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THE STORY OF
THE PHILIPPINES
A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ISLANDS FROM
THEIR DISCOVERY BY MAGELLAN TO
TIIE CAPT' URE B Y DEWEY
BY
AMOS K. FISKE
AUTIIOR OF " MII)NIGIIT TALKS AT TIlE CLUIB,"
TILE MYTIS OF ISRAEL," ETC., ETC.


NEW YORK
THE MERSIION COMPANY
PUBLISHERS




COPYRIGHT, 1898,
BY
AMOS K. FISKE


THE MERSHON COMPANY PRESS,
RAHWAY, N. J.




TO
REAR-ADMIIRAL (GEORGE I DEWEY
OF THlE UNITEl),S'TA'TES NAVY
TilIS VOLUME, IS 1)EI)ICATE) AS A TOKEN O)F
AI)MIRATION  AND) P'ERSONAI  REIJrAR).








PREFA(E.


W\IEN the people of the Inrlited States were first
thrilled with the news of Commodore I)ewey's wonderflll naval victory in lMaInila lay, an(l began to realize
that the result might be the permanent possession by this
country of a great archipelago on the other side of the
Pacific Ocean and wvitllin the tropics, they begani to inquire about these Plilipl)ine Islands, which Spain had
ield( in comparative obscurity for three centuries and a
half.  They awoke to the fact that they knew little
about this new acqllisitiol of territory; and whether it
was to be permanent or temporary, they desired to know
more.
It is to supply tllis infolrmlation tlhat the present vollllne llas been prelpareel.  Its lulrpose is simply to tell
the story of the Philippines-tlleir so-called " discovery " by Spain, their possession andt government by that
country, their plysical cl1 aracteristics, natural resources,
their inhalbitants, native and( alien; the progress an(l dlevelopl)nmnt they have expericniiced iln (1le the adlverse conditions of Spanishl colonial rule, an(l the possibilities that
await tlhem under different clonditions.  An effort lias
beenll  a(le to tell just what the lAiAerican reader, concerned with the p)lroleln of sul(ll a possession, would
v




vi


PREFACE.


wish to know, and not merely to give superficial views
of native and foreign life as observed by travelers or
temporary residents.
The story would not be complete without an account
of Commodore (now Admiral) Dewey and his squadron,
and of the great battle of Manila Bay. Such an
account has been attempted, the description of the battle
being drawn from authentic material furnished by eyewritnesses. It is no more than just to acknowledge the
special value and merit of that furnished by the correspondlent of the New York l-erald, who stood on the
bridge of the Olympia with the commanding officer of
the squadron and watclhed the conflict from beginning
to end.
A. K. F.
NEW YORK, June, 1898.




CONTENTS.
CHAPTER                                            PAGE
I. IIHo  SPAIN CAIME BY TlHE ISLANDS,. 
II. EXTENT AND PHYSt(AIC (CIARAC1TEIISTrICS,.   11
III.  (IIMATE  AND  SOIL,.......  1
1V. VEC(IETATIONr AND) ANIMAL LIFvE,              2 22
V. TIHE INHABITANTS,..6.
VI. A ST1RANGE COMMERCIAL POLICY,                 33
VII. SPAIN'S GOVERNMENT OF HER COLONY,            40
VIII. POWER OF TIlE PRIESTS,.                   48
IX. THE GROWING SPIlIT l'F 1REVOLIT,..     55)
X. NATURAl IRESOUtES,...61
XI. INDUSTRIA  CONDIIONS,.....
XII. THlE CONDITION OF Tl ),...        71
XIII. So(('CtI  CONI'ITIONS AMONG RTHE NATIVE S,  7. 
XIV. THE PORT AND) CITY OF MANILA,                S89
XV. THE RURAL D)IS'I("'sICS OF' LUZON,..98
XVI. OTrlEll PROVIN(CIAL PIACES,                 103
XVII. DISTIANT DEPENDENCIES,..        11
XVIII. SO.ME INCIDENTS OF ISTORY,....   115)
XIX. C(MM)OorbE D)E\WEY AND) IIS \YWAHSIIPS,      123
XX. THE' BA'TI1E OF MTANILA IAY,..            133'
XXT. FUTURE OF TlE P)1ILIPIIN'ES,.146


vii








THE ST01iY OF THy fPH I LIPPiNES.


1.
hlow SPAIN (AAIM BNB TiHE ISLANDS5.
BVIEN Cohluibus ran into the \\est Indlies in his hunt
for the northwest passage to the East hindies, Spain and
Portugal had long been disputing ov~er the possession of
islandis which thiey hadl stolen, fromt the natives in the
Pacific, Oeean.  Pope Alexander V I. undlertook to settle the (dispute by the simple pro~cess of (lividlirg the face
of thie earth into two eq]ual parts by a longitudinal line
just Nvest of the Cape Verde I slandls, giving all tile
"heathen lands "' east of that bite to Portug-al andl all
west. of it to Spain.  This was agr11(eed to by thle two
nations in thie trelaty of Tor(Iesil~la, and] that is hiow it
hiappened that Spaiii had such11 monstrous claims to possession. on this side of the Atlantic, wh~ere there Proved
to lbe muchi heathien lauId.
-But this (diol not really setethe (di'spute, because the
infallible -Pope failedl to (r\'tfie (lividilig line on the
othier side of the globe, 'iud orob)Iablvl did not know that
the two halves uiet onthe other s-,ide.  Even those who
accep~ted thie notion that thie earth was a sphiere dlid not




THE STORY OF TIlE 'PHILIPPINES.


know just where the hemispheres, beginning at the
Pope's meridian, calne together on the opposite side.
The dispute was particularly hot over the Spice Islands,
or Moluccas, which Portugal had got hold of by the
Cape of Good HIope route, and which Spain claimed belonged to her "sphere of influence."  There was an
able and adventurous Portuguese nobleman who had
taken part in the conquests in the East and had been
badly treated by his own Government. According to the
queer orthograplhy of 'ortugal his name was Fernaes de
AMagalh/ies, but the old Spallisll chronicles call lim Hernando de Magllallanes.  To the English geography class
he is known as Fer(linand Magellan, and that is a good
enough name for us, for what we have chiefly to remember him by is the Straits of iMagellan (lown at Cape
Horn.
When Magellan fell out with his ownl king he renounced his allegiance and went over to Charles I.,
King of Spain, and made a " deal " whereby he was to
" discover" that the Spice Islands were in Spain's western half of the world, in return for certain trading
privileges.  Incidentally, like all these pious old navigators, he was to Christianize the stolen heathen lands.
In point of fact he was away off in his reckoning, for the
Mtoluecas iand all that region were in the eastern hemisphere.  King Ch(arles fitted hlinl out with five ridiculously  small vessels, something  like  those  queer
caravels of Collubus, ranging    from   60  to  130




IHOW  SPAIN CAME IBY TIlE ISIANI)S.


tons, ald with a force of 234 men, and he started
off on the 10th of August, 1519, from      San Lucar
de Barrameda.    Of course he had to go      west to
keep in Spain's half of the world, and the theory
seemed to be that anything lie couldl(  findl inl that
direction blelonged to SpainW.  When lie lia(d leen sailing a year or so lie lhad trouble with his Ilen, and after
making his way down the coast of Southl America lhad to
set two of his officers ashore anlll leave them and kill a
couple more before lie could have any (liscillille. (Then
one of the so-called ships was wrecked, an(l anotler desertedl him and sailed off to the east.  Finally, late il
October, 1520, the bold navigator got into the passage
Ietweemin 'Patagonia anld 'ierra del Fu{ego, without knowing where he was, alldl the Straits of Magellan were discovere1l and lhave beenl onl tle lmaps lprtty mluch ever
since.  On the 26thi of Noveiler 1-20, 1:, i einerlged
into the Pacific (cean.
About the middle of Marchl the Ladron'e IslaI(lS were
reacledi, where tile natives stole one of tile shlilp's (boats
and somle 1l)ood \\wa spilled il recoveriig it.  L(ladrone
lslanids means " Thllieves' Islalns," but it (l(os not seemll
to be on account of tlye way they were ae(uimred ly Spain.
In Easter week, 1521, M.agellan arrived at tile lmouth
of tile Blutuan liver, on thle nortlh coast of MAindanao,
and lroc'eelede  to celelbrte Mlass on shore.  Being well
treated and supplied witlh p)l'visimos b) tlhe native chief,
lie gratefully took possessionl of lhis territory in the name




4


TIHE STORY OF TIE PHILIPPINES.


of the King of Spain. 'The chief showed his gratitude
by piloting Magellan to (ebll, where he got killed.
'T'le way it lhapp)ened was that the generous navigator
so impresse(l tile K illg of Celb  with the rites of the
(Christianl religion that he imlmeoliately got converted,
an(l the two entered into a treaty, according to the (ebu
forni of ldriinkigll, some of eachl otler's blood.  The
(1ebn potentate swore fealty to tile King of Spain, and
the IPrltlluguese relpreseitative of the King of Spain went
to hlelp limn subdue an elnemy on the neigllboring island
of M.actan,l so as to ('hristianize that by the same process, ainitl it Yas there  Iagellan was lit by a poisoned
arrowl atll1 died, April 27, 1521.  'lere is a, monument
to, lill hi  this isladl of MIactan, aniotlher at (Cebu, and
one nearl tlie (Citv of Manila.
It is well ('lleogl thlat Magellan never went back to
Slain, for lie was ouit of favor tlhere, andl as the authorities conll not get 11old( of liin thley imprisoned his family
for lis siuppose(Id lisdeeds ill sullbuinig mllttinly on llis vessels.  Tle runaway ship had got hon:e tan  told all about
it. ''lie cot(mllland of tile expe(litioln now fell npon  )u —
Iarte (ie larlosa, -wlio as  furtler token of gratitude
was illvited, w;ith twenty-six complanions, by the King of
(b11l, to a ilainl(et, wh1erei iistelad of eating they were all
killedl 11(l1 ( atenl.  Tl',e grafteful nlonlarch apologized,
Iult sai(l tli  templtatioln wvas too great  llwhen so many
filne-looking white men alppeared at his table.  One of
the vessels rwas bnrned liere, another was abandoned on




HOW SPAIN CAME BY TIlE ISLANIS.


5


the coast of Borneo, anl finally tlle last, the Vlictoriwa,
made its way to Spaian   nlller tlle commalnd of Juan
Sebastian Eleano by way of tihe (Cape of Goodl Hope,
being the first to circumnavigate the globe.  It was now\
September, 1522, aln only 1 7 of tlle 23 4   lmen landled
at San Lucar, alnd they were almost (lead.   Stralcge to
say, Elcano was rewarded witll a pensionl of 500) dllcats
for life, but lis life was slortelled by furtller efforts to
recover the Moluccas for Spain.
Magellan really took possession of tlle I'llilippille
Islands for Spain, bult lie callled tlheml San Lazaro blecause
lie landled on tlat saint's particular 1lay.  I'he possession was nominal flor a1 long time, but several expedlitions
were sent out to make it real which cante to grief.  One
of these went from- Mexico, in 1542, inder Tilu   Lopez
de Villalobos, and, tlhougl lie never got to tllese islands,
a vessel belonging to his outfit toucli{ed somewhlere ther'
in search of provisions, and first c'alled tlhem  tlhe Islas
Filipinas, in hlonor of tlie Kinsg's son( I'lpilil), P'rice of
Asturias.  When lie becalmei king, as IPiilip  II., lie
directed his viceroy in Mexico to sendl anlotllher e:xpedlition across tle Pacific to con(ller anll  (lllristianize the
Philippines.  Plhilip was a lharsli, graspi 11. 1and ani
bitions sovereign, as is well known, ult lie was bollnd
to (Christianize all the lheatlhen and heretics in reach if
lie had to kill theml in thle pro-ess.
'I'lls new expe(lition to make (llristians andl faitllful
Spanish subjects of tie Pliliippine islanders left Navidad,




6


6       ~~THE STORY OF TiHE PHILIPPINES.


_Mexico, Novemiber 21, 1564, under Alignel Lopez de ILegaISpi, who really\ establislhed Spanish authority in the
archipelago. le had an armned frigate and 4 other vessels, ami 40(0 soldiers and sailors, and took along Andres
d.e 1UrManeta ain _Xuoin stine mnonk and 5 other priests,
to attend to the p-nrely relig'ious side of the c.onquest.
A fter reconnoitering among the smaller islands early in
15SLegaspi landled on Cebu, April 27.   By a j udicions miixture of tact andl force hie brought this and neighboring islands into subjection, built a fortress, and, in
1I 570, lial estalilisfie(l tile city of Cebu.  In May of
thlat year lie, sent htis gcrandson, Captain Juan Salcedo,, to
reconnoiter the large islantd of 'Lnzon, which had thus. far
not, ieen touchie(1.  After colisi(lerable dlisplay of force
and] sonic bloody tio liting~ Salcedo lbronghittetie
abon_)t  M avnila" is it was already called by the natives,
into a sn bnnisive mood, and Legaspi, who was looking
al)otit thie island of Pana y, went iip an d took possession
in the namie of the k~ing.  It was hie who declared Miamla~ to lie the capital of the archipelago, and formally
proclaiuined the soivereigllty of Spain over all the islands.
Thie Counncil of the city of Mkanila was constituted June
24, 1571, and.1(l ANgust 20, 11572, Legaspi, the real
foltid~er of Span-uisli rule in the Philippines., died, and
lies bnrieJ ini the Augngstine Chapel of San Fanisto.  The
lirh)(ess (if conquiest and coli-er-sion went on under the
soIldiers an(l the priests, until m-ost of the tribes, within
ea,,sy ranace of thie coasts were birought. into sub'ection to




110WV SPAIN CAME BY TIIE ISLANDS.


a combination of secular and ecclesiastical authority that
has continued ever since.
No doubt after the occupation of Manila lby General
Legaspi the lPhilippine islands became a colony of Spain
by as good a riglt as any of its possessions.  Of course
the inhal)it.ants, being lecathen, lad no rights in the
premises and were not consulted.  A couple of years
after Legaspi's (leath an enterprising lbuccaneer from the
other side of the China Sea, Li MIa IIong by name, took
it into his head to apply the Spanish principle and seize
the islandls witlout consulting either the native inlhabitants or tleir conquerors.  He argued that lie la(l the
samle riglt in the matter as the Castilian buccaneer front
the olther side of the world(; and lie came wvith a fleet of
62 war junks, 2,000 sailors, 2,000 soldiers, and 1,500
wonen, cand a very capable Japanese person by the name
of Sioco as lis chlief military man.  After some skirmishing along the coast ablove, Li Ma Hong boldly
entered Ma nila B:ay November 29, 1574, and sent Sioco
ashore with 600 figllting mnen to demand the surrender
of the place.  The Spanish were not used to surrendering and there was a pretty lively fight.  The Chinese
got the best of it at first, but retreated before re-enforcements and renewed the attack another day with a larger
force.  There was a terrific hand-to-hand conflict for
possession of the fort and the city, hut the (Chinese were
finally repulsed and Sioco was among the killed.  The
Admiral Li Ma Hong, having lost several of hlis junks and




8


THIE STORY OF THE PIILIPPINES.


a considerable part of his force, sailed out of the bay and
went up the coast again. Anticipating the modern
Spanish method, lie proclaimed that he had won a great
victory, and establishing himself near the mouth of the
river Agno induced the neighboring inhabitants to submit to his authority.  But the old pirate was an outlaw at home, and the Chinese Government got after him
and helped the Spanish to drive him off.
The Spanish victory over the Chinese invader at Manila happened on St. Andrew's Day, and the enlightened
Christians attributed it to his intervention, and he has
been the patron saint of the city ever since. Of course
the Church took the glory, and it used to be the custom at the celebration of the victory on St. Andrew's
Day to spread the flag of Spain on the pavement of the
Cathedral for the archbishop to walk over; but after a
while a governor-general appeared who, as representative of the secular power, refused to witness that performance and it was given up. Now at the " Funcion
votiva de San Andres " the royal standard plays a more
dignified part. It would have been hard in those times
to get a victory on any day when some saint could not
lay claim to it.
The next disturbance of the Spanish comfort in the
islands came from the Dutch. The old trouble with Portugal had been ended by a union of the two countries
under one crown; but for a long while there was war
with Holland. Dutch traders established headquarters




HO0W SPAIN CAME BY THlE ISLANDS.9


9


in the Mlolnecas, and Dutch corsairs, nominally ini trade,
used to lie in wait for the galleons coming from
-New Spain (Mlexico), laden with silver (lollars.
IN ninmeronis little fights took place among the islands
in the first half of the seventeenth c-entury the
itost important being known as the~- battle of
laaHonda, which      occurred  near  Mlanila  Bay.
Ahark was the saint that took a hiand in this.  lie is said
to have p~romlised tie. gover-nor v\:ictory in a, ireani, and
the -battle took pliace on his day. The royal standard
wNIas embroidlered withi an image of the H1oly Virogin and
the motto Monstrate esse mat rem. The Dutch were
driv~en off w\ith a loss of three ships and nmuch inierchiandisc, whiich was of (course (inc to St. Mlark arid not to tile
greaitly sup~erior force of the Spanish.
WNhen Great Britain foundI it. necessary to thrash bothi
Fiancue and Spain at once in 1I762, a British squadron of
-1  \ vessels Unlier _Admuiral Cornish, accoopanied  bI
Genieral Draper, withi 1,500    European   troops and
800 Sepoyv fuisiheers, cnatered lManila iBay and dlem-tandled the srrnlrof the city     There was no( governor-general there at the tim~e anil the archbishop
was the acting governor. That prelate was by potent
arguiiients induced to yieldh, and even to go so far as to
surrender the whlIe colony to) tle British crown.  A_
magistrate of the Supreme, Court, however, namedI Simton
de Anda, hieaded a war p)arty and ralliedl Spaniards and
nattivues outsidce of MAlanila to resistance.  In the troub



1i(


'llE S'4TORY OF TIlE PIIILIPPIN ES.


lols tilile tlhat followed the Chinese favored submission
to, tlie lBritish, and tlheCre re liany atrocities an(l lluch
lloodlslled ini the t)'rovilne(s. The Britislh clannot be said to
have redu(ced tlle cololy or any considelrablle part (of it to
sblllbissio  wllen thle c(llclusion of leace came, one of the
c(oi(litions of whlich was the evacuatioll of MIanila on patyienllt of fiv\e million lollars o f indemlllity )y Spaini for
hIaving lier c({olony attacked and harrie(l for a year or two.
It was never pai(l.  It was Septemnler 22, 1762, when
tlhe British slquadlron enltered tle hay, and it was March
1T, 17(14, Nwhen tlie (Histurbance was comlpletely at an
end and1 a new Spanish governor-general was installed at
the caplital.  Th'lelr was no serious foreign interference
withl tlle Slpaislh lossesssion of tlle Phlilippinle Islands
after that ulntil (Commilodlore George Dewey enteredl Aanila Bay in tlie early mlorning of May1r 1    8, l  n S, and
nclergtetically p)repared tle way for Am.\erican occuplation
by (lestrovying the Spanisl fleet and the shore defenses at
Cavite.




II.
EXTENT AND PHYSICAL C AItlACTEIlSTICS.
STATrE'l'E NTS a)oult the nlml! eIer, area, form,   an1 d surface of tllese islainds seeml to be based nupo, the peculiar
kil(nd of gulesswork knlown as " estimates," and they vary
widely.  The fact is that tile islands have not been
counlted, andl nobody knows lhow ilany there are.  Statenlelits apparenltly e(lulalliv altlloritative pt lit tilel  tll the
way front four hundred to two thllousalld, huit it delpenlds
upon whlat xol1 call islanlls.  lllundrels of poilint come
alhove the surface that are mere volcanic rocks anll cones
or coral reefs, devoid of vegetable or animnal life.  The
islands \wichli lhave ina1es and1 inlIal)itants a(11d ari'e (Intitled to allppear 1lupo) tlhe mnalp otllerw\ise thlan as (lots are
pretty nuiliierous, but are not far u1p in the hundreds,
lwhile tlose of r(eslectal)] ae  area e,about a score.  The
rest are shreds and lpatc(lles oi, thile archilpelago.
What is certain is tlhat the whlole group exten(ls from
about latitude 20~ to latitude 4~ north and is more than
a thonusand miles long, widenling out to the south to six
hun(ireda( miles or more in widtll, but divided into two
une(lual parts at tlhe lower end 1b the Sulu Sea, with the
larger islands mostly (on1 th e eastern side.  The Sllu
Sea is a trellend(los lhole, two thlousand fathoms deep;
ii




1 2


12       ~~THIE STORY 01" Th"IE 1IHILHITPNES.


so is th-je Celebes Sea to the soutith and the China Sea to
the west, while the P1acific, Ocean on the east 'is some
three thousand fathoms dteep.     The islands stretching
froni near loe     on the South almost to liorinosa co-nstitute Ipart of a treinen-dous voicammic system in two
irreguilar ranges, whlich crop uip above water again, away
to time north in Japan.   If we couild imiaginie it bared
to the bottom of the ocean we should find it full of awfutl.
Ilep tlis, yawning cli siis anid tortuouis rifts, with ridges,and peak-s anid cones stickinig uip everyxvhere, mnany of
wh~lich (10 not comne to the, surfa~ce.  Those whichi do, in
variedl form an(l extent, constitute the islanids.  Though
somle of themn have big niountaims of their owni, andl plateaus, hills, vallevs, la'kes, and( streams, all- are but tops
of -vaster mtounitainis with thteir foumiiations ill tile everltastinig deep.
All. the islan-ds are lbetween the, torthern tr-opic and the
equtator, their niorthierinmo4st. point beinig farther south
th~an Cuba.   Thie~y have niot been surveyedl, anid only a
smnall- jart, of their surface hias ever been explored With,,Iany conMpleteness. Their area is variously esthimatedl at
from  50,(000 to 1 C)0,000 squiare miles, -and is probably not
far from 1,20,000, one-third. of which is ine the northern
islan(I of Euzon, about onie-fouirth ine the southeasterim
island o-f Mlindaniao, and onie-sixtht in thie central, group
called the Visayas, which are Samnar, Leyte, Bohmol.
(Cebu, iNegros,,and Panay. 'The rest is, scattered about
in the largle islands of    MtindIoro  andI Palawan, or




EXTENT AND) PhUYSICAL CII1ARACTERISTIKiS.    1.3
I'aragua, onl the wvest, the Suhu group, which stretches
down from.Mindanao toward Borneo, and the frills and
fringes of the archipelago. The whole domiain woulll
reach from Lake Mfichig-an, at Chicago, to the mnouth of
the i\'h1ssissippi River.
Euzon- lias, about the area, of Ohio.  The mi-ail hody of
the island. is ~340 mniles long, 1)ut au irregular peninsula
stretch~bes 180 miles farther to the southeast.  T'le area
of Mtindauiao in the south is greater thian that of the State
of MAlaine; Santiar, N egros,, P amav, i[indoro, aw  Palawvan are eabhaiout thle size of C~onnecticut; Levte and
Cebu are each bigger than iDelaware, an(l B3ohol is coILsidlerabl-l larger than Rk.hode Islan(l.
WVe have referred to the scientific fact that thils great
g~i (doj of tropical islands is part of a vast volcanlic systemn exten(1in2,- nearly northi anid sou)ith, perhaps ages ago
lifted ont of the bosomn of the (leep by tI e gigantic
force of subterranean fires.  Thie fires are there vet., andl
hiave onie timie and another createdl a, goodl deal of disturlance in the later centitries.  hlicw comivulsiouis theyv
pro(lndce have raisedl new islands to the surface andl sunk
old ones out of sight, and disturbed the lay of the land
a good dleal. on the loose miargi-ns; but the fits have growni
less frequent andl less violent witlh timie.  Mlai 'y anceit
vo~dcane   ar   ed    n   hir craters filled \with water,
but some are still active and occasionally break ont in
a w\ayv to canse alarmn to thle neighbTor-s.  When the internal fires fail to find venit for the gas and( steami and




14


1TlE SCTORY (F TI '1  I'I I LI '1 NE 'S.


nmolten stuff lwicll they generate ill tlhe blwels of tlle
e.::htll, they sometimes cause a terrible shakilg and quakill' (,o thle surface, Iwhichll is dlmlllag~ilng t, life and Ipropertv.
I'lle mollllltain riidges ''u111 i1n a generally northll and
solltlh direction, lillt tend to dlivaiicate all(l sprea(l aroun(l
on1 tle way south.    In Luzon tlere are two or three
ralges nearly parallel, and the country is generally hilly.
A\way to thle nortlh, (o1 tle large islalll and the adjacent
islandlls of lBablllyaes there are somle lazy volcanlloes,
n11uch1 addictedl to smoking.   T1'e biggest is Cagua.
liere is one of tlhe largest rivers ini tl(he arclhipelago, tlIe
Rltio (;1lrande (1de (1agayman, x(lhicii flo,\wvs north and waters
an e(xtensive valley.  Tlhere is also a1 lake p1) in tlhat regionii called tlie ('agayan, and( on tie west si(le of tlie
islaind  e tller.e are tw, otlher -cosidlerable rivers, tlle Agnol
lland tl{he iPanlpangal.  Alout fifteetn miles in tlie interior,
east of tlie g~reat!,,ay of Manila andl connected with it
bt tlie P:asig Riv\er is a lake called the Laguna1 dle Baly,
sulrroud'l'l d 1) iIoullltailS, lo(stly ex(tillnt volclanoes, anll
h1avin\1   a1, Mountainous island inl its oxvil bosom.. Nearly
soltlh of Manlila, forty-five miles a\wa\, is a live volcano
in tlhe middle of a lake.  I'lhe lake is called l Bombon and
tlhe 1name of tlie volc{ano is Taal.  The latter is small,less tlan a tllousland feet ligll,-andl tllhough lgly to) look
at, lhas lteen  complllaratively  qu(iet and  peac eablle in
recent times; lbut it lsed to be lc1uliarly violentt and
vicious, andl terrible stories are told of its l)ehavior a cen



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I




EXTr'LNT ANDI PIYSICAL C(IARIAC'TERISTICS.


15


tury or two ago. It used to get mad and hurl fire and
smoke and cinders all over the surrounding country. It
is even said that it used to be much bigger than it is now,
but in one of its terrible fits of rage sank into the earth,
while the lake rose up around it. Some miles east of
this is an extinct volcano,-MAaquiling by name,-which
has some hot springs at its base where the friars used to
maintain baths. Farther on is Majaijai, another extinct
volcano seven thousand feet high.
Down in the long peninsula constituting the southeast extension of Luzon are two or three more volcanoes,
mostly quiescent nowadays, the finest of which is Mayon
or Albay, a regular cone over eight thousand feet high,
fifty miles around at the base, and visible far at sea. It
still indulges in eruptions, some of them rather startling,
but it has not shown what it can really do since 1814.
Then it poured out lava and ashes and buried the surrounding forests to the tree tops, destroyed all the human
habitations within its reach, and extinguished the lives of
twenty-two hundred people, if the records are veracious.
It has done considerable damlage within twenty years, and
frequently makes a picturesque exhibition of smoke by
day and flame by night.  There is another big volcano
down near the end of the peninsula, called Bulusan,
which took to smoking and emitting fire some years ago,
after pretending to be extinct for a long while. There
is a mountain on the island of Mindoro over eight thousand feet high, called MIt. Halcon, which used to be




16


16       ~THlE STORIY OF 'THE PHIL IPPIINES.


addicted. to eruptionls, and Alalaspina, in -NNegros, also
over eiglht thlousandl feet, has volcanic propensities.  In
mnany of the smaller islands there are worn-out volcanoes, sulplhur beds, hot springs, natural gas, and other
products of the o-verli eated interior of the earth.
The twvo main ridg'es of the archipelago sbow up in
iMindanao and converge to an apex in the south.  There
are several pretty lofty peaks, including three which are
or1 have heeni arctivNe v~olcaino.es —N-Macatu.,rinig, Apo, and
Sanguil.  Apo is the highest mouintain in all the islands,
somne authl-orities mnaking it more than ten thousan-d feet.
It is said to have thiree summits, the middle one
beinig a huge (la-ter, n-ow tilled with water.  Mindanao
has many lakes-the originial fornm of the name, Magnin(hanaio, mneant " the, land of lakes."  Somne afre oldI craters tilled wvith walrter, and somie are lagoonis or deep bays
that fiave been exiit off fromt the sea by earthquakes and
volcanic deposits.  Th'lere is ai large river in this same
island, the Bu~tuani, or Elio Agusan, lowing north to.
the sea, and several other streams.
KNot onlyT is the laud b~adlyN broken u) andl scattered
about in this region, b)ut it is very irregular ini formn and
arrang2ement.  The eastern. coast, line along the deep
w ter of the -Pacific is fairlyv continuous for an aIrciipelago, but on the other side there aire so many (heep in(hentatiouis,and tortuous passages that the tiales are apt
to get tanugled a61nd to interfere w\Nithi each other and. make
a lot of tlroulhe for naivigators. 13v\ the way, in Samar




EXTENT ANI) PHlYSIAIL CHIARA 'TEEISTI ICS.


