anyone e~) lira!Io' ten (when numerated by a preceding numeral;$ seezzbiMZnZAi ten (when not numerated by a preceding numeral, eee =v% Sinr 6A to hire(someoneý), rent from someone,, 1M19~n to borrow (without paying interest)~ cho zt~ to lend, mixb'-ng Muong (tribal natne)..v Mv Opp a spdcies of squatsh (class,. wo c A for plant,, tr~i for fruit), n& custard..-apple (class,, w,, cay for tree, tr~i for fruit),, n~i a hand (port of a bunch) of bananas (X..noun,.K, naV this ('of 'day' and `yearl),, at this time,, In these times (subordinate predi.".W cation preceding main predication);, h~jm nay today; iA naY this year; hIp nay at!this time, in these times- xtra nay, tt** xta den ne~' frmln 0g up to nowo. nay this (time) a short while ago; h~i/khi/1ido nS.Y- a short time ago- ban nx'ay ashort time ago; nay gib& from a moment ago up to now (0140d' r~ dngi) U4> sayl Ccihtts attention of inferior or intimnate,, especially when, he is near the speaker, also calls attention to a new subject;1 frequently followed by vocative, page 74R),) fl&M south; i!8ng nam southeast-. t~y fain southwest.;na kCchn~hia an nam the Annamese-.speaking country;. van nain Yunnan.: n1~Z to be discouraged abo'ut,, recoil from difficulty; chinl l&r3t edigse (fi'). discouraged. n&ni a distressl, hat.dahlp- to be difficult,, hard up (restr"); non nh an victim~ (X-nourt). t~ai np~n ci~saster, calamity- bad accident (clcass,. o4.i or vu,).. nho whichl any (a preceding noun is classified.. 40, 91, 92), Io O 0 2., oting every (cring precedes all other verbs., including the negative verbs~, a. and optionally sa6; 93); khi nho (see khi and ntyj-; oh~xng aho =khi n* (initial and final in question, 'Initial in subordinate predication; especially Tonkinese, 225), ohrng nho~ th. oargnyc in proportion as to that proportion (22 5). n~p to hand over to officials(taxes,. crlimina~ls a~), nit to be broken, crushed to pieces.rr$ -to terrify by wordso< n Kin five (except inL constructions where Amiu is used); quan na col oneav anin Iear (XInouA.'3; n~a riay this year; ani n~go~i last year, nKin kia year. before last, anin k~a year before year before last; nKin sa~u next year; anin t~i year after next6K n~m the fist; a closed handful (X,.,noun).: rL~u to close (hands tightly (usually with 14*), seile with hand tightly; t make ball of (rice,, flour).-; am to be lying dow#n; n tumn~ to have a dream; nI& ngl~w to lie on the back;umqueo to sieep with knees to chin,, n~ng (weather) is% sunny (subjectjtrboi). o am n~ing to get sunstroke; ago h. n Ing a "L9 to be out in the sun,., 4~ng to be hetavy-- stý o 4.aig Vth we igh t co f omi o bject 'X~-nounla, d&k 'u the mark for the low level tone,' nly (diemonstrative referring back to a previous interrogative, egOVriZo, g&i~ si);. khi nho thi kh"~ a ct the timie when c at that time (with oting i01n t he main predicaition,, 'whenover,. at that time 0:;255iIohbirig aho VM. o-,ohie ng n~yo in proporti'on as to that proportion S(225);, at the time when arect that time e,:(255A Bale uzQ), nk~ this (of thingis persons,, places. etclv also of times except for 'day' n 'year').: nkmz mushroom,, toadstool.;classoC w, O~Ay orn nip to hide ornd let someone rose (intr-l); 11fMXftP An ULp to hide for protect ib'n (lntrý,:); there Is hUdden (with direct object denoting thing txidden).6 nip (see thp)ca riau to be brown*: rilu to cook (in general); to be cooked; nOu nitz69o.98i to boll water: n6sn to throw at ca mark; n6m thao to throw (something) at (somebody who runs),n n16o to anchor (in tr,: and t rons0; usually f ol lowed by 1,*4)I; an anchor (cls o6i); bc6/thAi neo to cast anchor,, k6o noo to raise anchor,. n6t. stroke of pencils pen, brush (X--noun1;; ri6t 24t the features3ý COUntnAnc.'MQ,* L 20 ne to have regard for the honor olf "a persorL2, to act.80 as to preserve the face of (someone esY a A& mattress,, choir:,pad (classo- o~i or ta. nA&a to develop into, result in., become (with direct object'), there develop$', there is a~s result (preceded by predicatic'n optioonally with vi.; and followed by predication~i 'that is whyf"4 ~72)-. trY rflt1 to turn out to be (with direct object): n&n to be obliged to (do so-~and-so), ought tot.. fl4Z foundation,, basis (X,:noun)- mn& nhh foundation of a house (clcass.. o&i) ri~n trbYi the vault + of hentvent r1~p glutinous r i ce0. copmn nAp glutinous rice cooked like ordinary riced, by boiling in wat~er (ordinarily it is stsumed~in a special pot),, a 4U i f (8 9, 90): n.4n to reflect upon~, learn by heart trestrj) l n.m~ omeoaeCati. bute with 1el), a memory, souvenir (X--noun). niga age (restrxJ. thanh ai&i youth (the age, cr the pert~cnsl); nht*'ng t h srh niii the youth.: nin h to be braised: simm~ered in ct sm~all amount of water for a long timeo so as to yield a thick soup,, to braise,, sinunter Iz hý6*n, t*l4 no to be full cf food thcaftex eatling?. I I iý a 2 1 a6 it (child., an0a thn) hi 6te tIngail animals,, children,,, persons spoken of slightingly or contemptuously;. 224)~,,; 119 (demonstrative of ditantkm, but rather vague, reference; occurs referring rather vaguely to the third in a group of three); h~i xq U the other day; nq. k! ka one another: the oneo the other n6i to talk.. speak, n6i ohuy, to converse;. n6i lay, to stutte-r4. n61 a1b to talk without knowing what one is talking about;, r6i ngwxoqo to speak falsely (against, cho),, n6i tIti to say summwarily-, a61 thle to spook Ina low voiceo non to be tenderi, young.,, frail,, fteble,, to be a little smaller than., to be a little leass than (a numerated am,3untL-1 a6n hot (the con~f'col hat or the ronkinese woman's large flat hat; in Cochinv. China, any hat- clas~s.04c0i).: n6ng to be hot (su~bject trbi., if the woather is spoken of),. n6ng 1.'ph to hGu# f eve r n6 to explode tlintr2,)., n,6 phie to explode firecrackers; oh~t a6 an explosive (X-rtoun)-, nUi to be joined together from several pieees;. to Join (trans.-. by tyingt sewing,, welding,,, etco-o also in many figo, Uses) din. titooinsnl A to 1o insigl n~~n~i situation which i s exttaordinarfly bad (X..-noun, usually followed by verb attribute-: 2t6.6. ýTn n~i to such a degree that, to the extent that (the s;ýtuatio ndicated is ex~ttaiordlrtaryý but not necessarily. badi3' n~i to riose (only fig(.:),, to rise to surface,. "lOot*- to $well up (as glands,, bu bbl e); nki 1ofn to revroltr, n.6i to have the strength or force to do so-and-so (last verb in series, likce dizqp'o to be able to')., QIa~ to be inside (rsx).to be a relative on father's side or son's aide no! 1ofn revol ut ion -(class,,:ou~o);- bj, n~i loq#n (country) suffers a r~evol.. lutiono, n.p to hand over to officials (taxes., crimlntal.,= n~fp),. UO.P Pki0 to Pay ai f ine; g1i&i n6p to hand over, (criminalJ) to the o wthoxitle3.: r ~debt.(classG wo P1 at):o0 owe (takes two direct objects);X 010/thi hu nq, to be in debt- tr& nq. to pay debt, týL n9. one imprisoned for debt VcasQ O noia place (X-nouri;, Ch A. n6ito loosen a knot;-. n6#-. b&t I di,-, nei^ 91A~ to lower the priceed: n#A wood cut from a burl.) n4l bud (X-noun,0 whon followed by b8ng or a noun~ denoting ai spoir4,1 of pat whien plant is unidentified., clast,. ofUi,- nia OLTi a smile (XO..-roun) rxUa mush room.., toads tool,, i2aa nuo ora.bin p upr (cil2 adult), to keep (chickens or any ani'mal);. OOfl flui on adopted child (class.- ýNt cha riu8i an fadoptive father,nubt to BWQI1low( n-ut to be corked;1 to cork (bottle); cork or stopper of bottle or any hole.;, button (classa ci) 0 woman (rastirJ, phji nG women in general, the femalese Lta to be additional (attribute to object of verb-.last verb insie;37 nN a hailf (numerator- LOS)~ nruz6o water, liquid4,, nir 6o bg~t sal Iva, ntr6'o ohla, sauce (in general);, n~r 6 dtI ice- (Class,- w:) h~n or aieng o a piece)J n~r 6o in 16 fish sauzcei; *'zu & mAn seax~water,, nur 6rtw ixop inq o nLr 6c liquid ink (westernf type); a aw 60 trh tea (the drink); At ntz6oc native country (litoý earth and water;. hence. nir~o 'country'),, nLr6'o country,, state (X-.noun)a;. nhh nax6o the giovernment (popular phras instsa4 o f oh Anh phaýV) nLroflng field for dry cultivation (quantifier, or class.-d~:P ntrong is not used in this sense in some Tonkinese dialects,, Including M~r.- Ba's),, to ~ (mea nu~&6ng to be griiledý to grill-~ n6Ur9n ehk ori ma. fish.., crab.. etc,.,. which has been ritirced or cut in sm'all pieces ýoften wrapped in orange orimamon leaf),) oh& ntr6~ng grilled oh& (usually wrapped in orange or lemon leaf).:ýP uga Rut st o,: nga to fall because of forece applied; to fell (tree); ng'a' ng a to fall the back; dlu rnga the mark for the vreoky level tonen. nga direction along a road or path (X-roun)., rig& tr 'street intereection, cross-.reads (class,, of~i)- ngA bja intersection of three streets. (at an angle (clfass,, o4i),:ngh to be tipy h al =-cdru rnk: Li ng& Aid 190)~ ng~~o to be su~rprised r ~~ncxh& to bea surprised; kinhngot be scared out of one~s wits ýao aE to be almiost stupifled),lg. ycjj fto person to~ whorrn. the greatest respect is due', eg, knsFec on qcv~'o. fIc2 is a; Cah~L Pt; T ~w c b{ this te~rmv replace& all omners extc6ept bh~ ne,, q iT fc'ne3 -i to you plurcol.1 they (frequently used in addressing an audience),, ngki silkworm in butterfly dtage ticlaess con).: ng~ to be inconvenienced, to mind (an inconvenience)., to be embarrassedQ ngay to act without going off dire'ct line, to be QxaCtlYP to be itmmodlate1ytý ti ngay to go at once,: lbz n riay to do at once.rigby day (as a unit), daytime (X-rtoun)0: ngnone thousand (numerator,. also ngln). ngang to be horizontal (as opposed to vertical, d1ii'ng,# or slanting4 X x&0) to be wide (as opposed to long, gio nrgang Jr.hau to be on the same. level with one another,; olt ngang to cut across (the width),: rigang to act without fuss or ceremony; gqi ngarig to call someone simply b namfe (without a-nki, 8rsg,. o68; acc,4~ 1ýu ngang to do without asking P rmis~ sion, without caring for anyone else; 1tY ngang to take (merchandize) with... out making a ch~1ceo: ZkQgZ1 to put an obstacle ion the way or across a space*. ng9n 4z6 to hinder,, obstruct (enemyo etc,$ also in reverse order),,-, nglin oeo JKhi 'to dam up (water),, ngk.n oo ra to cut up into compartmients., igrIn a compartment in a plece of furniture or in a drawero Pigeon..hole.(X-.noun), ngk.n bh.n drawer in a table (class,. o a) rig9M k6o drawer (ls~ I 126 o6i3) 1 ngg~n 0i shelf in cupboard (X-noun); drawer in chest of drawers or filing case (class,,- CAD-': ngtri to be short (of length,~ not. of height);. ng~n ngi~i to be short (of time 01l10.: A ngan to act secretly (usually second in series after Ampzi n6liý.to);, ngý phi to commnit sabotage (may take direct object)vp. thu xig~, subnicrine4: ng $ to hold in mouth,* to close (mouth),, ng~p to be submerged,, flooded (may have n'z6'c foll owing, to denote that by wh ich i t i s submerge d); to submnerge,, flIood.(t rans4, ngj~p (verb occurring only In the following construction)!. ng~jp yagterng to hesi tate, ni~gt to lose Consciousrness (with dri ais second verb, 248) O. oyi~b Ug to laugh uproariously and prc~longedly,,: ngkie to listen,, her4ob er; nb~(curs at end of orders by m~asts to servants of the house ond b--y -lderis to childrep.; 262)1j ngh6 buffalo-,-cali -'class,,- con)'.. n&b6n., nghen (street" is blockadQ to be obs-'ructed,' n~kip to chokce (intrjv). nghbo to be poor, rngh~ prafessi.on, trade:X-n~oiin; usually fo.'.'owknd by a verb denoting the ) 1.27 process, or by thq. pius verb),- nghA Oh1b the trade of fishing, ng~ profession,:, trade (restrj%,) k* Igb anftuig, dtry~ nghT. nghi to think: ngU ngqi (id<) g~t~ to realize by thinking; Snght ain idom,, nghk t o #r c.t., h tv e a vacation,,, nghj* to be energetic (restrl agl4i ILra energy (X.-noun)~ nghika ngi4 to be stern, severe. strict.) nghla meaning (X~-nounY, nghia to be just,, righteous (restr,:,)- nba"In nghia to be benevolent, humcmep: ngbia dting to fight guerrilla warfare [usually as attribute)-. qu~n righla dfing guerrilla force., maus, ngir&:L (fnh) nghia duIng a guerrilla fighter, ngk~oh to be hostile'. rebellious,,: righi&n to be stern, severe,: strict (person, face,, eyes, -character, et0~ ngbigm nghj (I d.) ng6 to take a look at,~ glan~ce at. rig 6 ca~ricuder (11s1ually preceded by r'au)0,: ngo ALI to turn oroun,4 fhead,, cl)- to be before, previos(nyatiuewt fgohi* to be outsidej to be out in (.ollowced by noun denoting place or verb denoting a state of the weat'her- 129), to be (in Indo C~hina) north of the. point of reference(2O3),; qu~n lAo ngoa~i outei clothes (trousers and coat)o. ah h ngohi the part of the house wheres visitors are received (saion, iig room,, etc.,)', n~gohi to be or have higher in number or quantity than tfollow(ýd by a numerwi,.ted noun).,: ngooi to be outside of Q nuc~eur social or political unit (restr,); ngoa~i qut~O ýcoreign country; rgoi giao foreign affairs (as a deportment Of govqe:nrien t)~ ong ngo.i maeternal grandfather; Oh6u ngofq4 daughtert. C iA ngo~w to snatch w~ith the teeth~; ng 61 a tile. (class,. via),: n~gon to be tasty,, (food) is good- ngiA ngon to sleep soundly,,: nig6n fingers toe (X.,noun,~ distinguished by adding Vay or ch &a.) r~o; peak of mrountain, t~ree, flame (Class0 for nouns denoting hills.ý zountaius, f lories~ ng6t~ a species of plant used as vege'table. ý,clOtss, -4ý, c5s or r&U)0. ng9t to be swpeebtastinging8i the klingsh4., the' thirorte a., a s.ymbol (X-noun;; used as cl1ss.. fo Ov word a for "st~ar",, and optionally 10c- 41! (I~b qav9). ng6i bA h diiii. ni. to nift" l~ hn gn tO act Q05 An'e~preter. ngv Zyi tho*ng ng6n Jinte ypre ter., ng ~ to 811SpectA n Ic ng&#.- unfo.Ttunatellt ~lthow could one suspect I t I nga t[0 be stup"'d>.ý nga to sleep; ng-A a~ to Ifail asleep while slitting or todingq- ngxý Ugoz to isleep soundly-, giý,y ng& bedroom slippers,-, gio %:asle (,ou quan go ng-& pyjamas,, ng~o prison where prisoners do hard la~bor (class, 62~ b8/h9 ngW~ to put Into prison with hard labor,, dia noo hell, viz'qyt n~glo to escape f romi pr isaono,: ngi~a (verb occurring only in the following construction); UAgt ngi~i to b6 short (only used of t 4! e)< nguy hi~n to be. dangeious (144.1. ngu~vy&a to be f Srs t orgnl(rsrA fuy11u aw imaterinal (Xa,.rtoun),: ngu~~n to askA make a vow (restr,; ot gy opry(oGd; tn nlgu~yjz to act vcluntarily~, 0oute~rg~ ih gyn~vlner tVj nguy, & to ricak e a vow,, ngu~i to cool offA becomve cold (food and drink, ashes, heated object. -also f ig topic of discuss orl)Y': ngu& a spring, sourcp of a istreami (class.,ciU fl~x fish (restrý-ý; b~o ngix abalone (ls.Con).' L 30 ng*, fw lainguage skrestr,.% qu&o ngii tt G of ftcial oystem o f wri ting Annaaiv0ese, ngxIOa to look upward,, raise the eyos-. n,4a& zagt~ to ralise the flace (so as to.look upward),, dAu ngAý& the mark for the creaky level tone-. Aa ~ngi&&, to lie on the back; aga ng~a to fall on the back,-, ngkr. horse (class,-, con).,, ngW o chest of body (ClO55 by, xigii to take oa nif f of;ý ngi~i th#.y xxU~i to smell (bornpthiing); kh 8ng ngik3 air'o~ it stinks (o criticcism of anything ot anybody; this construaction has the rare intri.ý sense of ngOLV rg t o bend upward to a small degree (face,, head,, eyes),O to stretch out.(neck),., ngtrug to stop short (intr4,, and trans,- with 1.4 second in series when it is vehicle, animal, or the like.,, that stops or is stopplei; dtrrug); ng~4p ngitng to hesitate.: ngL 6o0 to bend upward to c small da(Iree fiace,) heaQd, Qeye), to stretch out (neck), ngirqg to be or act 'in contay A.c~n ego upeido down,; n91Zg gi9.6 -to gro against the wind, ngaqo naXY to go upstream against the. current; n g90 1#4 on the contrairyK ngiLtyi human being I..o PC -i~).pron o)~on se scas for most nounsj denoting adult humtan heinqsý, flgl&i nhb, qu poesant-s ng~r6i &servaint; ngr&yj ~ my COMpatxit agLrbJ. ta people in general., they.: ngirb&i the body (X-nour., used especially following t~rong or ngtxqzng to be embarrassed (accurs only 'in the following conStruct ions);* ngizqag nghj~u to be embarrassed (a reduplicat~ive construction); ph~t agarqug to blush,, become embarrassed,' nA to let fall from mnouth,, (chimney) belches (errnoke).; nbh~ building,, house. (-Class.ý o4i); people in house,, famtily,. rih& ta our f ami ly; h9. nh the extended fax~iily;- nhh. ca house(s) (rin general,- 222) nihI fl4&hi the part of the house wh ore visitors are received (sealon., dining., room,, etc.J;. nIA &an inhabited house., znhA quS the country (iLe., village area as opposed To dityr or town. rg~IX rdih a", pecsa I rihA tihng house. where one l~ives apart from one a parensitPu ~nd blot h e r s, nh~ h a h ou Se on wooden platform raitsed on posts-,, n-hif th~v chu*c~hl- nh?: thu ro'g hosapit al;. nh4 trong tha part of the house reserved for the family (bedrooms, etecK nh4 person who is expert in something (X--nourt- restr:3.) nhh b6.o Journalist,, newspapermcm,- nha" binh tho military ýattribute following ngtr&i_ viif,, 14tti etq) nhA 4Y' thQ~t artl'stý, ah~ tLr6,o the qocernment (populcit phrase linstoad of obAnh phA,10 nhio to be 1lazy bikig/1tz6-i nldio (id.) nh&i to chewc, rnh&y to jump.,, lecp, dive: nhh.n to bs at leisure,, act letsurely; ei4i a nkihn leisure.: nh*0 tolo1ugh at,. mock, have contempt for 4, nhjo bAng to ridicule,, have con. tempt for, contempt,, rid~icule (rarely used as noulnw,, nhau to act mutually-,. one another: (following verb or verb plus objocto, 161),oit&ng nbhiu with one another (first in serieslY. nho orein somone a (bout,, o ~ r t6il, to recall1 (di rect object denotiý7 ing thing one recalls to someone's mind),nhato close. (the eyes,. flat; usiaal'Iy with s(--cond verb 1qi) to aim.