'ast Vriot s ofd 5ni tRsal istore. BY EMMlA WILLARD. (DESIGNED FOR PRESENTATION.) NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO. 1855. (COPYRIGHT SECURED.) THE LAST PERIODS OF MRS. WILLARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. PREFATORY REMARKS.-The fresh events just added to my Universal History are, though forcibly condensed into small compass, numerous, and full of interest and importance. Like Columbus, I have steered my bark through untraveled seas, having collected my facts mostly from newspapers and periodicals, including annals; but I have journeyed in the meantime in my own and in foreign countries, and have often enjoyed the privilege of conversing with the actors of the historic drama, or those personally acquainted with their deeds. The ability to trace great events to their true causes, cannot exist without previous familiarity with history; nor is this alone sufficient. And here it becomes no historian to presume on his own success, but humbly to await the award of his judges. Hoping, however, that my work may satisfy and please, I offer it to those, whom I respect and honor. To my personal friends I send it as a token of affection. To my literary friends, whether known or unknown, it is in many cases sent as a grateful acknowledgement of similar gifts. But especially do I wish to place this new portion of my history under the eye of those who are judges of its correctness, and from whose 2 benevolence or personal regard, I ma~ hope the favor, that if any error, is perceived, it will be made known tc me, that;I may correct it. The " Last Periods " will also be sent as a specimen of the entire work;. yet they will give but an imperfect idea of the Universal History as a whole. As such, we claim for it, the first clear and logical arrangement of the subject;-adopted by the author without precedent, but with conclusive reasons. Instead of dividing the long line of time into ancient and modern, with the uncertain period of the middle ages coming indefinitely between, and instead of taking for the beginning of modern history, either the vague period of the revival of learning, or the close of an empire long in hopeless decay, our plan boldly cuts the line of time into three definite parts —ancient, middle, and modern-by the two most important epochs of history, viz.: the birth of Christ and the discovery of America. Each part was then easily subdivided into its appropriate periods by epochs. The early geographical extension of the world is, at the places of these divisions, shown to the eye by a series of maps; and the memory is farther aided by pictorial illustrations. The dates are made in heavy type on the margins. The dynasties of the reigning sovereigns are also set on the margin, but distinguished by running lengthwise of the page; the battle-fields, with the known numbers of contending forces and their losses, are also placed there, but with a peculiar type, and the treaties with still another; and these peculiar characters are kept in the chrono — logical table. Thus each page becomes a species of picture, leaving its daguerrean impression on the mind of the student. The grand problem, what is the true method of representing historic time by space, was solved by the completion of thne " Temple of Time," of' which the first conception was formed in the arrangement of this work,: and the first published sketch is the frontispiece, and its enlarged floorwork, called a "Picture of Nations," precedes the chronological table. Finally, my improvements in educational history were thirty years in progress; and the success of many schools is due, in no small degree, to, their adoption and skillful use. EMMA WILLARD. TROY, August, 1855. A TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY, FOR THE TENTH AND LAST PERIOD OF MRS. WILLARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY..fodern His. A. D. PAGX. 1848 Feb. 24, REVOLvnION IN FRANCE. Downfall of Louis Philippe. Establishment of a republic, - 501 " March, REVOLUTIONS in the smaller States of Germany, - 505 " In Prussia, - - 506 " In Austria (Downfall of fletternich), - - - 5607-8 " In Lombardy, and other States of Italy, - - - - 509 " March 29, The Hungarians complete, with the pretended sanction of the emperor of Austria, their free constitution, - 513 "Rising of the people in Sleswick and Holstein, - - - 514 " May 18, Delegates meet at Frankfort-on-the-Maine to constitute a federal government for Germany. (The attempt fails), - 505 b- " June 23 to 26, Terrible riot of the Socialists in Paris, - -508 "August, Insurrection in Ireland. Smith O'Brien and others taken and transported, - 517 " Nov. 25, Flight of the Pope to Gaeta in Naples,-the Republic in Rome, - - - - - - - 511 " Extension of the British Empire in India, - - - 515 " In America, the Mormons settle Salt Lake City, - - 526 " Gold discovered in California. (Great Immigration succeeds), - 526 " Dec. 2, Ferdinand, emperor of Austria, resigns his crown to Francis Joseph, the counter-revolution being completed, - 509 1849 March 24, NO VBRA. Charles Albert, of Sardinia, defeated by Radetzky, abdicates in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, and Lombardy is regained by the Austrians, - - - 510 " August, Venice retaken by the Austrians after a long and severe siege, 6 - 511 IV CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Modern His. A. D. PAGI 1849 April 26, Counter-revolution in Prussia completed by count Brandenburg, - - -507 " April, French troops under Gen. Oudinot sent to Rome. (July 5, they bombard and take the city, destroy the Republic, and re-establish the Pope), - - - - - - 503 " April 12, Palermo, after a bloody revolt, submits to the king of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II., - - - - 511 " TEMIESVAR, Aug. 9. Hungary having conquered the Austrians, is cruelly subjugated to Austria by the Russians, - 514 1850 Rebellion breaks out in China, - - - - - 524 " Great slavery agitation in the American Congress, - 526 1851 May 1, Opening of the Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations at London, - - - - - - 517 " Ecclesiastical Titles Bill passed by the British Parliament, - 517 "Slavery agitation in America quieted by the passage of Mr. Clay's Compromise Bill, - - - - - - 526 4 " Dec. 2, French Republic brought to an end by Louis Napoleon's " coup d'etat," - - - - - - - 504 c 1852 March 19, Chinese rebels take Nankin, - - - - 525 " November 21, The French Empire restored, under Napoleon III., 504 1853 Gold discovered in Australia, - - - - - 516 A" pril 13, Prince Menchikoff sent to Constantinople by the czar to set up his claim to the essential sovereignty of Turkey, which leads to the Russo-Turkish War, - - 520 " OLTENITZA. Turks on the Danube defeat the Russians who have invaded the Principalities, - - - - 520 " Nov. 11, Alliance between France and England, against Russia, - 521 " Nov. 27, SINOPE. Russians capture the entire Turkish fleet in the Black Sea, " Santa Anna recalled and made dictator of Mexico, - 525 1854 Sept. 20, Allies advancing upon Sebastopol, gain the victories of ALMA, BALAKLA VA, and INKERMAYN. - 521 " In the American Congress the Nebraska Bill is passed, - 526 " Dec. 2, Treaty of Vienna. Double dealing of Austria, - 522 1855 March 2, Death of the czar NICHoLAS, - - - -522 " Treaty of America with Japan, - - - - 527 " Feb. 16, Opening of a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama, - 527 The Battle of Waterloo. PERIOD IX. FROM THE BATTLE 181n5, OF WATERLOO TO THE EXTENSION OF THE AM. AND THE DO REPUBLIC BY THE TREATY OF Feb. AND THE DOWNFALL OF GUADALUPE, AND THE DISCOYV 184. LOUIS-PHILIPPE BY THE FRENOI ERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA, — REVOLUTION. CHAPTER I. Brazil and Portugal-Revolutions in America and Europe. 1. THE removal of John VI. of Portugal, and the Portuguese Mod&n 8. government, in 1808, to Brazil, was the beginning of that great PERID IX. South American empire... The Brazilian government open- cHAP. I. ed their ports to all friendly nations; abolished the Inquisition and the slave-trade,* and entered into an advantageous treaty of alliance and commerce with England. In 1815, John VI. re- 1815. Brazil', turned to Portugal, and his son, PEDRO, administered the gov- indeernment. The Brazilians now asserted their independence, pendent formed a constitution, and elected that prince emperor, under tugal.nn the title of Pedro I. Portugal acknowledged the independence of Brazil, and the emperor exchanged ministers and treaties with Pedro I. foreign nations. 2. John VI. died in Portugal, March 10th, 1826. By the constitution of Brazil, Pedro the emperor, to whom the crown * Yet many slaves are to this time carried annually to Brazil. 1855. PERIOD IX.-CHAP. I.-I. Who was sovereign of Portugal at the time of the government's removal to Brazil? When did the removal occur! What were the first acts of the government? What occurred in 1815? 469 470 CIVIL WARkS OFp POEITAt A"D SPAIN. Modesm ei. of Portugal now belonged, could not leave the new empire; and PERI'D IX. he resigned Portugal to his young daughter, MARIA DE GLORIA. CHAP.I. MIGUEL, brother of Pedro, contested her right, and was aided`-r` by the nobility and the priests. The constitutionalists and paMaria, queen of triots were in favor of Maria. In the mean time, the Brazilians Portugal. demanded reforms, which were by no means agreeable to the Portuguese. Pedro wavered between the parties. Both the 1831. army and the people were against him, and on the 8th of April, Hisedro th. 1831, he abdicated in favor of his infant son, PEDRO II., a native returns to of Brazil; and having established a regency, he embarked with Portugal. Maria, and the rest of his family for Portugal. 3. Pedro having entered his hereditary dominions, summoned his brother to surrender to the queen, his daughter. The cruel1832. ties of Miguel, had already arrayed against him the liberal party, Civil waortugal who now rallied under Pedro. The Portuguese clergy branded them as heretics, with whom no faith was to be kept; and thus 1833. was civil war sharpened by religious persecution. The fleet of July 4th. Miguel was captured, Lisbon surrendered, and the usurper fled Lrenisnrsto to Spain. The populace rallied, proclaimed MARIA, broke open Maria the prisons, and liberated 5,000 prisoners. The queen's right was acknowledged by the high powers of Europe; the clergy were humbled, the convents were suppressed, and their property 1834. confiscated to the state. Miguel, however, still kept up a cruel Qu'druple partisan warfare; when, on the 24th of April, 1834, a quadruple Alliance. alliance was signed between the powers of Portugul, Spain, (Maria was France, and Great Britain, which guarantied the throne of PortuMariaed in gal to Maria II. An adequate force was sent from England to 1&4. to a son of Eugene maintain her authority. Under these circumstances Portugal Beauharnois, and soon after was of course ruled by that nation.-Spain had, by a singular his death,1836, coincidence, its young queen ISABELLA II., daughter to Ferdinand to the duke of Saxe Coburg.) VII., whose claim was upheld by the liberal party, and a usurperuncle, DON CARLOS, who was sustained by the royalists and clergy. The Quadruple Alliance also guarantied the claims of 1833. Isabella against Carlos. In 1836, three years after the accession Isabella of Isabella, her mother Christina being regent, liberalism was dinand VII. for a time in the ascendant. The order of Jesuits was suppressed, 1836. 900 convents were interdicted, and their property confiscated. 900 convents These violent proceedings strengthened the party of Don Carlos, interdicted. and renewed for a time the horrors of civil war. 4. THE AMERICAN COLONIES OF SPAIN. —The jealous policy of Spain had led her to suppress, as much as possible, all 2. How was Pedro situated on the death of his father, and what course did he take? Give an account of Miguel. What occurred in Brazil, and what new arrangements were made? Who went to Portugal — 3. What was done by Pedro, and who rallied under his banner? Who were against him and his daughter, and what was the condition of Portugal? What successes had Pedro against Miguel? What number of prisoners were liberated? Who acknowledged the queen's right? What was done with respect to the convents? What powers formed a quadruple alliance? What did the alliance guarantee in respect to the government of Portugal What in respect to Spain? When did Isabella succeed her father? Who was regent? What was done in 1886? What was the consequence? MIRANDA AND BOLIVAR. 4-71 intercourse between her extensive American colonies and the,XodernRis. rest of the world. Wearied with despotism, and disgusted with PER'D IX. the quarrels and crimes of the reigning family, these provinces CHAP. I. took advantage of the invasion of Spain by Napoleon, and asserted their independence. This opened an intercourse between Th indepellthem and foreign nations, and their history thenceforth began to ence. be known. 5. In 1806, GENERAL MIRANDA, a native of CARACCAS, who 1806. had served with reputation in the armies of republican France, Movement made a generous, but premature attempt to liberate his native America. country. But in 1810, the patriots rose again, and although GENERAL MURTLLO, with 10,000 troops was sent from Spain, yet the Spanish authorities were deposed, and a new govern- 1810. ment organized, under the name of the "Confederation of Vene- Venezuela zuela." A congress assembled, independence was declared, and a declares inconstitution on republican principles was adopted. But the dependence. numerous clergy were hostile, and soon found an occasion to arrest the progress of public opinion, in the fatal earthquake which occurred March 26, 1812. On that day at 4 o'clock, 1S12. P. M., with scarce a minute's warning, 4,500 dwellings and 19 March 26. churches were swallowed up, and 8,000 people went down to at Caraccas. one common grave. The priests represented this dreadful phenomenon as a sign of the particular wrath of heaven, inflicted upon a rebellious and disobedient country, for daring to alter their political condition. The people were dismayed, and the whole province again submitted to royal authority. 6. In 1813, this province was again emancipated by the bold 1813. genius and successful military operations of SIMON BOLIVAR. Aurust 16. In repeated battles he conquered the Spaniards, expelled them Bolivar from Caraccas, and then entering New Granada, he drove standard of them from Carthagena, its capital, which he entered on the ence in Car16th of August. BUENOS AYRES became independent in thagena 1816, CHILI in 1818, PERU and GUATIMALA in 1821. The Spanish authorities continued to resist, until their defeat at the great battle of Ayacucho. The power of Spain over these extensive countries is broken, and their independence of foreign (t,855. Undominion established. But they seem destined to be rent by happily, this domestic factions, and the lawless desire for power, of ambitious still true.) military chieftains.t 7 MEXICO. —While under the government of Spain, Mexico was a viceroyalty; the viceroy having all the powers of a king. The Mexicans declared independence in 1813. ITURBIDE, an 4. What policy had Spain pursued with regard to her American colonies? With what were their people wearied and disgusted? What circumstanccs did they take advantage of, and what do?-5. Who made the first attempt to free a Spanish colony,-when was it made, and how did it succeed? What was done in 1810? What occasion was seized by the priests, and what did they do.? —. By whom was Venezuela finally emancipated? What is related of New Granada? Of Buenos Ayres? O Chilii? Of Peru and Guatitnala, or Central America? At what battle was the Spanish power in America entirely broken?-7. What was Mexico while under Spain? When did Mexico declare independence? Give some account of Iturbide. 472 TEXAS DECLARES INDEPENDENCE. foder.ni&. ambitious Mexican, at first opposed the revolution. In 1815, PERID IX. he destroyed or drove to the mountains, all the revolutionary CHAP. L chiefs, except GUERRERO; and in 1822 he restored the viceroyalty. Iturbide then raised his own standard, and caused I1Sm22. himself to be proclaimed emperor, under the title of Augustine Iturbide emperor. I. The populace shouted him, and drew his carriage through the streets of Mexico. But a powerful party, headed by VIT1823. TORIA, Guerrero, SANTA ANNA, and other distinguished military Compelled men, opposed the new government, and after a bloody struggle, the emperor was, in 1823, compelled to abdicate; but he was 1S24. allowed to take refuge in Europe on a pension. In 1824 Iturlie returns. Iturbide's bide returned; and as soon as he stepped upon the shore of his death. country, he was arrested and shot. 8. In 1824 Mexico adopted a free republican constitution. 1S24. Struggles for the Presidency arose. In 1828, Santa Anna, being Mexico adopts a head of the army, subverted the government by using military free constitu- force to establish PEDRAZA, his candidate. From this period until that in which the Mexican history became almost identified with the American, Santa Anna remained in the ascendant; although, amidst the frequent civil wars of the period, he was sometimes displaced. Subsequently, he changed the Republic 1833. from a federal, to a central system. Anarchy and misrule, inseAsiatic chol- curity to life and property, prevailed. The Asiatic cholera in era in Mexico. 1833 added its ravages, and destroyed in the capital alone, 22,000 persons. 9. TEXAS, in extent of territory, was one of the most considerable states of Mexico. Being contiguous to the republic of 1821. America, it was filling fast with enterprising citizens, who beAnglo-American Texas lieved that Mexico would adhere to republican principles. They is founded by belonged to that Puritan race, which the old Spanish stock had Austin and his company. not forgotten to hate; and they had failed to observe the compact by which AUSTIN, the American founder of Texas, obtained the territory-that the Catholic religion and the Spanish language should be taught in the schools. A quarrel soon grew up between them and the Mexican government, which resulted in war. Santa Anna despatched GENERAL Cos, with a strong force, to the mouth of the river Brasos. GENERAL HOUSTON assumed the command of the Texan forces. He took Bahia, the fort of Goliad; and finally, with severe loss on both sides, he conquered the Alamo-the name given to a fortress in San Antonio de Bexar. 1836. 10. On the 2d of March, 1836, a convention of delegates drew Tearch D. up and published an able Declaration of Independence. Santa laration of AnnN, on the 6th of March, arrived at the Alamo, with an army Independ- of 4,000 men. That fortress, defended by 180 Texans, under ence. 8. What was done by the Mexicans in 1824? What was done by Santa Anna in 1828? What afterwards? What disease prevailed? When? To what extent did it prevail in the capital?-9. Give some account of Texas: of its inhabitants. Who was the American founder of Texas? What compact is spoken of.? Did the Americans on their part fulfil it? What next occurred?-10. What was done on the 2d of March, 1836? REVOLT OF THE GREEKS. 473 command of COLONEL TRAVIS, he assaulted at midnight. At Modern His. dawn only seven men of the garrison were found alive. They PERI'D Ix. cried for'quarter, and being refused, renewed the battle, and CHAP.. fought till every man was slaughtered. More than one thousand'`-' of the assailants are said to have perished. March 6. 11. After the fall of the Alamo, general Houston, with about ALAMO. 1000 men, fell back upon the Colorado. COLONEL FANNING, cruelty; with a garrison of 400, was left to defend Goliad; but, inferior iSO killed. in force, he evacuated the fortress. Santa Anna pulsued, and cut off his retreat. Fanning surrendered upon the faith of being GorhA2T. treated according to the rules of Christian warfare; but Santa Massacre of colonel FanAnna caused him and his men to be cruelly put to death. Ela- Cning with ted and confident, he then hastened to engage the main body of 400 men. the Texans, encamped upon the Brasos, whom his cruelty had wrought to fury. Houston, bearing down upon his enemies, thrice his own number, brought them to action so close as to be 1S3 within half rifle distance; and in less than thirty minutes corn- April 21. pelled them to flee. Among the prisoners was Santa Anna, JASANTO ACINTO. who, as first magistrate of Mexico, entered into a treaty which Houston and the Texans recognized the independence of Texas, and the Rio-Grande as its defeat Santa boundary. This treaty, when returned to Mexico, he repudiated. Anna,.and A constitution was adopted by Texas, and general Houston was dependence. elected president. 12. THE GREEK REVOLUTION.-The desire of liberty among the people, and a more just appreciation of human rights, 1 S20-21 distinguishes the nineteenth century. In 1820-21 it manifested Struggles of itself, not only in the rising rIepublics of America, but in Spain, the people. Portugal, Naples, Piedmont, —and lastly, in the Turkish empire, where in Greece it produced permanent effects. 13. Russia, as we have seen, had often in her employ able foreigners. Such were the Greeks, COUNT CAPO D'ISTRIAS, AL- Greek revoEXANDER YPSILANTI, and others. Their hearts were set upon lutionbegina the release of their country; and the Russian authorities, willing to weaken the Porte, that they might take its provinces, encouraged them by hopes of aid, to raise the standard of revolt. They formed a secret society, called " the HIetaireia," who were bound by oath to stand for each other, and for the liberties of Greece. They then openly revolted. The Turks, of course, made war upon them to reduce them to submission. Russia having thus divided the Turkish empire against itself, treacherously withheld her promised aid, and left the Greeks to fight their own battles. The struggle with them was now, not for liberty only, but fos life; and there is nothing in the history of ancient Greece to compare with the fierce valor with which the mod10. Describe the military operations till after the fall of the Alamo. — 1. From the fall of the Alamo to the battle of San Jaciuto. Relate that battle and its consequences.-12. By what is the nineteenth century distinguished? How did this spirit manifest itself in the years 1820-21? To what empire did Greece at this time belong — 13. What Greeks were in the service of Russia, what did they desire, and what encouragement did they haves What did they then do? What part did Russia now take? What was the character of the struggle in which the Greeks were now engaged 60 _4P74 REVOLT OF THE GREEKS. Aodaern fis. ern Greeks resisted their oppressors. Even their women took PERI'D IX. arms. CHAP. I. 14. Turkish vengeance attacked first the Greek clergy; and -u GREGORY, the venerable patriarch of Constantinople, was bar1823p. barously slain, at the door of his sanctuary. This act roused the The patriarch of Greeks, and appalling horrors were perpetrated in the conflicts Constantino- which ensued. The Greeks were without a government, and without support, except what they received from charitable asso1I22. ciations in Great Britain, France, and America. Yet they proGreeks form ceeded, in 1822, to form a union under an independent federaa govern- tive government. The Persians having now invaded the Turkish empire, the sultan was obliged to send a powerful army to the Euphrates; and he also placed a strong military force upon the Danube, to watch certain hostile movements of Russia. One of his own vassals, also, the bold and desperate ALI PACHA, of Albania, was in open rebellion against him. These troubles compelled him for a season to relax his operations against the revolted Greeks; but having at length purchased a peace with Persia, beheaded Ali Pacha, and entered into friendly relations with Russia, he was again ready to prosecute the Greek war. Seio. Pop. 15. Fifteen thousand of the most barbarous of the Asiatic 120,000. Turkls were let loose upon the beautiful island of Scio. The massacred. Sciotes resisted; but were overpowered, and their little paradise laid waste,-and 40,000 men, women, and unresisting children were massacred, while 30,000 were carried into Mahometan They are captivity. The Turkish fleet now took on board the murderers avenged by who were prepared to desolate the Morea. The Ipsariotes, with the people of Ipsalra the courage of desperation, grappled their fire-ships to the ship commanded by the Turkish admiral, which blew up, destroying three thousand men. (1524. The 16. KURCIID PACHA, at the head of 25,000 Turks, passed Greeks rais'd money by a the straits of Thermopylae, and inhumanly laid waste the Morea. loan obtin - The Greek chieftains, NICHETAS, DEMETRIUS YPSILANTI, and land.) COLOCOTRONI, occupied the straits which the enemy had passed, and cut off his communications. The Turkish commander, reduced to extremities, offered to evacuate the Grecian territory, Lord Blyro4. which was refused him. He then made a desperate effort to break died at Mis- through the Greek defences in the night. But Nichetas fell solonghi, having em- upon the confused and bewildered Turks, and cut up and destroyed barked hin-ti the whole army. After this, the Turks made but little progress self and his fortune in in Greece, until IBRAHIM PACRA, of Egypt, was appointed by the the generous sltan, governor of Greece, and charged with the management of cause or Gre- re, wt t mne no cian liberty.) the war. He opened the campaign of 1826 with energy, and 14. Who were the first objects of the vengeance of the Turks? In what year did the Greeks form an independent government? What circumstances for a time called off the attention of the Turks from the Greek war? -15. What was the first act of the Turks after this suspension? What numbers were massacred and carried away prisoners at Scio? What was done by the men of lpsara?