1 


ther ae are so   verv( y (xtrIaordiarv r'ck (caves in whlicl
thiltl    se      e dal s e t (  dsite(l, a11l1 sm,  very allti(luate (
corpses have lbecn fondit tlere.
Th'e co lliglura tiOll all( llysi(1l (.lllaracteristis of tile
islandl have been affected( a go,1od (leal by eartllihqakes,
which are clos      el ated to volcalltoes.  As volcantoes
die out eartlqlluakes 1become)l  less frelquent all( less tro-lblesomie, lmit tlle  are somletillles pretty reckless yet.
'hlere was a very serious shlake-lupl iln   S86^, whichl
klnocked things to pieces in AIlaiila to s11(1 an extent as
to cause eigilt millii   (ldollars' loss to property, sacrifice
four lunidred lives, andl injure two tlthousand( citizens.
'I'lis was eXcelptional for imodern tiiles!,  )lit there are
records of an earthquake il 1(45   liwhichl wats muclh mulore
dlestructive.  One of collsi(lerable viole(nce oceluried in
1 88(.




I ti.


CLIMATE AI-ND SOIL.
ALTIJOLO1I-I the Philippine Islands are wholly in the
torrid zonle thley extend over sixteen degrees of latitude,
and the land varies in altitude fromn the, sea level to eight
thousaiid feet and mnore above it, and naturally there is
considlerable variation in the elinate, which is tempered
by the surroundinmg Seas and] periodfical. winds.  There
has been- little travel outsi~de of the island of Eu41zon,
which is readlilv pelletratcel from Mfanilal, and1 most (hetailedl d1escriptionms apply to that comtparatively northern
region, bult there arc nio indlicatioils of materially different seasons in the south.
Thlere is a. cool, (Iry season, lbeginnnlg with Novem-iber
all11d(l endinog with Aflarch, when the telnperatnre varies
fromt albont (170 to 7150 F., andl the air is rather
braching.  T'his i sinnivcrsall1v deelared to, be a delightful period.  It is immediately followed by the hot seasCon, and the greatest hleat comes in May, bnit it is seldom
above 900. Trhe nni axuin-m  recorded. is said to be 9,80.
'In June the r-tiainy season begins, and lasts nominally, six
nmonths, but it is merely a " w\et season," thongh it is
iap~t to begin wNithi heavy rainis and is liable to violent
storms.   Thie tenilperatllrc is cqn able and the aminount of
is




CLIMATE AND SOIL..1


111)


rahinfall irregular. Somtetimes it cornpjletely, swamps
things, and at others is light and interiniittMt.  Occasionally there is a dronght ini the dry seasoin, but, as a
rule, there is moisture enough to produce a rich verdlure
the year round..
Trhe seasons dliffer son-iewhiat on the twosde f h
archipelago.   It is the south west monsooni which. prevails abont half the year that brings the wet season to
Manila and the wvest sidle of tfie islan(Is geiierallY, but
on the Pacific side tile Paul is lironght by tile northeast
mnonson which blows (luring the otiler half vear-; and
on that sidle, too, the hiot seaso-n is a.1 molnth or twvo later.
Variations of temperatnrle,aid mioistuire (10 not go togctfier, but Mare nfore or less atlfectel 1by cacti other.  TIe.
Muloosoons (10 not lbothier with the part of the archiipelago
lbelow I O' north latitude. 'Thle greneral testimnony7 is, that
the climate is healthy, pa,,rticuilarly so for tile tropics;
but it (loes not appear whiy a land no more tropical thia
Peru. surrounded by seas and swept by breezes, sshouldi
not be as healthyv as any- otiler, with civilized attention
to sanlitarv alld hygienic requirements.    The wondlet
witil most tropical countries is that the uniiversal -neglect
of these requirements does not cause luore disease altld
speedier death.
1There is one incidenirt in the s5inier~i climate of the
PMilippines wllich is alpt to be very unhealthyv.  Occasionallv a typhloon stearts' up oni the broad Pacific and
sweeps across the islands witil a reckless disreg'ard of thie




20


TIHE STORY OF THIE 1'11 ILIPI',INES.


health and secur1ity of the op)lulation.  A typllhoon is a
p)articllarly large cyclone, froml forty to ole hnldred
niles ill dialleter, \wlich revolves from left to right on1 its
Ownl perpellniculari l  ax;is, and moves forward il a stately
anld (l estructive mannler, witllout any, consideratin, for
anythling that imay be inl its way.  Starting on the ocean
iplaiils it gatllers ulp a large almount of 'water, especially
in its outer circles, witll wli(ll it somletimes drenchles
ally land tliat it hlappens to encounter in a mannler wholly
nnlecessary for pllrposes of irrigatioll.  It is a)t to tear
tllinlgs to pieces, washl oult roa(s, andl mlldake quagmires
iwhere they are not needled, to the teml)orary incolvenicce of travelers..  I1n October, 18 S2, a first-class
tvy]hliooll took oc)(asionll to plass (over the city of Manila
withl (deplorable effects lupon tile flilmsy b)alllboo) hults of
the },poor,.andl even the roo:fs andl outbuildinigs of tlhe wellto-dlo.  Some of ur, Western cyclones are (luite ul) to the
Eastern typhloonl in vigor of action,, andl excel it in circular -and rectilinear speed, llt tlley dlo lnot ordinarily draw
so llIllmeh water.
Manyaly of the rockyl islets ti lat help) to make up the
great tropical arcl(ilpelago are nlot provided( with soil and
liavc 11,- occasiomi for inhabitants.  The amphibious
savages tlait p1)1ke ar-l, l a   among them live on fishl or go,
elsewhlere for fool.  A   good (leal of space on the
larger islands is wasstedl on lava beds, unfertilized scoriae,
1(a1d 111lure(ld-oit craters, an(l a consilerablle amnlount is
occll(pied by mountains rwiclh only serve the impressive




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I




CLIMATE, AND) S01L. 


')I


purpose of (l1ecoration, lbut there are no, sandy desserts or
arid wastes, to speak- of.  The soil on the uplands and
lplains and~ in the mnany, valleys and taloing the nmnerons
shores is particularly fertile, judging from the way it
allows itself to lbe ov~errun with wild luxuiriance of vegetation, anwl the \villinigiess wvith whiichl it produces good
things when encouraged.     It dojes not get very much
tiekling with the hioe to induce it to lauigh with m-arketable crops, hut it (loes not wiait to be tickled to show
whbat it is capable of.  It only nieedls to he scratched or
even1 left to itself to b)reak out into vociferous vegretatioii.  There is not mulch that can be called systematicI
cultivation anvwl lere, and little that is even hialf civilized ibev\ondl the p~rovice  withini eas-\ reach of the po rt
of Mvanila.   Scarcely ainythiing is known for certain
albolt the interior of the (central and southiern islands.
except that thiey are verdlant alld evidently richi in a, soil
that is put to no(- useful lpllpose.  Even  Mliidor-o, just
across the Strait of Sail Bernardino from Luzon, has
been little explored,and( is almost an iunknown lanld except on the edges.




IV.


VEGiETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE.
\V:  v will lspeak lnow, lot of crops or (cltivate(l plants,
l),lt of the natuiral vegetation of tie larger islands.  As
lsual, all thle inforlmation one can get relates chiefly to
the great islan(l of Luzon.   Vegetation simply grows
wild all over the face of the earth, even1 climbing to the
tops of most of the Imountails, except those which
lhave lhad tle llabit of belehing -out hot stuff and making
it, lleolomfo}rtable for growing tling's.  TIlere are wide
regiolls of primeval forest in vwlicll are mliany kinds of
h ard wo(:( d useful for varions Illrpo(,)ses.  Fifty kinds of
timlller are (' lllen erated as valuable for building, ornaltietatioll, or (lye stuff.  'I1hev incll(le ebony, logwood,
ap)an, and various l1alml trees, as well as some with namnes
ill niikliown tonigues, infamiliar outside tile islands of
the Placific.  TIrle d(11llgon, soletimles called ironwoodl,
is har(l a(ndl (dlralle, andl of great strength.  The molave is Ipractically impervious to moisture, Iwhite ants,
anld the sea w(orll, anl( therefore especially useful in a
region infestedl  wtIitlt these.  The vacal has great tensile
strengtlh an(l is 1luch llse(l in luildin'.  Branches of the
sapanl will sink in waterl, Ibt it is crookel alnd knorltty and
maillv u1s(efil for thie (lye extracted from its re(l heart.
22




VEGETATION AND ANIMAI, LIFE.


'These various tillmbers llave not been much used in
commerce and await the axe of the judicious lumberman.
The native cares movre for the cocoault palnl and the
bamnboo, which are plelltiful and chleap, and afford food,
rain-ent, and shelter, andl evenl ointment all(l mledicine to
peoplle of simple needs.  It woulll Ibe teldimis to enumerate the variety of trees and of reedy o(r filbros plants that
(can  e tutred tor accoullt by Iman11 as lie multiplies llis
wants anl learns how lmanly tlilgs lie needs which
c'aii 1e ilmale of rwoo,1 alll otler vegetal)le  growths.
T'ere ll, is a pllantain tree, simlilar to that ol( whlichl
Imbaaas grow, fro)n    whtic  " Maila helmp," whicl
is not hlempl at all, is taken; and1l tlh bejucoI is
called  1151sh-r(p1)e because oumt of it cables are ma(le
to drag Iboats withal all( to serve as guys for suspension b1ri(lges of )bamlboo.  There is likewise a wildl
eottoln 1blshl, and1  a gullri tree that affords mastic, and
there is in(ligo.
(f fruit trees there are Iav a       (l various besides
the cocoaint andl( the laiIalnaa.  ()ranges are plelnt, an1(1
maiigoes, tamarins, giavas, vas,   l1)ideal)ples, a1nd thlere
are pIeppler anl(1 gilger a11(1 cilInamlll( al  vanilla.  We
)pss over, for the lpresent, the sugar,  ff,  ricffee,  tob)acco,
adll( s-uch like plants, wlli('  have 1be(1e for tle Ilost )art
introduce(l, (dlomesticatel, a1(1 cultiavted, as 'crops.  The
natural vegetation is mnainly tlat of the Malay peninsula,
tile Sn1i(a IslaIds and otlhers of the Mlalaysian region,
(and unlike that of Au\stralasia.  There are 110 really (an



24


TIHE STORY OF TIE PHILIIPPINES.


gerous wil  animals in all tllis vast archipelago, save a
few of tile reptile order, like the crocodile, and certain
venomxous snakes.  Thle only tiling that can be called a
beast of prey is a wild cat, neither harmless nor necessary, but not formidable.   Th'le amphibios bluffalo is
strong, a(nd makes himself (lisagreeable if attacked; but
lie is naturallp l )eaceable, and, wrhen donilesticated, becomes a lpatient and useful draft allimal, thougl addicted
to lnmud batls and excessive indulgence in water. Tlere
are gibbons and lenurs and wildernesses of mlonkeys,
and many small beasts that (lisport themselves amlong
the trees, including that ilsectivorous vampire that
hangs himnself lip by the hleels an(l is called a flying fox
in the menagerie.  Antelopes are folund, and a bit of a
(leer, ml(uch like tlle nmnIttjac (f,Java.  Birds abolnd
in great variety, includingi somlle gallinaceous fowl peculiar t.o thle ccmtry- amnong tlhe-  t hl te lalbrgo afd tl(he
lbllicsgav, wlse plu)llnage an(d lelportmlent are as imiposing as tleir nam1es.  Irn dlolestic life tlhere are comparatively few ainin:als, but many fowls. (xen and sheep
(1o not thlrive, and tlie equine,order is chiefly replresented
b, a tougil little 1)poy', 'whoL is himself an exotic.  Even
tlhe dogs and cats are poor tllillnos, but the ducks, geese.
anl( turkeys like the cliimate verv well.
Of reptiles alnd insects thlere is an uinecessary num11 -ler and variety, as is ap)t to be thle caise where there are
no killing frosts; and somle are of tlhe pestilent kind that
insist upon making tllemlselves falliliar and d(isagreeable.




VEGETATrION ANDI ANI-MAL LIFE.  2


25


There are lizards and snakes, frogs and crabs, tarantulas
and spiders, borniets anid beetles,, aTId the greatest iniu
sauce of all is the swarming tanl overinidustrious an-t.
OveriiiIihlstrious creatures -are alwvays a nuisanceT.  Stagnan-t. water becomes alive with leeches, and ini thie dense
forests there is said to ibe a minute leech which will jumpl
into ones eves, if hie gets a chiance, andl feed. on thienm.
The water about and] amon-g the islau-ils swarms, with fish,
anid sharks (levour themn and occasionally the fishermiae.
Th'lere arc many noldlu-sks, inicludinig o)ne whiose shell
souietimes we'ighs as imuchi as two hiundred. pounds and
is uised as a baptisnial fotit.  These are never served up
on- the half shiell', and are not really good, to eat.  The
pearl oyster and the mother of lpcarl (dwell hjereabou~ts ini
thie tepid waters, and the sponge is soinetu-nies drawn
from  his lair.  And let us ntot forget the sea swallow,
who builds his glutinlous. nest high on the rocks, whence
it is snatched by, the ven-turesome niative and sold to the
Chinm-nan for food.   Thiere is no lack of life, vegetable
an1d. animi-al, in this island realm.




i


THE INHABITANTS.
ON the whole, the least satisfactory product of these
island~s is the nmiative inhlabitants, and. the iniported artiCle is not ntmnchi better. lBnt even here there is no lack
of variety. There has been a g~ood (leal of guesswork
abliot the mimimber of people of (lifferent tribes inu thie
vNarious is-lands, andl estimates of the total population
-range from six million to eight million all( mio.re:.  The
fact is the people heave never lbeen counted, and a eensnis
anadle by adding up the guesses of Spanish officials,
'1nd( priests cannot be taken as accurate; but it is safe
enough to call ti.me population approximately seven
millions, of which nearly half is in time iklan(1 of Euizonl
Iallndiore tlhan five-seventhls are nominally Christianize( I
and snbject to SI aiisll rule.
'I'here imay be saidi to be three layers of population in
the islands.   First there~ are tme, _N egritos, the remnaut, of a race which, if not aiutocht~honouls, is aboriginal,
so,( far as oumr knowledge goes.  Terflm   unumer is estimated,At twenty thousand.     T'hey are ani undersized
black race; with Paptiman (characteristics, and are found in
a wild state in the, interior of the larger islands, especially
Luzon, Negros, ani(l ilind~anao.   They are of inferior
26




THlE INHABITANTS.              2.)7


intellect and addicted to a kind of nature worship,
which distributes sl11er~natnural qualities aroim d rather
proniscuously among inanimate objects, and their mode
of life is very primitive. All efforts to Christianize
these particular heathen have lbeen futile,.  They suggest a remote ancestry in their agrility ini (dinibing trees.
INext come the, Indonesian M —alays, who arle akin to thiose
of l-Iorne() andl Sumatra, an(1 are sllpposedl to have tan
admixture of blood from    the Asiatic mainland.    In
general they are (lescril)edi as tall and mnuscuflar, with a
light brown complexion, black hair and eves, and regular featnres.  They are scattered over the islands in
trihe-s of varving degrees of wil(Iness, and are called by
the Spaniards " infieles," or pagans, because they have
resisted all effort~s at conversioni. There are a~boult sixtv
th~olsandl of them- in -Luzon, mostly in the northern and
central sections. and] they include. the tribes of Apayao)s
TIinugianles, Calamneas, G ninaanes, G addaneis, igorrotes,
Ifuigaos, and I longootes.
The (Gaddanes are in the far- north andl are very
warlike and (dangerous to mnedd~le With in a Christian  way.   Thev' live  largely  on  roots and   wxild
fruit and   game.   Another interesting   tribe is the
Igorrot~es, who are rather widlespreadl in the, interior of
Luzon and are a mutch milder people.    They cultivate
the. soil in a pvhnitive fashion, l)ut are lazy and dirtv.
When they get up energy? enough they miake raids on
the coast settlements and steal (cattle.  Some believe




28


TIlE STORY OF THE PHILITPPINES.


them to le partly of Chinese descent, and there is a
tendency of the Chinese to intermix with them, the Igorrote-Chinese half-breeds being a recognized class in the
population. Thlle Igorrotes have an interesting way of
wearing their straight black hair long behind and with a
low " bang " across the forehead. The Tinguianes are
a more intelligent and advanced tribe of the north, and
thougl maintaining a local independence, they nominally submit to Spanish sovereignty and pay tribute when
it can be collected. There are about twenty thousand of
the Indonesian Maalays in the Visaya group of islands,
includling the Cimarrones, Sanmars, and other remnants
of tribes.  Tllev are lmore numerous in MAindanao than
any other part of the archipelago, and the number is
estinmated at three hund(red thousand, comprising the
Subanos, AM anobos, Mandayas, Iilans, Guiangas, and
Bagabos.
The upper and later stratuml of population, whicl
covers a mulch larger surface, including all that has
been brought under effectual control by the Spanish forces, material and spiritual, differs in character as we go from      north to south. In    Luzon
and the Visavos it constitutes the    bulk  of the
people, whllo are the " Christianized Malays," called
by the Spaniards "Indios."   There are said to be
tlhree million or more of them in Luzon, where they are
of the Tagal stock and have a language of their own.
There are statements that they had a written literature,




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<lROtP +)F NE{XRI'l0S



a




THFE INHJABITANTS.              2


29


as well as regular traditiotis and a primitivTe sort of civilization, when th~e Spaniards came upon them, but the latter did all they could. to extinguish this as a means. of
clearing the ground for the seeds of Christianity.  The
\Tisayos, the eorrespoiilillg breed, of MXIalays in the
central islanids, are saidl to iIulnler 2,7500,000 or therelbollts. They -were the people whom the Spaniards
first encountered ini Clebit and Panav and found such
easy victims of etoiversioii.  Their language differsi
fromt the Tagalok, and, like, that, has several dialects; but there is a tendi~ency to a blendiiig of dialects,
andl a -unification of the prevailing tongues of the " civilized " islanders.
Iii the far southi-a large pCrt of M'Nindanao, niost of
the Siilii archipelago, anid the lower end of -Palawanthe Malay blood is miingled with ai darker straini, belie~ved,
to l)e derived from New Guinea, or the Polynesian region, anol the people are of the M.1oslem faith.  They are
called " Mloros " bw the Spaniards and are said to have
lbeen converted, long ago by Aralbiani missionaries. Th'ley
dlo 11(t care to be coniverted any mtore. Thiose darinig and
persevering people, the Jesuit nussionaries, have triedI
it and made little progress.   Any heathen or inifidel
whom a Jesuit missionary cannot convert is a hard case
and does not deserve to be saved.    As conversion to
her grade of Christian-ity was the chief mneans by
which Spain brought the niatives of the islands into
submission to her most Chiristiani monarch, she hams




30


30      ~THlE STORY OF r1lE PHILIPPINES.


alwavs found thiese Mohiaiimedan subjects very intraetalble.  In point of fact they arc only nominally
suibjects, andl Spaum has only occupied M_1iindanao on
the edges amt the Sium Islan(Is and southern Palawvan
in ai few spots.  The natives of the south have been more
ha-rdyk,anid eniterprisin:.g than those of the north, and,
lhaving no respect for Christian authority or Christian
rights, they uased. to go on piratical forays among the
smialler islandls and along the, shores of the, Visayas.
Spaini lladl muich trouble in suppressing these " 4 Dyak
lpirates," an-d ouly suc.~eeeded a few years ago.  It is little,
more thant ten Years since the Suilus were brought. to an
ackIiowledgnient of Spanish sovereignty.
FThe wifld pagani tribes aiil the fierce M oslems constitute a comtparatively smnall lproportionr of the inihabitants
of the Ihiflippiines Islando~s, after all.  The bulk of the.
lw)oltilatio-il contsists of the "(lomesticatedl " and " Christiantizedl " i\Ialays, the Tagals o-f Luzon, and the Visayos
ofd the(. Visaya grouip and]( northerii Palawani, who live
in cities and vill1ages, on farmns auni plantations, and come,
mo14re or' less unrder the auithority of the public, officers
antd the ipriests.  "liere are no real negroes in all the
islandls, slavlery\ Iicaving  been  prohibited  therein  by
Plhillip 11.  Itt is a1bout the onaly good thing that history
cre(hits to himl.  T'he s-lave tra(lc was pnractically, the sole
cmi Irt n agency for the African negro.         There is
lpretty good evidence that the J. apaniese andl Chinese used
to-, tradR~e \Vitl the northern lpart of this archipelago before




TII E INHABITANTS.


I 1


Spain discovered it.   It is little liore than six hundred
miles across tile China Sea ill its widest part, and Chlinese
junks crossed that expanise fromn timie imnimemiorial aln
had a foreign commerce when Europe was sunk il bar)arism.  'The (llinese traders found the pleople of Luzon
lazy and lunenlterprising aad1 at an early perii(1 tlte  established tilenlselves on sllore, at 'A avinila " alll thereabouts to ilanage the local businless for their o wn benetit.
Some of tlhem   renlaiell(l  erlmalllelltly, anlll tile ('linese
have long been tle stmall tradlecsenl  l off tle count'ry.
Their enterprise alld inlllllstry an1( their  l heathlenisll "
have been the cause of p)rejldiees all ll  cnflicts tlhere, as
elsewhlere, and attempClts t(, expel tihemi or to keel) tthem
under ]have been made from      tiie to timbe, hut re'ally
they lave leen of great use ail.l hlave incr-eased ladl multipliedl to a inolllerate extent.  Tlhe  figoire in the in(ce(rtaiin statistics of populatil at,lone hl1111(lre  tlioust;ild, of
wh)om forty thousaand are ill a11(1 aloLt Manila.
It must niot l)e for.()(tt(en tliat tlere(  a1'( Slpaiarlds iiI
this Spanish cololny, nlot iaiiy, )it soite.  l'llir lium1 -ber is generally estimiatel at tenll tlo)illsllnd, iol)e tltll
lialf in Manila, lbt tl-ere arn perllapls a larger iuinb:r
({f Spanish  Iestiz.os  r hlalf-lreeds.  Apart frm    tlhe
priests and friars, wlho arc pretty well scatteredl( tll lrughl
the 1northlern and central provilnces, tile (astiliail Spaniards are mostly connecte(l with tle l golvern l ent service,
civil or military-out for their fortunes, ilitelldil(g to
return to Spain, or undllerlings in (llll(cial llses anil




~32         TimE STORY OF TIlE PHI[LIPPINES.
publlic otheces. A s f ew Spanish wvomen have ever come
t(o the islai-ds, the permanent colonists have largely becom1fe h.lalf-caste."  There are a, few  hundred other
Ehiiropeaiis, mostly engagedl in trade, at Mlanila.
wrm   ile fi4( a. picturesqule variety of inhabitants
scattered aibout the archipelago, very much as the arehilpelag$o is scatteredl ab~ont thie tropi~cal seas, and with
hlardlIV m11re (dis)ositimli to coalesce and harmonize to
formt one people.  Thie na~tnral tendenci~y of the native
to aidvanice or to rise is niot irresistible, aend there has
b~eeii little, iii Spanmisfi policy andl governmient to, stimulate such a tenrdenicy.




VI.


A STRAN(:E COM()AERCIAL POLICY.
IN the (days wheni Spain went forth.to discover and
col(luer " heathen land(s " she was insl)ire( by two mnotives.  One was to convert the heathen, either into
(Christians or into corpses, and the other was to( extract
from them their earthly treasures for the benefit of the
State and the Chllurch.  Her (discoverers and conquerors
found that in the Philippine Islands thlere either were
no treasures of silver alnd  old, (or the simple( natives ha(l
nrot caredl to gather tllel.  As thleir lbusiiness was to approIpriate treasures acclllulate(d by,tlhers land not to toil
for thlenl, soim:e othler wa'y lhad to be (levise(l for gettinlg
profit out of the archipellagic possession, an(l it was uisel
to p)1ump-) silver fronl MI exico.
It was, in fact, treated as lan -aplpen(ldage of New Spain,
as Alexico was thenl calle(l.  Tribulite anl taxes were collecte(l fromn the natives " iii kind,l and kept in royal
storehlouses. 'T1ey wvere' not for the slupllort, of any local
governlennt, blit just so, mu1ch i)roperty for tle crown,
while the colonial govermtelnt was maintained by a
direct subsi(ly (real situado) sent over from   Mexico.
But tile l1)oduce thus collected was converte(l into other
wares, mostly iplrclhased from the (hlinese by barter, andl
33




34


34       i'ITIE STORY OF THE P`IIILI1P1IN14S.


consisting of asiks, linens, 'ewels, spices, and one thing
and another, which were senit to Mlexico. These were
supposed to cover the subsidy, whiich was sent back in
silver dollars, but as the subsidy was a fixed amiount,
there might b-)e a surplus or a deficiency ini the (operation.
For the puriipose of thjis government traffic a yearlyv
line of royal vessels w\,as established, sailing at first from
Navidad, and aifterward for more thami two hundred
years fromt Acapulco to MAanila and back.    These were
officially c-alled " Lois iN'aos dIc Acapulcol" but in history, story, atid son-g they hLave long beeii kenown as thie
Spanish galleons, whose treasures were the prey of
(Iorsairs and B1ritish andh )utcbi admi-rals from thue to
time. The gallemn was short aniv broadl, of light draft,
and turned up at, thie cud like a floating crescent; it
had four delcks, a. capacity of fifteeni hunidred tons, and
earriedl gnus. Its commander was called a ogeiierad, and
'had, a salary, of forty thousanid ddllars a year; the chlief
officer received twenty-fl ye thiou san.d dollars, and the
quartemianster iine per cent. on the va-luie of the mcerchian~lise carriedl out. Its regular sailing tine was July,
and it took five monthis for the trip.  It was a kin-d of
royal imtail lin thie service of the (4overnmnient alone, but
it occasioniallyv too k passengers besides-public function -
ar~ies, ecelesi a'sties, a mld soldiers.
Wh17ile the pgalleonis were priiarily for the sole service
of the Governmient., it made, use of them to m1-onopolize
the business of transportation and to control comnmerce




A STRANGtE COaMMERCIAL IPOLICY.


35


I)etween the colonies. The government merchandise was
always packed in just fifteen hundred bales of exactly
the same size, and the surplus space for cargo was let to
favored merchants at a high rate of freight.  These mercllants constituted a kind of trading " ring," called the
conslllado, and space was allotted by certain documents
calle(l boletas, which were transferable, and at one time
served as a sort of restricted currency, the demand for
space being in excess of the supply.  In fact, the Government restricted the amount of merchants' goods that
could be sent out to $250,000 in value and the return to
$50(,000, whether in coin or merchandise, the regular
calculation being for a gross profit of one hundred per
cellt. 'The l)oletas were issued only to the coinsulado
andl to a few ecclesiastics and other favored persons.
These traders were not allowed to go to China or elsewhlere for wares, but could buy whatever was brought to
tlhelm, and their I)art of the outgoing cargo was much the
same in kind as His most Christian Majesty's.  It was
a great (lay whlen the galleon departed for its perilous
voyage across tlhe Pacific, and when it returned with
' pieces of eight?" galore, bells were rung, a Te
D)eum was sung in the churches, musicians paraded the
streets, flags were Ilung out, and in the evening tlhere
was an illumination.
It was a joyous way of doing business.  The Chinese
junks came in lduring March, April, and May with their
varied wares, whicli sometimes inellldedl Persian andl




36


36     ~THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPiNXES.