(gun,, arrowý, at Wdrect objoct denoting what Is afm:.-1 alotK r nh~n t o be wi.inkled Otnaterlai, fac*1., *Ac,".to wriAnkle (direct object denoates" face or part of it); nfign m~t (I1 to frown- nh~n rang ra to show the teeth) I dr 6"ngk Pnh n a wrinkle (X~-nourYI"K nhzin to seize opportunity, profit by ifollowed by predication or by tx*ýa or, di~p plus predication, %he whole being followed by predicaition denoting what use one mttkes of the opportunity),: nbin person, people (restr(,)- rh&zi lot-A humunkind, humanity,- &a nh A benef actor (class. w,, ngw 6-i) - n.n nh^n aictim (X-.AoUn); - zh criafminca (X-noup); v8n0 40 to be Inhuman (of actions.? perisons)0: rih&n to be not self--regarding (restr,,)., n~h~n ngh~a to be benevolent.4 huftanv.. rnhlrk, rthfin a xring (class.,. o6i). nhI6, ~h-n Oto endure with patience (restr,,) thtn nhxL to be cruel0.: Sto receive, accept, get (letter, money4 which is handed to one.)ea to acknowledge,, edmit (thait so--and-so is urx*xtceka the case) nbh~n t h y to recognize (that soý-and-~so 'is or is not the. case); ~090 iibi to make a false claim to.nh.4p to enter (restr4;-3 nhAp b9n to affiliate oneself with,> nkh ciio ohitn tranh to enter a war; nkip hq~o to enrol at school,: xnhk4 to'be most (following c verb or verbal series; 163)ntlest a least (240,; nhi~t nhtt Most,. at most (240V 4 nh &t one krst r. cccurs following th'i? 'kinld, eort,, ra*rc.- 'the phrase snean Ing fis ca ei nhe't:.oi~ptrai (A.owe r &O~K ~i ~nhh sergeant (lowest, rde n ngtr i/8n mn g IAAt ii first enginkeer; nhht d~Lh to decide,, fix, UPOnI (price'r is fixed ýIitoraliy, to decide/be decidod once for ou13, nhit~ qwyt to be* decided once f or all,,, to de'cide once forOI: rib~j sun-, day (rest-:%)- nikAt b~x 3ap~n;- Ohijol/os rih~t Sunday; Bia. nl~ birthday (preceded usually by ngky. nh6l (particle, at the end of an ordor with 2nd person subject oT a proposal for future action with ist person subject., sing,,: or -explusive plural',, imnply~.. ing that the order or proposal meets with the favor of the person addressed# used between familiars., or by superior to infeiior to show friendliness., ~Oc K., 1.5; 0Qonkl#, to be light -in wei gh t ah. spider (cia,5s~ con,; also nh~xx nh.nL: nhf-. nhi ear ~res tr mt~ nh-T edible fungus growing on trees (class. o6i)4' mh~i I (particle, at thei renTd of a deciurative peedicoatlon.,, ustially conktaining ai verb. denotipg ai q-aaoity, or after two predications connected by ah lbutl~ and the secoid- frecquerntly' con tainirg Vhv 'not yet!. 4"Walls the attention o~f the person addre'is.i to ~ourething that he airt~ady knows along with the speaker, ~doirt Y oti i +ht! did& you notice7- At ýhp erid of 'a question Q 1 k~ JIrng f-o: -A ivi ions t los brusr know,' L jhn/e you Ony ideat? 2W h2 n D ori, tr nhil oh yefqý (denotes that one has remembered or noticed something after one'& attention has been drown to It by somreone nh3. two (restr,,; occurs optionally instead of hai after th* 'the secondto buto rnot to denote ý,Tuesdayl; 61,, 62), osi nhi corporal.-(h igher grade);. 4i hi sergeant (2nd grade); ngtrb'i/8ng m6ky zhih second engineer~ nh. i&a to be so-.and-so (restrQ), iAn Dhifia to be calm,~ unmoved by e*mFotion, ngqto rhikii to be surprisedo qA& nhi. AaIt surely happened, ueenuh (subordinate predication preceding main predication); if hj obeo act acco-rding to one's nature, natural, nhi&Ru to be much, many (only in -the constructions% bao nhigu. b&ly zihiAu,. rkhi~ to have much or many (with direct objectA main verb or last in seris); to act much or often (lost verb in series, or followed by kkouz),s there are mnany is much ~:(with direct object) (t58,) L62)0 Xnh1&u nhit at most nhi&u a faiirly large number (but less than thot denoted by the Verb nhi&u; numerator%# 269)onhln to fix the eyes on,, watch intently.. stare., xxbjp to sound rhythmrically, k4 nh. ri ( L, LS7); g6-j oba u rhythm (not a musician),, nhn 0nh.ýoba u oay orvn tr&ii for isingfe fruit),: nUh6 to be small; ziho zih6 t o be srral sh, rih6c (see dty)o nh(2p to be' weary, to weary, nhc~o o~ti.'.o be very tired,; nh6 to spit.: nh69 to remember; rx&tio/thtro'iig to:7emember regret fully/with tenderfel; nhby to rely on4,, nhu~yla to be soft, delicate (cloth, the skin., etc.,)o: nahu~i to dye (cloth,, hoir.s etc,:,); to be dyed~.nhir to be like (usuall,,,'t follows a verb and is followed by verb or noun;v occurs with noun object at attribute of noun; L20);. h~Jnh nh~t it sem sif (followed by predication, L 20): nbd4o to ache,, have pain as if it would break.nh~jp to be disgraced,' nihir ng but (no violent variance with whtit 'is stated preceding; cfm- sh 88a),11 nh!2ng (numa~rator denoting plurality)0,: rib iing to do only-, to have only- there ts only (with direct object.(no clIassg fier) after corta.Jn verbs e,, (rgyq tohn. 243),,. kh6ng/chtag LdhZng (Plugs Predication',Km',~ 0,6 (r&&)4 n ot on iy ~~bu t al so 0:; khx~ng/Ag 1' -y L3, rnh~ng 1.h (plus noun~), gmhý (plu's noun) ofing not only so.aond.,.ao,, but' socýandwts* ailso did thus.: o&1 0 to Oda1 60 to be enfeebled, tired (restrj;A 4ft/iihV 01i. Oct lazily (usuaull~ first in series), to injure, hate (restr,,)- tr6~ch o6a to compI the brain (class.: 4Q). to be very tired; 041Q~j iin.: 6 umwbrella I classo ecii; rural Tonkinese)0: 8 a comvpartm~ent in a piece of furni't'ure or in a drawer., pigeonhole (&.noun:)1 Q nest (class8Q o~it; used as class.. for certain nouns), kh6a a lock of European typeQ: 81. ohaoo alais 6i. guava (classowo oay for tree, trai. for fruit),, &m to put the arms arounid,~ hug; the cquantity that can be held in both atms (X-noun),, 6a to be calm., tr'anquil., stable., secvre (restr4;, Ygn 6n to be peaceful. and secureo: Sn o e nis; & 0 (i4.9ljiL ( 1&) to Mkke a noise.. 8ng grandfather (class,, wo ngv1~ri); you (rrtan over 40 years of age's or highy respected mran)4, he (in a narratives, when the person has been already Identi,. fled;, J95).ý 1 (grandfather to grandchild) (X--noun)* 8ng )ly he (thatmn; over 40 &BI~kof age);j 8rig to. he (person not present,, o* in a narrative; 252); d&.n 8ng adult rmal e, man (cl asso w..-ngir bi), brig tube (class3 04i); bng i.o coataleeve oia 4OU Cigarette...holder~ 8ng kh6. Chinese lock,. &ig kkb6i chlimney; brig quiu trouser.,mleg,, to be in ai place; & ohwig to live in the some place (may take direct objectý, (m~ct) nhb,. etc-:),'. & rigag to live with one's wife and Children, apart from one~is parents and brolthers-- IlgL?&3. servant; nh& aiia. bited house0: ovi (particle after noun or noun phrase denoting a, person; used in calling that person's attention when he is at a distance; also,, but more rarely used preceding noun in the dome sense).a n a favor (claiss.; o0i; nhm 1.a ~n *oplease 0.0%: oUg orn ik.thank you I 1.40 ph& to mix liquidsý. pha tr44 to make teao: phi to destroy- pha* hly (men) destroy completely' ph6 1&o O KOz *a 6ibS P116 1ito burst out laughing loudly (ra can~ replace 1&i), ng~ii phi~ to. commi t sabotage (may take direct object),: ph~i a political party,, a sex (Xb..-noun)J: ph~i to be reasonable (of a satatement);. ph~S. kh~ngl isn't itt (nest-ce post).; ph&i to duffer bad fortune;. must,, to have to (first verb in'seriJes;.3) ph~.i to be right (opposed to left)t. ph~ng (see phht)*^ phio gun (restrm:),; fire-cracker (class,, w., cay); phAo dthi fot ph0 ~i binh artillery-, l~nh pb&~o tlA/binhi artilleryman (class.- w, rngizbvi); abt/n& ph~o to explode fire-crackers.: phip Frianca, nwr& phip Franceo nvy (1P French pbrson (i osx is not V speeCif ed, a man). &Ong phAp French Indo China,, pb~t to come -,,o be sudderily, not grodually!first verb in sels.followed 'by verbs denoting quallity anxd some othe~rsý A.3 c ome to have tdiseabe3 suddenly owithout apparent VauseI8 to emit (noisrss), to d~istfibute~ to clear (fores bush),,I ph~t o~y to lop theebronches off a t reefi. ph6.t gi6 to come on to bI owl- pkiAt kh6o to burst out weeping; phit 1Itropng to piay w~ages (on paydaQy)IL ph it ngix qng to blush~, become embazrasised.,, ph6~t the diechaiqge of a WoapOn (gun.., arrowi hypodermicnedeX.xo)4 ph~t to punish (usually a light puniishmertt,, not imprisonment, May be foALlowed, by direct obl'pct denoting a fine., ti~n or a phrase for a sum of money)-,. ooh/ lgn Ot~t a punishment., dinb ph~ft to punitsh by beating;0 np/nop phgt to Phly a fnei.* toblevel; phing 19ng to be smooth, leve1w unruffled, phAn acentimetre kXnou phkA n to divide (restr.,,)1 phari xiý~ to judge,,, phin a par t (X.n oun'K phln d:8ng the maj ori ty,,; pkin fate~, lot,.. condition, s Apha destiny~, fate (of. a person). t&~ ph, to lament one's fate.,ph~nA.n part (,restr.-)- b6 pkan a part of a whole (e,,,g. organ of 'the body,, works. o f a mach i ne; X-n ounL 7, 7 phtit to wave (Intr, and trcan%,4I ph~at ph&!. to floutter (intr.,) phkng phkt (thoughts,. memories., etc,.,, crowd vaguely into mind,, (fliees, birdsýý flit back' and forth-- to have the mind crowded with vaguely recurring thoughts.Oak the Buddha (fusually pi-eceded by 6ngi), dT.O ph~t Buddhism.phip permaission (1Xuxoun3i.ph6p nile., custom. usage (restr.,) o6 ph'*p to be politeu v6 ph6ptob impol it e. phip ljoh s~z the usages of politeness; 18 ph6p pOliten9SSý, phki wall of bamboo or leaves (~as~bix'zo'Y phi Africai 4"preceded or foilowed by eh~Au),. phi 14~t tfin the Philippines (can be preceded by unxc6'oY phi to squander,, waste uselessly (time., mroney.), phi t~rn (an action) 'is wasteful-0 expensivejý costly (also in reverse order),, phi& compass,,point,, especially the'cardinal polints (X.-floufl),: phi&u to be carried by the wind (restro,K phigu ba,,t (the mind) drifts away (very literary), phnifim phtorahi,~rrovi e); at cun phim a roll of filram phiui Muu col oredi f lbiý chieu phiia gIo what film are they showing? phong -manners~ c u st ooas~ phong toa custom,,- manners and customs& (X.riounj), phong, &"r., rIJS.-A yjhcngý c,ýtnk a scene,., landscape; phong lira (life) isi hrtpypy atnd o; ph 05a to le, free 'rxt- ~ gai Ph6z, J to0 be 1brtd 1o d ieae ph~ng a r o om (X-.,n oun~ rl p1ng gi~ of f i CO. ph 6ng to ward off, guazrd. against- ph pk6ng id phb. shop s, street wh're there are shops, clity (X-noun), thh-nh 06~ CI.t y t own fX-noun) U phA to be universal, common to oll (restrJ:; phA t~h6ng (i do.)o ph~i lung (class.?1) ph~i (see ph~t)0:' phu laborer,, coolie (not an agricultural laborer, class. W0, ng~rb'i),- pbu khuli porter~ co~lie; phu m6 miner, phu xe (kdo)/k6o xe rickshtaw..coo~ dti phu to work in the corv6e;, b It phu to take for corvie.-.work~, phil seat of the government, governor (restr0) prefecture (X.nio'unt ohzh ph-& the government (X-,noun>',' phil to cover (restrJ,- beao phil to be covered by having a covering put all around; to surround4 to cover by putting a covering all around. ph-ji woman., wife (restrv), ph4i D.( women in general,, the fewacle Sex"-v ph-do good fortune (restr4; h~rih phLdo good fortune, happiness.0 144 qua to pass by,, go across; to move between rndo%.China and Sicim or China (O (after certain verbs, ri6i,; k&, iighep bi~t. nghfp ng6., xez." etc.. denotes a sketchy or incomplete summary, 2S7)- qua &It to overtake (persions 1atmj bile);. h8m qua yesterday,,qui to go beyond, exceed; to be excessive (second in series; 3), qu& fruit (X-noun, etc.; Tonkinese instead of tr~iti which see); qu& a door-knob (class-a Oii);-. qU& 110 pendulum of clock (class,-0 ii). qua a species of freshwater fish (class. con; frequently. preceded by a&)*: qua to be sure,, certain (restr.);- qua rnkkxk it surely happened, sure enough (subordinate predication preceding main predication);D qu&tai (crime) is clearlt' evident; to-act in flagrante delicto,, be red~~hne (usually follows- b1t or ht). qu~il to be monstrous,, abominable (restr0.)* quAi 1/uo (d0; q6. i 9n 14S a monstrous thing (X..nounY,: quay to turna spin (in tre and trans,,); (meat) iis roasted 4 to roost (ateat); quay g6t to turn on one's heel;4 quay alt~ 41 to turn around (iso as to look);. quay tft to spin so fast as to be almost invisible.: quazi mandarin, of ficial, officer (class,0 w,-ugtr6i or 8ng; for army ranks, 265)A quaxi 1ý, the Mandarin Road (always preceded by &rb~ng); qua= S~ýt second lieutenant; quarn hal lieutenant- quan ba captain* quan tw siajor quan nuai colonel; quan 941u general'. quan to be of concern- to~ be concerned for (restr.); quan 14 to be of importance (person~, thingT,: quan a string of cash (X-noun).0 qurin the highest rank of non.-cornmissioned officer in the Annamese army (class0. wngkri;bi 8n4Y vian)3.. qu&n to go'vern., command,$ administer (restr,0); oal quAn to be in, Command ofc0: quang to be brlghtý, radiant (restr,,);- quang ring (weather) is radiat, quan.g space., distance., space of time (X-.noun;= kho~ztg),0: qu~.ng to be large,, extended (restr.)&. qu~ng o~o to propagandize1, advertize,,,qukng ct8ng Kuangtung province of China;. Canton city., quanh to be around (something) completely; xun g quanh (I d,)0 qukab to turn at least 90 degrees from straight line (intr.); qun 191 to0 1 46 turn around completely Gintr,).),quyih (place) Is isolated and melancholy-, (to iive'! isolated and melacmholy (res t rA qu~n que' (id,,:3; hiu quonh (i4-D~ also In re-er~se order).quic to be bright (restri;-) qut 46fi.t 1&an to open the eyes which shinezs sing quI.O to shine brightly,.: qu~.ng to throw (without aiming! Annamose f orm)0, qubty to stir (trans.). to tease., annoy, botherP to do something to amuse oneself (in trj; (person, thing) is bad,, not ais ought to be; q&yrit disturb., trouble the mind of. quan an armed sArvice,~ especially the army (class,,-); tkh'&Y quA~n navy (if a whole navy is denoted., usually preceded byb): qukn to be rolled around something (turban or woman'~s hair around head,, bandage on limb,~ etcol); to roll (something) around t'something' An ~.)0 quiz trousers, pants ýýclasso04oi), quan Ao clothes (class.. w. b-l f or a. sui t qu~k AOe di 1ha~ working clothes-, quin Ate ngohi outer clothes (trousers and coat.); qu~n Ao ngia pyjamas,, qu~n dti shorts; qu~A 16t underpants; 8ng qu~n t rouse r,- ieg,5. quen to be acquain ted with; ngiX~L quen tbu~o friends and relaItives, th61 quen habit0 queo to bo tortuously curved (rest r4:); oong queo (i~;kh6 queo to 0Warp i47 curl in drying (board, dried fish), be very dry (tree., etch); zn&s queo to sleep with knees to chin.:. qu6t to sweep (object denotes place swept or dirt swept).: qu8 one's native village (restrj;,., quS A ni the village of one's father,, or of womran's husband,, qu& ngo~i the village of one's miother, or of one's wi~fea> nh? qua the country (iovo: the village area Os opposed to city or towni)- nguvi nhh qu.A peasant,,: qu&1 to forget.,: qui to be precious~ aristocratic,, noble,. respected% to f*el admidring respectL towardsý; qu~ -qutc your country (polite reference to the country of th.e foreigner addx~essed)o qu~y4ni (ciciss, for words denoting booksz Outn) 13 qu~y At (mind) is made up, to decido firmly., with detormination- ol quytt to be wholly decided-- glai qixYek (question-~ topic) is settled;3 to settle (ques.__ tion)> nh~t quytt to Ve decided once for all;- to decide once for ai~ quit tangerxine,, maiodarin orange (class,,-wo. Oay for tree,, tr~il for fruit), So~ng h6 tr~i quit a pocket watch., quo a country. nation,, state (restr,3 two pronunciations- ou80 ard qutc,th latter erratically spelled qu~o; qubo ngii the official system of wr~t inq Ann a m hi9 9hn equ;&) the United States of _Amexcicao Iam qu&c 1~ 1, t46 League of Na1.ions. ngot~i quto foreign country, quf qu~o your country (polite reference to the country of the foreigner addressed);, t0 qu~c native country,,. r& to go out'. come out, to move in Indo-.Qiina from south to north (203),. (occurs second In series,~ optionally alternating with 16a, following some verbs denoting desitable qualitiesj and denoting the attainment of those' qualities: 248; b6o r's to fatten up -s~njg r& olgtnu;~ at get beautiful); ra di' to go away,- &I ra to go out,, ngok*ia r&,p trib* r& exceptil ra hiliu to give a signal,~ re. 4ah t iea ro i hs last two ra!,s transo0);. rA a close'4y woven basket without a handle, not very Ifarge, used for carrying or storing articles,. also for washing rice, a pair are carried w t h.. the corrying-pole (quantif ier,. or class,,, oii); r6 a' baskets or m~etal P Mr 11 1.49 used to hold the material weighed ond the weights0. ra (verb occurriig only in the following cons truct ions),4 ra rA to act prolongedly (9.4.1 raiflA. laughtard 68, 247)., ri r to act repeatedly or prolongedly with a sound that causes feelings somewhat sod and sentimental (following or preceding verb whose actlion takes place thuss, eog striking of clock, Afalling of rain on lecaves, friends chatting together.),, rb~oh to be torn-, torn up.. ragged.,: ran to be frzipd, to hty (meat, fish~ crab, etc..)