-16. What military operations are next related? When the great commander, Ibrahim Pacha, was sent to Greece by the sultan, what occurred? ENGLAND INTERFERES FOR GREECE. 475 the conquest of Greece seemed inevitable. In this alarming crisis, ModAer, ie. the Greeks implored aid of the Christian powers. PERI'D IX. 17. England now interfered, and on the 6th of July, 1827, by CHAP. IL The Treaty of London, the ministers of Great Britain, France, and Russia, guarantied the pacification of Greece; and the minis- 1827. ters of the three powers notified the Turkish government, that Treaty of " Greece must thereafter govern herself." The Turks rejected the London. Settles the offered pacification of the three powers, and Ibrahim, with the affairs of Turkish-Egyptian fleet, entered the bay of Navarino. While Greece. lying there in order of battle, the combined British, French, and Russian fleets approached, and a deadly conflict ensued. The 1827. Turkish armada of 110 ships fought with desperation. Not a NA VARflag was struck, and the whole fleet was either burnt, sunk, or NO. disabled. Hostilities now ceased, and the sultan soon after Peace. acceded to the treaty of London. 18. The Greeks had chosen a republican form of government, and made count Capo d'Istrias their president; but the combined powers, having decided that the government must be monarchical, conferred the crown upon prince OTHO, second son of LouIs, king of Bavaria. His ministers, in organizing the government, gratified the people by establishing the religion of the Greek church; which.is also that of Russia.* Commerce and agriculture began to revive and schools were encouraged. On the 5th (tl834.1"Thia of July, 1834, a royal decree was made to encourage the spread- projected by ing of female education over Greece, by the establishment of a a society of ladies in the school at Athens for the instruction of female teachers.t The u. states.") Greeks had been long petitioning for a charter of rights. Not 1843. receiving this just claim, they combined, and in the summer of Greek con1843 compelled Otho to grant them a constitutional government. 6titution CHAPTER II. The British Empire. 1. UNTIL the close of the wars of the French revolution, the attitude of Great Britain had been warlike. She had stood the Natto~ bulwark of Europe against the encroachments of Napoleon, but debt. in so doing had subjected herself to immense sacrifices. Her * Owing to this sympathy in religion, the Greeks are in favor of the Russians, while the remembrance of past wrongs sets them against the Turks, as in the war now pending (1854) they have manifested; and they have therefore beet checked by England and France, which are now allied against Russia. 17. What power now interfered, and what treaty was made? What notice was given to the Turkish authorities, and how did they receive it? Relate the battle which followed, with its resultqs. —18. What governulent had the Greeks chosen? What form of government did the allied powers impose upon them, and whom give them for a king? What is said of religion and education in Greece?. What has lately taken place in Greece in respect to a constitution? CuAP. II.-I. What was the attitude of Great Britain during the wars with Napoleon? 476 RADICAL REFORMERS. Modern fiy. debt amounted to more than the whole resources of the kingdom, PERI'D IX if applied to no other purpose, could pay in forty years.f As CHAP. I. usual, war had been a season of excitement and intoxication; and ~'2y7' peace, like the sudden withdrawal of a fever, left the nation lan(fs- guid and exhausted. Hundreds of thousands had been provided 00o0000. for, who were at once thrown out of employ; the nation expending Unfunded, less by ~50,000,000 annually, than in the years of the war. -o4-l4- Want bred discontent and murmurs. America, the best customer of England,* was suffering a similar depression, so that Thefe foreign trade failed to afford relief. Seasons were unfavorable, years of and harvests scanty; wages low, and provisions high. Laborers the war G. Bri- pressed by necessity, combined to extort higher wages. Masters tain alln-y could give no more, and discharged their operatives. Writers expend- took advantage of these disaffections to sow disorganizing prilncied about ples; and the faults of the English government, real and imaginary, 000,000. became the agitating theme of her discontented people. Vast First five assemblages met in the open air, whose orators harangued them years of on their poverty, contrasted with the luxury of those, who, doing peace, p64,- nothing, rioted in the nation's wealth. But they chiefly fixed on Sn 000,c00. the grievance of the unequal representation in the house of comrnstillless.) mons,-by which Manchester, with 187,000 inhabitants, and (" Rot- other large manufacturing cities, had no representative in parliautenbo- ment; while the borough of Old Sarum, with only twelve inhab-: places itants, and fifty others similarly situated and called "rotten 4 which boroughs," were each represented-and by the creatures of the I the time ministry. The cry of these people was for a radical reform of the rep- these abuses. Hence they were called " The Radicals." resenta- A fleet was sent to Algiers under LORD EXMOUTH, who put an tion was 1 | appor- entire stop to the piracy of the Algerines,-a good work begun ohad e- by the Americans. After the city had been bombarded by the clined in English, the Dey bound himself by treaty to deliver all Christian tion.) slaves, and no more to make Christian captives. 2. In 1819, disturbances became more alarming. Both in England and Scotland, vast field meetings were held; and the throne and the houses of parliament were overwhelmed with pe1819. titions. The more violent were preparing by secret organization Aug. 16. and nocturnal trainings, to raise the standard of open rebellion. " Mass Meet- On the 16th of August 50,000 people of all ages and both sexes, ing" in went forth from Manchester to hold a meeting in the fields, with chester. banners, where floated the characters "Liberty or Death," "Annual Parliaments," " No Corn Laws," &c. None wore an offen* So much the best customer, that when in 1836 all the exports from Great Britain to every part of the world, including her own provinces, amounted to ~53,368,000, those to our republic were ~12,425,000,-nearly one-quarter of the whole. 1. What do you learn of her national debt in 1816? What was the first effect of peace? What was the difference of the national expenditure during the last years of the war and the first of the peace? What was the actual expenditure in each? (See side note.) Describe the progress of discontent among the people. What grievance was complained of? Describe the origin of the term " the Radicals." What did Lord Exmouth accomplish?-2. What was the state of things in 1817-18? CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. 477 sive weapon, and the speaker was just expressing his confident g0o4ds fia. hope of their quiet demeanor, when suddenly a body of cavalry PEr'D Ix. came upon them, dashed through their thickest ranks, trampling ChAP. II. them to death, and cutting them down with sabres! Thus more Massa- 1 than 400 peaceable citizens were massacred. This severe mea- cre, or sure was followed, Nov. 13th, by "The Six Acts," which em- tary ex"milibodied strong measures for preventing riotous assemblages,- cution"r empowering magistrates to enter houses to search for arms by of 400. day or night. These measures produced quiet, but not content. 3. On the death of the aged and insane monarch, George III., 1820. the prince regent, now GEORGE IV., was invested with full sov- Jan. 29. ereignty. He was an immoral man. No cruelty, exercised on IV. sucthe mind and character, could exceed that with which he had ceedshis treated his wife, CAROLINE of Brunswick. She was a woman of father high spirit, and being made unhappy in England, she had been abroad for some years. She now came home to claim a part in 1821. July 19. the approaching coronation. Her return was met by a prosecu- Coronation for breach of the marriage vow, instituted by her husband, ionr of and odious to the nation; as the prosecutor was notoriously IV. guilty himself, and had done every thing the opposite of affording her a husband's protection. After a trial she was acquitted by CQein the judges; but she was not allowed to share in the coronation. was deThis was celebrated with pomp, and at an expense of ~262,000; fenbded notwithstanding it was a season of such distress in Ireland, that Broughmore than 200,000 persons were without the means of subsistence, and many were daily starving to death. 4. In the succeeding years, England sometimes took a ground with regard to the "Holy Alliance," which checked their tyran- 1822. nical proceedings. She caused the independence of Greece from Congressat the Turkish yoke to be recognized; but she united with the other Verona. nations in prohibiting a republican form of government, and J imposing on that people a foreign king. 5. The catholics in Ireland had suffered, since their conquest by William III., grievous privations; but their condition had gradually been made better. In 1778 a law was abolished by which children of that denomination were deprived of the inher- Lusr'rs itance of parents; and another which forbade a catholic to keep "Corpo' I ration school on pain of imprisonment. In 1791 their places of wor- and ship and schools were tolerated, and they were allowed to prac-'est tise law. In 1793 they were permitted to hold offices in the i army and navy. The catholic question was again agitated, and LORD JOHN RUSSELL introduced a bill by which the catholics I N were permitted to share in all municipal offices of power and 2. Relate the occurrences of the 16th of August, 1819, at Manchester. What was done by parliament the November following?-3. Who became king, and at what time? What was his character, and his treatment of his wife? Who was she? What course did she pursue? What is said of the coronation as to expense? What better use does it seem that the money might have been put to, as it respects the people of Ireland?-4. What is said of the course of England as respects the Holy Alliance. — 5. Give an account of the progress of emancipation in Ireland up to the time of the Wellington ministry. 478 THE REFORM BILL."' Zaod6ers. trust. But they were yet dissatisfied, and in Ireland, "The CaPERI'D IX. tholic Association," at the head of which was DANIEL O'CONNELL, aHAP.. contrived means to get so entire a control over the whole catholic population, comprising the greater part of the Irish P; ['Caho people, as to levy a tribute from them under the name of rent. lie The duke of Wellington became prime minister, and contrary Etoni,; to expectation he made it his policy to settle this question by concession. He therefore, though with great difficulty, carried through parliament laws granting the catholics the highest offices in the judiciary and the legislature. O'Connell, however, soon found other subjects of agitation, and contrived to keep and increase his authority over the people. His principle subIrish af- ject of complaint was the legislative union of Ireland with Engfairso land, and the " Repeal" meetings held under his auspices, were attended by hundreds of thousands. He was apprehended, tried, and imprisoned, and although liberated, he soon after died. 1830. 6. William IV.succeeded his brother, George IV. The French Oct..26 revolution of the "Three Days" brought afresh to the people sion of desires for the reformation of abuses, especially of the unequal William representation in the house of commons. The house itself was now favorable to the REFORM. The Reform Bill was brought in 1S32. by LORD BROUGHAM, and after many struggles on the part of its June 7. Reform friiends; it passed to the great joy of the nation at large.* Old bil Sarum and fifty-five other "rotten boroughs," whose members passes. a had been sent into the house of commons, either by the crown or nobility, were by this bill disfranchised; and 42 manufacturing cities and flourishing places, were now first empowered to send their representatives. In HANOVER the people felt the impulse towards an increase of political liberty, and the English -833. government gave them a new constitution, by which they have Slavery a legislature of two branches. Some one of the royal family of Shed. England was to constitute the chief executive. In 1833, Great Britain abolished colonial slavery; parliament granting ~20,000,000 to remunerate the slave owners. MR. WILBERFORCE was active in procuring these laws. >a 7. In 1834, parliament passed "The Poor Law Amendment Act." The poor laws in England and Wales had dispensed If 1 84.large sums to the poor; but great abuses had been reported to 1834 parliament by persons employed to investigate. Paupers were Poorlaw so provided for, that their condition was better than that of the amend- independent laborer, who had to sustain his part of the enormous expenditure. By the many officers employed in: dispen* The principal supporters of this bill,-lord Brougham, lord John Russel, earl Grey, and lord Althorpe, received presents of gold cups purchased by penny subscriptions, to which 300,000 persons contributed. 5. What policy did Wellington pursue, and what carry through parliament? What subjects of agitation employed O'Connell and his party?6. Who succeeded George 1V.? What do you understand by the Reform Bill, and what can you relate respecting it? What was done in Hanover? What laws did parliament make regarding slavery? What liberal sum appropriate?-7. What is said of the operation of the poor laws? BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE EAST. 479 sing the fund a considerable part of it was absorbed. The M HoderHis. " Amendment Act" provided that the relief of the poor should PERIrD IX. be placed in the hands of three commissioners, who are em- CHAP.. powered to appoint their assistants. The great amount of pau- r perism led to the belief that the population was in excess, and l the consequent encouragement of emigration to the United States, 1 S34 N Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope. Lord Brougham brought to forward in the house of commons, a plan of popular education, *. and lord John Russell a project for the "Reform of Municipal Corporations," both of which passed into laws.' 8. After a short reign in which England had advanced in 1 political liberty, industrial arts, and mercantile enterprise, Wil- June 20. liam IV. died, and was succeeded by his niece, VICTORIA. On Victoria t. account of the Salic law she is excluded from a throne in Ger- clliam many; and ERNEST, the oldest surviving son of George III., be- IVcame king of Hanover. He dying in 1851, was succeeded by LI his son George V.-A rebellion in Canada, which Great Britain ruled with much moderation, now broke out, chiefly among, I the disaffected of the French population, improperly aided I by individuals of the United States. But it appeared, that, Rebel though the rebels showed fighting courage, they had neither lion in well-digested plans, nor strict concert; and the rebellion was Canada. 6 soon crushed. 9. THIE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA continued to extend. In 1816 the isles of Mauritius and Bourbon were conquered from France. In 1815, by a war with the natives, the English obtained Kumaoon and the mountain passes; and the same year the native kingdom of Candy in Ceylon. In 1818, a last effort of the Mahrattas was quelled, and their whole country 1S25. subjected. In 1824, in a war with BIRMAH, the British con- Peace of quered its north-eastern states, which were ceded, together with Yandabu. an annual tribute in 1825, at the Peace of Yandabu. In 1814 cirmah the charter of the East India Company was modified, and their provinces, monopoly limited to twenty years. At the close of 1833, the oand pays China trade being free to all British subjects, difficulties occurred yearly tribbetween the English traders and the Chinese, in regard to the sale of opium, which the authorities of that Empire had inter- Unrighteous dieted as hurtful to the people. The English continued to bring interference large quantities; the Chinese took prisoners the buyers, and of the British compelled them to throw overboard the deleterious drug, to the g value of ~2,000,000. The English government took up the 1S41. quarrel,-attacked the Chinese, and obtained such military Island of advantages, that the emperor made peace by submitting to pay Hong-Kong the English $11,000,000, to throw open five of his ports, and China cede in perpetuity the island of Hong-Kong. 7. Of their amendment? Of emigration? What further laws did this period of reform produce?-8. What is remarked concerning the short reign of William IV.? Who succeeded him? Who became sovereign of Hanover? Give some account of the rebellion in Canada. —9. Give an account of the growth of the British empire in India. 480 THE FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. oNITAN MAP No. 10. Yet, with an empire on which the sun never sets, there P I are home-breIDIA An the horizon of Great Britain. She has Ca. L great national debt. The ardent Irish are ruled by the cato4e. now its all-powerful aristocracy Snhave a gainst thon, in "th e Free KEaeliat'le yderabad be left free. uei-ling roke ministry procured a law, giving to the aristocracy of Scotla d a right first, forebore to impoor on unwilling congregations. urWhen they did attempt this legal abuse, a ajoity of the C LMES at their head, refused to ordain. he lay-patrons atee odern ise. 1p0. Yet, with an empire on which the sun never sets, there Lors, and tere home-bred clouds in the horizon of Great Britain. She has CHAP. IL a great national debt. The ardent Irish are ruled by the cntho- being roseleft the house, and hence at enmity with the British government and 1 S43. now its all-powerful aristocracy have against them, in $14,000,000the Free ZaMay 18. Church," the bone and sinew of the nationality of Scotland. and 1he. When in the reign of Queen Anne, the Scots merged their pEnglish - Evangelical meat into that of nd reat Britain it was on the condition that tho Free their church should be left free. But the Bolingbroke ministry Church. procured a law, giving to the aristocracy of Scotland a right to the disposal of the church livings. These l ay -ptrons at first, forebore to impose pastors on unwilling congregations. When they did attempt this legal abuse, a rajotity of the General Assembly of the Scottish Church, with the venerable CHALMERS at their head, refused to ordain. The lay-patrons, attempting coercion, carried the case before the British House of Lords, and there obtained a decision in their favor. At the next meeting of the Assembly, the moderator declared, that not being free, that body could no longer legislate for the Church. He rose-left the house, and 500 devoted ministers followed him; voluntarily relinquishing their right in $14,000,000 of church 10. In whose reign was the Scotch parliament merged into the English? On what conditiou did the Scots give their consent? By what law was this condition contravened? What was at first the course of the lay patrons? When theyattempted to enforce the legal abuse, what was done by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland? Who was the leading member? What course did the lay-patrons pursue, and what decision obtain? Relate what occurred at the next meetingo of the General Assembly. "4 THE HOLY ALLIANCE.1 481 property. But their people gloried in the act, and large volun-.Modersn ims. tary contributions were soon obtained for " The Free Church of PERrD IX. Scotland." Five hundred new churches were built, and 800 con- CHAP. III. gregations formed. 18 1843. CHAPTER III. France and the Holy Alliance, including a general view of Continental Europe, from 1815 to 1844. 1815. 1. ON the final abdication of Napoleon, the command of the,July 6. French army devolved on marshal DAvousT. By a military Louis XVII. convention with Blucher and Wellington, he withdrew his army Paris. behind the Loire; and Paris was again occupied with foreign July 7. troops, under whose protection Louis XVIII., a second time, took tir repossession of the throne. France was now compelled to surren- (15th, Napoder some of her most flourishing provinces,-to maintain, for five loon delivers years, a foreign army, in eighteen fortresses on the north and tmheimElf to east-to pay a tribute of 700,000,000 francs-and to restore the works of art to the nations fi'om which Napoleon had taken them. Marshal Ney was condemned and shot, contrary to the treaty of capitulation. Murat, who had been deposed, made a foolish attempt to regain the throne of Naples; but he was taken as he landed on the shore, and afterwards shot. Alexander of Russia, having assumed the title of czar and king of Poland, gave the Poles, by a charter, the semblance of constitutional liberty; and appointed Constantine, his brother, commander-in-chief of the kingdom. 1815. 2. The grand league called the Holy Alliance was now form- Sept. 26, at ed at Paris, by Austria, Russia, and Prussia; and although with League of high pretensions of religion, yet its real object, as interpreted by the Holy its acts, was to crush the spirit of constitutional liberty, intro- Alliance. duced into Europe by the American revolution, and thus to quiet the monarchies in irresponsible absolutism. The originators of this league were Alexander of Russia, and Clement, Prince (born 1773, of METTERNICH, the Richelieu of his time, who had already ambassador for ten years been the real ruler of Austria. As minister to to France, France, he had by his seductive elegance of speech and manner prim06, made first gained the ear of Napoleon, and then wheedled him into the ter of Austria Austrian marriage;- thus creating in him a false dependence on in 1809.) Austria, which, at a moment then anticipated by this wily statesman, was withdrawn, and Napoleon, as we have seen, ruined. 10. What did the 500 ministers relinquish? What is this division of the church called? (observe the quotation marks.) What followed? CHAP. III. —1. What occurred in Paris on the abdication of Napoleon? To what were the French compelled by the allies? What is related of MIarshd Ney? What was the fate of Murat? What was done by Alexander in respect to Poland?-2. What nations entered into a league? What was it called, and what was its real character? Who were its principal contrivers? What was the character of Metternich, as shown by his course with respect to Napoleon? 61 482 P RETTERNICH. Arodern48. i Wherever delegates of the allied powers were met to legislate, PERI'D IX. Metternich was President of the Congress; and during its recess CaHP.LL he was its Executive. This gave him the virtual headshnp of -u continental Europe; and, contented with the reality of power Presidhent of without its show, he retained it for more than thirty years. geres heldy Sitting at Vienna, as the spider by his web, his Argus-eyes Alliance." watched the feebler powers —and if any of their people presumed to form for themselves friee institutions, forth darted the Austrian troops-violated their nationality, and deprived them of their liberty.* 3. To produce the full calm of despotism, Metternich studied to learn what privileges the people could have, which would not interfere with his system,-and to forestall their wishes, as far as was consistent with absolutism. Hence he patronized improvements in the arts, and in agriculture. Education, too, he fostered; yet only so far as the divine right of kings was inculcated by the closely-watched instructors. The rights of individuals (tHence the were systematically and most unscrupulously violated in the semodern term "beaureau- cret government bureaux,t especially by opening and taking notes cracy.") of private letters sent by mail.