Turkish produicts as wvell as those of China, and the merchants did their trafficking; and then, in Jnne, they prelpared their bales and packages for the outgoing galleon.
\Vhile it was gone they had. nothing to do hut wait for
its retuirn, and1 calculate the chance of its escape from
wvreck and from pirates or the mnaraudfing enemies of
Spaini. In the time of the, wars with 1holland and with.Engla~nd it was ini great peril whent returning wvith its
loa(1 of Mexican (loilars. In the, days of the old Armada
a Britisher niamed] (1,andish capturedl a rich prize off the
co-(ast of Californiia, and is saidl to heave returned with
sails of Chiniese (lalhask and ropes of silk; and Admiral
AnIson,1 half a cenitury later, took the Nuestra Sefiora de
(a radonqta in the Strait of San IBernardino when almost
biorne. T1 hose were anxious times with the Manila mnerclfi an it. Soi-i itinies his venture was made with capital
b~ort.owed. from the fund for pious works-obras piasniadl up of gifts and] bequests to relig'ious or(lers, which
th-ev benevolentily lent out at an interest of thirtv or
f orty v})  cenit.  11we calture of a galleon was then a
ruinous loss, and( it was always a serious nmatter for the
\vhl()e comnniumitv and for the (Irovernment, and an
anxiouis NVatelu was kept on the. outlying islands and
r( ifo~ntorie.s fo~r the piratical niaraudlers- of the Spanish
sea~s.
Thuis trade, was a mnunopolly andl was strictly confined
to the Philippines and~ MXexicol, andl for a long time it
was pro-fitable to the few permitted to shiare in- it, i spite




A STRANGE COMMEIRCIAL POLICY.      3


37


of its pe(rilous risks. ~-\7o other SpaniardIs and no foreigniers could tradle with the Phiflippines, and the island
mierchants could. take part in. no other foreign traffic but
that of the Ac/Vapulco g-alleons.  The restrictions were
n-ot calculated to encourage commnerce or promote industrial development, but they\ did stimiulate fraud and coyruption. andl illicit conipietitioii, and before the mniddle of
the eigohtecuitl century there -was muich trouble in maintaiming the monopoly.
The Mlanila merchiants niiiclaage(l to get miore goodls
into tile galleons,, than thelaw 1,1N allowed, byv ulldervalliations aind an over-issue of boletais.  Wh~en a cloulncil was
created to regulate tile alloftment of freight the members
mjerely got rich, thougli thley included the (oero
tlhe seirmagistrate, andl the archlbisliop.  Thien English,.DButch, _Frenchf, and D anishi tradlers had thie temerity
to buy Ch-inese and othier Oriental goods and sn-uggle
them  inito MAexico to gathier In silver dollars..  Even
SpaniardIs took lpart in thwecontraband tradle, and the, old
profit of one lbln(lre(l iner cent. aind interest at forty per
cent. 011 the obras pias fund were no mnore.  Not only
timat, but tile nerchiants of Spain colllplained that their
trade with MAexico was being riuyie(l.  They lai(1 it upon
the petty Phiilippine traffic byV the annual galleon and
demanledl tilat it lbe restricted.  lfie dlemand was com-f
phi ed witIli and thie Manaxila mierci iants were prohibitedl
front incliuding silks, and other woven stuffs, except fine
linenl in their shipmnents.  A decree of 1720 limited the




38


38      ~~THlE STORY OF' TIlE Pl'J[IPP'IINES.


outgoing cargo to three luInidred thiousand. dollars and
the return to six hulldredl thiousand (lollars, and exclud-ed
all silks, and stuffs woven wholly o~r In part of silk, besides other nim )ortallt articles. This was modified two
or three times, and as a concession the amolunt that could
be sent Out wvas increased to five Ii undred. tho-usand clollars aind the, return to One milflion dollars, but the Govermient lost in revenue and the dissatisfaction increasedl.
In I 75,5 there, was a~n expuilsio~n of nou-( 11hristhni Clhines,~, which inter-fered with trade even more thant it
stimulated the coinvelrsion of (Cli inamen.
Thle absllrd old monopoly was going to pieces in spite,of all the patching.  After a while a commercial coinpany was fornied to earrv On the, Philippine-M~exican
trade, in order to give it newN life; and thene, in 1 785, the
Real Conipani~a de iFilipinas was chartered with the cx-,elusive privilege of trade between Spain andl the archipelago, excepting that lbetween Manila and. Acapulco.
This was a i-onopoily too, alld hadl special privileges,
including that of going to the east byv the Ccape of (JGood.
Hope rouite in violation of th~e treaty of lIordesilla, but
it (lid niot flourishi.  It started w\ith  a, capital of
$8,000,(000 an(d (lid business, on a large scale, and among'
other things it used sonic of its p)rofits to prouinotc agriculture andl stimtulate prodluction in the islands.  That
(iil SiJI  00(1but the compalny was chbeated Out of
most of it,- adlvances of funds to the niatives.  Its capital
was increased to $l_2o5)00,00'10 in 1825, anmd it (collapsed.




A STRANG; E (COMMER(IAL POICY.


3 9


a few yeairs later.  Long blefre tlat the nmonopoly was
broken down.     Not only were other Spanish traders
allowed a foothlold in A:lllila, but even foreigners ha(I
1,eenI adnlitte(l.  An Eniglish firm got permission to establisl itself there as early as 1809, but the decrepit old
gallleons were still a-aoinolg, though they lladl lost their
grip and    ere irregular.  Tlhe last one left Mlanila in
181 Iand Acapulco in I1S? 1, lb whlich time fMexico was
in the mlidst of the revolutionl wellrel-)by  ert indepenl(e(e was achlieved.   T'lhe trade of the Phililppines was
nll lminlally opened to the world in 1:34; anlld, except with
Spain   direcet, it tlas p-asse(  largely  ilto  Englisll
ald (Germlln hands.    There was a flourisllinol  Aierica1n firml there once-Rlnlssell &   Sturgis-blut it 11as
lbeen frozenl out.   Tn  fact, foreign  tra(le lIas been
lkept imlher restric'ticons a111n  exactions  which lhave
prevented   it fronl psp ()ering.   Spain's  commercial
policv, intend(led to  e g  (reed1y and selfisl, lias been simp1l  slotsig'lt(ld.  It lIa  st raigled and exlhanste( hler
clololies and i-mpoverished herself.




viJ.


SPAIN' S GOVERNMENT OF IHER COLONY.
LAS ISLAs IFILIPNAs-La Perla (lel Oceano-were
firs t treated as anr adjunct to the colony of — New Spain
(M-exico), aiid ruledl by a miibtary offheer sent out fromn
there, representing the Spantishi king. A. separate ecfl( )nial
government was set llp at anr early date on. the M'exican
miodel, withi a G-overiior-geiiei'al. and a Supreme (-Conrt,
and the ecclesiastical p~owver as a sort of third elstate.  InI
vase of vacancy ini the (T'overnuor-general's oltice, tle Snjpreme Court took chiarge of the civil admninistrationi, withi
the seniior niagistrate in comnniandl of the military forces.
Soinetimes the archl})is~l l0 exercise I the chief po)we~r in.
the state.  For a. long timie thie Grovernor-general was,
supposed to be " assisted.,' but was soinetinies, bothered by
a " junta of authorities,," wh viichi inclndelei the archbishop,
the coniman(ler of thie military forces the adniral of the
niavy, anrd the presiolent of the Supreme ('onrt.  Th iere
wals also in later times a '' junta, " of agrieniture, ini(Instry. and commerce, andl a council. of adm~inistration
wh-ile a (~oimeil. of state, for the Philippinies at i,\ia(lridI
actedl in an advisory, cap~acity to the Mfinister for the40




yS-'*- ' X'y -'.Y  "*  ': -' *" v'.I *.".'-WK'W- ** i*,:./":- *;:*  Si  - "* f.% l'
"*'l^ ''  -4 *'- *;*'!~ *::-". ii- '. '*  *  ' '-i" -nR;t~ "' *~ *,i <'"~*  *'  i' M *- '.',"" "!. 1v j
SODESCROSSING THEBRIDG01OF SPfA.IN," MANILA.








SPAIN'S (OVERNIMENT OF HER COLONY.


41


(olonies.  Th'e mlain object seelmed to, be to multiply
offices all   slaries aalll l mlake places for favorites and
dependants of Spanisil politicians.    In the old days,
when the power was exercisel mlainly by the (Governolrgelleral, under suchl restraint as the Suiprellte Court nmagistrates anl tlle a'chllislhop inlposld, tllhere used to be a
royal eommlissioll at the Clld of llis terlll to inquire into
his dolnlgs.  Frelquently lie was lroughllt to l)ook for
peculations and embllezzl men:lts (r otlier delillluellies,
and sonmetimes his proolltion was to prisoll ilstead of
another (,ffice; Ilut it l(el)endedl miiore l)pon favor with the
commll issiOn alnd thle lhome autllrities than upon his
actual (leserts.  Even in tle most recelt times it llas
been notoriols that G overnors-general of the Philippines
madec large fortilles in a few years, land tlhat all officials
were intent 1pon li ing their plc(kets while their terms
lasted.
Front the first, for llrpl)oses,of loe(al adilmilistration,
the (c,]ony was divided inito pr', vil ces andl miliitary dlistricts, wllich were increased( inl 1mn er as tlhe territory
and its populiatimo  were bliroiillt  indler actual control.
The blmain o   cl)ject was tle sil)j'ction of the )eople a(nd the
colle(,tion of tribl-te, whichl went into the general treasu1ry at IManila and( serve(l n1o pirpl'se of aactual local
'ovTernment o1r lbenefit.  At first tllese dlistricts were
called enlcomniie(las an(l we( N i rCete(d oit to encomienlderos, whlo often enricellde thlieiselves by exactions u1l)o1
the natives. 'Thl?. collected taxes ill  kill(l"' Iostly in




42


42     ~THE STORY OF TILE PHILIPPINES.


rice at a price fixed byv themiselves, which they sold at
thie mnarket price for thieir own profit.  After a, whtile,
these were replaced byN a set of alcaldes, or 'ludicial governlorS, Who received a sinall1 salary and an indulto dle
comercio, or rig'ht to trade.  They wereap to use ti
right in an oppressive mianner, arbitrarily regulating
price's anid pernmitting nobody else to trade.  Such a
poer uder officialI auithori'ty, was better than capital.
or credit.  A new sysitemn of local adnninistration. was established by a decree, of I 886, and the alcaldes have been
since, confined to their Jlldiciai1 fuinctions. Formerly the
only appeal from their acts, as admunistrative officers was
to the!-mrselves as, judlges, and if any coinplaint was carried to a high er authtority at ti ic capital it was sent hack
to theini for inquiry and correction.
Of late years, the Grovernor-general has been appointed
for a terni of thiree years at a salary of $40,000 a year.
lie hias wenerallv been. a lieutenant-general in the army.
and hat~s held the loceal rank of eap)taun-genieral while in
office.  Th'lere wvas a central office staff, costing abouit
$45,000 a year; ta gpeneral directioii of civil administration, wh~ose chief received a salary of $12,000 and head
some $18 8000 a veatr of othier expenses; and an administrative council of thiree menilers,, witli annual salaries
of $4,700 eachi and( other expenses amiounting to about
$1 5,000. The lpast, tense is hiere~ usedi with reference to
the era ending withi the Ainerican occupation.     Grovernor-generals differed ill thteir idleas of official incomne




SPAIN'S GOVERNMENT OF HER COLONY.


and economy.    Genieral Valeriauo W\eyler is reputed to
have saved several mlillions in his three years' terlll of
office at Manila, while G(eneral Ramon Blanco is believed
lot to have had much of his salary left.  If this is so.
the latter did not follow the usual fashion.
The old systemn of civil provinIces and mlilitarv (istricts was superseded by the r" eformi " of 1886.  The
divisions and subdivisions of the archipelago became
sixty-nine in number.   Nineteen of these were called
civil provincial governmients and(l were as follows: Province of Manila; the eight first-class governments of
Allay, Batangas, 1Iulacal, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La
Laguna, Pampanga, and Pangasinan-all in the Island
of Luzon; seven second-class governlnents, Bataan, Camliarines Norte, (camarines Sur,  iinldoro, Neuva Ecij'a,
Tavabas, and Zamballes, all ill Luzon except AMinldoro,
wlichl is an island by itself; and( three third-class governtlments, Cagayan, Isabela, and   Nueva Viscava in
Luzon.   There are three general lmilitary divisionsVisavas, Mindanao, aid ( Cavite, atdll fortv-three militarv
plrovincial districts, each u1lller anl officer with a rank
(differing according to the importance of his jurisdictionl.
TUnder a colonel aind staff is Sulu (tle archipelago), Iloilo
(in thle Island of PIanay), an(l ( Cottahato (inl the Island
of M in(lanao).   Each mn(ler a lieu tenaiit-colonel an(d
staff are the East (arolines andl Pelew Islands, the West
Carolines an(l Pelew (neither a part of tile Philippine
archipelago), Cebl, ( al)iz (in the Islandl of Panav),




44


1'TIlE STORY OF TH E PHILIPII'IN ES.


l isamlis (ini the island of A\indlalnao), and the La(lrolne  Islalnds.  Undler a mllajor and staff are Zamllhoalga,  Sulrigao,  I )avao,  I )apitall,  and  Zucuran
in tlhe  Islaid  of Mlindlanao; eaclh   rider a major
tle districts of Union, Albra,    'arlac, and AMorolln
(in the islandll,f Luzon), Antique in Panay, anl Samllr,
Leyte, IBojol,, and Negros, each a separate islanld of the
samlie lname.  Other parts of islanls, or islands and
groupls of islands, are unler the command of captains
lland lieutenants with a snmall mnilitary force.  The purpose in these mlilitary districts is ratlher to hold I)ossession than to ad(llinister, alnd there is little government of
1any  kind.  There are four provincial goverlniments
iu(der llaval,officers: ( orregidlor, a fortified islamll at the
entrance of Alanilai Bayt; Blalabac, the dletacled island to
the south of P alawan; Isabela de Basilan, southwest of
A1ildai.nao, alnl IP1-'rta lrincesCa, constituting the lower
part of Palawan.
hlle civil goverinors are mnostly in the more popuilous
lpr'ovinces of -luzlon, anld thley are dlirect representatives
of tlhe (Covernlr-general.  Tley lha.ve a general supervision of affairs, but I1o p})oer to 'expend Ipblic funds.
In fact, pulic funds a:rl collected to be sent to Manila
for tile colonial autlmorities to dispose of, ain very little
goes to provide for any local needs.  Accordingly roads,
l-ri(dges, an(d every mIeans of pblllie convenience are
ltterly neglected, excel)t so far as the p)eople attencd to
tlhenm  witlhot official llellp. 'The civil governor hlas to




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I




S PAIN'T_ S GOVERNMENT OF HER COLONY.  4


45


he. a Spaniard over thirty years oladh     getsaln
eoiiifortablv if hie does not try to do anything, and keeps
on good terms with the priests.  T here is a requirenient
that every male adult shall give the state fifteen days
labor a vear but tins mnay be omninntedl for cash, int Which
ease the lproceeeds go into thie colonial treasuiry.  In fact,
that institution has a, strong poxvcr of suction which
(draws in all the reveinues that are collected, andl they
are absor~edl ill naintaining a hiorde of g'reedy officials
and their lazy sub1ordinates.
Tile object of government is to maintain Spanishi authority,  not to   ienefiet the  people.  There
are 1 )etty governors of towns (-all ed1 gobernadorubos, whou- are   generally  natives and  el ected  f or
termies Of two vears, hu~t prafctically they are subject
to the anthority of the provincial governor, who has the
power of removing them.    They arc responsible to the
admninistrator, wi )re.enting tile col~onial governm ent, for
tile clollectmio of taxes awl diies, and they are comipelledl
to pay over the full amount wfilethier they succeed in colleveting it or not.  File actual collectors i-rre the ( abevas
(le TBaranga y, a lbarangay lbeirlg a group of forty or fifty
famiies.It is a relic of the 01(1 tribal system  of the
Ilatives, whlose  " ileaimeu, are still recognizedl as
local (citizens of eoiisequncnce.  Corruption,and inefficiency pervade the wlo](c system, wvhicl] is based upon
the fundamental idiea that public officials are toi be supportedi as an embhodiment of cenltral authority, and -not




46


TIlE STORY OF TIlE PI'ILIPPINES.


that they are agellts of the people for the perforl:ance of
services for their b)enefit.
Tlhe colonial revenues of some $1),000,000 or $12,000,000 annually are derived from a variety of taxes andl
imp)osts, but more tllan half come from tra(ling licenses
and the cedulas personales.  Every person above eighteen years of age has to have one of these certificates of
personal identity and llas to pay for it, accordiing to his
incom-e, from seventy-five cents to twenty-five dollars a
year.  Besides, there is a special capitation tax on Clinlese an(l anll ilncome fromn raffles, cock-fighting, and
lotteries.
IllTere are civil andl criminal courts, so called, under
this government; there is a Supreme (outrt at Manila, and
one at (Cebl, and there are plroviiicial courts; but ther;,
does not seem to b)e much justice.   It takes so long to
carry throlugh any civil litigation, it costs so) much, and
the result is so IunC(ertain that no pruldenit man attemplts
it.  For similar reasons an injured citizen rarely resorts
to (criiminal prosecution, which Twould become a means
of exhausting his mileans, hiis patience, and his powers of
e(ndurancee.  rl'lle pn)rpose of judicial imachinlervy, as of
a(dlllilistrative machlincery, is to draw mloney for those
whlo op)erate it fro:n tlose who \illingly or unwillingly
become subject to its operatiol.  As a result pilfering.
Irobberv, and l)rigandage are colron off'enses, and the
brigand is not only feared, but respected, if nlot adlliireld,
in nlaliv districts.  Tle coumparative absence of resist



WPIN': S GOVER~NME-NT OF II ER COLO)NY.  47
'mee or insurrection under this colonial rule of Spain in
the Philippines is a tribnte to the patience and mneektiess
Of the native population.  What trouble there has been,
uiitil recent vea rs, has com-ne mainly from the Chinese
tmruestizoes.




Vill.


POWER OF THE PRIESTS.
AMIONG the bold captains in one of the disastrouis expe(l itions wli ell fo)llowved Ml aoellan's discoveries
was Andres de iUrban-eta.     lie  tried  hard  to  get
the roya'l permission to lleadl an expedition of hi1s1
own   fromi Mexico, andi failing~ in hIds    effort, lie
gt(lisgustedl amd Ibecame acil \iiioiistnwi 1-ol.   hl
Legaspi sailed   from. Navidad    in   151)64  lUrbaneta
took unto himself five other priests of the same order
and went forth to (convert tile heathien to Chiristianitv,
while th e geneiral. converted their territory to Spanishi
pcs-gsion.  Front thiat thime (Chrch andl State went
hiand( in hand. in owniershiip Cand (control of the islands and
their inhabitants, when thev (li(l not fall ont and come to
blowvs. lBy the time the Augustine friars got well establishied the lFraneciseans went, out to share the field.  Thlii
waIIs in 15'77, and ten years, later the Dominicans puit ini
ani appearance,,and in 1 606 the Recoletes. These orders,
re-enforced~ in later times I v Pan lists and Capuechinusestablished headquarters ini MAlnila and branches ini
othier hplaces, aInd. proceeded to the hnisincss of convertingsouls and lproperty, Until. the })ries;ts, aequire(l great influ48




POWER OF TIlE PRIESTS.


40


ence over the pliable natives, and the religious societies
owned much land and other earthly treasures.
The Jesuits began to get in their missionary work at
an early date, but in 1768 they were expelled in consequence of jealousies and quarrels.  In 1852 they
were permittel to return   on condition that they
confine tlhemselves to education and the establislhment of missions among the uncivilized tribes.  They
llave a school-the Municipal Athenteumtl-at Manila
now, a mission house and a meteorological observatory,
and they have been trying to convert the pagans and
Moslem MaIlavs of Mlindanao alnd Sulu to the " true
faith."'
When the ('lrellh was first established at Manila its
small place of \worship was speedily raised to the dignity
of a cathedral, and a bishop was consecrated as a suffragan of Mexico; but as early as 151)5 the Pope sent
forth a bull creating the Archbishop of Manila, with the
three suffraganl bishoprics of Nueva Caceres, Nueva
Segovia, and Cebu. Long afterward that of Santa
Isabela de Jaro in the Island of Panay was added,
and finally, not many years ago, one in Mindanao
to gather in the converts from    Mohammed. Not
only did the energetic efforts of priests and missionaries and of the religious orders play an important part in bringing the native population into
peaceful subjection to the secular authority of Spain,
but from the first the ecclesiastics took a prominent part




50


5TIlE STORY OF THE PH1IIPP'INES.


in the actual government of the colony.    Sometimes
the arclbisllop encroached so vigorously upon what the
(G;overnor-general regarded as his prerogatives that there
was serious trouble.  Which potentate came out ahead,
lie of the State or lhe of the Churcll, depended upon
\hich finally won the support of the king, and that depended ulpon otlier things than the merits of the controversy, as a rule.
Once, in the middle of the seventeenth century,
1 Governor-general hlad   an  archbishop  arrested  in
the  catlledrl and   sent to   prison  on  Corregidor
Island; wllerelupon the prelate surrendered his pretension, whatever it was, and the Governor-general was
afterwarld prolmoted to the (Canaries, a post of higher
lhonor. Another Governor, who ullnlertook to control
chlllch appointments, worried the archbishop to death
andt celebrated tlat event with festivities, but the Inquisitiom got after him and the king espoused the cause of
tle ecclesiastics. hl le Governor, Salcedo by namlle, was
the one to go to prison this time, alnd his property was
confiscate(l.  In 10684 an archblishop was banislled from
Manila lyv Governor-general Juan de Nargas, and
failed in an attemllt to discipline himl with thle awful
teirors of Ilonme.  In   another case, early in thle
(Eigllteenth  celntllry, an  archbishop  objected  to the
p'rocee(ling.s of a Governor and attemnpted to coerce
lim   by  excomnunnication, and    was himself   condelmned to ilmlprisonment in a fortress, whlereupon




~_:::i::;:: A II~A  I  ~F~ EI~ THE-.: -::::- 
i::: ~~;;:  ]i








POWVER OF THlE PRIESTS.             5


15 I


a 1mob, headed lbv     eccclesiastics, came  to  the  resCne. I'lle (Governor amd his soil Were killed, the prel.ate was released and assumedl the chief powver in the
colony himself.   So strong was the (ecclesiastical party
tat that tim-e that hie held the chief secular office for nine
years aunil then -wafs, transferred to a lbishopric in M.Xexico.
These, (conflicts continued from time to time, but within
the lpresent century the limiits of secular tand ecclesiastical authority have l)een b)etter le-filledl, and the heald of
the, State afnd the, head of thie Church have got along
more peaceably by eacwh atten-ding to his own business to
a g'reater extent thani formerly. As vicar-general of the
airmed forces the archibishop still ranks as a, field marshal,
buti he leaves the (lireetion of acltual. fighting to the captam i-general.
-Notwithstanding~ tie coi)lit~en ions ti hat hiave occuirred.
one tune and] another between the civil aind relig'ious.-flthorities, and, the jealousies and (quarrels that have,sometimes, marred tile jpiolls harmnony of th e mlonastice
orde~rs, there is no (obu~t that the Spanish Government
has ow\ed to the priest, nuich mi-ore than to the soldier,
the co)mlparatively peaceabl)e possession of the Philip1 iine
1Sis~lads, for more than three ce-nturies ainl a half.  That
the recordl of thiat possession has been relatively free
from  cruielty,,and from  inisurrections put down with
ruithless severit~y, is dime to the fact that the friars iii early
timles, and the pamish;f priests in later (lays, have exercised
econtrol over the nativesl and mtadle them submissive and.




THlE STORY OF TIlE PHI[ILPPINES.


pacific, and the (Government has recognized the usefulness of that control avid submitted to the wishes of the
priests and the pretenlsions of the prelates.  They, have
enabled it to gatlier its trilmute while they absorbed the
rest of the substance of the people.
Apart fromt the intractable tribes of pagans in the
No-.rth and the wild Mo0slems of the Southl thte )opulahtioli is mnade vip of those mnild Mlalays who are called
"domesticated " or " civilized,"Y or" Christiauized,"
and who perv~ade all the territory that is really governed
in any ses     y Spain.   They are gentle and kindly,
indolent and contented, with. only a rudimientary mnoral
sense, and. are very superstitions.  For generations the
Ro1,m-an C"Iatholic priests have hadl thlei in hand.  The'y
'were, easily coniverte(1 aiddn(l ae docile, andl the priests
heave been- their only instructors and gunides, save the
Claptain " or petty local official, and hie is generally
snbservient to the lpadre.  11i parish priests have been
inostly drawn fromt the peasantry of Spain andl specially
tr-ained at cerkuin semiinaries for their work in the colony' 
Their mental capacity is mediocre ami] their eclucationm
me-ager, and for the mspart they are ardent devte
of thecir faithi.
The nuedueval (qlalityv of the religion of the flu t
mon11k-s alnd missionaries has p~ersisted in the padres
of to-d ay.  Tie   sviperstitious  nativ-es  were  readily
im-pressed by the mys-tic images and showv ceren1mionial wh jeli appealed  to the pagan soul.  Imaages




P'OWE'I OF( TIlE PRIESTS.


53


of tlhe Virgin, the H1oly    ('ild, ani a variety     of
saints furnlislhdl anl effective substitute for idolatry,
and   crosses  and   relie(s  with  miraculous  powers,
easily  produced   aw e  in  tlle  childisll  nature  of
lie islan(lers.  Luzon is a land of legends, of miracles an(l lmarvels pe rtailinlg to the Christian   faitlh
as it is taught to the natives.  D)iseases are curedl, disasters avertel, earthlluakes prevelted, and volctanoes ren(lered harmless by conjurations and prayers, and slrines
andl sacred places are made refuges of safety.   Processions and candles have (lriveln away pirates and bandits,
and victories llave been won by the interl)osition of
saints.  The promises and mllnaces of the mysterious
power of Rome, the sale of mllasse:s and indulgences, tile
(listribultiol of crucifixes, sacred dolls, aimulets an(l
(lcarsllS, and the influence u111)(  sil-mple souls of tile confessional and acbsolution hlave all b)eeln sed to make the
poor " Indlios " sllub ssive to authority and to tlie exacti,)o of trilbute for tlie Stae and the Chlureh.
TIle officials acquire wealtll, and the religiols,orders
accunmulate riches.  T'le (Clur('l is an object of charity
with the elhronic cry of tie horse-leech's dauglhter, but
it distrib)ltes notlhinl,  while the oblcras pias funds are
usedl in slpeculation.  1'he (Clurch( receives a contribution fronl the revenlles of tlie State and co(llects revenues
of its own; tlle religious corporations lhave large inconmes from   investments in Hong-Kong ald in tile
islands, and tlie (cultivatedl ladl is h1eld nilainl- by the




54         1THE, STO(Y OF TIlE PILI'PPINES.
p)riests al(l tle orders of friars, and rented to tile natives
(11 tet   trlhat keel them  alive as ]olg as they are of
se.   l'llhe general result is that the priests are virtually
the local rulers andl hold the power through which Spain
las so lomg kept this far-away insular and( isolated colony
in subjeetion.




Ix.