- Vrirng r6in omelet to,, rang to roast (peanuts.; chestnut3j melon seeds, grains, sesamez milletl, seat (meat) ~ rý6ng t o make an effort.rang t o hold tightly together with an encircling bond (ropir., wire, t J, rang bu.OP to be ti'rrty attached (to,, va"o or v6'i),, ranli to be shrewd,- wideawake,, hard to decelvear n~rq~nh a ottall streamr, brook., crzaek,. in the plains, usuall1y artificiail rho to be enclosied fenced~ to enclose wl th a fenceoafne eg cas wgia'y or hhutg row, line")., raa vegetabl.e 1cluiss;: &* hfo Cy; tatfor kinds) rau tho'ma vegetable or he used to give flavo.- o r p ume (d 1. 1m In t Pet c~,V Aafifteenth day of month (foi.lowinq n94y or k~wp 63. rin snake (cl ass.. oon); r~.ng- tooth (classo ogi).- d6nh r~ng to brush the teoth; nh~I rAng ra to show the teeth2,' rAng (to say) as follows (last verb in series after verbs denoting 'say, tel-1,~ imvagine, hope,, feel',- followed by direct quotation,, or occas*onally indirect quotation; L65Y).r4ng a line, row (not necessarill, exactly straight- X-.noian), ry to scold?.' rima to make a heavy noise (:=za in all constructions, except with y. A~t to be very (first verb in series with verbs denoting qualitiges; i33).. rAu hair on face (claissc~: w. s2ýi. or o^y fort single hair)- b-O. r&u all the hair on the faice; rau &6p Moustache; oh~ai rfiu. the beardd, r~u to be'sad (uOsed rbu~n in Cochin-..,China; elsewhere., usua'lly'in combincitions like bu~i rgub', r~p r9j to turn to right or left (intr.;4 followed by qua (phfa) ta~y ph&i/tr-4L)0 to separate to one side and the other (trans.) (146),,: A to be cheap (usually followed by ti~n). rbui to do blacksmith work, forge, to be forged; r~n 1u~y-n to foge facture (figOiK L Si r6t, to be very cold (subject tRbi),~ r soraintn-law (rracy be preceded by cot Icila Which is class. w n-g~rbi0 when rA olw ~ho ~ it mneans ~brother~-in-law married to on~e'ssser, the relative age being that of one's sist~er),., rAt centipede (class,. con),ý rlto act ir:small or gentle repetitions (eb go groans,, water dropping); riL ri (id.. 65~, 247);, A rA to act repeated'ly or prolongedly with a sound" that causes feelings sad and sentimental (following or preceding verb whose9, action takes place thus., e.-gv striking of clock,, falling of rain oil leIveS~ friends chatting together)., ri&gag to be 6r act separated from others4, be special, particular, persontal, private (used as second verb in series,, or as attribute);. nhk rI.Ig ~house where one lives apart from one's parents or brothers:& rfAng to-1 lve with one's wife and children, apart from onects parentis and brolheors.: ri.~u (Tonkinese for rw~u;: 141), rinh to fie in ambush for* A3u ax (class,,,-o~i or ok').: r8, rq, to be clear., distinct;. r6 rhng (id0 LS7L r6t to pour (li4quid) from container with narrow mouth (bottles0 jar, ept~ rfi a species of freshwater fish fclass, con- frequently preced,4d by 04), 4b $52 ro (vdrb occurririg 'It. a few constructions)-- i&ie~ ro to be foolish.. r~i to be tangled (threads heir, etc,); to be mixed up (the mind); qAly rex to disturb., trouble the mind of.* r~i (time) elapses (at end of predication tellinig the time by the clock; $6)o; already (Qt end of Predication);, and then (qat beginning of predication following another in narrative)', rot (only occurs in the following construction; uncertain whether noun or verb); r~t ou,6o in the end (subordinate predication precoulng main pre~-lv dicat ion)<, r~t (only in the following construction); e4, r~t carrot,: r&r, rq' to be brilliant, radiant (restr,; 3;, iutding r& to -be very much pesd ro'i to fall from a height (a thing), r~yi to be detached from., separated from~,- (ship) leaves dock,:, rcy straw ccnsisting-cf the dried heads of grain after threshing (used for fodder or fuel-. clasa,ý w.ý Cay for one head or a pile of strew),riý! to be unluckcy, runs rung to tremble;. to shake (traneJ,)' rxmng to tremble (restr0)17 ri g Minh to t remble3: ru6i a fly (class,, con),: rtz~ng field for wet cultivatIOnA especially rice-field (class,, w.:(6. or qu ant 1fi for)w ruot intes tines (class,, w., b&;. when riift follows a relationship term,, the phrase denotes one~s "own' relative in contrast with arn adoptive one or a step-.relative;- when with snhý, ohb esm0 "brother" or '*sister"' rather that Oc~uslrt"); part of fruit inside skin., rx% to wash (a surface, dishes, parts of body):ý riVxng forest, Jungle (class,, dia),ruz 6i, rtz 'ýi to have ox' be a half m~ore tkIx of that denoted by the last preceding noun (74)Q, hai d6ng mru~i 2 112 piantres,. rtri half of preceding num~eral (which must be trgm,, ng~np v~fti ii'o, trilu; occurs last in the additive series,. and is numerator-, 721,~ ru o'n g trunk!luggage; class, OW)~ r~2ualcoholic drink (Tonkinese has ri~fu); rtr q d ^u mulberry-wine,, r~rgqu mU nj.lqueur; rtropi t& rice-wlne; ru~ qu yang, European wine; dxinj rtr9'u to scber up.-. 0 t$4 sa to fall (especiaL'--y from. sky,! ns djmw,, dive of" u bird): as a io to be foggy (subject t~).fg s~ch book (class 'A.n c r qu.,yn) s~ch to rai se (pice) Too h gqh 'Tonk'n Vh~oh-ý both form~s are written).6'0Oh to be cleon" soh ag f ~id~ 212) tronkj each to be pure fq. s~ai. tc be. incorrect:, not wal-I dolne." 'S i to commuand- Sexi k h ie"n to commandi (mv.;ter to servant4, father to chilldO aSy t~ o be dgon-. nga say qui to sloeep Ilike the dead., 8&fl floor madep of. wcOod iunsh o~; n~shn house an wooden platforI-I s an Qo oin of bi0tn ae r Iw -f".1o wsio n constructP,nm). khio'h -a& hotel ", sang to cscoss to., 9o Over~t oeb~w Thdo. China and %am. or Chin Sang tjal Shoclp.ghcti. acng t c be come h YI gh' b ernle (itawn; a"ng qu~c to shine brighlny; smig t to be br'ight (light~ 1dea.; mind, etcj- 4nh e Ang ray of lng. t bc o liglht (caiss., W. t 10%0 1 uOno) Sao howl what monner? (object of verb and lost word in sentence~oor~,, in tro,-. ductory to questloon and fo?-towed by period---pauso),,. why (is it t1hat)? (also vi saoll V~i Sao" followed oy pr'..~dication Optoal Inrdue Ia) ~ seao howt (flirt 'in Verbal sri Sao a~ recison ngainst (restr., to the' follov~ing constructions); Sao 10-L. kho~ng,ý why not7 khozag saclo no truuble& "on~t mention iti a~o i/iQ of an Annamene oa':re, (m&U, (qu or.t Sfie rL a At to kill Am~t~ a i6, t tom ~urde r, aaU to be behlind owr after fin spacci or tinie;. 124)p sau khi. b ~h after ~~ ~eu. htr ng to bo behind at the back 1o nthbak us ed instead of lxzo Jtsel.f as object of s~uch verblf as a 1-1 nh ng6); l An sa~u rqeC2L timae; nx aeaU fext Year" tU&n 14 sau next week;ý thanilnj a e next t"mn t1,' a C to De sharp;, du 6 ac lh e _muýrk f o t he IN0". h r xsi rig t one80 ~ 56 9X-ir- to it' ti~ t n b~uj ct1 r.4ýn to htint;. ag 065c to look after~, take careof, a~~ nguxei d.1 skx; u hun ter.. a 1o be ready. prepcayed,, ~a~ sh.r4 $l'd,, L57)* s~n 1ýng to bo ~Esosdto 0~ 0 1C1 to!icve ready Money,, have moniey in pocket, isin Kn an & 4o t o be comfortably offr (not poo,11 nand not rich* the whole- phrase is a 9P to be arr-anged:, t:o irrenge, e 1p s Na to be roady; to make reaft, pre-. pare ktruns,.01 ep t6'i to be about to arrive, be about to happenýý ahI i ron, a8%Lr to thunder (subject t~r6i> a an fi1a t open. space witkh boundaries., especially yard around or In front of house~, courtyard (elass,.' a-410; ag (di) ban. football--field; 9 &Ar t hu dec~k of ship, Ban t~ e^at tenrmi scou~rt. a fU to be deepit to be mentercll profound (in this sense follows such' verbs as, aghl. bhn., hiki),,* 8 au worm. especially those found in fruit (claiss.- con)* sAu obitu il. pede; 1oai sau bo. t6he insect world, insects,, S to cut open.., to cut up (onto parts which are not necessarily equal)2. Benl loa ca~w:oy for the plan t,, etc2.,); 8U011g sen seedeose of lotus (elasst* OW1., SAV to strike wi'*+h lightning (subject tt'&i). lo 157 S p (z Prrttnzt chef-, found in a few constructions. anid class. w,, lagW6t1Yi> Sep btip chi ef cook; stp b~i Chief steward-, ae may chief enqine eirih living bein., sacrificial arUnima Jrestr,,), hy sinh to sncrifice eef.to ofc. V~ sinh hy gion e~. s-inh to be bornt ýrestl*} sinh ah rIkt; bi rthday (preceded by nghy 'day) cifam, mussel #"class. con*., s6o squirrel (cciass.- coO.L. e6o to0 look aftev tak e care of "on'ly occurs second in series af ter a~ eoi't egn s6o to look after-. 'take care of, eoi t iluinte1 jg~: p;~ii itngt~t to 16Qk at onelsel f in Q iro 88 U uat b e -16. fnourni; dilgit (C~Qiss, COn);. 88 ti~n e suwm of mnoney., to pl~n. destoiny fate 'of a pe~o at kilom~raet- deab the number o f t h e Ppoiulat ion. e6 book Iin which *tems are ontered as occasion arises Qoutbk rg0sTe."? book In which to notea ocldresses, appointmrents,, 6teCL. (C I s, sou~n or quy An a 6 1 Lm t 4U5 se C1x t3 CI T P rts " 86 3. nh soldiers op-, a Ba~ng rive, e~l ass cor or %6iA e &Tg edqe of -1iver~ 8sflg to be a I Ive-Li,~ .9 ng to be uncookeiJ, raw (al" fOod StUff.4 sonig wa~le bird ýused at.; Qtt:(tJbute follwin g noun denoting the spec~es; Tonkin f o 1 trc"'ng) Soga Spilino ridiqo' tcoass. 04i0 song Oh An s hIi r o f -1.e q, tn g dao b~ack o f kn ifeb-Iado~ Or~lg J. 'a' Ib o f Ieo f, isng mrit ridge of nose.. eG eIi o spine of book, song trl'ýU ep~ire of buf falo; xu crg sa ng vertebral calumn,f is& place where one wozks (XPnoun.)- place9 whe-re activity isa carre z~ where something is loc-cated CX--noun; somewhat rest rJ;-), a& xt th4a office of the Surete;, s& thti XOO; a& V8 t)&yka di'&n wireless station, raQdio St at ion;t AX a~ Orl s native place. a&r to touch (usually followed by d~in or ti,. 8~ t far knhs~to be terrified,, 81i a thread,, hair (Xrtourt; used most frequently to classify nouns denoting threads,. hairs~ etc;ý, 142),, s6'm to be earlier than time appointzed or expected., to be early,so'n to be painted (house, furniture,~ etc.);- to Paint" paint1 lacquer ~nounIOP vsopn to paint (picwtureL) su~i a mountain or jungle stream (cIaGS8')ti) a-do to rinse (mouth1, iig, sung sycamo e (010553 W' CELY for treell. ~ 59 G3ung to be f i 11(ed, compl et e, to ful filI (r;s tr.,) Sung Str 6ng to 'be gayf, hapy a u~ng gun lCiass. Oa6.i)1 Sulng 06. XayY l~~ in t~hanhi Machine--gmri 0u~ to penetrate frorn one side to the ot'Aer throughout the Whol 0. a, all long (followed by noun denot ing poriod of time; t~); s~xp to qo through a suirface which sceems or is solud (horse's hoof t'hro ugh unexpected hole, ones foot. through rotten plank, On sitting down on.a cushion that is softer than it loaksL,; suarface or edifice which seems'-sonld. falls through its support (ceiling falls8 into room,~, wall sinks into soft' earth,,, hot fnlls down over~ eyes) (usunlly followed by xu~ngLa str Buddhist Priest: Monk (cas.wv 6aO);- master (one skilled v nato profession; in "his sense restr..), ky -a x engineer (class.. ~ ngLZ bi or ong)- gi~o aw professor (Cclass.) W" ý,ngK s~ hitory(written record in formx of fnl~ class,,, W. OU~1o o hittory book), 9ý (ik 11ch i asto-ry as the experiences through which a coun,,ry o I, a person has passed 'X-noun)., str things uiot to~ (raLstr,); slatea o4 biing aa~o c fdigs~n~ so (X.,poun. fcol-owed by 2e~ is),- 24o&ie to'be polite~ have savoir ova,, re MI k 160 %Va to be repacihed-- to repair,. stp s4 to be ready; to make rea*4,, pro.-, pare tasY e'~o strength*- eti c n~ng the weight of an object (X,-noun)- h9.p eiio to uniite forces (with, v~i), a~r~i. to warm oneself nt fire (or stove. riadiator. etc~,)-? o~r&i. tz to wr (person., feelings).stZr1'Y slope of roof or miountain. (class.. 06i), aircang dew; t o be dewy;- stixoifg mzi fog;, to be foggyO, airz6ng to be gayp happy-A sung Str 6ng (id*~:,I ts I (said in speaking or thinking to oneself); we (inclusive of person addressed; infrequently used instead of oht'ug ta, except as attribute;. 2 OhiJng Va we (inclusive of person addressed; as attribute with thi's meMnon,$ ta is normally used); rtx~u ta rice-wine., ngw(c*Yi ts people in general~t ahta, 5ng ta; c6 tas ok4i tap, b4 ta-(instead of anh ~ea;0e h~i the person referred to is not present, or in'narratlive, 252).: t& (occurs only in the following construct xon., and in one other). Z topi tA (clothes) are in rags., t6oh cup (class~. 04i, or quantifier)~,, tal ear (class,,- ogi), 16 tai earhole;, l6ng tai to listen* tkh&u tai to come to one'Js ears., tai" calamity; to be calamitous (restr9);. tai hi to be calamitous; to be ruined,- tai nqj~n disaster,, calamity,, bad accident (class.- 04i orvVij), thi proficiency, talent (classo04oi),, to be proficient (zho);. v6 Vtj. to be -good. for-noth ing0, t~. vi; al so ti v3.s or rarely, vi tsi.; t,&i d"U. because of what reason? gi to be in a place (literary and formal substitute for IoIl const t-u c~. tions except ar. main verb of predication; also occurs in commton usage restri.. tedly),. hi&I t~qa the present moment (X-noun)0; tay arm, hand (b?*. tay 'hand', ozh tAY 'whole of arm as contrasted with hand') tay 14.i tiller,, steering-wheel of ship or automobile (class, oJij); bip tay forearm or bfaceps; OA t&y wrist'. gfit t&y to withdraw the hanmt with a jerka. m&ig tay fingernailq. ng6ii lay flinver" ttt tay gov~ t6Am eight (numerator)o, t~m to act for the moment, provisionally, temporarily (flirst or last in series)-,- LUbi anh ng~i tf6ms I invite you to sit on this poor chai'r.. iaKi anh Kn t~fmo I invite you to partake of this poor meal.' tan to be dispersed, adjourned-. tan t~.nb (id.j; tan tAio to be widely dispersed in all directions (leaves of trees, flock of birds; also fig,of a feeling); tan b9e, closs is dismissed; d &nh t an to repor beat (aM enemy); in*" tan clouds dispersea tan to do damage to (rsr:; tin uhIn to be cruel.: tang material evidence of crime (restrJ.; tang oh*ng evidence (ag reported'*X.,n oun) CIS tang OhiUg a piece of material evidence; qu& ta&ng cage is clearly evident,, to act in flagrante delicto,; be' red..handed (usually following At or t&~ thnh (only occurs following tan)0:. tao I (used by elder& speaking to child, superior to inferior arrogantly, or by person quarreling with another)*, ohilng tao we (exclusive of person addressed.~ in seie context as taOo), t~o jujube (class. w. ogy for the plant, tr~i for the fruit).to to be cre~atedo to create,, make., fabri11cate (restrJ. to Qath Creator (may be preceded by 8ng); thi&i t,#o to be natural (createdL by heaven). >1 - 2 thu ship, especially one with engines., motorboat (class,: ~iou ); t U a steamship;. thu l19n/ugtm submarine; aAn thu deck of ship.~ t&U Ch inaCl. t16a to bathe (intr4$.: t~aa silkworm in worm stage (class.: con" this Is the word usod int speakingo keeping silkworms).: t~zig to increase' (by an amoun t,- no t gradually,. intr.:- and trans.;- usually followed by 1 &1).e t~.ng (only in the following construction);, xe tang a tank (military vhce, titt to be extinguished,, go out (fire,, lamp); to' extinguish (lamp); * ti to extinguish (fire). t&It to be a shortcut;- to act in a shortened way;. &i tit to go by~a short..Cut; dur bng tk a shortcut; n6i tit. to say suivviarilys, tbo decimetre (X...noun).: t&.y west; tAy btlo northwest; t~y nos southwest;. 0t16 t.Sy celeOry; (sezig) t fy turk ey; khoai t Ay Irish potato; &Ing t&.y asparagus. tLy (card in poker) is face down, In the hole (used as attribute to. b~i IcardO);. to have t~o card) face down;* k tkhY gi, what card have yo 6 fce down? 14t tly to show up-(someone),: tam the heart (restra.);. tim h~xi the soul (of living persons; Xw-nounl; an S t~ag tobe ranuil cal; bai ~&ato e proccpie, t ocupy464 to e tanqil. cam; ýý a~ tobe roocuped, tooccpyonesel f (with, v# or v~ij; 1%rocng tfia good intentions., good will# this t&a the depths of the heart.: tie bolt or piece (.of cloth), flat piece (of lumber) (Xoiftoun; act-s as cl ass$: for certain nouns;' vt.8) ttm to be ordinary,, overfage (restr.);. V6m th~zrbug to be ordlinary, uasual.: ttin to be braised., simmer'ed in a small amount of water for a long time,,s as to yield a thick soup;-to braise., simmer (=hin, ninh).: tvn to go so as to be up against(a. thing), be up against (a thing)*. to exhaust to the end (in this meaning restr.).: t tng story of building, flight of stairs (X.-noun);. t tag d~ri ft qround flo~or of building.: ti~p rx4. (street, people) is animated., bustling;- there is bustling of (p*ople6);..v to practice, do exercises (dollowed by noun or verb in series); 1iW~ayi t-fr to practice; to train (trans.),: I~t sock., stocking (Class. w.