-Towards Russia, the attitude of Metternich was always humble. England, having in her government a mixture of both absolutism and its opposite, if at any time her ministry were found too closely fraternizing with the League, then their more liberal co-pattliots, armed with the eloquence of natural justice, called them, in parliament, to a stern account. Hence we find England *" With a gigantic mind, he spread his toils over the whole continent -had his spies in all the capitals of Europe: in Portugal, he was with the Miguels; in Spain, France, and in Italy, with the aristocrats and priests." " In the support of his system, nations and their rights became as chattels in his hands, which he disposed of at pleasure, where lie could effect the greatest advantage. He sacrificed the Greeks to the Turks, the Poles to the Russians, and the Italians to their oppressors. He occupied the States of the Church with Austrian armies upon the slightest disturbance." "Even as late as two years before he surrendered his power, he extinguished the little republic of Cracow, the last refuge of Polish nationality; and the very last year of his more than imperial sway, he opposed the liberal party of Switzerland, and supported their opponents, the Sonderbond, as is said, by the' material aid' of a million of dollars." The favorite policy of Metternich was " to govern through the DIVISION of the different nationalities of the empire." We make these quotations from Stiles' able "History of Austria, 1848-49." Is it possible to suppose that bIetternich should have failed to embrace in his all-pervading policy that nation, from whose lead in free institutions the absolutists of Europe had s'fered moat, and had most tofear? For the author's views on this subject. see ler "History of the Republic of America," especially the part beginning on p. 451. In 1831, Mr. WIEATON, then in London on a visit, and after a residence in northern Europe, asserted, in the author's hearing, that one of the measures was to send here convicts, the sooner to bring us to ruin by anarchy. The papers of the day (Jan. 1854) show late developments made in New York, proving the fact that this Metternich policy is still practised. 2. What gave him the virtual headship of continental Europe? IIow long did he retain his power, and why? By what comparison does your author describe his operations? (For proof ee note.)-3. In what respect, and how far, did Metternich consult the wishes of the people? In what respect were the rights of individuals violated? What was the attitude of Mettcrnioh towards Russia? How do we find England in respect to the Holy Alliance? USIRPED POWERS OF THE HtOLY ALLIANCE. 483 sometimes acting with, and sometimes against the "Holy Al- fdroaRi8. liance." When at its first organization George IV. was invited PERI'D IX. to become a party to the League, he declined giving it his signa- CHAP. II ture, although he expressed his approval of its principles. 4. At the congress of Aix-la-Chaipelle, France became a mem- 1C81s. Congress of ber of the hioly Alliance. This congress established the princi- monarchs pie of an "armed intervention;" or, in other words, the mern- ahtAeile: bers of the Holy Alliance agreed to assist each other with their (1820 at whole military force, against their subjects, in case of a re- lT21 at Layvolt in either kingdom. At the congress which convened at bach —122 Troppau, these principles were still further extended, and the at Verona) right was claimed to interfere by coercion in the domestic affairs of all other nations. This pretended right was exercised in relation to the affairs of Spain, Portugal, and lVaples. The people of all these kingdoms had obtained better securities for their liberties, by adopting free constitutions. Their respective rulers had sworn to be governed by them, and the citizens felt that they had secured the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity. But Metternich, in the name of the " Holy Alliance," High-handed sent armies, broke up the domestic arrangements of the people, the Holy abrogated their constitutions, and restored the sovereigns to ab- Alliance. solute power. These acts of gross violence against the sovereignty of nations 1823. were abhorrent to all conscientious and enlightened men, not ThDec 2r only in Europe, but in America. The government of the United Doctrine" States, through president Monroe, took solemn notice of them; promulgathe annual and declared that such principles should not be extended to any message to part of the American continent. congress. 5. In France, the principles of the Holy Alliance created great excitement; and they were boldly denounced in the chamber of (May 9,1826, deputies. The ministry became alarmed, and were proceeding the coronato extreme measures, when public attention was diverted by the Charles X. death of Louis XVIII. His brother, the duke of Artois, a bigot took heims.) in politics and religion, ascended the throne, under the title of CHARLES X. As liberal ideas gained ground with the people, the government became more and more agitated with alarm. 1826. The return of Lafayette, from a triumphal visit to the United Ieturn of States, was watched with apprehension. The arbitrary VILLELE Lafayette was at the head of the ministry, and he had obtained a majority from cAamerin the French chamber of deputies by controlling the elections. But this short-sighted expedient only increased the general disaffection. 6. Pending the struggle with Napoleon, the sovereigns of 4. What principles did the allied monarchs adopt at Aix-la-Chapelle, with regard to their own subjects? What at Troppau in regard to interferinc with the domestic affairs of other nations? What nations attempted to make free governments, and were prevented? By whom? How? How did this violation of the sovereignty of nations affect the minds of conscientious men? What was done in America-?-5. How did the French receive the doctrines of the Holy Alliance? What change of sovereigns occurred? What is said in reference to Lafayette? What is said of Villele? 484 COMMERCIAL LEAGUE OF THE GERMAN STATES. fodomz i8. Germany had promised their subjects, what, by their progress in PERI'D IX. intelligence they ardently desired, constitutional governments; Cap- I- but when the war was over, few remembered their engagements.' The king of Bavaria and the duke of Baden, however, in spite 18'33. of the iloly Alliance, fulfilled theirs in good faith. These states Commercial League of and Prussia have given great attention to primary education. the German A Commercial League, under the auspices of Prussia, was formed, connecting in a new bond almost all the states which formerly belonged to the Germanic body. This league is called the "Zoll Verein." 1826. 7. On the death of Alexander I. of Russia-which the civilDecember. ized world regretted-Constantine, his brother, who had been Death of Alexander. appointed commander of Poland, was declared emperor; but he Accession of renounced his hereditary rights in favor of his brother NICHOLAS, Nicholas. (Nicholas, in who assumed the government, and dated his reign from the 1844, visited death of Alexander. He repelled an invasion of the Persians England to arrange, as under ABBAS MIRZA, and compelled him to cede to Russia large appears territories on both sides of the river Araxes. (1854), the division of 8. Mahmoud II., the sultan of Turkey, took occasion from an Turkey.) insurrection of the Janizaries, to attack and destroy the dangerous power of that body, the prietorians of Turkey. He modelled War betweenhis armies on the European system, and placed himself in a hosRussia and tile attitude against Russia, then occupied with the Persian war. Turkey The Russian forces, amounting to 200,000, invaded his kingdom, and after numerous sieges and battles, in which victory repeat1829. edly changed sides, at length prevailed. Having passed the Peace of Balkan iMountains, the Russians occupied Adrianople, the secAdrian- ond city in the Turkish empire, where, in 1829, they dictated ople. the terms of a peace by which they obtained the fiee navigation 1833. of the Black Sea and Dardanelles. Subsequently, by the treaty Peace of of Unkiar Skelessi, the Porte engaged to close those straits Unkiar against any other nation, at the demand of Russia. This alarmSkelessi. ed England, lest Russia should, by subjugating Turkey, get a preponderating power... The able viceroy of Egypt, MEHEMET 1832. ALl, sent his son IBRAHIM with an army, who overran Syria, and KONIE I:. - Ibrahim do- defeated the Turks at the battle of Konieh. The English, fearing feats the that Russia, already too powerful, should annihilate Turkey and Turks, who lose 30,00o. possess Constantinople, interfered, and obliged Mehemet to withdraw his forces, and still 2 F17owledge his vassalage to the sultan; 1848. but the subjection was aler nominal than real. Mehemet Ali 9. Egypt greatly improved in arts, agriculture, and commerce succeeded a first by his under the direction of Mehemet Ali. Ibrahim succeeded him in son Ibrahim, the viceroyalty of Egypt in 1848. He died two months afterthen by his of nephew Abbaa Pacha. 6. What is said of Germany in regard to its progress? To the promises of the sovereions and their fulfilment? To education? The Commercial League.?-7 When occurred the death of Alexander? What is said of Nicholas?-8. What was done by Mahmoud of Turkey? Give an account of the war between Turkey and Russia. What was obtained by Russia at the treatv of Adrianoplea Of Unkiar Slkelessi? What did the English apprehend? What occurred in Syria? What did England oblige Mehernet to do?-9. What was the state of Egypt inder Mehemet Ali. What two persops succeeded himn in quick succession, and in what year 2 FRENCH " REVOLUTION OF THE THREE DAYS.: 485 and was succeeded by his able nephew ABBAS PACHA... _lodertis. ABDUL MEDJID succeeded Mahmoud II. as sultan of Turkey, PERI'D IX. July 1, 1839. None of his predecessors have shown equal lib- CHAP. M. erality in regard to religious toleration, civility to strangers, and L the improvement of his people. Knowledge is breaking in upon Mamoud39. the Turks, and even, in some measure, extending to the harem. succeeded 10. After the coronation of Charles X. in France, the ultra- by Abdul absolutists and Jesuits were taken into favor with the king. They were opposed with great energy and boldness by the lib- 1S29.1 Wat erals. To take off public attention from their measures, and with make themselves popular with the nation, the ministry made a Algiers. war with Algiers. It was ably conducted, and ended in the subjugation of that country; but the ministry obtained little credit, and the elections were carried against them. This they attributed to the influence of " a free press," which, they said, " was at all times an instrument of disorder and sedition." On the 26th of July, 1830, they published the famous " Ordinances." The first dissolved the chamber of deputies; the second suspend- I ed the liberty of the press; while the third and fourth presented,,THE a new and arbitrary law of election, to be carried into immediate THREE ~ execution. This was the signal for "The Revolution of the Three DA YS." Days;" which, like the American, was a contest for principle. July 27, Under the guidance of the venerable Lafayette, "The stand- 28, and ard" around which the liberal French, as if moved by one spirit, 29. involuntarily rallied, it was effected during the 27th, 28th, and 1 29th of July, with the loss of only 1,000 lives. Lafayette was again made commander-in-chief of the national guards. Charles Louis and the royal family escaped to Scotland. The chamber of dep- Philippe i uties, at the recommendation of Lafayette, made Louis PHILIPPE, (son of Q of the family of Orleans, "K ing of the French." The late min- duke of ofgthe family of ensOrleans.) n isters were tried and imprisoned at Ham; but after a few years Orlean) 1 set at liberty by Louis Philippe. Hereditary nobility was abolished, and the elective franchise extended. 11. The severity of the Russian government in Poland, with the loss of national existence, had always been intolerable to that ancient people. An extensive conspiracy of the youth of the Dcnptoles. first families was formed to liberate their country. Their operations were at first carried on in secret; but the conspiracy was discovered, and the prisons were crowded with Polish victims. On the evening of the 19th of November, 1830, a young Polish 1830. officer entered the military school at Warsaw and called the Nov. 19. Insurrection youth to arms. Accompanied by the students of the university, of Warsaw. they forced their way into the palace of Constantine, who escaped by a secret passage. The insurrection became general. Forty thousand Polish troops and citizens, having armed themselves 9. What change of sovereigns occurred in Turkey, and when? What is the course pursued by Abdlul Medjid?-10. Who were favored by Charles X.? What was done by the liberals? What war was got up, and how did it result? What was enjoined by the Ordinances? What three days are mentioned, and what was done during the time? Who was the leader at this time? Who, at the recommendation of Lafayette, was made king 486 INDEPENDENCE OF BELGIUM. Moderm Mi. from the public arsenal, expelled the Russian troops from WarPERI'D ix. saw. A Polish diet was assembled, and independence declared. HAP. III. The emperor Nicholas issued a proclamation denouncing the ~' —1' — patriots as rebels. A succession of sanguinary battles followed, in 1831. which the Poles were at first victorious; but single-handed, they Russians take War- were unable to resist the giant power of Russia. They concenanPin; trated their forces around Warsaw, where, after several days of enslaved. continued fighting, their armies were defeated; Warsaw was taken, its defenders slaughtered, and Russian despotism re-established. 12. The French revolution of 1830 was immediately followed by that of Belqium. The Belgic people, always French in their institutions and feelings, had been, at the congress of Vienna, arbitrarily annexed to Holland. They now seized the opportunity to sever themselves. A national congress was assembled, which declared the independence of Belgium, and in 1832 adopted a constitutional monarchy. The representatives of the five powers, Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, assembled in London, arranged the boundaries of the new kingdom, and apportioned the national debt between Belgium and Holland. LEO(May 1. POLD, of Saxe Coburg, the widowed son-in-law of George IV. of Died the England, was made king. Leopold afterwards married LOUISA, great and good La- eldest daughter of Louis Philippe. The great and good Lafayette fayette.) died May 1, 1834. The people gathered in throngs to his burial, and wept as for a FATHER.* 13. Repeated attempts upon the life of Louis Philippe were made the pretence for so strengthening his power and his military arrangements, that he wholly abridged the liberties of the French people, completely shackled the press, and placed Paris under military despotism. He, however, bent in some things to the spirit of the age. His government patronized schools for the improvement of the common people; and although his power promptly quelled their insurrections, yet he gratified the La Belle feelings of the French, by asking of the British, the remains of him roue sent to whose conquests gave them, for a time, such a proud eminence St. Helena after the among the nations. A warlike vessel was sent to St. Helena. remains of Napoleon. The grass-grown nook was disturbed, and its willows no longer wave over the grave of Napoleon. Attended by six hundred 1840. thousand persons,-borne on a glittering car, the conqueror again Dec. 6. enters Paris. But death has conquered him; and it is but dust Napoleon and ashes, which is borne aloft, in that pompous cerelnonial. The re-interred in Paris. spirit, which once gave such mighty energy, is gone-we know not whither. * So said, to the author, Nov. 6, 1854, the superintendent of the cemetery of the Rue Peepus, who superintended his funeral, and buried him there with his faimily, beside his wife, self-sacrificed for him. The Montmorencies, the Rochefoucaults, the Polignaes, and a few other families of the old French noblesse, are buried in this small private cemetery. 11. Relate the last valiant struggle of the Poles.-12. What account can you give of Belgium? When occurred the death of Lafayette?13. What has been the course of Louis Philippe? In what respect did he bend to the spirit of the age? In what. particular did he gratify the French people? Relate some particulars of the second funeral of Napoleon. CHAPTER IV. ModernH1,k. The Republic of America. PERI'D IX CIHAP IV. 1. IN the treaty of Ghent, between Great Britain and the._ United States, the contracting nations were, in regard to territory, restored to their respective limits before the contest. Great Britain had not formally relinquished " the right of search," but she had learned, that she could not exercise it on the Americans 1S15. Americans with impunity... Commodore DECATUR was dispatched with a chastise the formidable naval force into the Mediterranean, to chastise the Algerines. piratical powers on the coast of Barbary. The Algerines were humbled. Their shipping was captured, their defences destroyed, and the terrified Dey, while his chief city lay exposed to the fire of Decatur's guns, consented to make compensation for his past injuries to American commerce, and to withdraw his claims to the tribute, which the American republic, as well as Europe, had previously submitted to the disgrace of paying. Tunis and Tripoli were also compelled to agree to humiliating terms of peace. 2. The efforts of congress were now directed to improve the (Washinginternal condition and prosperity of the Union. The Bank of ton, Jefferthe United States, which had been established during Wash- son, Madison, ington's administration, was re-chartered, with a capital of Jackson,each 35,000,000 of dollars; and a tariff of duties on foreign com- idency two merce was established, whose object was to secure some of the terms, and then patmore common domestic manufactures against a ruinous foreign riotically deciined a recompetition... JAMES MONROE, a citizen of Virginia, succeeded election.) Madison in the presidency, by a vote nearly unanimous. His 117. administration was distinguished as " the era of good feeling..." Mr. Monroe. The federal Union, enlarged by the admission of new states,f (tMichigan increased steadily in general prosperity. Its ocean bounda- inasa7,mary on the southeast was perfected by the purchase of Flor- king26 states ida, from Spain, for $5,000,000. All internal duties and taxes old thirteen.) were abolished; and the surviving soldiers of the revolution were 1 19-20 relieved from poverty by the grant of adequate pensions. Purchase of 3. By invitation from the American government, general Lafayette arrived in New York, August, 1824, and was met by a 1124. warmth of national friendship and gratitude beyond his most fayette. sanguine anticipations. His progress through the twenty-four (" General Lafayette," states of the republic was one continued triumphal procession. he now made In consequence of his services and expenditures, congress made his card of him a grant of $200,000, and a valuable township of land in clining his Florida. After having been present at the inauguration of the title, "the younger MR. ADAMs, March 4th, 1825, he embarked on board marquisdela Fayette.") 1. What is said of the treaty of Ghent? Of the war with Algiers? -2. What two measures of congress are here related? What change of presidents occurred? What is here mentioned in the side-notes? What was tile character of Mr. Monroe's administration, and the condition of the country?-3. Relate the visit of Lafayette to America. What change of presidents was made in 1825? 487 488 THREATENED REBELLION OF SOUTH CAROLINA. XodernHis. the new frigate Brandywine, and returned, to act again an imPERID IX. portant part on the theatre of France. CHAP. IV. 4. On the 4th of March, 1829, GENERAL JACKSON was inaugurated president of the republic, and JOHN C. CALHOUN vice(From 1826 to 1831, president... In 1832, North America was visited by the fatal three ex- "Asiatic Cholera," which began in Asia about fifteen years before. die on the It passed through Europe, then made its appearance in Canada, fourth of from whence it spread destruction over America, being chiefly fatal in populous cities... On the 4th of March, 1833, general acks3.nd Jackson was again inaugurated president of the republic, and Jackson and Van Buren. MARTIN VAN BUREN was made vice-president. 5. The protective duties laid by congress, while they advanced the prosperity of the manufacturing interest of the north, increased the price of commodities, some of which were especially needed at the south. Hence a violent anti-tariff party arose, chiefly 1S32. in South Carolina. After working themselves up by meetings, "Nullifica- speeches, and the press, to a high pitch of excitement, this party (resisted proceeded to declare, through a convention chosen for the purin congress pose, that congress, in laying protective duties, had exceeded its by Daniel. Webster, in just powers-that its acts, on this head, should be null and void; his great and that it should be the duty of the legislature of South Carospeech against Gen. lina to make provision to resist them by an armed force. The Hayne.) legislature obeyed the ordinance; and thus, for the first time, one of the sister states was in the attitude of rebellion against Jackson's the paternal rule of the general government. The president afproclama- fectionately called on the wandering state to return to obedience, tion. while he took such decided measures to compel submission, as 1833. left little hope that resistance would be availing. The nullificaMr. Compro- tion party then consented to a compromise, which was introduced mise Bill." into congress by HENRY CLAY. UnitedStates 6. The national bank had, with apparent satisfaction to the Bank. business community, afforded the facility of easy transmission, Opinion of and a uniform currency to every part of the republic. A party, tacksn however, arose, with president Jackson at its head, who opposed party. the bank, doubting its constitutionality and expediency. His Of the Jack- opponents alleged that the directors had refused to permit its son or anti- offices to be made by the government the reward of party serbank party. vices; as unhappily those of the revenue and post-office have, within the present century, been more or less made. The friends of general Jackson, on the other hand, asserted that the agents of the bank had corruptly used their great moneyed power against the supporters of his administration. However the con1~832. test between the executive and the bank might have begun, its Gen. Jackson course was mutual injury, and its close destruction to the bank; vetoes the the president, in 1832, putting his veto upon a bill for recharter. 4. When did the two inaugurations of general Jackson occur, and who were the vice-presidents? What account is given of the Asiatic cholera? -5. What occurred in consequence of the tariff or protective duties? What was the course of the anti-tariff or nullification party in South Carolina? What was that of the president?-6. Give an account of the national bank,-the opposition to it,-its fall. INTERNAL DERANGEMENT. 489 tering it, which had passed both houses of congress. In 1833, Xoaern Hi. the charter being soon to expire, general Jackson directed MR. PERI'D IX. DUANE, the secretary of the treasury, to withdraw from it the CP.-IV. government funds. Mr. Duane, personally responsible in heavy bonds, refused; believing that the constitution regarded the 1 33. Mr. Duane keeper of the public purse as amenable rather to the house of refuses to representatives, than to the executive. General Jackson removed with dporaw him, and put MR. TANEY in his place, by whom the funds were li;:b. withdrawn. They were afterwards, by act of congress, placed The deposits in certain selected state banks, which were encouraged to dis- thse "pet count freely; and thus facilities too great before, by which banks." money might be obtained on credit, were increased. 7. A perfect madness of speculation became rife throughout 13S37 the land. The lots of cities, real or imaginary, were so bought TslzSio7." and sold that fortunes were made in a day. Idleness and ex- Banks stop specie paytravagance took the place of industry and economy. This public ment. fever had, in 1837, a fearful crisis. Before it, every one seemed growing rich; after it, many individuals and families were daily reduced from affluence to hopeless poverty. The banks were obliged to suspend specie payment, and credit seemed universally at an end. But, by a return to the neglected virtues of industry and economy, and by the great productive powers of the labor, the soil, and the manufactures of the country, business revived. The banks of New York, in 1838, resumed specie payment, and (1S54. those in other parts of the country, which did not utterly fail, At this time soon followed their example. State governments, and other cor- but one has porations, had partaken the general mania of dealing upon credit, mion for payand some of them were unable to fulfil their stipulations in time; ment.) but none, we trust, will permanently disgrace themselves and their country by repudiating their just debts, especially; while the fair expedient of direct taxation is before them. 8. A portion of the aboriginal Indian tribes remained on their reservations within the republic. Their settled practice of mIa- (The heroking war, when, so far from having declared it, their show of kees are, we fiiendship was the greatest, made them dangerous and dreaded believe, now satisfied. A neighbors. The general government had become involved in an newspaper is agr'eement with Georgia to extinguish the Indian title to lands est8bl)juhed within its borders, as soon as this could peaceably be effected. by the nephYet, in its northwestern section, the Cherokees, the most civilized principal of the North American tribes, inhabited and refused to quit their chief, John ancient domain. The president believed, that if the Indians attempted to remain, mingled with the white population, it would but lead, as in former cases, to their own destruction. He therefore proposed to congress that they should set apart a large ter6. What was Gen. Jackson's course in regard to the secretary of the treasury?