TrIlE tdzOwIING(- spIiT' OF REVOLT.
WHILE Spanish sovereignty was maintained by a
subtle cornbination of priestly influence, ecclesiastical
power, and miilitaryv force, the subject people ocenpied a territory divided into fragments andl scattered
over a thousand mifles of turbulent sea,, and were without organization,, cohesion, or permanent leadership.
And yet the exactions put upon theni awakened the
spirit of revolt long ago, which broke out here and there
from time to time, until in. the siummer of 1896 a formidable insurrection appeared, which took a year and a
half to silipress, and -which was still left s-,moldering
like a temnpo~rar-ily- cxllastedl -volcano, boiling internally
with the meunaces of future eruption.
IFrom the time of Legaspi s occupation of M1,anila there
had been imutinies andl rebellions tamong natives in
ILizon, but uisually thiey have been easily p)it (lown l)y a
f ew soldiers. Tin 16G22 the people of TBojol revolted
against the opp~ressive rule of the Jesuit missionaries, and
declared. they woi l1( no longer pay tribute to Church or
State, and the governor of (<Ielm had to take troops into
the island to suppress their struiggle for liberty; but a
similar iiprising twenty-two years later led to independence iiider a native king, w\hichi was maintained for




56


56      'IITHE, STORIY OF THElE PHIILIPPINES.


thirty-five years.  After the expulsion of the Jesuits,
some 1Recoleto friars went to B~ohol and. wheedled the
people into renewed submission to Spain.  The governor
of (1bin 16(22, wvas also called 111)0n to put dowiiaan
iiisurrection in 1Levte; wh-ich lie, did in a smununarv
m'annier, striking  terror  into  rebellions  souls  by
transferring  thie  head  of   one  leader   from   his
neck to a high pole, garroting another, having four
ptllbliclv shiot to death with arrows, and. another burned
alive. In the provilice of Surigao, in Miindanao, in
16329, there was a risiIng which resulted in the burning
of eluirchies and killing of lpriests, and was put down
after at guerrilla war-fare of three years. An attempt,
ini 1 649, to lbrillg forced. labor from Samar to Cavite,
for the work on the arsenial and to press natives into the
miflitary service, prodluced a revolt which spread th~rough
several provinces aInd. caiused much troulble. A still
mnore serious disturbancee was caused in 16(30bv efforts
to compel the natives in Pamipan~ga to cut timber for tile
Government without, bein-g lpai(l for it. A niative king
wa~s set llp, arid the inisurrection spread to several northiemn lrovinees. It was put dTown. with mnuch cruelty and
lbloodshed, the policy being (always to terrorize, never to
placate.
After the Eiglish seiur     f   aila ini 17(32 thiere
were forniidable iiprising.- against Spanish ruile ini the
is-lan-d of Luizon, andl th-e coninioti-ni la stedl some years.
Loceal revolts hiaxe (oeiurred several timies ini the present




TIHE (;Ii0WING SPIRIT OF REVOLT.      5


5 7


centnlry, andl in 1872 thecre was a systemnatic plot, startbig, it is supposed, in (lis~sension-s, between -native priests
andl thie friars, to overthrow the Spanish power at Mlanilia.  N_,ative soldiers at (Javite were brought into it, but
they, acted preiiiatiriel in seizing tile -arsenal, and the
officers ain(l loyal1 troops werc able to suppress th~eir attempijt and to capture the leaders before they were
prelpared for the geiieral rising ini the neighboring' provinces wvhic~h had lbe i planned.  Sonic conspicuious execntions on the, Luneta,, or piiblic proei~iade, and the exile
of (captured leaders anid suspects to thie cheer-fnl lprecincts
of the convict colony on the Aliarianias (or Laclrones),
enided that. episode.
Riut the first in-snirrection that reallyv taxed the Spanish
antlio)ritv and brouight forthi its cbiaracetcristic methods
of siippression was thiat whichel caiae to, thie suirface in
An ouist, I89(6.  It is said to hiave b~een bnrrowving uinder
2r0111( fo seen yars (lvelping ou)ft of a secret, organization (called the 1K atilmn a-n, whI-ose germs were planted
in thle Mfasonic; kslges,. A" learned ilative, Dr. Jos'
Rizal, is said to hiave (levised its special rituial, whichi inchided the old, formi of compact, sealed with the blood of
the conspirators.  A promninent citizen of wealthi and infbiience, Pedro itojas, was amiong the active spirits, and
it brouight in a large proportion o-f tile Chi6nese, halfcaste aiid native traders and mien of slulbsta~nce, and some
of thie niative priests who cherishied a feuid against the
Spanishi friars.  Tliere -was a deep-laid,and( wide-spread




58


58             ~~~~TI! 1 I  STO R Y  () F  T1IlE   P1I I,II I II I N  ].


p)lot to drive the Spanish o.)lt of the islands and. establish
their iiidepiendeitee, and there, was to be no micineng nat~ters in. the way of ac-ontip)lishing it.  G~overnor-general Bllanco nid hins ofichers, were to be killed, Manihta was
to he seized, and there wvas to he a gemira Amassaere of
Spanish officials aid~ priests.  The nanifesto, said to
heave lbeenl drawn up by Dr. lRizal, fell into the hands of
a J~ri~l pies, wo revealedl it to the authorities.Th
thne had been chioseti~ when part of the military and
na~val. forces had been drawn off by one of the dlisturb)aices which peiriodlieallyNI take place aiaong the Miosleni
Malays of M;indaniao, in the far sontlb.
As s oon as the })lot was m~adle known there were wholesale armrests of those aecelsedi or suspected of pairticipating'
in it, and thev inecluded some of the foremost citizens.
Somre of theni were publicly exeeiltedl, som~e thrust into
the foni dimgeoiiis llndler the easemates, of Fort Sebastian, and some sent to the Lad rone Islands.  One of the
d11ngeon1s was a. veritable " lblaek hole," havinig 1(39 persons, crowded into it, of whom- 514 died, ini a single night
andl IC) others shortly after in eonseqnenice of the cbosimg of the tral) (loor above., which was the o-nly aperture
for air and lighlt when the tide rose aIromind the walls, of
the fortificationi.  In spite of the revelation of their
plans and the p~romplt andl savag~e ac_,tion of the Governiinent, the inlsurgenits, including many of the native
troops ami volunteers, lield the naval arsenal and batteries at Cavite, and rallied ani army in the provinces to




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(~irt-zr(~rr fi((~r-ltltcr, Ifti~ rlxrs;r3 aefr)frrs, Ia()'tk;cli ~rlF fi:itill'l'l.








TIlE GROWING SPIRIT OF REVOLT.


59


the west and north of Manlila of 25,000 men.     Their
clief comnlanders were Enlilio Aguinaldo and Andres
Blonifacio, and the (Chinese and Japanese smuggled arms
and ammunition to tlem, as tley could(, though all maniecr,of rude weapons were used, including the formidable
native knife called tile 1,1,l, all(l guns improvised from
iron pipe, in which coarse powder was used, manufactulre(d I) the soldiers from iingredients found in the volcaliic regions of tihe interior.
'Ille Spaniards hlastily recalled troops and war vessels
froml tile other islanl(ls aidl appealed to the llome gover nlent for re-enforcements, a 11(d anl irregular but deslperate calmpaign was fouoght throughout tlle autumn of
l(S9;.  (xrovernor-genlerall 1lla(co was replaced by (:eneral  Polivieja, in   comlma-nd  of fifteel   thousand
re-enforcements.   )r. l. izal, wllo iadl fleil to Spain
anld beenlc   arrestedl tlere, was brullght  black, tried
1), coilrt mlartial, anld slhot at:Manila, whlile Sefior
Rojas was execdntel in his exile on the Lalrones.
War was prosecuted ruthlessly; amnuesty was promised  to  all who   woul    surrend(er  within  a  certatil tile, but tlie strugglee was prolonged through
tlhe year 1897.  'I'he insulrglets increased il niuIlbers
and in desperate activity, but Geleral Primo de Rivera,
Captainl-general of Madrid,.was sent out to take comman(l, withl nore re-enforelluients and w\ithl instructiotls
from the Prime Miinlister. Sagasta, to force the rebels to
sllrrlndeor o to exterminiate tllen, wllile the whole naval




60


60         '11TH  ST5'ORY  O1F THlE PlItIILIPINES.


force of the archipelago was b~roulght to his support. A
forced paper curren~cy of eight million (lollars was issued
and~ a loan of forty mnillion dollars for war expenses was
secured by pledge of the customns receipts at Manila.
The merciless slaughter of the insurgents,, in spasmodic
battles and the inassacre andl mutilation of captives, together with. the niachinations of the priests ainong the
nativels, finally took the heart out of the rebellion, and in.
D~ecembter, 11897, amniesty wa~s accepted aind arins were,
laid (lown.   Tyhe sovereign-ty of Spaini was acknowledged and a pronuse was mnade -never again to revolt
against it, b~ut Aguiiialdo aInd_ Elanera, thie surviving
-leaders, were escorted in safety to T-ong-Kong.
Thlere is no myvstery, a~bout the cause of this inisurrectionl, which was the culml-inatoion of the spirit of re-volt
-provoked for genieratJions by"\ thie exactions of SpanishI
officials aml(1 l)riests, alit slloweN(l,, that the ~)poplationl
wa-s ac(1uijring somie senise of thie iights, of the governed.
Tlhe niuultip~lied and mierciless forms of taxa-(tionl, the
restrictionlls nIpoIn tra.-de, the exo rlbitant licenise fees, the
conistant tributte extorted lby public, officers and- eceesiastics, thie confiscation of p~roperty for failure to paiy
and tfie gailling restraints lilpo1 personal liberty, withou1t anyl\ \Vis-ille comlpensation in~ the benefits of governimnnhad finall1y pr'o(lmleed thieir results, and. the end
haid come to the mieek subfmtission of the M-alays, as it
camie years before to thwat of the, Indians and Creoles of
Spanish Amlerica.1




X.


NATURAL RESOURCES.
By the natural resources of a country we do not mean
merely those spon tan eons produc-tions which flourish
llJ)o1 its soil and in its atmroslphere and may be gathered
at wviii. We illcillue hidden sources of wealth which
miay be deveiopcd and cultivated byV systematic efforts,
that is, hy a civilized application of capita1 and labor.
Before the Spanish caine to the Philippines, the natives
c0lll(l support their lazy existence on the plants and
fruiits which they hiad only to stretch out their hands to
ia kc. or the fish andi( fowlN7, that couldI be almost as easily
tuirned into ifood, while the little shelter and clothing
they needed wvas afford~ed wvithont niuch effort bv time
palm, the bamboo, and. the fibrous sterns which waved in
luxuiriance about them.  They dlid little toiling or spinmiihni and took little tliought Of the morr01ow, and the invaders foiind no accumulations of treasures to gratify or
to incite cupidity.  There were only possibilities, andl
their developmient, required (enterprise and industry,
whtich the Spaniards dlid not bring along with them,
and wouild allow no one else to introduce.  So, after
three centuries, of civilizing amid Christianizing, the
61




62


62       ~~TtiiF STORY OF THlE PHIILIPPINES.


colony- is not far froni where it started in indu-strial and
comnercial developmnenrt.
We reallyv know little about the m-ineral resources of
the islands to-day, for there has been no. encouragement
o (exa inme ii to tlieie.  WVithout m-anufacturing industries thie people have small occasion for fuel, aud there
is plenty (of woodl.  C —oal is iluyportedl to a sniall extent,
tliouglb there are known to he extensive deposits in Cehu
and' in the province of Albay, and there may be rich
I)e(,(s in othier p~laces. Rilic iron- ore has been found in
varions sections, andl the mietal has b~eenl extracted by
primitive inethodls withi meager resu-lts.  The natives ini
so(me regio~ns have nsedl copper from- timie immemorial,
huit thiere are no cuipp~er iiames.  Theire is no. evidence of
natnr l walth in silver, but gold is distributed widlely
-it is generally salid, "not in paying quantities,  but
no Idpma     e mens has, belen used to find out.  Lack -of
(a~'pital, lack of entferlprise, lack of labor, lack of m-eans,
O ot (  1itnniclation- Can(l tranislortation, and a. stupid policy\
of obstrnct ion', ofh cia 1 blackmail,, and priestly prejudice
haifve conspiredl to keep the hiddMen treasnres of the earth
o)ut.of sighit, arid yet enough have come into view to give
Piu'oriise of v-ast, richies for him xvlio seeks in order to
findI~.
Tlie rihesof the surface soil andl the genial stimu.hiis o)f the mnild air, with its,alternate moisture and
hleat, calniot, be conceale~l.  its evidence is flaunted to
thie eve o'er all thie smiling land; but here, too, there




NATURAL RESOURCES.            6


63


is a plentif ul lack of development.     Ini speaking of
the natural vegetation of the islands we have referred to the trees, p~lants, and fruits whiichi need
no cultivation, 1)it yield their treasures to the hand
that will take them. Regular marketable eroips may lbe
derived from these indigenous growthis, but for the most
part they are, iot.   Sugar is not native here.      Thte
cane of the Luzoni provinces caine from Otahieite and
that, of iNegros on the south from Java,-, hut there are
wide, stretches of land adapted to its cultivation.  \Vitli
-unfavorable industrial conditions,, a(1idi metliods of ciiitnre and of manufacture little advanced froiu the priui~itive, save upon a few plantatiotis, sugar has long been
one of the chief articles of tra(le.  Tice is a un1ivlersal
prodbictiomi and a staple article of daily foodl lbmit itot
enolohi is raisedi for thme native lpoplilation.  It, is im1)orted from Siam, lBurmiah, and Clihiia, 1)lit its ciiltivmm-1
tioni is calpable of great expansion.  Ouir 1Ndiaui maize
cudbe made its rival as an article of foodl, for ini thatgenial climate and soil it will produce two hundred fold
twice a. year, but time peop)le dlo not kniow what to (ho withi
it. They coarsely crushi it lbctweeni flat stonies, anm use
it as if it were brokent rice.
The Spanishi m-issioniarmes fromt MAexico took along thel(
tobacco hplant wvith their peemihiar gradle of Gospel as a
gift to time beniglhted heathmen, whio grew to love the noxions weed (if it is noxious) more or less, but after a while
the Spanish Government found it useful as a means of




(14


4IIIE' STORY OFL? THIE 1I`IllIlPNES.


extracting revenue from the land. Beginning with
17i 1, for more than a hundred years its culture, mnanufacturn-e, and traffic in the Ltizon provinces were a goverriment monopoly.   C/ertain lands, devoted exclusively
to its (-cultivation, were rented to tenants who were bound
to return a certain amount to the Government at a price
fixed by itself and paid at its leisure, sometimes in notes
that fell to a discount arid welre long in finding their re(lecile'r, and who were not peruitted to raise any for
themselves or keep any fromn the government crop.
Neither could anybody else raise the plant.  Tire Governilent controlled with the same rigor the treatment of
the leaf, the manufactiure of cigars and cigarettes, anti
the sale of all the products, and it derived half its
revenue fromt the mtionopoly.  This policy was not calculated to promnote a judicious (levelopment of an industry,
bnt it 1wroouced. mulEh troublle and discontent andi had to
be ahband)nedl in -1 882 to keep tie peace.  It is said that.
the indlifferent (Ilality of the, Mlanila tobacco lproduct has
riot im pro)vedl  a uder Ip)rivate competition, whileu prices
hanve incmrca'sel, hut the trade has hiardly recovered from
the blight of. m-,onopoly, while the paralysis of Spanish
methods hias, not been remediesl.  No one knows any reason \vlIv tobacco should not be as valuable a. product for
the Philippinie as for Cuba-, if the (culture were properly
m11anaged.
TUhere is 8tabac(i, or " ivanila hemp," which conistituites o)niie of the chief comunercial resources of the archi



NATURAL RIESOURCES..


65


ipelago; but it is aln insignificant item     among    the
possibilities of the   lalld, alnd  is now  a small one
compared to what it miiglt be made.       It is not hemp
at all, but the fiber of a plantain tree quite like that
upon which bananas grow.       It is taken from  the long
petioles of the leaves, whichl grow about the main stem.
These are cut just before the flowering time of the
plalnt, but tie crop cal be so nlanage(l that they are
o(itiinally (com)ing t   tle righit stage of growth over
a plantatiol  of any   considerable size. (Care is re(luired, but little is used, in the cutting alnd treatment
of thlese fibrous stalks. IT'le fiber is freed from thell other
subistalice il a clunmsy fiaslic, o  witli a rudle knife mo  a
hinge, under which the lonlg stemis are (drawn.   No deft
maclliniery lias bIeeli adapte(l t ttils pr)ocess or tle sube(llient treatitment of tlie liaterial, whicli is capable of
gradigl  illtoi varioils (llualities.  Solme is whlite and fine,
and can be wovell into a resliectable substitute for linen,
soll(e is I(lade into coarser clothl, hI)it thle!1)lk is used for
'pel1(c aid twine, witli a residuum for inattiig.  But the
vwork of lalrvesstillg lll(l I)r(l)aratio  is illostly dl(one by
tlie hlee(dless native witlhout svstlematic directioll, aiid it
is said that tlirty 1per '(cet. of tlhe fil)er is wastedl, anF less
valiue (ot from tlie rest than readily mig'ht be obtained.
Fir the most part it is collected from  rural nativ:es for
tlie mlarket by (C}linese traders.
'h'llis is ilot tlhe oiilyv v(eg(talel fiber tlhat (cmild be
tlrlled to )bette,(r acc-nlit.  Tlie leaf of tile pineapple




66


66      ~THE STORY OF TiHE PHIILIPPINES.


affords one froim which a fine and expensive fabric is
Inade, knowin as pifia, and mucht used in femnale attire.
The cotton~ bush grows wild, lbut in that state it pro(hices a fiber too short for textile purposes.  The l(iong
staple could be, easily cultivated, and. at one time there
were cotton fields in northern     LuTZOn.  Cloth~s were
made in 1locos Norte, which even caime to be an article
of export; but an enlightened go —vernm~ient d1iscourage~t
the prodiictioini in order that the lan-d. miight be given up
to tobac,-co,, which was theni a monopoly.  It only needs
enterlprise and coniumno sense to make Cotton raislini '.
valuable   ndidistry.  iBnt whiat  mgt     otenterprise
anld coiimioii sense, coMniiedl wvithlinHlistry, (10 withi the
varied. resources of these islands of the sea?  Their soil,
prolific of so mraniy trees aiud lplants and fruits, and capal)le of snch rich results fromt svstematic c~ultivatiomii, lbas
lbeen touchied onlyv here anv]l there by any hand( pretendinig to the cunning of civilization.  The plantations and,
fields to which writers and. travelers refer are niostlv- ini
t p i)rvimmces of -Luzonl, withini easy reachi of  'a aO
iii casual sp)ots, of Panav, ( ebu, and N egros.   Large
portions of thiese islands amid nearly all thie intem'ior of
tlhe others are still to be ex})lored with reference to thieir
iiineral andl a.gricultu~hral resources.  ifut it is certain
ti at enlightened niethiodls and. apphiaiices would incerease
enommiously the p)roductive results of thiose part-s tliat
have beeim brougl t nuder observation.




xi.


IND)USTR[A L CONDITIONS.
THlE ptirblinid J)olicy of Spain in (lealing with tier
Colony has not be-en the sole obstacle to its industrial atid
commercial (levelopm-ent, buit it is an obstacle whlicl has
begotten most of the otheis aiid nothuig has been. clone
for the removal of any of them.   The colony has never
had an industrial Jpopnlation.  Most of the unexplored
and wholly undeveloped sections are in the possession of
intractable tribes of pagan or iIlohaminiedan. iAalays, who
have never been brought ilito, snhjection to authorit y,to say nothing of law and the conditions essential to
systematic induistry.  Perhaps ho better cait be done
with them, thoughi Spain hias tricol no imethodl except
conversion or coercion., anol neither is exactly industrial.
Almnost the only really in(lhlstriolls elenient ill the, popu1 -lation is the mmnconvertedl amid uiiconvertib1)1e Chinese.
Thie domesticated. or 2ltiristianize'd Mlalavs whio constitute the bulk of the lpop~idationl are niot by natnre or
habit industrious, and it is probably difficult to make
tbeni7 so. It is now almtost ilmjpossilble to get this kind
of a citizen to work steadily or to make of himi a, valuable labor factor in systematic indhis~-,try,. If lie has
enoughi for hiis, immediate wants, andl it is pretty easy to
67




68


(is     FTHE STOIRY OF THlE PHILIPPINES.,et it, lie prefers not to work.  Unlder tle temptation of
pay, which lie gelerally insists upon having in advance,
lie may work la while, but lie is liable to get weary of it
altl stop when lie is most wanted. lHe is more ready in
making pro mnises tllan in keeping them, ald paying in
aIldvance does not alxwas lmake sure of his labor.  This
is not wholly creditable to tfhe kind of Christianity that is
instilled into huin.  llThe priest who acquires so much intllence over him mallay mlake him religious, but he hlas
failed to nlake lIin indlustrious and( honest.
No dlesire for ownerslip or accumulation lias been incullcated, and that is the mainspring of industry.  On
tle conltrary tlle priest, 1or lis monlastic order, prefers to
(,iw tle landl and to appropriate tlhe earnings of labor,
and tlhe convert is taughlt the (ldut of giving them up.
Tlhe foreignler, or tlhe 1ore calpable native who would
own ]land anld employv labolr, is apt to lack capital. 'There
is 1n  secre' 111ae'r of getting a1nd retaining titles to
land,,owing to lax methods of granting a(l conveving
1nd thle lack of lproper svstcni of registration andl legal,,2'1Iaranitcee.  Thle Imani wlho,wes is liable to find sulddl1lv tlhat his creditoir lias tlle lamnd he thouglht was his,
anl( rates of interest are so exorbitant, and thie demand
for adval'nce i wagI'es s ilmpe rative, tlhat it is d(fficult
for,)(. wh,  cllbiarks in land-lolding for agricultural,pli'eratios to know wvliere lie is c(oning out. Hie cannot adopt inimproveients or (obtain facilities, and the law,oes not (l~icourag!e or assist liii to do so.  As a conse



~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i:                           - E- E - -a-:~~~~~~~~~
~it  l  |I\I  I  I I- '  _  i I I
-~~~~B ILD         SO   UARPLNAION
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                   i.
151'illl~li;? tS  8X}"` StI(:AA  IlllAN'h~r'IsI1Ci0'.








INIDUSTRIAAL cON1)'iONS.6


69


quence slovenly alnd primitive methods prevail. Whoever holds the lalnd,-somebody who has paid for it or
somebody who owes for it,-it is generally worked on
some kind of share system.  While advances are made
to the workmen for their support,, or to induce them to
work, their real compensation is a sllare of the product
or its equivalent, and after the harvest they are more
likely to be owing the landlord than to have anything
coming to them. This does not encourage industry and
thrift. Of course lack of capital mleans lack of appliances and improved methods, and back of both is lack of
enterprise and skill in management, because Spain has
never furnished these or encouraged anybody else to do
so. They lo not spring lup spont.aneously in tropical
colonies under positively (discouraging conditions, and
nothing has ever been done to make the Malay anything
but lazy in the Philippines.
T'here is no nining industry in a land of minerals, because there is no engineering skill or enterlrise directed
to its establishlment, rather than because no labor can be
obtained for working mines.  It may be that European
or American capitalists would find difficulty in inducing
native labor to work for the development of mines, but
hleretofore anybody who llas tried it has found the influence of the priests andl of the Government against him,
and that has proved an insuperable obstacle when added
to a complete lack of facilities for communication and
transportation except the buffalo teaml.  A Slort line




70


'TIlE STORY OF TIlE PHIILIPPINES.


of railroad has been run up from Manila to Dagupan,
in the districts of rice and sugar plantations, by an
English company, but the ELuzon system, protected
in 1875, is still in a fragmentary condition.     There
are   scarcel  ay an   manufacturing     establishments,
though   the  country   is so  rich  in  raw   materials
or capable of produlcing them      in  suchl abundance.
(Cigars and clieroots are almost the only manufactured
articles of export, for the lbulk of the helmpl that goes
abroad is turned into corlage and twine after it leaves
anllila, and( articles mnade of wood and bamboo are
mostly for lholle coillsluml)tionl.  The same is true of the
few textile and metal articles, andl they are madel on a
small scale bIv llan(l.  Thlle same conditions of lack of
capital, lifficlllty in using systematic labor, and want of
enlcoluragemient in plll)lic lpolicy affect all kil(ls of indlstries, anidl they refulse to flourish to any largely prodliletive exteit.  Ca11 tlie co(nditiolis b)e changed by a
change of co(ntrol anlld a transformlation in the character
of tlle sovereign power, or are tlevy d(-ue to tile weatlher
ill a tropical c(lilmate  Are 1 thlese c(,onditiosl prailiarily
climlatic, or are they Spanish?




XII.


THrE CON DITION OF TR ADE.
As llas already beeln reltarked, tile first tradlers ill
tllhese parts were the (hinese. whlose mercllanlt junks as
well as war junks plie(l tll   slurrolunilng seas.  \Vhen
they first established a footing on shore for their tranlsac —
tions under Spaniisli sovereigntvy largely fulrnishing the
outgoing   cargoes for tlhe    galleons to Acaplllco, a
sort of market place wvas provide(t for tllel called
tlle \Alaveeria, andl tlere     tley   buIlilt  upl at local
tradle, frlom  whicll tlihey  h1ave lnever relaxed   their
grip). ITIev   still have  a  tra(lillng  (1 ullarter of thleir
owni in   Binondo, tlhe lbusinless sec(tionl  of   [mlanila.
ac'ross tile rivelr P'sig f'-rom  tl(e ()1(1 city', anld tlle
retail )business is molstlv in  their llanls.   ''eil illdllstry, sllre\vwdless, andt thrift have lhad thell same effct
upon lazy and improvident people tlere as ill tile rest f
tlhe  ' civilized worl(l,?" n111 tleir well-beliav(el lheatllenism lhas had an exasperating influence )upon tlhe glra(ciol
sensiiliities of thle (ll'ristians \\'1o failed to conlvert tlhem
to their,vow  wvays.  ( onse(llently tlherle 1as been a
lrej ilice against the (Chinesme, 1and iiore tlan moce there
lhas been a demiand for thenm to '" go."
As lono,, ago as 1 755     thle iton-(Chiristian (Clhinese
71




72


TIlE STORY OF TIlE PHILIPPINES.


were actually expelled, and the decree of expulsion
was   the  most  potent   instrument  of  conversion
ever adopted   by  the  Spaniards, so far as John
Chilnalnan  is concerned.  Many of his compatriots
went, but large   numbers of them     suddenly   saw
the light and were c, nverted. Trade suffered seriously,
but it (lid not get ot of the clutches of the Chinese, and
massacres and persecutions have not sufficed to shake
the ll o.ff.  \Vllat little the natives have learned of indllstry and tlhift and what they have imbibed of the
spirit of traffic have been derived from the despised but
pertinacious  I Mongolian, witllout whom  Spanish trade
wollld iot hlave (acquired enough force to pull the silver
olit,,f Mexico.
As we hlave already seen, the foreign trade was wholly
with:MAexico unltil ]ate in the last century, and then it
iwas tIlloopdoliz(d lby Spain through a chartered coinpany. Early in this centulry an English firm got permission to estallislh itself in AManila, ald aI few other concessions were made to foreigners prior to 1834, when the
port was opened1 to foreign merchants generally, and
tr.ade wiith tlhe commelrcial world was allowed to germinate  ndler jealous restrictions.  Slowly a few British,
Geriilan, and Swiss houses, andl one or two American
concerns got a foothold, and European banks established
ag'encies not only at Manila but t athe other chief shipping points, Tloilo (on the island of Panay), and Cebu.
A port of call has been established at Zamboanga,




ITI E Co1 N)11TI oN 4)F 'I'lRA  E.)'