- ohi~o for one, 48i for a pair);.t~t t l~ tilt to finish., complete (rest'r.,. 2Sdi;. tit 17 0 to act with a13V1 ron.'s strength (e"hIt e~io); tOtt o& all completely,, all told,: 4,6 to fall (person).tern postage stamp (class.: con; northern;. French timbreposte). t8nit tennis. 0b (only occurs in the following construction);, thw o tb to be real (as opposed to dream or ideal, etc.-* rarely used except ais attribute-to 0&i).0, t An to prepare a betel-~quid (Vriu): t in name, personal nane, (X..,noun); tin 16t middle name;, doj to* to give a name (to, cho).: t ht festival, especially the New Year festival (Xnanoun; may be preceded IM~ ng4y or 1&n). 14 *i&t present given at a festival (X...noun).,: tU& a jet (K-,noun; used as class.: for ~k) tiho to-be sorry, regret (L.85); nh6s tito to remember regretfully, have nostalgia for;.Wjnh& ti~o 'nostalgia. ti&n to be first;. the first (restr.:); t6 t~in the ancestors,ti~n to advance (in position., also figji)- progress,# prosper;* *4%al h6a to make progress.: ti4n money;* ab U&n a sum of money; ti&n lirorkg wages (cis drn on'am day in cash);. ti&n t&i phi expenses#. dii tida to have ready Money, have money in ono's pocket;- ttdrg ti&x to 6e hardm-pressed for iomosy,, ti'*rL to be convenient, opportune; ti'li 1g7i to be convenient, se'rviceable;*, nhAn t,iýri to seize the opportunity.: ti~rig Pnoi~se (Xp.noun); 1lamgruage (cl ass.: w. thiil; ti &g hdAt ason (as 'a thing heard);. 16'zi titng to raise the voice.: Utip to be joined to;. to Join (som~ething) to (somewhat restr,:.);, to -haveth honor to welcome at one's house; ti Ap 0* u to reinforce; t~ip Oiuy' ý to have the honor of an interview or conversation (with, v~ij;. tIP tq~ t o continue doing more and more (followed by verb or direct object: usu(Illy preceded by v]6);. tilp thec it is continued (put at head of secontd or later instalment of text), ti~V the dates on which the 24 divisions of the Sino-Abnamite year begin (X~-noun); thb~i ti~t. weather (X-.noun).: ti&u pepper (class4, we- o4. for the plant., tr~i~for the fruit, h'.t for the seed);& ti&x b~t ground pepper.: tia to spend (mnoney);-. (food) is digested.. till the heart (the body organ;. class8 w. ri tis to look for,, search for.: tin news (class.-06oi);. tin tiWo (id3);. tin aZng good news; bft~ tin.* there is no news*,a tin to trust, have confidence in; tin ~tto trust in (somtething, somtebody);* ti.1 tin to have self.,-confidence, *tinki to be pure., clear, finely drawn and subtle (restris);- to have~ a Clear understanding of things; to have good eyesight (for small or for ditantc things; takes Ait as subject or as object);. tinh thtn spirit (as OPposed to body;. or with attribute, as 'spirit of freedocm, etc.), t~nh personal character; tlInh tln feelings, slentiments., t~fnh to calculate, reckon; tinl g~m -WOO 1' i to reckon up the total of: Vfnb Anr to mix up the calculation (intentijonally).. dt Province;, town as opposed to country districts (X~noun)., t~nh to return to one's senses, wake up; tiui gi4'~r to wy up ( int r.) d~nb to regain consciousness; dah rwq to sober up.: tinh feelings., sentiments (restro); love (class.: w.: oii or zat!); t-za t3.ah feelings, sentiments M-.nouft);0 tilnh ng9Uy'11 to act voluntarily,, volunteer;# ngtrb'i d~nh agu~yl a volunteer** tit to be almost.invisible (bec'ause of distance, rapidity of irvtiaon never first verb in series); qua~y tiCt to spin so fast as to be almtost invisible. x& tit to be so far away as to be almost invisible.: 0 to be expressed, communicated clearly (idea-, situation); to exp;ess, communicate clearly (usually followed by ra in either voice)* tA,6 thi t say frankly (about onesbbf something that one would normall~y hido froft einbarrasment);- B~ng 0, to be bright (used of light,, idea., find,,- etc.)-.: t~a official or ceremonial seat (restr.*);. court of law (X.-noun); t ba ~n court of lawb: toh.n to act all in such-and-such a way and no other., to do nothing but (first verb in series);- there is gt6thing but (0.2)-& tobin I& to be -noth Ing but 4,x. hohn tohn to fienish entirely;- to be finished entirely,, be perfect.. t6o hair of hood (class.. w.. s~'i for a single hair).. h&t t6cs to, cut the hair.: 1.68 t6a to be summarized, to summarize (usuallIa followed by 1,0i or btt; in series ot ter n61 or vk. t6ancestor (preceded by 8ng or bk).; t6 ti~i the cincestors;. t~6 qubo native country.: t6 ohi~o to be organised;.to organize (society, strike., etc.).: tat soup-bowl (classs ogli, or quantifier; Cochin-,China)., t,~o the extendod family, lineage, race (restr.,:);; dAD to'o the, rmcco (Lo.-of people in a country),,t8i 1'9 t~i. to get dark, be obscured (at night,, or by clouds, with subjoct tr~;in dark room); t~i. t~&u to be dark., obscure;, t bi 4t t o bea very dark (at. * night or in dark room)*: t:ia crime (Xpnoun); t~i nh~n criminal (X,,.noun);. 14. 04 to be punished;. o6 t.*i to be criminail; 01421 t~i to admit oneself to be guilty of a crime;t 1~~~ui t4L ~~~~~~to condemn; to ill-treat; * ot~ ob uly h 4.t pardon a crime;. *4j. ti to punish a crime.: t8m shrimp (class, con);- t6ia hi~aa lobster,, crayfish.: t ba to squander, waste (time, money).: t&n to squander, waste (restr.,01; t~i phi (an action) is wastefuX, expensive costly (also in reverse ordsr);. I&i On phi expenses.:OnAg -canton (Xr-noun)a.: tht to be good*.(weather) is fineo.: $to' silk thread (clcass.- w.- sqi for a single thread).: top to be young (especially of animals and plants). t&' sheet of paper (X-nouno used as class. for bio and various othet wordis denoting papers)*. t&r gily sheet of paper; tb' kba.L a written declaration.: tai (only occurs in the following constructions); Uroi b&i/t& (clothes) are' in rags.: tOi to arrive at., to happen;. chpy t6i to run forward;,d ti to go forward;, alp t~&i to be about to arrive,, be about to happen; znis t~6i year, after, net -un1t&6 week,,after next;. tb~ng t.6i month after next.tia cupboard (class,, o~i)0, SJail (most frequently used as direct object; if numerated~ rcddb nhh); prisoner (rather restr.); 0. binh prisoner of war (cl ass,: w.: ugiz bi);0 t,ýL nq. one imprisoned for debt (class*- w. ngtr bsi); 4/t/zngdi t%4 to be ih Jail; vb'o tih to go to Jail; vizcý W to excape from jail,: Wna week (X,.~noun);e. tu~n 19 a week of the Western calendar*. tu~ (11) nAy t hisa week; tuan(14) tri~n6o last week- tutzi (1w) trr6'o Ji ekbfr last;* Win (1w) trkx6o Usa week befo~re week before la1st. tuidn (1#) Sau next week; tu~n (19) t~i week after next*: W6d to visit,, inspect (restrj:). tu~n dtinh a village watchmcm; d tuzin to act as watchmana, I 700 t~jo usage (restr.:); phong t*o a custom, manners and customs (XnCirI0,:, t~p to continue (restr.);. ti~p tj~o to continue doing more and more (fol.lowed by verb or direct object; usually preceded by vk6)K tdi pocket, small bag (close. oiii),: tUi to lament (because of something done to one); tA~I phj~n to lament ones* loto: tuy (rAig) o~o nbtxng (mh~) 0 0 (otlng) e..o though a-66,- yet*::,(23) t4~ to depend on.: tuy gi to declare, proclaim (restrj,.; tuwY&x An to declare a judgment*. tUyb bb to make a proclamation;i lbi tu~y~n bt a proclamation; t.vyAn ohiuc to declare war (on, v~i); tuy&L truyga to promulgate (religion, political const itut ion). twy~n wire, ray (restr.:); v6 tU.Vyn cflj~ wireless telegraphy, radio,.: t~uyjt to be cut off, completely finished,. to -cut off (restr.)#. to'be peorf ect (only verb in predication following another predication), perfectiy (lost verb in series; with verb of quality first 0? last in series; t93); oJh turygt to die without leaving pcasterity;!ropr tuA4t to abandon forever, break with' (followed byvi) ti.Ig to be hard pressed by want or lack of; lung tudng not to know where ~to turn (U90);- t~g tini to be hardpressed for money; tdn g Mn,ý $uing 4oW to have nothing to eat or weer (the whole phrase is used), S tubi year of age (X-noun)o tuft to act in a flash (second verb after verb of motion). tuft to slide down, to slip (from the hand, with ra); to let slip from (hand)" tip; to be conical (used of a certain type of mourning hat, etco.b 1lp tp ip to be conical (of small huts); there is a scattering of conical or pyrtaidal objects (with direct object; ~90), tir four (when it follows in an additive construction a numeral in the tn, order, but not =mu&i itself, 53, 101; in giving measurements, amounts of money, etcý immediately following a numerated unit, it denotes four of the next lower unit, 66;. in additive numeral constructions, when it follows immc, diately a numeral denoting an order from trAm upwards, it denotes four of the next lower order, 102; occurs after numeral plus phe 'part' to denote the denominator "four' of a fraction, i05; in attribute position after a noun, denotes a thing to be used by four, 224); b6 tur a quartet, set of four (230); quan tu major (in army);. thing tu April.; tu natural disposition (restr,); tLr oeoh aptitude, qualification for doing something* tV t% to be attentive (toward guest);. n6i th ta to speak seriously (leaving aside all jokes).o ttx to leave, go away from; thr bi.tf/gi to say goodbye to; tUr ohfo to resign one's office, jobo, twtxto act gently, slowly, (wedk) with slow digni-ty4.; tV to act Of one's own acco-rd, for one's own part,# oneself (Uirst verb in,series with certain v'erbs,, thy, Ughl'A I*ubas L64);. bt do rliberty,#. to be free; o6 ty do to be free, oe&iery s..oliety0rwo4 do to get freedom (to do so-.ond*-so); ty 14, to carry out action one,. sel f (L~64);.tj.fft1 to make a vow& tq u~hib8 to be or act according to one's nature, be natural; -tgj. tin to have self-.confidence; trj,,4ý to be independent, sel f,governing., t% =t vi, or bki, when followed by a personal pronominal reference word,,, by OWy (&6), or by an interrogative; ea.:.: tUreso 'a V-1 OSo. tv1~& be Icausfe of what reason? tT serial order (restr.:); thi? ty regular order or arrangement,: tqj Chinese character, word, letter (restr.:)1; tq. 4 dictionary (Class. outi or quyin);. tre t1; 4 to look -up in a dictionary.: Wek to be very angry, furious (may take direct object denoting person with whom one is angry); tio gi.Au (ids)*: t~ilo (occurs only as attribute to tin 'newsy).: ttrug (plus numnerated noun, plus m4.t*. usually second or later in series,, occaosionally first in seriess 'one by one', 'two,: by two', etcae 26?) ~ tUrEJ to be fresh (food; drink).,: 4 U~r6i to water (plants), sprinkle (clothes before i~roning, streets in hot wenther).,: tirong lI&I the future (XY..-noun).I: txr~"Ag to believe; to be believed; taz rng tir qng to imcagine, t~hi~t turý.ng I make bold to hold the opinion.~ ttirbrig wall of brick or stone (class.. bi~o). twr~ng statue (class.- ogli);. qusi tatzqnrg a monstrous thing (XP...noun),* tUxr~i tUr9'rg to ilfagine.: tha to pardon; to forego; tha thit to pardon; tha t~i to pardont a crim~e,* th& to let go., let escape; to let fall,* thk it would be'better (that), one would rather (the following predircatio'n indicates a state of things that would be undesirable; a further Prodi-Vation introduced by obn ho'n denotes a still more undesirable state o f th In gs,; 13.4);" 0,4. thloh to raise (price) too high (Tonkin a s6oh), th Ai Thai (tribal name).:, tb Li attitude, manner of conducting oneself (restr.');, th64d~(d.. thii1 to be great (restr.:);- thai b3Jah peace;. til binli dirong Pacific Ocean.; the.y to change (one thing for others of same kind; the direct object demotes' either that which is given or that which is received);. to represoett, be In pl ace of; they 16' to change (intr.4; they q4t to represent, speak for (Cho).d: thy Eoccurs only lth hkt th&Y and oA tha~y, which both mean 'entirely# and are probably to be analyzed as verbal series).: them to be greedy, rapacious,, unscrupulously ambitious; ha un(1.; them in to be gourmand.: thia to explore (restr.);- d! th6im to explore (as an eicplorerl; (di) do,th~A to spy;- d6 th6Am to spy.; then charcoal; than dI/m' Coal.: therkg staircase, ladder (class.: o64i); thezig diiji elevator;. otIL theng stairway.: thing month (X-.noun);. th6.ng nly this month;. thi.ng t~& lust Month;v thng tr~x6v kia month before last,, thfing tr~r6'o k3.e month before month before L7 5 l as to thing sau next month;. thzing t6'i month aifter next;.~aut thing trbn. a whole montth,, thanh a long, thin piece of rigid material (wood, bamboo, metal; X.AOnoi, thanh to be blue, green (restr.);. thah nigh youth (the age or the pemsons)f nh~tng thanh ni&m the youth,: t~han~h sound (restr.:); t~ruy&i thanh to broadcast (noun Iimeodiatery follows);:' b6n tru~ygi thanh a radio-.script; a broadcast (which is listened to) (.nu~ elkig li an thak mach in e- gun.~ th.n city wall,, citadel, fortification (Xu-noun); th~. ph& city, towi 'tX.-noun) th~n to come to fruition or success (plan, hopes), to become, tun into (direct object);. to bring to fruition.. hh~nh o~ng to succeed in- undertcidng th.n kilha prejudice (X-noun);I. thhnh 1p to found, establish, organize; to, be founded.: th~o to exercise (restr.;); th& t~hio physical exercise, gymnas tics. th.9o to have ease, facility in.th~~n to enquire; to enquire politely,, visit;. db/h~i thUa -to enquire. thtIng to win, conquer, be victorious (in battle,, war, physical game);. thtng trýn to win a battle, win a war,,* thing to be di rect, s traiqht (of x-mI'l.k 1 di recti on); thtg vubti to go very, straight, t~h~ng boy up to about the age of 7 or 8 years (X..noun)., L76 th ly to perceive, see, feel (a sensation).; cA& th&~y to realize (followed by predication)0: tb 4y master (of servants,. family,, school,~ a profession;.- X-~noun, or closs.- w.0 flgtrbli or 8ng);,, you (to father, teacher;. soldier to officer);. th ty gi Ao professor;. th~.y hj~o teacher- they thute doctor, physician.:, thfizu to be deep (restr.:,). thM'm taui the depths of the heart,: t~htz6 (voice) is low; to speak in a low voice; to act within one's own mind (no t telling anyone else), 14mi th~zm to whisper (090);. ou~i tbfia to laugh up one's sleeve,- lo th~m to worry secretly;. za~rng th~jm to rejoice secretly; n6i thfin to speak in a low voice'.. t A~n to be a dear friend;. t~hfxn tbi:&a (relationship) is cordial.th An body (restr4); trunk (of tree)., stem (of plant) (X-noun); e h~ ~ to plunge 'into (figj;-3. hi~n th~n to offer one's life;, th, 1) ntols one s life;#. thue* than head-tax. thiAn dei ty, divine being,, including the vilIlage tu tel ary dei ty in- the &Tihh (-the term does not refer to Buddhist deities or to the. Christian God);. spi rit in general, including the human spirit (in this geoneral meaning restr,.)D tiuli than spirit (as opposed to body; or with attribute., as Ospi~rit. of f reedomv et c*) 0 ah~n to be c~autious( (estr4.) ola th:An to be careful: 0. L77 thkp to be low, short (as opposed to tQall,), tht to lose (restr-j); Uth V9,ng to despa'ir; despair (noun),,,: th~ft to be true, frank~, sincere; t0 th,ýt to say frankly tabcuit oneself something that one would normally hide from embarrassamen t). th&ui to penetrate (figJ,); th ku t~ai to come to one's ears;, hi~u thlu to understand to the very bottoml. Ianh t h&u vroang to be cold., pentetrating to one's bones.: t h vp to blush (frequently f~ollowed by it).h4 thrIp (person). -is ashcamed,, (action) -is shameful,, the tofolowIt. e ' t6i according to my opinion;. tit tho its continued (put at head of second and luter instalments of tekt). thdp steel; gia~y th6p the telegraph; 9AY tkk6p a te'legrom (class,'- 04j), t~e manner, way (occurs only followed by nAyp k~a,, nho); to be thus *(Main verb,, or second or later int series,, i74L. th4 the world, life, an age,~ generation (restrs); Vht' gi6*i the WOXrid (X-1oun)~ th4ý ability, capabilitVIN o6 th& d~~qc; to be able to) a 14. th& body (restr,0Y; the th~o physical exercise, gyMnaistics4, t to swear am oat.hKth em to have beside3 or in addition (second or later verb in -Seri Q5,, with or without direct object; frejunntly its object is follovted by f~ L78 vho to add to; in addition (subordinate predication preceding imi'n predi.. cation).: thl to compare (restr.:)O. thf d~i fretnl0 01h3 time (X-noun; restro,);. then (introducing main predica~tion af ter suborno dinate predication);. thi gib time (as something that paisues)., thia spoon (class. o6.i, or quanti~fier).: th1loh to be fond of, like.: thi An heaven,. Heaven (restr.)J thigi 4o. to be natural (created by Reamo)4 thi~i tg be good (restr.)a than thik (relatifonship) is cordial,, thit Iverb denoting the subject' a great deference., usedl only ixaxivxk* first in series with ttx~~ng or nghl and only with i.st personal subjectO singular or exclusive plurril); thiAt tx Uriýg (I) mnake bold to hold the opinion, according to my humble opinion.thift to suffer lýoss (restr.);, thit~t hi~fi to suffer loss; ~thlft thkinz ols,one~s life,. ob.iu 1thit to endure one's losses., thiti to lack~ be short of (L.O7)o thi&u thba (id); tiin'toendb: thi4x' (only occurs in the following construction); g~i& thk1L to introduce (a person) to (v~i): thihh to hear (restro); th:ýnh gla auditor, listener CX-ftoun;ý freqruently used in addressing an audience). 