-7. Relate the course o.f things preceding the revulsion. At what time did that occur? What was then the condition of the country? What causes produced a return of prosperity'-8. What practice of the Indians made it apparently expedient that they should be removed? In what engagemlent was the United States involved What plan was proposed-by whom-and what occurred in consequence' What is remarked concerning the Cherokees? 62 490 THE FLORIDA WAR. fodern His. ritory in the west, and remove them thither. Congress authorPERI'D IX. ized general Jackson to carry out his project, and, one by one, CAP. Iv. the tribes have been sent to their destined abode. 9. The Seminoles of Florida, incited by their chief OSCEOLA, 1835. refused to remove; and a destructive war was carried on to hunt Dec. 23. DADE'S them out from the unhealthy morasses of that peninsula. One BA TTLE- little army of 117 men, under MAJOR DADE, fell into an ambusFIELD. All the Ame- cade, and were all cut off. A year after, at lake Okee-Chobee, ricans (117) 138 were killed, among whom was their commander, COLONEL THOMPSON; and it was not until 1842 that the Seminoles were O1KE. in any measure subdued... While the Florida war was in progCIOBEE. ress, the Creeks attacked a steamboat on the Chattahoochee river rIndtas and burned it; —another was fired, and with all its passengers consumed. General Scott was sent against these Indians; and in a few months they were reduced to submission, and sent to the west. 1837. 10. On the 4th of March, 1837, occurred the inauguration of March 4. MARTIN VAN BUREN, as president of the United States, and Inauguration RICHARD M. JOHNSON as vice-president. Mr. Van Buren was and Johnson. unfortunate in the time of his accession to the presidency, as it was the year of " the revulsion," when there was so much pecuniary distress. The whigs believed, that the government were (Evets of bound to attempt something for the general relief; but the presthe French ident and his party maintained, that the faults of individuals had revolution, 1848, estab- produced the depression, and individual industry and enterprise rectnessof would alone suffice to restore prosperity. Meantime, as the Mr. V. B.'s banks where the government deposits had been kept, were not principle.) considered safe, he projected a plan for keeping the public purse called the " sub-treasury scheme;" which proving unpopular, the democratic party lost the next election; which was by the ma14Harrison's jority given to GENERAL HARRISON, as president, and JOHN TYLER, short presi- as vice-president. The benevolent and kind-hearted Harrison dency. died in one month after he was inaugurated; when, by the constitution, Mr. Tyler became president. 11. The whigs, flushed with their late victory, never doubted that their policy would be carried into effect by the man whom they had elevated. Mr. Tyler had, however, during a previous career of high office, sometimes acted with the democrats, and sometimes refused to hold himself amenable to any party. The CongressMay 3. question especially at issue was, shall the public money, as Convened. maintained by the whigs, be kept in a United States Bank, or, August is. as held by their opponents, remain in an independent treasury? Mr. Tyler's President Harrison had called an extra congress to meet in May. Sept. 9. When the delegates assembled, Mr. Tyler, then president, defeatHis second. ed, by two successive vetoes, bills which the whigs passed to re9. Give an account of the Florida, or Seminole war.-10. What change of presidents occurred, and when? Why was Mr. Van Buren unfortunate in the time of his presidency? Who was Mr. Van Buren's successor in the presidency, and how long did he remain?-1I1. What did the whigs expect of president Tyler? What was the question at issue betweena the political parties? ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 491 establish a national bank for a depository of the public money. Jlodern His. The able cabinet selected by Harrison had all remained in office PERI'D IX. up to the time of the second veto, when all resigned, except DAN- CHAP. v. IEL WEBSTER, secretary of state; and he only remained until he -' had negotiated the ASHBURTON TREATY; by which a very grave 1hb49. dispute with England concerning the boundary between Maine'Treaty, and Lower Canada was happily adjusted. He then resigned, ratified in leaving Mr. Tyler to work out the problem, whether the American Oct. 14. government has the inherent stability to allow an administration to stand, unsupported by any party. Mr. Tyler's not only stood, but, by taking the initial steps in the annexation of Texas, it became the first mover in the chain of events, by which America acquired one-third of her present territory. CHAPTER V. War between the American Republic and Mexico. 1. ALTHOUGH the United States and England had acknowledged the independence of Texas, yet Mexico ever claimed the country as her owni. On the ground of our peaceable relations March 3. with that power, and of the unsettled boundaries of Texas, Gen. u. s. recogJackson, and, after him, Mr. Van Buren, declined her repeated nize Texan independovertures for annexation to the republic. But a report was now ence; Engspread, that Great Britain was about to take Texas under her lamed does th1842. protection, and exclude slavery. The whole people of the Union were unwilling, that England should control a country upon its southern frontier; and the men of the south, of whose views Mr. Calhoun, now secretary of state, was the exponent, were alarmed by fears of the exclusion of slavery-they being desirous to in- 1844. crease the numlber of slave states. The immediate annexation of Annexation of Texas Texas, therefore, became suddenly popular; and in 1844, at the made a test presidential canvas, Henry Clay, the great whig leader who op- question. posed it, lost the election; whilst the democratic candidate, JAMES Feb., 1845. K. POLK of Tennessee who favored it, was chosen. After his tionannexelection, but while Mr. Tyler was yet president, Texas was an- ing Texas. nexed by a joint resolution of congress. Sefor Almonte, the Mexican ambassador, declared it, casus belli, and immediately 184:5. left Washington. Thus Mr. Polk came into power expecting a Mr. Polk inwar with Mexico;-and he determined to make it available for augurated. the acquisition of her northwestern provinces. He sent, in March, t (They had 1845, overland to California, sixty-three able men, well armed,t olented rewlyvolver.) 12. How did Mr. Tyler use the veto power? What effect had this upon his cabinet? What is said of the Ashburton treaty? What problem is worked out by Mr. Tyler's course, and how decided? CIAP. V.-i. On what ground did Gert. Jackson and Mr. Van Buren decide against annexing Texas? What occurred to change the views of the Americans? Why did Henry Clay lose the election, and Mr. Polk obtain it? When and how was Texas annexed? What was done by the Mexican anmbassador? 492 THE MEXICAN WAR. fodernffia. yet equipped as a scientific corps, and under the command of PERI'D ix. the great explorer, CAPTAIN JOHN C. FREMONT;-and in the OcCHAP V. tober succeeding, for the same destination, he ordered a naval ~ ~ 84-5force with marines to proceed, under Com. Stockton, by the way Oct., 1845. Stockton sails of Cape Horn. from Norfolk 2. In the mean time, MR. SLIDELL, a special envoy, was sent to (with sealed orders). the Mexicans; but they, with the hereditary hatred of the Spanish Catholics to the Puritans, refused, as was expected, to treat March S. for peace. On the 30th of July, 1845, an American force under Taylor en- GENERAL TAYLOR was ordered to the mouth of the Rio Grande. site MatOaPo- A Mexican army, under ARISTA, was on the opposite shore; and ras. a collision soon occurred, in which sixteen Americans were either killed or wounded... On the 11th of May, 1846, the president Thorilt24. announced that the Mexicans had invaded our territory, and that capture; first "thle blood of our citizens had been shed upon our own soil." blood shed. The American people had not till this moment suspected that a war was in progress. In astonishment and indignation, congress Palo Alto. responded "that war existed by the act of Mexico;" and they May 8 and 9. forthwith passed laws for appropriating ten millions of dollars, fxica, 00 and enlisting 50,000 volunteers. But before any aid could reach Am. 2,000. Taylor, save 500 marines, he had twice fought and conquered a Mex. k. & w., 4()0; Am. k. Mexican force nearly the double of his own. Matamoras now & w., 40. fell into the hands of the Americans. Fornmal declarations of Resaca de la Palnma. war, from each belligerent, soon followed. 3. The Mexican war is unparalleled in regard to the great results, suddenly, and without previous preparation, effected by the internal energies of a young and vigorous nation, put forth in a popular direction; and also, in regard to the immense distances 1S46. to be swept over by sea and land, as embraced in the plan of May 15. the campaign, which, on the 15th and 16th of May, was formed the camt pain by the executive, with the aid of MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT. Its made at object was to conquer California and the intervening territory for Washington. a permanent possession; and so to distress the Mexicans in the heart of their country, that the government would peacefully yield these provinces. Vessels were to sail round Cape Horn to California; —GENERAL KEARNEY, with the "Army of the West," was to go from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, —conquer New Mexico, and thence proceed to the Pacific, to co-operate in the conquest of California; —GENERAL WOOL was to rendezvous at Bexar, in (t Monterey Texas, and to invade Mexico through Coahuila;-while general in Coahuila. Taylor was to advance, and capture Monterey.t To accomplish Not Monterey, a sea- all this, the republic had, of regular forces, only 9,000 men. port in California.) Yet these vast designs were carried into effect, and by an army of volunteers, formed on the spur of the occasion. 1. What appears to have been Mr. Polk's views? What overland expedition did he send to California? What naval expedition? —2. What is said of Mr. Slidell's mission? Where was Gen. Taylor sent, and what consequence followed? What did the president announce? How did congress respond? Relate the movements of Gen. Taylor on the Rio Grande.3. In what two respects is the Mexican war unparalleled? What was the object of the campaign? What was its plan? What army had the republic? By what means were the vast designs of the campaign carried out. CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. 493 4. Gen. Wool, who, during the summer and autumn, had been M rodnrHiS. active in raising and forming the volunteer forces, having pro- PERID IX. ceeded on his destined course to Parras, in Coahuila, was called CHAP. V. to the aid of the army of Gen. Taylor; which, after the taking of'Y Monterey, was lying at Saltillo, and there threatened by the Junction of main Mexican force, at San Louis Potosi, under the commander- the two arin-chief. Notwithstanding their danger, the generals Taylor and tillo. Wool were now obliged to part with the most efficient portion of their small army, to go to assist Gen. Scott in an attempt BUEYNA VIS TA. upon the Mexican capital. But at the mountain pass of Buena American Vista, they met, and bore back the shock of the finest army, which force 4,690; Mexico had ever brought into the field,-and commanded by San- times that number. ta Anna in person. This general, after his defeat, retired to re- Amer. loss cruit his forces, and interpose them between the army of Scott about 1,000; Mex. loss and the city of Mexico. Gen. Taylor, returning to the United 4,000. States, was rewarded by an election to the presidency; while Gen. Wool, remaining at Monterey, so governed the conquered region, that its principal citizens thenceforward desired its annexation to the American Union. 5. In January, 1846, we find Capt. Fremont on the western borders of the Sierra Nevada, 200 miles east of Californian Monterey. At first he was kindly received by the Mexican authorities, but subsequently ordered to depart. He retired to Oregon; returned in June,-was joined by a few American settlers on the 1 S46. Sacramento, and then, as their leader, he raised the standard of July 7, the independent California. COM. SLOAT, the naval commander, Bear flag of independknowing that Fremont was acting under executive authority, ence is raise followed his lead,-took Monterey and San Francisco, and hoisted by Fremont. the American flag. Fremont at once exchanged for it, the Californian. Then proceeding to Monterey, he arrived at the right moment to meet Com. Stockton, who now superseded Sloat. Taking on board Fremont with his Californian battalion, Stockton sailed south to the vicinity of Los Angeles. That city was taken, and all Upper California conquered. Stockton and Fremont then left Angeles with a garrison. Soon after, the Californians, by the aid of a Mexican force, revolted, and regained the city. 6. Meantime Gen. Kearney, having conquered New Mexico, t(Kearney, and established an American government at Santa Fe, advanced having met near Santa F6 with an escort of 200 ment by the river Gila. When within an express forty miles of Angeles, he learned that Southern California had with Stockton's and revolted; and that he was in an enemy's country, surrounded by Fremont's well-mounted hostile cavalry. He found means to send to Stock- the main part ton, at San Diego, an account of his perilous position; and by of his army.) 4. How were the two armies of generals Wool and Taylor situated with regard to each other? Where was a battle fought, by whom, and with lhat result? Where did the conquered general go. What is said of the two victorious generals?-5. Where was Capt. Fremont in January, 1846 What was his course afterwards? What was done by Com. Sloat Whom did Fremont meet at Monterey, and what followed? What occurred at Angeles? 494 GEN. SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. Modern His. the aid of troops sent by him, and by hard fighting at San PasPERI'D IX. cal, Gen. Kearney reached the coast with the remnant of his CHAP. V. brave corps. To retake Angeles was now the object of the'Y —' Americans. Col. Fremont, who had been recruiting at the north, 18S46. was marching towards Angeles-along the bleak coast of the Dec. 6. San Pascal. Pacific with 400 men. Stockton and Kearney advanced upon Gen. Kelr- the same point friom San Diego. The Californian troops met ney keeps the field. them, made a slight resistance, then turned, and passing Angeles, 1S47. they went to Cowenga, and capitulated to Fremont. Thus was Jpitnulation completed the conquest of California. of Cowenga. 7. On the 26th of March, 1847, Gen. Scott, after a masterly SCOTT'S EX- siege of twenty days, took Vera Cruz, the principal port of MexPEDITION. ico, with the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, its strongest fortress. March 20. The other ports on the Gulf were soon captured by naval comVera Cruz manders; after which the American government established April 1l. custom-houses and collected a revenue... On arriving at the GoRRO Cordilleras, Gen. Scott's road lay through a mountain gorge, comGORDO. Mex. force manded by the heights of Cerro Gordo, from which bristled the 12,000; Am. cannon of Santa Anna. The American engineers, LEE and Mcx. loss, k. BEAUREGARD, prepared in secrecy a circuitous route, by which Am. loss 1430. the army attacked the rear of the enemy, and put him to route. (August 7. The pursuit, directed by Scott before the battle began, was inScott moves stant, and ceased not until Puebla was entered. While the with 1e0,728 American army waited there for reinforcements, sickness thinned in hospitals' its ranks. From Puebla, Gen. Scott's march was at first over rind asagar-0 high table-lands, then up the mountain passes of the Central His line of Cordilleras. On the third day, the army reached the height, supplies not open.) when they enjoyed the grand prospect of the Mexican vale, the city, and the surrounding lakes, and giant mountains. 8. The gTound plot of the city was once an island, in lake Tezcuco. The greater part of the lake had now become an oozy marsh, through which the city was approached by long straight causeways, enfiladed by the artillery of strong fortresses. Of these, that connected with the Vera Cruz road, on which the army lay, was the most dangerous. Again the engineers made (and for twenty-seven miles) a secret road, over grounds deemed impassable; and through this, the army were changed to 1S47. the Acapulco road. On the 20th of August, before daylight, the August 20. Mexican camp at Contreras was taken by storm; at noon a vicA greft UAy tory was obtained over the forces of Santa Anna; and at evening, in war. ensued the assault and capture of the fortress of Cherubusco. 9. Gen. Scott might now have entered the city in triumph-but he was sent, "not to conquer Mexico, but a peace;" and willing 6. What had Gen. Kearney effected? In what way did he proceed to California? How did he arrive there? What movements were made to retake Angeles? Where, and to whom, was the final capitulation of the Californian army made?-7. What was taken (and when) by the Americans under Gen. Scott? What was his course from the coast? Describe the battle of Cerro Gordo. The pursuit. Gen. Scott's progress from Puebla.-8. Describe the situation of the city of Mexico. How did the American army approach it? What was done by the Americans on the 20th of August?' PEACE CONCLUDED. 495 "to leave the Mexicans something on which to rest their national Moderna Hi& pride," he granted them a suspension of arms. But Santa Anna PERI'D IX. violated the armistice, by making a fortress at Molinos del CHAP. V. Rey. It was taken, although at a melancholy sacrifice of life. ~ c The strongly-fortified hill of Chepultepec, on which once stood 3o.tino8 6deZ the veritable "halls of the Montezumas," but now the military Rey. Mex. force 14,000; academy of Mexico, was the only remaining exterior defence of Am. 8,200. the city. This the Americans stormed and took, —and again they Am. loss 800; defeated the army of Santa Anna. He sought shelter in the vere, but uncity,-but fled in the course of the night. On the succeeding Sept. 1w. morning, September 14th, Gen. Scott made his triumphal entry MEXICO into the conquered capital... His efforts were directed to the,TAKEN. organization of a government, with which he could treat for the two days. peace. A Mexican congress at length assembled at Queretaro, 8s6, ofwhoere and appointed four commissioners, who, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, officers. met with MR. TRIST, an American envoy already in the country. Here they formed a treaty of peace, which, being duly ratified, America received New Mexico and California; and obligated herself to pay to Mexico fifteen millions of dollars.* * It is a new feature in the history of the world, that the victorious nation, instead of taxing the conquered, should give them money, or should pay for provinces already theirs by conquest. Public opinion in America, however, does not favor possession by mere conquest. If the Americans were, as is erroneously believed in Enrope, desirous of making all possible annexations, they would at this moment have taken full possession of Mexico. So far froln any thing to hinder it, many of the inhabitants now anxiously desired it. From the district ruled by Gen. Wool, there arose, after the peace, a conspiracy, whose object was to separate the northern provinces from the Mexican, and add them to the American republic: and such was the unwonted security of the inhabitants of the capital under the paternal military rule of Gen. Scott, that they offered, if he would remain and govern them, to give him a large sum of money; but the veteran patriot preferred to go home and be tried, on petty accusations of his enemies. Those who talk so much of annexing new states, do not consider the difference between a sister state and a colony. If the Sandwich Islands were to be annexed, and become a state, there must be two senators, having an equal vote in congress with tile two senators from New York. 9. Give an account of the armistice. Of the military operations which occurred between it and the entrance of Gen. Scott into Mexico. Where and by whom was the treaty of peace made? What were its leading provisions? 10 2 - Lonortude, E~st 107 fromwiltshinztn n 11_ I-\ sy v~~ er na s ~~~~~~ d ~~~~icine Ocles )i~B er ~ 3L~~L~~L~LL~LL~Ler koOE ~~~z~~~~aa Iza ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Sb Kr ot gs~.~ dikl t a ~~~OlteniB5 age~vo. tova Y S E 9 IEA TT OF Ainaa,;Iliii~~~~ T~~dria~ople ~rS RB CONSgN2\ I J.)YICL ~ 215 T I ongitude Eatst-35f&0 oinGre enwich The Duchess of Orleans and her Children. PERIOD X. FROM THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE Feb. AND THE DOWNFALL OF AND EXTENSION OF THE 1848: LOUIS PHILIPPE BY THE FRENCH AMERICAN REPUBLIC, ( REVOLUTION, TO TIE DEATH OF NICHOLAS, M 1855 EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. CHAPTER I. France.-Revolution of 1848.-The Republic.-The Restoration of the Empire. 1. EUROPE, in 1848, awoke from the long slumber of despot- No&rnH*is, ism; and the pent-up discontents of the people, exploded in a ------- series of revolutions. Although they began in Sicily, Italy, and PERIOD X. Hungary, yet it was the revolution of France which was as the _ signal-gun to the battle of the people against their rulers; and 1848. this great event in the eastern hemisphere, has its date in the Revolutionasame month, February 1848, as the founding of the American ry spirit in Pacific empire by the treaty of Guadalupe... Great changes. had occurred in France, in the division of landed property. The old revolution of 1790 deprived the nobility and clergy of their (The "Code immense estates;t while by that of July, 1830, and the conse- Napolonne" quent abolition of the hereditary peerage, landed estates became sanctioned again subdivided; in consequence of which, France has now a condition large proportion of independent land-holders, who dread all oflanded changes by which individual property becomes insecure. PERIOD X.-CHAP. I.-1. For what is the year 1848 distinguished in Europe? Where did revolutions first appear? What revolution was most marked by its effects? In what month did it occur? What remarkable event in the western continent occurred at the same time? What change had taken place in France in regard to landed estates? and what has France now in consequence? What was sanctioned by the Code Napoleonne? (See note.) 499 500 ELEMENTS OF ANARCHY. ModernlRis. 2. But simultaneously a counter influence was forming. The PERIOD X. truths taught in later times, that the people have rights, and CHAP. I. that oppression and tyranny are their wrongs, had, by ambitious ~Y~-' demagogues and sensual enthusiasts, been carried out to an exciaOriginm, of so- treme of licentiousness, and thus, had given rise to the dangerous communism, doctrines of socialism, or communism. Although the views of and its dangerous ten- the moderate socialist were less demoralizing than those of the dency. ultra communist, yet they all acted politically together; and they indiscriminately receive from current historians either appellation. Object of the Their leading object was to bring forward a community of men they are not and women, where, repudiating all law, human and divine, no true republicans. man should presume to claim as his own, either wife, or children, or property. They called themselves republicans-and fiom the color of the flag which they adopted, they were termed "red republicans;" but in truth they were as different in their views from men of the stamp of Lafayette, as they were from absolutists. A strong undercurrent of socialism now pervaded, not only France, but other parts of central and southern Europe. 3. Louis Philippe, having manifested ability in government, gained the support of men of property and business, and made himself respected by foreign nations. His wife, AMELIA OF NAPLES, was one of the best of the queens of France; and the royal pair were both examples of conjugal and parental affection. But he was ungrateful to Lafayette, and those who elevated him; and in politics, he proved himself an absolutist. He sought the aggrandizement of his family, rather than the public good; and thus he made shipwreck of both. Instead of paying the enor1847. mous debt, with which the Bourbons had left France encumOct. 