7 3


on  the   northernl side  of the   island  of MNindanao,
and1l  subsidized  mail steamlers run   to  the Ladrone
and   Caroline  islands.   Ilere   is  a   coasting  and
inter-insular trade  carried  on  in  small vessels by
natives and half-breeds, which serves to collect to
the chlief ports a part of the       produce in    which
t. ley trat(ic.  Forlmerrl  stralllgers were excluded fron
the illterior of the islandls, l andt tlleir presnce is not now
nllcollraged. The whole lpolicy of the Spanishl Goverlnment llas Ieen to dliscoulrage foreignl trade ili the islands,
anld as late as 1886 it was officially (declaredl to be injuriolls to the " material interests of tile (comtrv.'  So far
as possibl(e, it has been kept in the liiaidis of Sp.aniards
ad confilned to Spain.   Th'e local traffic, with which it
is lnecessarilv associated, is hampered 1?) taxes, licelse
fces, a1ld restrictionls; there are export dluties on the chief
st.alples, andl1 (llties on  imports so, adjusted  as to
force a market for Spanisll prlductions alld curtail the
intro)ll(ctioll of otllers.  Nolmiinlly, vessels engaged in
foreign and co((asting tradle must be ownlledl by Spaniards,
bit tlhat req(lirelemlt is easily eva(ded.
Some idlea of the foreign tralde mlia  be dobtained fromn
the followingg facts: thle  uIIlX(er of clearances for
lIritish ports in tlle last tllree nIo:mtlls of 19!)7 were 22
frmll MIanila,, froml C(elm, and 1 frolm Ililo; for
ports of the 'nited States 18) froln  Manila and 1 fronl
(elmi.  Thle carg(oes for tlie Inlited States were wholly
of lhempl), while those to (-'re{at Ilritain incllidledl sulgar




'74


TIHE STORY OF TI1E PHILIPPINES


and tobacco.  For the year 1 897 the total exjport of
sugar was 3,232,010 )piculs of 1.40 pounds, classified as
dry adl wet. Of thiis 741,429 Cpiculs of dIry and 176,585
of wet were shippedI from Mfanila, 245,190 dTry and 1,920
wet fromn Cebu, anld 2,066S,786 d(ry only fromt Iloilo.
'I'lhere was a large (lecrease in the shipments from Manila
and a moderate increase at the other ports.  Of the total
export of sugar 799,548 piculs went to Great IBritain,
842,540 to the U'nited States, 28,862 to the Continent
of Europe, 1,424,616 to China, and 636,444 to Japan.
The total exlport of hemp was 821,762 bales of 28()
pounds from Manila and 80,2 71. fromt (C'ebu, or 902,038
bales in all, of whichll 385,182 went to Great Britain and
417,473 to the Uinited States. The other exports, b)eyond trifling amounts, were 7615,023 piculs of copra
from   -anila   and  46,414   from   Cebn;   316,712
quintals of tobacco  leaf and   1;56,9146  millions of
cigars fromn  Manila; 16,350 piculs of sapan wood
from ~Manila and 51,r~l)30) fromt Iloilo; 1-1640 piculs
of buffalo  hides and   cuttings, 3,830  of cordage,
3,564 of giu      nimastic, 697 of mother-of-pearl, 6'53
(lnuiitals of indigo, and  1 36  tons of coffee fromt
aill the ports.  Of these miscellaneous exports the
sapan woodI went wholly, and the buffalo hides and cuttimgs anld cortiage almost wholly, to China and Japman;
the coffee, copra, an(1 tobacco 11mostlYv to the contilent,
of Europe; a moderate portion of the copra, tobmacco
leaf, and cigfars,  a large share of the gum Inastice and.




A T A     IE II  iS RB O *INONDO1




I




T1'E CONDITION OF TRAI)E.


7 5


mother-of-pearl and most of the indigo to Great Britain,
and only 300 piculs of buffalo hides and cuttings and
2,110 millions of cigars to the United States.
The total export of hemp from the Philippine Islands
for ten years, ending with 18197, was 6,528,965 bales,
or 914,055 tons, of which 41 per cent. went to the
Unifed States. During the same period the export of
sugar to the IUnited States and Europe was 1,582,904
tons, of which 875,150 went to the United States and
666,391 to Great Britain. There hlas, however, been a
heavy decrease in the importation of Philippine sugar
into the lnited States in tle last few years, and a considerable increase in that of lhemp. According to Britisli statistics the total imports into tlte islan(ls in 1896
were, in value, $10,631,250, and the exports from them
$20,175,000.  Of the imports, $2,467,090 in value were
from (Great Britain, $1,794,900 from France, $744,928 from:)l Ge(r any, and $1.62,446 from  the United
States. Of the exports $7,467,500 went to Great Brit-,ail, $4,982,857 to tlhe Uniited States, $1,987,900 to
France, and $223,700 to Germany. Tlhree-fifths of the
improlrts from Great Britain consisted of cotton manufactures.  According to the schedules of the lUnited States
Treasury for 1897 American imports from the islands
for that year were in value: hemp, $2,701,651; sugar,
$1,199,202; vegetable fiber other than hemp, $384,155;
manufactures of fiber, $22,170; manufactures of straw,
$72,137;  tobacco, $2,338: miscellaneous,  $1,087;




76


76        ~THlE STORY OF THlE PHIIIPP[NES.


total, $4,388,7 40. Americain exports to the islands
amouted to only $(94,5971, of which mineral oil
conistitiitedl more than  half.  B~ut these figures do
tiot include. provisions-flour, canned goods, etc.
-c)is1(iaied to I-lon-rigKong or Singapore, and trarusshipped thence to -Manila, buit only shipments direct to.Philippine ports
These dry facts and figures, which do not include the
traffic between Spain and the colony, amounting, it is
said, to some $80,000,000 a year, are given to show not
merely what the Philippine trade now amounts- to, and
what share the U nited States has in it, but to, suggest its
insignificant })roportions in comparisoin with what it
lnight, easily Ibecome ic nuder improvedl industrial co-n(hitions and an enlightened commercial policy, assuming
suhel a radical chanige to be practicable.
And( i)Y the way, the Phihippines have furnished a
heanltifiul object lesson niponr the convenience of a silver
ciurrency. Down to 18883 the, Mexican dollar was the
princi})al coin in (circulation, bli~t as there was not much
buis~iness,andl there was little iise for money it (lid not:greatly matter. J-iiring the reign of Isabella II. there
was a. Philippine dJollar an(l the coinage of both g'oldl
and( silver for the colony. When silver depreciated,
goldI slipped onft of the cnrrency and wvent to, China.,
where precious metals rest on their respective values like
other things, amild are exchanged by tale. Though the
goldI coin of Alfonso XJIL was reducied in intrinsic value,




TIlE CONDITION OF TRADE.           77
it was not made cheap enough to stay in circulation with
silver. The MAexican ldollar was worth less than the
Philippine, and an attempt was made to put it out
of circulation.  Its iliportation was prohibited, but tlle
very fact that it was cheaper than the standard brought
it in.  Manila was swamped with depreciated silver,
but, to get rid of using the clumsy dollars, the people
did business on credit in the smallest retail transactions
and settled accounts once a, month, when they could
spend a day in receiving and paying out and carting
around for safe deposit the unhandy medium      of
exchange.




XII.


SOCIAL CONIDITIONS AI\ONO( THE NATIVES.
'ITE evidence( ili tlis chllater contailed, relative to
thle character anll lhaits atll the social and dlollestic
cion(litions of tlie lnative illhabitanits of these islands, is
foundled ulpon illformation alldl belief, and for its absolute accuracyi'   this (lepo(nelllt voutcheth not. IHe contellteth himself the rather with summing up the evidence
of otlers; alnd, as the result is the substance of tle coilCin'rrelt testiiml(iv (of Iallall witnesses, lie believes that it
iS as as worthy of trust as that of any single observer coull
e,(, even1 tllough it were the present deponent,himiself.
It is iot wortl while to (lwell upon the characteristics
of that slmall lpart of the population known as the " wild(
tribes," to vwhic;h passiing reference lias already been
madale.  l'Thle ways of wil(l tribes are mul(lch tlhe saele the
worlld over, ainl w(e have hlad experience of theml in this
1l(ld of (ors.  Neitlhe'r (o we ineed to revert to the intractable MosI(lemls,f tle Soutl, wllo 1have tlle rutlless
faallticism, of tleir kild and tlle stolid fatalism of their
fail;tl, bt tare vig:oroulls anii  energetic in tlheir own
peciulilar lines of action.  Tlie real poplulationl in a
7.5




SOCIAL (CONIITIONS AMONG T1IE NATIVES.


79


pollitical, indllstrial, atld social sense, is tlie Tagals of
Luzon and tle Visayos of the central islands, and it may
be well to enlarge somewhat upon their character and
ways of life, as a factor to be dealt witll in considering
the possilble future of this Pacific dolmain.
ILet us liote first thle qualities thalt lie nearest the
original Lagallis11i of the native races aidl inlicate the
lille of least resistance in its developlment.   \\e have
slpoken of tlie sulersttitioll f tlhe people alid tlhe way it
llas been wrolglit 1lpon for their control or guidance,
anld there are lmany stories illustrative (of this.  Tlere
was once a cross at liaaln, to whichl miracullus )powerwere attilbute1d, an:d plilgrimages were lalle to it a1ln
plrac rls offered to, avert c(alalities.  It was believed to
lhave curel  liseases, l(kep't (,tf pllSagues, ant dlriveln pirate
frImi  thle  eiglllboringl  sieas.  Th'le priests miay  laave(
slhared i  the popula'r credulity, bult tlhey plrofitedl )by it
il p)ower anld ll  elf.
There wis once ia mllril(alo11s ilaltlg(e of a child in the
p)rovillce of Iloo('s 'tNoi te, whlicl bI)ec'al  tl'e c('eltel  f
local aldoration and which i produlced 1 sim ilar sp11Til.atulral
effects, but it was finallll lprlved to be atin ancient Clhinese
idoll Ipicke (l 'p o),i tlie seashllore. 'The (Cllllurh( of tlle
Sanlto Nifio, (or1' Iol ( hildl, at ('clbu, colltaills a woode11
image some fifteen ilches highl, with a bla'ck face, which
is regiar(ledl as (nle of tile llost sacred an( d l tent obljects
in. the ar(ichipelago by thle I(believers in its wonv(lerful
eftic(ac(v.  It is said to 1e an imag, of tlhe (hildl Jesus,




80


TIlE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


found upon the island when Legaspi first came there,
and a feast is held in its honor in January, every year,
when pilgrilms from all Cebu and the neighboring isles
conme to sanctify their souls at the shrine of the Holy
Child.
And there are virgins of equal potency in the process
of purification and the prodlction of supernatural
effects, and likewise in making the credulous people
gener o1us and obedient to their priests.  Long time
Our Lady of Casaysay," near the coast in Batangas,
was revered for her miraculous powers, and the old galleons used to salute as they passed the shrine at a distance.  The image was originally fished up in a net by
a native, and revealed its character by mysterious lights
and sounds of music in the cave where it was hid.  Such
is the legenld, and perhaps it was too much of a tax upon
creduility.  As such taxes grew unpopular this particular lady lost her vogue.  But Nuestra Sefiora de Buen
Viaja y de la Paz, or " Our Lady of good voyage and
peace," at Antipolo, in the military district of Morong,
1lad a more dignified origin and is still an object of deep
reverence.  Her imlage was brought from Acapulco in
the early days by a State galleon, and more than once
lmade the voyage back and forth, on occasions of special
importance, to assure safety from the perils of the deep
and fromn pirates and predatory enemies.  Of course it
effectually served the purpose, though once or twice it
was a tight squeeze. Rebellious Chinamen once tried




SOCIAL CONDITIONS AMONG THE NATIVES.


81


to burn this virgin up, but she not only resisted the
flames but inspired the Spanish soldiers to put down the
Mongolian   miscreants.  She  was afterward   instrumental in achieving a victory over the Dutch.
Since she retired from the active business of securing
successful voyages and insuring peace on great occasions, the virgin has been in holy retirement in the
parish church of Antipolo, where, in the month of May,
multitudes flock to her shrine and spend much money
in getting the benefit of her continued favor.  There
are many shrines of lesser note, and there are local saints
who have their days demnanding celebration, and there
is much retailing of masses and blessed pictures and
images.  Acts of devotion and of plenance are stimulated by means of such visible tokens and the priests of
religion are exalted in the eyes of the simple native.
Perhaps these things are adapted to the nature and
the needs of the poor Malay, and it is certain that the
form of religious nurture that he has had for several
generations has made him submissive to the Church.
The padre is not only his adviser in matters spiritual
lbut in matters temporal and political, and has become the
power by which he is guided in his daily life.  But the
testirnony of the witnesses does not indicate that this
religious discipline has begotten high moral character of
the kind that is of practical use. The " domesticated "
Malay is fairly virtuous in the domestic sense, but he
has not the virtues of industry, thrift, and common hon



82


TilEll STORY OF THE PHI LIPPINES.


esty.  Dolubtless his easy-going indolence is the heritage
of his race, wliilih lhas grownl up in a land and a clime
Nwhere persistent exertion was not necessary to comfortable existelee.,Not tonly is lie averse, as a rule, to sucl
exertion, )bllt lie cares little for its fruits.  Ite prefers
his ease, and tlhis makes him " difficult  as a " labor
element."   But. le is, nlevertlhlelss, said to be goodnatured and " \willing ' in a way. IIe is plodding and
patient anld dloes not de1llr11 at any kind or variety of
service, libt his oblligilg dlislpositioll is apt to b)e attended
by negligence in the performance.
lie has little   senise  of honor or honesty, and
sees no harnll in lyillng except as it fails in its purpose.  I e tlhrefore cannot be safely d epended upon
in  wordl or deed1.  lie will not keep    pri(mnises or
pay (debts. rThis does not seem      to  be willful or
(lelil)erate,, for lie vwill che'erfully acknowledge the debt
and evenl ilcrease it, and repeat or multiply tlle promises.
)llt it is too muc llh trolllile to keep his word anld to get
tlie whlere(withal for paymient, andl no keen moral sense
spurs hii  to effort.  If lie borrows anytling lie will
keel) it till it is asked for,, or use it as his own ulntil it is
not reiturnlable.  Ie w ill accept favors without gratitude
or thlought of re(ciprlocating, and ask for more. IHe will
steal, bult gncerally only for all immllediate want or
gratification, awdl iot from avarice or to get sup)erfluities.  I Iis wiord is as good as hlis bond, but neither is
worth   anvtlingll, atdl that lmakes him   troublesollme




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I




SOCIAL CONDITIONS AM(ONG THE NATIVES.


83


to do business with.   He does not care for aly particular pursuit and would as soon do one tlhing as another.  This is sonietiles convenient, bu)t does not contribute to the growth of systemiatic industries, especially
when there is a decided preferelce for (loing notling.
It is said that your Malay delights to sit for hlours doing
nothing, app)arently looking at nothling, andl almost certainly thinking of nothing.   Ie dislikes ordler andl discipline and resists training, bllt without openly rebellillg
against it.  T'llese are characteristics of childhood, or
childishness llainlyl, —childllool iln tlie individual, in a
race, in a people,-aind the influence exerted over these
pleople lluner Spanish nrle llas not made theml grow or
natulre industrially, socially, or )politically.  It was not
intendled to have that effect.
'ile Tagals are extremllely lhospitable and expect no11 reward for their attention to strangers.  The Visayos are
reported to )e less so, being less goodl-naturell andl more
adicted to avarice, especially tile woen. 'The family
life in Luzon pmresents a fair senmbllahle of the (loilestic
virtues.  There is reverence( for thle elders and fonllness
for children, and coljugal tfihlelit! is tlhe rle, thlouglh tlhe
husband is apt to mingle 111muc  jealOusy witli watchful
care over tlhe wife of his bosomn.   Little dliscipline or
training is exercisedl over childlren, and thiey are wont
to grow up) in a (lisorderly, ill-behaved, and ill-mannered
fasiion.  While there is no actual slavery ill tle islands.
it is an old custom to sell the servi{ces of onc's own cliil



TIll E STORY O(F TIlE P'1) IIIPPIN ES.


d!ren as s(ecllity for a del)t. I1n iany ceases this aimounlts
to virtual slavery, as tle lebt is nlever paid and tlhe
sectlirity for thle obligationl is a continulling one.  Elemlentary ed( ucation, uilll(er tlie supervisioln of the priests,
is (co11111  ill tlhe villages of Luzon, ald many native
fallilies sel( tlleir solns to tlie college in Manila and a
few ilave been to EuropeaI1n universities.    Tlie better
edlucated youth   are apt to adopt the profession      of
tl(he  aozl,%adillo,"  or small lawyer, who is usually
a pettifogging citizen   of more pretention than im-:)ortance.
Tlle level of sexual lnmorality is represelte(l to be high,
lblt marriage at ain arly age  in the case of the feinale
at twelvel or foulrteen -is allmlost universal.  Marriages
are geerallll  arrangedl by tile l)alrets, bIlt not neeessarily ii (disregar(d of thle preferences of tlie voung peo1lile.  'I'here is colnsi(lderalle f)ormality in the espousal,
lanl if a young ma111 las no d1owry to give lie somieti-nes
serves for a term of years to win his bride, after the
1ianer('r of Jacob', alnd so( etines after serving Iis terln
lie is c(leate(d {out of his rewar(l.  W\heu tlhe contracting
larties, \w11io are tlhe parents, are too slow in cons1umrnating tl(e balrgain, tle vyoung (o011ple sometimes force matters, b  allticilatiing tli(e privileges o,f 1uni(,o in a. manner111
to bring albout a crisis.
IThe 11marriage  (ere'111o   is in thle main after tle
I-oiaii Catiloli( foril, but thlere is some trace of
iiative (Ist ii  ii it ald( it is folo(wed(l 1bv a clatal)u



SOCIAL CONDI)TIONS AMON( T'1E NATIVES.


85


san1, orl feast and merrymlaking in which friends of
the family and invited guests take part.     A  festivity
of the kind follorws a blaptism or a funeral as well as a
wedding, thouglh somlewhat varie(1 in its features.  The
eating and (lrinking (of a bTrial festivity alternate with
walijing alnd mio)aning.  In thie iarriage feast there is a
Iredlomninance of sweets, an1  after it much cll ewing of
the b)etel nut and Sllokinl  of cig'arettes.  The youno
(cui)le usuallv go hlomle to live witli the parents of one
or tile other, and oftell tlher  are tlhree generations in
all their I)ranclles unller (,ie( r(oof.  Marriages are fre(inently contracted lbtw\eeln ii  arly re.lated persolls, alnd
thlere are mlixed  marriages, esipe(iallv  Ietween  the
natives an( (hllinese. Sp1lanijards alnd their descendants,
thel wlite ('reoles, illtelrllarr t( so)ie extent witli native
Malays, but the inlionls are rleglarled as in(conrgruolls and
thle wife is treated( as an inferior.
T'le p(ople )l  ave a grelat fondness an.d some( al)titudle
folr mlllsic, andl their festivities are generally accolul)anied
v (lalncing. 'Thley   ave a( soime lcharacteristic dances of
their ownI, of semi-(Oriental character, and a (lreamv sort
of native Imlsic.  T'le:  hl\ave varimos amusecmelnts, but
tl'ir p)assion eve(irvwl\ere( s(eemlls t(o 1)( for cockfighting.
Wh(lencet tlhey derivedl tlhat. passilo ll())()ly ( l appears to
know'; Lut notliing excites their \lala, blood like a conte:st 1e tween their pett fightig ('co(ks, which l they breed
witlh nore care tlan they can be induiced to bestow
lp!),n anlythiig ('els.  'I Tlerle is.somcething of tfle gam



86


'THE STORY OF TIE PHILIPPINES.


bling spirit in it, for they bet upon their favorites to the
extent of their resources.  Perhlaps there is something
of the fighting spirit in it, too, for the Tagalog is said
to make a good soldier under the direction of efficient
officers, notwithstanding his carelessness of order and his
aversion to discipline.  HIe is brave and capable of being
aroused to a peculiar ferocity, and lie displays a ruthless
cruelty to his enemies.  The savage spirit comes out
under excitement, but the domlesticated Malay is not
much given to excitement under ordinary circumstances.
The costume of the country is adapted to the climate
and to the tastes of the people, as it generally is anywhere.   Cotton and silk fabrics are used, but there is a
fine and rather costly cloth called pina, lmade of the
fiber of the pineal)l)le leaf. 'The hemp fiber is sometimes mixed with this, or used alone in a cheap texture.
Men wear simply trousers and a shirt, with the flowing
garment wholly outside, and women a light waist and a
gay-colored skirt, with a dark cloth bound tightly about
the loins.  Those wllo can afford it indulge in embroidery, for which tley hlave a pretty taste, and there is a
general fondness for jewelry when it c(an be had.  Of
course there is difference in dress and adornment according to means and social p)osition, and there is a tendency
in  Manila to   accept mlodifications from  European
fashion.
The characteristics of the Visavos are described as
not greatly different front those of the Tagals of the




SOCIAL CONDITIONS AMONG TIlE NATIVES.


87


North, but they are less agreeable in telmper and less
advanced in the ways of civilization.  Tillis implies a
relative advancement in both under Spanish rule and the
influence of the Romish Churcl, administered in Spain's
peculiar mediaeval manner.  And be it known that this
deponent recognizeth differences in human nature as
well as diversities in human testimony the world over.
In so far as his representation of the character and
habits of the mass of the Philippine natives may
seem  to  be unfavorable, it is (lerived   fromn  thle
writings  of those   who   have  lived  amolg   them
long and observed theml closely, an(l soIme of the
favorable aspects of their life are drawn froml tlle
same scource. 'I'lere are casual descriptions of traders
and temporary resilents which make the people both
better and worse.
No dolbt therere ae differences there as elsewhere.
Probably   some  of the Spanish    priests and  friars
are men   of intelligence and   high  character, who
seek to improve and elevate the people about themn,
and the whole class of ecclesiastics is perhaps in the
main devout and well-meaning.      T'lere are native
Malays who have sllown enterprise and lbevone owners
of considerable property and managers of successfll
business operations, and there are families of fair cu1lture and well-ordered householdls.  This is promising as
an indication of what the race may be capable of, but at
present it seems to be in a backward state socially and




88         TIHE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
morally, as well as industrially  and commercially.
Spanish policy and ecclesiastical methods, as they have
been applied for so long a time, have certainly not stimulated progress alnd elevation in the human scale at any
very rapid rate.




XIV.


THlE 1~I''ANI CITY OF MNANILA.
FiiRoM, the time that Legaspi inade his -way into Manila
Bayv in 1570, took possession of all. the land in sight, and
p)roclaimned the sovereignty of Spain over the whiole
group of islands, the extent of which hie knew nothing
about, Manila has been the capital, and, sofar as the
commerce and. civilization of the western world are
concerned, it hias been the Philippine Islands. It lies
on the wvest coast of Luzon and far to the south, some(
($40 mniles to the, so~uthieast across thie ChIinia Sea from
l1oiign  N on g, the great British por-t of the East.  The(
bay is a wide expan. e of water running inland 27 miles
fromt the mouth of the port aII l having a circuiriferenee
of 120 nautical nil~es. I(o the northi of the rather narrow eritramice is the woodedl ridge of the Sierra 1Marn-veles, to the south thte low miountains that conceal thie
olcanice crater of Taal, and] the small.iln  of Comregi(lor divi(hes the entrance into two passages, of whichi
the sontherly is the Bhoca Grande, or main ship channel.
Oni this island thiere is a lighthouse with a revolving
white light.
Thle city lies on the flat shore, across the bay, with a
background of mountains in the distance.   The water
89




90


90      ~THlE STORY OF TIIE PHIILIPPINES.


is shallow and vessels of deep draught anchor at a
considlerable distance from the shore and discharge by
lighters.  ThIlje water is deeper to the southi, where, seven
miles away, is Cavite, the site of the naval arsenal and of
the principal land defenses of the harbor, and the, point
Mi whichl the enemnies of the Spainisli power have more
than once ma(Ie their starld.  Th'le surroundings of the
hiarbor in the time of -verdure, with a baekground of low
nioimtairis, are pietiiresquie seen at a distance, but, the
land close by is low andl the bay is swept by the monsoons to o freely to be entirely safe.   Occasionally a
fieree ty phoon tears across it, to the great peril of
iassemibled shipping.
A sfdiggish stream, the -Pasig, conies down into the
Bay throngh the, city of 'Manila from the Laguna de
J-ayo, some fifteen miles back in a region of defunct
volcainoes.  The Spaniardls found the native town of
Mlaynila at the mouth of this river on the south bank,
alld thiere thiey bufilt their own fortified capital, retaining the originial name, slightly modhfied.  Th'le fort and
wa-lls, w~ith their bastions, and battlemne.nts, solidly built
of stonie )ef ore the end of the sixteenth eeitnurv still
frown in gloomy atspect along the bay and river, cracked
~III1d(l eumbledl here and there by thte shivering earth(1llake, andl the old moat that encircled thie land side isg
still to be seen, half filled with muxd andl filthi, which remtain undisturbed for fear of the imnprlsonedl ma-laria and
muttdinious fever germs.




THlE PORT AND) (ITY OF MANILA.     9


9 1


Withiin tins (lismal inclosure is the 01(1 Spanish city
with its narrow streets aild low buildlings, its eathedzral
anyid archbishop's palace, its monasteries and convents, its Jesuit college,andl hospital and prison, its
tmisemn andl observatory, an(l- its ancient barracks
and (1arsenal-a nilihtarv ailil ecclesiastical stronghold, symbolical of th-e unchanging Spanish power
of  three  centuries  ago.   It  has  a   p~opulation. of
some   twelve   or  fifteen  thiousand,  but   no   Cornniercial lifc. Formierlv the, (overnor-g-eneral.'s palace
faced the lplaza. whjere the cathedral stands, whichi
i~s (rracedl witth a statue of ChIarles ITV. and a. garden of
flowers, but since it wvas shiaken to 1pieces by the last violent earthquake, the, government hieadquarters have been
acrosS th  river.  Te life of the old town is chiefly
that of the priests and] nuns, witli their proccssions aunl
ccremon-ials, awl their quiet schiolastic- pursuits as the
teachers of the people.  It. is sleepv by day and gloomy
at. Iiiulht.  Th-ie w all s hiave several gates, of which the
chiief is the " Ehntradla," by the custom house, and. these
uise(l to be closed at night ini the 01(1 (lays, whvlen the ad2acenit (lrawlbri(lges, across the Pasig were raised.
)vcr the river, on tile nortlierii bank, the original
Alcaveeria of th~e Chinese tradlcrs was established, aiid
tra(le has gro~vu Ta-nd takeni lossession of all. the section
kniown as1Binondo, whichi is the real conmmercial city of
to-day, the MAaniila of colimieroe.  Th'le Chinese trading(-enter long relnaine(l. nea~r thie river, hut latterly, while




92


92      ~THlE STORY OF' TIlE PHIILIPPINES.


the Chinamen have a reguflar lItlsifOss, qnarter',-the Rosario, the shops of thenr (lealers perv~ade many streets.
In. fact, they are the small retailers andl shopkeepers of
the city; they mostly exercise the handicrafts and perfo~rm the mioderately skilledl labor aiid do the fetchingarid clarrying that are the, eotstan-t need of an active
coainmiuitv. The Europeani s1h01), kept mostly by
Spaniards., a-re in the Escolta, which has lbeen more tlh i
once ravagell by fire in recent years.  The larger lblsiness —the import aiid export trade-has lbeeii mainly in
the hands of British mnerchants, with a slight intermin1.gilrig of G ernian and Aiinericani. Thie mini ifactumres o
Manila on anv considerable scale are confined to abaca'
(hemp,) awl tob~acco.  The old. government cigar an(I
cigarette factory' covered six acres of gronnd awl employed ten thiousali(I women.  Iin the l~Nondo (listriet
there are chinrehes, the hospital of San Eazaro, the mili.tary barrac'ks, and] the new Jpalaces of the Captain-general andl the Admiral, aii(l a little upl the river is- tihe
fashionable quarter of Sani AMiguiel, where the wealthy
Spaniards iiiostly congregate.  Bleyond the strict city
limits, extendl suibiirltain villagzes andl conntrv residence.
Authiorities state the hpolpldation of Mlanila all the way
from 1 50,000 to 300,000, but the latter fignre is mneant
to incinde all. the ontlving' area which is appurtenant to
the city.
Maniila is a cosmopolitan conmmuity, bnt 67 lper cent.
o-f the inhabitants of the city and- outlying wards are




TIlE PORT AND CITY OF MANILA.