079 thlnh thoalng it happenis occasionally from time to time (subnvdInate pr-edica-, tion preceding main predicationi, which usually has ui6'i,, it may be preceded' by OhI)~ tkit -tfle sh meat,, b%& tk-ýt muscle-. x~o tkjt body (as opposed to spirit). tho~. language, talk (re st r3) d~ila th09Vi the telephone (as aI System)0 thoalng (see thi'nh) tho~it to escape from (dangers, person, animals;: frequently followed by kh~ilft tho~t ly to be liberated from,~ get rid of (frequently followed by khM; literary);, gi&i. thoit to be liberated~, to liberate.: thoi to hit with the fist (a straight blow.; see dzmi); a blow with the fist (X-noun).: th6i a habit that is trivial or even reprehensible (X-rnoun); th6i quen habit.: thong thbi to be disebgaged, free, have free moment, opportunity, act leisuraly. th6 Tho (tribal nameY,: th~i thot's all (occurs optionallyo and optionally preceded by, a~ but, at etid of predication which has chi as first verb in seriets; ~i5),,. th&l to smell bad (worse than h0^i), stiink.;- to be rotten (f-_u~tt, meat)- waiU tj a bad smell-- 4g/r6 tho~i ehtxak) how it stinks! thai hind) blows., to blo'w (fire, wtlesmsclisrmn) to blow out (I Ight~ thai oey.ii t o c oovk r: *c~ r;y -I.n g u:ý; t he ffeVr iso thebn (ape thiPu3),. th~ng 'an utterance) is intelligible., (ai room) eomntrunicate wt, v6ip qua, sang).% to communicnte~, transmit (news, etc,.,- to ream out,, clear a passage' through (a tube, by pushing reamer or cleaner through)-, (tube) has a passage. cleared through it, th~nkl ng~n to interpret (what someone says)x, 1b~m tboxig ng6n to~ act as interpreter;. ngtz&i tho~ng ngc~a interpreter; gitky/t'. tb~ng hhnh a passport; ph6 th6ng to be universal,, cofmon to 11l tho'ng to be iritelli~ent (restra)4 th 6ng Lainh to be intelligent., tho' (only occurs in the following construction)- thiw 4~ng (days) care full of Joy and happiness (apparently only ais attribute),th9' workman (classo w.: ngwx6i;, usually followed by a noun or a verb, deno.ting what he works at); thb, b~fo jeweler- thqZ obh.i fisherman- thqo a~o a worker in wood,, carpenter., t~h& to breathe.." Vk& h~i h46~ to breathe hard, be out of breath', *DbbY to worship; bkn thyr altar; nh& thb church.: tb(Yi time (restr.:); Whd i~uM./ky' period, times; thbi giahn a p~eriod o f time (X-noun);. th'I. tibt weather (X-noun), dnh thb'i peacetime; ~i Whyi mifeanwhile;t hia thbi1 the prerent day.thoo m (thing) has a perfume, is good-smelling, dAu thorn perfume; naLji tjhorn a good smell; rau tha La vegetable or herb used to give flavor or perfume (e 4 go. dill,; mint)0: thQ Qu t umn thu a sp~ecies of fish?) somewhat like a mackerel (clagss con; Usually preceýded by c4): tha hfin d; hired hand (restr(.>I ph~o tha artillery-, 1~nh phA* thi\ artIk4.4 leryman d th'4. thi\ seaman r ClQas8s, w,, ngirbsi) thL t o bia hosatll Iey. thu& to be defeated,, lose in competlition- ithia tr~xL to be defeated.in battle~ chju thu& to surrender (intr.)0, thu~At to be made or act with -ingenuity (restr4;ý. to practice Magi c; 4 u:a (ai thing) is artistic; fine artsip tJ a tax; Oth. &oazn custons~-duty; thug flinh/thtin hQG4".tQx;. dnb thub to impose a tQx; l-ju thug to fail to Pay -t ax; rg/rx6p thug to pojV a toX4.: Uh4~ water (restrj.) tiA~y ohi~n naval battle;. th4. qu~zi navy (I f a whole' navy is denoted, usually preceded by W)-, b6. th4~ qkaAZ navy depoxrtment,) thiay ths se aman t c1aass. w.,: ngtz6&i); h#b thlby to be launched-. tc, laiunch'? lfhh th4~ sailor in navy (cl ass0. w,) ngir ýiY. thuy~i junk., sampan (~classo0 ohive#O; probably more usual in the northi than ghe)'; thuy~i oAu/chckI fihhing-,_boa~t. tbhing a large container (larger than hop; packing.-.case or cart~on,, barrel' wastepaper basket,: bucket, letter~-box4 etc.,;o. class,,: o4iO or quon~ir. t h u~v rndci drug- tobacco,, cigarette (in this sense, class,,: wI boo thu~c u pnckage of eigar'ettes, th~o to belong to etr~ thu~O d44 a colony (class,,,w,,-x*iintrnxo)I. thu~c v4 'a territory'. belongs to (a country';- ng~x b'i quen thu& friends and reJlQtiveso) thir letter (correspondence-, Class': 04 or bi~ol, t~hzkJ sceoy(m wtb ngtzir?,j o6~ohi.;8ng,,;etco.:). th? o)rder rank, kind,, sort (X~-noun; occurs floigacasfe ~n itself followed by a numerals with nh~tt one',., tUr lfour>'., and optionally nhi ' two-, the first, )the s econd:e tc,. -thisa cons truc tion, of th* i ps o numeral f rom hai to b4 y"ýnhl1-isa no t used, tUr is used), or righ.y or h8au plu s the construction, denotes the days of the week from Monday to Saturday).,; (ngk.y) VhriV nty what day of the week? thli t~z regular order or arrangement, o6.o th4 all the various kinds, thi* to pardon (z tha.:-; the thlr*(i~dW.),thi*t'6'i Otýthe tk;ý thl? (only occurs lin the following construction);-.i tk&1 t o have traveled far11 be far away from home (especially in foreign vountry; restricted to attribute position after ngv~ri or k)3 th& to try;. to sample (a th'ing),thtra to speak politely to,,, address (used with 'relationship terms as nouns of address in object position,, for very polite address- only thes-e toerm occur which denote persons older than the speaker; L47). thra to have left over or superfluous; there is left over or superfluous tIr o to be. awake-, t~hie (giac) g14 to wake up (intr.).- dt~ah t~hii~o (i to wake up (tas,,!ng h8 blo thl'To al armulock,: thtý o thing (X~-nour.- -may replace d6 'in most constructions, but not in &6 seems not so generalized in meaning),? o~o tht~o th ing9sn tkqxo to be real,, true (restr<.)1 thizro h~nh to put into prjatn ~ mk practical appli-cation of-, thqo 0~ to be real (as opposed to dream or ideal,, atecJ rarely used except ai~ attribute to thtrx6c met re (X~~noun);.metreý-stick (class- o6,i or d thurcnag to have compossionate or tender feeling for-,. cau thtro'ng to be sorrow. f ull nh6 Vhiz ang to remember with tender feeling, have nostalgia for;.a nh6' thaxolng nostalgic", Vb~rxong to be wounded7. 64, thvaong kidl# much more usual thtn the simple verb)-; oh6 bj. tha ang a wound; ve~t thurcong a wound~ n~hk thir ll hospi tal (clast~ ciii);- 1am bVi thizcong to wound,,: thirb'Yng to be ordinaryd usual (main verb, or fiirst in series,. or at tribute, oi as preceding suborditnate predication; 209);. t~ia thtr&bg (iZ; h nrig ngh.y/ nl~m ordinarily day after day/year aft~r year (258L., th~.zrng to be above,. topmost (restro0 - 1&ng thugong the upper villiage (paired with in lowe'r. one, see heýý thurzy-rg iI1ShangAoi ('202)1, tra ýto interrogate (a person)-, look up (ýword ini dictionary object U~r vi or o h Cr; tra x6t to Investigote, probei into.,trt to give back., pay what. ono owes,, trh nq' to pay debt, t r nbI. to answer (followed by nou~n der~oting person answered or thing answered e., l et ter),. trh tea (class,. v 'r, oA or ithe shi~ub); ph& trb. to make teao' t r oh to bI am e- trioh oe~n to complain,. trai boy (X- noun.) tr~i fruit ýX- noun,, used followed by the species3 name to d~enote fruit of plants' and trees,, used os classifier for some nouns denoting round objects. e~g, ban ball'1; t r AUi tr YM fruitý,s) in general (222)'S t r~i oAy fruit (when speciles is riot indi~cated!.; trUi CX**t the globe (earth),: trai. to act contraNty to,; to be left!,opposed to rigjht)y tr~i t be sread ot (~oh) ne., rnat., paper,', to spread out (rnj:t pcis (befoýAc or under eyes. usua'A Iy w ' th qu& seconc. 'in serles)- to pa~ss through ~'k.n 9XP9TerleC9 eg danger>Y. trqfi a foyrr in the hillsi ýýwthout permcorent dwelling), a hill pasturfaqe- a large t-ilitary post or camnp, barracks (class. il' tr~n forehead tcloss..3 o44:,, tr~n to overflow (int* &.)I trang page of a book,: newspaper.. etc,,. tx-rounY:,' tring to fry fe~qg,, pancake);ý to be fried.. tr~vng tr6.ng fried a ggj tranh straw consisting Of StalkS Of grain (used for thatching, Cla~ss wo. 08 for one EtalkL. tranh a pointing (class,* b~io>, tran-h to dispute,,, Vuarrelk- tranh dXku to struggle, fight (not fatclly, friendly); c'V~h t ranh to compete (mainly in business).trinh to stand aside to make passage (forA, cho)., to withdraw from.: tr~c the treea Dalbergia Cochinchinensi's fclass8IW, OW Vr~tn one hundred 'numrerator)..: tr~ng the moon Eu16unily n41. tr~ng); tr~ng tr6n the full moon; tr-Ai tr~ng fruit(oa1 in general N2221L trkng to be white,, tr~y to be clawed or acratched,-' 486 t r la ceiling (wood., plaster~ cloth)., tan battle (X'-Ioun'ý; violent outburst (X~-noui., followed b-,r such ver'bs as zntra; gi6 b 'RO, a1~ir 6 b'I 4i t r n t o l1ose battle or war-. 46ah trfin to f igh t a battle,' gi~p tran to engage in battle (with,, v6'i),;. thua tr~fn to be defeated 'in batt'le, tra~u buffallo (class,ý con)~ tratl betel k'class, wO 09y for the vine,,, 16 for the leafO, betelciulid (class.w w.: mi ng) 0 tra'u kh6ng betel (class, w*- ca~y for the vine., 114 for the leaf)"': tre bamboo (class,,w., W~oY for the plant).tr4 young person fclass,, di~fa)., to be young,. treo to hang (intr.- and transJ.); (a rope, etc,,,) holdis (something)l hanging,. trE to be later than time appointed, to be latelo tr~i to be on-, to -be in Camnbodgtia or Laos (said in Annarnese Indo.,,chinat. 203)., tr( the mind, in tell xgencep yr~i trl to feel assured (followed by r~) 1o~an tri to be disordered in intellect., tri. (see duy),: tr4 to govern., rule (followed by ntr&c or dan and denoting ruiw by a. 1eglý' tirnate agency; otherwise restrJ); tri, b~ah to curie a disease-. t4j t6~ to punish a crime;, oai tr4 to govern (a country or other ve,~ lrge unit), tyx trj, to be independent,, selfgvrig' trioh (see At~ trloh?,, tri&8a one million. (nuineratoAb tr6 younq man who l ives in another's house in the status Ef student or page (feudal), b9o tr6 student (cl ass,ý W r~r i. tr.Q to lodge and board at,:, tr6n to be round, (moon) is fulIL.'ý trgng trba the full moon-. m8t thing' tr"&I a whole mon~th, oixn tr~n (smoke) forms a ring~,. trong to be in; to be (in Indo-.China) south of the point of reference (203),. ah trong the part of the house reserved for the family (bedrooms., etC4Ij, t~rong to be t ran sparen t,, cl Par 1lit eral and fIi g,), trong 8'60h to be puro tr& (eyes) are wide-,open, - to have (eyesq) widpe.,opean.. r-~&A to Qct in secrets furtively; In trm to steal; ngir 6i gn tr 6&a thief- vuitr~m a thefto tr6ng to have the appearance of kA20); to look at; trorig thly topperceive.' see", tr6ng gilbig to look likes tr~ng (placn, space) 'is unlpsrotact sd., empty3 vacant; tr~ng j, 6 t a b-0 open to the winds-,: tr~ng t o p~In t~ ro be pl~int..fd.. tr&v to return., tr&Y.7 o return tow4ardms; tr& ra torretAurn outaidoit 4r'~' v~~ to I z tr vt to tet-arrn hoire or to m tart gp.c r'a 0 to tui'n out to be,,, t rbi the sky.. heavon (X~-notin; occurs frequently "s sub ect of Varbs dontj,~ states- of the weather or the pDriod of the day);. chan t r oi th4'horilzonohiia tr~i God fhr s t i on, 4o chiia tc&I Ccxtholic relIAon ~ntrt&pi h sun; n~n trKi the vcult of he aven,. triji colufnnu support (rest~r,:); ti'x di stone pillar (class. Of~i or osiy); 09,t~ tria supporting pillar, support (class, oA-L ora^4 tru (see Al tr4),, trwy~i to trctnsmit (inheritance., tradition),; truy&i thanh to broadcast (noun follows immwed~iately), b6n truygn thanh a roadioscript,, a brocricust (wh ich is listened to, X'-noun); tuygi Vruy~i to promulgate (religion,, political constitution)C trurig center (restr.),-, trung dlnha to be i qiirut eo c na averagev, at trung blnh an average (in arithmetic)#. truxig hoa Ch triang k'r the kingdomn of Annoam; 41a trung hAi Mediterranean (may be p#reced&d by bi'An).: tri.~ng to b e hit squarely;, to hit exactly what is aimked at,, hit sqjualrely,trilt to pout (liquid,, dry material) from container with wide mnouth ý(gloss), cup,, bucket): tru' to keep aside, keep ini reserve,, subtract,, -to put aside., exCclude, el irt note- trtZv ao ra except.: triza to be noon (usually with subject trboi).:, trikng egg (ciossw caii), tt'?6C o e bfoe luspace or time,. trix 6' kh1 ~3 be fore S(1341, tu~n (4) t rtr 60 last week; thtdng trix6o last mon th;, tuitn (11) t~rtr6-o ki~a weak before last;. th&ng Vrx6'o kia month before lost; tuia (11) trur6,o ki.a week before week before last;. tht~ng tirix4xo kia, mon th before month before last.trtxr ng page Of a book (X-~noun,; trang).: trix 'ng chiefA leader (rPstr,:A; 1 trtr &g~ mayor of village, t tr bu~g field or establishment where activity takes pl**ace (X-.noun, retstr,.J4 trix 'ng bsý airfield.; trtr~xig h9p school (buildintg), tra 6ng hopp circumstances, conditions (X-riounV., U to swell (injured or diseased part of body)~ a swelling on body, butrl on tree- etc.. (close..* 04').: U to m~ake a noise like thunder (also reduplicated),, UO AustraliQ (preceded or followed by Oh aU) 0: UA (only occurs in the following construction)., u4 Oali to aict XQzi~ly (usually first in series),: u~i/ui.L ohh/ohho (exclamaction used on feeling shock or hurt)0. A~i to console ýrestr.,). an 'ito console., dng (see tp iing)< l.dtag to drink.: 191~ kr (particle., at the end of, a predication,,, denotes that the spec*er~s cttiO._ tude is one of searching for a solution in an embarrassing or difficult situation and finding one {stated in t1e predication) which he does not like but which seems to be the only way out, 'must I (we) *~' 235),,: (said in answer to an utterance,, except when a negative answer is required-, used by elder to child,. elder sibling to yo-ur~ger sibling, husband to wife in privacy of the family.- the master says 1X to the servcztt, but may say vang to an old servant of the house; superior may say 4 to inferior~ bu t yan is more polite, 1%X maqr be used between friends),, it Ddil (said on r-ememiw bering or noticing after one's attention has been drawn to somelth Ing by someone else-. 21.2) UO one hundred thousand Cnuyneratorl,: t 6-o to desire, hopS. for (somethirngjmay noma by good fortune); xro 6ao& to dosire, long for- f Iso in reverse order',,, mnong %r6o to expect3 await.! 4.92 desire impatiently~, Vr690 pact-, treaty (restr.,), hI Sp Lix6o a treaty,, pact (classi. w* tz,._or riarely ban); hba uz 60 a peace treaty (class., w.0 o. or b&n) o 1&io/ diu Lr 6;o contents' of a treaty or pact., L 6*p to season with salt,. pepper,, or sauces, to preserve (moat, fish with salt or other preservatives),, to perfume (tea) with flowers (also intr.- in all meam1nings) Lz ft to get wetq, V& Ii valise (class, Oa va (see v&L v~a),. v& fig (class0 w(. oay for tree, trii for fruit). Vat however, moreover (introduces predication which gives an additional reason either pro or cony. V& to push (rice) into mouth with chopsticks., vAO to carry sloping over shoulder (pole,, gan,, also box, bag of rice),': vAha wall of wood or mud (closso, bio), Val shoulder (Closso w.,: b~a), rank- ngx6'i vai* tr~n/dhr6ima of -high/low rank,, Val. cotton (cloth),., vai two or three (numerator,, 240)~,- nTt v ki one or two or three; vhi ba tvO or three or four.: van to call out imnploringly,, in distress, Vn pli 1ank~ board (class. t6-a 11.8): vq~n ten thousand (numerator)-. vanx tWrgzg Vientiane (202);,. vang European wine (usually preceded by ruqa),:, vang; vang to go (restr3;, d5I v 'ng the post (X-noun)- gi ty/e6 v~ix 1a passport.. vhng to be yellow. viko to go 'in, com~e in, enter,$ to move in Indo-..China fromf north tiossouth (2031. v4gLvaJr1 (occurs only 'in the following construction); v~ft V& to be robust, athletlc". V t ierature; to be literary, enlIghtened (restr.)A ~ in ob i 9 Ai c, vilized., civilizction.w, vang ýpioce) is deserted.. vInM inLXt (Parsorn) is absent (either witAh na~un for person as subject, or without subject but followed by noun for person.'1, ving to hear from a distance (followed by nghe; more rarely used than the following)- v~ng Aing to be heard vaguely,,, from a distance- to. hear vaguely, from a distance (follows nghe; 65),) v &y to besiege:, encircle~ blockade, iO vy to break Q blodckado, rais' si e Ise a vay to be thus (can replace the verb the' in all constructions).. van cloud (restro0),,- a cloudy grain in wood (X,-noun)- va~n 1aam Yi~nnan (202),, van to say (restri;. van van etceteran, v~n to be rolled uround something (turban or womanes hair around he~d bandage on limb,; etc.-). to roll (something!'4 around (somothing) (in matprial senses = qua~a)o van vixong to be preoccupied. with (direct object or vA plus' direct objectd-also i~n reverse order),, v~zn to ask a question (restr~,). van de, a question,, problem., topic (X~-nour'I; h9o vhn to get an education.;. v An to act continuing as formerly (first verb in series,, 206),-, vMn rhyme (X--'noun) dAnh van to spell (followed directly by norun),, vang (said in answer to an utterance,,, except when a negative answer is 1L95 required; used by equal to equal., and optionally,, instead of 41# by inferior to superior- superior to inferior may say Zt but vinug is more polite; lit.: 'Iobey').: v~t v& to toil, do heavy labor (usually second in series, or first In serins with &A following the series); (work) is laborious, hard.,: vit~ thing, objects creature (X#.