10. bered, he increased it, even in times of prosperity. He offendMarriage of the Duke of ed the nation also by negotiating a marriage of his third son Montpensier with the sister of the queen of Spain; and thus, contrary to to the sister. p of Isabella of treaties, putting one of the royal family of France into the line Spain. of the Spanish succession. In Algiers, the heroic Emir, ABDELKADER, was bravely contesting the soil of his native land, when, deserted by his followers, he gave himself up to the French, on Abdel-Kader condition that he should be permitted to go with his family perfidiously to Egypt or Sylia. Louis Philippe faithlessly imprisoned him at imprisoned. Ham. His minister, M. Guizot, shared the unpopularity of this act; as also that of givi-g aid to the "Sonderbund," in Switzerland, which was regard&,, as the party of the Catholic priests 1848. against the people. begins. 4. Reform banquets in private houses had been held by the Feb. 22. liberals in various parts of France. One was announced to take Banquet place in Paris. The French chamber of deputies took ground opposed. 2. What principles of liberty have been taught in later times? To what may be ascribed the rise of socialism, or communism? What was the leading object of the socialist, or communist? Is there any difference between the two? What were they politically called? Where did socialistic doctrines prevail?-3. What is said of Louis Philippe, and of his wife, which is in their favor? What of Louis Philippe that is against him? In what particular instances did he offend the French nation? What is said of M. Guizot? DOWNFALL OF LOUIS PHILIPPE. 501 against the meeting. ODILLON BARROT, one of the reform lead- Xodernsi8 ers, presented in the chamber a paper impeaching the ministry. PERIOD X. A tumult arose, and the president abruptly adjourned the house. Ca. I. Thousands collected in the streets. On the morning of the 23d`-r of February, M. Guizot announced to the chamber his resigna- 1S418. tion. "It is too late," was the ominous cry. All was agitation (tLa Grange and terror. Blood was shed at evening.t Louis Philippe had fired at aton officer, to made some vain attempts at conciliation; but unmanned by provoke the his fears, he did not take with efficiency the means still in his troops to firey power to defend his throne. On the 24th, he abdicated, in did.) favor of his young grandson, the Duke of Orleans,-his widowed Feb 24. Departure of mother to be regent. The wretched monarch then stole from the king and the palace, disguised in citizen's dress; and, leaning on the arm queen. (The queen wore of his braver queen, the pair ascended a small vehicle which deep mourning for the bore them swiftly friom Paris. The Duchess of Orleans heroical- Dnukf Ofly led forth her two young sons through the garden of the Tuil- leans,hereld-. leries, to place them under the protection of the deputies. But had been in the legislative chamber all was uproar and danger. She killed by an fled, amidst the shouts "Vive la Republique;" and finally es- accident.) caped with her sons to Germany. 5. A republic was now formally proclaimed at the Hotel de 184S. Ville. A Provisional Government was formed, consisting of the Teb. 24. venerable DUPONT DE L'EURE the friend of Lafayette,* LAMAR- The provisTINE the poet and orator, ARAGO the great astronomer, CRE- ional governMIEUX, and LEDRu-RoLLIN. The last was one of the leaders of utive committee of the socialists,-this dangerous party being either not under- five. stood, or too strong to be defied. Yet Lamartine spoke to them fearlessly. "You demand of us," said he, "the red flag, instead of the tri-color. Citizens! I will never adopt the red flag. The tri-color has made the circuit of the world, under the republic and the empire,-with our liberties and our glories. The red flag has only made the tour of the Champs de Mars, trained through torrents of the blood of the people."... The Provisional Provisional Government, during its forty days, reorganized the army, estab- government, lished the freedom of the press and universal suffrage, declared forty days. a law to abolish the punishment of death for political offences, and finally decreed a national assembly, to form a constitution on the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The word "fraternity" was introduced by the socialists. * After the vile usage by which the minions of Louis Philippe deprived Lafayette of the office of commander-in-chief of the National Guards, the indignation among the officers was general, and they wished to resign Jan. Lafayette would not allow them. " The good of France," he said, " must (At181. Jan. be consulted.".. " I would permit none of them to resign on my account," sation held said he, to the author of this history,t " but my son, and MY FRIEND DUPONT in Paris, at DE L'EURE."? the I"Hotel de la Paix.') 4. What was that measure of the liberals which first led to the revolution? What was done by Odillon Barrot? What followed? What occurred on the 23d? What was the course pursued by the king'. —the queen?the Duchess of Orleans?-5. What was done at the Hotel de Ville? Who composed the executive committee? What is related of Lamartine What were the acts of the provisional government? 502 A BRIGHT DAY OBSCURED. Moder His. 6. On the 23d of April, was chosen the constituent or national PERIOD X. assembly. The election showed that the middle class of property CHAP. I. holders were in dread of socialism, although not then developed. ~-u ~ — Lamartine, who had refused to adopt its flag, became the idol of 1 4IS the nation, and stood at the head of the poll; whereas LedruMay 4. Meeting of Rollin was the twenty-fourth on the list... On a bright and the constit- pleasant day, May 4th, the assembly met; and such was the enuent assembly. thusiasm of the people, that 200,000 gathered around the chamber, and mingled their shouts with the roar of cannon, as the tri-colored flag was unfurled. It was the boast of the new republic, that no blood was shed to establish it; and now the assenmbly required no oath to support it. 7. This happy day was soon obscured. It had been proclaimed, under the word Fraternity, that laborers had a right to demand of government, work and pay; and Ledru-Rollin had been A ruinous made secretary of the interior, and thus encouraged to attempt andimpracti- his ruinous and impracticable schemes. He opened workshops, cable scheme attempted. where two francs a day were paid to those who could be employed; while one franc was given to those who could not. By these means the government became a great manufacturing establishment, which, though it was of necessity ill conducted and unprofitable, yet at the same time, competing with private industry and enterprise, it was fatal to those foundations of business, on which national wealth depends. Factories and shops were shut. Want and misery were on every side. The national asL(t Such as sembly could no longer pay the many thousand, who, according to Barbes, Con- the invitations of the plotting socialists,t had now flocked from siderant. and the country to Paris. Several thousands of their number were lin.) directed to return to their homes. This brought on the crisis expected by the leaders of the red republicans, who now rose to take the property of Paris,-murder resisting citizens,-and estabJune23to26. lish their long-desired community. Instigated by them, the disDreadful in- carded workmen rushed into the streets, shouting, "Down with surrection ofI the socialists. the Republic!" Other workmen, and the low mob, full of inrJossoflie fernal passions, joined them. The friends of law and morals, stated from and the owners of property, fought-women as well as men-for 10,000. their homes and their lives. GEN. CAVAIGNAC and other officers ably headed valiant troops; and after four days, this most bloody and disastrous of all the insurrections of Paris, was quelled. 8. Socialism was now put down. Its leaders either fled, or were, after trial, banished; but enthusiasm for a republic had perished.too, and men's desires were for security, rather than liberty. Gen. Cavaignac was the idol of the people; and had he been other than a true republican and an honest man, he 6. What is said concerning the election of the constituent assembly? Describe the occurrences of the 4th of May?-7. What claim was set up in behalf of laborers? How was the scheme encouraged? What was done by the secretary of the interior? What was the consequence of government employing workmen? When the assembly could no longer pay the workmen, what was done? Give an account of the dreadful riot of June, 1848.-8. What was now the state of things in France a What is said of Gen. Cavaignac? LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. 503 might have been the military ruler of France. But there was Modern as. now a second "man of destiny" in the field, Louis NAPOLEON PERIOD X. BONAPARTE, nephew of the emperor, and grandson of Josephine. CHAP. I. Although his youth had been spent amidst the struggles of poverty, yet firom the death of Napoleon's son, since gcalled Napoleon Reichstake of IL.,t he regarded himself as the representative of the Bonapartes, brouhntnu to whom, he was persuaded, the French people were at heart where it is devoted. In 1836, at Strasburg, he made an abortive attempt crrently reto raise an insurrection, and in 1846 another at Cologne. In le was poisboth cases a handful of military followers shouted " Vive l'Em- at the age of pereur," showing that his object was the sovereign power, accord- nineteen.) ing to the model of his uncle. Escaped fiom the prison of Ham, Lis3 and'46 to which his second expedition had consigned him, Louis Napo- leon makes leon was in England, watching events, when the revolution of two attempts 1848 broke out in Paris. Ile hastened thither, but deferring to tion. the advice of the Provisional Government, he again retired. He was, notwithstanding, elected a member of the national assembly. The'question whether he should be allowed to take his seat, though debated with bitterness, was finally decided in the affirmative; but he waived his right, on account of his wish "to preserve the quiet of France." "The name I bear," he said, "is a symbol of order, of nationality, of glory... If the people should impose duties, I should know how to fulfil them." Immediately 1s49. several journals adopted his name, as a candidate for the coming Dec. 10. presidelcy. The election took place on the 10th of December, L. Napoleon when the vote, now unquestionably fiee, showed that a majority ident. of three to one was in his favor.* 9. The French government, in 1849, sent out that military ex- April 22. pedition under GENERAL OUDINOT, which the republicans expect- en.sails from ed would aid the liberal party in Rome; but which eventually France. April 25. crushed it, and assisted the pope to regain his supremacy. lrl 25 ~ ~ lands at ciThe assembly having passed an electoral law for choosing a legis- vita Vecchia. lative assembly, ended its long session on the 26th of May, 1849. May 20. In a written message to the assembly, Louis Napoleon took a assembly adstatesmanlike view of the affairs of France. He evinced decision, journs. energy, and self-reliance; and gained public confidence by his open opposition to the socialists. Lamartine had, meantime, lost his great popularity by a contrary course; although, he said, * It has been of late common to accuse Lafayette of having made a mistake in 1830, that he did not constitute France a republic, himself at the head, rather than a limited monarchy with Louis Philippe-and that such was his own opinion before he died. In November, 1854, at Paris, I asked his noble daughter-in-law if this were true. She said it was not. The general was aware that TIHE MAJORITY OF THE FRENCIH PEOPLE DID NOT WISH FOR A REPUBLIC; and that although the leaders in Paris miniht make one, yet since the tastes and habits of the people were in favor of mnonarchy, it would not be sustained; and that, therefore, he believed that the best he could do for France, was to give her a limnited monarchy. Lamartine, Madame Lafayette. said, had wronged the memory of her father-in-law in two of his books by incorrect statelents of fiacts. E. W. 8. What is said of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte? What two futile attempts did he make in France? D escribe hlis course after the revolution of February 24th. What is said of his election to the presidency?-9. What expedition was sent out under (Gen. Oudinot? 504 THE FRENCH EMPIRE RESTORED. Modern His. he " mingled with that dark cloud, but as the lightning-rod minPERIOD X gles with the storm." Louis Napoleon, while he pushed himself, CHAP. I. step by step, up to the pinnacle of power, soothed with consummate art, the pride of the people, by pleasant words. Said VIcTOR HUGO, at tbh tribune-" Whenever the government forges a new chain, it is called liberty; and whenever it decrees a proscription, it gives it the name of an amnesty." He lost no opportunity of securing the favor of the military; and when repub1 S50. lican officers showed their displeasure at the shouts "Vive l'Em(tThepatriot pereur," means were found to displace them.t The ministry garnier was which he first formed, with Odillon Barrot at its head, were abtphus di- ruptly dismissed, because " they did not sufficiently comprehend that France needed a direction, single and firm." 10. As another election approached, Louis Napoleon applied to the legislative assembly to procure an amendment of the constitution, so that he might be a second time eligible to the presidency. This they not only refused, but were about to impeach 1Dec.1 2 him, when he sprung upon them that political trap, called the Coup d'etat. "coup d'etat," by which he displaced in an hour the legislative Only three assembly, and usurped the supreme power. Only the head of persons let into the the army and the head of the police, with one other person, were sr in his confidence. The leaders of the assembly, and the republican high military officers, were arrested in their beds, at five o'clock, P. M., on the 22d of December; and each in a separate vehicle was transported rapidly firom Paris. The remaining members of the assembly essaying to meet, were forcibly prevented, treated with gross indignity, and for a few days imprisoned. Many of the best patriots of France, were transported to the unhealthy swamps of French Guiana. Louis Napoleon now called on the people to vote, aye or no, to the question-" Do you desire Louis Napoleon to hold office for ten years?" and, according to the returns, they voted aye, by a majority of about five-sevenths. " To vote for Louis Napoleon," said the statesman 1852. Montalembert, "is not to approve of all that he has done. I Nov. 21. seek in vain elsewhere for a refuge from the gaping gulf of soVotes for the cialism." In 1852 the dictator made the tour of France, and he empire,,s824,000, won the people to restore the empire by the same process of voting. 3,ainst As emperor, he was styled Napoleon III. He established the semblance of a constitution, with a council and a lower house; but so entirely dependent on himself, as to strengthen, instead of dividing, or checking his power. The great estates of Louis Philippe were subsequently taken from his heirs, on the pretence that they became public property when he accepted the crown. 9. Describe the course of Louis Napoleon during his presidency.10. For what did Louis Napoleon apply to the legislative assembly? What was done by the assembly? What was his coup d'etat? What was the conduct to which it led him towards the members of the assembly and others? How did he propose to the people to vote? What was the result? What was the reason why statesmen voted for him. as explained by Montalembert? When, and with what majority, was the empire voted for? (See side-note.) What kind of a constitution has Napoleon Ill. given the French people? What was done with the estates of Louis Philippe? CHAPTER II. Germany.-Prussia.-Austria.-Italy.-Hungary.-Denmark. 1. THE French revolution was to central and southern Europe, Modern His. as the subterraneous explosion, which causes the vast earthquake. PERIOD X. In each state of Germany, the people, as they heard that Louis CHAP. I.. Philippe had fallen, and France was fiee, rose as one man, col- - lected in masses, and demanded of their several rulers, liberty of Feb. 24 the press, written constitutions, and free suffrage. The French Revolution republic was proclaimed February 24th. On the 28th Stutgard in France. rose, and petitioned her sovereign, the king of Wirtemberg. On the same day, Darmstadt, and on the 29th, Mayence and Baden, and on the 1st of March the people in Hesse Cassel. On the 3d German revwas a similar movement in Cologne, and on the 4th at West tihe Gth of Baden. On the 5th was a revolution in Saxony, and on the 6th March. in Brunszwick; and on the same day the people of Munich petitioned their sovereign, Louis I., king of Bavaria, who had already given them a constitution, and was now willing to grant liberally their political requests; but they insisting that he should (tThes Lola send away his lnistress,t he abdicated his crown in favor of his Montes.) son Maximilian II. 2. The people demanded also that the German states should become federal, with an efficient general government; or, as expressed in Vienna, a "United States of Germany." The rulers could not contend with their united strength. New constitutions were given where none existed, and old ones were made more lib- Germanic eral. Suffrage and the press were made free, and the citizens were formed into military bands, as national, or burgher guards. In respect to a Germanic union, the sovereigns caused free elections to be held in their several states for the choice of delegates to a Meeting of constituent assembly, who convened, May 18th, at Frankfort-on- tho Germana the-Maine, and there formed a federal constitution. When they assembly. met, the old diet, or legislative chamber, through whose feeble poweis Germany had heretofore possessed the shadow of a union, were in session at the same place; and they sent cordial greetings to the new assembly. The ARCHDUKE JOHN, uncle to the emperor of Austria, was chosen and solemnly installed as its chief, by the title of Regent of the German Union. But these cheering prospects were checked by a want of good faith on the part of Prussia, and finally destroyed by Austria. 3. In PRUSSIA, the liberals had not waited for France to enter CHAP. 11.-1. What is there in nature beginning in one spot, and yet vastly extensive in its effects, and what historical event is compared to it? What occurred in the states of Germany? In what places were there risings of' the people between the 24th of February and Gth of March? What did the people demand in regard to the press, suffrage, &c.?2. What in regard to a Germanic union? What assembly was chosen? Where, and for what purpose, tlid they meet? What other public body is mentioned? What is said of the archduke John? How was the Germanic union checked, and finally destroyed? 64 506 A DOUBLE-MINDED KING. 3fodern 11is. upon the path of reform. They had petitioned their sovereign, PERIOD X. FREDERICK WILLIAM IV., and he, after several broken promises CHAP. IL and a long delay, had given them, on the 8th of February, 1847, a constitution-not, however, satisfactory; and the people of Bera8r34L. lin rose on the 13th of March. The king at first sought to quiet The first them by fair words; but now they stood in their might, firmly great meet- together, and required deeds. The terrified monarch suddenly ing at Berlin. I changed his tactics, and took the air of being himself the leader March 18. Of the revolution-the aggrieved instead of the aggressor. " We The kin1's demand," said he, in a proclamation, "that Germany be transproclamatin. fbrmed fromn a confederation of states, to one federal state. We demand a German federal flag-a German federal tribunal; and we demand that no barriers shall impede traffic from state to state, and cripple domestic industry. We demand, therefore, a German union of customs" (Zoll-verein). To this proclamation the king appended a decree giving full liberty to the press. The The people feelings of the people at this unexpected demonstration were irreoverjoyed, pressible. They crowded around the palace, to vent their joy and are violently gratitude, in shouts and acclamations. A troop of dragoons rode The king's Up and attempted to push them back. They resisted;-fighting apology. ensued, and sixty persons were killed. The king took it in grief; and not in anger; humbly apologizing, in a sensible, though unkingly style, to his "beloved Berliners" for the unintentional attack of the troops upon the people. He besought the inhabitants "of his beloved native city" to acknowledge their fatal error in violently repulsing his soldiers, who meant them no harm. " Their loving king, their trusting firiend," enjoined them to return to peace, and to remove the barricades from the streets; and they did remove them. 4. The students of the Prussian universities had exercised great influence in promoting liberalism. These the king mollified by humble protestations. "Mark me, gentlemen," said he, "take it down in writing-I desire nothing for myself; all I want is German liberty and unity. From henceforth the name of Prussia is fused in that of Germany." The sentiments thus 1S4S. expressed by the king of Prussia gave great and extensive satisMay 22. faction. The constituent assembly at Frankfort confidently exMeeting of a constituent pected that he would take the headship of the general governassiembl in ment of Germany, to which, in consequence of these deceptive (tNational or professions, he was chosen; but lie rejected the offer. On the assemblytisa 22d of May a national assemblyf met in Berlin, having been convention elected to assist the king in perfecting a new and liberal constito form a constitution.) tution, the outlines of which he had himself promulgated. He opened the assembly in person, saying to the deputies-" I welcome you with joyful earnestness."-" The new constitution, 3. What were the movements of the liberals in Prussia? What part was taken by the king? What was the date of the rising at Berlin? HIow was the occasion met by the king? What were the feelings of the people, and how shown? What followed?-4. What is said of the Prussian universities Of the king's course respecting them, and his language? What blow was given to the Germanic union by this insincere language? What is here said of a constituent assembly? (See side-note.) ANARCHY-DESPOTISM. 507 which we are to unite in forming, will constitute a new era in Moddern His. the history of Prussia and of Germany." And so it might, per- PERIOD X. haps, have proved, but the people demanded the right to rule CHAP. IL both the assembly and the king. Instead of putting their wisest men in the lead, they followed the lowest of the mob; who were not only ignorant of the science of government, but who, being 1S4S. imbued with socialism, were not disposed to be satisfied with Socialism destroys true any thing short of the subversion of the whole fabric of society. liberty. As the king made concessions, they continually increased their demands. Again and again, he changed his cabinet to gratify their caprices; until at length he could scarcely obtain for a minister of state, a man of character and ability. Because it was voted in the assembly that the events of March were not a revo- June 16. lution, the mob, in order to make one, stormed the public arse- BA riot inth nal, and took and distributed the arms-thereby converting free- arsenal tak'n. dom into a "reign of terror." 5. The class of citizens who ever constitute the abiding strength of society, convinced, that though liberty with law is a blessing, yet without it, it is a curse, encouraged the king to withdraw to Potsdam, and to appoint as prime minister an anti-liberal, the able and unbending COUNT BRANDENBURG. GEN. VAN WRANGEL had already been recalled from the war in Sleswick Holstein, and invested with the command of the troops in Berlin. Sept. 20. "How melancholy," said he to the people, " does Berlin appear! van WranNo trade; shops full, but no customers; laborers without work gof Berlin. and without wages! Your houses are empty, and grass grows in your streets. This shall be changed. I swear it! The king has confided in me, and I will establish order." Aided by the minister, he accomplished his mission-though not at once, or without a struggle. A motion was brought forward in the assembly to assist the inhabitants of Vienna, now besieged by the troops of their emperor; and the populace, impatient for its April 26. speedy passage, rushed tumultuously into the chamber, and blood count Branwas shed in the riot which ensued. The king sent count Bran- denburg, in denburg to prorogue the assembly, requiring the members in- name, prostantly to disperse. "Never!" they exclaimed. "No-a thou- assembly. sand times, no!" Gen. Van Wrangel sent men to force them out, but not to harm them. Some of the members were carried forth by the stalwart arms of the soldiers, while sitting in their chairs. Thus the authority of the crown and the military was re-established; and the storm of anarchy, sank, as usual, into the calm of despotism. 6. AvsTRIA.