93


native Malays, inclluinl tlhe great mlass of tlhe poorer
population.  'Ilie ('hinese ad (iiillese hIalf-breeds c(nstitute about 30 per cent. and tle Slaniards, (Creoles, and
Spanish half-breeds are barely 3 per cent.; of other
Europeans there is only a "trace."      The city has
an animated appearance in business hours, with imuch
going back and forth of pony teams and the trotting  about of the busy    Chinalmenl.  AMost business
is, hlowever, conducted in   a leisurelv fashion, and
it is customlary to   " knock off " from    12  o'clock
to 4 for lunel1, or late breakfast, and a long siesta
whict the meal and the climate make comfortable,
if not necessary. An early start is made after a light repast, and the bulk of the day's business is dispatched before noon, and in tlhe lhot months still earlier.  TIlere
are several bridges across the river, oe:  fine stone strlctlire of recent date,-the Pueute de Espafia,-and a lilte
of pony street-cars runs into tile inlalnd suburbs along
tlle river.  Tllere the IEu1ropeanl ailld casual Amlllerical
nmostlv dwell and find a b,,11( of Illlioll ill a local (ll1). a
branch of the English Club dlowntownr.    'I'le river is
navigable by launclles and tlat-lottolled( steamers, and
presents a lively appearance.
'Thle buildings in Manila are rarely milore thlan two
stories high. 'll le earthquake al(l tlie typlhoon are a discouragenment to plresumlptuos sky-scraping by ma'ls devices.  The first story of a dwelling is generally not
occupied for lmrposes of residence lo  account of damlp



94


9Hll E STOIRY OF TIlE PHiLIPPINES.


ness and the lpredatoINy reptile or insect, but is relegatecl
to storage, mayhap of cattle and servants as well as
other goods.   The famnily residence is on one levcl,
raised. abov-e thc ground, though the. hiuble hut of the
native  is not always so    exalted, and   is of that
flimsy palm   and bamboo construction    which is apt
to  breed conflagration  in  a dry  time if fire gets
near it.  TJ'hiere he hotels in Manila, such as they
are, and theaters two or three, for Spanish comedy
or iiative (ivertisement, or the occasional visiting comnpaniy with stately (iraina or opera.  There is also a bullring, in recognition of Spanish tradition, but the bullfight is not a popular amusement.   Its place is more
than taken by the cockfight, of which the Philippine
native evcryxvhere is passionately fond.  The, cockpits
in the  city  are uinder government regulation    andl
licensel,  ard froom  them  a large revenue is derived.
The Chinese, as everywhere, have their own pecliar
diversio-,ns, which ar-e largely concentrated in their New
Year's celebration in February, when they make holiday
for fa -week or nmore, to the inconvenience of everybody
else.  Perhiaps for the  " Christian " people generally,
whio include the mass of natives, the Church afIordls more
pastimie of its kind thani is elsewhere obtained, for it has
iiinv saints' (lays which have to be celebrated in their
several i-manners.  Ihere is niuchi going about in p~rocessioan a-ind indulging ine ceremon()iial, withi costiimes ancl
irnaies anld with, lightedl candles and music, while tile




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Tll1E  PO )'RT  ANDl C11TY  OF MANIIA.


95


holy fiestas are attended with tile amusements and small
trafficking of popular fairs.
There is a fashionable (lrive along tle I'asig River
called  the lieta, alnd a      )paseo or promenade for
tile 1peo)ple, an(d here is vwhere the cosmloololitanl elements
of Manlila life are mlost conspicuously exhibited.  After
the short aind early business (lay, the long siesta through
the sultry hours a(nd the six-o'clock dinner, the whole
mn-ltle?  po I)laation seellis to turn lltou.t o  the faslionable
drive an(l the )pop)i lar p)romena(le, whlile a military band
frolim tlhe barracks is  rss (  lisllsic olI the soft evening
air.  Everyone with a rig or a turnlll t go'es ro1und and
rounld, from left to iight on tlhe Iineta, except tlat tlhe
(,Goverlnor-o'lene(ral anii  the archllishlop, in their lor(dly
carriages, take tlhe otlher (irectioni to in(licate their aristocratic (distill(cti(,n and to recei ve tlle res)ectfll greetings of tile populace.  In tile throng on foot there is a
dlelllocratic 1iliigoliig, of (classes a11( ric(es, all(l nearly
everybody, male landl female, pilffs at (igars', cheroots,
or cigarettes.  T'le priests in tlleir Irobes. tlle well-to-dlo
in 1lEuopealn (dress, tile (lChinamia  in tlhe familiar garb of
his collmtry, the d(llsky nlative with hlis culstoimary attire,
1Jaralle bac(k alnd fortli in gavetv of hleart till it is time
for tlle tleatter or the cocekfight or early Ieltile.
WhaN it 11av be.calledl tlhe c(stueilll of tlie couiltry is
for mlen a ligtht pair of trousers anId a shirt vworn enitirely
outside tliat nether garment, and for \wonen a1 light waist
of piiia, or of a cheaper fiber, acc1,ordiln to tlie means of




96


THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


the wearer, and a flowing skirt of bright colors, of which
the length of train, often gathered up and swung about
the person, in(licates one's standing in society.  There
is no corset, but a chemisette covers the bosom, and above
it is the peculiar starched neck kerchief, folded to hang
in a point behind and to join down the front with two
points, clasped together with a bit of jewelry.  Young
girls often wear black lace mantillas over their heads.
Life indoors, especially during the day, is of the tranquil kind that a tropical climate enforces.  Houses are
constructed to keel) out the heat, and incidentally to
exclude the glaring light of the sun.  For that there
are not only close shutters but the windows are glazed
with a lattice of small bits of translucent shell instead
of glass, though an additional reason for this may be tle
frequent earthquake, which is not good for windows of
glass. Furniture is rather cool and simple than sumptuous, and latting is preferred to upholstery.  )ne sleeps
in a hammock or a cane-bottomed four-poster, with a
canopy of mosquito netting instead of blanket or coverlet.  Clothing is of light texture, and cleap and frequently changed.  One does not carry an umlbrella when
it rains, though lie may wlhen the sun shines, but
changes his clothes when he gets wet. Thanks to the
foresight of a benefactor and not to the authorities, the
city has a good water supply and bathing is easy.  Bathing on the beach, lby the way, is a favorite diversion, and
is inldulged in promiscuously by all ages and both sexes




THE PORTr AND CITY OF MANILA.          97
in a state of natural nakedness, without thought of ilmpropriety or any act or relation of anr improper kind
proceeding from the practice.  This shows that, in oine
direction, a tropical climate mnay improve tie moral sense
and teiid to civilize mankind.




XV.


TlE lRUAIrAL DIS'I'TRICTS OF IJUZON.
Trll   city of Manlila stands for the Philippine Islands
in their relation to the governing power of Spain and
tlheir c(iOnnection withl tlie cornmerce of the world.  The
great lnorthern island of Luzon is virtually the Philippin;e (Colony so far as real possession an(l colonial developmenut are conler ned(.  It is that to whlich most
writers refer, or whicll tll(y have in mind when they tell
albout tlie PI'ilil)line Islanlds.  On the other islands the
Spaniards l]ave their governlaent establishments and
llilitary statioills, tlleir seaports and tra(ding posts, and
hlere anld tlhere tlleir plaltations or (enters of produc tion,
anld priests carry on their mission work at most accessible points. 'I'le area really possessed (liminislles as one
g(oes so-uth, shlrillking froml the interior of tlhe larger
islands and1( avoiding the smaller ones until, at the broad
end of the archipelago, it is confined to a narrow rim or
to isolated points.
lBut,Lizon, ex(celt forl thle launts of the rem:nants of
wild tribes in thle nortll and in flie mountain ridges of
t.lle interior, is pretty well " domesticated."  Its many
1provinces are l:n(ler civil governors, wlhose chief function
98




TI1E RURAL D)ISTRItCTS ()F LUZON.


99


is to see that the mllultifarious taxes are collected and
turned over to the colonial authorities; the numerous
villages and rural communities have their gobernadorcillos, whlo are responsible to the Governor for these
taxes, which they exact to the last peseta from     the
Calezas, and wilo have some otlher insignificant local
functions, and nearly evervywliere is the benign or malign
influence, as the case Iay ble, of the friars and the parish
priests.  The smalll   governors (gobernadorcillos) are
generally natives, all so are mlany,f the parish priests,
thoughl the SlpaIishl friars ofteln 1usul) the functions of
the latter in defiance of certain rules of the Church,
whiclli seem to be practically suspenle(l here.
'I'llere is nich(' varietVy of scenery in Luzon and many
points of special interest. 'There are high mountain
ridges an(l peaks andl great stretclles of forest, wild
gorges and deep) valleys with their streams and waterfalls, lakes and rivers, rolling hill and plain, the desolation of (lead volcanoes and( the danger of those that still
rage within.  Overhead the (leel) blue sky of the tropics,
varied with the ldropping clouds and the fierce hurricane,
anld lpollued rounln  all tlle glittering expanse of the tropic
seas.  One may visit, down in Batangas, tile sunken1 and
senile crater of T'aal, environlel vith its lake, and in far
Albay11  the  ilagnlificent cone of Mayon, oft streaked by
nighlt with livid fire and plumed by day with ceaseless
snloke.  At Los PBalos are the hot springs, once badly
manaaged as a 'resort 1vy tlle F11ranciscan m-onks, and long




100


THIE STORY OF THE PH'ILIPPINES.


neglected since; and in other places there are boiling
lakes, sulphur baths, and mnuch raw material for summer
resorts in a land of perpetual summer.
Many are the villages and small towns, the pueblos
and the villas in the province of Luzon, several hundred
all told, lessening in importance and degenerating in respect to roads and means of commlunication as one
recedes from tle great gathering place of Manila, and
varying much in aspect with the facilities of industrial
development about them or the spirit in which those
facilities have been used.  West and south frolm Manila,
and  in certain provinces to the north, there are
sugar  plantations  of  considerable  extent.  Some
of the best are in the hands of the l)ominican
or Franciscan corporations, and some are owned )by
private proprietors.  Here will be a village with a
quiet, prosperous air, perhaps; a stone or well-built
wooden "tribunal," or local government house; a
churcl and convent of stone, som-letimes with a belfry
as high as due respect for earthquakes will permit, from
which the angelus sounds forth at evening; comfortable
dwellings of stone and wood witl tiled roofs, as well as
seemly huts of bamboo thatchled wtith palm leaf. Botll
the padre and the ' Capitan," or little governor, are
likely to be good-natured and hospitable, and the convent or the " tribunal " is a public house for the wayfarer.
Elsewhere the sugar plantatiolns may be small and




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THE RURAL DISTRICTS OF LUZON.


101


badly managed, or there may be the less profitable and
no better conducted plantations of coffee, or mayhap
there is little cultivation of land except for the
cocoanut palm or for the plantain that furnishes the
abaca. There may be little management of any
kind, and the native may indulge a slothful and
improvident  disposition  without  much  hindrance.
Perhaps there will be a straggling village with
a shabby   tribunal, a shambling  convent, and   a
rickety  church, and huts that are mere slovenly
bungalows along tie dirty street. The priest may be
indifferent or self-indulgent, the gobernadorcillo apathetic, the head men of the people lazy, and the whole
outfit slovenly and forbidding for lack of a little enterprise and enligltenment.  There are more advanced
sections reached by the single-track railroad from Aanila, northward in Pampanga and Pangasinan. In some
places there are broad rice fields, where the " paddy "
is put through mills of primitive construction and
of buffalo-power to separate the kernel from the huusk,
andl in some isolated spot there may be a timber camp
and a rude sawmill. In general the rural life is quiet
and monotonous, but in the main it is peaceful and harmless, though the lawless element is not wholly wanting,
and in remote places banditti may interrupt the lmulsings of the unwary. There are schools for the children
in nearly all the villages, and nominally elementary education is " compulsory," lllt is not compelled. It is




102        THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
supervised by the governor and controlled by the priests,
and its elements are mainly provided by the Church.
The rural schoolmaster knows little and teaches less, and
the Tagal child is rarely forced into scholarship beyond
the saying of his beads.




XVI.


oTIWE  P IPOV VINC[IAL PEACES.
RTE secondl port in importance in the archipelago is
Iloilo, on the southeast coast of -Paniax.  It is reached by
srteanier from MAlanila 11(1 is the shipping place not only
of Panay but of the neighiboring islandl of Negros. What
is shipped therefrom  is chiefly sugar and sapan wood,
and the principal use that Negros has been put to so far
is raising sugar in a rathier slipshiod fashion.  About the
o1niy people l)esides the shiftless lut oood-natured natives
arie thie occasional Spanish or Inestizo owners of plantations.  Iloilo, long time a slouchy fishing village on the
flat shore, was made a port (If entry in 1855, but it was
several years before foreign vessels began to enter in
thereat.  Slowly its tralce grew until, withiout assuming
any formidable proportions, it eelipsed that of Cebu,
the first port and oldest town (f all the islands.  The
town of iloilo lies low anid its soil alternates between
mud and dust, with the seasons.  It has irregular streets,
m11ostly (dirtv and. eonifortless, a, government house of
some pretensions, a celurch and convent, a tribunal, the
center of local autthority, a few  well-built dwellings,
Chiniese quarter, and mniany flimnisy I fint  beside,; the




104


104      ~THE STORY OF THlE PHIILIPPINES.


wharves arid storehouses pertaining to the sleepyr port..It is the point of dlepartutre for such other places on the
ilsali( or its neiglil)or to the east as, are worth visitiiig.
Jaro is the cathedral town and seat of one. of the suffragan I)ishiops.  its 1)rincilpal families are Ch11inese halfbreeds.  Capiz, on the, northi coast, and Antique, 0o1 the
west, are the chief towns of the lpro~inlees of the samne
namlte. Tlraveling among' the shore towns of -Panav and
_Negros has becn found safe andl not s1)ecially difficult,
and has the attraction of strange novelty.
A much more pleasing h)lace than Ilolo( is Cebu, a
city of near twelve th-ousand inhabitants on the east side
of the island of the samae name.  It is associated with the
-first landing of the Sp~anishi in the archipelago, and
though the po(-rt was not thrown open to foreign vessels,
until 1863, it had long been the central point, of collecltion aind (listributiori amtong the \Tisavas for such tradle
-is the Spaniards carri ed on.  it is the capital. not only of
the islaild province but of the Visaya group or " general (livision.'  The situation is health  and picturesylue, wvith a range of hills in the background. and thie
verdant island of Mactan, where Magellan was 'killed,
opposite to the harbor.  Thie city is well. built and the
port is fairlyN apl)ointedl and is guarded 1w a fortress,
and there are attractive suburbs.  B~esides the cathedral
there are the Church of St. NichIolas,,, the chalpels of the
Pa-ulists aunl the ~Jesuits-, and the Churchl of the " Holy
Child of Cebui."  There is quiite a colony of foreg, ei




OTHER PROVINCIAL I-'IACES.


1.05


ldents engaged in bulsiness here; and Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and the United States maintain vice consulates.  The old city, the first capital of the colony,
practically died out in the middle of the last century,
and the inunicipal administration was abolished.   It
was not restoreid until 1890, when commerce lhad given
the city new life, though the more favorable situation
of Iloilo in the pathway of ocean trade llas calsed it to
d(ecline relatively. IBojol and the eastern Visayas are
little visited, and their towns are mere native villages
and settlements.  They are simply held under military
supervision and left to themselves so long as they keep
quiet.
Zambloanga, on the extremel end of tlle western peninsula of Mindanao, las always bal een the center of Spanish power and authority in the sollth. It was fortified
iln tlle contest with tlle Mallav Moslemis and tlle Sulu
pirates, and Ibetcame a naval station s(cond only to that
of Cavite.  It was the center of operations in all the
efforts to bring the intractable triles of this part of the
archipelago into subjection, and the startilg point of
the Jesuit missionaries, who undertook the more difficult
task of subjecting them to the inflluelce of the Christian
Gospel.  It is almost the only point on the great island
of the soutl in wllich tihe Spanisll power continued to be
secure, and there was constant occasion for expeditions
from Manila witl trool)s to help put down the rising of
the natives, whl liad tlle presumption to claim the right




106


106    ~THlE STORY OF THE PHILI1PPINNES.


to rufle thenis.elvles.  Za ntboanga wNTas opened as a port.and blessed with a cuistom hiouse as early as 1831, long
b~efore i loilo, andl Cebu were so favored, not because it
had any commerce, buit because Spanish,authorities
were unable to enforce; cuisto~ms regulations at Sumi,
whiere foreign vessels were wo~nt to eail, and so undertook to compel suchi vessels to make an additional call at
Zamn-boanga for the sole purpose of submitting to custom
ionsie requ11irements.  'Ible system  dlid not, work, as ilnitishi vessels refused to go, 120 miles out of their way for
('learailce lpalpers, anird Sfum had to be declared a free
Tport to save tile (liguity of Spain from constant insult.
Zamboanga- it, is a p)leasing namne to repeat-is said
to be an attractive cityv to visit, 1Illt it hias failed to figure
to a pwereptible ext  ntl foreign coi-nimerce. andl has no
local trade of conseipllleuce.  Foreign (capital has not
found a welcomie thiere, and the place is chiefly distiniguishied as the liladlqiarters of the, brigadier-ge-neral and
s~taff who are the rulers: o-f the " general division " of
Mindanao;, and of the imajor who, lords it over the province of Zamboanga.     The other provinces of the bion
souWthern island haive their military saIons andhed
(Ilarters of the offheers who are supposed to rule, them,
buit thiey ]ave little else that. is Spanish, and.(, in effect,
1 He th-emselv~es.  rTheir people aire not troubled much,
so long as th-ey suibmit. even nounnally to the sovereignty
of Spain and] leav~e her (officers and troops undistnrhed.
Thle town o)f Suin.i on the island of Subt, the largest




THE SUITAN OF SULU IN MNINDANAO.








OTHER PROVINCIAL 1,LACES.


107


of an archipelago of 150, which has in all a population of 120,000, more or less, is the only point
in that domain at which Spanish authority has been
more than nominally maintained.  Until the formal
recognition of the Spanish sovereignty by the European powers whose business it was, in 1878, the
Sultan of Sulum ruled as independently and completely
over his own people as if he knew as little as he seemed
to care about the Spanish " protectorate," or the sovereignty of Spain.
It was made a condition of European recognition
that there should be some actual occupation of the
islands, and military posts were established. The
Sultan was allowed to continue his dolminion over the
natives, but he was induced to accept his investiture
from the Governor-general at Mlanila, and to take an
oath of allegiance to the King of Spain. As an inducement lie holds tie title of Excellency and has a " pension " of $2,400 a year, and his subjects have the inestimable boon of exemption from taxes or contributions
to the sovereign power. T'hey owe this immunity to
the spirit they have shown and the lack of ability on the
part of the sovereign power to collect taxes from them.
The Sulu people seem, in fact, to be a spirited and energetic race, notwithstanding that they dwell so near the
equator, and their capital is a picturesque town, though
it counts for little in the world's commerce. It is encircled' by a wall on the land side, and is fortified and




108


TIlE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


held under martial law by the Spaniards, though the
real governmlent of the people is exercised by the
"Majasari," or spotless one.
The long, narrow island of Palawan, or Paragua,
as the Spanish prefer to call it, with the pendant
of Balabac at the southern end, constitutes the
western barrier of the Sulu Sea and is all that
prevents it from  being merely a part of the China
Sea. It was formerly subject to the Sultan of Borneo,
but early in the last century some Spaniards ran across
the upper end and took a fancy to possess it. That made
it a part of the Spanish colony at once, of course, but
the settlers had to be protected from the unfriendly behavior of the intrusive Mussulmans of the Soutl, who
objected to interlopers.  Therefore something called a
fort was built on the coast, but the garrison was
neglected and died of disease and starvation.  The colonists, such as they were, seem to have followed their
example. Spain never likes to give up anything she has
had hold of, whether it belongs to her or not, and after
a while her authorities asked the Sultan of Borneo to
give up the island to her. He was an obliging Sultan
and did not care mlucll for Palawan, and so lie acceded
to the modest request.
There  was still difficulty in  keeping  garrisons
alive and getting colonists to stay, though the narrow island is said to be productive and not without
attractions. The natives in the north are mild, not to




OTIER PROVINCIAL PLACES.


109


say timid, b)ut the pestilent Moslem   of the south
cherishes a rooted animosity for white Christians, even
of a low grade, and makes himself disagreeable as a
neighbor.  The only Spanish foothold of any account
is at Puerta Princesa, where there is a deep harbor, a
naval station, a lighthouse, andl  a convict settlement.
Two or three gunloats are generally kept there, and the
commandant of the naval station is the ogovernor of the
province. The most that lie has to do is to keep the convicts at work, and for that purpose a governllment sugar
plantation is Iaintained.  Ailonog the articles of commerce in this out-of-the-way place are edible birds'
nests,-edible by Chinese chiefly,-bees' wax, and sea
shells and their contents. There ouglht to be much
more, but the wants of the natives are few and simple
and very easily supplied, and the tlought of industry
wearies them.  They do not care for commerce or the
markets of tlhe world, and a little bartering with the
restless Chinaman gives them all the exotic products they
care for.




xvii.


DISTANT DEPEND)ENCIES.
WVHEN the Spanish navigators were exploring the East
lby setting out to, the westwardl they were wont to snap
up aiiy iniconsidered islandls that they might find on
the way. On ins trip to the Philippines Alage~llan ran
across the Ladrones, which lie about a thousand miles
(iue east fromt the, island of Lnzon andl were nntil
lately a inilitary province of the colony nnder a
lieutenant-colonel of the arimy as a local governor.
Mlagellan called the group, for reasons which we do~ not
find recordled lNit which mnay be easily surniised, Las
Islas de velas Latinas, or the islands of the lateen sails;
lblt his sailors called them -Las Islas de los La~drones, or
the " Thieves' -Islands," because the natives tried to steal
a. ship's boat. It is the tbad namie that sticks to them.,
though tihe Spaniards, when they\ really took possession
in I W81 and set, the, Jesuit missionaries upon the, infiaIbitanits, called themn Las Islas Mlarianas, and call them
so vet, iii honor of Maria, Anna of Austria, the wife of
Philip 'IV.  I'iiere were somie forty thousand or fifty
thousandl inhabitants,, at tha~t time, but they were not
subnimis-sive( to Spanish authority, andi by the process of
110




DISTANT DEPENDENCIES.


111


suppression and conversion they were reduced to less
than two thousand, and then were built up to about ten
thousand by cfllonizing from  Mexico and the Philippines. There is little of the native stock left, and Spain
ruled the islands at some little cost and got nothing from
them.
The -ladrones consist of 15 islands in two groups, of
whlich the northern, ten in nulmber, is uninhabited
though covered with vegetation and fruitful in tropical products. The total area is about 420 square miles.
Four of the southern group of five are inhabited, the
largest being Guahan, upon which the capital of the province, San Ignacio de Agafa, is situated. There are nine
towns in all, each with a parish priest and a school constituting the real local authority.  Its people live
liostly on rice andl cocoanuts and are so thriftless and
poor that even Spain has been unable to extract taxes
from them, though nearly exterminating the population
in the effort. A subsidized mail steamer from Manila
has been in the habit of visiting the islands every
three months and keeping up the show of Spanish
possession, and a barracks and prison at Agana are other
tokens of Spanish authority.  Trollblesome insurgents
in the Philippines have been sent here for punishment,
and here is where Pedro Rojas, one of the leaders of the
tormer uprising, was shot. And yet the climate is
genial and healthy and the soil fertile, and these islands
might be worth something.




I 12


112     ~THlE STORY OF THlE PHILIPPINES.


Authiorities differ about the first discovery of thte
Caroline Islands.  According) to somIe, \Tillalobos canie
across thiein when lie was hunting~ for the Philippines
in 1543, and they were lost sight of for a long time after
that.  Some say thiey wNIere first (liscovered by one of the
galleo~n pilots in I 86dII(l uaimed. Caroline for the kinig,
Charles II.   After that thiey could not lbe found for
quite a while, buit expeditions were sent out to huint for
them, chiefly lbecaiuse the king and the 'Pope thought it
naportant to save tile souls of the benighted inhabitants,
whio d(li not in thie least care about it.  In fact they
seemne~t to object, for- they massacred the first Jesuit
missionaries.  Thiis (damp~ened the ardor of the proselyting Spaniards, all(l very little elffort was inade for a
longtfime to convert the natives, and the Spanishi possessioJI was merely niominal untfil it began to he disputed
l~y Europ~eans, and( a (hispositiou was shlowi by Gernianv
to go blle utp tile islandls, a5s shie was just then looking for
colonies in the Pacific.  Spatin then bestirred herself
aild maile a couple of miilitary provinces of the islanids,
atta cliing thien-i to the colony of the Phiflippines.  AVs
soon1 as Spainsis author(ity wa-Is estahhblslied tlicrc beoait
to be rebellious, whidch liad to) be put down by force, and
there has been miore otr less trouible ever since.
Thle Caroliiies a-rc, farW south of the L.adrones and (Iue
ca-~st from MNivaudaiaol, allml include thiree large groupsthe western or Plchw, thie central or Caroline proper,
alld the eaistern or Mugaearchlipehago.     Thie Pelew




DISTANT DEPENDENCIES.


113


Islands have an area of 346 square miles, 275 of which
are in the one island of Babelthaup-well wooded and
fertile, producing much rice, sugar cane, and fruits, and
having a variety of animals.  There are about 10,000
inhabitants of the copper-colored Malay type, with the
dark Papuan tinge. They constitute little self-governing
communities and seem   quite capable of civilization.
The central (Carolines consist of several groups of islands,
which are said to number 400 or 500 in all, but the
enumeration is far from exact.  The total area is about
360 square miles, the greater part of which is in three or
four islands. The seat of the provincial government is
at Yap, but there is a vice-governor representing the
colony at Puynipet, or Ponape, called by the French
Ascension.  The Sp)anish neglect of these islands led to
the intrusion of British, German, and American traders,
and of Protestant missionaries, and Ponape was for a
long timne a rendezvous for whalers. There is a white
settlement there and the remains of an American mission; and some curious old ruins, as of a colossal stronghold, have been found in the interior. The Rug group,
of five fairly large and about 40 very small islands, contains some 35,000 inhabitants of two inharmonious races,
one called black and the other red.  The people of the
Mortlock group slow traces of a Samoan origin and of
systematic idol worship.
The eastern group includes many small islands andl
a large population, whicll has been little disturlebed




114


THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


and not at all depleted by the blessings of Spanish
governmnent and the process of civilizing.  The natural
products of the Caroline islands are those common to the
region-breadfruit, cocoanut palm, and tropical fruits
in general. 'There is little traffic, and the main export
is that product of the cocoanut called copra, which is
used chiefly in making oil. The whole archipelago
seems to be the joint product of submarine volcanic
action and that slow but persistent builder, the coral
polyp.  When General Weyler was ruler of the Philippine colony he had an insurrection to put down in the
Carolines and sent troops from Manila for the purpose,
but the expedition was a fiasco, and the officer in charge
of it shot himself from sheer mortification.  There was
a relapse into the let-alone policy, which has generally
been pursued from motives of prudence, except when
other European nations were disposed to question Spain's
control of the islands.




XVIII.


SO)ME. INCIDENTS OF HISTORY.
WE have picked up most of the history of the Philippine Islands worth remembering as we have come along,
but there are two or three detached episodes which ought
to be gathered in as illustrating the Spanish method of
dealing with alien or hostile elements, and the consequences of that method.
Japanese traders had been accustomed to explore
about the northern and western shores of Luzon time out
of mind, and not many years after the Spaniards took
possession at Manila, the Emperor of Japan got wind of
it. Believing that he had at least as good a right to
this domain as the Spanish monarch, lie sent an ambassador to the Governor of the colony, demanding its surrender and threatening invasion in case of refusal. Not
being in a position to risk the wrath of the potentate of
the north, the Governor treated his ambassador with dlis
tinguished consideration and adopted a conciliatory
policy. He explained that he merely represented a
mighty monarch in the west, whose power was such that
nothing in this outlandish region could stand against it,
115




116


TIE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


and it was quite impracticable for him to turn over the
territory under his charge to the august ruler of the
Japanese Empire, but he would be glad to make a treaty
of commerce and form an alliance with him for their
mutual benefit.  This struck the ambassador as a good
enough idea to be laid before his imperial master, and
some Spanish envoys were sent over with it. The
Japanese emperor proving agreeable, the agreement was
duly entered into.
Now one of the envoys was a Franciscan friar, and
the purpose of the whole scheme was to convert Japan,
that is, to seduce the people from their religion and from
their allegiance, save their heathen souls from perdition,
and bring to their country the inestimable boon of submission to the Christian sway of Spain. The ambassadorial friar and his suite of priests sought and obtained
the privilege of remaining in Japan and building a
church, and they speedily began the process of conversion. There were Portuguese Jesuits already in the
land doing missionary work, but with no sinister political designs, and they resented the intrusion of the Franciscans from the Spanish colony.  As a result of the
quarrels of these two sets of Christians the Emperor of
Japan found out the trick that had been played upon
him, and saw that the treaty of amity and commerce was
a mere cover for a proselyting campaign intended to
undermine his authority. He did not get much excited
over it at first, but merely issued a decree forbidding




GOM E INCIDIENTS OF H ISTORIY.