-noun;,. retstr.:); animal (class.: COUn; not to~o freely used);- vit ch~t, a miaterial thing;. 4t dunig things thataare in general use;. d~rmg 4it animate beings (animals and human beings); lok.i v4 the animal kingdom; ti9i 4t everything; &a91 v#b gi. anything; vj' vkt the 4.OOOO things,. all things; n~h~ng con v~t~ anim~als.: v., v to draw, paint (picture);,v U~n (d,:) vS so' to paint (picture) bi~o vS a Painting (bt'To is classifier).: V; appearance (X-.noun; restr.d;. vui. V4 to be joyful, gay.: vS to return home or to onie's dwelling place or to a place of orig9in.: V9 to be in (such-and-such a direction; 87);. to be (such-.and...such ak season)., to be at (such.--ond--such a time of day) (1$3); to. be concerned with (only verb,. or second or later in series; 183)*0 V&~ to guard (restr.); (ih~5vý to act as a guard to (a persoit),; quin h.8 via guard,. vi saih hygienea: vet spot., stain (X.-noun,"; vtt Vhiro'ng a wound,': L96 VI to compare (with, v~oii, vi dV for exampl e. vi to rely on;, because,, becouse of (followed by noun or by predcation; 140),. vi 4J~u because of what reason? Vi a collection (especially of a man's writings, of laws; rostra); tT 4I dictionary (class.: ou~n or qyn, vi ~vi9 but restr.v; 4ý k3 to think only of oneself,, be self..centerod.via the li"fe principle (man has seven., woman nine,- K-noun); hIi yý phew)l a narrow escapei (lit.%. I call out to my life principles (to return to my body)).pio piece of work, job, affair (Xv-noun); o6ng vi1-o work; VI',I h an important affair; mn~o vigo to be busya: v *ba regUlarlr# shaped thing which is artificially so (class0: for a numbe r of nounts denoting things of this ntature;,- g~qoh "brick');, vinm a-o a round tablet of Chinese ink- vi&1n thta~o a pj11,3 vi& (class. for nouns denoting officials and members of organized bodies of menA e. g. -l1:nh,, quan, 1j t rur&ngo thtr 4j; i n al1 c ases op t Ionacll1y u sod instead of n& 61? or ng probably slightly more hontoriflci; X~ng v ik member of a'party (X-noun);I h-81 vi&i member of an association (X-noun) vi~t to write;. writing implement (classs.: oii or ok'); VI oh3. lead-pencil., pencil. 097 vI.nh c bagulf (class, O63),: vj.t duck (classa. con).V6 shell (of egg., mollusk,, tortoise)~, bark of tree,, outside skin (of frulit) (class,%- o~ji for the complete shell or skin, m~ing for a piece),, voi elephant (class.- con)-. voi 460 a rogue elephant.: vong to lose (restr,,),9. vong sopg to act without paying attention to conse. quences, careless of result,-, v~igp vong hammock (class. oil).: vbrig to trace a circle; a circle, surroundings (class*: o6J.),vong to hope;, hope (restr.)-- hy vgn~g to hope;. hope (noun);P. tiAt vong to despair; despair (noun).: V6 not to be (followed by verb);ý not to have (followed by noun), (restr.,, to constructions in which it is followred by words borrowed froln chin-ese)o; v6 hoo to be uneducated;. v8 Ioh to be useless;. V8 l0 to be without worry; v8 V. (statement) is illogical;. v6 nha~n Up to be inhuman (actiotma, p~rsons); v8 ký/eb to be innumerable;- v6 th'i to be good-for-.nothing-- v8 0~3. to be guiltless, innocent;. v6S tu~ymi dil~u wireless telegraphy~ Araiio (direct object of bkng; attribute after ni~y,9 dUi cotg wtc,:),: V6,9 V6 to clap (hands),, flap (wings), tap (shoulder,, table);, to console (for som'eone V934 A animal) springs upon (prey). V&1t hurry;, v~i vbng (idob: VLn vI tot hurry with eagerness to do somwething for somieone else.V6 to be broken (cup, plated, coconuto glass, door; into few pieces or many);. v6 48 there is a breaking of the dike (also, d8 v&).(se 4509 1)0 S? wife (clase. w,,-ngixrbi); vq. con wife and children,, fiiiily.: v6-i to join (a person);" with0 via tru1 the universe.: vu catastrophe (X..noun, only used followed by certain verbs as.attributes;p 1.68).: vul to be amusing;, to be amused.,- joyfull; vu~i l1rkg to be pleased; vu. 4& to be joyfil., gay., vrangg vung hole in ground,, street., etc.- (class0: 06i1, or quantifier for such nouns as nvr6o and btin).: vting area, surroundings, neighborhood (X.-noun).: vu~ng to be square; hinh vu6ng a square (class.: O1,~ vu~t to srnoothe with the hand (hair, moustache,, clothes, paper),, caress with ha'nd;. (also used as intransitive,, but apparently 4nly' in thinxg vubt~ at* g0 very straight').VIMa to have this very moment done so (first verb in series;. L22)ýo vtra.. VIMa to do two' actions within somne timte or in immediate succession;both u::~and 0::::(242)0: vira to be suitable,, fitting, pleasing to (followed by object, dad is first or only verb in series); to be suited,, satisfied (usually second in series;' L. 21),~ v~ 6ni garden (class.: 06,i).: vion~g to be seized by,, tangiled in (restr.);. vro~ng V&?1 to be ýpreoccupied with (direct object,. or v4 plus direct object; also -in reverse order).vtr t to get away by employing much energy,, vir~t ibn to pdlll ahead (Ur a race), vi~rq~t nguo to escape from prison., X4 to be at a distance, be for away?.i x& Am id.- -literary);o x& tft to be so~fcr away as to be almost invisible.. X& vehicle, car (restr);. ohleuin x& armored- vehicle. (class.- c4i.or oT&L')) xik 1&ig salon, drawing room, parlor (also x& l8ng;, used as attribute af-ter phbrig (the room) or b~, 'the furniture of the salon'),* furniture of salon.: x&c corpse., dead body (man,, animal,.. class.: 04i); x6o th4,J~ body (as 'opposed' to spirit),,. x~oh to carry hanging from hand.: zay to grind in a mill (in order to remove rice--hisks, make flour,) grind coffee)-, xsy 14.a to husk rice in a mill; coki. zy handmill; sung o U xs Mach irie.- gunx: A~y to happen calamitously- there happens calamitously:o:0o (usually with rag d~n, or t~i as second in series).: XAQ to be gray;' xan x~m -to be grayish (65).& 201 xanih to be blue,, green-. zanh bi*Ao to be a pure,. transparent 'blue or green, X&~O to stew (meat,, fish) with a small amount of liquid (sauce, oil, water) and vegetable (also intr.). xKn (Bee z&).: Knz to roll up (sleeves, trousers)-2 to be rolled u'p0 x~AM to usurp (restrj;' Xam chikaa to 'invade., occupy: AU to be bad (of quality)., to be ugly- Aii h6 (person) is ashamed, (action) is shameful.: xe to carry in cart or carriage;,-, h xe driver of carriage (only used in address); phu ze (kdo) rickshaw-coolie.0 Xe carriage, cart., conveyance on wheels (class.: o~i, o r oh I' o);.x vehicles in general (X-noun); xe d~p bicycle;. ze dio streetcarl; xe ho0 'i au t ono bile e 1A: railroad; train- xe tang tank (military Vehic'Je)O Phu k6o xe rickshaw-.coolieo X6 to tear, tear up,,: rein to look at; xein x~t to inspect.: x~ng ai shovel (class0 Ol~),: x6t to examine, pass Judgm~ent on,-, x6t &Togn a 1o6n- x~t 4ý to examine in detail; x6t~ x%* to judge-. N.Vm/kha'a x6t. to inspect; tra x~t to I r'~res ti~.f gatej, probe intov: 202 xap to be folded; to fold; x&p d9n to be arranged, put in order; to arrange; x&p &.t to arrange, put in order (things, affairs); x&p saoh 1. to close a book. xi&n Siam, xiOn to be oblique, slanting, xin to ask for; to beg permission to; xin 16i 6ngo I beg your pardon,: xohi mango (class. w, oly for the tree, trAi for the fruit)0: xoay to turn on axis (intro: and trans,); xosy d&u to turn the head.: x6m hamlet, part of village (either administratively divided off or made up of a separate group of houses; X.noun), xong to finish an action (independent verb, or second or later in series after verb denoting the action finished), after finishing, afterwards (subordinate predication preceding main predication) (ii3)4: x8 to give a push,: x6i cooked glutinous rice (cooked usuall, by a steaming process, nau).: xu sou (100 sous 1= piastre; X-noun)o xuan spring (the season).: xii tid to incite (someone to do something which he ought not to do); xui giio to cause by forcible means (someone to do something; somewhat literary = bit): Xujt~ to be all but a little more arnd (first verb in serip.s and optionally followed immediately by nflia the following verb series may cai.~ mence with kh~ng4 ~all but dldn It ~:>0.or~ xut(4a a re*esbet xung (only occurs in the following construction); xung qual to be around (something) completely&r' xuo~ng to go down,, come down; to go or come from Cambodgia or Lcvas to -Annamese Indo--China (203); xu~ng ohiko to demote (a person; xQ~zxg is in its rare trans: us); 1 xu~ng oh* c to be demoted;. h4xu to-put dcown (scme,._ thing carried, flag, sail), to land (plane); (plane) lands*: Xf region, district (X-noun);, native place (somewhat restr.:)- ngxbir xfr t8i my compatriot;, xi.? a& one~s native place (also z1* alone)., Xt to decide, regulate., judge.. phAri/x6t Ai to judge; X1&i 6n to gi ve judgment.: xtra former times~ ancient times (X-noun);, xtxa nay" txtr xtra 44n nay from long ago up to now., wtroing bone (class.: o~i), bV Xrongi skeleton-. ==z~g sabg vertebrca column0;* xit&n workshop, iaotory (1X-noun)~ .AN ENGLISH--AfNAMESE INDEX WNS abandon bý abl~ity tht able tbAk n~i about ohtrrig, A, I'n absent vlng 4~t accent mark dau accept nh, uA account-book s6 QCCUstomed hay ache daiui; nkUro accident tai n~n acknowledge ni-an th-ty acquainted quen'f act Vamp h d.h ng act iv~e ha*,t dt4ng action aliAU add g&, th&n 0o address &ra 1bi address (letter) addi tion al n~ap Vk&I adjacent a~nh adjust lip adjoau rn tan a~dmire khen admit nh~rij, XtyI adopted, adoptive au8i adore minl adroi t kh6o advan ce ti en advantage lob advettize qualng o~o adult (dI1 affair vi.Aci situ affect Af afraid aq after G&U afternoon okiiti again IlaI" agai n st t'un age tuia*i agile leah agitate lay agreeable dI ohljun, dlu,, vtrs h!I ch h aid gi-ip, giiýImp d& aim tr~p Moih aim (vun) rih~i a ir hai; kb.6n.g khkd 06 airfield teribmng bay airplarie mAy bay ajar h& al armcl odc ctdig h6 b~o/d6*ih th~q alcoholic drink rtxqn~rifu) alert 1al alike d~ng ohi~g al ive sang aGl In9.Q allies d~ig nizh.9 1ifin hilp al low oho almost gsA, h alone 4nt minhh bi-St; ob O8o already dra r~i. although $ýo dgu$ d~t, tu~y al so oting altar bhn thZY always Oli, lla~n lu6n amTazed ng~o nbi&a ambitious (unscrupulously) theam am busah ai'nh aMon g t rong amount s6 amputate Oh,4 aznuse(d~, amusing Oho'i, vui, quky ancestor Op~ 0 tiai anchor neo ancient 06 ancient timesX)& an d vh angle g6o an grydAn 0o ani Mal oon; vat an im ate be in g c~6,ng 4~t animated t~p ngp ankle o4 ohfin announce b~o, b~o annoy quAy annoyed bu~in bWe annul ha~y answer tA l&i an t Ui 0; white ant abi anxious h~i hop appeal (a case) Ohbzig An appear UP'& appearance hinh, v4 app"Aau d v6 appointed (tiziie, place) hprLu approximate ohbrrlg apricot so.April th~n Ur aptitude t~r o&,h arbo r gil.n areca OaU argue Ofii arm tay armistice di-nh ohign army (16:4 qQUn arouse hOr arrange sapse arrest b~t arrive den tOi artificial gi ' artiller'y ph6~o VhiVbinh artist nhh -my" thu4v artistic my thu~t a0a nhir ashamed hA th.9n; A4u h6 ask (question)* h~i ask for xin assemble d6n assembly h~.I' athletic r~/a v& attempt viA& attentive W6~ ehxi; 0i tek attitude th6.i (18 August th6.ng t6Aia automobile xe hcaij 8 t8 autumn thu average trung bnhh 208 awai t siong awake thin ax rt 209 back lur ng backbone xroang s>ng bad xAuP gi& bag bao baggage ct8 balance (for weighing) abn o&n bald s6i ball ban bamboo tre; bamboo sprout aLOg ban aria ohubi bank (of river) bW sing bank (of earth) c6n banyan Ia& bark (of tree) v6 bark (dog) Bas barracks tri. barrel thing basis nAn basket it6 rA bathe t battle trfi bay vinh be (something) 14 be (in a place), 41g. beach bai biAn beam (of light) Anh bean au.; beansprout gi& beard oh6m r&u beat d6nhp d&p beautiful Agip nmy 2*I0 become n&1, 09?nh ~ be causae vip b.~'ip t~i, U~r bed gi~t anig bedroom bu6ng nga beer. bi'a beetroot oia o~i before trre ngo~i begin a~ u beginning d~u behind eau beli1eve tir &g bell ohu~ng belly bun~g belong to oita,ý thu~o v6 below dtz&6, kiq. belt giay ltrng bend (in a curve) bel bend (down) o'Il bend (head up' n gi n gq n gLrLYO benevolent nha".n nghla benefactor An &nhn beseech O.AU beside c0n besides the^M betel trtu (kh~ig) between gi6i&, trong bicycle xe ~ eVS 16 big 16'n bi rd ohi*za bi rthday rnghy aiah nh'it bite o~n, A~t, t~hloh bitter ob~t bloack dtem blackboard bAng don bl ade l*ir i blame tr~oh blind wuz blood mA~U blow (with fist) dkmotho blow (wind) th~i. blush phAt ngix'ag, thfpi blue xanhp xenh bibo boat dip ghe, tbku, thuy~n bon voyage di blnh y&h board v6z body minh, ngizri boil (water).61 bolt (door) o~i bomb b6a bone xzr ong book sgoh border (of country) bi an gibi born 4ý borrow atxqnI bother qu* bottle ohae bouquet oh~la bow (of ship) Ali thV bow down oi bowl oh&iý bt, lilnp t0 box hgP boy th gng b ran ch o~ih bread bianb:a break bý, g6.y, v&p nbi break down hanig hUr breakf ast bra KzI skg breath ho'i breathe th&, h1dt breed gila. brick goah, ag6i bridge (noun) ofti; (verb) bto bright Bdng bring dra, p xa4, drte broadcast tru.y4n thaih broom oh~.b ohki brother arth, etA brown n1u brush (toeth) dAnh bucket th~ng 2L 2 bud nuf Buddha ph't Buddhi sm io phut Buddhist priest. monk Br Buddhist temple ohl~a buf falo tr~u build LruL, d&6ng, b60 diP building nbil bull bb bunch b6; (becanas) bu~ng; (gropes) ohtikm burglar ngutb'i K.n Vr6 burn.ohA~y, dst bushes bui oiy bustling tkp rlp busy bVn vi'*o, M1G vigo but nhi ngo mrh butt bang butter boa butterf ish oi ohim butterfly bur 6m, biroca bix 6m but ton ~Os ni1t buy aua cabbage oAi cage ohuing coke b~nh calam~ty tai awn, xly calculate tfrh calf bA call g2i, k~u, h-6, van Calm yin; khufy, diýn, an camera y & hYp hinh camp &&n, trfi can tkiAP &rop n6i candy kjo canton Ong captain (army) quan ba capture bit cord b hi care ful oln tii, ooi ohing kklo, g carpenter thv x~o carriage ze carriageu.stand bm re carrot oh rzb carry barng, g&4h, khi ng, khu&n, V" x4oh, xe cast (metal) dilo cat Jo catastrophe v'n catch bit, daih, oho category hV4 Catholic religion &#o 014e trti caught stlop qu& tang cause (noun) 1~ cause (verb) ln, bit ceiling trtn celebrate mtrng cent (sou) xu centimeter pbhn centipede rAt ceremony certain ohio chain gi&y choir ght change c&i, d1i, thay character tfnh charcoal than charming diu chase dubi cheap rý cheat 1tra, ~6i cheek mni U 44 ch ee r hoan chest (of body) ngTo chew nhai; (betel-juid) In tr u chicken gA child ocn chimney bng khdi chin oia civilized VXUk mmLi choose o0h9A chopstick taa chrysanthem*t o0io church nh& thb cigarette thuto circle vbng, ouun circumstances di 4up vitfop trxbMn b4qp city tinh, th~zh pht citadel th~nh clap v6 cl as a 16 h.0 Nirg c1 am 86 claw (*ounj: nhp; (verb)' aho clawed trly clean wtoh; (verb) ohiu, lau clear r8, t&, thongk trong, tinh clever minh &16p ru.h climate kbi hji.~ climb loo clip hs t clock d&i4 h6 close tverb) &6nig regaI nhla, n16 close (hear) g*U4 giAp clothes qu&n ~o clotheosrack ito to cloud m&Y clumsy 16 cool than d6/ao coot Ao coconut dfr. cocoon (of silkworm) k6n coffee Ok ph$ coin d&ng cold l1h rt n. sol Il ar o6 6.0 collect dan collide dng colonel quan n~a colony thu~.o dja color ahu column o-~t come O&x 1,4 come back tr&,i# come down xubig come home vt come in vho come out ra come up l6M ooinaand bao, h8, oai quin, e4a khi &a commemo rate ký nicommerce buan comit faux pos. 16Li. ooamunio.*e th8zg ospany & ooaamz'oia1)I nhk bubn b6n consequences (un aiu compare V1 consequently tht ti. compartment (of closet, drawer) nAgaI considerate nx compass 4; a bla console A' an compass-point phi& construct &6ngp dlp, boi,. 1?ij compatriot ngwb4i x, ngwb'i d6ng bko contairr ah*&; ftxng compote (in business) o'nh trrh container thting comp&ain triob O6i contempt ble hbu completely hit contemptuous khinh concerned with vi con tentzed eiu; bkxn4/'ai/vu-i condemn 1&a* t* contiguous l1ib condition (fat*) phjn continent ohaiu conditions (circumstances) t frqp continue o m al conduct dt6, gilt contrtbwnd 1^u conflagration VV o"Ay contract tdocument; tbý/gfy "4 corfuse(d) 116, qp y, ' i cqntladyt oiii conical tdp, 1ip tip ContOobt ch i ohi conquer tbhlt 1g conscious tink convenient ti* consent d4nh converse (talk) n61 ohbuy&a 247 convict (criminal tji nhAn cook (noun) b~p; (verb) u cool ngu~i coolie pihi, phu khu&n coop ohuang copper Ongin (d) cordial th An thif Pa coriander rkb cork uinit corn b1p corner g6o; oI mouthl. a&p corporal o..i corpse x~o correct d~ng, &wqo corvde phu cost gii 00stly tbn, ph, cotton bng; (cloth) vbi cough ho count da countenance n6t 4t counterfeit gi& country Mur6o, queos nha qtaS courageous can dim court tk t,?a in cousin ah, 014) ex course (dish) a6r cover bao; b9p cow bb crab oua5 o6.v crawl bb crayfish t8za htaa crazy dti&l, logi trf create tto Creator tao h6a creature 4t creep b6 crime tA. criticize ohi trioh crop aiia cross qua; sang crossroads * gg b&/tw oroyded O&ng cruel d~o Ao tba nhkI crushed byp,z nit cry kh6o cry out h6 cup tboh cupidity 16ng them cure tri curious (have curiosity) tb mb current thrater) gibng, lu6ng curtoain shn curved oong, oong queo custom phong cuttoms (douane) doan customer khAoh custard-opple n& cut ott, h6t., oh-, 9s, obia cuttlefish If o 20 dam rkgxn dangerous hi,* mgu~y bib& dare d~Aa dark t&i, sit, min't dash c!