-There is in man a natural hatred of the oppressor's chain, although it may be concealed, as in Austria, by a silken exterior. Abhorrent, too, to natural conscience was the 4. What was now the language and conduct of the king? Why did his prophecy prove untrue? What was the conduct of the people in reference to the king? What was the cause of the riot of June 16th?-5. What class of citizens now came forward, and with what conviction? What was done by their advice? What said Gen. Van Wrangel of the condition of Berlin What caused the riot in the assembly, April 26th, 1849? What was done on the occasion I 508 AUSTRIAN REVOLUTION. ModernJtis. espionage, by which one half the people were paid by governPERIOD X. ment to find out and reveal in private the secrets of the remainCA.P.I. "der; and equally so, was the foul practice, kept up by the bureau Fr/ Y18-Sof state, of opening the private letters committed to the mail, and From 1815 — the reign of of employing clerks to copy them, to forge papers, and to swear absolutism falsely. The knowledge of these and other atrocities rankled in ternich, and men's minds. Already demonstrations had been made, and now, its fruits, to excited by the revolution of France, the people of Vienna rose. ls4-is. The movement was led by the young students of the university, March 13. who rushed into the diet, then in session, and tumultuously deRising of the people at manded reforms. The military attempted to restrain them, and Vienna. blood was shed. The burgher-guard joined the people. At first reasonable concessions would have quieted them; but Metternich, who so well understood the baser passions, now stumbled in the dark over man's awakened conscientiousness and love of liberty; and when Ferdinand, the reigning emperor, wished to cede to the popular demands, he refused. Then arose from the (t He fled to thronged streets the resolute cry —" Down with Metternich;" England.) and he was forced by the royal family to resign.t 7. The emperor made every concession demanded; and as he rode forth he was greeted with tears of gratitude. But the people became intoxicated with a sudden liberty, for which they were unprepared. Low-bred agitators from abroad, whose object was plunder-infidel communists, who wished to destroy not only all civil power, but also to abolish property and family order-now mingled with the better elements of the revolution. The frieed press was not only made the vehicle of sedition, but of revenge, indecency, and blasphemy. Ferdinand, now, neither free nor May 17. safe, fled his capital, and went to Innspruck. But this monarch The emperor goes to was neither a great, a brave, nor even an honest man. He neiInnspruck. ther dealt firmly, nor in good faith with the people. The VienAug. s. nese, however, besought his return. He came, but not till after ie returns he had made a perfidious arrangement with one of his subjects, to Vienna. Jellacic, appointed ban of Croatia, against the liberty of Hungary, which he had solemnly guaranteed: and by that arrangement, he, eventually, brought an army of Croats against his subjects of Vienna. The emperr 8. Subsequently, Ferdinand fled firom Vienna, with his family, flees to to Olmutz; where he drew around him an able and unscrupulous Olmutz. cabinet, at the head of which was PRINCE SWARTZENBURG. In (-t June 2, at the name of the emperor, Vienna was now declared in a state of Prague, the meeting of a siege. From the north, the army of PRINCE WINDISGRATZ, which Pan-Slavonic had just quelled an insurrection at Prague,t had met and joined lowed, on the 14th, by a riot.) 6. Austria. What, in the Austrian bureaucratic system, was wrong, and hateful to the people? Relate some of the circumstances of the rising of the people of Vienna: Of the course of the emperor: Of Metternich.7. What was done after the departure of Metternich? What is said of communists? What, under such influences, was the consequences of the freedom of the press? What was the condition and conduct of Ferdinand? What qualities did he not possess? What is said of him after he went to Innspruck?-8. What measure did he take, October 6th? Who was made prime minister e *LOMBARDIAN REVOLUTION. 509 the army of Jellacic, which had been defeated by the Hunga- Modern His. rians; and it was not until after the terrible destruction of a five PERIOD X. days' attack and bombardment, that the two armies were able to CHAP. II. enter the now desolated city. After order was restored, the emperor, still at Olmutz, resigned the imperial crown to his young iI4s. nephew, FRANCIS JOSEPH, who declared that he willingly " enter- Vienna tak'n ed upon the path of a reformation of the monarchy;" but he has bloodyftsiege. brought Austria Hack to a state of military despotism.* Dec. 2. 9. ITALY.-At the period of the French revolution, some of Theerpe rr the states of Italy were ripening for revolt; while others, as Sicily had actually revolted. The Papal States were regarded at that 1846. moment by the liberals with great complacency; CARDINAL June 14. MASTAT, who had succeeded to the papal chair, under the name of Accession of Plus IX., having made reforms and introduced modern improve- Plus IX. ments. Over each of her two Lombardo-Venetian provinces, Bureaucratic Austria had placed a viceroy, and a mere shadow of a represen- governments tative government; while the real power resided in the bureaux under Metat the two capitals, VENICE and MILAN, which were wholly subject to that of Metternich at Vienna, and formed on the same corrupt model. 10. In Milan, a duty having been laid on tobacco, a placard was posted up, stating that the American revolution began with the refusal and destruction of tea when taxed. The Milanese proceeded to take and destroy tobacco, wherever they could find it. MARSHAL RADETZKY, the Austrian commander, directed 1Ja4n. Jan. 3. his soldiers to patrol the streets in squads, smoking cigars. The The tobacco people, attempting to take them away, were fired upon, and a riots of the Milanese. bloody fight ensued. Soon came the electrifying news of the On both French and German revolutions, when the Milanese rose and pe- sides20illed, titioned for reforms,-which Radetzky refused. Then, to expel the Austrians, they barricaded their streets-men with their costly carriages, and women with their damask sofas and rosewood pianos; and from the tops of houses they threw down bricks and other dangerous missiles upon the heads of the soldiers. Brave and cool, as was the veteran commander, the troops March 22. could not resist a war from above, below, and on both flanks. Radetzky He withdrew them from the city, but held it in siege. The Milan. * Metternich, who resided a while in England, returned to Vienna, though not to mingle openly in the affairs of government. But the artful doubledealing by which Austria has not only kept her threatened empire from dismemberment during the present Russo-Turkish war, and has really done service to the czar, while pretending friendship to the allies, would seem to indicate that Metternich still rules her secret councils from the recesses of his sumptuous palace in Vienna. This I saw, October, 1854; and was told that he inhabited it; but no one, not even a garrulous French guide, seemed willing to say more. E. W. 8. What was done in regard to Vienna? What change of emperors is related? What was the declaration of Francis Joseph, and what his conduet?-9. Italy. What was the political condition of some of the states of Italy, at the opening of the French revolution? What particularly of the two Austrian provinces?-10. How hegan the revolution of Milan? What happened when the French and German revolutions were known? Who was Radetzky, and what was done by him? How did the Milanese expel the Austrian troops? 510 CHARLES ALBERT AND RADETZKY. iodernliS& Milanese made their situation known by sending up small balPERIOD X. loons which scattered handbills in neighboring cities; and bands CHAP. IL of soldiers soon gathered to their relief. ~LY~ —C' 11. CHARLES ALBERT, king of Sardinia, willing to become the head of an Italian confederacy, had justly gained the confidence 1848. of the liberals, by giving an acceptable constitution to his own Chas. lberil 8. subjects. He now appeared with an efficient army for the dedrivesRa- fence of Milan. Radetzky retired in the direction of Vienna, detzky across from whence he expected reinforcements. Charles Albert pressed the Mincio. May 1S to 30, upon the rear of the Austrians, and by several victorious encouncheira, and is ters drove them from the Mincio to the Adige... The Austrian victorious at government, already overwhelmed with difficulties at Vienna, in Hungary, and now also in Venice, would, on the 24th of May, June 3 have made peace with the Lombardians on conditions nearly Radetzky granting them independence. Sardinians This was the culminating point of the success of the revolutowards tionists throughout Europe. Besides the countries already menMilan. tioned, they were in the ascendant in Tuscany, the grand duke having withdrawn, and left the government for a season in their hands. In lYxples and in Sicily they were in arms, waging a bloody and, it then seemed, a successful war against their sovereign, Ferdinand II. 12. But although the liberals could pull down, they lacked leaders, wise to reconstruct, and firm to uphold. Said Lamartine -" What is needed is a E-Tropean Washington." And the people had no conception of that first principle of a republican government, that the majority must rule, and the minority must submit. Their exhilarating prospects were, therefore, soon over(1Chs. Albert cast. Radetzkv received the reinforcements which it had been crepes sent by the object of Charles Albert to prevent, and the fortune of war the pope, but changed. He defeated the Sardinians at Somma Compagna, their general played false.) followed them to the gates of Milan, and there entered into an agreement with Charles Albert by which the Milanese were left Aug. 6. to their fate, he returning to Sardinia. Radetzky re-entered Radetzky Milan, but no bloody executions followed; and the exhausted Milan. people, now in peace and security, could not but be glad of the caln which followed the storm, even though it was gained at the expense of liberty. The Austrians soon regained all Lom1849. bardy. March 24. 13. Charles Albert, having recruited his army, again advanced NO VA1RA. -and Radetzky left Milan to meet him. At Novara they fought, The act of and the Sardinians lost the battle. The king relinquished his patriot king. crown to his son, VICTOR EMMANUEL, aware that he would obtain 10. How did the Milanese make their situation known?-1-1. What is said of Charles Albert? What was, till the end of May, the condition of the two armies? (Observe the side-notes.) What, about the last of May, was the condition and prospects of Austria? Of the liberals? Did they attain a higher point of prosperity? What were then their prospects in Tuscany and Naples?-12. What was lacking on the part of the liberals? What now were the movements of the two armies? When did the Austrians reoccupy Milan? What followed?-13. What account can you give of the battle of Novara? mT,, TREr:AT:MENT OF'rIE POPE. 511 for his country better terms of settlement... Radetzky next turn- Modern li8. ed all his forces upon Venice, already besieged by the Austrians PERIOD x. under GEN. HAYNAU; but they refused to capitulate, although CHAP. II the kind old soldier entreated as well as threatened. At the call of' their leader, MANIN, they not only gave their money, but brought to the mint their golc and silver plate. For five months, amidst disease and famine and bombardment, the sea-girt city held out. 1ig9.. But at lengthl licentiousness within, and force without, subdued Aug. 28. her. Radetzkv suffered the leaders to depart, and forgave the triAnrepeople; whose fevered dream of liberty was for the time forgotten enterVenice.. in the abundance and security, which, by the providence of their rulers, followed their return to Austrian despotism. 14. The year 1848 is known as the year of revolution-that of 1849, of reaction. The Sicilians at Palermo, who had rejected 149. a liberal constitution offered them by their king through the 1pril 22. mediation of British and French officers, were finally subdued by Palermo tahis armies and obliged unconditionally to submit. In Rome, as ien by Gen.,r coUN'r Rossi, one of that liberal ministry which the pope had appointed in May 1848, was alighting from his carriage to enter 1q41~ the chamlber of deputies, he was fatally stabbed in the neck. Nov. 16. The assembly continued its session without notice of the murder, As sosstio. or effort to secure the assassin. The next day all the ministers resigned. A boisterous multitude assembled and demanded the pope. Hie had taken refuge in the palace of the Quirinal, with none near, to pity or support him, but his body-guard of 100 Nov. 17. Swiss, and the foreign ministers. From his window he saw his Rotaet own troops join the rioters, and advance with them upon the palace. They fired, and killed some of his servants. The pope then submitted; but eight days afterwards he escaped from Nov. 25. Flight of the Rome, in the disguise of a servant of the Bavarian minister,-by pope. whose aid he was conveyed to Gaeta in Naples. 15. From thence he issued his manifesto, repudiating all for- Dec. 25. mer concessions; and, as in Romne the liberals proceeded to elect PoPesto ania constitutional assembly, which declared the abolition of the pope's temporal power and the establishment of a republic, he followed these proclamations, one by one, with his published anathemas. The catholic nations protested. Even dormant Spain aroused, and proposed an armed interventionl; and an Austrian force under Gen. Haynau entered the Papal States on the north. A republic at An executive triumvirate was now at the head of the Roman Rome republic, the first man of whom was MAZZINI, who was not implicated in the riots of April; but he and his copatriots glowed with the true Roman love of liberty. Suddenly Gen. Oudinot, sent by republican France, appeared and landed with 6,000 men 13. Of the change of sovereigns in Sardinia? How did Radetzky now employ his forces i Give some account of the siege of Venice.-14. What is said of two consecutive years? What was done at Palermo? At Rome, in reference to count Rossi? What was the condition and conduct of the pope? Give some account of his flight.-15. What course did he pursue at Gaeta I What was the feeling of the catholic nations? What was the condition of things at Rome' What is said of Mazzini? 512 NOBLE CONDUCT OF THE HUNGARIANS. ModernRis. at Civita Vecchia. Mazzini and the Romans were not so deludPERIOD x. ed by his smooth offers of protection, as to admit him into Rome; CHAP.II. nor did they by any discourtesy give the French cause for a "'~'~ quarrel. They offered them the choice of an encampment any1JSQ49. where except in Rome. But they insisted on entering the city July 3. The French -which, after twenty days of cruel bombardment, and the deenter Rome. struction of 400 of its brave defenders, they accomplished. They then aided to destroy the republic, and next to persecute to 3S50-. death and banishment the leading republicans; and on the reApril 13. Pope returns turn of the pope, in the spring of 1850, they assisted to re-estabto Rome. lish his authority. 16. HUNGARY. —Hungary, including Sclavonia and Croatia, although under the same hereditary sovereign as Austria, was a distinct kingdom, with its own diet of two houses-the upper of hereditary lords, and the lower, elected, not by the serfs, but by the titled gentry, the clergy, the widows of magnates, and the enfranchised cities. Hungary was peopled by different races. 1300, advent The upper class glory in the name of Magyars-that of the tribe of the Magyars. who, in 1300, emigrated from the east and founded Hungary. The Magyars are a chivalric race, highly endowed, brave, earnest, and courteous. Proudly jealous of their distinct nationality, 1;25. they had opposed the insidious advances of Metternich's policy, Austrian en- tending to establish over them the entire Austrian bureaucratic croashments edsystem of secret police. In 1825 they so met the subject in their Diet, that the Austrian power dared no longer openly to appear, 1S47. but was still secretly at work. At the close of 1847, the diet of Preparation for resistance nobles, preparatory to an avowed opposition, passed a generous by war. voluntary law, to divest themselves of hereditary right to the (tThe Poles they said, by labor of the peasants, thus insuring their grateful service.t The depressirng clergy at the same time relinquished their tithes. No indemnity found them was specified, but the legislature left this to the future, declaring enemies.) i" that it was under the broad shield of the national honor." * 184S. 17. The nation's grievances were being eloquently set forth by Kossuth's.el- LouIs KossuTH in the Diet, where was pending the question of oquence in the diet of carrying them before the Austrian government and asking for Presburg. redress, when Hungary was electrified with the news of the French and German revolutions. At once the Diet sent to the Hungarian emperor, at Vienna, an imposing deputation of one hundred and deputation fifty of its members, headed by Kossuth. They reached Vienna at the opportune moment, when Ferdinand was granting to his own people all their demands; and reluctantly he conceded also * Nowhere were the serfs more abject than in Hungary. The great landholders had, at first, the power of life and death; afterwards, a noble, who killed a serf, was fined forty florins. 15. What is said of the invasion and occupancy of Rome by the French? -16. unygary. What is said of the nationality of fiungary? How was its Diet composed? Who were the Magyars? What were their views and their policy in regard to the Austrian system? What the magnanimous conduct of the nobles and clergy in regard to the serfs?-17. What was the state of things when the news reached Hungary of the French and German revolutions? What was done by the Diet? IMPERIAL FRAUD. 513 those of his Hungarian subjects, appointing them a ministry of oadern fi8. liberals, under COUNT LouIS BATTHYANI. Returning with the PERIOD X. joyful news to Presburg, the Diet arranged a free government, CHAP. II. their executive of course being the emperor,-who now gratified Y the affectionate Hungarians by coming to Presburg, and in per- 1S48. March 29. son confirming his former concessions, and with seeming cordial- The new ity approving their liberal system. This was the happy hour of government Hungary-so short that it could scarcely be called a day. But Hungary fell "without a crime." Her brief liberty came not to wastheos Gagent a people wholly unprepared; nor were they chargeable either by whom with the excesses of socialistic anarchy, or with the reproach that was secretly though they had the strength to pull down, they had not the sent to Jellaeic. See wisdom to reconstruct. Hungary was the victim of imperial Stiles' Hist. fraudt and foreign force. of Austria) 18. Those who had learned statecraft in the schoolf of Met- (t Literally, such a school ternich were carrying out his favorite maxim, "divide and con- existed in quer." The Hungarians had, in attempting to make the Magyar Ahtreiahe language the common tongue of all the Hungarian kingdom, knaveries of unwittingly offended the Croats and Sclavonians, who formed a Aplsmacy part of the Hungarian kingdom. Emissaries from Austria fanned were taught their discontents, and an elegant and popular young demagogue men dyoestined of the Croats, Jellacic,* a former proteg6 of the emperor, was, to the trade.) without the consent of the Hungarians, and therefore illegally, made by him, ban or lord of Croatia. He took means to raise a June 10. revolt. The emperor, to delude the Hungarians, publicly de- Emperor nounced him as a traitor, and deprived him of his command; Jellacic. while privately, he received him in his palace at Innspruck. Preparations to attack the deceived Hungarians went on vigorously in Croatia and Sclavonia. Kossuth, however, foresaw the danger; and moved by him, the Diet raised 200,000 men, pledging the credit of the state for means to support them. By the 4th of Sep- Jellticiin tember, Jellacic appeared on the borders of Hungary with a lalge arms. army. The court of Vienna, then threw off the mask, and the emperor publicly proclaimed him reinstated in his office, and couSept. 29. sent from Vienna COUNT LAMBERG to take command of the Hun- bergmurdergarian forces. IIe was murdered by*the mob at Buda. The medbyathe whole kingdom was then declared to be in a state of siege, and Jellacic appointed royal commander over Hungary. The Hungarians met and defeated him, and he fled in the night to Vienna. Attempts which were then made to send troops to aid the defeated army in their march to Vienna, caused the bloody riot which Oct. 6. Riot at occurred in that city on the 6th of October-the enraged stu- Vienna. * More frequently spelled Jellachich, but quite unpronounceable to an nnpractised English tongue. J has the sound of Y. 7. What was accomplished by the deputation? Subsequently by the Diet? And after that by the emperor? What was then the state of Hungalry? What can you say of the reverses of H-lungary?-18. What appears to have been the first unfortunate step of the Hungarians? What is said of Jellacic? What was the conduct of the emperor respecting him? What was done in the Diet of Hungary? What at the court of Vienna? What is said of count Laniberg What followed his murder? 65 514 RUSSIAN FORCE. 3fdoern rn8. dents and liberals being determined that no troops should depart PERIOD X. for that purpose. The violence of that day led to the fligh t of CHAP. I. the emperor to Olnmutz; and probably it was the web of duplicity Y —' in which he had thus involved himself, that led to his abdication. IY 49. 19. As soon as Vienna was subjected by the combined armies The Magyars wvere victo- of Windisgratz and Jellacic, both generals were sent to reduce rious, March Hungary. Count Batthyani resigned, and Kossuth was invested 6, near Miskolez; with dictatorial powers. Efiorts almost superhuman were now near Pes'9, made by all the Hungarians, from the highest magnate to the and April 20, lowest peasant; and after discouraging defeats, their generals, DEMBINSKI, BEM, and GORGEY, led them to repeated victories. June and Ju- Austria, of herself; was defeated. But by the treaties of the holy ly, three Russian armies alliance, Russia was pledged to an armed intervention, whenever invade Hun- Austria called for aid against her subjects. The call was made, gary. Aug. 9. and the czar sent 130,000 troops, which invaded Hungary in TEArS- three divisions, and from opposite quarters. Already impoverFinal defeat ished and desolated, the Hungarians could not withstand them. of the Matg- Their last army of 30,000 men, under Gorgey, was by him surrenBern and dered, August 13th, 1849, to the Russians; and despotism, with )eAbinski. added cruelty, was e-established. The resistance of the patriots Aug. 13. Surrenderof was made their clime. Count Batthyani was shot, and many the last Mag- others perisbed.t Kossuth, with a few friends, fled to Tulkey, yar army by Gorgey. where he was magnanimously protected by the sultan, though (t Gen. Hay- demanded by the czar. The government of the American renau presides be overthe public, aided by England, negotiated his release, and he was cruel exe- brought to New Yolk. 20. DENMARK.- On account of the revolutionary spirit of Europe, Christian VIII., king of Denmark, became involved in a war with the duchlies of SLESWICK and I-IoLSTEIN —the former being the southern province of the peninsula of Jutland, and the 184S. latter lying on its southern frontier. The liberals in these neigharch 24. boring duchies held a meeting at Kiel, where, after resolving Liberals met that they would no longer acknowledge the paramount authority at Kiel. of the Diet of Denmaik, they proclaimed a provisional government, and also their intention to become ultimately a state of the German confederation about to be instituted. The Danish king held Holstein by a looser tie, and did not object to its joining the Germanic body, but Sleswick was an integral part of his hereditary dominions, and he would not relinquish it. The people of the duchies, however, were determined not to be separated, but together to have a free government. Christian was warmly seconded by the Danes of the north, and a ruinous war ensued. 18. What was the cause of the riot of October 6th at Vienna? To what did it lead?-19. What occurred after Vienna was subjected? What was done in Hungary? Who were the Hungarian generals? During what months were the Mlagyars victorious? (Observe the side-notes.) In what months did the Russian armies invade Hungary? What was the consequence? When and where were the lMagyars finally defeated? What army was surrendered, and by whom? What became of Kossnth?20. Denmark. Give some account of the Danish war of Sleswick Holstein. What part was acted by Prussia? What was the consequence? W'hat has occurred in Denmark since the war? THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE EAST. 515 Prussia here played a double game, pretending for a time to iodelnas. favor the liberals by sending them troops to fight against Den- PERIOD X. mark, while secretly she was plotting on the other side, Van ctII. Wrangel, her ablest general, commanding the Danish armies. At length Prussia openly united with Austria against the duch- us5,3 July 19. ies, and they were forced to submit. At first a constitution was (A fundagranted, but the government of Denmark has since that period proelaed.) made itself absolute. CHAPTER III. Great Britain and her Dependencies. 