IJI 


foreign tpriests to interfere with the religion of J apanese subjects.  Blut imiperial decrees did not, seem  to
go " Nvith these zealous minss-io-naries, and when they
kept up their converting eftorts the emperor found it
iiecessarv to arrest soi-e of them and put them in. prison.
A's the zeal of the rest eontinutedl to he persistent, hie
qulietly 1)ut firmnly Jput thiem all1 on board a Portuguese
vessel and sent themi away.
-But, the original. organizer of the s,1chieme, the priestly
CILvov Pedro lBautista, got uip anlother- expedlitioli, greater
thian the first, and se   u    odl    o   ~pan to re-new
Operations.  The emperorl, finding himrself (lefied, to his
face, g~ot out of patience antdl fired off another decree
ordlerinog the arrest of all the Franeiscan friars and all
Japanese who adhered(] to their treasonous doctrines, and
a con1sidlerable: muniiber of priests, including the bold
lBautista were (Condlemned to (leatli on the cross,, being
previously prelpared therefor by having their noses, anrd
ears cut oft.  This creartedl a great cou-intinotion at MA,,aitila, and a special comn-iissioa- was sent to Japani to recover the bodies of the uinfortunate ilissionaries, Wh-o
hadl lbeen so bardly earnied axvay by overmuich zcal.
Thie emiperor made n() (djection, as lie head no use for the
bodies, but theyv had becom-e (lisinemnlered and the lpieces
hadl leen carrwel off as relics.  Some of thenii were got
t~ogethier, however, andl were lput, in a l)ox and sent to
-Manila, but, strange to say, the vessel that carried this
preciouis receptacle was lost at. sea.




118


'THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


The emperor sent a very able letter to the Governor of the Philippines explaining and justifying
his course. He had no objection to the religion
of the   Spaniards, lie said; there  were so many
forms of religion that one more was of no particular consequence, but lie could not have men in his
country trying to subvert its religion and laws and to
induce his people to accept those of some other land.  It
simply wouldn't (o, and he couldn't have it going on.
Would the (G-overnor-general, hle inquired, consent to
have the Japanese propagate their religion and laws in
his territory, to the disturbance of the peace and of the
fidelity of his subjects?
This was a tough one to answer and no reply was
vouchsafed; but, strange as it may appear, it did not put
an end to the efforts to convert Japan.  A large number
of missionaries were sent afterward who really had to
be burned or beheaded.  They went in tle disguise of
nmerc(hants and adopted all manner of false pretenses,
until finally the Japanese authorities adopted the policy
of excluding all Christians from the country in order to
feel safe.  At last the conclusion was reached that sending missionaries to Japanl was virtually condemning
tlhem to death, and the benighted heathen were left to
their fate, but the Pope issued a special 1bll declaring
that all those who had lost their lives in the efforts to
save the souls of those wretched bleings were saints and
martyrs.  After lie finally got rid of the Christians the




SOME INCIIDENTS OF HISTORY.


I 19


1kniperor of Japan sent a shipload of lepers to Manila,
150 in nmlu)er, saying that, as tile priests hla(1 a special
concern for these unfortunate beings, they could have,
them to care for.  The Hospital of St. Lazarus was built
for them. in a suburbran lplace, and 1)ehiold, it is there to
this day.
There was also an interesting experience with the
Chiniese, b~esides the serious affair when the Lpractical Li
Ma -h4ong undertook to capture the whole countrv b~y
force.  After the Tartars 11pset the Mlii dyviiasty about
the middle of the seventeenth century, one of the Monw
golian chiefs, Ken Seng by iame, refused to submit, awl
being (Iriven from his stronghold upon an island off the
coast of China, lie seized npon iFormosa and established
himself there as king.  -Being elatedl with his success in
that enterprise, lie deterniined to extend hIs domtinion,
and sent an Italian friar as an ambassadlor to the Governor-general of the Philippines, demanding subunssioi
to his authority and the paymient of tribute.  lie was a
formidable persOnage and the Governor's forces were not
very strong, and the latter resorted to parley and palaver.
He entertained the Mi~ongol envoy with distinction, and~
sent out secret ordlers for abandoning forts anl stations,
elsewhere, concentrating all the troops at the capital and
strengthening the (lefenses theretabouts.  The Chinese
in A\lManilia and the -surrounding country got wil(l of the
MNlongolian (lesigni, aunl tried to aid and ab~et it. 'I'hiis
caused  internal trouible and   bloodshed, and   there




120


120     ~TI-IE STO)RY O)F TiHE PHILIPTINIES.


came near being a g~eneral mnassacre of the resi(lent (Jhinainen.  Thiey  were too useful to be thus,
disposed of, however,' and were induced to subside
without being exterminated; and just as Keu Seng
was preparing to invad(e L4uzon from Formosa with
ani ariiie(t force-, lie (lied. lis realm, w~inch hadl previotisly 1)eeri in tile Ihands of the lDutch, fell unuder the
co,'-ntrol of the Tlartar (lvnastv and was annexed to Cliina.
Even then tlhe rufling party lproposed to invade and
conquper the Philippines, but it- seemis to heave been dissuaded by the same I1talian friar IRiccio who hadI be-en
tlile antibassadlor of Keii Seng, and who was, in his real
character, a Doominiean Irnissiollary.  It miay Ilave been
a narrow escape front the annexation of the wvhole archipelago southi of Fo-rniosa to the (hiniiese emipire, two
hInmdredl years ago.
Onle otlher episodle, by way of illustrating the Spanishi
ni anner of phlacating t le MXob ammedan subjects and
l)ringing ab out a lbet-ter feeling between them- and the
s(overeigil power. IThis was back in. the miidd(le of the
last cenitury, but it was juist, at a time when Spain begrai to assert hier sovcerignty over the Sulu archipelago.
Ali, -Imudin, thle Su1t-an of Sum11, was (leposedl by his
brlo-thier, an~l took that occasion to, go to Manila andI make
rfis siibiniission and1 gct the sovereign to. restore him to his
rights.  Thie CIovernor-gren-eral, just then, was a bishop,
an(l lie proceeded to, convert the, vassal as a condition
1)eeeiit to, reinstating 16m. Of couirse~ he had to. ac



SO-ME INCIDENTS OF IllSTORY.


121


cept the condition, and le was baptized as Ferdinand I.
of Sulu, and thereupon invested with the title of Lieutenant-general of Spain. There was a great celebration
of the event with bull-fights, fireworks, and a High Mass
and Te Deum, but no move was made to restore the
Sultan to his throne, even as a ruler in the name of
Spain.
After he and his retinue had been kept two years there
was a pretense of taking them back to Sulu, but when
the expedition got to Zamboanga the whole party was
imprisoned upon a series of triunped-up charges, and a
decree was issued for the extermination of the Mussulmans. A    warfare was begun with    that avowed
object, and raged among the southern islands with much
slaughter and more looting, but the Spaniards got the
worst of it. A new Governor-general abandoned the
fatuous policy of trying to bring the Moslems into subjection by exterminating tlhem, and was disposed to restore the imprisoned Sultan to his throne as well as to
his liberty, but this roused the opposition of the Christian clergy, and he had to give up the design. Ali
Mudin was still at Manila in 1763, when it was held by
the -English. They reinstated him, and lie and his successors took their revenge: upon the Spaniards.  Even
though the sovereignty of Spain was acknowledged, no
Sultan of Sulu couldl afterwards be induced to go to Manila for investiture until very recently, and the Mohamnmedans have kept lup a persistent hostility to the




122       THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Spanish rule. The manner of inducing them to accept
it has always been that of fire and sword, and not of
beneficent government; and, strange to say, it has failed
to make them peaceable and contented.




XIX.


COMMODORE DEWEY AND HIS WARSHIPS.
ON the 20th of April, 1898, the Congress of the
United States adopted resolutions declaring that "the
people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought to
be, free and independent," demanding that the government of Spain relinquish all authority over that island,
and directing the President to use the entire land and
naval force of the United States to " carry these resolutions into effect."  This immediately brought on a state
of hostilities between the United States and Spain. On
the 22d a blockade of the important ports of Cuba was
proclaimed, on the 23d a call for volunteers for the
army was issued, and on the 25th an act was passed by
Congress declaring that a state of war existed and had
existed " since the 21st day of April, A. D. 1898, including that day, between the United States of America and
the Kingdom of Spain."
Already, on the 24th, an order had been transmitted
to Commodore George Dewey, in command of the
Asiatic Squadron of the I nited States Navy at HongKong, to proceed at once to the Philippine Islands and
capture or destroy " the Spanish fleet in those waters,
which was supposed to be collected in or near Manila
123




1244


1  I THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.


Bay.   In anticipation of events, the squadron had already been prepared for possible service of this kind, for,
ever since the dlestrucltion of the i nited States battleship
Maine by an explosion. iii the harbor of Havana, on the
15th of February, there had been growing in the navy
a graini expectatioin of var.  The whvliite vessels of the
squadron had been repainted that dull leaden gray
known as the " war paint " of the United States Navy,
vhiich blurs their outline with sea and sky in the (iistance and makes a poor target for hostile guns.  Supplies for six months had been provided, with an abundance of ammunition and coal, but, after the declaratiou
of war, the demands of Britishi neutrality required the
squadron to leave 1h'ong-Kong in twenty7-four hours, ancl
preparations were completed at Xiirs 1Bay, on the C1hina
coast near by.  It was from- there that it set out for the
execution of the stern command(I of the Goveriient, oil
We' dneslav, the 27th of April.
Comimodore 1 -)ewyv hadi been in command of the
Asiatic Squadron only since Hfie beginning of the year,
liavin'left WTashington in No~vember-, 1897, fo8  HoiigK"ong, via San Francisco, for that service.  For nine
years hie had been on axriedl shore duty for the Navy I)epai-tinent at -Washington, first as Chief of the B3uremu of
Eq iiipment and iTecruiting, andi afterward as PresiJcii t
of the Board of inspection an(l Survey.  When lie was
assigned to the conumnand lof the squadron on the other
sicle of the Pacijfic, it was in viewv of a possible war With




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i":*:i::::' ^::':'!::*^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ini








COMMOD)ORE D~EWEY AND 111 WARSHIPS.    12


125


Spaiii, whiich might leave us Without a base of operations
in thiat part of thie worIld, while she held a vast island1
colony containing one of the most important ports in
the East.  Thlat miade it of the iitniost consequence that,
in (case of wvar, we should promnptly seize AManila and1 render harmless the Spanish fleet that infestedI the shores o.-f
the Vlinlippinus.  ThtAmmloe         ee       ws the manl
for the enicrgenev which was, lik~ely to arise no one.
(loubted whI~o, was famtilliar with his car~eer and1 und~erstood
his clia~raeter.
lie was alrea(Iy withiin two years of thie age of contpuilsory retir-ement fromn arctive sericie in the A~merican
iNavN-, bult ini the full vigor of his mtental aInd, physical
powers. 11is long period of sea service, endling in 1888
as (captain of the Penisacola andi in eoiminandl of the European Squadron, had been mostly in time of p)eace, andl no
great opportunity had lteen p)resented which, lbeing seizedl
by the right manl iiiakes him-i famous, and failing to come
leaves the, most cap)able in obscurity.  Diut his naval
(career had begun in a tim-e that tried mien's souls, and lie
ladl shown whaqt miight be expected of him in his mature
years if ever thie sulpreiihe. test shiould come.  Leaving_
the Naval Academyx in 1 858, hie cruised peacefully as an
enlsign on. the 0()i frigate lVa bash in the Mediterranean.
but whN-fen the Civil War broke out, in April, 1 861, 'he ~receivedl his com-missioni as lieuitenant andl was second 'in
command of the imss'ppone of the -vessels whichb.
under the heroic Farragut, forced thieir \\-a-\ up thle Miss



126


THIE S-l'(RY OF T'1HE PI11 II'IiNES.


issippi River through the galling fire of the forts of Port
ull (lson.  The vessel grounded and took fire, and young
)e\wev and tlhe captain were tlle last to, leave its deck
wlen tlhere was no hope of saving it.  tlnder that fierce
fire a:nud in an emergeincy trying to the stoutest nerves,
he shlowedl by lis coolness and clearness of hlead the stuff
of wlicll he was made, and his subsequcent record in the
\Var served only to strengtlhen tlie,promise then given.
I)cwev came of a long line of New Eiglaind ancestors
aiidl was born in Montl)elier, Vt., in Decelmiiber, 18'37,
spcli(liiig his chlildlhood an(l youth in an intellectual and
mnoral atmnoslslpere as wvl(olesoime anid bracing to the charac(ter as his nlative air was iIvigoratilg to the physical
dlevel-omllent.  A stronlg desire to go to sea, not uncommon aul1ong bovs born in thle New Elnglanl hills, was
tulrned to an amlition to serve in the Navy, and led to his
seculrig  an alppointmlent to tlhe Aca(leny at Annapolis.
I Illis subsequent career lie Iever lost the stur(ly qualities whlich were his New Eing'lanld leritage, Ibut they developed( under a 1)roadening experience of the great
world, and gave hlim tlhat solidity of character which
makes one feel that its possess(o) will be eqlual to any
emergency that mlay confront him.     As Co-mmodore
Deweyv calmly l)repared his squadr(ol in i lirs Bay for
the service that had been assigned to it across the China
Sea, lie faced the emergency and the opportunity whilch
were to make him in a few short days,lne of the great
naval heroes of history.




COMMOD)ORE 1)EWVEY ANI) 111s WARSHIPS. 12


I ), 11,
- 4


Thie Asiatic Squiadron wvas not a strong one. It was
i-iot made up in expectation of a war whiich would put it
to any serious test; but, considering the resoures~ of thle
IT~lited States -Navy, it was a very respectable fighting
force to be mnaintaiiledl Upon that remnote station. It
(contained no, battleship or armiored cruiser, aiid was attendedl by no, toriedo craft, but consisted of the protected
crufisers Olynipia (the Commodore's flagship), Baltilmtore, Raleiglh, and. Boston., an(I the guuuboat.s., Conlcord
and Petrel, with the collier Naushian, the supply ship
Xatfiro, and the (hispatch boat H'ught McCulloch, formerly
a revenue cutter on our Pacific coast.
Thie commodore's flagship, the Olymtpia, belongs to
the class of fast protected cruisers, having a speed of
nearly 22 knots an hour, and was launchied at San
Francisco in 1.892.  She has a displacement of 5,800
toiis and is 340 feet long, 53 feet beami, afnd 21 feet 6
inchies, draught. Thoughi she has 110 armnor belt, there
is a steel plathig of four inches about 11cr guin positions
and a protectedI deck of steel over the " vitals, or space
occupied by engines and m-agazines, varying in thickness
fromn 2 to 4 --- inches.  Her main armiaient consists of
four 8-inch guns, mounted in pairs iii turrets forward and
astern, and five 5-inch rapid-fire, guns on each broadsidle. She has also, in her secondlary batteries, fouirteen
6-pouinders, six i-pounders, and four of those machine
guns which huirl a rattling shower of steel bullets. Some
Of the lighter rapid-fire pieces are mounted in the " fight



128


TIHE STORY OF THE PIIILIPPINES.


ing tops," high up on the masts. This makes a very
effective fighting machine, the projectile of the 8-inch
gun being a long, tapering, explosive shell, of great
power of penetration and of destruction, and the cartridges of the larger rapid-fire guns having a very deadly
effect upon unarmored craft. The Olympia was under
the direct command of Captain Charles V. Gridley, who
has since died, and had a complement of 412 men.
The Baltimore is a somewhat smaller protected
cruiser, her displacement being 4,413 tons, her length
327 feet 6 inches, her beam 48 feet 7 inches, and her
draught 20 feet 6 inches. She was built in Philadelphia and launched in 1888, and she has about the same
deck and gun position protection as the Olympia. She
also carries four of the formidable 8-inch guns, mounted
in the same way, but on each broadside she has three
6-inch guns. Her secondary rapid-fire armament consists of four 6-pounders, two 3-pounders, and two
1-pounders, and she has six machine guns. She was
commanded by Captain N. MI. Dyer, who did not have
a Naval Academy training but was graduated from
the merchant marine, and went into the Navy during the
Civil War and remained there afterwards. She was
lanned by 386 men.
The next in size of the cruisers was the ialeigh, which
has a displacement of 3,213 tons, is 300 feet long, 42 feet
beam, and 18 feet draught. She was launched at Norfolk in 1892, and is protected only by 6. inches of deck




COMMODORE DEWVEY AND) 1IS WARSHIPS.


129


plating.  She has one 6-inch gun on each bow and five
5-inch rapid-firers on each side, and an additional armamrent of eight 6-pounders, four 1-pounders, and two
machine guns.  Like the Baltimore she has a high speed
of 19 to 20 knots. Her commander, Captain Joseph B.
Coghlan, like Captain Gridley of the Olympia, graduated from the Naval Academy during the Civil War and
saw active service in the blockading squadrons before
that conflict was over. Hie had 314 men under his command on the Raleigh.
The Boston is a cruiser with a protective deck of only
1-4 inch of steel plating. Her displacement is 3,000
tons, her length 211 feet 3 inches, beam 42 feet 1 inch,
draught 18 feet. She was built at Chester, Pa., in 1884,
and her speed is less than 16 knots. Her armament
is relatively heavy, including two 8-inch and six 6-inch
gulns, and a rapid-fire outfit of two 6-pounders, two 3 -poulners, two 1-pounders, two 1.8-inch and: two 1.4-inch
guns, lbesides two machine guns. Slle was commanded
on the Asiatic Station by Captain Frank Wildes and had
a complement of 278 men.
The gunboat Concord is large for her class and is rated
as a cruiser in the English classification. She displaces
1,710 tons and is 230 feet long and 36 feet beam, and
draws 14 feet of water. Her speed is higher than that
of the Boston, being 16.8 knots. Slle was launched at
Chester in 1890. Slie has six 6-inch guns, two
6-pounder rapid firers, two 3-pounders, one 1-pounnlder,




130


1 TIE STORY OF THE PHtILIPPINES.


and four machine guns. She has a crew of 195 mlen
ulder conmmland of Asa Walker, a native of New
Ii ampshire.
The Petrel was launched at Baltimore in 1888.  Her
length is 176 feet 3 inches, her beam 31 feet, and her
draughlt 11 feet 7 inches.  Her displacement of water
is 8')2 tons and her speed falls below 12 knots an hour.
She lhas four 6-inch guns, two 3-pounders, and one
I-pounder rapid firer and four mnachine guns.  (ornmlander E. 1'. Wood from Ohio had charge of this vessel and her 122 men.
Such was the fighting force of Commodore Dewey
when lie received the order from Washington to proceed
at once to Manila bay and " capture or destroy " Spain's
Philippine Islands fleet. What that fleet consisted of
was knownl, and it was known that every effort would be
made to collect it in force at the rendezvous, for a part
of it had been at the other naval stations of the archipelago. The Spanish naval force actually encountered
in the Bay, off the Naval Arsenal and batteries at Cavite,
consisted of the cruisers Reina Christina, Castilla,
Velasco, Donr Juan de Austria, Don Antonio de Ulloa,
Isla de Cuba, and Isla de Luzon; the gunboats General
Lezo, Elcano, and Correo; the dispatch vessel Marques
del Duero, armed transports Isla de Mindanao and Manila, two armed tugs, and four torpedo boats. The guns
of the shore defenses, and possible mines and torpedoes
in the harbor, were also to he reckoned witih.




COMMOD)ORIE DEWEY A-NJ) 1118 WARSHIPS. 13


131


Thie Spanish squadron was more forniidable in numbers than in effectiveness, as thje event proved.  By far
its lbest vessel NA-as the Relina Ih rlistina which was the
flagship of' Admiral Patricio Monto+ y Pasaron,
Spain's naval commander in the Philippine Islands.
Sihe was a cruiser of 3.520 tons, 282 feet 2 inchtes long,
42 feet 7 inches b)eam, and 16t feet a- inches drautght.
She was launched at Ferrol in 1886 and had aul armamnemit of six 6.2-ineh Hontoria, gunls, two 2.7-inchi and
three 2.2-inch rapid-fire gunls, eight of still lighter caliher, and two machine gunls.  11cr speed was 17.5 knots
and she had 270 mnen.
'Ilie Cash/ia was anl (Ad woodlen vessel of 3,342 tons,
lalliced] at C'adiz in- 1881, and hier speed was 14 knots.
She hiad an armament, of four 5.19-inchi h-rupp gulls, two
4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.9-inch. eighit smaller (quickfire gunls, arndl two, m'lhine gins.  11cr regnlar coipe
ment of men was ~300.   Thle, T elasco, a cruiser of I1,1 52
tons, was undlergoing   repairs, and  her gunls were
mountcel upon earth works on. shore.  The Doll.Jaan
and Don, Antonio were each of 1,1.30 tons displacement
an(l 210 feet long, aud lithir ar-niameuts were alike, consisting of fouir 4.7-inch liontorias, three 2.2-inchi, and
two 1.5-inch (1uick-fircrs andl five mauachine gunls each.
Each hadl 1.30 men.   The sister vessels Isla de Cuba
and Is/a dle Luzon, were slighitly smaller, but each
had about the same armament and 160 men.
The, gunboats General Lezo and E/ca no were of 524




132        Tl'E STORY OF TllH PHILIPPl'INES.
tons each, and precisely alike except in armaments. The
former had two and the latter three 4.7-inch Hontoria
guns, and both had a fair equipment of rapid-fire and
machine guns. They each had 116 men. The Correo
was smaller.  The inferiority of the Spanish force in
fighting capacity is manifest.  The Castilla had recently
arrived from Spain, bringing war supplies which were
supposed to include torpedoes and submarine mines for
thle defense of the harbor.




xx.


THE BATTLE OF MAINILA BAY-.
'IT was two o'clock in the afternoon of April 27 when
(   'tnoore lDewey, with his little squadron of warships,
pnt out from iAiirs Bay on his errand of destruction, 'lie
had taken on his flagship General Agninaldo, leader of
tile last insurrection against, the power of Spain in her
islaild~ colonyv wio, had been spending his few iiontlis, of
exile ini Hiong-Koiig, and who now (dreamedl of the
liberation of his people fromi more thaii three centuriies of thraldom, with the aid of the great
Repu~blic of the West.   Thiree days the ships sailed.
over the bhie depths of the China. Sea in the
serenest season of the year, mneasurinig the pace
by the easy, speed of the supply transports. AX constaid (lrill was kept ill) on lboard andl every vessel was
purt in trim for instant action.
On Satuirday, April, 30, the dlim outline of the
1,vizon coast appearedl uipon the far horizon to
the east, and-] gradually, the verdant cordillera of
the island's western elevation became distinctly defined
across the placid waters.  In the afternoon the Baltimoe,( the Boston, and the C(Jotoil were (letached




1 34


184     ~~IIE 1 STORIY OF THlE PHI1LIPITINES.


to steani (lowil thie coast and look into Subig iBay,
twenty miles above the entrance to the Bay of
Manila; for, if the Spaniards meant to dispute that
entrance witlh the _American squadron, it wvas at Suibigr
HBay that they w~ould he likely to make their stand, and
such afterward a})pearedl to heave been their original purl)ose. 13ut the scontfing squladronl found] the smaller bay,
11 nocen piedl ad tinuguard ed, calmly slnuiiibering in the
tropical sunihght.  Off this lpoit. the entire fleet gatheredl again, at about six o'clock, and calling his chief
officers about him Commodore Dewey laid clearly before
thieni his plan of (~perationis, and every mnan was made to
understand his share in its.I~nick a~nd (lecisive exeention.
ihey nmust, have been exp~ectedl, for the submarine
cable hadl blazoned to all. the world their orders from
Ameorica and their (leparture from the Chinese port.
Tbeir presence not far from where they now were must
be, known as well at Mladrid, and at M.Nanila as to themselveIs, andl what p~reI~aratio1ns had been m iade for their
reception they could not tell. They could only form
conjectures from their knowledge of the Spanish character' and of Spanish methlods.
At the mtomnent, they were setting out from Mfirs Bay,
C"aptain-general 13asilio Auguistin v IDavila., who had recentlv sneceedled Gxeneral Hlernando Primo de iRivera
as Governo-r-general of the Philippines, issued a bombastie lproclaluation, addIressedI to Span.riardls and " Filipnos," calling n1pon themi to rally to the defense, of their




TIIE BATTLE OF MIANILA BAY.13


135


countrv and their hionor.  "The North American peopie," hie (leclared, " constituted of all social excrescences,
have exhausted our patienc~e andl provoked war by their
perfidious miachillations, their acts of treachery, their
outrages against the laws of nations ";but the struggle
would be    short and (Iccisive.'"  T[le ("Tod of Victories lhe said "will giv-e us one as b~rilliant and complete
as tile righ~teousnless and justice of our cause demand."
Spain was to " emerge triumphant from this new test,
humiliating and blasting the_ adventurers from those
IUnitedl States whichi, withlout cohesion, without history,
offer blunanity o)nly infamous tradlitionls, ungrateful
slpectacle~s ill 1cr clianmbers, ill whiiclh appear insolence,
dIef anuati( )ll cowNarnlicc alnd cynicisin." 11cr squadron,
nlanned] by foreigners, possessing neither instruction
nor (liscilplinc," was preparillg to Ronnie to the archipelago
wvith ruifhanly ilntelitiol, robbing uts of all that means
life, honor, liberty, and pretend.ing to be, inspired by
a courage. of which they are i ncalpablc." After declaring tilat thle purpt)se of the Amlericani seamen was to substitute Protestanltismi for the Catholic religion, to treat
the people as" tribes refractory to civilizainY    otk
Possession of their rich-es anol to- kidInap) those they liigilt
" 4considlcr useful to mian their ships or to be exploited in
agricultural and industrial labor," that valiant Governor-general annomncc(l t IIat tlii indlomitable bravery
of those wvhom hie addressed would frustrate these
wicked (lesigus, and their " valor and patriotism " would




136


TIlHE ST'ORY OF TIlE I'IIIl'PI'NES.


" suffice to punish a base people that is claiming to be
civilized."  Finally he called upon the "Filipinos" to
" prepare for the struggle, and, united under the glorious
Spanish flag, which is covered with laurels, fight with
the conviction that victory will crown your efforts, and
to the calls of your enemies oppose the decision of a
Christian and a patriot, and cry, Viva Espafia! "
What might not this terrible Captain-general, long a
tried officer of the Spanlisl army, do to give effect to
these brave words in the interval of preparation before
the arrival of the enemIy le so much despised(l  What
activity might not be expected of Admiral Montojo, who
had command of the Spanish warships, the batteries of
the naval station at Cavite, and the defenses of the channel at the entrance of Manila Bay?
After that qlliet council of war on the deck of tle
Olympia, as the soft twilight of the tropics came over the
tralnl(lil waters froni the west, and the moon rose over
the landwardl sile to give an added aspect of peacefulness
to the scene, thel slua(lron began to steam slowly down
the coast until it cam-e opposite to the frowning cone of
orregidor, whllicl stood guard over the Bloca Grande,
by which the broad bay was to be entered. Her fort was
supposed to hlave received some new and powerful guns
for the emergency that had suddenly loomned over the
Pacific colony. It was now eight o'clock in the evening,
and tile ships formned into two lines for the advance into
this thlreatemming mloutlll tle Boca (-Graiide. The Olym



THiE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.