&m diu day iagkyp h8an debt zig deceive dbli; 1ti*v December th~rng ohtp decimetre tie de ck asAn t ku d c id e dlzib, nh It &ih,p A!, qay It declare tu~yhip khai* deep (physically, meritallyl s~u deep (color) d4a deftnitely Anz defeated thua deity thta delicate (soft) nhuylzi demand d65. demote x&Lng/1~t cQi$ 0 department (of government) 0. depend on zih',p t4. deserted vtrzg, hiu. qitz~h desire mbn,~i bu6u, xon., 6&o despair thlkt v'onzg destiny (of person) at pkI.An destroy phis phi Ihly detached rMi determine 4izh, nh it ~ develop into n On dew stxcong dictator bit ohik dictionary tiq 4 die oh k different kh~o difficult kh6 dig a o OU6o digested ti&iu digit con o dike &8 dimly m~p lfr mb' dime hkop olo dinner b~za In ohi~u dip (in sauce., condiment) ohts direct (straight) thtng direct (overseae) cd. direct~ion ng&,p dkzbngi pbla dirty bin disagreeable kM6 oh43 disappear bibzL, 'bit disaster t~ia.n disdharge (weapon), ph~t discouraged ohdn n~in oh&i 1bmg discuss Ehxp o l4 disease btn di sgraced. nhua disgusted ohU (u&n) dishonest v6 1Uzomg dish (on menu) &6n dispersed tan displeased b~o disposed to an fm1 ng dispute tral dissipated, dissolute ohcri b&i distant from o~oh 2.221 distance khosng, quanag distant x% district mi9 xtý distutb Mng9ý qulj rbi dive nhIy divide ohia, phtn. se do 1 A dock b~n doctor thly thubo dog oh6 domination ng8i bi oh,& donk ey 1tra doo r- oia doorknob quE A down dtr6i# xubng drag k6o draw (picture) ve' draw (in game) hba drawing hiDk dream ahila bao, mo, m&6ng drift b' t, t8r6i drink u6ng drip giat drive du i, lii. driver of carriage aah zo drop (let fall) thb drop (liquid) hbit) gi2t drown ohbt tr8i dru g thubo drunk sayp ngb dry kh8, phol duck 4ý# durable b~i during tronzg dust bui duty b&r pkihz dye nhu~s dynamo MAy dri'I 4 22 2 each mxi each other nhau early 86 M warn 1 nh drO ear tai earth &it; hohn ol, earthquake vj d ng At east M8ng eat gn easy dX edge ni6 educated hoo hnh efficiently th-o egg tring eggplant C& elated khoan khogi eldest (in generation) o& elder brother anh; sister oh4 electricity dLtL' elephant voi elevator thang di4j eliminate tr't embarrassed ngi, ngwqng nghku embrace 8a 223 emo t ions% t nh tUnh empl oymen t oh,6o empty kb~ngp tr&ng encircle va^y end ou.~i, d~u 2'u^!iý mbi., kyr Oung endeavor ring endlessly Ma end(u re ob iu enemy qua~n ngjh4oh/thi4 energy rigk4 ltrto engage (battle) glip tr~ri engineer 4y a enjo y htz &ng enormous kh~.ig 16 enough diA enqui1re h6.' d~s 0 thgin enroll nh-aA entangled ialo enter v~o entirely h~et 0-/thlyj tV cA,v to~tn entrance 16i V40 entrancegate cAng entrust giao, g&i equal b~ng equitable o~ag blinh escape kki~i tho~t, vx~'t espionage d? t]34u esnt abliLsh l-ýp estimate!o6~i etcetera v~n v~n ethical way of acting &g#o Europeanized Au b6a even (level) bang evening ohiL4Q every a~i; nWo 00, ot~ing evidence chi~ngg tang olvrig evil 60o exact &d.ig exactly (equal., etc*) o0in8 exactly (precisely) ohinb examine khzAp x~t example. tkii du. exoept n go t r tr 1 01rc exclude triz exhal e th& re exhausted nmAt. nEoo exercise th'i th&o*M exceedso excessive qua excited hdi h'$p exit 16i. ra expanse b~i expect i&Ong expendzA~t expenses tinth On'phf. expensive &It expert nhh explain giLtng explode n~ explore cti th6m explosive chit n6 express0 extinguish tktý g4P t~tt eyema f 225 face 4&t; dC&i di*&i gisp maKV factory xv rag facial expression b~ 4t faded b~c fade bay di fak e gi& fall t6; rcYi, thb, nga false gia, w&.o family hg? gia dinh far xa farm (in hills) trfb. farmer nga&i nhk quO fashion ciohp kitup 1Ai fasten buiop oi, kbt fast mau fat.(adj.) bdo; (noun) ni6 fate ph, t' father oha, th*v fatigued nhgop aIftk favo r o a, gi-as fear esp kinh feather 1&ig features n6t amt February thinj b I feeble hbn y Ui feel thly, Iby 14ui feelings tinh tinh fellow-countrymari ngagxi d6ng biho, n gizr6. x45 female (bid'd) &A'i; (any other animal) 0 0 female sex phu. nil fence rMO fertile m An festival ttUp I4 fever n6ng 1#nh few It; V 41i field rutngp nrxo gs d Og fierce d 4 fig v& f i ght t nh; ohi.a tau9 Vv teanhb t figure hanhp tTnh film phis filter 12o final oting, htnp rht ou find ki.n d6xu'o fine (thin) inmnh; (weather) t t fine (penalty imposed) nlp pOh~at finger ng6on tay fingernail zi6ng y 226 finished hItp,xozxg r~i o V6i, toik fire 1Na; (conflciQratiord okx4 firecracker phiio fireman 1:nh first th*i abZt fish (noun) oA; (verb) oaup di ohkxi fist n&L; lCe8 9 n, thoi) fix Orsa fit vVixa flag o& fla t b Ing flatter n6i qui b i1 fl1esh t hib flight (of stairs) ting float a i, tr8i flock bAy, dOn I'lood 1,dt I~xtjo. ak floor s hn; (brvb) 3LMt flourT bt flIow oh ly 217 flower brg;,p ho. forget quki fluen t *.fro former od flutter phbV ph6i fort ph.o dhi fly bey; (noun) ru6i fortification th~rh foam bqt fortune hknh ph-do f oggy ma 4 a fea airon g gi forward t&1 fold x~p found 1, follow theo foundation b k, fomen t g&.y fowl gn fond Vhloh fragment dr&nh food oo0aS, g n fragran t thooaa foolish di~a r6 frank thaýt, t0 th~.t foot bkh ohba, gi6 free gii ph6ng' tV do; (at leisure) force bgt thong th& foretell, foresee ohirng freeze 46ng forearm bip tay fresh (food, fruit) twoci; (air) init forehead tr6n Friday thi5 abu foreign It; country ngoj.i qubo friend b-fa; friends arh on forehan oei friendly th~ri; kt bV n forge (blacksmith) r~n; (fake) gi&, frightened svp ki.nh m94 frontier biC& gibi f rown nh An 4V~ f rui t tr~d; quxA fry ohihn r~in, tring fuel (wood) e1'J. full dly, 4'y ah6o,~ no funny kh~i hhi fur l8ng furious 4ai dop~ tt~o furniture b,ý bhn ght furtive tr~a future ttramg lai gamble t4nh boo gambler oon bvec garden wt'u bn gasol ine dtu xing gate (entrance) obng tather a6n, hgp gay BLrzgs VUi VU general (army) q aan aAu gently kh6p te tVtr get & rqo, nh, &n gi ft d6 intt ng girl g6i; (up to 7 or 8 years) oon give obo, &txa glance Qt ng6 glass (material) 1Inh; (ccmtainer). Oto globe (earth) trei A$t glove tft tay gnaw cw P go di go away ra dip tite go across i quas, go back tr' 1,#i go down xubng go forward di t6i. go in 9 v&o go out r-a go towards i.i go up 1 &1 sang 250C go on f oo t d~i b 6 go for a walk dti ohp go to meet &6n go to bed di ngia goal (01iM) MUc'aao God 6ag t.'o h6a; (Christian) ohtia goodbye Oh-ho (plus noun);P say goodbye good to't goods hhng gourman d th"1 Xn govern trlp oai trj government oh6.zh phA; nh& nir6'o government departm~ent 46..ra ci OU dj: gradually d~in d'86 grain 4+0 grandchild ah$u grandfather einsA grandmother L& grape niho. grass 0 grave zal gray xin grease 0& great 16ni greedy tham green x~fh xanh 1A greet chko grief sS. bu6xi SAu grill nr 6rng grind 'cay groan ir grope m6 grountd Att group b9:a hb" grumhr 1&it ~L4 gu~ard g!6ý tA pbbn~g, 9 ~ rxe~rriLn ngh da1ng guess do6.n quest kh~eh guide dxi,, kMw diu guiltye o6 toip ~ t, gu If vinkx (Jun wdnrg gymnastics hi4 th~o habit th6ip th6i quen, hey hair l6ngp raup t6o hal f nrk'ap rrir6i, ruZ&i; gi4& half fday bix~i hamlet 16U hammer (noun) bila; (verb) d6ng hammock vLng hand (noun) b4n t.y; (verb) dxra handful nAm hand over diuj gili, rrgp, nup handkerchief kh~n 4gt/tay handle (of tool) o6r handle (freight, cargo) bbo handsome &.p hang treo happen tGi, xAy, phit happy kho 6.5., sung aix6'ng vui 1bn9/vA; ha diu, thor &ang harbor btk; (verb) ob*a hard (difficult) kh6; vAt v&; (not soft) O*ng harm &i', harsh g91t harvest (verb) g (t; (noun).a hat Iafi, n6n hay o6 have o6 have to ph&i I he anh/6ng/o-10M ty hill d~i hecd &&ui history el&, 811 k'Y lýph healed 1hnh,, kh&i h It rinh ~ '~~thI~ ~t healthy kh~e hoe ouboa6ptho trg hePap dtbng hold at&a hear nghe hole 16; vfing heart tim; 16xig holiday nghy agh!/19 heaven thigi; trbpi. home nhk xi1ý heavy A~ng honor danh. dij heel g6t honored h~u h~nh, qui hell dia ng~o hood niui help giip, d&. giits hoof Oh&^n herd bAy~ drhn hope hi vouig here dXAy hotizon chArt trb~3 hesitate ngA. ngir ng horizontal ngang hero enh ht~ng horn of car obi hesitunt oh~am horse ngwr& hey~ 1o0,! hospital ruhh tbhrcmg hide (noun) da; (verb) In.ý olts i~, hostile nghl'ohy tht nAp hot n6ng, b~o, Im high oao hotel kh~oh so hour gibe house nlibt how esop th 4 aho how far bao xa how many xtyý bao ruhieu how much bao nhiki however v thk m hug 8M huge khbag i8 humanae nhfn xighla humanity. humacnkind nhAa lo.iP lohi ngir & humorous kh8i hhJ hungry d6i hunt agn, *aKn btz, C i a hurry v~i, vdn vr husband ohdrng husk (rice) xzy hygiene v. #inh I I t6i,; tSo, taF -Lb C&S-1 ~Afl tal i ce ntr 6-c &A i co-c ream kern idea.#ngh T,, kil4n idni g i~ng nhau illogi Cal V6 1j illuminate 6oi image hlnh imagine tuiri6g txv~ng Imitation g1A implore o&& impolite v6 ph6p important Aht quaxi ki impose (tax) &Anh thu.A immediately ugay,. 1i*$n impossible kh~ng thi in trong trncesse hro~ng Iri~cte gfiY.Y Xui. ~inclined to afzi I-ng including g6m~ o6 inconven ienced ng-9i increase b~zig b~t, t~ng independent Upr tri i indicate Ohl Indifferent &i&Lm nh Ii i -ndustry ky ngkiý infantry b18 binh inllawlaable mnaterial. oha~t chky inform obo..b1%t/hay inhumain 46 nbhan dqp ink zwjx inhale hifit,, th~Y injection chf oh innards 1?6ng innocent v t,ýi i Vnnumerable v8 st/kA insane &i&, lo~p. tri inscribe &A4 insect b9ý insert (fingers in hole) xa6c inside tr.,ng inspect kh~n/xeui x~St instal lip Instant 1lil0 instruct dty,, dilu gutt intell.'gence <.army) n gizr l1hh kiln intelligiblse thorng in teli.1gen t c6 tri; th~ng iainh. intweresting o6 Ioh interpst (profit3 1&yi interpuet tkh6ng ngbn interrupt okiqt interroagte tra intersection ngý be/tix interval kho~ng intestines rix~t intoxticated say introduce (a person) gi~i. tU.fu invade di b4, zxui ohiti investigate tra x6t invert 1l9.t invite ziabi iris Ian irreklgious b~ng island &Ao otL lao isolated o6 &Oo, bi 4V9 hift qLnh it n6 237 J jack (fuit) wit jail tU January thring gi&ng jerk g I'It jet tie jeweler thq b#o joking kh6i hb.i joss-stIck o&y huong join nbil, tUp jourrallst nhA b4go joyful vui ve, tho w4ng judge pkihxn xtip x6t (xN) jump nh&y junk (boat) gbhe thuy&i ju jube tio July th~ng by June thingj s~i just (equitable) o6ng b3.nh just (of time) a4ini viz4a, n &y keep At 1ty, gio, trii(cikes rnu8i (hces kettle tm key ohia kh6a kick 44,,Ix kidney Ob1t kind (sort) thi?, h-jmg kill glst kilogram~ ki 16 kiloro~etre OSy a& kingship xug6i' kitchen btp knife dao knock a~p,; 0 knot (in wood) 3tto oh6 jilt know bibt, h&y I labor Congcb laborer phu laborious VUt v& I tatc t h I t ladder thang ladle out ggiio lake h6 lamenttAU l amp (16n landscape 0~n land dAt land (plans) h,~ xubng landingplace b~ft language titng l ard zn& lar ge 1&n., rong last (be durabde) b~n laS-t (final) O-4ng, Ou&o oh6t last (previous) trir~o. ngo~il, vtra qua, late trk khu~ya l au gh w Zyi l au gh at nhgo l aun ch hit thiOy launder g!4 t law iuav lawn bai 06~ lazy b!Ihng, &~i,# nh&ic, u& o &I l eacd (met al) oh3. lead (verb) dirn, d3., jitt. leaf 14 2 40 lean (verb) dra leap nhAy learn h~o leather da leave b6; ttrz left (opp. to right) trAi* left (remaining) o bnp t htra leg oh~n leisurely nhhn,, thong th& l en d oho str n. lemon ohanh less k~A, non lessen b6 t lesson ba'i lest k&~ let dr4 letter (character.) oh ta letter (correspondence) th~r level bqjng,ý kh~a9 ngang,. phtng liberate giki pho~ng/thoat liberty tix do lick lkAm lie ~AM lieut~nOnt qiuan xuit, qtuan hai Si gh t (n oun) d%n light (verb) dbt.0 sing.# 130i light (adid) nhq; e6ng li~ghtning oh6p,0 e6t like (verb) thloh like (similar) nhiz, &&nig ohi~ng lime (Minerfal) *v61. line (row) gigyp rAig line (verb) 16t, lip Jn~i listen nghe, l,6ng taI listener (audience) thlinh gPA litre lit little nhc~, oon; Lt; eat h ve a'; sAng 244 lively hobt dMng Iiver gaz loaf bsnh ml loBster V8m hibu lock kh6a lodge tro lon g d hi, gi2o; 1&uAu ao tr66 look ng6 look for ki6m, tim loop for bttton khuy loosen n6i lose 1top mitk lot (fate) phbfn lotus son loudspeaker 10a love you, tinb loudly 16n tibng low thkp lower h_#; (price) n6i, hoe lucky may lukewarm La kzn lumber gg, vAn lunch phra in trwa lung ph~i mach in e sl6y machine.--gun 81dng liga thanh/obi zay made of bang magi c thuft inaibtain duy tr:'i.major (army) quan t~r majority phin d6ng mak e 1Thm male (fowl) trbngk sbug; (other anim~" als) dwo mallet bdla man dhn 6ng mandarin quan mango xoM. mangosteen alng c b1' manner o~ohP th&, thai 0.0 dl~ng di,#u manners 19 ph6p, ph~p 140'h mjq manners and customs Phong manufacturing ky" ngh$ many nhi Au a map b An &6,, 4j& &6 March th Ang ba -1arket ohq. market basket gi& maorry owr61 mass O~ng mas t er OhI&Jav eth thy mat ohieu* match di&n material ohbt mattress nfl May thang nxME mayor 1ý trxbng, nlg 1l meal bCa ( Xn meaning ngh ta meanwhile d6ng thKi mat thlit medicine thubo meet ~p,ý gdp, 16n megaphone los melancholy b~ng khuaiing, hiu quanh melodious diu melon duza member kvi. vi n memory k& nilfm mend mnay merchandise hhng merit l~ng method o~oh me't r e thx 6o mi ddlea girap trung midnight khuya military nhi bini milk s8wa mill (hand) oti xay millimetre ii million tri*Lu mine m6 miner phu mw mind (noun) tri mind (be inconvenienczd) riggi mingled 11n ministry (government) "IY minute (time) philt mirror gixang miserable khA misploce A l4#o missionary e8 bd,6 mistake 1L1 miss (be late for) trA Sx44 miss (by bad mancigemient.) & mix An.,k ph&a, rtli model ki~i kuu mold khu~n molest ~i moment ohbo,, h~i.) lit, hldo Monday Vhi? hai money ti~n monk six monkey khlI monstrous qllLi month th4ng monument dli i4 ni",8 moon. trgnd, Llit tr~ng more xf&&, thbiss hcen, gih, ohng moreover v morning sing mortar (for pountding) obi mosqui to caiii mosgui to-Curtain *san._ ang mo squIisto tlck o Ay hixo =g most hcxu hgt~, nhlit mother wq moun d 06;a mountain 2iiii.i mouse ohuot moustache r~u smdp mouth mi,&tg mouthful initag moveOn movies h~t b6ng movie~.star *ao h~t b(Sug mu ch anbI'&4 mud b~m, 14 mul e 1la mulberxy d~tu murder Am sit muscle bip th'4t mushroom nasa 24S musical instrument (wind) ker mussel 8? must phsi mutually nhau n nail dinh; (of finger or toe) za6ng name t gi, hi napkin kh Xn Xn natural tW; nhigi natural -resources nguyki lxeii mavy thiy qurin naval battle th&y ohitn naughty nglioh necessaly ph-i neck 06 necktie 0& vat need oia niece OhAu neighbor lnag d3ifag neighborhood vtmg neighboring 1&n 4zI nephew oh&u nervous Iii hlp nest A net lItz&, oh~i. new M61 news tin newspaper bio 4W next (in time) eau next (contiguous) lii night dim;9 t6i no kh8ng nod g~t noise ti*Aigv Sn (ho) noodles zi&n, bdn noon trira north blo; (wind) bAo nose Atii nostril 165 jaii nostalgia, sy nh6 tito/thro'ng not kh~ng, v8; oh6p dirng not yet ohmra notable (of village) hurcrng oh* o notice (noun) bang November th6ng mot now bpy gib& number at 247 oar chio obey vung object vat; (oim) mco Ifoh obliged to ni oblique xi&n obscure tVi obstinate oing &d/o0 obtain &rqp occasionally thhinh tho.ng ocean bin occupy (as an army) ohi*# October thbag azli odd (number) 1 office phbng gily; (epployment) ohio officer, official quan officer (of an association). hi ng official residence of high official dinh often lu~n oil dA oo.Ko. &r old (person) gih; (thing) oh oldest in one's generation in family o omelette tring rAn on tr&i once 4t 1xn onion hknh only ohl. nh&ig, tokin open s&, gib, h& open (eyes) trb 248 open (rnouth. ht opinion "# (kitnl; (public) dtr lu"n opportune tiln opportunity dip oppress 4p bio or hay; hako orchid lan order (in advance) Ut order (ccmicmd) ltnh, l jhh,9 sai khi&,p order (arrange) xap djn 1h8 order (arrangement) Vtht tV order (a meal, etc4 k&u organize t6 ohiko; lp ordinary, ordinarily thurbng other kh~o ought to nai orange oam, quit ounce lhrrng outburst trXa9n outside ngohi. overflow trAn overtake qua 4.Xt overturn lt owe nq, thi L oyster hhu% btu S P package g6i pact hikp r6o page trangp trmrc mg pa4L - thting pain &aup nh* 5o point so'np ve pair Toqbpj &6i pane of glass t~zn kinh pants qQin paper gily papers (seamen'is, soldier'&a parachute dý parachuter linh nhky dA pardon tha; th* parents thy at; hal o) part (noun) ph ~, ph,& particular rihig partition ngln party (cwtuiement) ouao party (political' d&i ph6Ai pass di quag qua 4bý pass o) y ph(noun) giy/8a vvin liJ, g kiy/ zUbt rnk, p passport gi~y/es thbng hanh past (a period of time) dl vzing paste d6n path 1bi,ý b&,ý dtrbong h &a pay {vorb) traj ph6~t lia~ n,#p, n~6p pay (noun.' ltrangý, t~i~i Itrng p ave.IAt peace h~a brinhp thbli bizhk peaceful Y&a p each dho peanut 1-00 pear 1& peas i~ju h~a Ian pefasant ngtra'.1 nhý. qu# peel6 0*9. pen bu pencil b-dt/vi1&t chi penetrate subt penetenticiry rkg1~ pendulum qu& 110 penny xQ people dan;ri~ niz~i ta poppe tiperc~eive tr~ng thky perfect tuy, a. perform (theatre) bit perfumne d&u thoza perfume (tea) %x 6p pergolc gihru perhaps o6 16 perioc. th~i ký permieslon ph6p permit gigy phdp4 (verb) cho) d persirv-mon hdng persot ngtx bvi personal ri nga piasttre ddngo btfo 4dng pick up lurg'm; (with chopsticks) gtp pier b&a piershed kho 261 pierced 1Ang pig heoo9 1qn pigeon b6 oiu pile (verb) ohbt, dhp; (noun) Obng pill vigi thu&o pillar o..t, txV pineapple ddtW place oh6, noMi; (verb) &&, 49t plank vin Plant (noun) oAy; (verb) tr~ig plate dT.a, dia play ohoip, inh, dri pleasant dl ohiua, d4u pleased kho6i, mut'rg, vul lbng, vira plow Ohyp Oty plump b6o pocket taii point (of knife) zaii dao poisonous 48o pole Otp dbn, d6n g&nh pol iceman 1in polish 4t4nh polite 1-tob Bqj, o6'ph6p political party d&&gp ph6i pomelo btzr~i pool h6 poor ngbko, sa& porter phu khuan portrait hinl possibly o6 16 pos at 00t post Lisilitary) ddr, tzvl postage stomp ob teza postoffice nrbheiv gigy th~p pot (tea) hm potato khoai pound (weight) oAn pound (verb) d-ýp, dA&a, d-&h pour d&l, r6t, trilt powerless hen yAx practice t-4, ]Ay1w t4p 262 proi se khen p r ay A~u n gwy#a preach gi~iig &,#o precs.'ous qui prejudice thbnh kin preoccup).