1. INDIA.-The East India Company still have the monopoly of the trade and government of India, yet not exclusively; for parliament appoints a joint power called " The Board of Control." Whenever the native chiefs rise against their authority, they send forth British troops, conquer them, and annex their territories. Thus, in 1839, Cabul and Ghiznee were taken, the Afghanistan. chieftain DoST MAHIOMED was subdued; when all -Afghanistan subdued. was annexed. In another war with MOOLRAJ, a native chief, LIEUT. EDWARDS obtained a victory, and Mifooltan was taken. Feb. 2. LORD GouG H was afterwards victorious at Goojerat, when the GOOJwhole of the Punjaub was annexed. In this manner, the entire British forces peninsula of Hindostan has now fallen under British control... 80X000 In BURMAH, Prome was taken, in November, 1852. The follow- 1853. ing year, MEA-ToON, a chieftain of Ava, was vanquished, by SIR MCArch19. JOHN CHEAPE, and the king was obliged to cede to Great Britain Mea-Toon the free navigation of the Irawaddy. defeated. 2. At the Cape of Good Hope, the fierce and wily Kaffirs, under their valiant chief SANDILLI, made a war of extermination upon the English settlers. In 1853, after a series of bloody con- 1850-51 flicts, Sandilli confessed that he had "no more strength." He SKaniir war. submitted to GEN. CATHCART, who sent him, with the Kaffirs, quered. 200 miles north from their country, annexing that to the British crown....'Great Britain has long been in the practice of exporting her convicts to her distant colonies; but the inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope refused, on the arrival of a convict ship, to receive the criminals. Parliament wisely decided that their objections were valid; and thenceforward determined to send no CIx.P. ITI. —. INDIA. What is said of the East India Company? What is done when the native chiefs rise against British authority? What example of this occurred in 1839? What is the next example mentioned? What war was it, in which Lieut. Edwards figured? Where was Lord Gough victorious, and what was the consequence of this war?-of all these wars together? What was done in Btrmah?-2. Describe the war made upon the English colony at the Cape of Good Hope. What did the colonists refuse? What course did parliament take? 516 GOLD IN AUSTRALIA. 3odernfis. more convicts to colonies whose inhabitants were unwilling to PERIOD X. receive them. CHAPo*IUI. 3. NEW ZEALAND,+ where, in 1815, the first missionaries found savage cannibals, was, in 1853, colonized by Britons firom Aus752Dscoe tralia, and is now a flourishing province. The natives are fast by Tasman. becoming civilized and Christianized...* Hong Kong, the small 1577. island ceded by China, after the opium war, is a place of great Visited by importance; as it gives the British a footing in that most populous and fertile of all countries. 16714. 4 In AUSTRALIA,f Britain owns a continent; but it is a region (tDiscovered naturally sterile;-without the inlets of bays, or the outlets of by Dampier large rivers. The first colony was made, 1787, at Botany Bay, in behalf of the English. now Sydney, by convicts transported from England. Although 1770. the British held the land low, and invited settlers; yet neither Visited by the character of the first colonists, nor the face of the country, Cook.) was inviting. In 1853, EDWARD HARGRAVES made the discov1781. ery of gold, which was found, as in California, in great abundSettled by ance. Settlers came, as the news spread, firom every part of the world; and new cities sprung up, especially in the southeastern 1Popnlan,51. part.t In 1853, the Murray river was navigated by steam. But, 322,000.) as the new settlers were almost all young men, no family ties 183s. could be formed. MRS. CHISHOLM, an English woman of ability Mrs. Chis- and benevolence, returned from Australia to England, collected holm brings the means, and brought over from Britain to Australia virtuous over wives a for the Aus- young women; who found employment, or became, at their optralians. tion, wives to the colonists. 5. CANADA, AND THE BRITISH PROVINCES IN NORTH AMERICA, have increased in numbers and wealth. They have shared in the emigration from Europe; and, partaking of the progressive spirit of the age, they have connected by railroad and telegraph 1852-54 their own principal cities, and have also reached important points Treaties with theU. States. in the United States. The British government have shown a (Lord Elgin, laudable desire to promote their prosperity. They have lately the govern'rgeneral, in- ratified treaties with the American Republic, by one of which the strumentag vexed question of the fisheries on the coast has been settled; and them from by another, called the Reciprocity Treaty, made June 5th, 1854, England.) reciprocal trade has been established. 6. JAMAICA and GUIANA have, since the abolition of slavery, given parliament much perplexity. The blacks, naturally indolent and improvident, 1...., efused to labor even for generous wages; and, since idleness is the parent of vice, they have in too many cases retrograded into barbarism. Meanwhile, the once * The author has lately conversed with a Mr. Brown, an intelligent Scotch resident of New Zealand, who, in 1854, visited England and America in part to find the best systems for schools. 3. What is here said of New Zealand?-4. What of AUSTRALIA, previous to the discovery of gold? By whom was that discovery made? When? What was the consequence? What service to the colony was rendered by Mrs. Chisholm?-5. What may be said of the British provinces in North America? By what treaties has the British government sought to promote their prosperity? —6. What is said of Jamaica and Guiana? THE 44 CHARTISTS.)) s17 valuable estates of the planters having failed for want of hands to Moderniis. work them, have become of little or no value. The repeal of the PERIOD X. "corn laws," in 1846, operated against these colonies, and in- CHAP. IIL creased their distress; while the repeal of the " navigation laws,"'B' in 1849, gave them some relief.* Corn laws re46. 7. In April, 1848, when all Central and Southern Europe was pealed. shaken by the French revolution, there were in London rumors 1S49. Navigation of an extensive rising of the disaffected, here called " chartists." laws rep'led. But the great majority of the people, knowing that there was no (tThe chartadequate cause for rebellion, cheerfully aided the government; ists were further made riwhich, being fully awake, and on the alert, so completely and diculous bya great petition easily fiustrated an attempt made on the 10th of April, that its to parliament leaders became the subjects of contempt and ridicule.t... But amination, to Ireland had, as we have seen, her own subjects of complaint. halsesigtly Her potato-crop, the bread of her people, had failed; and while tnresaen eovrd many were dying by famine, others were ripe for deeds of des- written as names.) peration. The " Irish Association," with Smith O'Brien, a member of parliament, at its head, and with other men of abilities as 1Auust. leaders, assumed for a time a threatening appearance. With but O'Brien, slight resistance, however, their ill-appointed forces were scattered: and Mitchell their leaders were taken, tried, and transported to Australia. sent to Ans8. In 1851, parliament was occupied in repelling the advances two last esmade in Britain by the Roman church; there directed by the caped to genius and ambition of NICHOLAS WISEMAN,t who had been made by the pope, archbishop of Westminster. "The Ecclesias- lWise(tNw an.) tical Titles bill" was passed in 1851, to prevent titles being given I51. by a foreign potentate to British subjects. The Ecclesi9. In 1850, Prince Albert, the royal consort, as president of astical Titles "The Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce,"t brought forward. a project, which, meeting with public favor, the queen 15O. issued a commission providing for " An Exhibition of the Works Prince of Industry of all Nations;" which, accordingly, was opened in Albert. * The "corn laws," enacted in 1815, by imposing heavy duties on foreign breadstuffs, had favored the great landed proprietors of England and her dependencies, by keeping up the price of bread, thus oppressing man- 1651. nfacturers, llercllallts,tnd the poor. The " navigation laws," perfected by Cromwell, were nmade to favor the mother-country, by sacrificing the pros- lNavigationdeby perity of the colonies-they being prohibited froin being the carriers of Cromwell. their own produce. t Thle satme societv opened anll EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION at St. Martin's Hall, 1854. in London, on the 10th of July, 1854. Although considerable was done July 10. to collect the various educational improvements of different nations, and to Educational make each (acquainted with the modes and facilities ofthe others; still there exhibition was not in it thso satme life and animation as in similar, though smaller edu- opened at cational conventions in the United States. The people in London were London much occupied with the war. Among foreign delegates, MR. BARNARD, from Connecticut, tind MR. SELJEsTROM, from Sweden, were the most distinguished. The author speaks from personal observation. 6. Whtat effect upon them had the repeal of the " corn laws?"-of the " navigation laws V'" Give some account of these laws. (See note.)-7. Who were the chartists, and what happened to them u? What was the condition of Ireland? What is said of the Irish Association? What happened to their forces?-to their leaders?-8. What occupied the British parliament in 1851?-9. Who brought forward the project of the World's Fair?-and what was the first step towards executing it. What is said of the educational exhibition? (See note.) 18 THE WORLD'S FAIR.?~ Modaeszfis. London, May 1st, 1851. A million of articles, splendid or rare, PERIOD X. elegant or useful, were sent, from every part of the civilized CHAP. IV. world. They were received by the commissioners, and systemat-'*~rJ' ~ ically and beautifully arranged in a vast and dazzling structure Tefr5 tiserected in Hyde Park, of glass set in iron, and called "'The CrysThe frontispiece of this tal Palace." Such a "World's Fair" had never existed before. book is the Moved by steam, neither oceans, nor continents, now bar the way the "Temple of multitudes, who may wish to meet their antipodes. Assenlwhich a jury bled at the Crystal Palace, each learned what were the producof this Exhi- tions, the manufactures, and the improvements of others; and bition awarded a medal- what commerce might be best established. It was the WORLD'S since receiv- INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL CONGRESS, foreshadowing a Poed. The juries were of LITICAL CONGRESS of all civilized nations, which shall usher in men of different nations. the dawn of Universal Peace. CHAPTER IV. The Russo-Turkish War. 1. EUROPE, after a peace of thirty-eight years, became again involved in war. Its cause was the just dread, which England and France felt from the increasing power and encroaching spirit of Russia. Since Peter the Great, there seems perpetuated in that mighty empire, as in ancient Rome, an intent to rule the world; and Constantinople is, in this case, the anticipated capital. Vast ambi- Russia has been constantly spreading herself in every possible tion of Russia. direction; and within the last seventy years, has doubled her territory; and she has fortified in the strongest manner her exDevotion of posed points, such as Sebastopol, the stronghold of her naval the Russian power il the Black Sea. The ambition of the Russian sovereign sovereigns to the Russian seems not for himself, but for his country,-and it takes in all policy, future time; and hence his strategy in treaty-making, and in obtaining indirect advantages, which at sonime future day will be available, is to be dreaded, as much as his great force in war. Events have shown, that in the scheme of the Holy Alliance, while Austria was made to do the unpopular work among the nations, Russia was establishing a kind of protectorate;-which the czar Nicholas, after he had aided Austria against Hungary, openly assumed in his diplomacy with England.* In this, he manifested that it was his design to overthrow Turkey and take * See the disclosures of Sir George Seymour, the British ambassador. Nicholas-speaking of Turkey " as a sick man," just ready to die-said: 8. What was the number of articles exhibited, and their arrangement? Where were these articles placed? Of what use was it that people should thus meet from opposite parts of the earth? What other Congress does this Industrial Congress of nations foreshadow? CHAP. IV. —1. What was the cause of the Russo-Turkish war? In what respect is Russia compared to ancient Rome'? What city does she intend to make the capital of her empire,? What has Russia been doing. Of what kind seems the ambition of the Russian sovereigns? In what respect are they to be dreaded? What was effected by the Holy Alliance a POLICY OF RUSSIA. 519 Constantinople, and that England was the only power which he Modern His felt it necessary to consult; and her, he endeavored to propitiate PERIOD X. by offering, as her share of the spoil, Egypt and Candia. But CHAP. IV. England (and France also) believed that if Russia was allowed to ~` establish herself upon the waters of the Mediterranean, she could at'St. telena, no longer be resisted; and if they did not intend that Europe prophesied should "become Cossack,"t they must take an immediate stand. years Europe 2. But here was a most embarrassing point. The government would be either repubof Turkey, with its three millions of Mahometans-entering by lican or Cosviolence, remains but as an excrescence upon the body of Chris- sack.) tian Europe. Twelve millions of the sultan's subjects are Christians of the Greek church, which is also the religion of Russia; ance of the and scorned by the Turks as "giours" and "Christian dogs," Christian population in they have suffered a persecution of four centuries. Although Turkey. the present sultan has ameliorated their condition, still the super- Their persestitious prejudices of the Turks are beyond his control. If a Moslem becomes a Christian, the Turks put him to death. To this day, no Christian in Turkey is permitted to testify in a court of justice. Nicholas knew that these wrongs were abhorrent to Nicholas AChristians everywhere, particularly to those of the Greek church; suites the and thus he could give to his aggressions against Turkey, espe- tector of the cially in the eyes of his own subjects, the glory of efforts for the persecuted relief of the Greek Christians; —and to his ambitious march towards a universal empire whose seat should be Constantinople, the air of a crusade against the enemies of Christianity.* 3. The Russian scheme of aggression upon Turkey begun by Catharine Peter the Great, was ei'ectually continued by Catharine II. SIe, carried the 1 ieERussian line by the treaty of Kainardji, 1774, not only carried the Russian to the line to the Bog, but involved the Porte in an engagement to pro- Dneister. tect the Greek Christians,-not, however, making the Russian Alexander sovereign, the arbiter. Yet Nicholas led the way to the present carried it touth war, by claiming, under this treaty, such a protectorate over the Greek Christians in Turkey, as would in effect depose the sultan, " All I want is a good understanding with England. We, having entire confidence in one another's views, 1 care nothiing for the rest." "Your Majesty," said Sir George, " has forgotten Austria." " 0, you must understanid," said the czar, "that when I speak of Austria, I speak of Russia as well. What suits the one suits the other." Austria received, when this conversation was made public, just cause of offence. (+Lately in * We nmighlit suppose that this was the real spring of the conduct of the the exchange czar, bat that his policy is shown in other directions. In southwestern Tf prisoners, Asia, he has encroached upon Persia; in the mountainous regions between Nicholas has -estored to the Black and Caspian Seas, he, in 1798, conquered Georgia; and he has Schamyl,ever since made war to seize Circassia, but for twenty years, has there been well educated, held at bay by SCHAMYL,t a native hero. In a direction approaching a,fie youth, the shore of America, Nicholas has lately acquired the great valley of the in infancy.) Amour or Saghalien River. 1. How, after Nicholas had aided against Hungary, did he speak of Austria? (See note.) What was the belief of England and France.?-'2. What embarrassing poilnt was there in the case? What difference is,here in the number of Mahornetans and Greek Christians in European Turkey? What is said of the efforts of tile present sultan to ameliorate the condition of the Christians.? What advantage did these wrongs of the Christians put into the hands of Nicholas?-2. Why do we suppose that the real object of Nicholas was other than his ostensible? (See note.)3. What is said of Peter the Great?-of Catharine 11. 2 520 AGGRESSIONS OF RUSSIA. Moder IHis. by giving to the czar the allegiance of four-fifths of his subjects. PERIOD X. In 1827, at the piece of Adrianople, Nicholas acquired a claim CHAP. IV. to interfere in the affairs of Turkey through Moldavia and Wal"' ~Y~ lachia, which are called the Principalities. 4. The occasion chosen by the czar to push forward his claims, was that of a dispute which arose between the ecclesiastics of the Greek and Roman church concerning the custody of certain 1S51. shrines in Palestine, called "the Holy Places." The quarrel Quarrel grew fierce, and the Porte, decide as it might, could not satisfy Holy Places. parties who each claimed the same thing. LA VALETTE, the minister of Louis Napoleon, took with violence the part of the Latin against the Greek Christians. The czar affecting to believe that in this case the latter were wronged, sent to Constantinople PRINCE MENCHIKOFF, who at first arrogantly intruded himself asserts the into the presence of the sovereign, refusing to treat with the protectorate. vizier, —and afterwards sent him a note, in which the astounding gS53. demand of the protectorate was for the first time put forth. It April 19. was mingled up with small matters concerning the Holy Places, Note of prince Men- -which, however, the British minister (the French emperor conchikoff. senting) had already brought to a satisfactory arrangement. The sultan of course rejected the protectorate. Prince MenchiIkoff departed; and the czar having an army of 79,000 preipared for the occasion, immediately invaded the Principalities.t and w allaa The Turks justly regarded this as a measure of hostility. Engchia invad- land, France, Austria, and Prussia, anxious that peace should be ed.) preserved, held by their delegates, a congress at Vienna. 5. By this congress, the "Vienna note" was drawn up, conVienna note. taining a plan of compromise for the two parties. The czar, (Containing taking advantage of an equivocal expression, said to be a diplofour points.) matic blunder,* by which the note, as he chose to understand it, cct. 22. granted him the protectorate, at once signified his willingness to goes to l0- accept its conditions. The Ottoman porte rejected the note, and mutz (osten- on the 5th of October declared war. On the 14th, the comsibly to congratulate the bined fleets of the English and French which had been lying at emperor Franicis o- Besika Bay, at the request of the sultan entered the Dardanelles. seph on his A week afterwards, the emperors of Russia and Austria met at marriage). Olmutz. The Turkish armies advanced, and entered the princiOL TZAENI. palities. Crossing the Danube in four different places, OMER EKalafat. PACHA, the commander, defeated the Russians at Oltenitza, and * But was it a diplomatic blunder? Was it not rather an equivoque contrived by some Metternich (perhaps the veritable man), and designed for the purpose which it served-to outwit the allies, and afford the czar the means to put himself in the right, and his opponents in the wrong? In his declaration of war against Turkey, his desire, he said, was for peace, while others forced him into war. 3. What connection had the treaty of Kainardji with the present war? What is said of a treaty made in 1827? —4. What occasion was chosen by the czar? What personage did he send to Constantinople, and what was done by him? What followed the rejection of the protectorate? What nations sent delegates to Vienna, and for what purpose?-5. What is said of the " Vienna note," and its reception by the parties concerned? When did Turkey declare war? What was done at the sultan's request? What happened a week afterwards? WAR ON THE DANUBE. 521 obtained advantages over them at Kalafat and other places. But Modern Hi1. the Russian fleet in the Black Sea, commanded by ADMIRAL PERIOD X. NASHIMOFF, attacked the Turkish squadron at Sinope on the CHAP. IV. 27th of November; and after a terrible battle destroyed the' SINOPE. whole Turkish armament, consisting of seven fiigates, two war Russian viesteamers, and three corvettes. tory. Turks killed, 4,(100 6. France and England, November 11th 1853, entered into a lld 4 treaty of alliance to guarantee the integrity of Turkey; and in Nov. 11. March, 1854, they declared war against Russia. The other Eu- Alliance ropean nations at first took the ground of neutrality... An between English fleet, which, under admiral Napier, was sent to the Bal- England tic, captured, August 16th, the strong fortress of Bomarsund, and & France. soon afterwards the island of Aland. But the czar's principal 1g fortresses in the Baltic were found impregnable... England and March 27. France next determined to attempt the destruction of the Russian ree, war,c naval power in the Black Sea, by taking Sebastopol. On the and on the 2Sth, Eng14th of September, 58,000 of their troops, the greater part land. French, were landed at Eupatoria. Advancing upon Sebastopol, Sept. 14. the English under LORD RAGLAN, and the French under MaR- Land at EuSHAL ST. ARNAUD, they met a large Russian army, and defeated Sept. 20. it, in a bloody battle fought by the river Alma. The allied ar- ALAITA4. mies were from time to time reinforced. E. 1,612.93, 7. The Austrians meantime, under color of neutrality, sent Fr. k. 256, w. 1,057. their armies to hold the principalities,-pretending that other- Russian loss, wise there would be a rising in favor of Russia among the Greek k. 1,762, w. Christians. Thus they liberated the Russian forces, who had been vainly besieging Silistria; and who in a victorious sortie Russians had been driven from that city by the Turks. These, with driven from other Russian armies went to the Crimea, to reinforce the gar- -BALArison at Sebastopol, to which the czar was constantly sending KLA VA. men and munitions. At Balaklava was a severe engagement, 3-4ths of the British cavin which the British cavalry won much fame, but suffered fearful airy in the loss. At Inkermann the allies were attacked by the whole garri- battle, killed. son of 60,000; but after a bloody battle, with heavy loss on both xIAxyNN. sides, the Russians retreated to the defences of the city. These (In all these battles the were so strengthened by Russian works daily going on, that al- allies have the honor of though the allies have been making counter batteries, and keep- victory, but ing up a fearful bombardment, Sebastopol becomes more and can less afmore difficult to take. The allies have not been able completely ford the loss.) to invest it, or hinder the garrison from receiving constant supplies. 8. So severely did the armies of the allies, especially the English, suffer, during the winter of 1854-5, from sickLess, 5. Who commanded the Tnrkish army? What advantages did he gain? Who was the Russian admiral in the Black Sea, and what grreat victory did he gain?-6. What nations, who have often been foes, now became allies? For what object? When did they declare war? Where was the British fleet sent, andl what did it accomplish? What was determined on by the allies? What was the number sent, and where did they land? Give an account of the battle of Allna. (See note.)-7. What was now done by the Austrians? What is said concerning Silistria? Balaklava? Inkermann? hat was the condition of Sebastopol? 66 522 WAR IN THE CRIMIEAt sodernlHis. hunger, and unhoused exposure to the severity of the climate, PERIOD X. that far round the camp, the frozen ground was covered with the CHAP. IV. unburied corpses of men, and the dead bodies of horses. The heart of England-grieved for the sufferings of her brave sons, was indignant, that the comforts, which women as well as men, (tMiss N. had hasted to send them, were by bad management scantily reonce, with a party of at- ceived. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, an English lady of rank, who tenidants, went voluntarily to nurse the wounded and the dying, was often took them by force, at unable to procure the needed stores...f Parliament was about to the hospital in Scutari.) call the ministry-at the head of which was LORD ABERDEEN-to a stern account. One of their number, LORD JOEIHN RUSSEL, would not attempt to justify what he did not approve, and he resigned his office. A new ministry was formed, under LORD PALMERSTON. Lord John Russel was sent to represent England at another congress, about to meet at Vienna. 1855. 9. SARDINIA, which, under Victor Emmanuel, is blessed with Fsbrduary constitutional liberty, has now united with the allies, furnishing Sardinia joins the her quota of troops for the war... Austria, although threatened alliance. with the destruction of her Hungarian and Italian provinces, has it,54. yet been so shrewdly managed, as not only to escape injury, but Dec. 2. to occupy the proud position of being courted by all parties. Treaty of On the 2d of ]December, 1854, she entered into a treaty of alYVienLa liance with England and France; but without guarantee to give any efficient aid against Russia, whose minister remains at Vienna. Another "Vienna note" has been sent to the czar, which he-at the same time calling out his whole military force-affects to accept as a basis on which to treat for peace. But the (tThis was world, with great confidence in the abilities of Nicholas, has little penned the day be-fore in his sincerity.t The note provides that the Christians in Turkey hearing of shall be protected, but that the protectorate shall rest, not with the c.a:r's death.) Russia alone, but with the five great powers combined, viz., England, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Another point which the allies now insist on, will be more difficult to settle; which is, that there must be an end to the Russian preponderance in the Black Sea. 10. Such was the state of affairs, when the great autocrat of l1,85,. all the Russias was, by the King of kings, summoned from the March 2. earth. HIe died on the 2d of March, 1855, and was succeeded Death of the by his oldest son, under the title of ALEXANDER II. He has czar. pledged himself to carry out his father's policy; but what he will judge that to be, remains to be seen. The congress of Vienna are April, s855. earnestly endeavoring to make such terms of peace, as will gain the assent of all parties. 8. What was the state of the allied armies, especially the English? What heroic English lady is mentioned? What change occurred in the ministry? Where was lord J. Russel sent?-9. What is said of Sardinia? What of Austria? What is said of the second Vienna note?-10. Whose death is here related, and when did it occur? Who is his successor, and what course of policy does he pledge himself to pursue I CHAPTER V. Africa.-Sandwich Islands.-Chinese Rebellion.-Mexico, and South American Republics.-Republic of America. 1. AFRIcA.-The inhabitants of the northern part, where an- rodern His, cient civilization existed, are distinct from the various tribes of pERIOD X. negroes, —whom they hold in slavery,* and "regard as little ChAP V. better than brute beasts."t In Algeria, and at the C'ape of Good Hope, European improvements are extending, under the (tSee Bayard Taylor's auspices of France and England... In Egypt, IBRAHIM PACHA, "Journey by his warlike son ISMAIL, conquered the nations up the Nile to to rica.") the eleventh degree of north latitude; and founded, at the junction of the Blue with the White Nile, the flourishing city of (tIn N. Lat. Khartoum,t the great slave-mart for northern Africa. Ibrahim 140. Pop.,- 35,000.) and his successors have improved the agriculture and commerce of Egypt; and they would have made it wholly independent of (tForreasons Turkey, but that England interfered, to prevent the sultan being which the thus weakened.f The present pacha of Egypt (1855) is Mlo- ish war has HAMMED SAID... The negro tribes inhabiting Afirica have never fully develshown the same tendency to improvement, when left to them- oped.) selves, as other races of men; but they remain stationary in a degraded barbarism, low, cruel, and obscene.~ 2. Of the great island of MADAGASCAR,t the Avahs, of an (tTLength 930 miles. Pop. olive complexion, and superior to the negro races, are the gov- 4,700,000. erning tribe. French Catholic missionaries who, in 1612, sought 1506. DisFrencCatolic issinari7 covered by to convert them to Christianity, were cruelly expelled. In 1818 the Portuthe reigning sovereign, RADAMA, received English Protestant guese) missionaries, and founded churches and schools. Through na- visited by tive idolatrous priests, the queen, who succeeded him, expelled English Prot. the missionaries, and loaded their faithful proselytes with heavy missionaries. * BAYARD TAYLOR, who, in 1852, visited the Shillooks,t a tall and athletic (tThey live tribe, learned that the men freely sold their women and children, who were far up the bought by their northern neighbors-the price of a boy or girl being but White Nile.) twenty measures of grain. ~Some tribes are cannibals, and many offer human sacrifices to their (t1849. Gezo bloody idols, and to the manes of the dead. Gezo, the ksing of Dahomey,t Lisited by keeps a large army of women (said to be 18,000), officered by their own (who wrote sex,-calling them his wives and arming them with swords and guns, and his travels) each November sending them forth for at slave-hulnt. They are fierce and and Mr. Duncunning, and entrap many. "The king, after sacrificing largely" (about can, at his 500 a year), " sells the rest." In ASHANTEE,* when a free man dies, one capital, victim at least must be slaughtered " to wet the grave " but when it is a Ahomney.) chief, then all his attendants, sometimes a thousand, are sacrificed. The (*SeeMcCulBushmen are the lowest of the races, dwarfish, ugly, stupid, and cruel; loch's Geogburrowing in dens, and shooting the unwary traveler with poisoned raphy.) arrows... The institution of marriage is not known among the negroes in (tAn affectAfrica. Infants and the deformed are freely murdered; and aged and inginstance helpless parents left alone by children in solitary places to starve and die.t isrlate d by Mrs. Henning. a mis1. What is said of the inhabitants of the nzortAlern part of Africa? How sionary.) do they speak of, and treat the negroes? What parts of Africa are under the government and influence of Europeans? What is said concerning Egypt? What of the negro tribes who continue to inhabit Africa? Give some account of their barbarous practices. (See note.) —2.' What is the length, and what the population of Madagascar? When and by whom discovered? (See side-notes.) What is said of the Avahs? What occurred in 1612? What in 1818? 523 524 CHINESE REBELLION. fodern 170s. chains, —enslaved some, and killed others. One thousand re-'EPIOD X. mained in the capital, Tamaltave; and among these, the cruel CRAP. v. queen discovered her only son. Maternal love prevailed, and ~ f-L, ~>lpersecution ceased...t The new republic of LInERIA, settled by (+See Rep. of M(r. ellis to manumitted slaves and fiee negroes from the United States, forthe London warded by the exertions of the "American Colonization SoMiss. SOc.) (1 Funds-) ciety,"t affords such a prospect as has never before existed of voluntary African civilization.* donations. Lately some THE SANDWICH ISLANDS have been converted to Christianity states have become do- by American missionaries; who have introduced among them nors.) the arts of peace, and aided in organizing their government.~ In 1San1-ih Is- IAYTI, a negro empire was established in April, 1852, of which Sandwich Is- n lands con- FAUSTIN SOULOUQUE is emperor. verted. 1 52. HIaytien em- 3. CHINA. —The present emperor, HIEN FOUNG,f SO far as pire. his government over the 350,000,000 of his subjects is concern(tOf the y- ed, is but a puppet in the hands of miserable wire-pullers. Alnasty ot p T-sing, or though lie is puffed up with the belief of his own "celestial" talns, who, in origin and power, yet his high officers cheat him, especially in i647, expelled th4e d.ellsty ofd collecting his revenue. They in their turn are cheated by their ing.) subordinates; and although every officer has a spy set to watch him, yet the two combine; while the people are on all hands robbed and oppressed. The Chinese, with the cold philosophy of Confucius, and their unregarded idols, may almost be said to have no religion. Protestant missionaries have of late labored 1860 " among them with some success. Rebellion 4. In 1850 a rebellion broke out in Kiang-se, a southwestern breaks out in mountainous province, where was a warlike race, secretly bound (Orte ng- by oath against the Manchou-Tartar, or reigning dynasty. The Pcifiettor, origin and early progress of this rebellion are mysterious. The tolaveebeen great leader TAE-PING-WANGf has associated with him four er', ari.f otshers, one of whom is said to have been a pupil of the Protest-:laetist mission ry.) ant missionary, Gutzlaff. The grand chief first brought forward 1854. * The legislative, judicial, and executive officers of Liberia are all of the See speech of colored race. PRZESIDENT RtOBERTS commands universal respect. White Mr. Latrobe, missionaries, male and female, have, with martvr-zeal, aided in educating Pres. of the a native Protestant ministry, and establishing schools and churches. Ad(1os55) of Lrd jacent tribes flock in, aand'inite their territories with Liberia. Thus the Gurley, the republic has extended itself 600 miles along the coast, and it has acquired devoted a controlling influence over 200,000 inhabitants. Thus far thea traffic in agent. slaves is prohibited by the Liberian government. ~ These islands might have been colonies, if colonization was approved by America. All she wants of themn is their commerce and their friendship. Though she may generously protect them, yet she neither wants the obligation to defend, nor the trouble to govern them. If Liberia and the Sandwich Islands were antnexed, and became states, their senate-vote inll congress would balance that of New York and Pennsylvania. 2. What was done by Radama's successor, and through what influence? What ptt a stop to persecution? To what society is LZberia indebted for its settlers? Who were they? What prospect does this republic afford? Give some further account of Liheria? (See note.) What is said of the Sandwich Islands? What is said of Hayti?-of Liberia and the Sandwich Islands, in regard to the United States? (See note.)-3. What is the nalne and condition of the present emperor of China? What is said of the Chinese people?-4. What occurred in 1850? W'here? What is mysterious? TAE-PING-WANG-SANTA ANNA. 525 a youth, TIEN-TE, as the representative of the preceding or Ming m 0odernHi8. dynasty, of whose throne the Manchou-Tartars, he said, were PERIOD X. usurpers-but lie, by a divine mission, was to restore him to his CHAP. V. rights. When, however, he had obtained great successes, and r felt sufficiently strong, then he spoke and acted in his own name; lion broke and forthwith Tien-te, like a Grand Lama no longer desired by out in the vithe pliests, disappeared. And now, Christians rejoiced to hear bet, the seat that the chiefs were establishing Christianity. They overthrew of this priestpagodas, destroyed idols, and required that Christ should be ac- grand chief is knowledged, and the ten commandments adopted. All, found in a speak Chiarms were massacred; but by strict discipline, injuries to others nese, like a were prevented... In 1852, the insurgents embarked in junks on native.) the great Yany-tse-Kiaanq, first took Outchang, with its 400,000 19S52. inhabitants, and next, after a siege, the ancient and splendid city lrch 19. Rebels take of Nankin. The fiiends of Christianity now learned with sorlrow, Nankin. that Tae-ping-wang was after all but an ambitious impostor.t (tTbe thaims The insurgents, although they have experienced reverses, have of God, the advanced towards Pekin. At the beginning of 1855 they held brother of Canton in siege. They are still in great force, Nankin being Jesus.) their capital; and a bloody civil war is desolating the emnpire t (Many Chiwhich, however, turn as it may, can hardly fail, eventua!lly, to grate to California benefit the people, and allow to foreigners more commercial,and other privileges. places.) 5. MEXICo. —After the peace (1848) the disorders of public 1S53. Jan. 6. affairs more and more portended a crisis. On the 6th of Janu- President reary, 1853, PRESIDENT AISTA resigned. CEBALLOS, the chief jus- signs and afrried. 10th, tice, became by law his successor. The legislature at first made Ceballos, his him dictator, but, nine days afterwards, threatened him with im- successor, peachlnent. He sent the military and expelled them; but, un- tor. 19th, able to master the storm of anarchy, he soon fled. The Mexicans witht imturned their eyes to SANTA ANNA; who, instructed by misfor- peachment; dissolves the tune, and now a peaceful citizen of Carthagena, received an ur- legislature gent request to return. Hie came, and appealing directly to the by force. people, he was, by their vote, invested with full sovereignty. Reach. Recall and He has considerably improved public affairs; yet ALVAREZ, and return of other brigand chiefs, oppose him, and he sustains his position by Santa Anna. military torce.t Santa Anna 6. When the CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS has an ay broke off from Spain, they undertook to construct, after the model of our republic, constitutional governments, based on fiee suffrage. They recognized the doctrine of the equal rights of 4. What is said of the leaders of the rebellion? What was the first measure of the grand chief? What was his account at that time of his mission? What became of Tien-te? Since the tactics of Tao-ping-wang reseclnled those of a priest of the Grand Lamza, examine the side-note,and see if out cannot find some other reason for conjecturing that such was his fornler vocation. What was his course in respect to establishling Christiality? WXhat further is said of his p:arty?-5. What was the condition of Mexico after the peace of Gaudaloupe? l'What is said of Arista?-of Ceballos — of Santa Anna?-G. What was undertakl;en by the Central and Soutll American republics? 526 AGITATIONS IN REPUBLICS. fodernts. the men of the superior or white race; but the right to worship PERIOD X. God according to the dictates of conscience was not allowed. CHAP. v. Hence there were struggles and intestine divisions, and at times a state of anarchy, which gave to ambitious men opportunities to Libsertyof push themselves into supreme power. Thus, in 1814, DR. conscience necessary to FRANCIA made himself dictator in Paraguay. In 1829, RosAs republican freedom. became the tyrant of the Argentine Republic. He was, in 1852, I g5 2. overthrown and succeeded by URQUIZA. But in these countries, Feb. 3 after political storms, the elements subside into republicanism; Bosas defeated by Ur- the states ever keeping the name and the forms. Some of them, quiza. as Grenada, have operated against the authority of the priests; and some, as Chili, have earnestly set about educating both sexes, and all ranks of the people. I 48- 7. THE REPUBLIC OF AMERICA.-The message of PresAnnounce- idn ment of gold ident Polk, December 4th, 1848, announced that gold covered in California the soil of California. Ships freighted with young men gath-,i4f-49 ered to her ports, and emigrants, 30,000 a year, swept across the pire founded. Rocky Mountains,-and the Pacific empire was founded... GEN. 1 ~49. ZACHARY TAYLOR, and MILLARD FnILMORE of New York were, March 4. March 4th, 1849, inaugurated as president and vice-president... ofnauguration Tile Indians having committed murders in Oregon, the people Fillnore. petitioned congress for a territorial government. It was granted (Taylor dd i ed the succeed- them, with a clause, introduced by northern members, forbidding ing year.) negro slavery. The South was indignant, and debates on the Oregon made a territory. slavery question arose in congress, so violent, that in 1850 the I1 50. stability of the Union was endangered. HENRY CLAY, DANIEL Daanger of WEBSTER, and others in the senate, so painted the bloody civil struction. wars, and the humiliating foreign degradations, which must foliti51. low disunion, that at length lMr. Clay's "compromise measures" Compromise were adopted: the South consenting that California should be measures adopted. admitted as a state with a constitution which excluded slavery; and the North agreeing to a law for the rendition of fugitive Utaerritory.e a slaves... Utah, erected into a territory, 1851, was in 1848 settled I853:-454 by the Mornmons, a sect founded by Joseph Smith, and so called "Nebraska fi'om the "Book of Mormon," produced, like the Koran, by pre~Bill- tended revelations...* In passing the law, 1854, by which Ne* Fanatics, called Millerites, were then waiting in tents for the Lord to Cause of te descend and take up his saints. Smith taught that his followers were tlhe Mkormonism. true latter-day saints-that the place of the second advent was to be the Mormon temple, and that none would be saved but those who gatlfc-redl 1849. there, bringing all their wealth. Many came,-some from the differeth Nauvoo, in states of the Union, but more from Great Britain, whither the Mormnll(ll tIllinoiS on sent emissaries to make proselytes. They claimed in 1843 to have 20(),i0,) of the upper of whom 10,000 were living at their principal seat, Nauvoo, where tlhe' Mississippi. had a stately temple. The earth with its fulness, they said, belonged tlo 6. What principle did they recognize? What was not with theml, a.s with our republic, allowed? What was the consequence? What happened in 1814? What in 1829? In 1852? What shows the attachment of tlhese states to republicanism? What is said of Grenada?-of Chili?-7. Whatl after the treaty of 1848, preceded tile founding of the American Pacific empire? What occurred March 4th, 1849? What introduced dangerous debates in congress? How was the slavery agitation quieted? When was Utah settled, and by whom? AMERICAN PROSPERITY. 52T braska and Kansas were erected into territories, the line of north ~do&m a&4. latitude 36~ 30' was abrogated by congress, as being the north- PERIOD X. ern limit of glavery.t CHAP. V. 8. An exploring expedition was sent out, in 1838, under COMMODORE WILKES; who discovered a southern uninhabited conti- (1820 when nent... He imparted such information to the government as Missouri was eventually led to the extension both of the republic's territory,t (adee Wiland its commercial relations.... American sailors had been lard'sHist.of cast away and ill treated on the Japan Islands. COMMODORE C11fornia) PERRY was sent out to them with a squadron; and after many Feb. 16. delays and ceremonies, during which the commodore so played rCorm. Perry returns with his part as to win for his country the respect and confidence of the Japan that singular people, he obtained a treaty, by which those lotreaty, and wealthy islands, heretofore closed to the world, were partially the Looopened to our commerce.... Disregarding the proclamations of Two Cuban presidents Taylor and Fillmore, two secret, illegal armaments expeditions: which, acfrom southern ports invaded Cuba. Their military bands effected cording to at each time a landing. The first invaders escaped from the the laws of nations, were coast after a bloody skirmish at Cardenas; the second, proceed- piratical. ing into the interior, the inhabitants rose against them, and took Crittfnden, them prisoners. Several were put to death, among whom was after trial, executed by LOPEZ, the general, a patriot Cuban, and CRITTENDEN, an enthu- the garotte. siastic young American officer. 1851. 9. The necessity of a transit to and from her Pacific empire, has brought our republic into closer connection with other parts of the continent. By the enterprise of citizens of the United 1855. States, acting with the co-operation of the two governments con-Feb. 16. cerned, A RAILROAD ACROSS THE ISTHMUS, FROM ASPINWALL TO Railroad PANAMA, is now opened, whose running time is but 3 hours... opened. There is a prospect that the navigation of the great Amazon will soon be thrown open to our commerce, as, by treaty, the La Plata now is. 10. The peaceful increase of America, continues to exceed that 1Fo54. of any other nation known to history. Foreign immigration igrants, is thus far augmenting, it having the last year reached nearly (n460,40,al half a million. A wholesome fear of this vast foreign mass, some Germans). the saints; and secret theft, rapine, and murder were rife. Public justice 1844. was either intimidated or bribed. The people around became furious. June 27. Smith and his brother were murdered in prison, by men in disguise. J. Smith and The Mormons sold Nauvoo, and, under BRIGHAM YOUNG, went west and brother murfounded Salt Lake City. Providence has thus settled the wilderness, and thage. made a half-way house for famishing emigrants to California. But Mor- 1846-4. monism must become virtuous before it can truly prosper; and especialy 1846-4Mormons must it root out polygamy-by which men are brutalized, women degraded e Mormons and children worse than orphaned. Salt Lake. 7. What fanatics were easily turned to Mormonism, and what further account can you give of the Mormons? (See note.) When, and on what occasion was the line of north latitude, 36~ 30', abrogated as the northern limit of slavery? When was it made so? (See side-note.)-8. Give some account of the exploring expedition. Of the obtaining of a treaty with Japan? Of the two Cuban expeditions.-9. To what has the necessities of transit between us and the Californians given rise? What important railroad is mentioned? What rivers are mentioned, and what is said of them? 10. What may be said of the increase of the republic? 528 CONCLUSION. Mo&dm ki. of whom are vicious, some ignorant, and some imbued with prinPERIOD X. ciples antagonistic to American free instit4itions, begins to perCHP. V. vade the country,-connected with the sensitive'apprehension' —-Y' that these are endangered by vice and disregard to law. Hence, fear of crime learning by the statistics of prisons, &c., that intemperance is the and anarchy. cause of the great majority of crimes, several of the states, following the example of Maine, have made stringent laws prohibiting the traffic in intoxicating liquors... Officers who faithfully execute the laws, especially in cities, where anarchy is most to be feared, are at this time praised and honored by all parties. 11. If, as we believe, they are wrong, who teach that it is the inevitable destiny of our republic to fall into anarchy and thence pass to despotism; no less do they err, who treat with levity every suggestion that such is our danger. Has the Ruler of Nations given assurance, that he will set aside the order of his providence in our behalf? Has he given us a license to commit, with impunity, offences for which he has filled other nations with blood? Let the father consider, as he looks upon the group which surrounds his fireside, that, although their being has begun under the sunny skies of public prosperity, its course may lie through the gloomy influences of public misrule, and finally, of desolating anarchy; —then will he turn aside from his too anxious cares to earn a fortune for their present and future luxury, and awake to preserve the institutions of his country, which cannot go to decay without dashing out the value of property, and putting life itself in peril; for, rocked in the eagle-nest of liberty, America must first be crushed, before she changes her republicanism for monarchy. He would then lay by his petty prejudices of section or wonductbry party;-he would vote' for no miscreant to public office, who, which our citizens may false to the laws of his God, and a traitor to his domestic relations, reseuntry. makes a contemptible parade of his love to his country; —he would pay no money to support public prints, which are careless of truth, and scatter public immorality; —and he would not, by laxity of family discipline, leave the wills of his children in the untamed condition of savage nature; but betimes inure them to obey lawful authorities. In all the boasted political compacts of the founders of our government, the solemn obligation was entered into, to yield voluntary obedience to the constituted powers. The conscientious respect to law in the hearts of the people, is that one virtue-the offspring and the parent of many otherswhich alone can sustain a republican government. This, with the continued smiles of the God of our Fathers, may preserve our noble political inheritance,-not only to bless our own posterity,-but to remain, a refuge, and a star of hope, to the oppressed of other nations. 10. What is said of foreign immigration.-of the fears and apprehensions of the people? What measure, in several states, has the just fear of crime produced? What is now public sentiment concerning the faithful execution of law.-1 1. What are the author's concluding remarks?