13'7


pia led the way, with the calm but alert commodore on
tile fo.rward bridge.  Tllen camle the Baltimore, the
Raleigh, the Petrel, tlle Concord, and the Boston, and
in the second line, at a safe distance, tile collier, the supply ship, and the dispatch boat.  The lights were out,
every nlan was at his station, tie gnns of the port side
were trained to bear upon tlie fort and its batteries as
they passed, and not a sound was heard but the plash
of the water as the sharp keels cut the placid waves.
There was a tense expectation of the flash and the roar
of artillery froIn tle fort, bult (Corregidor wSas silent as if
in sleep. 'I'lle Olyrmpia passed, tile Baltimore and
Raleigh passed, the Petrel was within the harbor mouth,
alld the Concord and Bostovn were against the island,
wllell a flame fronl one of tlle funnels caught the attention of the apparently slilumbering garrison.  A bugle
call rang out in the calml night air, and at last a shot
loonlled across the blows of the invading force.  The
Raleigh, which was well past the batteries on shore, fired
one shot and then the Boston and Concord opened their
broadsides upon those batteries, and in a few minutes
they were silenced and the flag on the fort was hauled
(lown.  The terrible Krupp guns were not there, and no
torpedoes or mines lurked in the channel.
All the vessels came safely within tie bay, wiich was
nearly thirty mniles across, and quietly drifted on, while
the crews rested in plre)paration for what the morrow
might bring forth. Before the dawn the commodore




-11,18


[88     ~THE STORY OF THIE PHIILIP~PINES.


got his squadron 1111(er head~way- again, in the sam~e order
in whieh the ships had passed the harbor entrance.  life
ste~amed down toward the city of MNaniila, sleeping on the
flat shore behind the b~arrier of slallow water alld the,
breakwater oil the niotit of the sluggisb. Pasig River.
Thfe Spanisli warships were not in that direction, but
as lie came dowii as far- as the (depth of water would
admit, the, eon-ilio-dore dlescrie(I theni with his glass off
to the southern sidle of the bay, drawn uip ini front, of the
land batteries ait Cavite. 'With him  on the 'bridge of
the flagship was his chief of staff, Commander Laiuiberton., his exeeutive officer, Lieutenant Rees., and the navigrator, Lieutenaut Calkiris.  Captain Gridley was in the
conninhg tower to (direct the action of the. vessel and convey the signals to the gunners.
The line of warships niade a(I long sweep arounnd the
bay and bore downi toward Cavite, while the transports
and dispatch boat held lback at a safe distance to watch
the subseqnent proceedings.     It was just past five
o'clock on Sunday morning.    As the Olympia swept on
her course two p)owerfuil submarine mines were exploded
in her path, thirowinig great -volumes of water into the
harmiless air, but, she kept o~n wvithout swerving, though
no onie could te~ll what further p~erils awaited her in the
(lepths below. Pre~sently a, shot from time shore battery
flew far over time flagship and. struck on the water toward
M~anila.. She kept onl her way as the Spanish gunners
were finding their range.   Suiddenly a shell burst di



TlhE BATTLE OF MANI L.A BAY


139


rectly over 1ler, an11  a Iboatswaiin's Ilate at the after
5-ilncll gun 11hoarsely shitted, Iceleemember the Maine! "
'I'lle cry was taken up and ranl o)ver the sllip from gunners
to e(lgilleers and stokers in the fiery vitals of the vessels,
alid was repeated until it blended in one tlhrilling watclwIolrl-" Ienemember tlle Jl[ ( e"! 
'i     mll llay tire when rea(dy, ( ridley," calmnly spoke
tlle co(lllllodo(re from  tile bridge to tle captain in the
conniing tower, at niimeteee iltntes to six o'clock, at a
distalnce of 5,500 yards froml tlil fortifiedl slore before
whicl c(rouc)l(ed tlle Spanish fle't, witli the Reiina Chlrist;i,. aiidl tlhe( astll(t c(nisl)ic(luous in tlie line; and then
the starboard S-incll gn   in tlie forwcard turret of the
()0lqnpia belchlled fortl tlhel anlouncemnent tllat tlhe battle
wasI to begin il dlea{!d el11arest.
T'h1(e first of Alax is tlle lhttest til(m otf the year in
Mallilla 1Bay, and,tie( trop)ic s1u  wats (coming 1u  with
tllreats of its fiercest (llarts.  MenIi at tlie guns and in tlle
allllitiilon ro'omi  were stripl)l)(p   to tl( \waist for tleir
work, and. the sweltering 1heroes of the enlgine ro)om andc(a01l blinkers Vwere grillli a1ild nakedl as tiley did their
part, i)on1 which the Imovelments of the vessels dependeld.
Everybody was alert andl lerved( for action, but selfpoisedl alll obedient to each( commaland frolli the signals
tllat. cale from  tlhe iman aloft in tlie conning tower.
The passing of a-nmmrnition, thle working of the hoisting
mac(hinery and tlhe lbreechl-loading nec llanism, the training of the guns on their ponderous bearings, the firing




140


140     ~THE STORY OF' THlE PHIILIPPINES.


with its tremen(Ious c.oncussion and its deafen'ing roar,
went on like gigantic clockwork within these floating
steel monsters upon which the rising sun blazed, in the
glistening bay.
Thie first shot of the Olymipia" was followed lby
the  gnus   of the   BaltTimore1 and   Boston, as they
testedl their aim. upon the two largest c-ruisers of the
enemyv.  ['Ilie Spanish hatteries then fired wildly and the
Olymipia took the, brunt of their attack.  Shells shrieked,and explo(ledl about hier.  One strueck within a hundred
feet of the bridge, aind a fragment cut the rigginig above
the officers' heads.  Another struck the bridg-e gratig
1111( a, third p)assed just hlwwhere the couninodore stoo(I
NIVIi plowedl ilit() the, deck.  But lie kept steadily on toward thie center of the Spanish line, till. within- four
thouisa~nd yards, then swung to a course p~arallel to it and
g~ave thie order, ''Ope~n fire with all guins."  A crashing
b~roadIsidle was let. go, the big 8-inchi guns of the p,-ort side
boonmedl simul11tanleoulslV the 'Y-inelh rapid-fires filling i
tfi e in tervalis of their load itig. The -cBaltimore followed,
ali(l joine(l ini the fray, aind the others were not far
1)ehindI.
Thec Spanish vessels and batteries were thirown into
confusion and shot fiercely but without aim, while
the smioke that belched from the iioving ranks of cannon enveloped the, t-umultulous scene. The American line
(hehployedl andl brough-t thie starboardI guns to bear, an(h
thien tulrue(l back again.  Five times it passed before




TrIlE BATTLE OF MTIANILA BAY.


141


the (lesp(Tate and dooined, Spanish fleet, pouring. its
deadly fire into the crackling c(aft.  Once Admiral
Alontojo claince boldly forth with his flagship, the Reina
('hristina, as if to engage the Olymplia alone, but lie got
suiih a lio-t greeting that hie turned lback, and hiis ship
received an 8-inchl shell in thie stern,  which tore her
asundler and set her o. fire.    11cr valiant cap-t ain
Cadarso was killed, and thie adlniiral hala to leave the
sinking vessel and take refuge on the [sla de (Cuba.
Two torpedo launches attempted an attack upon the
Olymplia.  One was- shot to pieces anl sunk and, the
other battered ashore -with a -fierce hail from. the rapidfire guns.  A torpedo, boat was discovered sneaking out
towar(l the transports and] was subijected to a fire that
sent it to the bottom in splinters.
Duriinrg the engagemenit the Olyijpia was struck
once in the sithe by a shell thiat exploded withiout
haria, and once the signal halhyards were cut from
the  hands of a lieutenant on      the  after  bridge.
The Baltimore was struck three times.      One shell
passed  clear througlh  her upper    works, and   another ripped up the main (ldek and (isable(1 a 6-inch gun,
and a third struck ard exploded a box of fixed ammuintnition for the 3-pounders and injured eight men. On the
Boston a shell bhurst in an ensign's stateroom and set it
on tire, and another tire was started by an explosion in
the hian-iiock nettingl but. both fires were put out and
nobody   was hurt.   Another shiell struck the Ros



142


142     ~THE STORY OF TH~E PHILIP~PINES.


ton's foremast just in front of Captain Wilde on the
bridge.
On the last turn across the enemny's front the guns
wvere witlun two thousand yards of their broken and battered targets. -Not only had the f&eina Chtristina been
set on fire and sunk, but the old wooden Ciastilla was
shattered and iii a blaze that lasted for hours.. rIle
])on Antonio (le Ut!loa had taken fire and was sinkin-g,
\vhen, its comniIallder uailedl his colors to the mast and
wvent down with all Ihis iiien. Tlie other Spanish vessels
had either been destroyed, or rendered] helpless whven,
after two hours of this ~terrible work, the conmmodore
gave ordlers to h-aul] off for b~reakfast. One grim-I and
sweating gunner cried to Conimander Lamberton, as the
order passed.: '" For God's sake, captain, don't stop
now!   Let's finishi 'enir right off.  TYo hell wvith breakfast!
lBnt the squadron eahidvy withidrew fronm the range of
auxy iintat m~ight still hiav\e life 1)ehtil   it while the
l'io gaHi5s of thie hbatterv over byv the old city of Manila
sent Ca surly  greeting  across the w\\ater.  A t -10.30
o'clock the v-essels retnrnied to finiish the(. work, the Baltlninore taking the leadl for an attack on the shore batteries,
but thiere was little left to dlo. Thlere was scarcely any,
life letii the Spanishi ships., and that little was soon
extinuishd.  Eery  es~sel was (1estroye'( )r captured,
among thiose saved being thie transport ii1anila.
Trie Baltinmore, supported by thePtebitce t       h




THE BATTLE OF MIANILA BAY.'4


143


(Cavite batteries with a coolness and deadly accuracy that
soon silenced them, and at half-past twelve the flag on
the arsenal canie down anUd a white flag took its place.
N ot an American life had been lost andl the only injuries-none very serious-were those received by the
eight mien on the Baltimore from the explosion of a
box of anmnunition. No trustworthy statement was
made of the Spa,[nish losses, but they have beeni calenhated to be at least four hundred killed and drowned, amd
twice as ninany woun'lded.
The -next day Commander Lamberton went ashore to
take possession. of the arsenal, when CpanSostoa, first
in comm11-and iu tile absencee of the wolunded ardmniral, who
had been taken to Mlanila, attemiipted to parley and- gain
tune on pretense that the first flag of tru~ce was not meiant
for a slirrenider but as, a, jrotee~(tioil to wvomlen and( chil1 -(iren.  ite wvas sooin brouight to give it the right interpretation, however; being allowed just two hours for an
umimn~)ditimiala silirrelider. 'Ihle Spaniish. force abandoned
Cavite, an(d the niaval st-ationi w\as taken by Amterican
officers. The batteries at the enltrance, to the hay, were
lblowN'n up amid Corregid or was ovenc pied, amdfltile comn-iodore (leclared a, blockade of the port of Mlanila.  Fiending
thiat tile GCoverilor-general wvould iiot perm-it him to use,
tile telegraph calele, lie sent the Zafiro down the hay to
cuit it, this severing thte Spanish authorities fromt thle
meanis o.,f communication witi ltile oute:2 world wiicil
tlile (lenied to Iliml.




1.44


TIlE STORY OF TIE PILIPPI'INES.


In consequence of the Spanish possession of the
cable at Manila the first knowledge of Dewey's
wonderful victory was received in America from
Madrid, and the imperfect reports were presumed
to have a Spanish coloring.   On account of the
cutting of the cable they were neither continued
nor confirmed for a week, during which there was
anxious suspense throughout the country. Having
finished the destruction of all the means of resistance on
the water and swept the harbor entrance for torpedoes
and mines, and being in full possession of the port, with
the city at his mercy, the commodore, on Thursday, May
>, sent the Hugh McCulloch to H-ong-Kong with dispatches for the Government. It arrived on the 8th, and
then full and authentic accounts of the battle were sent
to the United States, creating intense enthusiasm
throughout the nation.  Commodore Dewey's official
rel)ort, dated Mlay 1, was a brief and simple statement
that he had arrived at Manila at daybreak that morning
and imnmediately engaged the enemy; that he had destroyed certain vessels, which he named, and the water
battery at Cavite; and that the squadron was uninjured
and only a few men were slightly wounded.  A supplementary report, dated May 4, merely mentioned that he
had taken possession of the naval station, destroyed the
fortifications, controlled the bay, and could take the city
at any time; that the squadron was in excellent health
and spirits, the Spanish loss not fully known, but




TIlE BATTLIE OF MANILA BAY.       145
heavy; that lie was assisting in the care of the sick and
wounded and would protect foreign residents.
The Secretary of the Navy immediately telegraphed:
"'The President, in the name of the American people,
tllanks yon and yolu officers and nmen for your splendid
acllieveenlet and overwllelming victory. In recognition
he las appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend a vote of thanks to you by Congress."  This was
proplltly followed by more formal action, and Dewey
was speedily advanced to the full rank of rear-admiral
in the American Navy and placed by universal consent
on the roll of the oreat naval commlanders of the world.




XXI.


THE FI'TUrIE OF THE PHIILIPPINES.
WH-EN Admiral Dewey had crushed the Spanish warvessels and flung them to the bottom of the bay, extingulished the land batteries and taken possession of the
works at Cavite, and had declared a blockade of Manila
after General Alugustin's defiant refusal to surrender the
city, lie assumed control of the Philippine Islands for
tlhe Inited States.  General Aguinaldo landed at Cavite and made his way to the provinces back of the capital alnd rekindled the fires of revolt among the natives,
who were eager to escape from the galling power of
Spain. In a few weeks the energetic leader had seized
the one railroad line which penetrates Luzon as far as
Dagupan, cut the other lines of communication with the
)proinces, and with a large force of native troops was
closing around the doomed city. He declared himself
dictator until such time as a " constitutional and republlican " government could be formed, and announced
a civilized and mhmane policy for conducting the warfare
for the establishment of independence, under the protection a(nd with the co-operation of the " great nation of
North America."
146




T11lE FUU RE OF IlE 1,IIILIPPIN ES.   14


147.In the meiantime prvsi -was made at 'Wa'shington
for f )rwardling supplies andl re-enf( rcem-ents to Admiral
lDewev from)n Sa~ii Francisc(,o, aini it was (letermiuied to
semi an army of occupation to M_1anila, nnder the cornmiandl of M.1ajor-general Wesley -Merriftt of the United
States Army, who was provisionamlly to take control of the
archilpelago as,, nuhitary governo~r.  This, army was to
c( nsist, at the beginning, of live tllou-tsaii(I regular troopIs
ai (1 ten tIhon sam I volunteers, (1rawvu from  vanious parts
of the Union, but miainly from    thte Pa~cific coast, and
transports were bou-ght or chartered to take them out,
under convoy of IVnited. States- crnisers.   Two large
monitors were also sent across tfie Pacific to aid iu holding the new possession.  The virtual conquest of Spain's
colony by Admiral Dewey and the necessity of holding
it for the time l)eing raised the question, which was (hiscussed the world over, whethier the United States should,
as a matter of right or of policy, keep permanent po~ssession of these remnote islands in the Eastern tropics.
'It is -no part of thie purpose of' this volume to particiipatc in the (liscussion of that momentous question, but it
will be interesting to consider the possibilities of this domiiam in the Hlailds of anr (enlightened aild progressive,
p~e~qpe, aiid to indhulge in sonie lbrief reflections inspired
lbv our study of thie characeter of the islands, and of their
inhiabitants. Readhers who do not care for such reflectionis umav (onsidher the vobime closed] witli the previous'-'




148


14S      ~THE STORY OF 'THllE PHILIPPIN ES.


In the first place, we have seeni that the -Philippine
Islands have great natural resources wtich have been
lblit slightly developed, for lack of capital, enterprise,
andl systematic Ialbor.  There can. e 110 question- about,
thie fertility of the soil over vast uncultivated regions.
E'vidlence of this is visible, in a rank gowl}\th of forestsr
11})01 large tracts, and luxurian-t vegetation. (everywhere,
except on high mountain ridges and. in linited areas of
v ) lanicdistrbane.  Te forests themselves contai
vast sulpplies of vNaluable tim-ber, wvhicli might be turned
to ac-ounit by lnetho*(s thiat would not inmpair their value
as a pecrmanent source of wealth.  There are othier natural jprodblctionis of the land~ whii~ch could. Ie e~xlloiteol ill
a, slimilar way; bult such cuiltivatio~n as a sniall portion.
of thle soil h1as received serves only to Iiint at the possibl~ities of rich crops.  Rice, for inistance, is time staple
food- of time niati ves, an(l not enoiigh is raise~d for hionme
cosumiption.  -Not o-nly are larg~e stretchies of land fit
for its production neglected, lbnt time, m-ethods of cultivyationi, an-d of harvesting the grain. and separating it
from the chaff, are mostly of a primitive kind.    Sugar
caime conld be raised on a much] larger scale, whil~e onl~y
here and. there on the existing plantations are modern
mna~chinery or mnethodls to be found.  Not o)nly could the
(anamtity be greatly increased, but time quality cGould be
so improved as to enhrance still more tble economly of
prodluction.
T~lic tobacco of the Pl~iflipp~iume Islands (hoes not rankl




TILE FUTURE 01F TILE 1PIIILIPP11INES'. 14


149


in quality wvith that of Cuba, which is probably' duie to:t
lack of intelbigence tandl care in the se_,lection of the soils,
the cultivationi of the crop, and the fetreatment of the
growing plant and the gathered leaf. That tfie tobacco crop could b~e vastly increasedl in a-mount and
imiproved, in quality does not, admit o)f (lou~bt,  Thien
there is that peculiar product of time islandls known as
M'Ianila hemp," the loigo toughi fiber of the Musa Textilis, which is such anr important, article in tradle.  The
extent anid muanner of its produhctlion and extraction are
ridicu~lous, in comparison with what mnight be done with
it.  NoPt only co)uld time cultivation- of the plantain tree
which yields this valuable fiber be greatly increasedi, buit
time mainner of extracting aind treatimig tile fiber itself
co( uld he so improved as- to Adl~ greatly to iscoummercial
value. Itt couild be employed muich More largely for
useful fabrics instead of lbeinmg relegatedl so comipletely
to cordage and twine.    H'lere, might be a Manila linen
as well as Alanila rope, paper, andI strinig.  No.7(r is tids
time only 115(fi11 fiber xvlhich the islanimds caim pirodulce fortextile purposes.  T~here is thiat pifia whicih is extracte~d
fromn the pineapple leaf.  \\~ilat is (mile wvith it iinerelv,suggests what mighit be (lone'.  The spoinitameouis growth
of a c~otton bush, and time rude cul~tivation of cottoni on a
small scale, afford evI41idene thiat great fieldIs of t-his plant
of universal value might be. raised. So of coffee, indigo,
the cocoanuit lpalinm, bamiboo, and( other manifoldI woods'.
plant~s, and fruits of time t~ropical isles: whiat is (dile wvith




'150


150     ~TilE STORY OF THlE Pill Lll"PINES.


them unuder existing conditions, as they have been set
forth in this volume-, merely suggests how m-uch more
coltbe done with themn nuder different coiiditions.
Of the mineral resources of the colony little is known,
but there is enough known to create a belief that enormoits wealth is concealed in the mrtountains and. river beds
of the interior. Thiere. has been a traffic between the
niatives and the C"hinese from time immemorial, in whiclh
thec keeii Mlongolian has gathered shiniing particles and
(diuniiiitivNIe nuggets of gold and sent them where they
Wlerle more1( highly vled, over the sea.   G-'old dust is
widely (listribuited ini the, a~lluvial (leposits, and quartz
ore lias hbeell fou-nd ill mnany ilaces. But explorations
and surveys have only touched the edges, anl mininhg
o>pei'ations hiave beenr so hianipered as to get little farther.
Tlie iprrlise of wealthis 1,InI sighit, the, mteans of getting it
is wanitino.g  WNithi the elneouragemneut of an enlightenedI
coliiiniercial policy, tile, creationi of roads, and facilities for
coiiiiininic11ationl aild the, int~ro(huction of machinery and
scientific methods, the tropical. Luzon miig~ht rival the
frigid Klondike as a gold-miniing country.
Copper   a-nd  i-ron  deposits,- are  known  to  exist
and airgentiferous anid aulriferous ores of lead have
beeni found, huit there are the same drawbacks to
the development of their possibilities as have been
eilcolinteredl in tile searchl for gold.  There is every
reasons to believe, that they could be profitably
mined on a large scale if means and facilities




THE FUTURE OF THE Pl'1ILIPPINES.


151


werle at hand. 'llle coal beds of (ebu and Mlasbate are
said to afford a superior lignite rather than true coal, but
what deposits of coal might be revealed by thorough examination no man knoweth.   There are stones of value,
but of how great value las not been tested. And there
are undiscovered riches in the sea. Coral, mother-ofpearl, the pearl itself, and amber are there, and drift,
nowr and then, into the currents of commerce without
any systematic effort to get them there.
Out of the varied material of the land and sea there
coll(l l)e lmanufactlres of mnany kinds right here in these
seacoast towns anld interior villages.  What is needed
to turn natural and neglected resources to account is
roads, machinery, modern invention and skill, capital,
c(lterprise, industry, and the enconragement and protection of sound public lpolicy and business methods.  Are
these possible in a tropical region, or is the climate fatal
to the conditions of material plrogress? Is civilization
a lmatter of meteorology?
Perhaps the most important factor in the problem
is that of labor.   What can     be  done  with  the
native of the soil and clime? We have seen that,
as a rule, he is indolent and easy-going, lacking
in anmbition, averse to more toil than is necessary
to supply his immediate wants, and not caring to
provide for the future or to accumulate substance.
We are told that he does not mind lying, hardly knows
what honesty means, makes promises easily and breaks




152


THE STORY OF TlE I'l LII'I'INES.


them with equal facility, incurs delt without a thought
and seldom   thinks of p)aying, and that he has no
gratitude or sense of (luty to his fellow-m:len.  In short,
the domestic Malay of Luzon and tle Visavas is not to
be depended upon as a workmlan, and could not be organized into labor force to co-operate with capital in building up the potential inlllstries of the land.
Is this an inevitable and incurable result of the climate? )Of course tile original AIalay did no more than
he found necessary to maintain subsistence in such comfort as lie appreciated.  Neither did the aboriginal inhabitant of any land or clime, not excepting any part of
Europe or Nortlh America.    Subsistence, comfortable
enough to satisfy the primitive man, was very easily
maintained in these tropical islands, and it was natural
that the inhabitants should continue lazy and easy-going generation after generation, until something happened to give them a fresh stimulus, awaken new motives, and inspire some other purpose than barely to live
from day to (lay. There has been nothing in the policy
of the Spaniard, since they fell under his sway, to furnish this new impulse and to change radically the course
of native existence. The Spanish policy hlas not encouraged industry and trade, and the exactions of Spanish power have absorbed too mnuch of the fruits of production to foster efforts to increase them or stimulate a
desire to accumulate what is liable at any moment to be
taken away.




THIE FUTURE OF T1HE PHIIIPPINES.


153


The teachings of the priests have been no more
calculated than the conduct of the rulers to cultivate
habits of industry and thrift, or inculcate the duty of
truth-telling and of fidelity to moral obligations in a
practical and worldly sense.  They have taught the lesson of content in poverty and humbleness, of sacrificing
self to enrich the Church, of obedience and submission
rather than independence, self-reliance, or providence;
of the insignificance of material interests and the importance of insurance for another life, and they have
themselves appropriated freely the fruits of the labor of
those under their charge.  In short, the priests have distinctly prevented the growth of industry, thrift, and
fidelity to the practical requirenments of organized society, and their own precepts and practices have not
tended to beget a sensitive regard for truth and personal
honesty. It is not fair to judge of the capabilities of
the Malay by the progress he has mnade under Spanish rule. His backwardness is not to be credited wholly
to climate and the lavish generosity of Nature.
This appears in the differences that are noted among
the natives of the land.  There are those who show
a good deal of energy and alertness and display
excellent moral qualities.  Some there are who are
industrious and appear anxious to get on in the
world.  Some   are  capable  business men   and  become good    managers, and many     exhibit ambition
for  material  and   social  advancement  for   their




154


TIHE STORY OF T'IlE PI'IIPIPINES.


families.  Many observers have been impressed with a
capacity in the people for industrial development under
favorable conditions.  Perhaps, if the policy of government should be changed to one of encouragement and
stimulation, it would give a new impulse to tlhe native
character and a new direction to its growth.  Possibly,
if there were enterprise and energy displayed about him,
and hle found employers whose methods encouraged him
to toil and to save for his own benefit and to stick to his
obligations for his own good, the poor native might do
better by himself and others.
Of course lie would not be transformed at once.  It
might take more time to convert him into an industrious,
prudent, honest, truthful, and useful member of society
than it took to convert him into thlle kind of Christian
that the first friars made of him, but it is possible that,
in the course of time, lie would blecome a very practicable labor factor in a prosperous comnmunity. But we
are not to expect in the tropics from anybody the kind
of energy and continuous activity that the spurs and incentives of a harsler climate beget. It is neither necessary nor desirable in order to bring forth the fruits of
material success. Life las to be taken more easily
there, and however systematic industry and trade might:become, they would not be attended by the strenuous
exertion, tihe rsh and hurry, or the continuous strain so
common, if not necessary, in some northern lands.  In
short, Imans effoitts would be intelligently adapted to




TIlE FUTURE OF TIlE PHI'LI'PINES.


155


the conditions under which they were put forth, and
possibly the Malay might, in the course of time, find his
welfare and comfort in a well-ordered system of industry and trade in his native country.  Perhaps he may
become civilized as well as Christianized, if he is taught
and trained with that view.
But how would it be with men transplanlted from a
northern climate to become colonists, either for the purpose of joining with the native to build up an effective
labor force, or of furnishing capital, energy, or skill in
the management of enterprises and the employment of
laborl  Wouldl they lose tlleir energy, their ambition,
and thleir industry, andli tllemselves sink into a state of
partial )barbarism.  Wouldl tlleiri purposes be dissipated
wrtll tlle fervor of the liot seasonl  W\ould their motives
melt in  e the moisture of tle rainv  monthls?  WVould their
ambitilo vanish witll tile Ix'iod(ical mornsoons, and
would they lapse into tlhe( " languor of inglorious (lays 
undler the lovely skies and in thle soft sunslline and
serell ( atmosphere of winter in the tropics?
1 )oubtless they wouldl relax from the tension of nortlielr- life, take things more quietly, work fewer ou'rs and
at a slow er pace, and be less eager to )ile uI) sulbstance(
for tile flutire, but they mlighlt not be the worse for that.
Life at least might lave as munch comfort and happiness
in it, as 1lmuchl of the real object of living, at tllis more
quiet pace, as in the strain and stress of our " advanced
civilization.1  Perhlaps tlhe people whlo sought new




[IIFE 51TORY    OF   '111E  PHIlLIPlPI NES.


litomnes in- the islani(ls of the, sea below the tropic of Cancer m-iighit not lose the heritage of intolligenoe and
a~spiring sentiment that has come through many genleratioris of (levelopluienjt. front a state of violent savagery in
tile cold northl.  PoIbl    with the modeirn means of
colininimlication- and] ot inrtellectuial and moral as well as
material interchiange, they might apply the accumulated
re"sources of civ~ilization to new conditions and help to
ibrighiten the( dark places of the earth.
Theiy, wouild be, compelled to respect the demands of
climate, and,oniformi to the requirements of the situLation ill which they placed themselves.     T'hey could,apply ingenu~ity an-rd commion sense to the construction of
buiildings, whethAler for residlence or busine ss to make
thenii as comufortable and conveniient for their pnrposes
as, circumistances wvould admitt.  They would have to
order their raimieut aml thieir diet with- a reasonable regardl for the eondlitions uuiler wh~ich thiey had chosen to
live. -,N'o douibt thiey woildl have to forego gross food
and excitinig potationis and] be content with simple and,%vholesome sustenancee. They would likewise have to
adap~t their hours of labor andl their rate of activity to
the- exigencies, of the climate, and take a fair share of repose,anr(1 (liltivate the spirit of (1uictness.  They would
be ablel to (10 thiis arid still. reap a rich r-eward for the
amount of svstlematizedl and wefl-ordleredl effort, that was
made.
it is not evidenti wby they should lose-interest in life,




TIIE FUTURE OF THE Pl'l.II'PI'INES.


157


or deteriorate in intelligence and moral sense: or why
high purposes and motives should not be maintained.
It seems possible for education and discipline to be kept
up, and for invention and skill to find scope in spite of
the weather.  The resources of science and art may be
applied to the conditions of Miindanao as well as to those
of Mississippi, to Luzon as well as Illinois. If the
Philippines should pass permanently under the sway of
the United States, they would not be so isolated as they
have been. They would be attached to the great lines
of communication that connect the continents, and the
currents of industrial and commercial vitality would be
switched into them. There would be more passing to
and fro and mingling of forces, and -the American colonist who did not find it congenial or good for him would
not have to spend his days in tropical exile. If there
was a tendency to lapse into a lazy semi-barbarism, it
could be counteracteld by frequent change.
Would it not be well for the native population to have
a new spirit inflsed into the dominlant life and to get
the forces of a reallv modllern civilization oreratine




158


THE STORY OF' THE PHIILIPPINES.


be that Europe and America may derive from association
with alien races, and experience in other climes, some
elements of benefit to themlselves. Perhaps in the new
departures of these times, which seem to stir with the
symptoms of fresh activity, the United States may be
destined to take a larger part in that wide interchange
of forces and of influences which make for the unification of the Iuman race and the advancement and elevation of mankind.  May not its first vital point of contact with the Old World of the far East be upon the fair
islands of the Plilippine Archipelago?


THE END.








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UNIVERSITy OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 04762 6307




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