-ed b-i t~ni/1&igo v~n viroang prepare dgf~ ii, enp91 a~ra present 'gift'f Id fatrng,; 19 t~t present (timfe) hi-& tI/th(*Yi preserve (food) kz&p preserve 'someone's face) n4 press 0 b~p pressing O~n phai/1cfpp g~p prevent 0*n, (ctA) ph6ng previous ('yeVr) ngo~ii price giaot prick chohfk 4&am priest (Buddhist) sa pr in t In1 dung b&Ao p ri son týL, fl~o prisoner of war t*4 birih privrate rihig pribcite (army) 1linb, batp probc~Xy o6 16 probe into tra x6t problem v~n r4 proclaim Vuy~i b8 profession ngh4 professor gi~o srn proficient hay,, thi. profit 16i,; 1q. profound a^AU Progress tibn prohibit o&LI project ohi~i promise h*& promote 18n ahdro promulgate tuy~n tru~y~x propagandize gQu&n g o A proprietor Oh& 0 prosper ti6n protect ohe, phbng protrude 16 province tinh provisionally t9a provoke gay. (tease) ghto public o8ng ohidng; dAn ohdng pull k6o, giit pulverize &Amn pumpkin blus b1 punish ph#V; tr4 punt ohtng pure tror4 pursue 4u8i push AY.0 x8 put d Ag dCt put on d~ý sop di.. vILo qu Ick Maau~, 1enh quie0t y~i 4nýI#U qualification ttr 04Oh quarrel tran question h~i; tr& race (people) d~n t~a radianlt quang d~ng radio v8 tuy Ua radio-script radio,,--stat ion ragged r~ohý b~an tru~y& t~hanh ta *1 b,i/ t& railroad xe 1-4 railway station ga rain stra raise (hand,, footl gio'; (eyes) ngtý. raise (price) too high uloh, tih~oh rake o ho rank tht1 p,, m~i rapacious tham rapid iuau r arely At r at ohu~.t *other khA; thb. raucous khao raw eang raw material aguygi Ui.. razor dao ot~o re. 1#1 reach~ dir Qo re ad d,.Qo ready alp 8sý&, Ban real thv.c 0, realize o06 Vh&.yi rghlthY n h'4n tb~y' reallIy th~t rear nuIa~ reason i~i rebell~iot l1j#n rebellious nghich recall to mind nhlo receive nh14n recently m6' recognize ri,4n thgy record (verb) d~ng recount k4 red d6 reduce; b6t reflect on 1# reflection b6ng reform A~i o4oh/hMa refrain from abt g 0 region x4 regret tibo regulate xOý reinforce titp olxu rejoIce isirang relate kA religion d#o religious festival 11 rely nhbp remaitn & 1#i remaining c~n remember nh6 remind nh~o remodel c~i oloh/h6s' repai r ou6 repeat 11i repel d iinh tan report b65 reporter nha' b~o reprearcnt (be in pAoce Of, thay rent inir6ni reply trx. 16i rescue oi resemblance h. nh resemble. gibag reside &. re sai gn ttr ah 1 res1St 3h ing resolution ohC respected.qul rest (verb) nghl. restaurwit hhng In; oao lAu restrain ctirtngp ki4&m ohe result (verb). nun. reverie M at hng/anu -ceturn tr&) Vo qvolt 104Za rhyme vLu rhythmical Csound~ nh.ýp rice kpl6r~t and grain) 1Laia (~ook ad) coui; (seedling) ta,;(ukd goo rice (glutinous) ntp; (cooked'; x6i. Tlce-soup chAo rice~-wine rutrqu ta r ic h gi %u rickshaw.-coolie phu xo~(k6o)Q, phu k6o xe r id e ovrE&i * ridicule nh~ao b~Xig right (opp, to left) phAi right (reasopczble) ph~i. right tcorroct) ldnr riind ring (noun) nhtn--* (verb) gi t, ohuoi ng r,,,nse (mouth) SAO Ailga ripe ob~n ri~se b~o 18n,, moo,, a~i river s8ng road dXtr n roost (mentl quo*,y (gcl~ rang robust 4m/4Am v6 z:L 1 ve r b) o u4~ri K~n. q~bn, v t roll iflOun) OUICM roo f m Ai~ ~ve rb) lSrp roo~m ph6ng.. bu~ng root OU; g00 rope gi1A lose hong round t~rbn row fverb) eh~o row (line.) girky) rýXag rowboat 16~ ruined tai h-ti run oh-#y. run g b.,o rural area nhh quS Saibotagre ngtna ph6N sacrif ice hy s.*nh sad bu6~,,rl sail (noun) b~8L, (verb) ohoy sailor 1fuah th4~,WhV& tiA s al ary 1hr crn p saliva flU60 bq~t saxltpetre. di&rz, salon x&/X4 I2-ng salt maU6l1 Sal ty 4nYm salute hh~o % am e nhix 8Qcurp~f an.g~ thbu-y An Sanld O6~i satl'oted ohin eatisf ie'i 4i& a~ng I16ngý h k 1 6hn Saturd~ay h 4t b.y s a-i e.m 6vo6- *eh, t nm az o mAu~ sava (rescue) C 4Yu; (money) dhnL, fsomeonels focn) n& savoir-~facii:-9 lioh aij, day n6i, Arng say1 nhy S aw Wer sc~a.lts hfor weigthling1db- oin s~~dki-nh ai-hool h9o Scissors k6o scold ray scornful, khinh scorpion bo o(ýp scratch 0&0 scratchbd tr&'*v sea bi~a seamen Vh'y tbA~ sea.,water nri~ro A~n seal (on document) dku season wh season (food) Lz 6p search for kie'mj tlin search (examine) kh~an seat ohg nggi. second (timpe) gi. Y seon ~I re thi' hei/nhl secret kin I1. sec-l'ety rng~anw thm tr~ir secretary thix k)y section (Of ciotrus fruit') M~ii secu~re I(ppoceful) Yau ~ see th~y, xema seed h~b seemf as IJt hI~h nhtr seize b~tt ohi~pj n~a seldom It khi self tily w~ O'o t se1i-, centered 4ýk self-governing t9v trý. sell b~n send g~iji k~j sentence (gramacrl o RU sentence ("in court) A~n sertiments t~nh tinh separated 6ckbp bi.At, rg, rM-j' September th~ng ohln sergecant d~~(in Anntimpso airmy) qu&Aq shelf XngAn thi so-Ivant ngtxZri &shel ter ohe set ~sun, m toon) 1.n shini abng chfii set (tableý ds~n shine 8ang settle giai quy'&t ship tbut severe nghi&a shirt Ao sew may shiver run.), ruf~drig..,vnj minh se x phi shoe glAy shade., shadow b6ng shoot bin shake (agitate)l1ayý Ile shop hi~ngp hi&,k phb shake (tremble) runi rung, c'xing mini' shore bai* bi~n. shall ag short ngin; tht h hmcsf u I~ x~ 6 h6 th-or, Shollider Va~i Eh,'qre (verb). -h ýn. g; (n ouiT ph n shou-'- o.~ 2 sharp sto shovelx. sharpen m~i show cehI shoave 0,o show up ~s orn-on.~ 9,,0h " bfot~/a14 ty shrimp t6ic. shad 4inh shrewd rainh. sholl vý shriek k& guA Is Ick dau sickness b -$nh side~ b~n sidewalk 1~ aixng 8 ic~h th& ra slign k" t&r; (noun.) bAn g aiinmal Ulu sileant 4 ng.9il k lua silkworM m V-ni ghi2 k6n Il'Ive r b~o similar ahuv asimme9r h Liap ninhq tkA simultaneously VIM&,. VIM& sincere th~t sing hat; (birds) b6t sink oh~iayn d~m; sup sister felder) ohbi, (youngerO e~a sit i1ali skeleton b-8 xwong skilful hay,7 khe"O nkin dU, v6& (vrbl" c.; Skull (TU xcro.-I.g -sky tr6~i alranting Xi.Ln clteep n~;.(noun) g3L to t- (f rOm h and ) t Utt.liver thanh t%-Ioppy 1& 8LIh63. im ali I con, rih6 b6; non bmflQ t.aith An, ranh,,04011 (n ou n) mw; -ve i b) h6i), thkik ng~ii f~mel1 good thrs amile *ov&~ ~noun.) nu. ov &j. smoke 'noun) kh6i; (verbl bvit thU60 SMft0och 1~ngg phing n sm-ug gle d i'w 31 Ok e r Iri 5isntch (wi'th teeth) ngovwz sneezw nh~y Maxii snore th&~ nhix A~u so that &a. n~n, d& sober up d~nh r~q sockC t~t soft ma&a nhuy~n soldier lnhh some zAby soR1-4fl.1lw song bi~i hit., tieag h~t soon kiai nrxa sore dau sorrowful (Iau~ thu rong, sorry ti&e 5011 XQ soul hzjtiln sound ýýrivor, wl)d soup Oarth sour otua s~ource (of stream) ngu~n 91yace kho~n~ qtp s~n 9s,*e ok n 6.i spatula ohia special iri&, g species gio~ng spectacles 4p &ait ]Klnh spell dAnh vla spendA At, ti~u " pder ih,&1 Bpil P1 spin quay S pin e a spirit tinh thte spit nih6. nh& spleen lioh spoon znu&ig. thi.a speead -lang tr~ti spring (season) xuin;, Csource) ngu~n spring (verb) ob~ipj v8 sprionkle t~x6'i spot (stain).v~t spy do/db this~ squander t~ni, ph{ square vu~ng squash blii; bf; itz4p squeeze b6p squ id mkzo.squirrel &6o stab d:&aa. stable ohu6ng stagger 14o && stain vbt stairs thang; ting stalk bQi Stamp (postage) 06; team stand Vingj diing; Ug.ng star aso. stare nhin st-artled glit Sa3~nh state (country) n r 60 status. tuxqng stay&li steal Ani tr~rn steam (noun) hoi; (verb) hip asteel thdP steerIA steering-wheel tay 141 atstm. th.An 9 t 0 bix 64o b~l.o S tew xhto stick (noun) gýýy s tick out Lh 16 still (remaining) obn* (as befo Ire) An, sting dat, o ohfo 0 stink h A, ta stir qul&y stocking V~t. stomach bu~ng stone dA stop b6ý o~np ng~r.0 ngtrng, dtrng, stopper n-iti store hhng.; higu., phb storehouse k~ho story (talej, ohu.y,ýa (fioor) gsa) tvil storm g~l6fg straight (direction) thtxig stranger khiceh struw ra'mp tr&nh streamn r'anhp, su6J astree t Xtzb&ng streeti.-car.xe strength wt.o.19yVo Lkq%, n~i sti~etch oyt 41X&; rxgtr~o strict nghim. strike. &4nh; (industrica) dlnh o6ng string gi&.y stringbean d~u (Mai stroke rift, strong *iah uitruggle ohii~nlu; treah Austudent iioo trb study hoo stupid ngtt stutter *n6l lay style 16i submzarine t~u Ifn/ngta suibmerge n submi t dguh l~ag substance ohit rnuccood twhitnh o6ng tiuck up hilp suddenly ohgtt bing suffer big phlip dau sugar dIx ng suggarcane ala suicide tU sat suitable hqp. vpx. sul try b''o. summairize t6za summer h#; hb. summon g9i; 461 sun msi trbi sunny n~ag Sunday ohihohia rtht supernatural -power lirih sipper bta-ln ohigi support oh~ng9 gAbos au8i; (noun) obt tr~j sure ohto surface 4t surroundings vmng surprised ngpo nhi&n surrender dtu hk.ngp ob_. thus' su r roun eA bao suspect rtg swal low nu~t swirm, (of bees).ohbu swear (oath) tht sweat tnolln) ad h~i; (verb) ra a5 bmi, hi m6 hBl ra sweep quBt sweet. ngqt swell up nsip u swim bOci; 1,#n; 101. swirwings-poo h8 tlI sycamore sung table bh.n table-~cloth kh~n b~n take 1&y; zaangp0 Clem; V&X take off (clothes) oci. take photograph ah)ýp Axth/hnhh talent -tbd. talk no#iý n~6i chuy&k tall 0&0, A t an geri ne xzix quit tang.led r~i tank (rmiitory) xe tang tap vs tax thu4 tasty ngori tea chk~ trhý t each d..qy teQeher;thly h~, th.y/a'6 gi6~o teapot IM~ (ph&) Vzý,t9ar x6~ tease ghipo, qukv telegraphN..gigy th6p telegr7am gA~y thip t ele ph One di 1% th (i~ tell (to-do) b~oc 1'story) kA; C in fo rm 0-ho ~.bay temple (Buddhist) obiL&; (ilg tutelary deity.) &I nh ten M~z 6i tender non tennis tA nit terminate.kt 1iL*4 termite za~i terrified ki~nh. territory b& a6i testify. ohi~ng text bhi. thonk you Oda0L on th at kyp kia, k~a theft vu~ tr~* then r~i, $th3. there is o6 there thy, kia; Ida, d4M they gzbita, o~o.ah/6A/oAau/bV h/o r~y, o~ng nt6 thick dh..y thicket b~i th.ieof agirb'K. n t r~& th igh Rdi thin gtyp za6agi mah thing 46,p-4tj thi~o think noti. thirsty. kh~t this. n4,Y n 4Y though dia, mz.o9 tuy thought j thread gli&yy odto p thresh d'#p throne ng8.iL throughout taubt throw n~n, qu~rng thunder B&a. Thursday tkii1 n~a tie bu~c tiger o9p tightly oh Lt, n Sav rAng tile (noun) ng6'i; vrb 26& tiller t~ay 14i tou ch abpY time. thi gib,; khi#; thftl 14up th~yi ký/ touched byO&f bu~i/gian~ iojh& touching (contiguous) litan t ir ed m~to nh~oo miaqi ch6n tourist. d.ikht~oh toadstool nLm tow gi~t~kba today h8m nay towel -kh~n iau/tla toe nig6n town dnho th~n phb together oihxg track.dk toil Vat.VA trade (verb) bu8za; (noun) xighA tomato 'oh ohiaa train (noun) Xe 1&&.*; (verb)! 1u~.ya 04 tomb &AL~ tr-anquil.zi/4a tam tomorrow mnai transferred d&~i di tone (of Atncimese word) gigng transform h6a tone-manrk dlu translate d4o1h tongue lir 5i transmi-t th~rnj, tru~yin too o0lng; (excessively) quA transparent trong tooth rang transplant o&.y torn ri.oh. tai, bti/*1& transport oh',# ze total (verb) g&n traverse quap sang, o.tg 0 249 tray khay tread &4p treasury kho bgo treaty hip IZ6o tremble Tun, rung tree o0y trirn h6* t trip ohuygn trousers qutI true th t trunk (luggage) rtrong; (of tree) thin trust tin truth aq thbt try th&, ring tube &Lg Tuesday thi ba turn. (noun) uin;.(verb) qua&y, xo ay quknb,; rSp ngotij gl*& turn into th.kh typhoon b~o ugly ACu umbrello dý, 8 unconcernedly 1&ng uncooked abng under dtr 6i undecided bfzng kbuAng underpants quih 16t; undershirt Ao 16t understand hibu uneducated v6 hgo unexpectedly ohqt, bing unfortunate. v6 phi-o thhappy kh, universal ph6 )h6ng unite hqpP hqp universe vt trVý unprotected tring. unruffled phtng ijag unsteady. 1io d&o untie a& upside down azglro, iz upstream ngzqo nuw6*& urge giUo9 xui, xtU urgent oiap. use overt? bIbgý d ng; (ncun) n oh usually.hay. thtrbg usurp A&m ohiji 27 t vacant an~g t~i vacat ion nghi 'vaguely (somnething he~ardl) v~ng v~ng variety t h i' veal thit bO vpgPtablp. ratx veijicle xe, xe o vezrtical ý ~ing very iIL, q. rAt vicinity vtrng victim nan M^An V14 C toriou sth 1mg victory 1tr~n thIng VICIoge lang village notables htrang oHro visible hi& 11n visit th 4m voice sioflg vo lume (book) oiubr volunteer t3'nlh nigu.ayn voyage ohu~ytm vow tv~ ngyf 272. wade 18*1 wages 1IZ(Yfl wait cki?., khoan wak 4 tinb, thv3'o walk 4i i b wall P b r,2 t LHm=, v a -ch want wu~anf Wnr ch.Lii~n t~renh war dppartmpnt bo" bJInh bi ward off 14 ph6ngl worm aiuu no'ng;;j warp kh6 queo warship thu binih/ohi&ft wash giht, ri'k' OMi;s t e t~r t nph i'oteh (verb) o001 Obing nb Inj (noun), Ctrgh6 deo tay/qil quit watchman tuan d~inh w~ater fLU~60 woato.ry iat water~.parsrnlp efn v-,ave (noun) s6n*,g; (verb). 'pbt way (manner) a oi 0h way (li'rection) dt~x~i~ flg we ohidng ta/t0/i/stnh Weak hLInt Y4U, lot wpalthy gik.u weary flh9o) tu~t weapon khL gili wear &00) M 4O weather t~hb'I V web (spider) 1tz'I* nh in Wednosday th'.r tvr week tulk&1(w weep kka6O w i gh o An) n gng welcome t~ip well (health) uitmh kh 6e wpst t1'iy westernized a~u h6& we t %Z 6t# l~y what? 4_: wheat.115&za. wheel bd'nh when bao gTh', khit khi ria where OUA whetstone di sk~i whewi ird vi! I" wh ich Z1~o whisper iti *hL whistle (noun).061; (ver b) bintt, tka& white t~rlng, 4#0o whole 0 Wtf axxtqx Vekk~rzwelxxktmY -whoal why 8Wpf 1~Ih g3. wi ck ble wicked Ao wide r~rn4, ngam4 wife vq .7 4 will (verb) se" will1 (noun) 011h6 willing b~.g/sln/vuil 1?,ng win thing wind g16 Window Cit4 66 winte~r wipo OhUii, lau wi re giny wi sh IU&19 c htc1 with V6'i* wi theiraw.1ltIj9 t r Anh woman VTh n IbA; Phu. ni WO r 1eioh work (verb) D~un; (noun) 00"', n ýv ec wo rk mnn th worship t~hb work sh on xLr ý)Tn~ worl hobin c'14a. tkt 9g'611 t~r,..I at, worn out h a wormx sBi; (in wood) snOt worry lo worthy 16n wounded tha cyng wr ap 6 i wretched dau~ kh. wrinkled nb~n wrist c6 ta write Vitt wrong eai y~ou anh,6n4,.4uOM p c hb, (P1,' CAi plus tho privedinq Words foung conk~ tco r'' youth tr~p tha~h - r,*1 a year 06Pu~ ta& You1 hoaxkt h8 v ointearri ay h 8w qua yield Utnh 9#a &i 140 an fl&Lm anb cclt Geographical. the Par East Laon Antnamese..-.speoking Indo~-China 1q-1 England (also., anh) n '15 India Ptu isrope L, a I e Por IS 6b,5 Unh Be~rlin Lie k" Tonkcin 1(vinh) blo kM Gulf of Tonkin kABe Igium cao ly Korpa Ca0 iufl Cam ibodgi Q C on non/l~n Iles do Poulo-Condoro N ame a ii n 8in Bu rm a lia t~rung hbA.1 Mediterrann.onn o~ng dir an~ F rench Indo~..Chlna,IOng ph4ip fi Vi.?o Germotny (v.nbh) bit lon, Balo dtAon ha~i narn Hainan hi!p ohiiung qu~c. U.ýS./A hba Ian Roll-anti ho~ng ooing Rong Kong htrcng c1-g ong Kong SItaly ui6 'a Rlne, lao Laos oil 4y America (biAn) nazn h~i South China Sea naja kyv Co ch in--Ch in a n~a Russia nkat OAn Japan phip rrance phi Africa phi 14t1 tAn The Philippines phil qubo.(island) quan 16s the Mandarin Road quan4 d18rig Kuangtung province of China, Can ton cit y san gal Shanghai thu China th~i b-Ihh dvxcng Pacific Ocoan thurqng hbi. Sgang-hni27 trung hoe China trung ky the kingdom of An it am dlo Aust ralita van Uirqngi Vi on t i a Vin naum Yunncm xi u6 S iam' (4~nh) xi&,i I&e Qaif of.O SiaS 4p Rivers of F'rench Indo~-China from' north toA ot (each name i s p receded by sang) Th~i4Ab1nh; C6J. or Nhi.--h4 cRed Ri ver' 'it Hanoi; 1io'kiu _. (probably a literary nanme);p W. Ch Ui; GA;' Da nh; Htropn (r i v Or ctu~ Ba; Eng-nai (river on which Sai gon is~ a OQv. -ong or M&Oft. Provinces (also Capithll5 of provinces., u"nleSS4 othe-rwie indicated by. (a name in bracke'ts) Tonk in Bk-'~n;B&-o*-giang (?h~uw1,ng%,th~r orng); B13o-nirh; Ceao.hbng~ &a Hirxno.-hoa; Hfxn g~-y An; Y#hm- b &i; K!~.en L~g-s'; tooy eAzrdj Ninh-.binh; Ph 40A h; PhklO..Oy in* Qukukwy~ 4a; Scy zv-46; Sctv* ty ~~y& quaang; Th~i~-binh; Th Ai-ongu &a; VlnW--,y8 Kingdom of Annam Hi &-t lab Khbnha-b6s (Nh&...trang);. Nghf~-an (Vinh); Paq.~ (Srig'.0o&u); Q*uig,-b~hh (B~ng~wh6')# Qvkgs-naua (Pha &wp'h6,);,g f4y........... K- 4 Usk.4, Q "AT ohn IV INTO in". 0, ink awn................ QawNng&*tr4; Thazhk-4i6a; Thita&-&thi&i (1Ha*)o cochin.- chino--dfour cadrmdnistrativo divisi;n o~h A ~d~o; MS-t~ho; Shiv-O'u; 'VIrkhAlong, Towns, other thant those in the pro inc1 l lists &* I;ROh-giA'; SboA.~rngug Tgn--an; Trhuvinho Tribal names ohai (ph&) Chatn(pa),; itýn Mani n~o M'leo; 091 Mbl ~~ ioq tkhAi Thai;, thA Tho { t 1 4 tA i ig 711, 3111 ýYv 41A t rt, Y_ iC mv, Ilk -v, ".t-. %-_ ''1 1. J", 31ý AV I JA"i lzý lei kp 'ý'w.Jý 19 10 Ile I I 7 4Z.X ýyj ý.7 M I k' ll,ý. IT V, 0" - Alk 7,MM"i We i S il IR A N I I II i!l!,Irý!1!!Iliiiiiii", l!11 -4 m C m z m m 0 onI 4-0LI% (15,